[
 {
  "relation_id": "P19",
  "target_id": "Q36947",
  "target_name": "Salvador",
  "samples": [
   {
    "name": "Cyria Coentro",
    "id": "Q10262780",
    "text": "Cyria Cristina Rocha Coentro (Salvador, April 14, 1966) is a Brazilian actress and presenter. She was known for participating in the telenovela Renascer (1993). She has performed in O Rei do Gado (1997) and other projects until being recognized for her performance in Viver a Vida (2009) and for starring in Flor do Caribe (2013) and Sete Vidas 2015). In the cinema she made appearances in the films Gonzaga: De Pai pra Filho (2012) and O Tempo e o Vento (2014). Cyria was born in Salvador, Bahia, on April 14, 1966. She started her television career at the age of 26 in the telenovela Renascer, screened by Rede Globo, and has since played a number of roles on the station where she continues to act. Among his novels are O Rei do Gado, Porto dos Milagres, Viver a Vida and others. Cyria emerged when making the telenovela Sete Vidas, by L\u00edcia Manzo. After participating in episodes of Voc\u00ea Decide (1993 and 1994), she entered the cast of O Rei do Gado (1997), also of Rede Globo, there she was the character Maria da Luz. In 1998 she was in the cast of Dona Flor e Seus Dois Maridos as Juliana, where she was part of a homosexual couple. In 2001, he made a guest appearance in the telenovela Porto dos Milagres as Fl\u00e1via. Already in 2003 also made another participation in Mulheres Apaixonadas, by Manoel Carlos, as Roberta. Jingobel, directed by Cad\u00fa F\u00e1vero O M\u00e1gico de Oz \u2013 The Dark Side, directed by Cad\u00fa F\u00e1vero Cora\u00e7\u00e3o Inquieto, directed by Sergio M\u00f3dena Isso Assim Assado no Inferno, directed by Hebe Alves Los Catedr\u00e1sticos, directed by Paulo Dourado \"Animal\", directed by Celso Nunes Adapta\u00e7\u00e3o da obra hom\u00f4nima de Jorge Amado uniu humor, sensualidade e fantasia em trama ambientada na Bahia dos anos 1990. Mem\u00f3ria Globo (2013). Cyria Coentro ressalta semelhan\u00e7as com sua personagem: \u2018Forte e bem-humorada\u2019 GShow, March 1, 2013 teledramaturgia.com.br. \"Em Fam\u00edlia (elenco) \u2013 Teledramaturgia\". Retrieved January 11, 2014. ibahia.com. \"Baiana Cyria Coentro volta \u00e0 Globo em nova novela\". Retrieved November 21, 2014. Conhe\u00e7a o elenco de Velho Chico, pr\u00f3xima novela das 9 Reda\u00e7\u00e3o (April 19, 2018). \"Cyria Coentro, Inez Vianna e Lav\u00ednia Bizzotto far\u00e3o a novela \"O Tempo N\u00e3o Para\"\". Not\u00edcias de TV. Retrieved April 19, 2018. [https://extra.globo.com/tv-e-lazer/telinha/cyria-coentro-sera-mulher-batalhadora-honesta-em-tempo-nao-para-22879821.html Cyria Coentro ser\u00e1 mulher batalhadora e honesta em 'O tempo n\u00e3o para'] Extra \"Nova s\u00e9rie nacional da FOX, 'Impuros' resgata o narcotr\u00e1fico na era Collor - Telepadi\". telepadi.folha.uol.com.br (in Portuguese). October 18, 2018. Retrieved February 27, 2020. \"O Avental Rosa\". Globo Filmes. Archived from the original on January 5, 2019. Retrieved January 5, 2019. \"Redemoinho\". Globo Filmes. Archived from the original on December 23, 2017. Retrieved December 22, 2017. \"Irm\u00e3os de F\u00e9\". Cinemateca Brasileira. Retrieved March 16, 2018. Cyria Coentro diz que ser nordestina n\u00e3o dificultou trajet\u00f3ria: 'Nunca sofri preconceito' Bahia Not\u00edcias Cyria Coentro apresenta o solo Animal no Caf\u00e9-Teatro Rubi SecultBA S\u00f3lo c\u00eanico com Cyria Coentro discute os rumos da educa\u00e7\u00e3o Correio Cyria Coentro at IMDb"
   },
   {
    "name": "Daniel Boaventura",
    "id": "Q10263920",
    "text": "Daniel Boaventura (born Daniel do R\u00eago Boaventura on May 19, 1970 in Salvador, Bahia) is a Brazilian actor, voice actor and singer. \"Daniel Boaventura Profile on Caras\" (in Portuguese). Archived from the original on April 26, 2013. Retrieved May 20, 2013. Daniel Boaventura Website Daniel Boaventura at IMDb v t e"
   },
   {
    "name": "Durval L\u00e9lys",
    "id": "Q10269144",
    "text": "Durval L\u00e9lys (born December 6, 1957) is a Brazilian musician, singer-songwriter, multi-instrumentalist and lyricist. He is best known as the frontman of the Salvador (Brazil)-based ax\u00e9 band Asa de \u00c1guia. Durval is well known as being one of the main personas from the Brazilian carnival. Before starting his professional music career, he got a Bachelor's degree in Architecture from Federal University of Bahia (UFBA). He has sculpting and a designing as side activities. On his leisure time his an avid surfer and practitioner of Sw\u00e1Sthya Y\u00f4ga. Durval is married and has two children. v t e"
   }
  ]
 },
 {
  "relation_id": "P19",
  "target_id": "Q172",
  "target_name": "Toronto",
  "samples": [
   {
    "name": "Mark Leduc",
    "id": "Q736012",
    "text": "Mark Leduc (May 4, 1962 \u2013 July 22, 2009) was a boxer from Canada, who won a silver medal at the 1992 Barcelona Summer Olympics. Amateur Record: 184-26 Won an Olympic Silver Medal 1992 for Canada. Defeated Godfrey Wakaabu (Uganda) 9-2 Defeated Dillon Carew (Guyana) 5-0 Defeated Laid Bouneb (Algeria) 8-1 Defeated Leonard Dorin (Romania) 13-6 Lost to H\u00e9ctor Vinent (Cuba) 1-11 Leduc turned pro in 1992 and had limited success. He retired in 1993 with a record of 4-1-0 after losing to Michel Galarneau. In 1993, Leduc spoke about being a gay athlete in CBC Radio's documentary \"The Last Closet\", which aired on the weekly sports series The Inside Track; as he was not yet ready to officially come out, the interview was aired anonymously and recorded through a voice filter. Another Canadian athlete who would also subsequently come out as gay, Mark Tewksbury, also granted an anonymous interview to the same program. In 1994, Leduc officially came out as gay in the TV documentary For the Love of the Game, one of the few boxers ever to do so. He also later volunteered as a speaker and mentor for various LGBT youth groups. He attended Toronto\u2019s Pride Parade in 1999 as grand marshal with Savoy Howe. Leduc worked for and volunteered with the Toronto People with AIDS Foundation, later becoming a set-builder and construction worker in the film industry. Leduc died on July 22, 2009 in Toronto. He had collapsed in the sauna of St. Mark's Spa and doctors suggested that his death may have resulted from heat stroke. In 2019 playwright Raymond Helkio wrote \"LEDUC: A Public Life of Solitude\", a play documenting the life and death of Mark Leduc. Iorfida, Chris (July 24, 2009). \"Leduc remembered as Olympic champ, gay role model\". CBC Sports. Retrieved 2012-02-21. Koymasky, Matt & Andrej (July 25, 2009). \"Mark Leduc\". The Living Room: Biographies. Retrieved 2012-02-21. Wong, Danielle (July 24, 2009). \"Mark Leduc, 47: Gay athlete, Olympic medallist\". Toronto Star. Torstar. Retrieved 2012-02-21. Boxing record for Mark Leduc from BoxRec"
   },
   {
    "name": "Jamie Johnston",
    "id": "Q736920",
    "text": "James Michael Johnston (born July 7, 1989) is a Canadian actor and singer-songwriter. He is best known for his role as Peter Stone on Degrassi: The Next Generation. Johnston was born July 7, 1989 in Toronto, Ontario, Canada. Johnston portrayed Peter Stone on Degrassi: The Next Generation from 2005 to 2010. He has been nominated for 8 Young Artist Awards in Los Angeles and won 2. He has also starred in the series Wild Card and Zixx: Level One. He has a wide range of interests, including soccer, snowboarding, skateboarding, cycling and playing the guitar and numerous other instruments. Jamie went to Kenya with the organization \"Free the Children\" to build a school and filmed as a special for MTV. Jamie has made numerous appearances on ET Canada and etalk. He has traveled extensively. He played guitar in a band called SoundSpeed along with a few of his fellow Degrassi cast mates. He also played the male lead as Lucas Green in the feature film Love Me. Other films include, \"Jesus Henry Christ\", \"The Tenth Circle\", \"Killer Instinct\", \"My Babysitter's a Vampire\", and numerous Movie of Week productions. In 2016, Johnston reprised his role as Peter Stone on Degrassi: Next Class for 4 episodes during its second season. He is currently in another band that has been signed, as the drummer. He also writes and composes. Symphony of Fire \u2013 Independent Short Aesop Fables: A Man, A Boy & A Donkey \u2013 Donkey The Chrysalids \u2013 Mark Epimenides \u2013 Cabin Boy Job & The Snake \u2013 Neptune http://www.jamiejohnston.com/bio.html \"25th Annual Young Artist Awards - Winners and Nominations\". Young Artist Awards. 2004. Retrieved 2011-07-09.[permanent dead link] \"26th Annual Young Artist Awards - Nominations / Special Awards\". Young Artist Awards. 2005. Retrieved 2011-07-09.[permanent dead link] \"27th Annual Young Artist Awards - Nominations / Special Awards\". Young Artist Awards. 2006. Retrieved 2011-07-09.[permanent dead link] \"28th Annual Young Artist Awards - Nominations / Special Awards\". Young Artist Awards. 2007. Retrieved 2011-07-09.[permanent dead link] \"29th Annual Young Artist Awards - Nominations / Special Awards\". Young Artist Awards. 2008. Archived from the original on 2008-07-06. Retrieved 2011-07-09. \"30th Annual Young Artist Awards - Nominations / Special Awards\". Young Artist Awards. 2009. Retrieved 2011-07-09. \"31st Annual Young Artist Awards - Nominations / Special Awards\". Young Artist Awards. 2010. Retrieved 2011-07-09. Official website Jamie Johnston at IMDb Jamie Johnston talks to the TVaddict.com v t e"
   },
   {
    "name": "Omar Ennafatti",
    "id": "Q738558",
    "text": "Omar Ennaffati (born April 26, 1980) is a Canadian-born Hungarian professional ice hockey player, currently playing for the Dundas Real McCoys in Allan Cup Hockey. Ennaffati was born in Toronto, Ontario. He began his career playing for the North Bay Centennials, a junior team in the Ontario Hockey League (OHL). He spent two years as a Centennials player and made more than 100 appearances before moving on to the Mississauga Ice Dogs, again of the OHL being named the team's defenceman of the year. During the same season, Ennaffati played in his first senior games, for the now-defunct Greenville Grrrowl, then of the ECHL. Ennaffati would again play for the Ice Dogs the following year, before moving to senior level as a defenceman for the New Orleans Brass, another ECHL team. He made just two appearances in his first regular season in New Orleans, but featured in the play offs as a regular. His play off appearances impressed, and helped him to force his way into the first team for the 2000/01 season, playing on more than 30 occasions and weighing in with his fair share of points, totalling 11 during that time. Ennaffati would begin his University career the year after, lining up for St. Francis Xavier University for three and a half seasons, where he was part of a National Championship winning team in 2004 and named First Team All-Canadian in 2005. Ennaffati split the 2004/05 season between his time at the university and three ECHL appearances for the Idaho Steelheads. For the following season, Ennaffati would play for Alba Volan Szekesfehervar at both Hungarian and International League standard. During this time, Ennaffati took Hungarian nationality, despite actually being born in Canada. After two seasons in Hungary, Ennaffati moved to sign for the Manchester Phoenix of the EIHL alongside fellow ex-Greenville players Scott Fankhouser and Brian Passmore. Ennaffati agreed to continue his European hockey career with the French Diables Noirs de Tours in the summer of 2008. He was named as part of the Hungarian national team for the 2008 World Championships and helped his country gain promotion to Pool A. He competed with Hungary at the 2009 IIHF World Championships, playing against his birth country Canada. 'Presidential Meeting Delays Ennaffati', Manchester Phoenix Official Website, 25/04/08 Biographical information and career statistics from Eliteprospects.com, or\u00a0Eurohockey.com, or\u00a0The Internet Hockey Database"
   },
   {
    "name": "Henry Czerny",
    "id": "Q739004",
    "text": "Henry Czerny (/\u02c8t\u0283\u025b\u0259rni/ CHAIR-nee; born February 8, 1959) is a Canadian stage, film, and television actor. He is known for his roles in the films The Boys of St. Vincent, Mission: Impossible, Clear and Present Danger, The Ice Storm, The Exorcism of Emily Rose, Fido, Remember, and Ready or Not and has appeared in numerous television programs in both guest and starring roles, including a regular role as Conrad Grayson on the ABC primetime soap opera Revenge. Czerny has received the Theatre World Award and two Gemini Awards, and was nominated for the Canadian Screen Award for Best Supporting Actor for his performance in The Other Half. Czerny was born on 8 February 1959 in Toronto, Ontario, Canada, the youngest of three children to Polish Canadian parents. The word \"czerny\" means \"black\" in several Slavic languages. His father worked as a welder, and his mother worked in a bakery. Czerny attended York University in Toronto. Czerny received formal training at the National Theatre School in Montreal. After graduating in 1982, he went on to perform onstage across Canada, from Ottawa's National Arts Centre to Edmonton's Citadel Theatre and the Stratford Festival. By the late 1980s, he had established himself as a seasoned veteran of Canadian theatre\u2014a long way from Lucky Larry, his first role. Czerny got his start acting in musicals at Humberside Collegiate Institute in Toronto, under the direction of Janet Keele. Czerny played the role of the husband of the title character in Choices of the Heart: The Margaret Sanger Story. He had prominent roles in The Boys of St. Vincent, Clear and Present Danger, The Ice Storm and The Michelle Apartments. In the 2006 comedy The Pink Panther, he played the main antagonist \"Yuri the Trainer who Trains\". He appeared as Lieutenant Brooks in \"Jackpot\", a 2005 episode of CSI: Crime Scene Investigation. In Conversations with God, about the true story of Neale Donald Walsch, Czerny plays Walsch. In 2007, he appeared in the Showtime series The Tudors, playing the Duke of Norfolk. He appeared in the Canadian television show Flashpoint in 2008 and the American science fiction drama Falling Skies in 2011. Czerny co-starred with Sigourney Weaver in the 2009 Lifetime movie Prayers for Bobby. In 2011, Czerny was cast opposite Madeleine Stowe, as the powerful patriarch Conrad Grayson, a series regular role, in ABC soap-type series Revenge. His character was stabbed at the end of season 3 and in the first episode of the fourth season it was revealed he had died. He later returned to the series in unseen flashback sequences in one season 4 episode. In 2016, Czerny was cast in the ABC thriller series Quantico for the recurring role of CIA director Matthew Keyes. He played Eugene Kittridge in the 1996 Mission: Impossible film, and is to return in the role in the upcoming Mission: Impossible 7. Czerny is widely regarded as a character actor, often playing villainous, authoritative, or bureaucratic characters.[citation needed] Czerny is married to Claudine Cassidy and they have a son, Cameron. Before his marriage, he dated American actress Dana Delany. Besides acting, his interests include photography, travel, crafting and carpentry. Strachan, Alex (September 28, 2007). \"Tudors brings sexy back to 16th-century England\". Canwest. Archived from the original on December 9, 2007. Diamond, Jamie (1994-08-21). \"Henry Czerny, Reluctant Bad Guy\". The New York Times. ISSN\u00a00362-4331. Retrieved 2016-05-10. \"Get to know: Henry Czerny\". ConVict - Revenge. Retrieved 2016-05-10. \"Henry Czerny Biography (1959-)\". Film Reference. Intimate Portrait, Lifetime, November 10, 2003 Andreeva, Nellie (March 15, 2011). \"Madeleine Stowe Among Latest Pilot Castings\". Deadline Hollywood. Retrieved March 22, 2011. Wieselman, Jarett (November 2, 2012). \"'Revenge' Star Previews Worrisome Wedding\". TheInsider.com. Archived from the original on November 8, 2012. Gomez, Patrick (May 11, 2014). \"Revenge's Surprise Reveal That David Clarke Is Alive Is Explained\". People magazine. Petski, Denise (July 28, 2016). \"Henry Czerny Returns To 'Quantico' In Major Recurring Role\". Deadline Hollywood. Baysinger, Tim (February 1, 2020). \"Henry Czerny to Return as Eugene Kittridge in Next Two 'Mission: Impossible' Films\". The Wrap. Retrieved January 15, 2021. \"2017 Film Nominees - Academy.ca\". Academy.ca. Retrieved March 12, 2017. Henry Czerny at IMDb Henry Czerny at the Internet Broadway Database"
   },
   {
    "name": "Jim Dorey",
    "id": "Q740055",
    "text": "Robert James Dorey (born August 17, 1947) is a Canadian former professional ice hockey player who played over 650 professional games in the National Hockey League (NHL) and World Hockey Association (WHA). Dorey was a defenceman who played for the Toronto Maple Leafs and New York Rangers in the NHL. He also had a long career in the WHA playing for New England Whalers, Toronto Toros and Quebec Nordiques and played on two Avco World Trophy winning teams. Dorey made his NHL debut with the Maple Leafs on October 16, 1968 in a game against the Pittsburgh Penguins, during which he received 48 penalty minutes, an NHL single-game record at the time. His rugged, aggressive style made him as a Leaf mainstay for the next four seasons. The New York Rangers acquired him for Pierre Jarry late in the 1971-72 season, when Maple Leaf management suspected he might be about to jump to the fledgling WHA. Dorey played just one regular season game with the Rangers before suffering a separated shoulder. He returned to play in game six of the 1972 Stanley Cup Finals. That summer he signed with the WHA's New England Whalers. Dorey became a WHA star for the entire seven seasons of the league's existence. After his retirement he coached the Kingston Canadians of the Ontario Hockey League. He was inducted into the Kingston and District Sports Hall of Fame. Dorey ended his career as an Allstate Insurance agent in his hometown, and retired in March 2008. More recently, he opened his own insurance brokerage in Kingston. \"Backchecking: Dorey made unforgettable debut\". The Hockey News. Retrieved 2013-02-04. \"Toronto Maple Leafs Legends: Jim Dorey\". Mapleleafslegends.blogspot.com. Retrieved 2013-02-04. \"Jim Dorey hockey statistics and profile at\". Hockeydb.com. 1947-08-17. Retrieved 2013-02-04. Jim Dorey WHA video https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_UP2khS9Y0M Complete Pro Statistics https://www.hockey-reference.com/players/d/doreyji01.html \"About Our Company\". protectionmvp.com. Retrieved Apr 16, 2010. Biographical information and career statistics from NHL.com, or\u00a0Eliteprospects.com, or\u00a0Hockey-Reference.com, or\u00a0Legends of Hockey, or\u00a0The Internet Hockey Database"
   },
   {
    "name": "Dave Lougheed",
    "id": "Q746140",
    "text": "David Cameron Lougheed (born April 11, 1968) is a Canadian former rugby union footballer, playing at wing and centre. He was considered large for a winger, being 1.88m tall and weighing 91\u00a0kg though his quick feet and amazing hands made up any imbalances. Born in Toronto, Ontario, Lougheed was educated at Queen's University, Canada, starting his career playing at Toronto Welsh and then Balmy Beach. In 1990, Lougheed made his debut for Canada against Argentina and went on to gain 34 caps. Despite retiring from the international game after the 1999 World Cup, he returned to play in the 2003 World Cup. In 1998, Lougheed signed for Leicester Tigers, playing his debut against Harlequins. In 2000 he announced his retirement, however shortly afterwards signed a one-week contract with injury stricken Gloucester. Lougheed now lives in Calgary, Alberta and coaches the 2006 Western Canadian University Rugby Champions, the University of Calgary Dinos Rugby team. Dave Lougheed at ESPNscrum Leicester Tigers Lougheed answers Gloucester SOS v t e"
   },
   {
    "name": "Joey Votto",
    "id": "Q762227",
    "text": "Joseph Daniel Votto (born September 10, 1983) is a Canadian professional baseball first baseman for the Cincinnati Reds of Major League Baseball (MLB). He made his MLB debut with the Reds in 2007. He is the first Canadian MLB player since Larry Walker to hit 300 home runs and have 1,000 career runs batted in (RBIs). Votto is also the second Canadian to have 2,000 hits. Votto is a six-time MLB All-Star, a seven-time Tip O'Neill Award winner, and two-time Lou Marsh Trophy winner as Canada's athlete of the year. In 2010, he won the National League (NL) MVP Award and the NL Hank Aaron Award. Among all active players at the end of the 2018 season, he was first in career on-base percentage (.427), second in OPS (.957) and walks (1,104), and fourth in batting average (.311). Votto was born to Wendy (n\u00e9e Howell) and Joseph Votto in Toronto, Ontario, and grew up in the city of Etobicoke. His mother is a sommelier and restaurant manager. His father was a chef and a baseball fan who died at age 52 in 2008. He is of Italian and English descent. As a child, he adorned his wall with a Ted Williams poster. Votto enrolled in high school at Richview Collegiate Institute in 1997. In high school, he also played basketball\u2014playing point guard and once scoring 37 points in a game\u2014and hockey. He played for the Etobicoke Rangers baseball program. After high school, Votto signed a National Letter of Intent to play college baseball for the Coastal Carolina Chanticleers. The Cincinnati Reds selected Votto out of high school in the second round with the 44th overall selection of the 2002 MLB draft. While playing for the Reds' affiliate Dayton Dragons of the Class A Midwest League, he hit 26 doubles and 14 home runs with a batting average of .302. He was promoted to the Potomac Cannons of the Class A-Advanced Carolina League and hit 5 more home runs in 20 games to end the season with 19 round-trippers. In addition to playing first base in the minors, Votto made appearances in the outfield and as a catcher. During the 2005 campaign with the Sarasota Reds of the Class A-Advanced Florida State League, he hit 19 home runs but struck out 122 times and his batting average dropped nearly 50 points to .256.[citation needed] Votto rebounded in 2006 with the best season of his minor league career. Playing for the Chattanooga Lookouts of the Class AA Southern League, he improved his batting average to .319, and hit 46 doubles and 22 home runs. He led the Southern League in batting average and total bases and was third in home runs and runs batted in (RBI). He was selected to play in the 2006 All-Star Futures Game on the World Team. He was named to both the Mid-Season and Post-Season Southern League All-Star teams, and was voted a minor league all-star by Baseball America. He culminated his season by winning the Southern League Most Valuable Player Award. During his five seasons in the minors, Votto carried Ted Williams' The Science of Hitting with him. Votto started the 2007 season playing for the Louisville Bats of the Class AAA International League. The Reds promoted Votto to the major leagues on September 1, 2007. He made his major league debut on September 4, striking out against Guillermo Mota of the New York Mets. In his second major league at-bat, he hit his first career home run. He went 3-for-5 and scored two runs as the Reds won the game, 7\u20130. On September 8, he went 1-for-3 with a home run and three runs batted in. His three RBI were the only Reds' runs as they lost to the Milwaukee Brewers, 4\u20133. In his next game, he went 2-for-4. On September 14, he stole his first career base against the Brewers. He ended the season going 2-for-4 with a home run and 5 RBI in the Cincinnati Reds' final game of the 2007 season. He finished the season batting .321 with four home runs and 17 RBI. Beginning with the 2008 season, Votto shared time platooning at first base with Scott Hatteberg until manager Dusty Baker began playing Votto as the Reds' starting first baseman in early April. On April 15, he hit his first home run of the season off Michael Wuertz. He drove in a career-high 5 runs against the Cubs two games later. On May 7, Votto hit three home runs in a game against the Chicago Cubs. Votto hit his first career pinch-hit home run against Cleveland's Cliff Lee, who would go on to win the AL Cy Young Award. On August 31, Votto had his first career four-hit game against the San Francisco Giants. He knocked in 4 runs in a 9\u20133 Reds victory. On September 18, Votto and teammate Jay Bruce each homered twice. They became the fifth rookie teammates in the divisional-era to hit 20 home runs in the same season. Votto finished second in National League Rookie of the Year voting to the Chicago Cubs' Geovany Soto. He led all NL rookies in hitting (.297), hits (156), HR (24), total bases (266), multi-hit games (42), on-base percentage (.368) and slugging percentage (.506). Votto also broke the Reds' record for the most runs batted in by a rookie in a season. The previous record was held by National Baseball Hall of Fame outfielder Frank Robinson with 83 in 1956. Votto drove in 84 runs during the 2008 season. Votto played for Canada in the 2009 World Baseball Classic. In Canada's first game against the United States, he had four hits in five at-bats, one of which was a home run. Votto began the 2009 season as the outright starter at first base. In the second game of the season, he went 3-for-5 with a home run and 3 RBI in a loss to the New York Mets. In the next game against the Mets, he had another homer and four RBI. He had a six-game hitting streak from April 12\u201318. On April 23, he went 4-for-5 with a home run and 2 runs batted in against the Cubs. He posted a .346 batting average, swatted 3 home runs, and racked up 20 RBI during the month of April. Votto opened May with a five-game hitting streak. In a May matchup against the St. Louis Cardinals, he had two homers and four RBI. He finished the month with five home runs and a .378 batting average. However, he was placed on the DL to open June after missing time in May due to personal issues. Prior to his return game during the 2009 season, he indicated he had been suffering from depression and anxiety issues as a result of the sudden death of his father in August 2008 and had sought treatment. He had previously missed time because of dizziness related to an inner ear infection. Votto made his return against the Toronto Blue Jays on June 23. In his third game back, he went 4-for-5 with a home run and four RBI. After going hitless in his fourth game back, he had a 14-game hitting streak. During that stretch, he batted .389 with three home runs and 14 RBI. His hitting streak ended against the Mets on July 12 when he went 0-for-2. Votto was named the National League Player of the Week for September 21\u201327, 2009, after hitting 10 doubles in a 5-game span, a feat not accomplished in 77 years since Hall of Fame outfielder Paul Waner of the Pittsburgh Pirates in 1932. Despite missing 31 games overall, Votto finished the 2009 season among the National League leaders in batting average (.322), on-base percentage (.414) and slugging percentage (.567), and he hit 25 home runs. Votto started the 2010 season by going 3-for-5 with a home run and a run batted in. By the end of April, he had four home runs and 12 RBI. His average was .275, but his on-base percentage was .400 because of 18 bases on balls. In the month of May, he batted .344 with 6 home runs and 21 runs batted in. However, he missed the last six games that month because of a sore neck. He would be back on June 1 in a game against the Cardinals. He went 4-for-5 with a home run and 1 RBI. The Reds won the game to regain the NL Central lead. Votto was not initially voted to the 2010 All-Star game in Anaheim, California, but he made the roster via online fan voting through the National League's Final Vote. He was named on 13.7\u00a0million of the 26 million ballots submitted. Votto went 0-for-2 in the game. On August 25, Votto went 4-for-7 with 2 home runs and 4 RBI. He also drove in the tie-breaking run with a single off Giants pitcher Barry Zito. Votto made the cover of Sports Illustrated on the August 30, 2010 edition. On September 11, Votto hit his first career walk-off home run off Pirates relief pitcher Justin Thomas. For the season, Votto hit .324 with 113 RBI, 106 runs scored and 37 home runs, including a grand slam off Tommy Hanson of the Atlanta Braves on May 20. He finished the season leading the Major Leagues in On-Base Percentage (.424) and led the National League in Slugging Percentage (.600) and On-base plus slugging (1.024). The Reds made the postseason but lost to the Phillies in the National League Divisional Series in a three-game sweep. Votto struggled in the series, batting .100 with one run batted in. Votto won the 2010 Hank Aaron Award in the National League. Votto was announced as the 2010 NL MVP, coming within one vote of winning unanimously as Albert Pujols received the other first-place vote. He was only the third Canadian to win the MVP award, after Larry Walker and Justin Morneau. He became the first Reds player to win the National League MVP since Barry Larkin won it in 1995. \"Not to be dramatic or anything, but after I was told, I couldn't help but cry because I know how much at some point this meant to me and would have meant to my (late) father,\" Votto remarked after being named MVP. He added, \"I did some pretty good things, and most importantly, we won. We went to the playoffs \u2013 it's been a long time since we'd been to the playoffs\u2014and I think those all together were the reason I won.\" In 2016, looking back on his MVP peak, Votto told the Cincinnati Enquirer, \"Until Trout came into the league, I thought every year that I would be in the conversation for best player in the game. And he fucked that up for everybody. Babe Ruth and Ted Williams included. He\u2019s ruining it for everyone.\" On January 16, 2011, it was announced that the Reds and Votto had agreed to a three-year, $38-million deal. Votto homered in the Reds' first game of the 2011 season\u2014a solo homer off Kameron Loe of the Brewers. He recorded his first 4-hit game of the season against the Arizona Diamondbacks and raised his average to .455. By the end of April, he had a .370 batting average, 4 home runs, and 14 runs batted in. He posted a .500 on-base percentage. He began the season by reaching base in 27 consecutive games dating back to the previous season. The club record was set by Dave Collins with 34 in 1981.[citation needed] On June 25, Votto hit his 100th career home run against Brian Matusz of the Orioles. He later added another home run in the game. That was also his first multi-homer game of the season. He also drove in five runs, his most in a game during the season. On July 3, Votto was voted in by the players for the 2011 All-Star Game as a reserve. He went 0-for-2 with a strikeout. On August 28, Votto hit a walk-off home run against the Nationals in the 14th inning. On September 24, he drove in 2 runs against the Pirates for his 100th and 101st RBI of the season, becoming the first Reds player to drive in 100 runs in back-to-back seasons since Dave Parker in 1985\u20131986. Votto finished the season with a .309 batting average, 29 home runs, and 103 RBI. He also led the NL in doubles (40), bases on balls (110), and on-base percentage (.416). On November 1, Votto won his first Gold Glove Award. He finished sixth in the NL MVP voting. On April 2, 2012, Votto signed a 10-year, $225\u00a0million contract extension with the Reds, which runs through the 2024 season. The deal includes the two years that remained on his previous contract and pushes the total worth of the contract to 12 years and $251.5\u00a0million\u2014the longest active deal in baseball at the time. The deal (including the one-year team option), is the 13th-largest deal in MLB history. At the time, it was the longest guaranteed contract in MLB history. Also, the contract made Votto the highest paid athlete from Canada. On May 13, Votto went 4-for-5 with 3 home runs and 6 RBI, including a walk-off grand slam against the Washington Nationals in a 9\u20136 win. It was the first time in major league history that a player hit three home runs including a walk-off grand slam in a single game. On July 1, Votto was selected by the fans as a National League team starter in the 2012 MLB All-Star Game. At the time of his selection, he was hitting .350 with 14 home runs and 47 RBIs. On July 16, the Reds announced that Votto would need arthroscopic knee surgery to repair a torn meniscus in his left knee and was expected to miss three to four weeks. He originally hurt the knee June 29 sliding into third base. He left the next day before the bottom of the fifth inning and missed the next two games because of inflammation in his knee. At the time surgery was announced, he was leading the NL in walks, doubles, OBP, and extra-base hits. He was second in RISP average and third in slugging percentage. On September 5, Votto returned to the Reds' line-up in a game against the Philadelphia Phillies. In his first at-bat since July 15, he lined a single off pitcher Roy Halladay in the first inning. He would finish the game 2-for-3 with a walk. After his return from the disabled list, he struggled with his power numbers. In 25 games, he hit 8 doubles and drove in 7 runs, but didn't hit any home runs. He still got on base at a high clip with an OBP of .505 and walking 28 times. In that span, he also batted over .316. Votto finished the season having played in 111 games\u2014the fewest he had played in a season since becoming the Reds' starting first basemen in 2008. He had a .337 batting average, .474 on-base percentage, and a .567 slugging percentage to go along with 14 home runs, 56 RBI, and 44 doubles. His 94 walks led the NL. (Eighteen of his walks were intentional, which led the majors.) In late February, Votto was voted by fans as the \"Face of the MLB,\" a contest that pits the \"face\" of every MLB team against each other and uses Twitter. He received more votes than Joe Mauer, Jos\u00e9 Bautista, Derek Jeter, Andrew McCutchen, and Matt Kemp. Votto played for Team Canada in the 2013 World Baseball Classic. Votto homered on consecutive days from April 20\u201321 against the Marlins, making it the first time since September 10\u201311 of 2011 he homered in consecutive games. In July, he was again voted as an All-Star starter for the 2013 Major League Baseball All-Star Game. It was his fourth All-Star appearance, and in the game, he went 0-for-2, making him a career 0-for-9 in All-Star Games. On May 21, 2014, Votto was placed on the 15-day disabled list with a strained left quadriceps. He returned on June 10, but he went back on the DL with the same injury on July 8 and didn't make it back before the end of the season. In 62 games played, he hit a career-low .255 with a .390 on-base percentage, .409 slugging percentage, 6 home runs, 47 walks, and 23 RBI. On May 6, 2015, Votto was ejected following a strikeout where he threw his helmet down in frustration. Speculation claimed that prior to his ejection, he had choice words with Gerrit Cole during his at-bat. After getting ejected, Votto appeared to have bumped Chris Conroy. It was only his fifth career ejection and first since 2010. He later received a one-game suspension, which he served when the Reds played the Chicago White Sox. On June 9, Votto hit three home runs in a single game for the third time in his career in a game against the Philadelphia Phillies. The last Reds player to accomplish this feat was Barry Larkin. On August 2, Votto was ejected following a bench-clearing brawl between the Reds and the Pirates. On September 10, Votto was ejected for arguing balls and strikes. It was the third time during the season that Votto was ejected; coincidentally, all three were against the Pittsburgh Pirates. On September 11, MLB suspended Votto for two games with an option to appeal. On October 2, Votto tied a Reds record set by Pete Rose in 1978 when he got on base for his 48th straight game. In 158 games during 2015, Votto had an MLB-leading 143 walks, a .314 batting average, 29 home runs, and 80 RBI. He walked in 20.6% of his at bats (leading the major leagues), and he swung at only 19.1% of pitches outside the strike zone (the lowest percentage in the majors). Following the season, Votto was awarded his fifth Tip O'Neill Award. He finished third in the National League MVP voting behind Bryce Harper and Paul Goldschmidt. After hitting a season-low .213 on May 31, Votto became the first player in MLB since Ichiro Suzuki in 2004 to hit .400 after the All-Star Break. Votto hit .408/.490/.668 in the second half, between July 15 and the season's end on October 2. Votto's .326 season average was the second-best of his career, behind only his 2012 season, where he hit .337. Votto hit 29 home runs, second only to his 2010 MVP season. Votto finished the season with a .326 (3rd in the NL)/.435 (leading the NL)/.550 (6th in the NL) line; he also had 108 walks, 29 home runs, and 97 RBI (10th in the NL), while playing 158 games for the second straight season. He was also among the NL league leaders in OPS (.985, 2nd), walks (T2nd), hits (8th), runs (9th), and total bases (306, 10th). He became the 10th player in Major League history to lead his league in on-base percentage at least 5 times; the only players who had done it more years were Barry Bonds (10) and Hall of Famers Ted Williams (12), Babe Ruth (10), Rogers Hornsby (9), Ty Cobb (7), Wade Boggs (6), and Stan Musial (6). Votto finished the first half of the 2017 season with a slash line of .315/.427/.614 while slugging 26 home runs, which tied for the NL lead with Marlins outfielder Giancarlo Stanton. This performance earned Votto his fifth career All-Star appearance as a substitute. He was also known for his promise to buy teammate Zack Cozart a donkey for making the 2017 All-Star Game. After many interviews and an appearance in a donkey suit on MLB Network's Intentional Talk, Cozart won the fan vote and made the cut as the National League starting shortstop. Votto upheld his end of the deal, buying Cozart a donkey shortly afterward. As the second half of the season passed, the Reds continued to struggle, but Votto did just the opposite. Late in the year, Votto had a streak of consecutive games reaching base multiple times, which spanned 20 games and was the second longest in MLB history behind Ted Williams' 1948 record of 21. He finished the year with a stat-line that consisted of a .319 batting average (4th in the NL), .578 slugging percentage (7th), 106 runs scored (6th), 36 homers (6th), and 100 runs batted in (10th). He led the league in OBP at .454, OPS (at 1.032), in walks for the fifth season (134), in walk percentage (at 19%), and in walks per strikeout (at 1.61), while leading the majors in intentional walks (20). His WAR total equalled out to 7.5, his second-highest since his year in 2015 when he had 7.6 WAR. Votto's homer total was one under his 2010 season as well. Votto became just the first Reds player since Pete Rose in 1975 to start all 162 regular season games in a season and just the fourth player in franchise history to do so. He swung at only 15.8% of pitches outside the strike zone (the lowest percentage in the majors). Among all active players at the end of the season, he was first in career on-base percentage (.428), second in OPS (.969), third in batting average (.313), fourth in walks (996), and fifth in slugging percentage (.541). End-of-season awards for Votto included selection as first baseman on Baseball America's All-MLB Team and his second Lou Marsh Trophy. Votto also finished second in the National League MVP voting, narrowly losing out to Giancarlo Stanton by 2 votes in the fourth-closest vote in MLB history. With eight home runs and 44 RBIs, Votto was named to the 2018 MLB All-Star Game. For the season, he batted .284/.417 /.419. For the third year running, he led the National League in on-base percentage. He swung at only 16.4% of pitches outside the strike zone (the lowest percentage in the majors). In 2019, Votto batted .261/.357/.411 with 15 home runs and 47 RBIs. He swung at the lowest percentage of pitches outside the strike zone of all National League batters (21.1%), and had the lowest Soft Contact Percentage of all major league batters, at 10.1%. Dubiously, he hit a pop-out to first base for the first time in his career on April 17 (which was his 6,829th plate appearance). On September 20, Votto drew the 1,211th walk of his career, passing Pete Rose for the most in Reds history. In the pandemic-shortened 2020 regular season, Votto appeared in 53 games. He had 223 plate appearances and batted .226/.354/.446 with 11 home runs and 22 runs batted in. He was the 9th-eldest player in the National League. On April 30, Votto hit his 300th career home run, a go-ahead home run in the bottom of the third inning versus the Chicago Cubs. On June 19, Votto was ejected for arguing a checked swing third strike call during a game against the San Diego Padres. He needed to be restrained by the Reds' coaching staff during the argument, and later received a two-game suspension and an undisclosed fine for his conduct. The suspension was later reduced to one game after an appeal. Votto served his suspension during a game against the Minnesota Twins on June 22. On June 30, Votto hit a home run against Joe Musgrove of the San Diego Padres, notching his 1,000th career RBI of his professional career with the Reds. He is one of five Reds players to have driven in 1,000 runs in a professional career. On July 30, in a game against the New York Mets, Votto hit a home run, which marked his seventh straight game with a home run alongside setting a club record for most games with a home run. The streak ended the next night when he failed to hit a home run, falling one short of tying the league record for most consecutive games with a home run, though Votto became the oldest player to hit nine home runs in seven games. He was named NL Player of the Month for the month of July 2021. On August 16, Votto collected his 2,000th career hit, a single off Chicago Cubs reliever Michael Rucker. In 2021 he hit the lowest percentage of softly hit ball of all major leaguers, at 8.0%. Votto is known for being a clutch hitter. Through June 9, 2014, he had a career .312 batting average, 163 home runs, and 542 runs batted in. He has been known to show great patience at the plate. He led the NL in bases on balls with 110 in 2011; despite missing 51 games in 2012, he led the NL in that category. His career on-base percentage is .425. He led the NL in that category from 2010 to 2013, 2016 and 2018; he finished second in 2015, one point behind Bryce Harper's .460 OBP. Votto has been recognized for his defensive play as a first baseman. He led the league in assists (with 136) for first basemen in 2008, a feat he repeated in consecutive seasons in 2011 and 2012. He finished fifth in 2009 with 101 assists and second in 2010 with 128 assists. In 2011, he also led all NL first basemen in putouts (1,341), and he was third in fielding percentage (.996). That year, he won his first Gold Glove Award. Votto lives in Mount Adams, Cincinnati, during the season, and in Hermosa Beach, California, during the offseason. He has three brothers: Tyler, and twin brothers named Ryan and Paul. Votto had a mastiff-golden retriever mix named \"Maris,\" who was named after former baseball player Roger Maris; the dog died in 2020. Votto is represented by sports agent Dan Lozano. Major League: 2018 National League All-Star 2018 National League Player of the Week (Week of April 23\u201329) 2017 Lou Gehrig Memorial Award 2017 National League Player of the Week (Week of June 26\u2013July 2) 2017 National League All-Star (Cincinnati) 2017 Lou Marsh Trophy 2017 Tip O'Neill Award 2016 Tip O'Neill Award 2015 Tip O'Neill Award 2013 National League Player of the Week (Week of May 13\u201319) 2013 National League All-Star 2013 Tip O'Neill Award 2012 National League All-Star 2012 Tip O'Neill Award 2011 Gold Glove Award (first-base) 2011 National League All-Star 2011 National League Player of the Week (Week of July 25\u201331) 2010 National League Most Valuable Player 2010 National League Hank Aaron Award 2010 Ernie Lombardi Award 2010 National League All-Star 2010 Tip O'Neill Award 2010 Lou Marsh Trophy 2010 Syl Apps Athlete of the Year Award, awarded to Ontario's athlete of the year 2009 National League Player of the Week (Week of September 21\u201327) 2008 National League Rookie of the Month (September) Minor League: 2007 INT Post-Season All Star (Louisville) 2007 INT Mid-Season All Star (Louisville) 2007 INT Rookie of the Year (Louisville) 2007 Baseball America Triple-A All Star (Louisville) 2006 Baseball America Double-A All Star (Chattanooga) 2006 SOU Most Valuable Player (Chattanooga) 2006 SOU Mid-Season All Star (Chattanooga) 2006 SOU Post-Season All Star (Chattanooga) Canada portal Biography portal Baseball portal Sports portal Cincinnati Reds award winners and league leaders List of Major League Baseball annual putouts leaders List of Major League Baseball career batting average leaders List of Major League Baseball career intentional bases on balls leaders List of Major League Baseball career on-base percentage leaders List of Major League Baseball career OPS leaders List of Major League Baseball career slugging percentage leaders List of Major League Baseball players from Canada Major League Baseball titles leaders \"Reds' Joey Votto becomes second Canadian in MLB history to reach 2,000 hits - Sportsnet.ca\". www.sportsnet.ca. \"Votto wins Lou Marsh Award as Canada's athlete of the year\". The Globe and Mail. Toronto. December 15, 2010. Retrieved December 15, 2010. \"Joseph Votto\". The Windsor Star. Retrieved December 4, 2015. Sheldon, Mark (June 23, 2009). \"Votto: 'I felt I was going to die'\". MLB.com. Verducci, Tom (July 17, 2012). \"Votto's injury could lead to changes for Reds, NL Central race\". SportsIllustrated.CNN.com. Retrieved July 18, 2012. Morgan Campbell (October 15, 2015). \"Joey Votto: The reason Richview roots for red\". TheStar.com. Seguin, Chanelle (October 12, 2011). \"Joey Votto a former Etobicoke Ranger\". Humber Etcetera. Archived from the original on February 21, 2014. Retrieved April 12, 2013. Puskar, Gene J. (June 27, 2015). \"Former CCU recruits Matz, Votto to square off in Mets-Reds game\". Sun News. Retrieved November 6, 2015. \"Joey Votto Game Log - 2007 Regular Season\". Espn.com. Associated Press. October 13, 2021. Retrieved October 13, 2021. \"Reds close out season with a victory\". MLB.com. Retrieved September 8, 2008. \"Joey Votto Game Log - 2008 Regular Season\". Espn.com. Associated Press. October 13, 2021. Retrieved October 13, 2021. \"Reds ride four-homer second inning past Lieber, Cubs\". Espn.com. Associated Press. June 9, 2013. Retrieved June 9, 2013. \"Votto, Bruce lead Reds' home run barrage; Brewers lose 14th September game\". Espn.com. Associated Press. June 9, 2013. Retrieved June 9, 2013. 2008 NL Rookie of the Year Voting Baseballreference.com \"Joey Votto Statistics and History\". Baseball-Reference.com. Retrieved February 21, 2020. Dunn, McCann knock two-run homers as USA holds off Canada CBS Sports \"Joey Votto 2009 Batting Gamelogs\". Baseball-Reference.com. June 9, 2013. Retrieved June 9, 2013. \"Joey Votto 2009 Battling Splits\". Baseball-Reference.com. June 9, 2013. Retrieved June 9, 2013. \"I thought I was going to die\". Canoe.com. \"Votto earns NL Player of Week honor\". Cincinnati Reds. Newman, Mark (July 8, 2010). \"Votto, Swisher win tight Final Vote\". MLB.com. Retrieved July 8, 2010. \"Joey Votto Batting Stats | Baseball-Reference.com\". Baseball-Reference.com. Retrieved October 2, 2017. \"Reds recover from blown nine-run lead to beat Giants in 12\". Espn.com. Associated Press. June 9, 2013. Retrieved June 9, 2013. \"Joey Votto homers in 10th, Reds extend Central lead to 7 games\". Espn.com. Associated Press. September 11, 2010. Retrieved October 13, 2021. \"2011 Cincinnati Reds Batting, Pitching, and Fielding Statistics\". Baseball-Reference.com. June 3, 2013. Retrieved June 3, 2013. Ortiz, Jorge L. (October 31, 2010). \"Jos\u00e9 Bautista and Joey Votto named recipients of Hank Aaron Award\". USA Today. Votto wins NL MVP by overwhelming margin MLB.com Ortiz, Jorge L. (November 22, 2012). \"Reds slugger Joey Votto wins National League MVP\". USA Today. Retrieved July 18, 2012. \"Joey Votto: \"Until [Mike] Trout came into the league, I thought every year that I would be in the conversation for best player in the game.\"\". October 2, 2016. Reds reward MVP Votto with three-year deal MLB.com \"Joey Votto hits two homers as Reds outslug Orioles\". Espn.com. Associated Press. June 9, 2013. Retrieved June 9, 2013. \"Josh Harrison, Pirates assure Reds of losing season\". Espn.com. Associated Press. June 9, 2013. Retrieved June 9, 2013. \"Joey Votto agrees to 10-year, $225\u00a0million deal with Reds\". USA Today. April 2, 2012. Elliot, Bob (April 14, 2012). \"Joey Votto: Legend in the making\". Toronto Sun. Retrieved June 29, 2013. \"Joey Votto agrees to 10-year deal\". ESPN.com. April 4, 2012. Retrieved June 29, 2013. Kay, Joe (May 13, 2012). \"Joey Votto Hits Walk-Off Grand Slam Slam: Reds Star's 3 Home Runs Lifts Reds Past Nationals 9\u20136 (VIDEO)\". The Huffington Post. Sanchez, Jesse (July 1, 2012). \"Rosters unveild for 83rd All-Star Game\". MLB.com. Retrieved July 2, 2012. \"Cincinnati Reds' Joey Votto needs knee surgery, will miss 3\u20134 weeks\". July 16, 2012. \"Votto out 3\u20134 weeks for knee surgery\". SportsIllustrated.CNN.com. AP. July 16, 2012. Retrieved July 17, 2012. Sheldon, Mark (June 30, 2012). \"Latos keeps rolling with gem against Giants\". MLB.com. Retrieved July 17, 2012. Fay, John (July 17, 2012). \"Joey Votto to have knee surgery, miss 3\u20134 weeks\". Cincinnati Enquirer. Retrieved July 17, 2012. \"Phillies back Roy Halladay with 2 homers, rout Reds\". Espn.com. Associated Press. June 9, 2013. Retrieved June 9, 2013. \"Joey Votto 2012 Batting Splits\". Baseball-Reference.com. June 3, 2013. Retrieved June 3, 2013. \"Joey Votto Stats\". ESPN.com. \"Joey Votto wins finals of 'Face of MLB'\". WLWT 5. May 1, 2013. Retrieved October 13, 2021. Bloom, Barry M. (February 21, 2013). \"Final Classic rosters brimming with talent\". MLB.com. Archived from the original on April 12, 2013. Retrieved October 13, 2021. \"Joey Votto homers again as Reds throttle Marlins\". Espn.com. Associated Press. June 9, 2013. Retrieved June 9, 2013. \"All-Star Games: Tuesday, July 16, 2013, 8:00PM, Citi Field\". Baseball-Reference.com. Snyder, Matt. \"Votto ejected, bumps umpire\". CBS Sports. Retrieved May 6, 2015. Kay, Joe (June 9, 2015). \"Votto blasts three home runs in same game\". Fox Sports. Retrieved June 9, 2015. \"WATCH: Benches clear in Blue Jays-Royals, Pirates-Reds games\". CBSSports.com. Retrieved December 4, 2015. \"Reds' Joey Votto completely loses it after getting ejected in Pirates game \u2013 For The Win\". For The Win. September 10, 2015. Retrieved December 4, 2015. Sheldon, Mark. \"Votto suspended 2 games, will appeal\". M.mlb.com. Retrieved September 11, 2015. \"Joey Votto ties Pete Rose's Reds mark with 48 straight games on base\". CBSSports.com. Retrieved December 4, 2015. \"Major League Leaderboards\u00a0\u00bb 2015\u00a0\u00bb Batters\u00a0\u00bb Advanced Statistics | FanGraphs Baseball\". www.fangraphs.com. \"Major League Leaderboards\u00a0\u00bb 2015\u00a0\u00bb Batters\u00a0\u00bb Plate Discipline Statistics | FanGraphs Baseball\". www.fangraphs.com. \"Toronto-born Reds first baseman wins Canadian Baseball Hall of Fame award\". CTV News. The Canadian Press. December 4, 2015. Retrieved December 4, 2015. \"Joey Votto Batting Gamelogs for Career Games 1197 to 1268\". Retrieved August 2, 2021. \"Joey Votto Stats, Fantasy & News\". Cincinnati Reds. Retrieved October 3, 2016. \"Sortable Player Stats\". Major League Baseball. Retrieved July 30, 2017. \"Joey Votto is planning to get Zack Cozart a donkey if he makes the All-Star Game roster\". CBSSports.com. Retrieved July 30, 2017. \"Joey Votto dressed like a donkey to help get Zack Cozart to the All-Star Game\". Major League Baseball. Retrieved July 30, 2017. \"Joey Votto on base twice for 20th game in row\". Major League Baseball. Retrieved October 2, 2017. \"Joey Votto 2017 Batting Splits | Baseball-Reference.com\". Baseball-Reference.com. Retrieved October 2, 2017. \"National League Leaderboards\u00a0\u00bb 2017\u00a0\u00bb Batters\u00a0\u00bb Advanced Statistics - FanGraphs Baseball\". Fangraphs.com. Retrieved October 1, 2018. \"Major League Leaderboards\u00a0\u00bb 2017\u00a0\u00bb Batters\u00a0\u00bb Standard Statistics | FanGraphs Baseball\". www.fangraphs.com. \"Reds' Joey Votto on pace to start all 162 games\". Cincinnati.com. Retrieved October 2, 2017. \"Major League Leaderboards\u00a0\u00bb 2017\u00a0\u00bb Batters\u00a0\u00bb Plate Discipline Statistics | FanGraphs Baseball\". www.fangraphs.com. Baseball America Press Release (October 5, 2017). \"From afterthought to foundation of a winner\". Baseball America. Retrieved October 28, 2017. \"Marlins' Giancarlo Stanton wins NL MVP Award\". MLB.com. November 16, 2017. Retrieved December 16, 2017. Nightengale, Bobby. \"Joey Votto, Eugenio Su\u00e1rez, Scooter Gennett to represent Cincinnati Reds as MLB All-Stars\". Cincinnati.com. Retrieved October 1, 2018. \"Major League Leaderboards\u00a0\u00bb 2018\u00a0\u00bb Batters\u00a0\u00bb Plate Discipline Statistics\". FanGraphs Baseball. Retrieved February 21, 2020. \"Major League Leaderboards\u00a0\u00bb 2019\u00a0\u00bb Batters\u00a0\u00bb Batted Ball Statistics | FanGraphs Baseball\". Fangraphs.com. January 1, 2019. Retrieved October 7, 2019. \"A first for Votto in 6,829th plate appearance\". MLB.com. Sheldon, Mark. \"Votto passes Rose as Reds' career BB leader\". mlb.com. Retrieved September 27, 2020. \"2020 National League Awards, All-Stars, & More Leaders\". Baseball-Reference.com. Sheldon, Mark (April 30, 2021). \"Curtain call! Votto's 300th HR ignites Reds' W\". MLB.com. Retrieved May 21, 2021. \"Votto tossed, sends apology to 6-year-old\". MLB.com. Retrieved June 27, 2021. \"Cincinnati's Votto disciplined\". MLB.com. Retrieved June 27, 2021. \"Reds star Joey Votto suspended by MLB for 'aggressive actions' during argument with umpires\". www.cbssports.com. Retrieved June 27, 2021. \"Reds' Votto serves one-game suspension after ump argument\". MLB | NBC Sports. Associated Press. June 22, 2021. Retrieved June 27, 2021. \"Reds' Joey Votto narrowly misses becoming fourth player ever to hit a home run in eight straight games\". \"Reds' Joey Votto joins 2,000 hit club\". TheAthletic.com. August 17, 2021. Retrieved August 25, 2021. \"Major League Leaderboards\u00a0\u00bb 2021\u00a0\u00bb Batters\u00a0\u00bb Batted Ball Statistics | FanGraphs Baseball\". www.fangraphs.com. \"Reds slugger Joey Votto spends $10.5 million on a Hermosa Beach house\". January 9, 2019. Ortiz, Jorge (July 2, 2012). \"Reds slugger Joey Votto learns balance and power\". USA Today. Retrieved July 3, 2012. \"Joey Votto Stats Baseball-Reference.com\". Baseball-Reference.com. Retrieved June 1, 2018. Career statistics and player information from MLB, or\u00a0ESPN, or\u00a0Baseball-Reference, or\u00a0Fangraphs, or\u00a0Baseball-Reference (Minors), or\u00a0Retrosheet Joey Votto career statistics from MILB.com Feature on 1B Joey Votto from MILB.com Joey Votto News"
   },
   {
    "name": "Karen Cockburn",
    "id": "Q762576",
    "text": "Karen Cockburn (born October 2, 1980) is a Canadian trampoline gymnast. She won a bronze medal at the 2000 Summer Olympics in the individual event. She won a gold medal at the 2003 Trampoline World Championships in Hannover, Germany in the same event and a bronze in the team event. At the 2004 Summer Olympics and 2008 Summer Olympics, she won a silver medal in the individual event. Cockburn was born in Toronto and grew up in North York, Ontario. She began trampolining at age 11, and is a student at York University. She is a member of the Skyriders Trampoline Place and is coached by Dave Ross. Following the Lake Placid and Quebec City World Cup competitions that took place in April 2007, the FIG World Rankings were updated. The women's ranking saw four time World Champion and five time World Cup Final winner Irina Karavaeva of Russia retake top place from Cockburn in Women's Individual Trampoline after Karavaeva won the gold medal at both of the World Cups. Cockburn and her partner, Rosannagh MacLennan, were ranked first in Women's Synchronised Trampoline following their two winning performances in 2007. After winning the Canadian National Trampoline Championships seven years in a row, Cockburn made an error in her second routine (of three) and came in 6th place in the 2005 finals on June 1, 2005. She was beaten by her partner in synchronized trampoline, Rosannagh MacLennan. Later in June, she competed in the Trampoline World Cup and came in 3rd in the individual competition and won gold in synchronized trampoline with Rosannagh MacLennan. In September 2005 at the Trampoline World Championships in Eindhoven, Netherlands, the pair came 2nd in synchronized trampoline and Cockburn came 6th in the individual event. In the 2006 Canadian National Trampoline championships in Quebec City, Cockburn regained her title beating MacLennan into second place, on May 20, 2006. On November 25, 2006, Cockburn won both the Individual gold medal and, with MacLennan, the synchronized gold medal at the Trampoline and Tumbling World Cup Final competition in Birmingham. In April 2007 at the Lake Placid Trampoline World Cup, the Cockburn and MacLennan achieved a new female synchronised trampoline routine world record for difficulty with a DD of 14.20. At the 2007 Canadian Trampoline Championships in Regina, Saskatchewan, Cockburn took first place, edging out MacLennan by 2.5 points with a score of 106.90 in the Women's Senior Individual trampoline category. In the category of synchronized trampoline, Cockburn and MacLennan won the gold with a score of 131.70. On November 3, 2007, at the 2007 Trampoline World Championships in Quebec City, Cockburn and MacLennan won the synchronised event, maintaining their unbroken string of nine first-place finishes in World Cup and World Championships. In the individual final, Cockburn did not complete her routine and finished in 8th place. However, her and MacLennan's rankings in the preliminary round earned two women's places at the 2008 Olympic Games for Canada. On June 7, 2008, Cockburn won her 10th Senior Women's Trampoline Canadian Championship in Calgary, beating MacLennan into second place. Both women, however, with Jason Burnett were named to compete for Canada at the 2008 Summer Olympics in Beijing. Cockburn qualified for the finals in 4th place, and on August 18, 2008, she won a silver medal in the women's final at the 2008 Summer Olympics in Beijing. She was the only trampoline athlete to have won a medal at every Olympic Games at which the event has been competed until her 4th-place finish in the 2012 London Olympics. She was selected as Canada's flag bearer for the closing ceremonies of the Beijing 2008 Olympics. Following the 2008 Olympic Games, Cockburn did not compete again until the 2009 Canadian National Championships in Hamilton, Ontario. She came in second place after Rosannagh MacLennan. In the synchronised competition, she paired with MacLennan but they did not complete one routine and came in second place. She regained the Canadian National Championship in 2010 at Kamloops, British Columbia with MacLennan coming in 2nd place. In the 2009 Trampoline World Championships in St Petersburg, Russia, Cockburn won the Bronze medal in Individual trampoline in her first international competition since the Beijing Olympics. She also won a silver medal in Synchronised Trampoline with her usual partner Rosannagh Maclennan. In 2011, Cockburn did not compete in the Canadian National Championships and was sick for the Finals of the 2011 Pan American Games. In the 2011 Trampoline World Championships in Birmingham, England, Cockburn and MacLennan secured two places for Canadian women in the 2012 Summer Olympics and Cockburn won a Silver medal for the synchronised trampoline event (with MacLennan) and a Bronze medal for the Team competition. In 2012, Cockburn finished in 4th place in the 2012 Summer Olympics's individual trampoline. In 2014, Cockburn resumed training after giving birth to a daughter in 2013. She is attempting to qualify for the 2015 Pan-American Games to be held in Toronto. She stated that she wanted to compete in a major international event before her hometown crowd before she retired. She competed in the 2014 Canadian National Champuionships in Ottawa and was third. While training at the Trampoline World Championships in Daytona Beach, Florida, in November 2014, she landed badly and broke her ankle forcing her to withdraw from the competition. Cockburn received the honour of being selected to pronounce the athletes' oath in front of her home crowd in Toronto during the opening ceremonies of the 2015 Pan-American Games. Competing at these games, she placed third in the women's individual trampolining event. On July 16, 2017, at the 2017 Canadian National Trampoline and Tumbling Championships, Karen Cockburn officially retired at a ceremony held to honour her contribution to the sport. As of 2019 she was the National Team Director for Trampoline Gymnastics at Gymnastics Canada. Cockburn married her fellow-Olympian and former training partner Mathieu Turgeon on December 22, 2007. In September 2013, she gave birth to a daughter. Her autobiography, called Karen Cockburn: Soaring High, was published in November 2007. \"Trampoline Best and Gymnastics Bet:Stouffvilles's Cockburn Leads the Pack\". The Markham Economist and Sun. The Markham Economist and Sun. 2008-08-09. p.\u00a011. Grech, Caroline (2008-08-21). \"Silver medals inspire club teammates\". The Markham Economist and Sun. p.\u00a023. \"17.50 pt NEW WORLD RECORD BY JASON BURNETT in the finals of the Lake Placid World Cup,Trampoline, Tumbling, Acrobatic Gymnastic & Acrobaty\". Archived from the original on 2007-09-27. Retrieved 2007-04-03. Women's Trampolining at the 2008 Olympics (Sport-Reference website) \"Cockburn named flagbearer for closing ceremony\". CTV News. Retrieved 2008-08-23. Karen Cockburn hopes to bow out at Pan Am Games, March 6, 2014, YorkRegion.com News website[permanent dead link] MacLennan, Burnett win trampoline gold at Canadian gymnastics championships, Gymnastics Canada, access date June 2 2014 Archived 2014-06-05 at the Wayback Machine Broken ankle knocks Karen Cockburn out of world trampoline championships, Gymnastics Canada, retrieved November 6, 2014 \"Karen Cockburn, Canada\u2019s most decorated gymnast, retires\", Gymnastics Canada, retrieved July 25, 2017 \"Canada's Rosie MacLennan wins world trampoline bronze\". CBC Sports. 1 December 2019. Retrieved 2 December 2019. \"Matt and Karen get Married\" Archived 2012-03-31 at the Wayback Machine \"Olympic trampoline champion Rosie MacLennan eager for new challenges\". Archived from the original on 2013-11-11. Retrieved 2013-11-11. Karen Cockburn [@Karen_Cockburn] (27 September 2013). \"Welcome Emilie Sydney Turgeon, born Sept 24th, 8:48pm, 8lbs 8oz. We are so in love with our little girl\" (Tweet) \u2013 via Twitter. \"\"Karen Cockburn: Soaring High \u2013 the second book in the new series Celebrating Canadian Athletes from BookLand Press\"\". Archived from the original on 2007-09-27. Retrieved 2007-08-23. Karen Cockburn at the International Gymnastics Federation"
   },
   {
    "name": "Jason Burnett",
    "id": "Q762641",
    "text": "Jason Nicholas Burnett (born December 16, 1986) is a Canadian trampoline gymnast from Etobicoke, Ontario. He is noted for having completed, in training, the world's most difficult trampoline routine with a degree of difficulty of 20.6 and holding the world record of 18.8 for a routine performed in a competition. He has placed first in the Canadian National Championships eight times in individual trampoline. In the 2008 Olympic Games he won a silver medal. On June 12, 2010, at the Davos Trampoline World Cup he completed a routine with a degree of difficulty (DD or tariff) of 18.80 breaking his own world record of 18.0. He finished in 2nd place in the competition. He also holds the world record for a synchronised trampoline routine with his partner, Philip Barbaro, with a DD of 16.0. However, as their marks for synchronisation and execution were very low, they only came in 7th place in the competition in Quebec City in 2007. He has won the Canadian Senior Men's Trampoline Championship eight times, most recently in Ottawa in 2014. He currently trains at Skyriders Trampoline Place in Richmond Hill alongside Karen Cockburn and Rosannagh MacLennan with trainer Dave Ross. In the preliminary round of the 2008 Summer Olympics in Beijing, Burnett finished in seventh place and qualified for the finals of the trampoline event after a very strong optional routine. In the finals, he won the silver medal in the event with the most difficult routine of the competition. Before Burnett broke his fibula in 2010, he won 1st place for Men's Individual Trampoline at the Elite Canada competition in Airdrie, Alberta. At the Pacific Rim Championships, Burnett won 1st place in both Men's Individual Trampoline and Men's Synchronized Trampoline along with his partner, Charles Thibault. Moreover, Burnett took home 1st again at the Canadian Championships in Kamloops, British Columbia. In 2011, Burnett won 1st place for Individual Trampoline at the Canada Cup in Airdrie, Alberta with a 17.8 DD. At the same competition, he also took home 2nd place for Synchronized Trampoline (again, with Charles Thibault as his partner). In January 2012, at the 2012 Gymnastics Olympic Test Event, Burnett finished in 4th place which qualified Canada for a place in the Men's Trampoline event at the 2012 Summer Olympics in London. He was later selected as the Olympic competitor following a series of qualifying competitions. At the Olympic Games he finished in 8th place, although as of 2019,[update] doping procedures relating to numerous athletes are still underway. Therefore, results are not final. In May 2014, Burnett won the Men's title in the Canadian National Championship in Ottawa. Later in 2014, he injured his leg and had to have surgery to repair knee ligaments. He managed to come back and win his 9th Canadian Individual Trampoline Championship in July 2015. In the Pan Am Games in Toronto, he came 4th. In 2012 Burnett was awarded the Queen Elizabeth II Diamond Jubilee Medal. Video of Jason Burnett performing a 20.6 Difficulty routine in training Canada's Burnett soars to World Record at Trampoline Worlds \"Notice of Competition World Record Difficulty of 16.0 in Synchronised Trampoline\". Archived from the original on 2012-02-09. Retrieved 2007-04-08. Olympic Men's Trampoline results \"Jason Burnett Breaks His Leg\". YouTube. 2011-06-21. Retrieved 2012-06-22. \"Archived copy\" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2012-04-02. Retrieved 2011-09-10.CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link) http://www.gymnastics.org.au/site/gymnastics/national/downloads/2010PacRim/results/trp/Mens_Senior_TRP_Results_Final.pdf \"Archived copy\" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2016-03-03. Retrieved 2011-09-10.CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link) \"Jason Burnett 17.8 in Final at Canada Cup 2011\". YouTube. 2011-08-01. Retrieved 2012-06-22. \"Gymcan-Profiles\". Gymcan.org. Archived from the original on 2012-04-02. Retrieved 2012-06-22. \"FIG London prepares Trampoline web page\". Archived from the original on 2012-03-02. Retrieved 2012-01-13. Gymnastics Canada Profile Archived 2012-04-02 at the Wayback Machine \"London 2012 individual men - Olympic Trampoline\". International Olympic Committee. 2019-03-07. Retrieved 2019-12-19. [\"Archived copy\". Archived from the original on 2014-06-05. Retrieved 2014-06-02.CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link) MacLennan, Burnett win trampoline gold at Canadian Gymnastics Championships Cockburn, Burnett cap comebacks with national titles at 2015 Trampoline Gymnastics Canadian Open, Gymnastics Canada News website, retrieved September 10 2015 \"Olympic and Paralympic athletes to receive Queen Elizabeth II Diamond Jubilee Medal\". Official Canadian Olympic Team Website | Team Canada | 2016 Olympic Games. 19 December 2012. Archived from the original on 19 May 2017. Retrieved 3 June 2017."
   },
   {
    "name": "Nick Beverley",
    "id": "Q766331",
    "text": "Nicholas Gerald Beverley (born April 21, 1947) is a Canadian former professional ice hockey player and coach. Beverley played over 500 games in the National Hockey League (NHL) and later coached in both the NHL and American Hockey League (AHL). Beverley played for the Boston Bruins, Pittsburgh Penguins, New York Rangers, Minnesota North Stars, and Colorado Rockies, totalling 18 goals, 94 assists for 112 total points in 501 games played. Following his playing career, he became assistant coach of the Los Angeles Kings in 1981. He later became head coach of the New Haven Nighthawks of the AHL. Beverley spent a total of 14 years with the Kings holding a variety of positions including scout, assistant coach, head coach of minor affiliate, director of player personnel, assistant general manager and general manager. While in the position of general manager he led the Kings to their first Stanley Cup finals. After leaving the Kings, Beverley worked for the Toronto Maple Leafs as director of pro scouting, director of player personnel and as interim head coach when Pat Burns was released. As interim head coach, the Maple Leafs went 9\u20136\u20132. They made the playoffs, but lost in six games to the St. Louis Blues. Following his time with the Leafs, Beverley joined his friend Mike Smith as assistant general manager of the Chicago Black Hawks. Following a big shakeup of the Blackhawks management, Beverley found himself unemployed with few prospects for jobs due to the looming work stoppage in 2004-05. In July 2005 he was signed as a scout for the Nashville Predators. Nick Beverley career statistics at The Internet Hockey Database v t e v t e"
   },
   {
    "name": "Guy Revell",
    "id": "Q778327",
    "text": "Guy Revell (August 2, 1941 - March 11, 1981) was a Canadian pair skater. With skating partner Debbi Wilkes, he became a two-time Canadian national champion, the 1963 North American champion, and the 1964 Olympic silver medallist. Revell began skating with Debbi Wilkes, six years his junior, in 1958 after meeting at the Unionville skating carnival. Though their height difference was adequate at the start of their partnership, by the time Wilkes was seventeen in 1963, her height was 5\u00a0feet 5\u00a0inches (165\u00a0cm) to Revell's 5\u00a0feet 4\u00a0inches (163\u00a0cm). They were coached by Bruce Hyland at Crosby Arena and represented the Unionville Skating Club throughout their career. Wilkes fell from a lift while posing for press photographs prior to the 1963 World Championships, hitting the ice head-first and fracturing her skull. The pair had to withdraw from the competition. Wilkes/Revell were awarded the bronze medal at the 1964 Winter Olympics in Innsbruck, while gold went to Ludmila Belousova / Oleg Protopopov and silver to Marika Kilius / Hans-J\u00fcrgen B\u00e4umler. After taking the bronze at the 1964 World Championships in Dortmund, the pair parted ways \u2014 Wilkes decided to pursue an education while Revell elected to tour professionally in ice shows. In 1966, Wilkes/Revell were informed that the silver medallists in Innsbruck, Marika Kilius / Hans-J\u00fcrgen B\u00e4umler of Germany, had been disqualified after an International Olympic Committee investigation found they had signed pro contracts before the Olympics. IOC executive James Worrall presented Wilkes/Revell with the silver medals during the Canadian Championships in Peterborough, Ont. Later, Kilius/Baumler were reinstated in the record books, but the medals were never redistributed. In December 2013, after an investigation by The New York Times, the International Olympic Committee confirmed that Kilius/B\u00e4umler and Wilkes/Revell share the 1964 Olympic silver medal and Joseph/Joseph of the United States are the bronze medallists. Despite the information on its website over the years, the IOC stated that this was intended to be the official result since 1987. Revell joined the Ice Capades and had a long career skating professionally with Gertrude Desjardins. Having relatively little formal education, he had difficulty adjusting to life after the end of his performing career and committed suicide in 1981. (with Wilkes) \"Guy Revell\". Sports Reference. Archived from the original on July 24, 2017. \"Guy Revell\". Olympedia. Retrieved 22 January 2021. Hayakawa, Michael (February 5, 2014). \"Olympic medalist whose bronze had silver shine\". Markham Economist & Sun. YorkRegion.com. Wilkes, Debbi (1994). Ice Time. ISBN\u00a00-13-185117-9. \"1963 North American, U.S., and Canadian Champions\". Skating magazine. May 1963. Rosewater, Amy (December 13, 2013). \"1964 Olympic Skating Pair Only Now Discovering Their Place\". The New York Times."
   },
   {
    "name": "Frank Bell",
    "id": "Q784098",
    "text": "Francis Jardine \"Frank\" Bell (January 28, 1840\u00a0\u2013 February 13, 1927) was a Canadian-born American politician. He was the sixth Governor of Nevada. He was a member of the Republican Party. Bell was born on January 28, 1840, in Toronto, in the province of Upper Canada (a British colony at the time; Confederation would not be achieved until another 27 years after his birth). He was educated in the common schools of his native country. He was a distant cousin to Alexander Graham Bell. He married Mary Poore on July 9, 1872 in Reno, Nevada and they had two children. Bell came to Nevada in 1858, to supervise the construction of a transcontinental telegraph line though the state from Utah to California. He worked on this project until 1860. Later, Bell became a telegraph operator and was one of operators who telegraphed Nevada's Constitution to Washington D.C. in 1864. Bell served as warden of the Nevada State Prison from 1883 to 1887. In 1889, he was appointed the eighth lieutenant governor by Charles C. Stevenson. He became acting governor when Governor Stevenson signed a disability certificate on September 1, 1890, making him Nevada's first foreign-born governor. During his tenure, he continued to carry out the policies of the Stevenson administration. Bell did not seek a full term, serving until the inauguration of Roswell K. Colcord in 1891. He then returned to his work in the telephone and telegraph field. He continued to be politically active. He served as Warden of the Nevada State Prison from 1893 to 1895 and as justice of the peace from 1905 to 1909. Bell died on February 13, 1927, in his daughter's home in Oakland, California, at the age of 87. He is interred at Masonic Memorial Gardens in Reno, Nevada. List of U.S. state governors born outside the United States \"Frank Bell (governor)\". National Governors Association. Retrieved September 28, 2012. \"Frank Bell (governor)\". Nevada Culture. org. Archived from the original on March 5, 2012. Retrieved September 28, 2012. \"Frank Bell (governor)\". National Governors Association. Retrieved September 28, 2012. Frank Bell at Find a Grave Biography Nevada Culture.org National Governors Association"
   },
   {
    "name": "Dave Reid",
    "id": "Q784286",
    "text": "David William Reid (born May 15, 1964) is a Canadian former ice hockey left winger. He played in the National Hockey League with the Boston Bruins, Toronto Maple Leafs, Dallas Stars and the Colorado Avalanche. Selected in the 1982 NHL Entry Draft by the Boston Bruins, Reid spent his first few seasons between the parent club and the minors. In 1988, he signed as a free agent with the Toronto Maple Leafs. After three seasons in Toronto, he returned to Boston where he would play for the next five seasons. Reid signed with the Dallas Stars in 1996, and in 1999, he helped the Stars win their first Stanley Cup. Reid scored a personal best 10 playoff points while skating on a line with Jamie Langenbrunner and Joe Nieuwendyk. Reid would move on and sign with the Colorado Avalanche after the season, where he would play for the last two years of his NHL career. In 2001, he added a second Stanley Cup to his resume while with the Avalanche. In 961 NHL games, Reid scored 165 goals and 204 assists for a total of 369 points. Since retirement, Reid has moved into the field of broadcasting. He is frequently seen as one of several rotating analysts on the NHL Network's nightly \"NHL On The Fly\" television program. He was also the colour commentator for the gold medal game of the 2009 World U-17 Hockey Challenge on TSN in Port Alberni. On May 4, 2010, Reid was hired as the General Manager of the OHL's Peterborough Petes. The team failed to make the playoffs in either 2011 or 2012, and, after a slow start to the 2012\u201313 season, he was fired on October 9, 2012. Reid currently serves as an analyst for NHL Network & TSN. \"Petes introduce new GM Reid\". Toronto Sun. May 6, 2010. Retrieved July 26, 2010. \"Peterborough Petes fire GM Dave Reid\". CBC.ca. October 9, 2012. Retrieved October 10, 2012. Biographical information and career statistics from Eliteprospects.com, or\u00a0Hockey-Reference.com, or\u00a0Legends of Hockey, or\u00a0The Internet Hockey Database Dave Reid's profile at hockeydraftcentral.com"
   },
   {
    "name": "Barbara McDougall",
    "id": "Q807555",
    "text": "Barbara Jean McDougall PC OC (born November 12, 1937) was a Canadian politician. She served as a Member of Parliament from 1984 to 1993, and as Secretary of State for External Affairs from 1991 to 1993. She did not run again in the 1993 Canadian federal election which saw the incumbent Progressive Conservative government reduced to two seats in the House of Commons. In 2000 she was made an Officer of the Order of Canada. McDougall served as a member of parliament from St. Paul's (Toronto) for the Progressive Conservative Party of Canada from 1984 to 1993. At the Cabinet table she was a vocal proponent of free choice for women in the abortion debate. She based her opposition to Senate reform partly on the fact that this institution is responsible for the state of abortion law in Canada at present. She held the following government posts: McDougall has remained active in conservative political circles. She was a member of the Red Tory Council and supported auto-parts magnate Belinda Stronach's campaign to become leader of the new Conservative Party of Canada in winter 2004. On December 18, 2006 it was announced that she would be appointed as a panelist on the Internal Trade Implementation Act for a period of five years. McDougall received a B.A. from the University of Toronto in political science and economics in 1963. McDougall has previously been an advisor for Toronto law firm Aird & Berlis LLP where she counsels clients on matters of international business development, corporate governance and government relations. She is the Chair of Global Panel America and a member of the Global Panel Foundation's worldwide Supervisory board based in Berlin, Prague and Sydney. She has served as a Canadian representative to the Inter-American Dialogue in Washington, D.C. and The International Crisis Group in Brussels, Belgium. A Scotiabank director from 1999 to 2008, she sat on the Audit and Conduct Review Committee and the Human Resources Committee. She had previously served as Chair of the Conduct Review/Pension Committee. McDougall also was on the board of Stelco Inc. and the Independent Order of Foresters. She is currently a director of Unique Solutions Design Ltd. She has worked as a business reporter for the Vancouver Sun, an analyst for Odlum Brown and at brokerage firm A.E. Ames, where she became the company's first female vice president. From October 2004 to March 2010 McDougall served on the Board of Directors of Imperial Tobacco Canada, the Canadian subsidiary of British American Tobacco. In that capacity she chaired the Corporate Social Responsibility Committee of Imperial Tobacco Canada. In December 2007 McDougall was appointed Chair of the board of Canada's International Development Research Centre (IDRC). Liberal MP Carolyn Bennett criticized her appointment as Chair of IDRC because of the conflict of interest it created between her role as director of a tobacco company and chair of an agency funding tobacco control efforts. The press release announcing her appointment did not mention her ongoing directorship of Imperial Tobacco. It is also omitted this from her bio on the IDRC website. As a result of this serious conflict of interest, a major tobacco control coordination meeting in Africa funded by IDRC was boycotted by its participants and the Gates Foundation pulled US$5 million of tobacco control funding from IDRC in April 2010. There is a Barbara McDougall fonds at Library and Archives Canada. 17 Nov 2013 Toronto Star: \"Mulroney-era cabinet documents reveal struggle to replace abortion law thrown out by court\" 25 Oct 2013: \"Why the Senate should be rebuilt, not abolished\" Globe and Mail Imperial Tobacco Canada. \"Social report 2006-2007 Let's talk\" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2011-07-16. Retrieved 2010-03-16. Liberal Party. \"Conservatives put Canada's tobacco control leadership in disrepute\". Archived from the original on 2011-08-04. Retrieved 2011-07-28. World Health Organization (2008). \"Guidelines for implementation of Article 5.3 of the WHO Framework Convention on Tobacco Control\" (PDF). There is a fundamental and irreconcilable conflict between the tobacco industry's interests and public health policy interests. Foreign Affairs Canada. \"Appointment of Chair of the International Development Research Centre's Board of Governors\". Retrieved 2010-03-31. IDRC. \"Honourable Barbara McDougall\". Archived from the original on 2012-03-18. Retrieved 2011-07-28. Rachel Kitonyo. \"Africa/Canada: BAT director on aid board spurs boycott\". Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation. \"Statement Regarding IDRC Tobacco Control Grant\". Archived from the original on 2011-07-06. Retrieved 2011-07-22. Douglas Bell, The Globe and Mail (2010-04-13). \"Memo to Barbara McDougall: Resign!\". Toronto. \"Barbara McDougall fonds, Library and Archives Canada\". Retrieved 2020-09-15. Aird & Berlis LLP Web Biography Barbara McDougall \u2013 Parliament of Canada biography"
   },
   {
    "name": "Barney Danson",
    "id": "Q808477",
    "text": "Barnett Jerome \"Barney\" Danson, PC CC (February 8, 1921 \u2013 October 17, 2011) was a Canadian politician and Cabinet minister. Barney Danson was born to a Jewish family in Toronto's Parkdale neighbourhood. He joined The Queen's Own Rifles of Canada in 1939 as the Second World War broke out. He rose to the rank of Lieutenant and served until he was severely wounded, losing an eye, in the Battle of Normandy. His ailment created an interest in the Canadian National Institute for the Blind (CNIB) and its library for the blind and visually impaired, which he maintained until his death. He returned to Canada and joined his family's insurance business before entering the plastics industry with his own company, the Danson Corporation. He also served as president of the Society of the Plastics Industry of Canada. In 2002, his autobiography, Not Bad for a Sergeant: The Memoirs of Barney Danson, was published. His son, Tim Danson, is a Toronto lawyer known as a victim's rights advocate and for having represented the families of Paul Bernardo's victims. Danson was first elected to the House of Commons of Canada in the 1968 general election as the Liberal Member of Parliament (MP) for the Toronto-area riding of York North. Danson was unsuccessful during his first attempt at politics as an Ontario Liberal Party candidate in the 1967 provincial election in the riding of York Mills. In 1970, he became Parliamentary Secretary to Prime Minister Pierre Trudeau, and was appointed to the Cabinet in 1974 as Minister of State for urban affairs. In 1976, he was promoted to Minister of National Defence. While Minister of National Defence, he was appointed the Honorary Lieutenant Colonel of The Queen's Own Rifles of Canada, his regiment. He served in that position until the defeat of the Liberal government in the 1979 general election, in which he lost his seat. Danson received an honorary degree (1993) from the Royal Military College of Canada in Kingston, of which he was a former chancellor. As a Member of the Privy Council Danson was styled \"The Honourable\". Danson is the co-founder along with Jacques H\u00e9bert of Katimavik, the national youth volunteer programme. Danson served as Canada's Consul General in Boston from 1984 to 1986. He served on corporate and not-for-profit boards of directors such as the Canadian Executive Services Organization (CESO), Canadian Council of Christians and Jews, the Atlantic Council, the Empire Club of Canada, the Ballet Opera House Corporation, de Havilland Aircraft of Canada, Algoma Central Corporation, General steelwares, the Royal Conservatory of Music, and Canadian Council for Aboriginal Business. During his last years, Danson was chairman of the advisory committee of the Canadian War Museum in Ottawa and produced No Price Too High, a six-part series broadcast on CBC Television on Canada's role in World War II. A theatre in the Canadian War Museum is named for him in honour of his service and to his four closest war-time friends killed in action; Sgt Fred B. Harris-Queen's, Lt Gerald Rayner, Lt Earl R. Stoll, and Lt Harlan David Keely. Danson was named an Officer of France's National Order of Merit (1994), and the Churchill Society's Award for \"Excellence in the Cause of Parliamentary Democracy\" (1995). In 1996, Danson was named an Officer of the Order of Canada and promoted to Companion in 2008. In 2000, he was awarded the Vimy Award. In 2006, Danson was made an honorary Doctor of Laws by York University of Toronto. He was sworn in as a Member of the Privy Council on August 8, 1974, which gave him the title \"The Honourable\" for life. On March 28, 2007 he was made a Chevalier of the French Legion of Honour. Barney Danson's Medals were in Order of Precedence There is a Barney Danson fonds at Library and Archives Canada. https://www.theglobeandmail.com/news/national/tim-danson-and-victims-rights/article751948 \"Archived copy\". Archived from the original on 2009-07-15. Retrieved 2014-05-22.CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link) \"Barney Danson Theatre and plaque\". National Defence Canada. 2008-04-16. Archived from the original on 2014-05-22. Retrieved 22 May 2014. http://archive.gg.ca/media/doc.asp?lang=e&DocID=5508 http://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/toronto/story/2011/10/18/toronto-danson-obit.html \"Barney Danson fonds, Library and Archives Canada\". Retrieved 2020-09-03. Barney Danson \u2013 Parliament of Canada biography Speech given to the Empire Club of Canada"
   },
   {
    "name": "Ben Barzman",
    "id": "Q816429",
    "text": "Ben Barzman (October 12, 1910 \u2013 December 15, 1989) was a Canadian journalist, screenwriter, and novelist, blacklisted during the McCarthy Era and best known for his screenplays for the films Back to Bataan (1945), El Cid (1961), and The Blue Max (1966). He was born in Toronto, Ontario to a Jewish family. He was the screenwriter or co-writer of more than 20 films, from You're a Lucky Fellow, Mr. Smith (1943) to The Head of Normande St. Onge (1975). Like many of his colleagues in the movie business, Barzman was blacklisted by the House Un-American Activities Committee. His wife, Norma Barzman, was a Communist Party USA member from 1943 to 1949. In 2014, she told the Los Angeles Times, \"one should be proud to have been a member of the American Communist Party during those years. Hitler was invading the Soviet Union, so there was no reason to be anti-Russian, they were our allies.\" The couple moved to England so Barzman could work on the film Give Us This Day (aka, Christ in Concrete, 1949). Following his return to the United States after directing Give Us This Day, Edward Dmytryk, one of the Hollywood Ten, testified about the Barzmans to HUAC in 1951. \"To get out of prison he named us and a lot of other people,\" said Norma Barzman in 2014. In the 1950s, the family moved to Paris, where friends included Pablo Picasso, Yves Montand, and Simone Signoret, and later southern France). Barzman did not receive credit for some films because of the Hollywood Blacklist. His U.S. citizenship was revoked from 1954 to 1963. His wife Norma had her passport revoked from 1951 for seven years. The family remained abroad in London, Paris and Nice until 1976, during which time he wrote his novels and screenplays for French and Italian films. Barzman died in Santa Monica, California, United States. Surviving him was his wife, Norma Barzman, and seven children (including director Paolo Barzman, screenwriter Aaron Barzman, visual artist Luli Barzman, and French university professor John Barzman) and five grandchildren. 1943: You're a Lucky Fellow, Mr. Smith 1945: Back to Bataan 1946: Never Say Goodbye 1948: The Boy with Green Hair 1949: Give Us This Day 1952: Stranger on the Prowl (it: Imbarco a mezzanotte) 1952: The Faithful City 1952: Young Man with Ideas 1955: Oasis 1957: Time Without Pity 1957: He Who Must Die (fr: Celui qui doit mourir) 1959: Blind Date (US: Chance Meeting) 1961: El Cid 1963: 55 Days at Peking 1963: The Ceremony 1964: The Fall of the Roman Empire 1964: The Visit 1965: The Heroes of Telemark 1966: The Blue Max 1969: Z\u2014uncredited 1972: Plot (fr: L'Attentat, with Jean-Pierre Bastid) 1975: The Martyr (ger: Sie sind frei, Doktor Korczak) 1975: Normande (fr; La T\u00eate de Normande St-Onge In 1960, Barzman emerged as a science fiction author, with his novel Out of This World. It dealt with the idea of a twin, parallel planet for Earth in the same orbit, hidden from our view by the sun. The two planets have developed almost identically from creation\u2014but World War II never happens on the twin Earth. Out of This World (London: Collins, 1960) - published in the U.S. as Twinkle, Twinkle Little Star (G.P. Putnam's Sons) and subsequently in various paperback editions as Echo X; also published in Sweden as Fr\u00e5n en annan v\u00e4rld Rich Dreams (Warner Books, 1982) - novel, written with Norma Barzman; published as a paperback original 1985: Order of Arts and Letters In addition to having several children follow him in the Arts, he received a retrospective showing of his films at the Cinematheque in 1982. \"Ben Barzman Dead; Scriptwriter Was 79\". New York Times. 21 December 1989. Retrieved 19 September 2015. King, Susan (13 July 2014). \"Blacklisted writer Norma Barzman to kick off UCLA film series\". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved 20 September 2015. Hamilton, Denise (October 3, 2000). Keeper of the Flame: A Blacklist Survivor. Los Angeles Times. Folkart, Burt A. (December 10, 1989). Ben Barzman; Screenwriter Blacklisted in McCarthy Era. Los Angeles Times. Buhle, Paul; Patrick McGilligan, eds. (1997). Tender Comrades. St Martins. pp.\u00a024\u201325. \"Tender Comrades: Interviews with blacklisted Hollywoo\". Louis Proyect: The Unrepentant Marxist. Retrieved 27 September 2015. Norma Barzman, The Red and the Blacklist (2003) Ben Barzman at IMDb Tender Comrades: Interviews with Blacklisted Hollywood Reds Ben Barzman at the Internet Speculative Fiction Database"
   },
   {
    "name": "Ben Cottreau",
    "id": "Q816466",
    "text": "Ben Cottreau (born April 4, 1985) is a Canadian former professional ice hockey player. He played college hockey at Mercyhurst University. After ending his college career, Cottreau leaped to the professional ranks, signing a contract with the Albany River Rats of the American Hockey League on March 20, 2008. Cottreau spent the 2008-09 season with the Landshut Cannibals of the DEL2. He later signed with the Hannover Scorpions of the Deutsche Eishockey Liga (DEL) on June 8, 2009. On February 16, 2010, Cottreau signed a two-year contract extension with the Scorpions. However, he retired from professional hockey on May 12, 2011 due to various head injuries suffered during his playing career. \"Ben Cottreau\". Sports Pundit. Retrieved January 15, 2021. \"River Rats Sign Forward Ben Cottreau\". Our Sports Central. March 20, 2008. Retrieved January 15, 2021. \"Ben Cottreau - Elite Prospects\". Elite Prospects. Retrieved January 15, 2021. Biographical information and career statistics from Eliteprospects.com, or\u00a0Eurohockey.com, or\u00a0The Internet Hockey Database v t e"
   },
   {
    "name": "Ben Gazdic",
    "id": "Q816491",
    "text": "Benjamin Gazdic (born August 11, 1987, Toronto) is a Canadian professional ice hockey defender currently playing with KHL Medve\u0161\u010dak in the Austrian Hockey League. Gazdic was born to a family of Croatian descent. He holds both Canadian and Croatian passport. His father Mike and brothers Mark and Luke are or were also professional ice hockey players. Gazdic began his career in Canada, where he was active from 2004 to 2010. He played for the St. Michael's Buzzers and Wexford Raiders in the Ontario Junior Hockey League. Gazdic attended McGill University for four years, where he was a member of the university hockey team.[citation needed] On July 26, 2010, he joined KHL Medve\u0161\u010dak of the Erste Bank Eishockey Liga for his first professional season. \"Brumercik stays in Zagreb, Gazdic signs!\". Erste bank liga. 2010-07-26. Archived from the original on 2011-07-27. Retrieved 2011-01-11. Biographical information and career statistics from Eliteprospects.com, or\u00a0The Internet Hockey Database Ben Gazdic's profile at KHL Medve\u0161\u010dak Ben Gazdic's profile at Croatian hockeyportal"
   },
   {
    "name": "Harold Town",
    "id": "Q827127",
    "text": "Harold Barling Town, OC (June 13, 1924\u00a0\u2013\u00a0December 27, 1990) was a Canadian abstract painter. He is best known as a member of Painters Eleven a group of abstract artists active in Toronto from 1954-1960. Town coined the name of the group, which was based simply on the number of artists that were present the first meeting. He also worked as an illustrator, a profession he credited with imparting a sense of discipline that would last throughout his entire artistic career. His early illustrative appeared in magazines such as Maclean's and Mayfair. Harold Town was trained at Western Technical-Commercial School and Ontario College of Art, both in Toronto. The Royal Ontario Museum was an early source of inspiration, especially its East Asian prints and ceramics, and the Mesopotamian and Egyptian antiquities. His exposure to the diverse artistry of these works gave Town what he called a global horizon, a new outlook, which would influence his work as a commercial artist and inspire his first attempts at abstract art. His early work also reflected his interest in Pablo Picasso and Willem de Kooning. Town developed his own innovative collage technique, which was highly acclaimed His collages have been described by Gerta Moray in Harold Town: Life & Work as similar to his paintings in the way they resemble areas of drawing in ink or paint. He also juxtaposed contrasting or unexpected textures and fragments taken from everyday sources, that lead the viewer to unexpected viewing. Known as an unpredictable painter Town's work moved quickly from a dark expressionist style to abstraction which contrasted vivid colours. Highly eclectic, Town\u2019s work rigorously explored a wide range of contemporary and historical styles, anticipating postmodern practices. His pluralistic artistic method incorporated a variety of media and styles simultaneously, and assimilated complex artistic traditions, which he used to reflect his own personal experience. In the 1960s, Town developed a style of prints which he called Single Autographic Prints, a phrase he never explained. These monotype prints were colourful and delicate, winning Town awards in Ljubljana, Yugoslavia and Santiago, Chile, where the prints were acquired by the Solomon Guggenheim Museum and the Museum of Modern Art. Alfred Barr, the director of Museum of Modern Art at the time, called Town one of the world's greatest printmakers. Roald Nasgaard describes these prints as being of great finesse and subtlety. Described as a Canadian loyalist, Harold Town was unwavering in his commitment to proving that internationally important and innovative art could develop in Toronto. Through his early success and his insistence on maintaining his roots in Toronto, Town helped foster a new confidence and maturity in the Canadian art scene of the late 1950s. Town was made a member of the Royal Canadian Academy of Arts. In 1956, works by Town along with those of Jack Shadbolt and Louis Archambault represented Canada at the Venice Biennale. In 1964, Town and Elza Mayhew were chosen to represent Canada at the Venice Biennale. Town's work also represented Canada at the S\u00e3o Paulo Art Biennial in 1957 and 1961. He was recognized with the Biennale de S\u00e3o Paulo\u2019s Arno Award in 1957. York University granted him an honorary doctorate in 1966. He was made an Officer of the Order of Canada in 1968. Town had retrospective exhibitions at the Art Gallery of Windsor in 1975 and the Art Gallery of Ontario in 1986. The Harold Town Conservation Area in Peterborough ON is named after Town, who owned this property from the mid 1970s until the early 1990s; it was previously referred to as Old Orchard Farm. Town enjoyed this property as his personal retreat until his passing. On April 11, 1994, the property was donated to Otonabee Conservation by Town\u2019s estate. The property was then named in his memory and was dedicated as a park for public purposes, as requested by the estate. In the late 1940s Town met Walter Yarwood and others involved in avant-garde art in Toronto and although he was not included in the Abstracts at Home exhibition held in 1953 at the Robert Simpson Company, Toronto, he joined Painters Eleven when the group was formed later that year. In Canada's conservative art world their early exhibitions were met with disdain. Nevertheless, Painters Eleven attracted exposure in the United States with a successful exhibition, Twentieth Annual Exhibition of American Abstract Artists with 'Painters Eleven' of Canada in 1956, with the American Abstract Artists at the Riverside Museum in New York, and were praised by the influential critic Clement Greenberg on a visit he paid to Toronto in 1957. In the Canadian press, the group's most ardent supporters were art critic Robert Fulford and Pearl McCarthy, art critic of the Globe and Mail. The group formally disbanded in 1960. \"Harold Town\". National Gallery of Canada. Retrieved 12 October 2013. Fulford, \"Introduction\" Moray, Gerta (2014). Harold Town: Life & Work. Art Canada Institute. ISBN\u00a0978-1-4871-0026-1. Harold Town, The Canadian Encyclopedia, accessed August 29, 2019 Moray, Gerta (2014). Harold Town: Life & Work. Art Canada Institute. ISBN\u00a0978-1-4871-0026-1. Roald Nasgaard, Abstract Painting in Canada, p.104 \"Members since 1880\". Royal Canadian Academy of Arts. Archived from the original on 26 May 2011. Retrieved 11 September 2013. \"Venice Biennale\". National Gallery of Canada. Archived from the original on 2013-10-13. Retrieved 2021-05-11. \"Harold B. Town, O.C., D.Litt., A.R.C.A.\" Governor General of Canada. Retrieved 12 October 2013. \"Harold Town Conservation Area\". Roald Nasgaard, Abstract Painting in Canada, p.92 Burnett and Schiff Contemporary Canadian Art, p. 46 Roald Nasgaard, Abstract Painting in Canada, p.96 Roald Nasgaard, Abstract Painting in Canada, p.91 Broad, Graham. \"Art Shock in Toronto: Painters Eleven, The Shock of the New.\" The Beaver, Canada\u2019s History Magazine Vol. 84:1 (2004). Burnett, David G. Town. Toronto: Art Gallery of Ontario, 1986. ISBN\u00a00-7710-1781-2 Fulford, Robert. \"Introduction.\" Magnificent Decade: The Art of Harold Town, 1955-1965. Toronto: The Moore Gallery, 1997. Moray, Gerta. Harold Town: Life & Work. Toronto: Art Canada Institute, 2014. ISBN\u00a0978-1-4871-0026-1 Nasgaard, Roald. Abstract Painting in Canada. Vancouver: Douglas & McIntyre, 2008. ISBN\u00a01-55365-394-7 Withrow, William J. Contemporary Canadian Painting. Toronto: McClelland and Stewart, 1972. ISBN\u00a00-7710-9029-3 Nowell, Iris. \"Hot Breakfast For Sparrows: My Life With Harold Town,\" Toronto; Stoddart Publishing, 1992, ISBN\u00a00-7737-2645-4 Nowell, Iris. \"Painters Eleven: The Wild Ones of Canadian Art,\" Vancouver: Doublas & McIntyre, 2010. ISBN\u00a0978-1-55365-590-9 Robert Fulford's essay on Harold Town CBC Radio interview with Harold Town Harold Town at The Canadian Encyclopedia Clara Thomas Archives and Special Collections, York University - Archival photographs of Harold Town from the Toronto Telegram fonds. Official Harold Town website Harold Town fonds (R5740) at Library and Archives Canada"
   },
   {
    "name": "Berton Churchill",
    "id": "Q828391",
    "text": "Berton Churchill (December 9, 1876 \u2013 October 10, 1940) was a Canadian stage and film actor. Churchill was born in Toronto, Ontario. After his family moved to New York City, he graduated from high school there, studied law at night, and was a weekly participant in the William J. Florence Dramatic Society in Jersey City. As a young man interested in the theater, he appeared in stock companies as early as 1903 and worked as a newspaper pressman, eventually becoming a foreman and leader of his union. Progressing in his acting, he began performing with the Berkely Lyceum. Churchill acted for two years with a traveling repertory company, developing skills that eventually took him to Broadway. The death of his father caused him to return home to work as a press foreman. Eventually he returned to acting in small parts. His career received a boost when E. F. Albee saw him perform in Boston. Albee added him to his summer stock company at Pawtucket, where Churchill continued to perform almost every summer for at least two decades. His first performance on Broadway was in The Barber of New Orleans (1909), and his last was in Five Star Final (1930). He was one of the earliest members of Actors Equity and sat on the union's Council. In 1919, he was in charge of the New York headquarters during the Equity strike. Around 1929, Churchill began to perform in motion pictures. Following the use of sound in film, he moved to Hollywood, California. There, he landed numerous supporting roles, usually as the stern or pompous character with such roles as a banker, a state governor, or a land baron. He was much in demand, \"establishing what was believed to be a record by appearing in 34 in 1932 alone.\" In more than 125 films, Churchill worked for some of the great directors such as Otto Preminger, John Ford, and Frank Capra. As well, he performed with many of the most famous stars of the day, such as Bette Davis (The Cabin in the Cotton), Jeanette MacDonald, Tyrone Power, Edward G. Robinson, and Will Rogers. Churchill is perhaps best known for his role as Gatewood, the absconding banker in John Ford's highly acclaimed 1939 film Stagecoach, starring John Wayne. In 1925, Churchill helped found the Masquers club that led to him and five other actors creating the Screen Actors Guild in 1933. Churchill died in Medical Arts Center Hospital in New York City, of uremic poisoning. His body was returned to the west coast to be interred in the Forest Lawn Memorial Park in Glendale, California.[citation needed] The Road Called Straight (1919) as Robert Swiftmore Six Cylinder Love (1923) as George Stapleton Tongues of Flame (1924) as Boland Nothing But the Truth (1929) as E.M. Burke Tarnished Lady (1931) as Stock Speculator (uncredited) Secrets of a Secretary (1931) as Mr. Merritt My Sin (1931) as Mr. Osgood (uncredited) Husband's Holiday (1931) as Gerald Burgess Air Eagles (1931) as Windy J. Bailey This Reckless Age (1932) as Banker Taxi! (1932) as Judge West (uncredited) Impatient Maiden (1932) Cheaters at Play (1932) A Fool's Advice (1932) as Mayor Martin Sloan The Wet Parade (1932) as Roger's Uncle Dick (uncredited) Scandal for Sale (1932) as Bunnyweather It's Tough to Be Famous (1932) as Admiral Blaine (uncredited) The Mouthpiece (1932) as Judge, Rocco Trial (uncredited) Two Seconds (1932) as The Warden The Rich Are Always with Us (1932) as Judge Bradshaw Forgotten Commandments (1932) as Minor Role (scenes deleted) The Dark Horse (1932) as William A. Underwood Week Ends Only (1932) as A.S. Carr Fast Companions (1932) as Committee Chairman The Washington Masquerade (1932) as Sen. Bitler American Madness (1932) as O'Brien (uncredited) Okay, America! (1932) as Jacob Baron The Crooked Circle (1932) as Col. Walters The Cabin in the Cotton (1932) as Lane Norwood The Big Stampede (1932) as Gov. Wallace False Faces (1932) as Dr. John B. Parker Washington Merry-Go-Round (1932) as Speaker I Am a Fugitive from a Chain Gang (1932) as The Judge Afraid to Talk (1932) as Mayor William 'Billy' Manning If I Had a Million (1932) as Warden (uncredited) Madame Butterfly (1932) as American Consul Frisco Jenny (1932) as Judge Thomas B. Reynolds (uncredited) The Billion Dollar Scandal (1933) as The Warden Laughter in Hell (1933) as Mike Slaney The Mysterious Rider (1933) as Mark King Employees' Entrance (1933) as Mr. Bradford (uncredited) Hard to Handle (1933) as Col. H.D.X. Wells (uncredited) From Hell to Heaven (1933) as Toledo Jones Private Jones (1933) as Roger Winthrop The Little Giant (1933) as Donald Hadley Cass So This Is Africa (1933) as Movie Producer Elmer, the Great (1933) as Colonel Moffitt Heroes for Sale (1933) as Mr. Winston I Love That Man (1933) as Mordant - Casket Buyer Her First Mate (1933) as Davis The Big Brain (1933) as Col. Higginbotham The Avenger (1933) as Forster Doctor Bull (1933) as Herbert Banning - Janet's Brother Golden Harvest (1933) as Eben Martin Ladies Must Love (1933) as Gaskins Only Yesterday (1933) as Goodheart (uncredited) College Coach (1933) as Otis Master of Men (1933) as Mr. Walling Frontier Marshal (1934) as Ben 'Hiram' Melton Hi, Nellie! (1934) as Graham Men in White (1934) as John Hudson (uncredited) Let's Be Ritzy (1934) as R.M. Pembrook Strictly Dynamite (1934) as Mr. Rivers Half a Sinner (1934) as Deacon Caswell (aka Alias the Deacon) Murder in the Private Car (1934) as Luke Carson Bachelor Bait (1934) as 'Big' Barney Nolan Friends of Mr. Sweeney (1934) as Franklyn P. Brumbaugh Dames (1934) as Harold Ellsworthy Todd Take the Stand (1934) as Mr. Jerome Burbank Judge Priest (1934) as Senator Horace Maydew Redhead (1934) as Mr. Brown Kid Millions (1934) as Col. Harrison Larrabee Menace (1934) as Norman Bellamy Babbitt (1934) as Judge Virgil 'Verge' Thompson Sing Sing Nights (1934) as Governor Duane Bachelor of Arts (1934) as Alexander Hamilton Sr. Life Is Worth Living (1934) Helldorado (1935) as 'Clarion' Editor The County Chairman (1935) as Elias Rigby A Night at the Ritz (1935) as Stephen Vincent Vagabond Lady (1935) as R.D. Spear $10 Raise (1935) as Mr. Bates Dizzy Dames (1935) as Dad Hackett Page Miss Glory (1935) as Mr. Yates - Assistant Hotel Manager Steamboat Round the Bend (1935) as New Moses I Live for Love (1935) as Fabian The Spanish Cape Mystery (1935) as Judge Macklin The Rainmakers (1935) as Simon Parker Coronado (1935) as Walter Marvin Black Gold (1936) as J.C. Anderson You May Be Next (1936) as J.J. Held The Dark Hour (1936) as Paul Bernard Colleen (1936) as Logan Three of a Kind (1936) as 'Con' Cornelius Parole! (1936) as Rex Gavin Bunker Bean (1936) as Professor Ed Balthazer Dimples (1936) as Col. Loring Under Your Spell (1936) as Judge Racing Lady (1937) as Judge Parnell (1937) as The O'Gorman Mahon Sing and Be Happy (1937) as John Mason You Can't Beat Love (1937) as Police Chief Brennan The Singing Marine (1937) as J. Montgomery Madison Public Wedding (1937) as H. Theodore Lane aka Pop Wild and Woolly (1937) as Edward Ralston Quick Money (1937) as Bluford H. Smythe In Old Chicago (1938) as Senator Colby He Couldn't Say No (1938) as Senator Mabby Wide Open Faces (1938) as L.D. Crawford Four Men and a Prayer (1938) as Mr. Martin Cherrington Kentucky Moonshine (1938) as J.B Ladies in Distress (1938) as Fred Morgan Danger on the Air (1938) as Caesar Kluck Down in 'Arkansaw' (1938) as Judge The Cowboy and the Lady (1938) as Henderson Sweethearts (1938) as Sheridan Stagecoach (1939) as Ellsworth Henry Gatewood So This Is London (1939) as Hiram Draper Daughters Courageous (1939) as Judge Henry Hornsby Should Husbands Work? (1939) as Barnes The Angels Wash Their Faces (1939) as Mayor Dooley Hero foe a Day (1939) as E. A. Dow On Your Toes (1939) as Donald Henderson Brother Rat and a Baby (1940) as Mr. Norman 20 Mule Team (1940) as 'Jackass' Brown Saturday's Children (1940) as Mr. Norman Turnabout (1940) as Julian Marlowe The Way of All Flesh (1940) as Reginald L. Morten Cross-Country Romance (1940) as Col. Conway Public Deb No. 1 (1940) as Magistrate I'm Nobody's Sweetheart Now (1940) as Senator Henry Lowell (final film role) Biography portal Canadian pioneers in early Hollywood \"Berton Churchill Dies On Returning To N.Y.\" Winnipeg Tribune. The Canadian Press. October 11, 1940 \u2013 via Newspapers.com. \"Who's Who\". The New York Times. March 7, 1926. p.\u00a0X 2. Retrieved October 26, 2020 \u2013 via ProQuest. Berton Churchill at the Internet Broadway Database \"Berton Churchill\". Internet Broadway Database. The Broadway League. Archived from the original on December 15, 2016. Retrieved October 26, 2020. \"Berton Churchill, character actor\". The New York Times. October 11, 1940. p.\u00a021. Retrieved October 26, 2020 \u2013 via ProQuest. Berton Churchill at IMDb Berton Churchill at the Internet Broadway Database Berton Churchill at Find a Grave"
   },
   {
    "name": "Drake Berehowsky",
    "id": "Q828548",
    "text": "Drake Berehowsky (born January 3, 1972) is a Canadian former professional ice hockey defenceman. He is best known for his time in the National Hockey League (NHL), where he played for the Toronto Maple Leafs, Pittsburgh Penguins, Edmonton Oilers, Nashville Predators, Vancouver Canucks and Phoenix Coyotes. He is currently the head coach of the Orlando Solar Bears of the ECHL. This is his second stint as the team's head coach, first coaching the Solar Bears during the 2012\u201313 season. As a youth, Berehowsky played in the 1985 Quebec International Pee-Wee Hockey Tournament with the Toronto Marlboros minor ice hockey team. Berehowsky began his junior hockey career with the Kingston Raiders of the Ontario Hockey League (OHL) in 1988 and had a strong rookie season, earning 46 points in 63 games. The Raiders were renamed to the Kingston Frontenacs in 1989\u201390. Berehowsky would only appear in nine games as he suffered a serious knee injury. He earned 14 points in those nine games and the Toronto Maple Leafs would draft Berehowsky with their first round draft pick in the 1990 NHL Entry Draft. Berehowsky split the 1990\u201391 season between the Frontenacs and the North Bay Centennials before earning a late season call-up to the Leafs. He returned to North Bay for the 1991\u201392 season, recording 82 points in 62 games, helping the Centennials to the OHL finals, tallying 31 points in 21 post-season games. Berehowsky would earn another late season call-up to Toronto, appearing in a single game, before being sent to the St. John's Maple Leafs for the 1992 American Hockey League (AHL) playoffs, where he recorded five assists in six games.[citation needed] Berehowsky split the 1992\u201393 and 1993\u201394 seasons between St. John's and Toronto before earning a full-time roster spot in Toronto in the 1994\u201395 season. Berehowsky appeared in 25 games with the Maple Leafs in 1994\u201395. On April 7, 1995, the team traded him to the Pittsburgh Penguins for Grant Jennings. Berehowsky would finish the season as the odd man out on the Penguins defense, as he appeared in only four regular season games and one playoff game with the team. In 1995\u201396, Pittsburgh sent Berehowsky to the Cleveland Lumberjacks, their AHL affiliate, for most of the season and he would only appear in one game with the Penguins. After the season, Berehowsky became a free agent.[citation needed] He split the 1996\u201397 season between the Carolina Monarchs of the AHL and the San Antonio Dragons of the International Hockey League until signing an NHL contract with the Edmonton Oilers on September 30, 1997. Berehowsky spent most of the season with the Oilers, appearing in 67 regular season and 12 post-season games with the club. However, he did see some time with the Hamilton Bulldogs of the AHL, playing in eight games.[citation needed] On October 1, 1998, the Oilers traded Berehowsky, \u00c9ric Fichaud and Greg de Vries to the Nashville Predators for Mikhail Shtalenkov and Jim Dowd. Berehowsky played with the Predators until 2001, having a career season in 1999\u20132000 when he scored 12 goals and 32 points, leading the Nashville defense in goals. On March 9, 2001, the Predators dealt Berehowsky to the Vancouver Canucks.[citation needed] Berehowsky's time with the Canucks was short, as he would once again be traded on December 28, 2001, with Denis Pederson to the Phoenix Coyotes for Todd Warriner, Trevor Letowski and Tyler Bouck. Berehowsky saw regular time on the Coyotes blueline, helping them to the post-season. An injury suffered in training camp sidelined Berehowsky for most of the 2002\u201303 season, as he only appeared in seven games with Phoenix, and two with the Springfield Falcons of the AHL before becoming a free agent at the end of the season.[citation needed] On August 29, 2003, he signed with the Pittsburgh Penguins, where he had played from 1994 to 1996. Berehowsky played in 47 more games with the Penguins. On February 11, 2004, the Penguins traded Berehowsky to his original NHL team, the Toronto Maple Leafs for Ric Jackman, where he finished out the season.[citation needed] With the NHL in a lockout for the 2004\u201305 season, Berehowsky signed with Skellefte\u00e5 AIK in Sweden for the season, before signing a contract with Eisb\u00e4ren Berlin in Germany for the 2005\u201306 season. After the season with Berlin, Berehowsky returned to North America, where he signed with the San Antonio Rampage of the AHL, before retiring from hockey in the summer of 2006.[citation needed] After his NHL career, Berehowsky served as an assistant coach with the Peoria Rivermen of the AHL for three seasons. On June 19, 2012, Berehowsky was named head coach of the Orlando Solar Bears for their inaugural season in the ECHL. In the 2012\u201313 season, Berehowsky lead the expansion team to a record of 28 wins, 37 losses, 3 overtime losses, and 4 shootout losses totaling 63 points; second to last place in the 14-team Eastern Conference, with only three teams finishing with fewer points in the then 23-team league. Global Lethbridge's Paul Kingsmith announced June 4, 2013, Berehowsky was to be the next head coach for the Lethbridge Hurricanes of the Western Hockey League (WHL). During his first season with the club, the Berehowsky-led Hurricanes finished with 16 fewer wins and 37 fewer points than the previous season. The team missed the playoffs for the fifth consecutive season and set the franchise record for fewest wins (12) and fewest points (29) in the 26 season Lethbridge Hurricanes' history as well as the 47 year franchise history. On December 9, 2014, Berehowsky was fired from his coaching duties with the struggling Hurricanes. He then joined the Sudbury Wolves of the Ontario Hockey League as an associate coach in 2015. On November 14, 2016, Berehowsky left the Wolves to return to Orlando for a second stint as head coach of the Solar Bears. \"Berehowsky leaves Wolves for top job in Orlando\". Sudbury Star. November 14, 2016. Retrieved November 15, 2016. \"Pee-Wee players who have reached NHL or WHA\" (PDF). Quebec International Pee-Wee Hockey Tournament. 2018. Retrieved 2019-01-21. \"Solar Bears Name NHL/AHL Veteran Drake Berehowsky as Head Coach\". Orlando Solar Bears. June 19, 2012. Archived from the original on March 24, 2013. Retrieved June 19, 2012. \"Solar Bears season roster\". ECHL. 2013-04-01. Archived from the original on 2014-03-18. Retrieved 2013-04-01. \"ECHL Solar Bears statistics\". ECHL. 2013-01-02. Archived from the original on 2013-03-06. Retrieved 2013-01-02. \"Struggling Lethbridge Hurricanes fire Drake Berehowsky\". National Hockey League. 2014-12-09. Retrieved 2014-12-09. \"Drake Berehowsky Hockey Stats and Profile at hockeydb.com\". www.hockeydb.com. Retrieved 2020-10-01. Biographical information and career statistics from Eliteprospects.com, or\u00a0Eurohockey.com, or\u00a0Hockey-Reference.com, or\u00a0Legends of Hockey, or\u00a0The Internet Hockey Database"
   },
   {
    "name": "Robert Cimetta",
    "id": "Q834384",
    "text": "Robert Nicholas \"Rob\" Cimetta (born February 15, 1970) is a Canadian former professional ice hockey left winger. He played in the National Hockey League with the Boston Bruins and Toronto Maple Leafs between 1988 and 1992. He later spent several years in the Deutsche Eishockey Liga, retiring in 2000. Cimetta was born in Toronto, Ontario. As a youth, he played in the 1983 Quebec International Pee-Wee Hockey Tournament with the Toronto Young Nationals minor ice hockey team. He was drafted in the first round, 18th overall, by the Boston Bruins in the 1988 NHL Entry Draft. He played 103 games in the National Hockey League: 54 with the Bruins and 49 with the Toronto Maple Leafs.[citation needed] Cimetta was in the South Tower of the World Trade Center during the September 11, 2001 attacks. He was on the 61st floor in the Morgan Stanley office, and managed to exit the tower before its collapse. \"Pee-Wee players who have reached NHL or WHA\" (PDF). Quebec International Pee-Wee Hockey Tournament. 2018. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2019-03-06. Retrieved 2019-01-19. \"Escaping the Horror\". Retrieved November 14, 2016. Biographical information and career statistics from NHL.com, or\u00a0Eliteprospects.com, or\u00a0Eurohockey.com, or\u00a0Hockey-Reference.com, or\u00a0Legends of Hockey, or\u00a0The Internet Hockey Database"
   },
   {
    "name": "Maurice LaMarche",
    "id": "Q847124",
    "text": "Maurice LaMarche (born March 30, 1958) is a Canadian\u2013American voice actor, comedian and impressionist. He has voiced Egon Spengler in The Real Ghostbusters and its follow-up Extreme Ghostbusters, the Brain in Animaniacs as well as its spin-off Pinky and the Brain, Big Bob in Hey Arnold! (1996\u20132004), and a variety of characters in Futurama. LaMarche was born in Toronto, Ontario, Canada, on March 30, 1958, to Guy LaMarche and Linda Bourdon. His family moved to Timmins, Ontario, soon after he was born. LaMarche's childhood was filled with his \"own little world of cartoons and sixties television\". It was in his second year of high school that he learned of the popularity his talent for mimicry could garner him. This realization came from a coincidental performance in a high school \"variety night\" when a couple of friends urged him to enter. The act he performed at the variety night was \"celebrities as waiters\" which he used until the end of his stand-up career. At the age of 19, LaMarche took his high school act to an open mic night in New York City, performing to a reaction in which, as he describes, \"they just totally ignored me\". This reaction was coupled with the backlash LaMarche received from fellow Canadian comedians who LaMarche describes as discouraging him from pursuing a career outside of Canada. He returned to Canada, continued to do stand-up, and also started a career in voice work. Three years later, LaMarche moved to Los Angeles to further his stand-up career. This move, LaMarche says, would always be something he regretted doing instead of moving to New York: \"... in retrospect, I thought it was a mistake. I think that a couple of years in New York would have made me a stronger comedian.\" Over the next five years, LaMarche's career would gradually progress, playing comedy clubs over the U.S., with several appearances on The Merv Griffin Show and An Evening At The Improv, but in spite of such interest, LaMarche believed that, while his impersonations and stage presence were strong, he needed to develop funnier comedy material. Despite being so critical of himself, LaMarche would be granted the opportunity of being part of the 1985 HBO production Rodney Dangerfield Hosts the 9th Annual Young Comedians Special, on which also appeared Bob Saget, Rita Rudner, Louie Anderson, Yakov Smirnoff, and the breakout first appearance of Sam Kinison. Although he was received and reviewed favorably, in looking back on his own performance in that special, LaMarche believed he was \"probably about five years away from going from being a good comedian to being a great comedian\" and being the \"only impressionist that actually comes from somewhere\". During his standup career, LaMarche opened for such acts as Rodney Dangerfield, George Carlin, Howie Mandel, David Sanborn and Donna Summer, usually in the main showrooms of Las Vegas and Atlantic City. On March 9, 1987, LaMarche's father was murdered, shot to death by a lifelong friend in a Toronto hotel lobby, in front of dozens of witnesses. This sent LaMarche into depression and alcoholism for the next two years, effectively stalling his stand-up career. After getting sober on January 20, 1989, LaMarche embarked again into the world of standup comedy, in the early part of 1990. As he was regaining lost momentum, his 18-year-old sister was killed in a car accident in September of that year. At this point, though he remained sober, LaMarche decided he just could not do standup comedy anymore. He said, \"at that point I just threw up my hands and went, 'Oh, that's it. I don't have any funny left in me. I'm done'\". LaMarche's entry into the voiceover industry was in 1980 in Easter Fever and Take Me Up to the Ball Game, two animated Canadian TV specials from Nelvana. He also was a regular voice performer on Toronto's pioneering cult TV hit The All-Night Show, which debuted in September 1980; a continuing feature had the lips of LaMarche inserted into a photograph of a famous person, and having LaMarche imitate that person to deliver a show promo or announcement. When LaMarche left the show in 1981, a young up-and-coming comic named Jim Carrey was recruited to take his place as a voice actor. It took a few years after his 1981 move to L.A. for LaMarche to establish himself in the American voiceover industry, which he initially pursued as a side endeavor during his full-time standup comedy career. LaMarche began on Inspector Gadget with that show's second season in 1985, and went on to Dennis the Menace, Popeye and Son and The Real Ghostbusters where he played Egon Spengler. After The Real Ghostbusters, LaMarche became a regular mainstay of the voiceover industry, appearing in such shows as Tiny Toon Adventures, GI Joe, Attack of the Killer Tomatoes: The Animated Series, Taz-Mania, Where's Waldo, The Little Mermaid, Batman: The Animated Series, and Bonkers before landing perhaps his most recognized role in 1993 as The Brain on Animaniacs and later its spin-off show Pinky and the Brain. Following this, LaMarche worked on The Critic, Freakazoid!, and The Tick before then reprising his role of Egon in Extreme Ghostbusters. The stretch of two years after this saw LaMarche portray characters in such shows as Hey Arnold! as Big Bob Pataki, Queer Duck, and The Chimp Channel. During this time Maurice would become the voice actor for Mortimer Mouse whom he would voice in the television series Mickey Mouse Works and Disney's House of Mouse. It was at this time, 1999, that LaMarche began work on Futurama, and since Futurama, LaMarche has continued to work steadily in television, including guest roles on The Simpsons (where he once again parodied Orson Welles). His most recent regular role came as Hovis the butler on the Nickelodeon series Catscratch. LaMarche was the voice of Father in Kids Next Door & he was also the voice of Victor in Playhouse Disney's Handy Manny Halloween episode (the latter Originally Aired on October 8, 2007). LaMarche has done various voice work for many Warner Bros. Animation and DiC Entertainment cartoons. He also delivered the protracted belches for the \"Great Wakkorotti\" shorts on Animaniacs, in which Wakko Warner performed various pieces of music. In 2011, LaMarche reprised his role as Yosemite Sam in Cartoon Network's new series, The Looney Tunes Show, and its spin-off, New Looney Tunes. LaMarche made several roles in My Little Pony: Friendship Is Magic where he voiced Chancellor Neighsay. LaMarche plays the character of The Brain in both Animaniacs and the spin-off. In creating the voice for Brain, LaMarche says he looked at a picture of the character and immediately thought of Orson Welles, although the character was not modeled after Welles. Voicing Brain gave LaMarche the opportunity to make use of his signature impersonation of Welles. Many Pinky and the Brain episodes are nods to Welles' career. LaMarche won an Annie Award for his role as the Brain, and was nominated for an Emmy. LaMarche would later use this accent to voice Father in Codename: Kids Next Door. While working on The Critic, LaMarche once voiced 29 characters in one 30-minute episode. His time on The Critic also afforded LaMarche the opportunity to once again parody Orson Welles, this time after a video reading of a will (the Sherman family was so wealthy, they had hired Welles to narrate it) dissolves into a commercial for Mrs. Pells Fishsticks, as well as another for Rosebud Frozen Peas (\"full of count-ry goodness and green pea-ness\"), and another for Blotto Bros. wine. He also occasionally served as an uncredited fill-in for main cast member Jon Lovitz as Jay Sherman. Much of his best known voicework is from Futurama where he voiced Zapp Brannigan's beleaguered assistant Kif Kroker, melodramatic soap acting unit Calculon, the Nero-esque Hedonismbot, Morbo the news anchor, and Lrrr, ruler of the planet Omicron Persei 8, among numerous others. He has also done his Orson Welles impression on the show, winning a 2011 Outstanding Voice-Over Performance Emmy for his portrayal of Lrrr and Orson Welles in the episode \"Lrrreconcilable Ndndifferences\". He won another Emmy the following year for the Futurama episode \"The Silence of the Clamps\". LaMarche acted, voice only, in the second episode of the hit NBC show Heroes, \"Don't Look Back\", as the villain Sylar. His voice is heard in a chilling recorded phone conversation on Chandra Suresh's answering machine. The role of Sylar was later played by Zachary Quinto. LaMarche appeared in many films, including dubbing the voice of Orson Welles over Vincent D'Onofrio's on-camera performance in Ed Wood; Pep\u00e9 Le Pew in Space Jam; supplying the voice of the Alec Baldwin puppet in Team America: World Police, and reprising his roles from Queer Duck and Futurama in the direct-to-video films Queer Duck: The Movie and Futurama: Bender's Big Score, respectively. His one on-camera theatrical film performance was in the 1981 Canadian feature Funny Farm, not to be confused with a later Chevy Chase vehicle of the same name. The film follows the story of a young standup comedian's attempt to break into the big-time on the L.A. comedy scene. LaMarche played Dickie Lyons, an impressionist who befriends the main character, Mark Champlin. The film also starred Howie Mandel, Eileen Brennan, and Miles Chapin. In Mark Hamill's 2004 movie Comic Book: The Movie, LaMarche made a rare live appearance to be in the special features of the DVD alongside Pinky and the Brain co-star Rob Paulsen. Among other gags, he re-enacted his impression of Orson Welles' famous frozen peas commercial outtake. LaMarche has also lent his voice to commercials. He voiced Kellogg's Froot Loops spokesbird Toucan Sam, the animated Willy Wonka character in Nestl\u00e9's Willy Wonka Candy Company commercials, and the narrator for Lexus commercials. He would also appear as himself, doing the voice of Popeye the Sailor for the Long John Silver's restaurant chain in the early 1990s, reprising the role from the TV series Popeye & Son. On 8 September 2018 LaMarche was featured in the commercial for the upcoming open world driving game Forza Horizon 4. LaMarche provided the voice of Yosemite Sam for the Yosemite Sam and the Gold River Adventure! dark ride at Six Flags Over Texas, which opened in 1992. LaMarche has been married to Robin G. Eisenman since May 19, 1991; together they have a son, Jonathan. \"Maurice Lamarche Biography (1958-)\". www.filmreference.com. \"Interview with Quick Stop Entertainment\". Ken Plume and FRED Entertainment. Archived from the original on June 30, 2012. Plume, Ken. \"Interview with Quick Stop Entertainment (12th question)\". Quickstopentertainment.com. Archived from the original on 2008-03-03. Retrieved 2010-08-26. Plume, Ken. \"Interview with Quick Stop Entertainment (18th question)\". Quickstopentertainment.com. Archived from the original on 2008-03-03. Retrieved 2010-08-26. Plume, Ken. \"Interview with Quick Stop Entertainment (questions 19\u201321)\". Quickstopentertainment.com. Archived from the original on 2008-03-03. Retrieved 2010-08-26. Plume, Ken. \"Interview with Quick Stop Entertainment (Questions 22\u201326)\". Quickstopentertainment.com. Archived from the original on 2008-03-03. Retrieved 2010-08-26. Plume, Ken. \"Interview with Quick Stop Entertainment (40th question)\". Quickstopentertainment.com. Archived from the original on 2008-03-03. Retrieved 2010-08-26. Plume, Ken. \"Interview with Quick Stop Entertainment (Questions 42\u201343)\". Quickstopentertainment.com. Archived from the original on 2008-03-03. Retrieved 2010-08-26. Plume, Ken. \"Interview with Quick Stop Entertainment (45th question)\". Quickstopentertainment.com. Archived from the original on 2008-03-03. Retrieved 2010-08-26. Plume, Ken. \"Interview with Quick Stop Entertainment (43rd question)\". Quickstopentertainment.com. Archived from the original on 2008-03-03. Retrieved 2010-08-26. Plume, Ken. \"Interview with Quick Stop Entertainment (51st question)\". Quickstopentertainment.com. Archived from the original on 2008-03-03. Retrieved 2010-08-26. \"Interview with Quick Stop Entertainment (2nd page, Questions 33 and 39)\". Quickstopentertainment.com. Archived from the original on 2008-01-18. Retrieved 2010-08-26. Weisblott, Marc (21 January 2008). \"All-Night Show's new dawn\". Eye Weekly. Archived from the original on 2011-05-22. Retrieved 2008-02-04. \"Stan Lee's Comikaze Expo 2016\". Century City View. Retrieved 2016-10-31. \"Interview with Quick Stop Entertainment (5th question)\". Quickstopentertainment.com. Archived from the original on 2008-01-18. Retrieved 2010-08-26. \"Interview with Quick Stop Entertainment (3rd page, 27th question)\". Quickstopentertainment.com. Archived from the original on 2007-10-16. Retrieved 2010-08-26. \"War of the Welles: Seven Actors Who've Played Orson\". IFC. 2009-11-26. Retrieved 2014-02-08. Lawson, Tim; Persons, Alisa (2004). The Magic Behind the Voices: A Who's Who of Cartoon Voice Actors. University Press of Mississippi. p.\u00a0208. ISBN\u00a01578066956. Retrieved 2014-02-08. \"Interview with Quick Stop Entertainment (4th page, 19th question)\". Quickstopentertainment.com. Archived from the original on 2007-10-16. Retrieved 2010-08-26. Salem, Rob (2008-09-20). \"Zachary Quinto interview: Vulcan vs. Villain\". TheStar.com. Retrieved 2008-09-20. Before Quinto was cast, the character's early, off-camera presence was the uncredited work of Toronto-born voice veteran Maurice LaMarche \"Maurice LaMarche\". Behind the Voice Actors. Retrieved March 20, 2019. Best Fiends (1 September 2017). \"Visit Minutia \u2013 A Best Fiends Animation\" \u2013 via YouTube. Best Fiends (19 July 2018). \"Fort of Hard Knocks \u2013 A Best Fiends Animation\" \u2013 via YouTube. \"Visual Assault\". Electronic Gaming Monthly. No.\u00a0102. Ziff Davis. January 1998. p.\u00a026. \"Voice Chasers: Maurice LaMarche\". Archived from the original on 2015-06-27. Retrieved 2015-06-05. \"Axe Cop Episode THREE\". YouTube. Retrieved August 26, 2010. \"Doomed\". Ultimate Spider-Man. Season 1. Episode 3. April 8, 2012. Disney XD. \"Not A Toy\". Ultimate Spider-Man. Season 1. Episode 23. October 7, 2012. Disney XD. \"Spidah-Man!\". Ultimate Spider-Man. Season 2. Episode 7. March 24, 2013. Disney XD. \"The Serpent of Doom\". Avengers Assemble. Season 1. Episode 4. July 14, 2013. Disney XD. \"The Doomstroyer\". Avengers Assemble. Season 1. Episode 10. September 22, 2013. Disney XD. Pastrick, Chris (October 9, 2019). \"Original voices set to return for 'Animaniacs' reboot on Hulu\". The Chicago Tribune. Retrieved October 9, 2019. Maurice LaMarche at IMDb Interview with Maurice LaMarche on \"The Joe Cook Program\" at the Wayback Machine (archived October 16, 2007) Maurice LaMarche Interview on Talk Radio Meltdown Maurice LaMarche honors at Emmys Official Site Maurice LaMarche at Behind The Voice Actors"
   },
   {
    "name": "Bryan Deasley",
    "id": "Q850374",
    "text": "Bryan Deasley (born November 26, 1968) is a Canadian former professional ice hockey winger. He was a first round selection, 19th overall, by the Calgary Flames at the 1987 National Hockey League (NHL) Entry Draft. He never reached the NHL and retired in 1993 after one season touring with the Canadian National Team and four in the minor leagues. Deasley worked as a player agent for several years. A native of Toronto, Ontario, Deasley planned to play junior hockey with the North Bay Centennials before he was recruited by the University of Michigan. He played two seasons of college hockey with the Michigan Wolverines program. After recording 24 points in 38 games as a freshman in 1986\u201387, the Calgary Flames selected him with their first round pick, 19th overall, at the 1987 NHL Entry Draft. The Flames praised Deasley for his aggressiveness and willingness to battle in the corners. Deasley returned to Michigan where he scored 18 goals in 27 games despite missing 12 games due to a broken leg. He also played in the 1987 Spengler Cup with Team Canada which defeated the Soviet Wings to win the tournament championship. Deasley left Michigan after two seasons and toured with the Canadian National Team in 1988\u201389 where he scored 19 goals and 19 assists in 54 games. He joined Calgary's International Hockey League (IHL) affiliate, the Salt Lake Golden Eagles for their playoff run. Deasley recorded three goals and three assists for the Eagles who lost the Turner Cup final. He then played three full seasons with Salt Lake between 1989 and 1992 where he had seasons of 27, 45 and 35 points. The Flames traded Deasley to the Quebec Nordiques prior to the 1992\u201393 season. He spent the year with their American Hockey League (AHL) affiliate, the Halifax Citadels. He played only 37 games, and recorded 20 points, before retiring as a player. Since retiring as a player Deasley worked as a player agent for several years. He represented John Tavares while the player was still in junior hockey, but Tavares' family opted to change representation when Deasley left his employer, Siskinds Sports Management in 2008. Deasley left his career as an agent to join the Canadian Sports Centre Ontario as vice-president of marketing and business development. Goldberg, Ken (1988-01-13). \"Burning bright: Deasley's return sparks Blue; NHL in future for 'M' forward\". The Michigan Daily. p.\u00a010. Retrieved 2013-12-22. Ornest, Leo, ed. (1991). 1991\u201392 Calgary Flames Media Guide. Calgary Flames Hockey Club. p.\u00a068. \"Deasley set to join Eagles\". Deseret News. Salt Lake City, UT. 1989-04-22. p.\u00a0D3. Retrieved 2013-12-22. Hamilton, Linda (1989-05-20). \"Lumberjacks wrest Turner Cup from Eagles\". Deseret News. Salt Lake City, UT. p.\u00a0D1. Retrieved 2013-12-22. \"Bryan Deasley statistics\". The Internet Hockey Database. Retrieved 2013-12-22. Saevig, Dan (1992-11-01). \"Picking up pounds\". Toledo Blade. p.\u00a0D3. Retrieved 2013-12-22. Westhead, Rick (2007-11-16). \"Agent has meal ticket in Tavares\". Toronto Star. Retrieved 2013-12-22. Pyette, Ryan (2009-08-19). \"Kadri's agent loves draft drama\". Sun Media. Retrieved 2013-12-22. Cox, Damien (2008-09-18). \"Can Tavares be No.1?\". Toronto Star. Retrieved 2013-12-22. Bryan Deasley career statistics at The Internet Hockey Database"
   },
   {
    "name": "Cal O'Reilly",
    "id": "Q860932",
    "text": "Calahan O'Reilly (born September 30, 1986) is a Canadian professional ice hockey forward who is currently under contract to the Lehigh Valley Phantoms of the American Hockey League (AHL). O'Reilly's younger brother Ryan is captain of the St. Louis Blues. O'Reilly grew up in the small community of Seaforth, Ontario playing minor hockey for the Seaforth Stars and the Huron-Perth Lakers (MHAO). After his minor midget season he was drafted in the 8th round (150th overall) by the Windsor Spitfires in the 2002 OHL Priority Selection. O'Reilly played the 2002\u201303 season with the St. Marys Lincolns Jr.B. team of the Western Ontario Hockey League (OHA), where he led all rookies in scoring and made the WOHL All-Rookie Team, prior to suiting up for the Windsor Spitfires the following season. In his rookie season (2003\u20132004) O'Reilly struggled offensively out of the gate, scoring just 3 goals and tallying 18 assists for a total of 21 points, and was a -1 on the season, but was a strong defensive contributor on a defensively weak team, and also greatly improved his penalty killing and stick checking ability throughout this season. In the playoffs, O'Reilly dressed in 3 of the team's 4 games, tallying 1 assist and was a -minus 2. The following season (2004\u201305), O'Reilly came back as a man on a mission, tallying 24 goals and 50 assists, for a total of 74 points, finishing 2nd in Team Scoring, while also establishing the best plus minus rating on the team at +9, providing more evidence to O'Reilly's strong defensive game as a Centre. During the 2005 playoffs, O'Reilly helped lead the Spitfires to the second round, tallying 4 goals and 5 assists, for 9 points, placing him tied for second in team playoff scoring. O'Reilly would return for the 2005\u201306 OHL regular season as a third year Spitfire veteran to truly lead by example, setting the team scoring pace by tallying 18 goals and 81 assists (tied for 3rd in the league with Wojtek Wolski). The closest Spitfire trailed O'Reilly by 47 points (Ryan Garlock 20 goals, 32 assists, 52 points) O'Reilly was drafted 150th overall in the fifth round of the 2005 NHL Entry Draft by the Nashville Predators. He played with the Windsor Spitfires of the Ontario Hockey League (OHL) from 2003\u201304 to the 2005\u201306 season. He made his NHL debut in 2008\u201309. O'Reilly scored his first NHL goal against Los Angeles Kings goalie Jonathan Quick on March 28, 2009. On July 7, 2011, O'Reilly signed a one-year contract with the Nashville Predators. At the start of the following 2011\u201312 season on October 28, 2011, O'Reilly was traded from the Predators to the Phoenix Coyotes for a 4th-round draft pick in 2012. On February 1, 2012, O'Reilly was picked up on waivers by the Pittsburgh Penguins. He made his debut with the team 3 days later against Boston Bruins. He recorded his first point with the Penguins on February 5 against the New Jersey Devils. On July 16, 2012, O'Reilly signed a two-year contract with Kontinental Hockey League team, Metallurg Magnitogorsk. After a successful debut season with Metallurg, due to injury O'Reilly failed to replicate his form and was released from his second year after only 14 games. On November 19, 2013, O'Reilly signed a standard player contract (SPC) for the remainder of the 2013-14 season with the Utica Comets of the AHL. He was instrumental in turning the Comets season around, scoring 45 points in 52 games in falling short of the playoffs. On July 2, 2014, O'Reilly signed a contract with the Comets parent NHL club, the Vancouver Canucks on a one-year deal. O'Reilly was returned on assignment to Captain the Utica Comets for the 2014\u201315 season. On July 1, 2015, O'Reilly signed a two-year one-way contract with the Buffalo Sabres, worth $700,000 per year, uniting him with his newly acquired brother Ryan. Entering the 2016\u201317 season, O'Reilly continued his second year within the Sabres organization as the captain of AHL affiliate, the Rochester Americans. He was recalled and featured in 11 games with the Sabres for 1 assist, however primarily remained with the cellar-dwelling Americans with 42 points in 47 games. O'Reilly was loaned by the Sabres organization to the Toronto Marlies on March 8, 2017. On July 1, 2017, O'Reilly left the Sabres as a free agent, signing a two-year, two-way deal with the Minnesota Wild. After playing the majority of his contract with the Wild as captain of the Iowa Wild in the AHL, O'Reilly left as a free agent to continue in the AHL by signing a two-year deal with the Lehigh Valley Phantoms, affiliate to the Philadelphia Flyers, on July 1, 2019. On April 26, 2021, O'Reilly recorded 3 assists for the Lehigh Valley Phantoms in a win over the Binghamton Devils, giving him 500 career assists in the American Hockey League. O'Reilly is the 10th player in the league's history to record 500 assists. O'Reilly's younger brother Ryan plays with the St. Louis Blues, and their cousin Bill Bowler is currently the Windsor Spitfires General Manager in the OHL where he is one of the all-time points scorers. His sister, Tara O'Reilly, served as captain of the Carleton Ravens women's ice hockey program in 2009. O'Reilly is married to former Canadian figure skater Terra Findlay. Cal O'Reilly career statistics at The Internet Hockey Database Retrieved Mar. 04, 2009. \"O'Reilly recalled to Nashville from Milwaukee\". Nashville Predators. 2009-03-12. Retrieved 2009-03-12. \"Predators continue to work through RFA offer sheet mess, sign four players\". ProHockeyTalk.com. 2011-07-07. Retrieved 2011-07-07. \"HC \"Metallurg\" signed a contract with striker Cal O'Reilly\". 16 July 2012. Archived from the original on 2012-07-19. Retrieved 17 July 2012. \"Canucks sign centers Cal O'Reilly, Dustin Jeffrey and Defenesman Bobby Saguinetti\". Prince George Citizen. 2014-07-02. Archived from the original on 2014-07-14. Retrieved 2014-07-02. \"Sabres sign O'Reilly to two-year deal\". Twitter. 2015-07-01. Retrieved 2015-07-01. \"O'Reilly re-assigned to Marlies\". Rochester Americans. 2017-03-08. Retrieved 2017-03-08. \"Wild sign five players to two-way contracts\". Fox Sports. 2017-07-01. Retrieved 2017-07-01. \"Phantoms sign Cal O'Reilly to two-year deal\". Lehigh Valley Phantoms. July 1, 2019. Retrieved July 1, 2019. [1] The WinCity Sports Podcast Episode 181 featuring Bradley Snetsginer and Cal O'Reilly Lisa Wallace (November 1, 2009). \"A Family Passion - Tara O'Reilly of the Carleton Ravens comes by her hockey pedigree honestly - both her brothers are in the NHL\". www.pressreader.com/. Retrieved 2021-06-22. \"Headline Homes: April 2017\". nashvillepost.com. May 18, 2017. Retrieved March 22, 2020. Predators player Cal O\u2019Reilly and his wife, Canadian ice dancer and sports broadcaster Terra Findlay, bought a home in the area. Biographical information and career statistics from NHL.com, or\u00a0Eliteprospects.com, or\u00a0Hockey-Reference.com, or\u00a0The Internet Hockey Database Article: O'Reilly conditions for rookie season with Milwaukee"
   },
   {
    "name": "Sterling Hinds",
    "id": "Q861229",
    "text": "Sterling Hinds (born 31 October 1961) is a Canadian retired sprinter and football player. He won the bronze medal in 4 x 100 m relay at the 1984 Olympic Games, and played professional football with the Toronto Argonauts. Hinds was born in Toronto, Ontario. He played ice hockey as a youth, rising to the level of Junior B. He attended the University of Washington on a football scholarship where he was a tailback for the Washington Huskies, and also competed in track. His most notable achievement with the Huskies was the 1982 Rose Bowl victory over the University of Iowa Hawkeyes. At the 1984 Summer Olympics in Los Angeles, Hinds won a bronze medal in the 4 x 100 m relay together with teammates Ben Johnson, Tony Sharpe and Desai Williams in a time of 38.70 seconds. After his track days, Hinds signed with the Toronto Argonauts of the Canadian Football League. He played 8 games in 1984 and 1985, before a knee injury ended his football career. He then got his real estate license and is now a realtor. Hinds' brothers Doug, and Jerry were also members of the Canadian track team, with younger brother Stuart, also being a Canadian national finalist. Gastineau, Mike (2010). The Great Book of Seattle Sports Lists. ReadHowYouWant.com. p.\u00a068. ISBN\u00a0978-1-4587-7974-8. Daves, Jim; Porter, W. Thomas; Porter, Tom (2000). The Glory of Washington: The People and Events That Shaped Washington's Athletic Tradition. Sports Publishing LLC. p.\u00a0228. ISBN\u00a0978-1-58261-221-8. \"Canadian relay teams swell track and field medal total\". The Montreal Gazette. 13 August 1984. pp.\u00a0C.3. \"Rams Acquire Veteran Dils\". The Windsor Star. 19 September 1984. p.\u00a0B5. Retrieved 23 November 2011. Bolender, Keith (22 April 1986). \"Argo Stirling Hinds ready to play again\". The Toronto Star. pp.\u00a0W.16. With all his time off Hinds was able to get his real estate licence\" \"Sterling Hinds\". sterlinghinds.com. Archived from the original on 30 November 2011. Official website Database Olympics Sterling Hinds at the Canadian Olympic Committee"
   },
   {
    "name": "Bill Bowler",
    "id": "Q861963",
    "text": "William J. Bowler (born September 25, 1974) is a Canadian former professional ice hockey centre. He played nine games in the National Hockey League with the Columbus Blue Jackets. He is currently the General Manager of the Windsor Spitfires in the Ontario Hockey League. As a youth, Bowler played in the 1988 Quebec International Pee-Wee Hockey Tournament with a minor ice hockey team from Mississauga. In 1994\u201395, while playing for the Ontario Hockey League's Windsor Spitfires, Bowler was awarded the Leo Lalonde Memorial Trophy as the best overage player in the league. During four seasons with the Windsor Spitfires, from the 1991-92 season to the 1994\u201395 season, Bill Bowler set a franchise record for most career points, with 467 points.[citation needed] He also set the OHL record for most career assists, with 318. As of 2016[update], both records still stand.[citation needed] On December 10, 2011, Bowler's number 9 was retired by the Windsor Spitfires - he was the eighth player in Windsor Spitfire history to have his jersey hung from the rafters. Bowler played nine games with the Columbus Blue Jackets in the 2000\u201301 season, recording two assists.[citation needed] In 2000\u201301, Bowler set a team record for the AHL's Syracuse Crunch with 58 assists, and tied the team record with 79 points (set in 1995\u201396 by Lonny Bohonos. This record would be later be broken by Carter Verhaeghe in the 2018-19 season).[citation needed] Bowler also played professionally in the International Hockey League, and the Deutsche Eishockey Liga.[citation needed] In 2015, Bowler entered his third season as general manager and head coach of the LaSalle Vipers. He had previously served as the general manager and head coach of the Chatham Maroons for two seasons.[citation needed] In July 2019, it was announced Bowler would take over for Warren Rychel as General Manager of the Windsor Spitfires for the 2019-20 season. \"Pee-Wee players who have reached NHL or WHA\" (PDF). Quebec International Pee-Wee Hockey Tournament. 2018. Retrieved 2019-01-26. http://cdn.leaguestat.com/ohl/2015-16%20OHL%20Information%20Guide-High%20Res.pdf http://www.windsorspitfires.com/video/20762 https://ontariohockeyleague.com/article/spitfires-name-bill-bowler-gm-and-vp-of-hockey-operations Biographical information and career statistics from Eurohockey.com, or\u00a0Hockey-Reference.com, or\u00a0Legends of Hockey, or\u00a0The Internet Hockey Database v t e"
   },
   {
    "name": "William Cockburn",
    "id": "Q862022",
    "text": "William George \"Bill\" Cockburn (March 1, 1902 \u2013 March 21, 1975) was a Canadian ice hockey player who competed in the 1932 Winter Olympics. He later became a coach in the Winnipeg area. Cockburn was born in Toronto, Ontario and grew up in Winnipeg, Manitoba. He played junior hockey for the Winnipeg Tigers from 1918 to 1922. In 1922, he graduated to senior hockey with the Winnipeg Tammany Tigers. He played until 1926 with several Winnipeg senior teams. In 1926, Cockburn moved to Montreal, Quebec, where he worked as a grain merchant. Cockburn played for various senior teams in Montreal, including the Montreal Victorias which went to the 1928 Allan Cup final. In 1928, Cockburn return to Winnipeg. He played the next four seasons of senior hockey, including the Winnipeg Hockey Club, which won the 1931 Allan Cup. As Allan Cup champions, the team was selected to represent Canada at the 1932 Winter Olympics. The club won the gold medal for Canada. He played five matches as goaltender. Cockburn retired from ice hockey after the Olympics, though he is recorded as playing the occasional game. He became an ice hockey coach in the Winnipeg area. Allan Cup Championship (1931) \"Honoured Member\" of the Manitoba Hockey Hall of Fame William Cockburn\u2019s biography at databaseOlympics.com Bill Cockburn's biography at Manitoba Hockey Hall of Fame v t e v t e"
   },
   {
    "name": "Bill Durnan",
    "id": "Q862081",
    "text": "William Ronald Durnan (January 22, 1916 \u2013 October 31, 1972) was a Canadian professional ice hockey goaltender who played seven seasons with the Montreal Canadiens in the National Hockey League (NHL). During his career he was one of the most dominant goaltenders in the NHL, winning the Vezina Trophy for fewest goals allowed six times, being named First All-Star Team as best goaltender six times, and helped the Canadiens win the Stanley Cup two times. Dealing with a nervous condition throughout his career, Durnan retired in 1950, citing the stress of playing professional hockey. Durnan also served as the captain of the Canadiens in 1948, the last goaltender to be allowed to captain his team. In 1964 Durnan was inducted into the Hockey Hall of Fame, and in 2017 he was named one of the '100 Greatest NHL Players' in history. Durnan played only seven seasons in the National Hockey League due to being 27 upon entering the league, but accomplished much in his short career. He was the recipient of the Vezina Trophy for allowing the fewest goals against in each of his first four seasons, from 1943\u201344 to 1946\u201347, becoming the first to capture the award in four consecutive seasons. A poor season by the Montreal Canadiens in 1947\u201348 allowed Turk Broda of the Toronto Maple Leafs to end Durnan's streak. Durnan, however, returned to prominence the next two seasons, capturing his fifth and sixth Vezina Trophies in 1948\u201349 and 1949\u201350. Durnan was also selected to the First Team All-Star six times during his career, including four consecutive selections from 1944 to 1947. During the 1947\u201348 season, Durnan served as the Canadiens' captain. However, he left the crease so often to argue calls that other teams claimed he was giving the Canadiens unscheduled timeouts. After the season, the NHL passed a rule barring goaltenders from performing the duties of captain, known as the \"Durnan Rule.\" While Roberto Luongo was named \"captain\" of the Vancouver Canucks in 2008, Luongo had no on-ice rights as such, making Durnan the last goalie to officially serve as captain, and to wear the C on his jersey in the National Hockey League. Following the 1949\u201350 NHL season, at the age of 35, Durnan retired, no longer able to stand the stress of playing professional hockey. He later went into coaching, most notably with the Ottawa Senators of the QSHL in 1950\u201351, and the Kitchener-Waterloo Dutchmen of the OHA in 1958\u201359. Durnan set a long-standing modern NHL record between February 26 and March 6, 1949, when he registered four consecutive shutouts, not allowing a goal over a span of 309 minutes, 21 seconds. This record stood until 2004, when Brian Boucher, then of the Phoenix Coyotes, broke it with five straight shutouts in 332:01 minutes. He was ranked 5th all-time in career wins, shutouts and GAA. Durnan was inducted into the Hockey Hall of Fame in 1964. In 383 regular-season games, Durnan had 208 wins, and 112 losses, with 34 shutouts and a 2.36 goals-against average. He had 27 wins, and 12 losses, with two shutouts and a 2.07 average in 45 playoff games. Durnan also won the 1940 Allan Cup with the Kirkland Lake Blue Devils. Durnan was an ambidextrous goalie, equally adept at using his right or left hand (he wore special gloves that permitted him to catch with either hand while still holding his stick), and was a very good stand-up goaltender due to his relatively taller stature for his time. Durnan was born and raised in Toronto. He was married to Mandy Durnan (1915\u2013until he died). Durnan died of kidney failure on October 31, 1972. He suffered from diabetes in his last years and his health had been failing steadily. The Ar\u00e9na Bill-Durnan, a community ice rink, is located in the C\u00f4te-des-Neiges\u2013Notre-Dame-de-Gr\u00e2ce borough of Montreal. Allan Cup champion in 1940. NHL First All-Star Team goalie in 1944, 1945, 1946, 1947, 1949, 1950. Won the Vezina Trophy in 1944, 1945, 1946, 1947, 1949, 1950. Played in NHL All-Star Game in 1947, 1948, 1949. Stanley Cup champion in 1944, 1946. Inducted into the Hockey Hall of Fame in 1964. In 1998, he was ranked number 34 on The Hockey News' list of the 100 Greatest Hockey Players. In January, 2017, Durnan was named one of the '100 Greatest NHL Players' in history. * Stanley Cup Champion. List of members of the Hockey Hall of Fame Greg Balloch (September 11, 2014). \"MAKING THE CASE FOR GOALTENDER CAPTAINCY IN NHL\". In Goal Magazine. \"Boucher's shutout streak snapped\". CBC Sports. January 14, 2004. \"Bill Durnan 1943 - 1950\". Eye on the Prize. November 7, 2007. \"Bill Durnan: 100 Greatest NHL Players\". NHL.com. January 1, 2017. \"100 Greatest NHL Players\". NHL.com. January 1, 2017. Retrieved January 1, 2017. NHL (2017-03-22), Bill Durnan was a six-time Vezina Trophy winner, retrieved 2017-04-24 Biographical information and career statistics from NHL.com, or\u00a0Eliteprospects.com, or\u00a0Hockey-Reference.com, or\u00a0Legends of Hockey, or\u00a0The Internet Hockey Database"
   },
   {
    "name": "Bill Mockridge",
    "id": "Q862324",
    "text": "William Mockridge (born 28 July 1947, Toronto) is a Canadian-German actor and Kabarett performer. He is the founder of the Springmaus Theatre in Bonn. He became known to a broad public through his portrayal of Erich Schiller in the WDR series Lindenstra\u00dfe. After leaving school, Mockridge attended, from 1963 to 1966 and graduated from, the National Theatre School of Canada in Montreal. This was followed by his first engagements at the Manitoba Theatre Center and, from 1968 to 1969, at the Stratford Shakespeare Festival in Stratford, Ontario. During a tour of Germany in 1970, the potential of German theatre inspired him so much that he decided to work in Germany from then on. He initially worked as an assistant director at the Ulmer Theater, where he had his first engagement at a German theater between 1971 and 1973. Further commitments followed at the Stadttheater Heidelberg (1973-1978), the Basler Theater (1978-1980) and at the Schauspiel Bonn (1980-1987). In 1982, he founded the improvisation theatre Springmaus in Bonn, where he also performs his own solo programs. He became known to a wide audience as Erich Schiller in the ARD series Lindenstra\u00dfe, which he played from 1991 until the end of 2015. In 2011, he had a guest appearance in the comedy series Pastewka. In 2012, Mockridge published his book Je oller, je doller: So vergreisen Sie richtig. In it, he deals humorously with aging. In 2015, he hosted the Golden Internet Prize for Seniors in Berlin, where pioneering online projects are being honored under the patronage of the German Federal Ministry of the Interior. Mockridge is married to Italian-German actress Margie Kinsky and lives in the Endenich district of Bonn. The couple have six sons, all of whom are dual citizens (Italian and Canadian) and work in creative professions; including Matthew, Luke and Jeremy Mockridge. 1980: St. Pauli-Landungsbr\u00fccken\u00a0[de] (TV series) 1988: Der Fahnder (TV series) 1991\u20132015: Lindenstra\u00dfe (TV series) 2011: Pastewka Since 2015: Die Mockridges - Eine Knallerfamilie Bill Mockridge at IMDb Mockridge's website Interview by TV-KULT.COM Website of Bill Mockridge & Margie Kinsky"
   },
   {
    "name": "Bill Stewart",
    "id": "Q862486",
    "text": "William Donald Stewart (born October 6, 1957) is a Canadian-Italian former professional ice hockey defenceman and former head coach of the New York Islanders. As a youth, Stewart played in the 1969 Quebec International Pee-Wee Hockey Tournament with a minor ice hockey team from York Mills. A native of Toronto, Ontario, he was drafted in the fourth round (68th overall) in the 1977 NHL Entry Draft by the Buffalo Sabres and started his National Hockey League career in 1977-78. He also went on to play for the St. Louis Blues, Toronto Maple Leafs, and Minnesota North Stars. He left the NHL at the end of the 1985\u201386 season choosing to play hockey in Italy until his retirement in 1995. Stewart began his professional coaching career with the Muskegon Fury of the Colonial Hockey League in 1995. After one season with Muskegon, Stewart took the head coaching position with the Oshawa Generals of the OHL in 1996. Stewart got back into coaching professional hockey the following season with a stint in the American Hockey League and coaching the Saint John Flames to the Calder Cup Finals in 1998, losing to the Philadelphia Phantoms in six games. Stewart was named head coach of the New York Islanders on January 21, 1999 after Mike Milbury himself stepped down to concentrate solely on his GM duties. After finishing the season with the Islanders, Stewart was relieved of his coaching duties and was replaced by Butch Goring on April 30, 1999. In 1999, Stewart returned to the OHL to become the head coach of the Barrie Colts. The roster that year included the four \"Brampton Boys\", one of whom, Ryan Barnes, faced charges of assault with a weapon after a stick-swinging incident during a game in October. Later in the season, three of the team's other players were charged with sexual assault. Finally, Stewart himself made headlines and was banned from entering the United States for twice smuggling a Ukrainian-born player over the Canada-U.S. border in the baggage compartment of the team bus. Stewart infamously walked out of the Halifax Metro Centre without conducting any interviews to the media, following Barrie's 6-2 loss to the Rimouski Oc\u00e9anic in the 2000 Memorial Cup championship game. Following the controversial season in Barrie, Stewart continued his coaching career in Germany with and made headlines during the DEL quarterfinals in 2001 when he was involved in a mass brawl in game three against the Berlin Capitals, during which he hit Capitals' head coach Pavel Gross in the head and himself was injured as well. Stewart was handed a two-game suspension and a DM 15,000 fine. In the finals against the M\u00fcnchen Barons, he feigned fainting behind the Adler Mannheim bench to buy his star player Jan Alston time to get his skates sharpened. His team ended up winning the championship that year and got to the finals the following season. Stewart left Mannheim in January 2003 after being informed that his contract would not be extended at the end of the season. After a short stint in Krefeld, Stewart moved to Austria, where he coached the Graz 99ers and EHC Linz. He left Linz in December 2006 to return to Germany with the Hamburg Freezers. Linz challenged this transfer by seeking a restraining order, but lost the case. Stewart was sacked by the Freezers in December 2008. On December 3, 2009, he agreed to take over as the head coach of K\u00f6lner Haie and was relieved of his duties in November 2011. He joined the Guelph Storm during the 2011-12 season as a consultant prior to being named assistant coach in 2012-13. He took over as interim head coach of the team in January 2015. The term \"interim\" was then removed prior to the end of the season. He resigned from the Storm in December 2015 after only two wins and went back to Germany in January 2016 to coach Dresdner Eisl\u00f6wen of the DEL2. Stewart was appointed head coach of the DEL's Straubing Tigers in April 2017. Concerning his past, he stated at that time: \"I have experienced a lot in Europe, have had great success, but have to admit that I have gone too far at times. These moments happened some years ago and, in the meantime, I have learned and become more quiet.\" He was sacked as Straubing head coach on October 18, 2017 after his team won only eight of the first 13 games of the season and dropped to the very bottom of the DEL standings. On December 4, 2017, Stewart was named head of Adler Mannheim, returning for a second stint in charge at the club. His contract expired at the end of the 2017-18 season in which he guided the Adler team to an appearance in the playoff semifinals. He subsequently worked as a scout for the Adler organization. 1997\u201398 - Louis A. R. Pieri Memorial Award - Saint John Flames October 30, 1980 - Traded by the Buffalo Sabres to the St. Louis Blues for Bob Hess and a 4th round pick in the 1981 NHL Entry Draft (Anders Wikberg) September 10, 1983 - Signed as a free agent by the Toronto Maple Leafs September 15, 1985 - Signed as a free agent by the Minnesota North Stars \"Pee-Wee players who have reached NHL or WHA\" (PDF). Quebec International Pee-Wee Hockey Tournament. 2018. Retrieved 2019-01-09. CHL article on the end of the Barrie Colts season, numerous suspensions and controversies Archived September 27, 2007, at the Wayback Machine Hockey on trial as coach appeals suspension for throwing game \"DEL-Playoffs: Schlagfertig\" (in German). Retrieved 2017-04-13. ONLINE, RP. \"15.000 Mark Geldstrafe: Adler-Trainer zwei Spiele gesperrt\". RP ONLINE. Retrieved 2017-04-13. \"ADLER Mannheim\". www.adler-mannheim.de (in German). Archived from the original on 2017-04-13. Retrieved 2017-04-13. \"Linzer Gericht lehnt Einstweilige Verf\u00fcgung gegen Bill Stewart ab\". Hockeyweb (in German). Retrieved 2017-04-13. Steinbach, Dirk. \"Freezers entlassen Trainer Bill Stewart\". www.abendblatt.de (in German). Retrieved 2017-04-13. Stewart am Freitag in Krefeld erstmals als KEC-Cheftrainer an der Bande \u2013 Sonntag Heimspiel gegen N\u00fcrnberg. SCHAFFNER, STEFAN. \"Mit Video!: K\u00f6lner Haie entlassen Bill Stewart\". Express.de (in German). Retrieved 2017-04-13. http://www.guelphstorm.com/article/walker-resigns-as-head-coach http://www.thepeterboroughexaminer.com/2015/12/10/sports-briefs-guelph-coach-resigns \"Archived copy\". Archived from the original on 2016-01-03. Retrieved 2016-01-04.CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link) \"Straubing Tigers - Aktuelles im Detail\". www.straubing-tigers.de (in German). Retrieved 2017-04-13. \"Eishockey: DEL: Straubing feuert Trainer Bill Stewart\". Die Zeit (in German). 2017-10-18. ISSN\u00a00044-2070. Retrieved 2017-10-18. \"Adler trennen sich von Teal Fowler, Sean Simpson und Colin M\u00fcller\". www.adler-mannheim.de (in German). Retrieved 2017-12-04. \"Adler-Saison vorbei! Titelverteidiger M\u00fcnchen zieht souver\u00e4n ins Finale ein\". mannheim24.de (in German). 2018-04-06. Retrieved 2018-04-07. \"Adler erweitern Scoutingnetzwerk\". www.adler-mannheim.de (in German). Retrieved 2018-04-26. Biographical information and career statistics from NHL.com, or\u00a0Eliteprospects.com, or\u00a0Eurohockey.com, or\u00a0Hockey-Reference.com, or\u00a0Legends of Hockey, or\u00a0The Internet Hockey Database"
   },
   {
    "name": "Billy Harris",
    "id": "Q863117",
    "text": "William Edward \"Hinky\" Harris (July 29, 1935 \u2013 September 20, 2001) was a Canadian professional ice hockey player in the National Hockey League from 1955 to 1969. Harris began his NHL career with the Toronto Maple Leafs in 1955\u201356. He helped Toronto win 3 straight Stanley Cups in 1962, 1963, and 1964. In total, he played 10 seasons with Toronto before being traded in the off season to the Detroit Red Wings along with Andy Bathgate and Gary Jarrett for Larry Jeffrey, Eddie Joyal, Lowell MacDonald, Marcel Pronovost, and Autry Erickson on May 20, 1965. After playing 24 games for Detroit in 1965\u201366 he was sent down to the Red Wings AHL affiliate Pittsburgh Hornets. He spent the entire 1966\u201367 season in the AHL with Pittsburgh leading the team with 34 goals and helping them win the Calder Cup Championship. The following year the National Hockey League expanded from six teams to twelve and on June 6, 1967 Harris was selected by the Oakland Seals in the expansion draft. During his second season with Oakland he was traded to the Pittsburgh Penguins for Bob Dillabough. Harris would retire from professional hockey at the conclusion of the 1968\u201369 NHL season. After finishing his playing career in 1970 with the Canadian national team, Harris became head coach of the Swedish national ice hockey team in 1971\u201372. He then became the first head coach of the Ottawa Nationals in the WHA's inaugural 1972\u201373 season and coached Team Canada in the 1974 Summit Series against the Soviet Union. Harris went on to become an assistant coach with the Edmonton Oilers under Glen Sather for two seasons beginning in 1981\u201382. He ended his coaching career after serving as a head coach in the OHL for the Sudbury Wolves in 1982\u201383 and 1983\u201384. 1961\u201362 \u2013 Stanley Cup Champion \u2013 Toronto Maple Leafs 1962\u201363 \u2013 Stanley Cup Champion \u2013 Toronto Maple Leafs 1963\u201364 \u2013 Stanley Cup Champion \u2013 Toronto Maple Leafs 1966-67 - AHL Champion \u2013 Pittsburgh Hornets May 20, 1965 \u2013 Traded by the Toronto Maple Leafs with Andy Bathgate and Gary Jarrett to the Detroit Red Wings for Larry Jeffrey, Eddie Joyal, Lowell MacDonald, Marcel Pronovost and Autry Erickson June 6, 1967 \u2013 Claimed by the Oakland Seals from the Detroit Red Wings in NHL expansion draft November 28, 1968 \u2013 Traded by the Oakland Seals to the Pittsburgh Penguins for Bob Dillabough Harris died from cancer, in Toronto, on September 20, 2001. He was 66 years old. Biographical information and career statistics from NHL.com, or\u00a0Eliteprospects.com, or\u00a0Hockey-Reference.com, or\u00a0Legends of Hockey, or\u00a0The Internet Hockey Database Billy Harris at Find a Grave"
   },
   {
    "name": "Billy Harris",
    "id": "Q863118",
    "text": "William Edward Harris (born January 29, 1952) is a Canadian former professional ice hockey player in the National Hockey League who played from 1972 to 1984. As a youth, Harris played in the 1964 Quebec International Pee-Wee Hockey Tournament with the Toronto Shopsy's minor ice hockey team. Harris was drafted first overall in the 1972 NHL Amateur Draft by the expansion New York Islanders. He is known for being the first New York Islander. He played on Long Island until he was traded to the Los Angeles Kings on March 10, 1980, along with Dave Lewis for Butch Goring. Later that year, the Islanders won their first Stanley Cup of four in a row. Harris was never part of a winning Cup team, but he is remembered for helping the Islanders grow from their initial days as an expansion franchise to a dominant team in the late 1970s and early 1980s. Harris played more than 500 consecutive games for the Islanders before he was traded. He finished off the last few seasons of his career with the Los Angeles Kings and Toronto Maple Leafs before retiring after the 1983\u201384 season. \"Pee-Wee players who have reached NHL or WHA\" (PDF). Quebec International Pee-Wee Hockey Tournament. 2018. Retrieved 2019-01-04. Fischler, Stan (February 22, 2019). \"Maven's Memories: The Butch Goring Trade\". NHL.com. Retrieved March 10, 2020. Kreiser, John (March 9, 2020). \"March 10: Goring traded to Islanders\". NHL.com. Retrieved March 10, 2020. Billy Harris career statistics at The Internet Hockey Database"
   },
   {
    "name": "Tiger Ali Singh",
    "id": "Q863520",
    "text": "Gurjit Singh Hans (born March 9, 1971) is a Canadian professional wrestler. He is best known for his appearances in the World Wrestling Federation (WWF) from 1997 to 2002 under the ring name Tiger Ali Singh. He is the son of professional wrestler Tiger Jeet Singh. Hans trained to be a professional wrestler by Antonio Inoki in the New Japan Pro-Wrestling Dojo and under Ron Hutchison and Sweet Daddy Siki at Sully's Gym in Toronto. He debuted as a professional wrestler in November 1992 under the ring name \"Tiger Jeet Singh, Jr.\", teaming with his father against Sabu and Kareem Sudan in a tag team match for Frontier Martial-Arts Wrestling. Singh signed with the World Wrestling Federation in January 1997, with the signing announced at a press conference at SkyDome in Toronto. Singh's most notable accomplishment in the company occurred in 1997, when he won the second WWF Kuwait Cup Tournament, held on April 9, 1997 in Kuwait City. He defeated Owen Hart in the finals to become the second and final WWF Kuwait Cup winner. He would also participate and be managed by his father at the WWF's United Kingdom-exclusive pay-per-view event One Night Only on September 20, 1997, facing off against and defeating Leif Cassidy. He made his official WWF debut on the April 21, 1997 episode of Raw. He would disappear from WWF television until the Attitude Era. His gimmick was that of a rich and arrogant Asiatic heir to a fortune (similar to Ted DiBiase's character). He came to the ring accompanied by a manservant named Babu, and would pay random people in the audience each week to perform humiliating stunts. On the Sunday night Heat before Survivor Series (1998), Singh lost to Val Venis and at Capital Carnage he defeated Edge. at the Royal Rumble (1999), Singh competed in the royal rumble match where he was eliminated by Mabel. On Sunday Night Heat before St. Valentine's Day Massacre: In Your House Singh faced Billy Gunn which ended in a no contest. on Sunday Night Heat before WrestleMania XV, Singh competed in a Battle Royal to determine #1 contenders to the WWF Tag Team Championship which was won by D'Lo Brown and Test and at No Mercy (UK), Singh defeated Gillberg. Singh was later sent to Puerto Rico to work on his in-ring skills. He returned in late 2000 as the manager of Lo Down (D'Lo Brown and Chaz). Lo Down and Singh were eventually sent to International Wrestling Association in Puerto Rico, removing them from WWF programming as The Invasion of 2001 started. Down in IWA, Singh became a two-time tag team champion. He eventually suffered what he claimed was a career-ending injury and was sent home to Toronto to recover. He was later released from his contract in July 2002. In December 2001 Singh suffered his third concussion in 9 months. He was sent to Puerto Rico to heal. At an outdoor wrestling match, it had begun to rain and Singh went back to his dressing room to change back into his street clothes and the promoter came and forced Singh to go back out to finish the match. Singh was given an ultimatum by the promoter to finish the match in the rain or he would be fired by the WWE. He agreed to finish the match and within 5 minutes, he slipped on the wet ring surface and hit his head. He was knocked unconscious and when he came to, he found himself left alone and sensed something was not right. In fear of meeting a similar fate of Bruiser Brody, a pro wrestler killed in Puerto Rico for going against the wrestling promoter, Singh immediately left for the airport and flew back to Toronto. Upon arriving in Toronto, he sought medical attention and focused on healing from his injuries. Three months later WWE sent him his termination papers. To this day, Singh believes he was left to die in Puerto Rico. It took Singh 5 years to fully heal from his injuries. In an appearance on \"In Conversation with Amin Dhillon\" podcast, Singh reveals the extent of his injuries and how he tried to take his own life twice. The following month, Singh filed a $7 million lawsuit against World Wrestling Entertainment. Among his claims were that his career-ending injury was the result of being forced to wrestle in the rain while in Puerto Rico. He also accused other WWE wrestlers of frequently calling him \"taxi driver\", and that he was the victim of a stunt in 1999 where his turban was stuffed with garbage. WWE attorney Jerry McDevitt countered by noting that the company was not responsible for any injuries occurring in a different organization, and that Singh's contract could legally be ended if he suffered an injury. After witnessing his nephew successfully battle leukemia, Singh vowed to give back to the community. The idea was to collect toys that would be distributed to various children's hospitals while promoting the spirit of inclusion. Every year, Miracle on Main Street takes place on Main St in Milton, Ontario and school children are invited to come down with toy donations and enjoy food, entertainment, amusement rides, and meet local celebrities. Over $3 million has been raised from sponsorship to date. In late-2008, Hans, under the new ring name \"Mick Hans\", returned to wrestling as a part of the HUSTLE promotion in Japan. He made his return by teaming up with his father in a tag team match against Genichiro Tenryu and Shiro Koshinaka. On June 5, 2010, Singh won a battle royal for MPW Wrestling. On September 24, 2011, Singh and Daivari defeated Kaine and Darkko for SCW Wrestling. On July 1, 2013, at an event called TigerFest, Singh and Harry Smith defeated Big Daddy V, Rhino and Darkko in a handicap match. On July 1, 2014, at another event called TigerFest, Singh and Rhino match ended in a no contest which led to another match where Singh, Davey Boy Smith Jr. and Sonjay Dutt defeated Rhino, Soa Amin and Steve Corino in a best 2 out of 3 falls match, falls count anywhere match. International Wrestling Association IWA World Tag Team Championship (2 times) \u2013 with Big Ross McCollough (1 time) and Pain (1 time) Pro Wrestling Illustrated Ranked No. 250 of the top 500 singles in the \"PWI 500\" in 1999 World Wrestling Federation Kuwait Cup (1997) Harris M. Lentz III (2015). Biographical Dictionary of Professional Wrestling, 2d ed. McFarland & Company. p.\u00a0320. ISBN\u00a0978-1-4766-0505-0. \"Tiger Ali Singh: (\"Mick\" Hans, Tiger Jeet Singh Jr)\". NRIInternet.com. Retrieved May 16, 2019. \"Tiger Ali Singh\". WWF.com (via Wayback Machine). World Wrestling Federation. December 2, 1998. Archived from the original on December 2, 1998. Retrieved May 16, 2019. \"Tiger Jr. back...with a bang\". Burlington Post. December 5, 2008. Retrieved May 16, 2019. \"SLAM! Wrestling Canadian Hall of Fame: Tiger Ali Singh\". Canoe.com. Postmedia Network. Retrieved May 16, 2019. \"Tiger Ali Singh ready to take on the world\". Canoe.com. Postmedia Network. 1997. Retrieved May 16, 2019. \"Tiger Ali Singh Profile\". Online World of Wrestling. Retrieved June 21, 2021. Cawthon, Graham (2013). the History of Professional Wrestling. 2: WWF 1990\u20131999. CreateSpace Independent Publishing Platform. ASIN\u00a0B00RWUNSRS. \"One Night Only\". Pro Wrestling History. Retrieved 2009-08-09. Martin, Fin. \"The Complete History of Wrestling On Pay-Per-View\". Power Slam. Issue 223/March 2013. p. 16/17. \"IWA World Tag Team Championship history\". WWE's Tiger Ali Singh Exclusive Interview | In Conversation with Amin Dhillon (Ep. 12), retrieved 2021-04-08 \"HUSTLE Hustle Tour 2008 \u2013 Tag 9\". Cagematch.net. November 20, 2009. Retrieved December 23, 2015. Tiger Ali Singh's profile at Cagematch.net Gurjit Singh Hans at IMDb"
   },
   {
    "name": "Mike Rosati",
    "id": "Q876635",
    "text": "Michael Anthony Rosati (born January 7, 1968) is a Canadian-born Italian former professional ice hockey player. Rosati became the third Italian player to play in a game in the NHL after earning an Italian passport and playing for Italy, after Bob Manno and Roberto Romano.[citation needed] As a youth, Rosati played in the 1981 Quebec International Pee-Wee Hockey Tournament with a minor ice hockey team from Wexford, Toronto. Rosati started his career by playing in the Ontario Hockey League and was soon drafted by the New York Rangers in 1988 NHL Entry Draft (#131 pick). Rosati was initially placed in the ECHL, but after a disappointing season, decided to play in Italy. Rosati would find much more success there, and played for the Hockey Club Bolzano. In the 1990s Rosati would lead Bolzano to two Italian Hockey Championships, and would earn himself the place of goaltender for the Italian national team that would go on to compete in the 1994 and 1998 Winter Olympics.[citation needed] By the second half of the 1990s, the Italian hockey movement had gone through a difficult period, and Rosati moved to Germany. It was here that Rosati played for Adler Mannheim of the DEL. In 1998, after two seasons of consistent play with Adler Mannheim, Rosati signed with the Washington Capitals as the third goaltender of the team, behind Olaf K\u00f6lzig and Craig Billington. After the shift to the farm team Portland Pirates, it seemed that Rosati's chances to play in the NHL were fading away, and that he was destined to spend his career in the minor leagues, but an injury to Craig Billington put him directly on the bench. On November 7, 1998, the incumbent Capitals goalie, Olaf K\u00f6lzig, suffered an injury, and Rosati made his NHL debut against the Ottawa Senators in a match won by the Capitals 8\u20135. Rosati played 28 minutes and didn't allow a goal. His NHL saves total stands at 12. He finished the season with the Manitoba Moose of the IHL. Despite a less than stellar stint with the Moose, Rosati decided to come back to Mannheim where he played four more seasons[citation needed]. Rosati retired in 2004 while playing for a German second division team. In the 2004\u201305 season, Rosati was the Adler Mannheim assistant coach and worked with St\u00e9phane Richer and Helmut de Raaf (who played with Rosati for multiple seasons).[citation needed] He is currently the goaltending coach of the Vegas Golden Knights in the NHL. Mike enjoys spending time with his 2 daughters, Jessica and Alyssa Rosati, who are his biggest supporters. In the offseason, Mike lives a calm life in Niagara Falls with his partner, Amy and her two children, Keiran and Kara. Career statistics.[citation needed] 1984\u201385 St. Michael's Buzzers (OJHLB) 1986\u201389 Hamilton Steelhawks (relocated: Niagara Falls Thunder) (OHL) 1989\u201390 Erie Panthers (ECHL) 1990\u201396 Hockey Club Bolzano (Italian Serie A) 1996\u201398 Adler Mannheim (DEL) 1998\u201399 Portland Pirates (AHL) \u2013 Washington Capitals (NHL) 1998\u201399 Manitoba Moose (IHL) 1999\u201303 Adler Mannheim (DEL) 2003\u201304 Heilbronn Falcons (German 2. Bundesliga) List of players who played only one game in the NHL \"Pee-Wee players who have reached NHL or WHA\" (PDF). Quebec International Pee-Wee Hockey Tournament. 2018. Retrieved 2019-01-17. \"Vegas Golden Knights: Coaching Paths\". Mike Rosati career statistics at The Internet Hockey Database"
   },
   {
    "name": "Bob Essensa",
    "id": "Q887904",
    "text": "Robert Earle Essensa (born January 14, 1965) is a Canadian ice hockey coach and former goaltender who played 12 seasons in the National Hockey League (NHL). Since 2003, he has served as the goaltending coach for the Boston Bruins. As a youth, Essensa played in the 1978 Quebec International Pee-Wee Hockey Tournament with the Toronto Shopsy's minor ice hockey team. Essensa was the number one goaltender for the 1982-83 Henry Carr Crusaders Metro Junior 'B' Championship team which never lost a game in regular season play (34 wins, 0 losses, 2 ties) and only two playoff games - one in the Ontario Hockey Association's Semi-finals against the Streetsville Derbys. The Crusaders went on to capture the Ontario Hockey Association's Junior 'B' Championship and along with it, the Sutherland Cup, after defeating the Stratford Cullitons in the final. (Following five rounds of playoffs, what it took to win the Sutherland Cup, the Crusaders had accumulated 54 wins, 2 losses, 2 ties, and 2 losses in overtime in 60 regulation games.)[citation needed] He was also MVP of the league's mid-season all-star game held in Trenton, Ontario, Canada as the best of the Fullan Division defeated the stars of the Ruddock Division, 3-1.[citation needed] Essensa was selected in the fourth round of the 1983 NHL Entry Draft, 69th overall, by the Winnipeg Jets after dominating Junior B hockey in the Toronto area.[citation needed] Following the 1983 Draft, Essensa played for Michigan State University and posted an overall record of 62\u201313\u20132 in his four years at Michigan State. He named the CCHA First Team All-Star his sophomore year and won the CCHA and NCAA Championships with Michigan State in his Junior year. He graduated as the school's all-time leader in GAA and shutouts, although both records have since been broken.[citation needed] After spending his first professional season entirely in the AHL, Essensa made his NHL debut during the 1988\u201389 season, and posted a 6\u20138\u20133 record in 20 games. His workload increased to 36 games in 1989\u201390, and he took over as Winnipeg's starting goaltender the following season. For four seasons, he was a workhorse for the Jets, averaging nearly 60 games per year.[citation needed] Essensa and the Jets suffered through a dismal 1993\u201394 campaign, struggling to the second-worst record in the league next to the expansion Ottawa Senators. However, he was dealt to the Detroit Red Wings at the trade deadline. A legitimate contender for the Stanley Cup, Detroit had been let down in previous seasons by poor goaltending and Essensa, just two years removed from his Vezina nomination and a college star in the area at Michigan State, was considered an ideal solution. However, it proved to be a disaster as he posted a 4\u20137\u20131 record down the stretch and struggled in the playoffs, ultimately being usurped by rookie Chris Osgood.[citation needed] Things went from bad to worse for Essensa in 1994\u201395, as Detroit acquired star veteran Mike Vernon to partner Osgood. Exiled to the minors, he spent the next two seasons in the International Hockey League.[citation needed] Essensa was dealt to the Edmonton Oilers for the 1996\u201397 season. He spent the next two seasons backing up Curtis Joseph for the Oilers, and although his workload was limited behind one of the top goaltenders in the league, he re-established himself as a solid NHL goaltender and an above-average backup. When Joseph left Edmonton as a free agent in 1998, Essensa's responsibilities increased, as he split the goaltending duties evenly in 1998\u201399 with the newly acquired Mikhail Shtalenkov. While neither goaltender performed poorly, it represented a significant drop-off from Joseph and the team eventually acquired Tommy Salo late in the season to take over as the starter.[citation needed] For 1999\u20132000, Essensa signed with the Phoenix Coyotes. The move represented a homecoming of sorts, as the Winnipeg Jets had moved to Phoenix in 1996, and gave him an opportunity to extend his franchise records for games played and wins by a goalie. Shtalenkov was dealt mid-season in a deal for Sean Burke, and Essensa finished the season as Burke's backup, posting a solid 13\u201310\u20133 record in 30 games.[citation needed] Essensa was on the move again for the 2000\u201301 campaign, this time signing with the Vancouver Canucks to back up F\u00e9lix Potvin. Ultimately, Potvin was shipped out of Vancouver and replaced by Dan Cloutier, and Essensa and Cloutier split the goaltending duties as the Canucks were knocked out of the playoffs by the Colorado Avalanche. Essensa finished the year with an 18\u201312\u20133 mark in 39 appearances, his highest win total since 1994.[citation needed] After Vancouver failed to give him a serious contract offer, Essensa signed with the Buffalo Sabres for the 2001\u201302 season. However, he was unable to recapture his heroics of the previous year, posting an 0\u20135 record in 9 appearances for the Sabres before retiring at the conclusion of the season.[citation needed] Essensa finished his career with a 173\u2013176\u201347 record in 446 career NHL appearances, along with 17 shutouts and a 3.15 GAA.[citation needed] Essensa has served as the goaltending coach for the Boston Bruins since 2003, and got his name on the Stanley Cup with the Bruins Stanley Cup Championship in 2011. He also assists with coaching the goaltenders of the Providence Bruins, Boston's minor league affiliate in the American Hockey League. On March 28, 2015, Essensa, at age 50, was dressed as a backup goalie for the Bruins during their game against the New York Rangers after Tuukka Rask left the game in the second period due to suspected dehydration. Essensa and his wife Jeanine have three sons, Josh, Ben and Jake. They make their home in Oxford, Michigan, a northern suburb of Detroit. After the Bruins championship in 2011, Essensa brought the Stanley Cup to local establishments in Oxford, Lake Orion, and Clarkston. All three sons are active in Detroit-area youth hockey. \"Bob Essensa\". \"Pee-Wee players who have reached NHL or WHA\" (PDF). Quebec International Pee-Wee Hockey Tournament. 2018. Retrieved 2019-01-14. \"Bob Essensa, Tim Thomas' goaltending coach in Boston, bringing Stanley Cup to Oxford Tuesday\". 2011-08-19. \"50-year-old goalie suits up for Bruins | CBC Sports\". Essensa and his wife Jeanine have three sons, Josh, Ben and Jake. \"Archived copy\". Archived from the original on 2014-10-15. Retrieved 2014-10-09.CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link) \"CCHA All-Teams\". College Hockey Historical Archives. Retrieved May 19, 2013. Bob Essensa career statistics at The Internet Hockey Database"
   },
   {
    "name": "Bob Kaplan",
    "id": "Q888027",
    "text": "Robert Philip \"Bob\" Kaplan, PC QC (December 27, 1936 \u2013 November 5, 2012) was a Canadian politician and lawyer. Born in Toronto, Ontario to Solomon and Pearl Kaplan and brother of Michael Kaplan. Kaplan attended and graduated from Forest Hill Collegiate after spending one year at Vaughan Road Collegiate Institute in Toronto and received a Bachelor of Arts in 1958 and an LL.B in 1961 from the University of Toronto. In 1963, he was called to the Ontario Bar. He was first elected as a Liberal Member of Parliament for the Toronto riding of Don Valley in 1968, beating the Progressive Conservative candidate, Dalton Camp. He lost to the PC candidate, Jim Gillies, in the 1972 election. For the 1974 election, he switched ridings to York Centre and won by over 16,000 votes. In 1978, he failed to implement Bill C-215, which would have stripped Canadians of their citizenship if they had been convicted of war crimes. He was re-elected in the 1979, 1980, 1984 and 1988 elections. He was the Solicitor General of Canada from 1980 to 1984 and oversaw the creation of the Canadian Security Intelligence Service and the Security Intelligence Review Committee and the termination of the Royal Canadian Mounted Police Security Service. Kaplan was also responsible for bringing in the Young Offenders Act in 1984 which established 12 as the minimum age for criminal charges, brought in shorter sentences for most offenders under the age of 18 and banned the publication of youths charged or convicted of criminal acts in most circumstances. He also pressed for and oversaw the extradition of Helmut Rauca to West Germany for war crimes. After leaving politics in 1993, Kaplan served as the Honorary Consul of the Republic of Kazakhstan for Canada and was awarded the Order of Kazakhstan by its president in recognition of his service to the Republic. He was a director of PetroKazakhstan Inc., Platexco Inc., and Rex Diamond Mining Corp. In 2004, he joined the Board of Directors of European Goldfields, a Canadian-based resource company involved in the acquisition, exploration and development of mineral properties in Romania and the Balkans. Kaplan died on November 5, 2012 at the age of 75 from cancer. There is a Robert Kaplan fonds at Library and Archives Canada. http://schoolweb.tdsb.on.ca/vaughanroad/HallofFame/HonourableRobertPKaplan.aspx McCormack, Timothy. \"The Law of War Crimes\", 1997, p. 152 MacKrael, Kim (November 5, 2012). \"Robert Kaplan, father of CSIS, dies at age 75\". Globe and Mail. Retrieved November 5, 2012. Kraft, Frances (November 13, 2012). \"Former solicitor general 'made a big difference'\". Canadian Jewish News. Retrieved November 18, 2012. Farber, Bernie (November 6, 2012). \"Robert Kaplan fought to uncover Nazis in Canada\". Toronto Star. Retrieved November 18, 2012. \"Robert (Bob) Kaplan fonds, Library and Archives Canada\". Retrieved September 18, 2020. Bob Kaplan \u2013 Parliament of Canada biography"
   },
   {
    "name": "Brad Armstrong",
    "id": "Q896740",
    "text": "Brad Armstrong (born Rod Hopkins; September 23, 1965) is a Canadian pornographic actor, director, producer, screenwriter, and costume designer. He is currently under contract with Wicked Pictures. He has been known as one of the most popular leading men in the sex industry, as well as \"The King of Porn\" and \"The Spielberg of Skin Directors\". Among the films he has directed is Octomom Home Alone (2012). Armstrong attended college for commercial art and advertising. Armstrong worked as a male stripper in Canada for 10 years. He began dancing at age 17 by borrowing a friend's ID. He was introduced to the porn industry by pornographic actress Erica Boyer. His first scene was a sixway with Erica Boyer, Randy Spears, Eric Price, and two other women for the film Bimbo Bowlers From Boston. Armstrong has been married three times, and divorced three times. His first marriage was to Dyanna Lauren. They divorced in 1992. His second marriage was to Jenna Jameson in December 1996. They divorced in 2001. Armstrong's third marriage, to Jessica Drake, began in 2006 and ended in 2021. Ken Michaels (June 23, 1999). \"Brad Armstrong - Up the Long Ladder\". AVN. Archived from the original on October 8, 1999. Retrieved March 10, 2015. Brad Armstrong at the Internet Adult Film Database Heidi Pike-Johnson (April 12, 2004). \"Brad Armstrong: AVN Hall Of Famer\". AVN Insider. Archived from the original on April 14, 2004. Retrieved March 10, 2015. \"Brad Armstrong - Biography\". Internet Movie Database. Retrieved 26 March 2018. Charles Manning (April 16, 2014). \"Meet a Couple Who Designs Costumes for Adult Films\". Cosmopolitan. Retrieved March 10, 2015. Burnett, Thane (2008-02-03). \"CANOE -- JAM! - Meet the King of Porn\". Canoe.ca. Archived from the original on 2012-07-10. Retrieved 2010-09-16. Heidi Pike-Johnson (January 12, 2002). \"2002 AVN Awards Show Winners Announced\". AVN. Archived from the original on February 4, 2002. Retrieved March 11, 2015. Heidi Pike-Johnson (January 21, 2003). \"2003 AVN Awards Winners Announced: Awards Presented Big Year for Evil Angel...\" AVN. Retrieved March 11, 2015. Heidi Pike-Johnson (January 12, 2004). \"Evil Angel, Wicked Pictures Big Winners at 2004 AVN Awards\". AVN. Retrieved March 11, 2015. \"2005 AVN Awards Show Winners Announced\". AVN. January 8, 2005. Retrieved March 11, 2015. \"2007 AVN Award Winners Announced\". AVN. January 14, 2007. Retrieved March 11, 2015. Jared Rutter (January 12, 2008). \"2008 AVN Awards Winners Announced\". AVN. Retrieved March 11, 2015. David Sullivan (January 11, 2009). \"2009 AVN Award-Winners Announced\". AVN. Retrieved March 11, 2015. AVN Staff (January 13, 2010). \"2010 AVN Award Winners Announced\". AVN. Retrieved March 11, 2015. \"AVN Announces the Winners of the 2011 AVN Awards\". AVN. January 9, 2011. Retrieved March 11, 2015. \"AVN Announces the 2012 AVN Award Winners\". AVN. January 22, 2012. Retrieved March 11, 2015. AVN Staff (January 19, 2014). \"AVN Announces the Winners of the 2014 AVN Awards\". AVN. Retrieved March 11, 2015. \"AVN Announces the Winners of the 2015 AVN Awards\". AVN. January 24, 2015. Retrieved March 11, 2015. \"AVN Announces the Winners of the 2014 AVN Awards\". AVN. January 21, 2014. Archived from the original on 1 February 2016. Retrieved April 25, 2015. \"Past Winner History\". NightMoves. Archived from the original on December 19, 2013. Retrieved April 19, 2015. Bob Johnson (October 14, 2013). \"NightMoves 2013 Award Winners Announced\". XBIZ. Retrieved April 19, 2015. Bob Johnson (October 13, 2014). \"NightMoves Awards Winners Announced\". XBIZ. Retrieved April 19, 2015. Bob Johnson (October 12, 2015). \"NightMoves Awards Winners Announced\". XBIZ. Retrieved October 12, 2015. Peter Warren (July 25, 2011). \"2011 Urban X Award Winners Announced\". AVN. Retrieved June 7, 2015. Lyla Katz (February 11, 2010). \"XBIZ Awards 2010 Winners Announced\". XBIZ. Retrieved March 11, 2015. Dan Miller (January 24, 2014). \"2014 XBIZ Award Winners Announced\". XBIZ. Retrieved March 11, 2015. XBIZ Award Winners, XBIZ, January, 2017 Tod Hunter (April 6, 2007). \"Hillary Scott Big Winner at XRCO Awards\". XBIZ. Retrieved March 11, 2015. David Sullivan (May 1, 2008). \"XRCO Announces 2008 Award Winners\". AVN. Retrieved March 11, 2015. Tod Hunter (April 17, 2009). \"XRCO Winners Announced\". XBIZ. Retrieved March 11, 2015. Peter Warren (April 14, 2011). \"2011 XRCO Award Winners Announced\". AVN. Retrieved March 11, 2015. Brad Armstrong at IMDb Brad Armstrong at the Internet Adult Film Database Brad Armstrong at the Adult Film Database"
   },
   {
    "name": "Brad May",
    "id": "Q896836",
    "text": "Bradley Scott May (born November 29, 1971) is a Canadian former professional ice hockey player who played in the National Hockey League (NHL). In the 2006\u201307 season he won the Stanley Cup as a member of the Anaheim Ducks. He currently works with the Vegas Golden Knights broadcast team and as an NHL analyst with AT&T SportsNet Rocky Mountain. May was born in Toronto, Ontario, but grew up in Markham, Ontario. May was drafted by the Buffalo Sabres, 14th overall, in the 1990 NHL Entry Draft. While not a prolific scorer, May contributed to Sabres history in his second full season with the team. In Game 4 of the opening round of the 1993 Stanley Cup playoffs against the Boston Bruins, the teams were tied at 5 and required overtime to decide a winner. May took a pass from a falling Pat LaFontaine at center ice, deked past Ray Bourque, then went on goal where he faked out Andy Moog, which caused him to fall and leave an open space for May to score on a wrist shot. The goal not only won the game but secured Buffalo's upset of the second-best team in the NHL. The goal is referred to informally as the \"Mayday goal\", thanks to the following call from Sabres voice Rick Jeanneret: Here's May coming in on goal, he shoots, he scoooooores! Mayday! Mayday! Mayday! Mayday! Mayday! Brad May! Wins it in overtime! Buffalo sweeps the Bruins! He was later traded by the Sabres to the Vancouver Canucks for forward Geoff Sanderson on February 5, 1998. After sitting out during the 2004\u201305 NHL Lockout, May signed with the Colorado Avalanche as an unrestricted free agent for two years on August 20, 2005. May's signing caused much conjecture and debate in Colorado due to his role played in the previous season's Todd Bertuzzi and Steve Moore incident as a Vancouver Canuck. He was later traded on February 27, 2007 to the Anaheim Ducks for goaltender Michael Wall. The Ducks went on to win the Stanley Cup that year, and May had his name engraved on the Cup for the first time in his career. On July 4, 2007, May re-signed as a free agent with Anaheim for a further two years. In the 2007\u201308 season, May played his 900th career NHL game on November 16, 2007 and scoring his 125th career goal as the Ducks beat the Los Angeles Kings 6-3. May was selected during the year to ride on Anaheim city's float at the 2008 Tournament of Roses Parade to accompany and parade the Stanley Cup. During the 2008\u201309 season on January 7, 2009, May was traded from the Ducks to the Toronto Maple Leafs in exchange for a conditional 6th round draft pick in 2010. On April 8, 2009 May played in his 1,000th career NHL game against the Buffalo Sabres. It was no coincidence that the milestone came against the Buffalo Sabres, as he was purposely sat out for the previous game. On September 23, 2009, May was invited to try out for the Detroit Red Wings, reuniting temporarily with former Vancouver teammates Todd Bertuzzi and Dan Cloutier. May made his Red Wings debut in a pre-season game on September 25, 2009. At the start of the 2009\u201310 season on October 8, 2009, May then signed a one-year contract with the Red Wings. After posting 2 assists in 40 games with Red Wings May was put on waiver to clear roster room for Andreas Lilja on February 12, 2010. After clearing waivers and briefly contemplating possible retirement May decided to report to Wings AHL affiliate, the Grand Rapids Griffins, to play out the season. In an expanded role with the Griffins May scored 10 points in 17 games before he was returned to Detroit as a part of the extended squad for the playoffs. On September 20, 2010, without an offer of a new contract, May effectively announced his retirement in accepting a position as a CBC American Hockey League analyst. Following the retirement of longtime Buffalo Sabres analyst Mike Robitaille after the 2013-14 season, May joined the Sabres broadcast crew on a limited basis before moving into Robitaille's slot in a full-time role for the NHL 2014-15 season. May was replaced on Sabres broadcasts by Martin Biron following the 2016-2017 season. Beginning with the 2017-2018 season, May serves as an analyst for the Vegas Golden Knights with AT&T SportsNet Rocky Mountain. As a member of the Phoenix Coyotes on November 11, 2000, May was suspended for 20 games for slashing Columbus Blue Jackets forward Steve Heinze in the nose with his stick. Heinze would need nine stitches, but returned to ice quickly. After the game, May apologized to Heinze, who accepted the apology. At the time, the 20-game suspension was the fourth longest in NHL history. In 2002, May was arrested after assaulting a police officer and disorderly conduct at a nightclub in Scottsdale, Arizona. He was consequently sued by the police officer and in December 2005, was ordered to pay damages from a civil jury. May was also noted for allegedly putting the bounty on the head of the Colorado Avalanche's Steve Moore that ultimately resulted in the Todd Bertuzzi incident that essentially ended Moore's career. May was named in a lawsuit filed by Moore, but unable to prove conspiracy theories, charges were later dropped in Colorado as the case was moved to a Canadian court. May was suspended for three games in the 2007 Stanley Cup Playoffs for punching Minnesota Wild defenceman Kim Johnsson in the face during the final minutes of Game Four between the Ducks and Wild. Both teams were involved in a large scrum of fighting, pushing, and shoving. May turned around and without warning punched Johnsson, who was skating towards the scrum. Johnsson was knocked unconscious for a short amount of time. Johnsson was not seriously injured, but was hospitalized, and missed Game Five of the series. The Ducks would win that game and eliminate the Wild from the Playoffs. In an interview, May said that he intended to contact Johnsson to apologize and explain what happened. List of NHL players with 1000 games played List of NHL players with 2000 career penalty minutes \"Sabres history of trades\". SabreSfans.com. 2010-07-20. Archived from the original on 2009-06-08. Retrieved 2010-07-20. \"May wants to make new start with Avs\". ESPN. 2005-09-15. Retrieved 2010-07-20. \"Avs gets youngster Wall, give up veteran May in trade\". ESPN. 2007-02-27. Retrieved 2010-07-20. \"Ducks sign Veteran forward May to two-year, $1.2M deal\". ESPN. 2007-07-04. Retrieved 2010-07-20. \"Ducks take down kings for second time in three nights\". CBS Sports. 2007-11-16. Archived from the original on 2012-10-13. Retrieved 2010-07-20. \"May and Stanley Cup appear at Rose parade\". Anaheim Ducks. 2008-01-01. Retrieved 2010-07-20. \"Leafs acquire Brad May from Ducks\". Toronto Maple Leafs. 2009-01-07. Retrieved 2009-01-10. \"Maple Leafs' Brad May reaches milestone 1000th game NHL game\". thehockeywriters.com. 2009-04-09. Retrieved 2010-07-20. \"Toronto's May fired up for 1,000th game\". Sudbury Star. 2009-04-07. Archived from the original on 2012-03-06. Retrieved 2010-07-20. \"May to be in lineup tonight for tryout\". Detroit Free Press. 2009-09-25. Archived from the original on 2009-09-27. Retrieved 2009-09-25. \"Red Wings sign Brad May\". Detroit Red Wings. 2009-10-08. Retrieved 2009-10-09. \"Red Wings place Brad May on waivers\". National Hockey League. 2010-02-12. Retrieved 2010-07-20. \"With possible retirement looming, Griffins await Brad May's decision on future\". mlive.com. 2010-02-17. Retrieved 2010-07-20. \"Brad May will join Griffins; Red Wings want enforcer to finish season in AHL\". mlive.com. 2010-02-24. Retrieved 2010-07-20. \"Wings Justin Abdelkader and Brad May will return for playoffs\". inspin.com. 2010-04-09. Retrieved 2010-07-20.[permanent dead link] \"CBC Sports hires Brad May as AHL analyst\". CBC Sports. 2010-09-20. Retrieved 2010-09-20. \"Mike Robitaille Announces Retirement from Sabres Tv\". \"Archived copy\". Archived from the original on 2013-10-17. Retrieved 2013-10-07.CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link) http://www.buffalohockeybeat.com/martin-biron-joins-sabres-broadcast-team-analyst/ \"He replaces former Sabres winger Brad May.\" \"Coyotes' May Suspended 20 Games, Brad May Suspended By NHL For 20 Games\". CBS News. 2000-11-17. Retrieved 2007-08-08. \"Colorado's May ordered to pay $26K for punching cop\". ESPN. 2005-12-17. Retrieved 2010-07-20. \"Report:Moore's lawyer deemed settlement offer 'insulting'\". ESPN. 2007-11-06. Retrieved 2010-07-20. \"Go North: Judge tosses Moore's suit against Bertuzzi\". ESPN. 2005-10-13. Retrieved 2010-07-20. \"Making May-Hem\". Vancouver Sun. 2007-05-16. Archived from the original on 2012-11-09. Retrieved 2010-07-20. \"Questionable punch has team fighting mad\". Minnesota Star Tribune. 2007-04-18. Archived from the original on 2007-04-27. Retrieved 2007-05-01. \"Russo's rants\u00a0\u00bb Blog Archive\u00a0\u00bb Pictures of May/Johnsson incident, White doubtful, Brad May transcript\". Minnesota Star Tribune. 2007-04-19. Archived from the original on 2012-07-14. Retrieved 2007-05-01. Biographical information and career statistics from NHL.com, or\u00a0Eliteprospects.com, or\u00a0Hockey-Reference.com, or\u00a0Legends of Hockey, or\u00a0The Internet Hockey Database"
   },
   {
    "name": "Brandon Sugden",
    "id": "Q898190",
    "text": "Brandon Sugden (born June 23, 1978) is a Canadian former professional ice hockey right winger. He was selected by Toronto Maple Leafs in the fifth round (111th overall) of the 1996 NHL Entry Draft. Nicknamed \"Sugar\" during his rookie training camp in Toronto, Sugden played 406 career games from 1998 until 2011. Sugden retired after the 2010-11 due to post-concussion syndrome. Since his retirement, Sugden runs a high-profile garment embroidery business in his hometown of Toronto. Sugden lives in Barrie, Ontario with his girlfriend and works as a bartender . Matt Higgins (October 5, 2008). \"A Fighter Learns Lessons, but He Loses Another Battle\". New York Times. Retrieved August 30, 2014. Lindsay Kramer (February 20, 2014). \"Former Crunch enforcer Brandon Sugden battling demons in retirement\". Syracuse.com. Retrieved August 30, 2014. Biographical information and career statistics from Eliteprospects.com, or\u00a0The Internet Hockey Database v t e"
   },
   {
    "name": "Dave Barr",
    "id": "Q902525",
    "text": "David Angus Barr (born November 30, 1960) is a Canadian former professional ice hockey right winger who played 13 seasons in the National Hockey League for the Boston Bruins, New York Rangers, St. Louis Blues, Hartford Whalers, Detroit Red Wings, New Jersey Devils and Dallas Stars. He was previously an assistant coach for the Florida Panthers (June 2016 - July 2017), Buffalo Sabres (July 2015- June 2016), New Jersey Devils (July 2011 - December 2014), Minnesota Wild (July 2009 \u2013 April 2011), Colorado Avalanche (July 2008 \u2013 June 2009), and the San Jose Sharks (July 2017 - December 2019). Head Coach, 2021 Canada U18 at world championships won gold beating Russia 5-3 in the gold medal game. Barr was born in Toronto, Ontario, but grew up in Edmonton, Alberta. After a nomadic junior career in which he played for the Billings Bighorns, Edmonton Oil Kings, Great Falls Americans, Portland Winter Hawks and Lethbridge Broncos of the Western Hockey League, Barr turned pro and went on to play a total of 614 regular season games in the National Hockey League, notching 128 goals and 204 assists, for a total of 332 points, along with 520 PIM over his thirteen seasons. Because of his skill, work ethic and grit, Barr also became a valuable journeyman in the NHL \u2013 playing with seven different teams \u2013 including stops in Boston, New York (NYR), St. Louis, Hartfordp Detroit, New Jersey and Dallas. Following the NHL, he closed out his playing career with the IHL's Kalamazoo Wings and Orlando Solar Bears (where he was a player/assistant coach). After his retirement as an active player, he continued with coaching, first as an assistant and then becoming the head coach of the Houston Aeros of the International Hockey League in the 2000\u201301 season. He also served as general manager for the Aeros for two seasons (2001\u201303), including winning the Calder Cup in 2003, as the Aeros were one of six IHL teams to join the American Hockey League (AHL) in 2001 when the IHL folded. Following his AHL success, he was the general manager and then general manager/head coach of the Guelph Storm of the OHL from 2003\u201308, where his team won the OHL Championship in 2003\u201304 and Barr collected the Matt Leyden Trophy, emblematic of the league's Coach of the Year, in 2005\u201306. Barr was also named as the head coach of Canada's National Men's Summer Under-18 Team for the Under-18 Ivan Hlinka Memorial Tournament from August 14\u201318, 2007, in the Czech Republic and Slovakia. Barr left the OHL to become an assistant coach for the Colorado Avalanche of the NHL during the 2008\u201309 NHL season, but following a disappointing year in which they finished last overall in the NHL's Western Conference, the Avalanche cleaned house and fired their entire coaching staff. On July 3, 2009 the Minnesota Wild hired Dave Barr as an assistant coach. Barr was dismissed, along with head coach Todd Richards, by the Wild on April 11, 2011 in a Minnesota coaching staff restructuring. On July 29, 2011, Barr was named assistant coach of the New Jersey Devils, joining new coach Peter DeBoer on the staff. Barr was subsequently dismissed, along with head coach Peter DeBoer, by the Devils on December 27, 2014 in a New Jersey coaching staff restructuring. On June 18, 2015, Dan Bylsma named him, along with Terry Murray as assistant coaches of the Buffalo Sabres. On July 25, 2017 he was hired as an assistant coach for the San Jose Sharks to once again work under head coach Peter DeBoer, until he was fired along with the rest of the Sharks' coaching staff on December 11, 2019. 2021 head coach Canada U18 at world championships won gold beating Russia 5-3 in the gold medal game He won the 1983\u201384 CHL Championship (Adams Cup) as a member of the Tulsa Oilers team coached by Tom Webster. 2005\u201306 Matt Leyden Trophy winner Center Ice. The Official Game Program of the New Jersey Devils. January 22, 2013. pg. 11 \"Dave Barr hockey statistics and profile\". hockeydb.com. Retrieved July 23, 2011. \"Dave Barr player profile\". Hockey Hall of Fame. Retrieved March 11, 2010. \"Dave Barr Minnesota Wild assistant coach\". Minnesota Wild. Retrieved July 23, 2011. Bell, Aaron (ed.). 2009\u201310 OHL Media Guide. Ontario Hockey League. p.\u00a0130. Stephenson, Colin (July 29, 2011). \"Devils name Dave Barr assistant coach, completing staff\". The Star Ledger. Retrieved July 29, 2011. \"Dave Barr Named Sharks Assistant Coach\". https://www.fearthefin.com/2019/12/11/21011963/san-jose-sharks-fire-head-coach-peter-deboer. Missing or empty |title= (help) http://www.hockeydb.com/ihdb/stats/leagues/seasons/teams/0000971984.html Biographical information and career statistics from NHL.com, or\u00a0Eliteprospects.com, or\u00a0Hockey-Reference.com"
   },
   {
    "name": "Brent Meeke",
    "id": "Q909774",
    "text": "Brent Alan Meeke (born April 10, 1952) is a Canadian retired professional ice hockey forward who played 75 games in the National Hockey League for the Cleveland Barons and California Golden Seals between 1972 and 1977. He later served as the head coach for the College of Wooster Fighting Scots ACHA men's ice hockey team from 2014 to 2017. Meeke was born in Toronto, Ontario. As a youth, he played in the 1964 Quebec International Pee-Wee Hockey Tournament with the Toronto Shopsy's minor ice hockey team. \"Pee-Wee players who have reached NHL or WHA\" (PDF). Quebec International Pee-Wee Hockey Tournament. 2018. Retrieved 2019-01-04. Biographical information and career statistics from NHL.com, or\u00a0Eliteprospects.com, or\u00a0Eurohockey.com, or\u00a0Hockey-Reference.com, or\u00a0The Internet Hockey Database v t e"
   },
   {
    "name": "Brian Conacher",
    "id": "Q912015",
    "text": "Brian Kennedy Conacher (born August 31, 1941) is a Canadian former professional ice hockey player, coach, executive and broadcaster. Conacher played on Canadian Olympic hockey team, then became a professional player in the National Hockey League with the Toronto Maple Leafs. Conacher was a member of the 1967 Stanley Cup championship team. After playing, Conacher took up coaching and broadcasting. He later joined the Indianapolis Racers and Edmonton Oilers as general manager. He was the manager of Maple Leaf Gardens until 1998. Conacher also held the position of Chief Executive Officer of the Royal Agricultural Winter Fair. Conacher is the son of Lionel Conacher, who was voted Canada's top athlete for the first half of the century. He was educated at Toronto's Upper Canada College. His brother, Lionel Jr., was a professional Canadian football player. Charlie Conacher and Roy Conacher are Brian's uncles. He is the cousin of Murray Henderson and Pete Conacher. Conacher played on the Canadian Olympic hockey team coached by Father David Bauer at the 1964 Winter Olympics at Innsbruck, Austria. He was also a player for the Toronto Maple Leafs, playing full seasons during the 1967 and 1968 campaigns. He won the Stanley Cup with the Maple Leafs in 1967. In 1968, he played in the NHL All-Star Game, though not as an All-Star but as a member of the Toronto Maple Leafs (in those years, the current Stanley Cup Champion played the All-Star team). Brian was notable in that game as one of only two players to wear a helmet. After 1968, he was relegated, once again, to the minor leagues, until he finally finished his NHL career with a final season with the Detroit Red Wings in 1971\u201372. He then decided to try out the new World Hockey Association, joining the Ottawa Nationals for a season. After retiring as a player, Conacher had a few small coaching stints in the minor leagues before becoming the general manager of the WHA Indianapolis Racers, and then the same position in 1977\u201378 with the WHA Edmonton Oilers. Conacher was also a part-time coach with Upper Canada College. Some of the students he coached became collegiate and/or professional hockey players: Syl Apps III, Jason Cipolla (played with the St. John's Maple Leafs), Andre Faust (Philadelphia Flyers), Mike McKee (Quebec Nordiques), and NHL first round pick Daniel Tkaczuk. As a broadcaster, Conacher was most notable as fellow UCC graduate Foster Hewitt's colour man during the 1972 Summit Series. He also teamed with Curt Gowdy to call hockey for the U.S. coverage of the 1976 Winter Olympics on ABC. \"Custom Domain by Bitly\". Shea, Kevin (March 13, 2009). \"Spotlight - One on One with Father David Bauer\". Legends of Hockey. Retrieved September 21, 2020. As the Puck Turns: A Personal Journey Through the World of Hockey, by Brian Conacher, p. 206, John Wiley and Sons, Mississauga, ON, 2007, ISBN\u00a0978-0-470-15295-9 Biographical information and career statistics from Hockey-Reference.com, or\u00a0Legends of Hockey, or\u00a0The Internet Hockey Database"
   },
   {
    "name": "Robert Bell",
    "id": "Q914915",
    "text": "Robert Bell ISO FRSC (June 3, 1841 \u2013 June 18, 1917) was a Canadian geologist, professor and civil servant. He is considered one of Canada\u2019s greatest exploring scientists, having named over 3,000 geographical features. Robert Bell was born in Toronto, Upper Canada to Presbyterian clergy and amateur geologist, Reverend Andrew Bell and Elizabeth Notman. In 1873, Bell married Agnes Smith. They had a son and three daughters. He spent his retirement at his home in Ottawa and his farm in Rathwell, Manitoba. Bell died after a brief illness at the age of 76 at his farm. In 1856, at the age of 15 years old, Bell worked as a summer assistant to William Edmond Logan with the Geological Survey of Canada (GSC). Even as he started postsecondary education, he continued to work summers with the GSC, heading his own survey party in 1859. Bell attended McGill University, Montreal, and studied under John William Dawson. In 1861, Bell earned a civil engineering degree with the Governor General\u2019s Medal. He went on to study for two years at the University of Edinburgh. In 1878, he earned a medical degree from McGill University. In 1863, Bell became a chemistry and natural sciences professor at Queen\u2019s College in Kingston, Ontario. He continued to do fieldwork for the GSC over the summers. In 1867, he left Queen\u2019s to join the GSC full-time. In 1869, the GSC made Bell a permanent officer, and he spent the rest of his career there. He was promoted to Assistant Director (1877), Chief Geologist (1890), then Acting Director (1901-1906). He was saddened that he was never appointed Director of the Survey. In November 1908, Bell retired. During his 52-year career at the GSC, Bell led many extensive explorations in northern Quebec, Ontario, Manitoba, the eastern Arctic, Saskatchewan prairies and the Athabasca oil sands. He is credited with mapping the rivers between Hudson Bay and Lake Superior. As was the case with all GSC geologists of the time, Bell collected specimens and made notes on geology, flora and fauna, indigenous populations, climate and soil and exploitable resources. His GSC colleagues dubbed him the father of Canadian place-names because he is credited with naming over 3,000 geographical features in Canada. Bell wrote over 200 reports and papers, mostly on geology, biology, geography and ethnology. During his lifetime, he saw his extensive body of fieldwork put to a significant purpose. The planners of the third trans-continental railway, the Grand Trunk Pacific, were able to use the vast compendium of information in Bell's reports as the preliminary reconnaissance work required to plan the track route from Quebec to Winnipeg. Bell assembled a private library estimated to contain 26 tons of books and artifacts to support his life\u2019s work. The collection contained rock specimens and hundreds of books on various subjects ranging from natural history texts, medical texts, geological reports, native language and culture texts and books on the exploration of North America. It also contained research and professional periodicals, several Canadian newspapers and several hundred reprints of scientific and professional reports from other researchers. On October 28, 1962, some of this collection was damaged or destroyed in a fire in Ottawa. Subsequently, the surviving collection was dispersed to family, private collectors and institutions. Some of his archives are held at McGill University in the Osler Library of the History of Medicine but the majority went to the National Archives of Canada 1865 Elected a Fellow of the Geological Society of London 1882 Elected a charter-member of the Royal Society of Canada 1883 received an honorary LLD from Queen's University, Kingston, Canada 1897 Elected a Fellow of the Royal Society of London 1902 Received an honorary D.Sc. degree from the University of Cambridge in May 1902. 1903 Made a companion of the Imperial Service Order 1906 Awarded the Patron's Gold Medal of the Royal Geographical Society of London 1906 Awarded the Cullum Geographical Medal of the American Geographical Society of New York. Received an honorary DSc degree from McGill University Hafner, Arthur Wayne, ed. (1993). Directory of Deceased American Physicians, 1804-1929: a genealogical guide to over 149,000 medical practitioners providing brief biographical sketches drawn from the American Medical Association's Deceased Physician Masterfile. Chicago: American Medical Association. ISBN\u00a09780899705279. OCLC\u00a027715765. Kelly, Howard A.; Burrage, Walter L. (eds.). \"Bell, Robert\"\u00a0. American Medical Biographies\u00a0. Baltimore: The Norman, Remington Company. \"BELL, Robert\". Who's Who. Vol.\u00a059. 1907. p.\u00a0130. Vodden, Christy (1992). No Stone Unturned: The First 150 Years of the Geological Survey of Canada. Ottawa: Minister of Supply and Services. \"Robert Bell Fonds\". McGill Archival Collection Catalogue. Retrieved March 11, 2019. \"Finding aid to Robert Bell fonds, Library and Archives Canada\". \"University intelligence\". The Times (36779). London. 28 May 1902. p.\u00a012. Robert Bell at Find a Grave A Search for Gold: Reconstructing a Private Library-The Case of Dr. Robert Bell \"Robert Bell\". Dictionary of Canadian Biography (online\u00a0ed.). University of Toronto Press. 1979\u20132016. The History of the Geological Survey of Canada in 175 Objects L\u2019histoire de la Commission g\u00e9ologique du Canada illustr\u00e9e par 175 objets"
   },
   {
    "name": "Gail Amundrud",
    "id": "Q919380",
    "text": "Gail Amundrud-Beattie (born April 6, 1957) is a former competition freestyle swimmer from Canada. At the 1976 Summer Olympics in Montreal, Quebec, Amundrud won a bronze medal in the women's 4x100-metre freestyle relay, alongside her Canadian teammates Becky Smith, Barbara Clark and Anne Jardin. Individually, she also finished fifth in the final of the 200-metre freestyle, and advanced to the semifinal of the 100-metre freestyle. Despite being from Canada she won the 'British Open' 1974 ASA National Championship 100 metres freestyle title and the 200 metres freestyle. List of Olympic medalists in swimming (women) List of Commonwealth Games medallists in swimming (women) \"Gail Amundrud-Beattie\". Profile at Sports Reference Archived September 24, 2013, at the Wayback Machine Fox, Norman (20 July 1974). \"Fox, Norman. \"Vienna, city of Wilkie's dreams.\" Times, 20 July 1974, p. 15\". The Times. p.\u00a015. Canadian Olympic Committee v t e v t e"
   },
   {
    "name": "Lionel Hitchman",
    "id": "Q920262",
    "text": "Frederick Lionel Hitchman (November 3, 1901 \u2013 January 12, 1969) was a Canadian professional ice hockey defenceman who played twelve seasons in the National Hockey League for the Ottawa Senators and Boston Bruins. Forming one of the greatest defensive pairings of all time with superstar Eddie Shore, Hitchman's #3 jersey was retired by the Boston Bruins on February 22, 1934, the second time in North American professional sports history that a player's number was officially retired, with the Toronto Maple Leafs retiring #6 for Ace Bailey on February 14, 1934. The son of Edward F. Hitchman, a noted cricket authority and journalist, Hitchman was born in Toronto, although his family moved to Ottawa when he 21. He played his junior hockey with the Toronto Aura Lee club of the Ontario Hockey Association, appearing sporadically in four games in the 1920 season and three the following year. Subsequently, serving in the Royal Canadian Mounted Police, he had shown enough to be invited to join the Ottawa New Edinburghs of the senior Ottawa City Hockey League, for whom he played in 24 games over the 1922 and 1923 seasons. Scoring seven goals, Hitchman gained greater notoriety as a hardrock defenceman, amassing 52 penalty minutes, and was named to the league All-Star Team both seasons. He also saw action with the RCMP team in the Civil Service League. After the end of the New Edinburghs' playoffs that season, Hitchman was signed by the Senators in 1923, first appearing in a victory against the Hamilton Tigers on February 28. His first playoff game for the Senators was tumultuous, a match against the Montreal Canadiens on March 7 in which future teammate Sprague Cleghorn - with whom he had been sparring all evening - crosschecked Hitchman in the face, knocking him out. Cleghorn received a match penalty for the act, which provoked a near-riot from the home crowd and an assault on the referee. While too injured to play in the first Stanley Cup semifinal match against the Vancouver Maroons of the Pacific Coast Hockey Association, he played in the three remaining matches. In the best-of-three finals against the Edmonton Eskimos of the Western Canada Hockey League, Hitchman starred in a decimated Senators' defence, scoring the tying goal which sent the first game into overtime, won by the Senators en route to their tenth Cup victory. With the retirement of star defenceman Eddie Gerard, Hitchman became a regular for the Senators thereafter, a starter on the 1924 regular season champion team. The following season, with the Senators in a losing streak - and Hitchman thought to be expendable due to the play of long-time amateur and newcomer Ed Gorman - he requested a trade to the expansion Boston Bruins in January 1925. He was subsequently loaned to the Bruins for the remainder of the season, subject to him coming to contract terms with the club. His first season for the floundering Boston team not otherwise notable, due to being traded mid-season to a team which had played fewer games than the Senators, Hitchman set the NHL record for games played in a single season with 31, in a season scheduled for 30 games. Matters improved in the 1926 season with the acquisition of Doc Stewart in goal and Hitchman's old nemesis Sprague Cleghorn, with whom he was teamed on defense. The Bruins finished the season with a 13-3-1 run, missing by a single point overtaking the Pittsburgh Pirates for a playoff berth. Hitchman finished third in team scoring, logging seven goals and eleven points, his career high in both categories. Under Cleghorn's veteran tutelage, Hitchman adopted a much scrappier style - if without Cleghorn's habitual dirty play - and his penalty minutes more than tripled. The 1927 season, with the dissolution of the Western Hockey League, saw ex-Edmonton superstar Eddie Shore sign with the Bruins. Shore replaced the fading Cleghorn as Hitchman's defence partner, and was quickly recognized as the league's preeminent defence pairing. The two would team up for the rest of Hitchman's career, with Shore's rushing style paired with Hitchman's stay-at-home play. The Bruins fell to the Senators in the 1927 Stanley Cup Finals, and Hitchman's play was sufficient to receive a $1,400 bonus from the team, the second highest awarded. Cleghorn retired after the 1928 season, and Hitchman was named to replace him as team captain. His first year as captain was highly successful, as he led the team to its first Stanley Cup championship, with the Bruins defeating the New York Rangers in the finals two games to none. His toughness was proven the following campaign when, in a March 1, 1929, game against Ottawa, his jaw was broken by a Shore clearing pass; he stayed in the match, playing the rest of the game without relief. He would become one of the first hockey players to wear a helmet, donning a leather helmet designed by Bruins' coach Art Ross to protect the jaw after sitting out for two weeks to recover. The helmet was credited with saving Hitchman from serious injury when he was slashed in the head by Montreal Maroons forward Hooley Smith in a subsequent match. Hitchman resigned the captaincy in George Owen's favor in 1932, but remained well-regarded enough as a leader to substitute for Ross as player-coach when Ross took ill in January 1933. Hitchman's interim stint was marred by a January 24 match against the Canadiens which included stick battles and the referee being knocked unconscious. The match provoked a league investigation and a furor played out in the press, ultimately leading to the resignation of Bruins' owner Charles Adams as a league governor. This was the last season in which Hitchman served as Shore's defence partner. The 1934 season proved his last, and slowed by injuries, he retired mid-season. His last match was February 22 against Hitchman's old Senators team, after which the Bruins announced that his #3 jersey would be permanently retired, the second professional sports team to do so, after the Maple Leafs retired Ace Bailey's #6. He played a handful of games at the end of the 1934 season for the minor league Boston Cubs, after which he hung up his skates for good. Hitchman retired with 28 goals and 34 assists in 417 career NHL games, adding 534 penalty minutes. Although often overlooked by contemporaries in favor of defencemen with gaudier offensive numbers, Hitchman was regarded as the premier defensive defencemen of his day. Despite reports that he would succeed Ross as Bruins' coach and would not be asked to serve in the minor leagues, Hitchman went on to coach the Bruins' Boston Cubs farm for two seasons; the Cubs folded thereafter, and he was named Ross' assistant coach for the Bruins the following year. Hitchman went on to coach the Springfield Indians in 1939, although he missed half the season with a leg injury that kept him off the bench. After retirement from hockey, he continued to serve with the Royal Canadian Mounted Police as a sergeant, a post he had been filling in the off-season throughout his hockey career. Hitchman was also an avid fisherman, at one point setting a size record for salmon fishing. His daughter Gloria starred with the Ice Capades. He died in Glens Falls, New York on January 12, 1969. Diamond, Dan (1998). Total Hockey. Kansas City: Andrews McMeel Publishing. p.\u00a01774. ISBN\u00a00-8362-7114-9. [1] \"Noted Cricket Authority Wife Passes\". Ottawa Citizen. July 18, 1958. Retrieved May 3, 2012. \"Lionel Hitchman Leads Bruins Against Ottawa Squad Tonight\". Ottawa Citizen. January 8, 1931. Retrieved May 3, 2012. \"Lionel Hitchman Biography\". Hockey Hall of Fame. Retrieved May 3, 2012. \"Lionel Hitchman Goes To Bruins For Remainder of NHL Season\". Ottawa Citizen. January 9, 1925. Retrieved May 3, 2012. Coleman, Charles (1964). Trail of the Stanley Cup, Vol I. Sherbrooke, PQ: Progressive Publications Ltd. p.\u00a0419. ISBN\u00a00-8403-2941-5. Coleman (I), p. 431 Coleman (I), p. 436 Coleman, Charles (1969). Trail of the Stanley Cup, Vol II. Sherbrooke, PQ: Progressive Publications Ltd. p.\u00a0661. Coleman (I), p.467 Vautour, p.38 \"NHL Progressive Leaders for Games Played\". hockey-reference.com. Retrieved May 4, 2012. Vautour, p.39 Vautour, p.41 Coleman (II), p.662 Coleman (II), p.14 Booth, Clark (1998). Boston Bruins: Celebrating 75 Years. New York, NY: Barnes & Noble Books. p.\u00a0117. ISBN\u00a01-887656-11-1. Vautour, p.42 Vautour, p.47 Coleman (II), p.91 Booth, p.117 Booth, p.125 Coleman (II), p.175 Coleman (II), p.176 Hitchman biography, Hockey Hall of Fame website Windsor Daily Star. October 10, 1936. Missing or empty |title= (help) \"Lionel Hitchman May Be Art Ross' Aide\". Montreal Gazette. January 19, 1934. Retrieved May 3, 2012. \"Art Ross Back As Bench Boss\". Calgary Daily Herald. September 15, 1936. Retrieved May 3, 2012. \"Lionel Hitchman To Return\". Montreal Gazette. January 3, 1939. Retrieved May 3, 2012. \"Makes Record Catch\". Montreal Gazette. May 21, 1932. Retrieved May 3, 2012. Jack Koffman (February 13, 1945). \"The Customers Write\". Ottawa Citizen. Retrieved May 3, 2012. Stubbs, Dave (February 22, 2016). \"Bruins legend Hitchman deserves Hall recognition\". NHL.com. Retrieved January 17, 2017. Biographical information and career statistics from Eliteprospects.com, or\u00a0Hockey-Reference.com, or\u00a0Legends of Hockey, or\u00a0The Internet Hockey Database"
   },
   {
    "name": "Morley Safer",
    "id": "Q920637",
    "text": "Morley Safer (November 8, 1931 \u2013 May 19, 2016) was a Canadian-American broadcast journalist, reporter, and correspondent for CBS News. He was best known for his long tenure on the news magazine 60 Minutes, whose cast he joined in 1970 after its second year on television. He was the longest-serving reporter on 60 Minutes, the most watched and most profitable program in television history. During his 60-year career as a broadcast journalist, Safer received numerous awards, including twelve Emmys, a Lifetime Achievement Emmy from the National Academy of Television Arts and Sciences, three Overseas Press Awards, three Peabody Awards, two Alfred I. duPont-Columbia University Awards, and the Paul White Award from the Radio-Television News Directors Association. In 2009, Safer donated his papers to the Dolph Briscoe Center for American History at the University of Texas at Austin. Jeff Fager, executive producer of 60 Minutes, said \"Morley has had a brilliant career as a reporter and as one of the most significant figures in CBS News history, on our broadcast and in many of our lives. Morley's curiosity, his sense of adventure and his superb writing, all made for exceptional work done by a remarkable man.\" He died a week after announcing his retirement from 60 Minutes. Safer was born to an Austrian Jewish family in Toronto, Ontario, the son of Anna (n\u00e9e Cohn) and Max Safer, an upholsterer. He had a brother, Leon Safer, and a sister, Esther Safer. After reading works by Ernest Hemingway, he had decided in his youth that, like Hemingway, he wanted to be a foreign correspondent. He attended Harbord Collegiate Institute and Bloor Collegiate Institute in Toronto, Ontario, and briefly attended the University of Western Ontario before he dropped out to become a newspaper reporter. He said, \"I was a reporter on the street at 19 and never went to college.\" Safer began his journalism career as a reporter for various newspapers in Ontario (Woodstock Sentinel-Review, London Free Press, and Toronto Telegram) and England in 1955 (Reuters and Oxford Mail). Later, he joined the Canadian Broadcasting Corporation (CBC) as a correspondent and producer. One of his first jobs with CBC was to produce CBC News Magazine in 1956, where his first on-screen appearance as a journalist was covering the Suez Crisis in Egypt. Still with the CBC, in 1961 he worked from London where he was assigned to cover major stories in Europe, North Africa and the Middle East, including the Algerian War of independence from France. Also in 1961, he was the only Western correspondent in East Berlin at the time the Communists began building the Berlin Wall. In 1964, CBS hired Safer as a London-based correspondent. He worked from the same desk that had once been used by Edward R. Murrow. The following year, in 1965, he became the first full-time staff reporter of the CBS News bureau in Saigon to cover the growing military conflict in Vietnam. By 1967 he was made the CBS bureau chief in London where his news stories covered numerous global conflicts, including the Nigerian Civil War, the Arab-Israeli war of 1967, and the Warsaw Pact invasion of Czechoslovakia in 1968. With the help of some clandestine skills, Safer and his news team became the first United States-based journalists to report from inside Communist China, broadcast in 1967 as a Special CBS News Report, \"Morley Safer's Red China Diary\". Safer's August 1965 Vietnam report, \"The Burning of Cam Ne,\" was notable and controversial because he had accompanied a company of Marines to the village for what was described as a \"search and destroy\" mission. When the Marines arrived, they were fired on by snipers. They told the inhabitants to evacuate the village, which the Marines then burned down. Safer's report was among the earliest to paint a bleak picture of the Vietnam War, showing apparently innocent civilians as victims. However, many American military and political leaders judged the story to be harmful to United States interests and criticized CBS News for showing it. United States President Lyndon Johnson reacted to this report angrily, calling CBS's president and accusing Safer and his colleagues of having undermined America's role there. Some ex-Marines who saw Safer's story on television during the war shared President Johnson's opinion. They claim that Safer never had time to be properly briefed on the operation, and was therefore not aware that four Marines had already been killed there and twenty-seven wounded. Ex-Marine Larry Engelmann, author of a story on the Vietnam War, claimed Safer's story was \"highly sensational\". Justifying collective punishment, he alleged: \"The fact is that this village had been a pretty tough village and these people had been warned repeatedly that the village would be torched if they continued to shoot at Marines... But there was none of that in Morley Safer's story.\" In the PBS series, Reporting America At War, Safer himself said, \"...the denials themselves were absurd. [Officials claimed] I had gone on a practice operation in a model village \u2014 a village the Marines had built to train guys how to move into a village. Or the whole thing was a kind of \"Potemkin\" story that I had concocted. There are still people who believe that.\" After the incident was broadcast, Marines were forbidden from burning any more villages. While reporting another story from Vietnam, Safer and two CBS cameramen were shot down in a helicopter by Vietcong ground fire, although they all escaped serious injury. Brig. Gen. Joe Stringham, who commanded a Green Beret unit with Safer reporting, commented that Safer \"was all business and he reported what he saw. ...We looked at eternity right in the face a couple of times...and he was as cool as a hog on ice.\" Safer received an Emmy Award in 1971 for his investigation and reporting of the Gulf of Tonkin incident. Although the war reports were consistently broadcast on television, Safer said it was the country's inability to clearly explain to the public why they were at war that became the main source of people's \"disillusionment\": I've heard people say that if World War II had been televised we never would have stuck the course. That's bullshit. I think there was a pretty strong determination by most people in this country, not all, that this really was a war of survival of the most important things we hold dear, to put it in simple terms, including of our own democracy. During his career as a war correspondent, Safer covered over nine wars. He authored the bestselling book, Flashbacks: On Returning to Vietnam. It describes his 1989 return to Vietnam and features his interviews with known and less-well-known Vietnamese people, most of them veterans of the war. His trip was the basis of a 60 Minutes show in 1989, which Safer said got a reaction of annoyance from some veterans, and a positive reaction from others. Morley was one of the most important journalists in any medium, ever. He broke ground in war reporting and made a name that will forever be synonymous with 60 Minutes. He was also a gentleman, a scholar, a great raconteur \u2013 all of those things and much more to generations of colleagues, his legion of friends, and his family, to whom all of us at CBS offer our sincerest condolences over the loss of one of CBS' and journalism's greatest treasures. \u2014 Leslie Moonves CBS Chairman and CEO In 1970, CBS producer Don Hewitt asked Safer to replace Harry Reasoner on 60 Minutes, as Reasoner had just left to anchor the ABC Evening News. Hewitt had created 60 Minutes, and he was, according to Diane Sawyer, the program's \"guiding, self-renewing, revitalizing genius.\" Safer, who had been covering the funeral of Charles de Gaulle in Paris, accepted the new position and joined 60 Minutes. The show had by then aired for only two seasons, and Safer, who had until that time reported and traveled alone, recalled that he accepted the new position on condition that if the show failed, he would be given his old job back: \"I was the new kid, with a lot of pressure, because we were trying something new. We were utterly unheard of. I was utterly a stranger to working in a head office.\" Until that new position, says Safer, \"my staff, when I was abroad, consisted of only me.\" Over the subsequent decades, along with Safer, the other veteran reporters for the program included Dan Rather, Mike Wallace, Walter Cronkite, Ed Bradley, Charles Kuralt, Diane Sawyer and Bob Simon. Reasoner had also returned to do some 60 Minutes segments before he retired. 60 Minutes eventually became the most-watched and most profitable program in television history. Safer's style of interviewing was consistently done in a friendly and gentlemanly manner, which gave him the ability to ask penetrating questions that average viewers might ask. He was persistent in the pursuit of facts needed to support the accuracy of his stories. While he often added his own point of view to reports, Safer always maintained high professional standards, a style that helped establish the tone of 60 Minutes shows. He typed stories on his manual typewriter even after computers were in common use. To investigate and write his 60 Minutes stories, Safer often traveled as much as 200,000 miles a year. Hewitt credited Safer with having a \"great eye for stories\", whether they were sympathetic or tough. He could write about offbeat subjects to give the show flavor, such as a piece he did in Finland about the Finns' obsession with the tango dance. Or he could write a hardcore report, such as one which helped save the life of a black man imprisoned in Texas. For that 1983 story, about Lenell Geter, a 25-year-old black aerospace engineer serving a life sentence for robbery, Safer sifted through details of the case and found factual inconsistencies and implied racial biases. After Safer's report was broadcast, Geter was released in 1984. In addition to the Emmy he was awarded for the Gulf of Tonkin report, he also won Emmys for other 60 Minutes stories: \"Pops\" (1979); \"Teddy Kollek's Jerusalem\" (1979); \"Air Force Surgeon\" (Investigative Journalism, 1982); and \"It Didn't Have to Happen\" (Correspondent, 1982). In 1994 he hosted a CBS News Special, One for the Road: A Conversation with Charles Kuralt and Morley Safer, which marked Kuralt's retirement from CBS. Safer's remarks at the time of President Ronald Reagan's death brought charges of liberal bias. Safer said about Reagan: \"I don't think history has any reason to be kind to him.\" He retired after 46 years with CBS, a week before his death; by then Safer had set the record for the show's longest-serving correspondent. A few days after he retired, CBS broadcast an hour-long special, Morley Safer: A Reporter's Life. During his 60-year career as a broadcast journalist, Safer received numerous awards, including twelve Emmys, and a Lifetime Achievement Emmy from the National Academy of Television Arts and Sciences in 1966 when he was only 35; this was remarkable because the award is usually given after a lifetime of work. Including his three Overseas Press Awards, three Peabody Awards, two Alfred I. duPont-Columbia University Awards, and the Paul White Award from the Radio-Television News Directors Association, Safer won every major award given in broadcast journalism. In January 2019, the Morley Safer Award was created and sent out its inaugural call for entries. A program of The University of Texas at Austin's Briscoe Center for American History, where Safer's archival papers are preserved, the Safer Award seeks to recognize a story or series of stories of creativity, vision and integrity. The award is presented at a luncheon in Manhattan each fall. He married Jane Fearer, an anthropology student, in 1968 in London, where he was serving as bureau chief for CBS News. Their daughter, Sarah Alice Anne Safer, is a 1992 graduate of Brown University and a freelance journalist. Safer maintained dual Canadian/American citizenship. Safer died at his New York home from pneumonia on May 19, 2016, just eight days after announcing his retirement from 60 Minutes following 46 seasons with the show. Four days prior to his death, CBS aired a special 60 Minutes episode covering Safer's 61-year journalism career. Safer was laid to rest at Roselawn Avenue Cemetery in Toronto. 12-time Emmy Award winner 3-time Overseas Press Award winner 3-time George Foster Peabody Award winner 2-time Alfred I. duPont\u2013Columbia University Award winner Winner of the Paul White Award from the Radio-Television News Directors Association (1966) Recipient of a Lifetime Achievement Emmy from the National Academy of Television Arts and Sciences (2003) Received the 2003 George Polk Memorial Career Achievement Award from Long Island University Received the Robert F. Kennedy Journalism Awards' first prize for domestic television for his insightful report about a controversial school, \"School for the Homeless\" Named a Chevalier dans l'Ordre des Arts et des Lettres by the French government in 1995 Received Brown University's Welles Hangen Award for Superior Achievement in Journalism (1993) Recipient of The International Center in New York's Award of Excellence \"Q&A Morley Safer\". C-SPAN.org. Retrieved May 19, 2016. \"Playboy Interview, Playboy magazine, March 1985. Murray, Michael D. Encyclopedia of Television News, Greenwood Publishing (1999) p. 220 \"Morley Safer: A Reporter's Life\". CBS News. May 15, 2016. \"Morley Safer of '60 Minutes' to retire\", USA Today, May 11, 2016 Schudel, Matt (May 19, 2016). \"Morley Safer, longest-serving correspondent for CBS's '60 Minutes,' dies at 84\". The Washington Post. Retrieved May 19, 2016. \"Morley Safer Biography (1931-)\". Retrieved October 15, 2014. \"From the archives: As a reporter, Morley Safer has never played it safe\". Maclean's. May 19, 2016. \"60 Minutes' Morley Safer dies at 84\". CBS News. May 19, 2016. Retrieved May 19, 2016. @BloorCI (May 19, 2016). \"Sad news of the passing of @bloorci...\" (Tweet) \u2013 via Twitter. Sweethearts, The Builders, The Mob and the Men, page 6\u00a0\u2013 author Catherine Wismer (ISBN\u00a00-88862-384-4) \"If Anthropologist Jane Safer Finds Husband Morley Home, It's Rarely for More Than 60 Minutes\". People. Retrieved October 15, 2014. \"Morley Safer, Canadian-born 60 Minutes correspondent, retires at 84\". CBC News. CBC/Radio-Canada. May 11, 2016. Retrieved May 19, 2016. Harold Evans (2003). War Stories: Reporting in the Time of Conflict from the Crimea to Iraq. World News Series. Bunker Hill Publishing, Inc. p.\u00a042. ISBN\u00a09781593730055. Laurence, John. The Cat from Hue: A Vietnam War Story, Public Affairs (2002) ebook Library, University of California, Berkeley, 2005, Pacifica Radio/UC Berkeley Social Activism Sound Recording Project: Anti-Vietnam War Protests in the San Francisco Bay Area & Beyond Coram, Robert. Brute: The Life of Victor Krulak, U.S. Marine, Little, Brown (2010) ebook Engelmann, Larry. Tears Before the Rain: An Oral History of the Fall of South Vietnam, Oxford Univ. Press (1990) p. 187. \"Reporting America at War . Morley Safer . The Burning of Cam Ne | PBS\". Rader, Peter. Mike Wallace: A Life, Macmillan (2012) ebook Hallock, Steven. Reporters Who Made History, ABC-CLIO (2010) p. 73 Flashbacks, Safer, 1991, St Martins Press / Random House CSPAN booknotes: Flashbacks Archived November 16, 2010, at the Wayback Machine from vietnam, 1990, Brian Lamb / Morley Safer Hewitt, Don. Tell Me A Story: 50 Years and 60 Minutes in Television, Public Affairs (2001) p. 121. \"Newsman Morley Safer Dies At 84: \u201960 Minutes\u2019 Star Helped Change War Reporting\", Deadline, May 19, 2016. Robert D. McFadden (May 19, 2016). \"Morley Safer, Mainstay of '60 Minutes,' Is Dead at 84\". The New York Times. Retrieved May 19, 2016. \"How Morley Safer\u2019s dogged reporting saved a black aerospace engineer\u2019s life\", Vox Identities, May 19, 2016. heritage.org video: \"Morley Safer: A Reporter's Life\", CBS News, May 15, 2016, 44 min. Trott, Bill (May 19, 2016). \"CBS newsman Morley Safer dead at age 84, retired days ago\". Reuters. Archived from the original on November 8, 2020. Retrieved April 20, 2021. \"Morley S Safer\". familysearch.org. Retrieved May 19, 2016. \"Morley Safer of CBS to receive University's first Welles Hangen Award\". Brown University. May 19, 1993. Retrieved May 19, 2016. \"Q&A with Morley Safer\". C-SPAN. September 13, 2012. Yu, Roger (May 11, 2016). \"Morley Safer of '60 Minutes' to retire\". USA TODAY. Retrieved May 19, 2016. \"60 Minutes' Morley Safer dies at 84\". CBS News. Retrieved May 19, 2016. \"60 Minutes' Morley Safer Dies at 84\". Overseas Press Club Of America. May 19, 2016. Retrieved May 19, 2016. \"Paul White Award\". Radio Television Digital News Association. Retrieved May 27, 2014. Haefner, Laura (May 19, 2016). \"Morley Safer, Legendary '60 Minutes' Reporter, Dies at 84\". Variety. Retrieved May 19, 2016. \"Head of LVMH Watch & Jewelry. N.A., honored by International Center of New York\". JCK. Archived from the original on June 17, 2016. Retrieved May 19, 2016. Appearances on C-SPAN Morley Safer at IMDb Morley Safer at The Interviews: An Oral History of Television"
   },
   {
    "name": "Robbie Amell",
    "id": "Q926420",
    "text": "Robert Patrick Amell IV (born April 21, 1988) is a Canadian actor and producer. He is best-known his roles as Stephen Jameson on The CW series The Tomorrow People, Ronnie Raymond/Firestorm on The CW series The Flash, Nathan Brown on Upload, Fred Jones in the films Scooby-Doo! The Mystery Begins and Scooby-Doo! Curse of the Lake Monster, The Hunters as Paxton Flynn, The DUFF as Wesley Rush, The Babysitter as Max, and the science fiction film Code 8 as Connor Reed; the latter of which also starred his real life cousin Stephen Amell. He also appeared on television shows such as Life with Derek, True Jackson, VP, Unnatural History, and Revenge. Amell was born in Toronto; he is the son of Jo (Burden) and Rob Amell, who work in the custom jewelry business. His first cousin is Arrow actor Stephen Amell. Along with his sister, he started modeling and acting in small roles in commercials when he was six years old. At age sixteen, he began landing roles in high school plays such as Louis and Dave and Fionia, Picasso at the Lapin Agile and The Importance of Being Earnest. His love for acting made him go to Canadian Studios Acting Academy. He graduated from Lawrence Park Collegiate Institute in Toronto in 2006. He later pursued his career in acting. Amell's first role was Daniel Murtaugh in Cheaper by the Dozen 2, which was filmed in the Muskoka Region of Ontario. Originally meant to be a non-speaking role, he ended up getting a couple of lines. He also appeared in the 2007 horror film Left for Dead. Amell had a role in the Canadian Family Channel series Life with Derek, playing lead character Casey McDonald's boyfriend Max. Life with Derek was distributed worldwide, including US Disney Channel and its international affiliates. He has also appeared in the ABC Family film Picture This. Amell had a recurring role on both the Nickelodeon series True Jackson, VP as Max Madigan's nephew Jimmy, True's love interest, and the Cartoon Network series Unnatural History. He played the role of Noel Kahn's brother Eric on the ABC Family television series Pretty Little Liars during the show's third season. Amell has played hockey since he was a child and considered making a career of it until discovering his love of acting. He also takes break dancing lessons.[citation needed] He had a recurring role on MTV's Zach Stone Is Gonna Be Famous. He was cast as Fred Jones in the 2009 TV movie Scooby-Doo! The Mystery Begins, which became the most watched telecast ever on Cartoon Network. He reprised the role in the 2010 sequel Scooby-Doo! Curse of the Lake Monster. In 2013, Amell received his biggest role to date, lead character Stephen Jameson in CW's sci-fi drama The Tomorrow People, a remake of the British series of the same name.[citation needed] In May 2014, Amell joined The DUFF as Wesley. On July 9, 2014, Amell was cast as a major recurring character on the CW series The Flash as Ronnie Raymond/Firestorm, based on the DC Comics character. In July 2015, Amell was cast in the tenth season of The X-Files as FBI Agent Miller. Amell starred alongside Kevin Spacey and Jennifer Garner in Nine Lives, which was released on August 5, 2016. In 2017, he co-starred in McG's horror film The Babysitter. He reprised his role in the 2020 sequel, The Babysitter: Killer Queen. Amell starred in and executive produced the sci-fi action film Code 8, with Stephen Amell co-starring and also executive producing. The film, expanding on an earlier short, was funded by an Indiegogo campaign which raised over $2 million. Amell began dating actress Italia Ricci in July 2008. The couple got engaged on August 20, 2014, and married on October 15, 2016. Amell and Ricci welcomed their first child, a son, on September 12, 2019; they became US citizens in January 2020. Amell was a fan of the Toronto Maple Leafs ice hockey team growing up, though since his move to Los Angeles, Amell has begun cheering for the Los Angeles Kings, but still calls Toronto his \"second team\". In a 2015 interview, Amell discussed his support for a second NHL team in Toronto via league expansion. \"Italia Ricci and Husband Robbie Amell Share How They're Celebrating Birth of First Child (Exclusive)\". Entertainment Tonight. September 12, 2019. Retrieved September 12, 2019. Furdyk, Brent (January 23, 2020). \"Robbie Amell and Italia Ricci are officially U.S citizens\". ET Canada. Retrieved May 1, 2021. \"Zach Stone is Gonna Be Famous \u2013 Cast \u2013 Robbie Amell\". MTV. Retrieved October 8, 2013. Kirkland, Bruce (February 18, 2015). \"Robbie Amell gushes about starring in 'The DUFF'\". The Sun. Toronto. Retrieved November 29, 2016. \"Humphrey Funeral Home A.W. Miles - Newbigging Chapel Limited\". Humphreymilesnewbigging.com. Retrieved November 29, 2016. Bierly, Mandi (September 16, 2013). \"Invasion of the Amells: A Q&A with The CW's best bloodline\". Entertainment Weekly. Retrieved October 8, 2013. \"Robbie Amell Biography\". Yahoo! Movies Canada. Archived from the original on October 22, 2013. Retrieved October 20, 2013. Bierly, Mandi (September 16, 2013). \"Amell Invasion: A Q&A with The CW's best bloodline\". EW.com. Retrieved November 29, 2016. Mcomet Biography Archived September 28, 2009, at the Wayback Machine Wong, Tony (October 8, 2013). \"Robbie Amell debuts in The Tomorrow People\". The Star. Toronto. Retrieved October 20, 2013. \"11 Roles You Had No Idea 'The DUFF''s Robbie Amell Played\". j-14.com. February 18, 2015. \"'Tomorrow People's' Robbie Amell Joins Bella Thorne, Mae Whitman in 'The DUFF' (Exclusive)\". TheWrap. \"'The Flash': Robbie Amell, Firestorm/Ronnie Raymond, Joins 'Arrow' Spinoff\". The Hollywood Reporter. July 9, 2014. Roffman, Marisa (July 21, 2015). \"Robbie Amell, Lauren Ambrose Added to 'The X-Files'\". The Hollywood Reporter. Retrieved November 29, 2016. \"Robbie Amell and Jennifer Garner Find Nine Lives Opposite Kevin Spacey as a Cat\". ComingSoon.net. April 9, 2015. \"'The Flash' Star Robbie Amell in Negotiations to Join Kevin Spacey in 'Nine Lives' (Exclusive)\". TheWrap. \"'The Flash's' Robbie Amell Joins New Line's 'The Babysitter' (Exclusive)\". The Hollywood Reporter. October 19, 2015. Retrieved November 29, 2016. Kit, Borys (September 25, 2019). \"Judah Lewis Returning for Sequel to Netflix Horror Flick 'The Babysitter' (Exclusive)\". The Hollywood Reporter. Retrieved October 18, 2019. \"Code 8 - a film from Robbie & Stephen Amell\". Indiegogo. \"TheTomorrowPeopleCW.com\". Archived from the original on April 22, 2014. Longeretta, Emily (August 20, 2014). \"Italia Ricci & Robbie Amell Engaged \u2014 After 6 Years Of Dating\". Hollywood Life. Robbie Amell and Italia Ricci Become United States Citizens: 'Today Was Awesome' \"Robbie Amell discusses his disappointment in the MLSE and the Toronto Maple Leafs\". SceneCreek.com. Youtube. https://company.wattpad.com/blog/2020/9/22/wattpad-and-collective-pictures-announce-float-a-new-film-based-on-kate-marchants-hit-wattpad-story Amell, Robbie [@RobbieAmell] (August 31, 2015). \"What the hell am I doing on Chasing Life? Find out tonight. @italiaricci chasinglifeabcf instagram.com/p/7EKIxkHsoD/\" (Tweet). Retrieved April 13, 2017 \u2013 via Twitter. Hammond, Pete (November 19, 2020). \"'Palm Springs', 'Lovecraft Country' Top Movie And Series Nominations For Inaugural Critics Choice Super Awards; Netflix Lands 35 Nods\". Deadline Hollywood. Retrieved December 12, 2020. Robbie Amell at IMDb"
   },
   {
    "name": "John Tory",
    "id": "Q928118",
    "text": "John Howard Tory OOnt QC (listen; born May 28, 1954) is a Canadian politician who has served as the 65th and current mayor of Toronto since December 1, 2014. After a career as a lawyer, political strategist and businessman, Tory ran as a mayoral candidate in the 2003 Toronto municipal election and lost to David Miller. Tory subsequently served as the leader of the Ontario Progressive Conservative (PC) Party from 2004 to 2009, and was a member of the Legislative Assembly of Ontario representing Dufferin\u2014Peel\u2014Wellington\u2014Grey and serving as the leader of the Opposition in Ontario from 2005 to 2007. After his resignation as PC leader in 2009, Tory became a radio talk show host on CFRB. Despite widespread speculation that he would run for mayor again in 2010, he announced in January that he would not be a candidate. He was the volunteer chair of the non-profit group CivicAction from 2010 to 2014. On February 24, 2014, he registered as a candidate for the 2014 mayoral election. On October 27, 2014, Tory was elected mayor of Toronto, defeating incumbent mayor Rob Ford's brother, councillor Doug Ford and former councillor and member of Parliament (MP) Olivia Chow. On October 22, 2018, he was re-elected mayor of Toronto in the 2018 mayoral election, defeating former chief city planner Jennifer Keesmaat. Tory, the eldest of four, was born in Toronto, Ontario, to Elizabeth (n\u00e9e Bacon) and John A. Tory, president of Thomson Investments Limited and a director of Rogers Communications. His grandfather was lawyer John S. D. Tory and his great-grandfather founded Sun Life of Canada. Tory has two brothers, Michael and Jeffrey, and one sister, Jennifer. One of Tory's ancestors, James Tory, was a soldier in the 71st Scottish Regiment. He was captured and held as a prisoner of war during the American Revolution. He later settled in Nova Scotia in the 1780s. His maternal grandmother, Helen Yvonne Solomon, was born in 1909 to a Russian Jewish family that had immigrated to Canada six years earlier and settled in Toronto. Helen Solomon married Howard English Bacon, an Anglican, and their daughter Elizabeth Bacon was raised a Christian and married Tory's father, John A. Tory, in 1953. Tory is a member of the United Church of Canada. Like his father and grandfather, he attended the University of Toronto Schools, at the time a publicly funded high school affiliated with the University of Toronto. He received his bachelor of arts degree in political science from Trinity College at the University of Toronto in 1975. He received his bachelor of laws degree in 1978 from Osgoode Hall Law School of York University. He was called to the bar in Ontario in 1980. From 1972 to 1979, Tory was hired by family friend Ted Rogers as a journalist for Rogers Broadcasting's Toronto radio stations CFTR and CHFI. From 1980 to 1981, and later from 1986 to 1995, Tory held various positions at Tory, Tory, DesLauriers & Binnington including partner, managing partner, and member of the Executive Committee. From 1981 to 1985, Tory served in the office of the premier of Ontario, Bill Davis, as principal secretary to the premier and associate secretary of the cabinet. After Davis retired as premier in 1985, Tory joined the office of the Canadian Special Envoy on Acid Rain, as special advisor. The special envoy had been appointed by the Mulroney government to review matters of air quality with a United States counterpart. Tory supported Dianne Cunningham's bid to lead the Ontario PCs in 1990. Tory later served as tour director and campaign chairman to then Prime Minister Brian Mulroney, and managed the 1993 federal election campaign of Mulroney's successor, Kim Campbell. In his role as the Progressive Conservative campaign co-manager that year, he authorized two infamous campaign ads that ridiculed Liberal candidate Jean Chretien's face, which is partially paralyzed due to a childhood disease. The ads were greeted with much outcry among the Canadian public. They were withdrawn ten days after their first airings, and the Progressive Conservatives would proceed to be decimated in the federal election. From 1995 to 1999, he returned to Rogers Communications, but this time as president and CEO of Rogers Media which had become one of Canada's largest publishing and broadcasting companies. Rogers has interests in radio and television stations, internet, specialty television channels, consumer magazines, trade magazines and, at the time, the Toronto Sun and the Sun newspaper chain. In 1999, he became president and CEO of Rogers subsidiary Rogers Cable, which he led through a period of transition from a monopoly environment to an open marketplace, overseeing a significant increase in operating income. Tory stepped down after Ted Rogers announced that he would stay on as president and CEO of parent company Rogers Communications. He served as the ninth commissioner of the Canadian Football League from 1996 to 2000. Tory continued to have an interest in being a broadcaster throughout his life and, as a Rogers executive, hosted a public affairs program on Rogers Cable's community access channel for many years. He sat as a board member of Metro Inc., the Quebec-based parent corporation for Metro and Food Basics grocery stores. After six years as a key backer of retiring Toronto Mayor Mel Lastman, Tory ran in the November 2003 election for mayor of Toronto. He finished in second place, behind councillor David Miller and ahead of former mayor Barbara Hall, former councillor and MP John Nunziata, and former councillor and budget chief Tom Jakobek. Tory and Miller both entered the race with limited name recognition and support, but each quickly claimed a core base\u2014Miller among progressives and Tory among more conservative voters. Meanwhile, Hall's initially commanding lead slowly dissipated over the course of the campaign, and the campaigns of both Nunziata and Jakobek were sidelined by controversies.[citation needed] Tory also accepted an endorsement from the Toronto Police Association. He held the traditional suburban conservative vote that had helped to elect Mel Lastman in the 1997 mayor's campaign, but lost the overall vote to Miller in a close race. After the election, Tory helped Miller and Hall raise funds to repay their campaign debts.[citation needed] In March 2004, Tory hinted that he would be seeking the leadership of the Progressive Conservatives, after Ernie Eves announced his intention to resign from that post. The provincial PC leadership election was announced for September 18, 2004, and Tory made his candidacy official on May 6, 2004. John Laschinger was appointed to be Tory's campaign manager. Tory won the support of former provincial cabinet ministers Elizabeth Witmer, David Tsubouchi, Jim Wilson, Janet Ecker, Chris Hodgson, Cam Jackson, Phil Gillies and Bob Runciman as well as backbench members of Provincial Parliament (MPPs) Norm Miller, Laurie Scott, Ted Arnott and John O'Toole. Tory's opponents for the leadership post were former provincial minister of finance Jim Flaherty and Oak Ridges MPP Frank Klees. Tory defeated Flaherty 54% to 46% on the second ballot. When Flaherty later left provincial politics to seek a seat in the House of Commons as a member of the Conservative Party of Canada, Tory endorsed his former rival in the 2006 election; Flaherty was elected and was appointed the federal minister of finance. Tory also campaigned prominently with Flaherty's wife Christine Elliott in the provincial by-election held March 30, enabling her to win the seat formerly held by her husband. Tory told the media in November 2004 that he would seek election to the legislature in time for the spring 2005 legislative session. On January 31, 2005, after much public speculation and some delay, Ernie Eves resigned his seat and cleared the way for Tory to run in Dufferin\u2014Peel\u2014Wellington\u2014Grey, the safest PC seat in the province. As a \"parachute candidate\", Tory faced some criticism about his commitment to the riding. Nevertheless, he easily won the March 17, 2005 by-election with 56% of the vote. Former premier Bill Davis appeared for Tory's first session in the legislature as PC leader. In the 2007 general election, Tory ran in the Toronto riding of Don Valley West, the area where he grew up, raised his family and lived most of his life. Tory released his platform on June 9, 2007. The platform, A Plan for a Better Ontario, commits a PC government to eliminate the health care tax introduced by the previous government, put scrubbers on coal-fired power plants, address Ontario's doctor shortage, allow new private health care partnerships provided services are paid by the Ontario Health Insurance Plan (OHIP), impose more penalties on illegal land occupations in response to the Caledonia land dispute, fast-track the building of nuclear power plants, and invest the gas tax in public transit and roads. A costing of the platform released in August estimated that the PC promises would cost an additional $14 billion over four years. The PC campaign was formally launched on September 3. Most of the campaign was dominated by discussion of his plan to extend public funding to Ontario's faith-based separate schools, during which Tory supported allowing the teaching of creationism in religious studies classes. Earlier in the year, indications were that the party would have been a strong contender to win the election, but the school funding promise resulted in the Liberals regaining the lead in popular support for the duration of the campaign. Later in the campaign, in the face of heavy opposition, Tory promised a free vote on the issue. With the beginning of the official campaign period on September 10, the PC campaign made clear its intention to make the previous government's record a key issue. In particular, Tory focused on the Liberals' 2003 election and 2004 pre-budget promise not to raise taxes and their subsequent imposition of a health care tax. On election night, the PCs made minor gains and remained the Official Opposition while Dalton McGuinty's Liberals were re-elected with a majority. Tory was defeated in Don Valley West by the incumbent Ontario Liberal MPP, Minister of Education Kathleen Wynne. Although Tory was defeated in both his riding of Don Valley West and the race for the premiership, he said that he would stay on as leader unless the party wanted him to resign. As a result of the election loss, the party decided to hold a leadership review vote at its 2008 general party meeting in London. Tory received 66.9 percent support, lower than internal tracking which showed him in the more comfortable 70 percent range. Three hours after the leadership review vote, Tory announced to the delegates that he would be staying on as leader. He came under heavy criticism from several party members following this delay, with his opponents signalling that they would continue to call for an end to what they called his 'weak' leadership. Other party members supported Tory, saying that his opponents should accept the results and move on. Throughout 2008, Tory's leadership of the party was perceived to be tenuous, as he faced widespread criticism for his seeming failure to convince a sitting MPP to resign in order to open a seat for him. Most notably, Bill Murdoch called for Tory to resign as party leader in September, resulting in his suspension from the party caucus on September 12. Six days later, Murdoch was permanently expelled from the party caucus. In December 2008, media pundits speculated that Prime Minister Stephen Harper would appoint PC MPP Bob Runciman to the Senate in order to clear the way for Tory to run in Runciman's comfortably safe riding of Leeds\u2014Grenville. However, Harper did not do so. On January 9, 2009, PC MPP Laurie Scott announced her resignation from the legislature, allowing Tory to run in the resulting by-election in Haliburton\u2014Kawartha Lakes\u2014Brock, a normally safe PC riding in central Ontario. In exchange for agreeing to resign, Scott was given the post of chair of the party's election preparedness committee until the 2011 election, and $100,000 in severance pay. On March 5, 2009, he lost the by-election to Liberal candidate Rick Johnson. Tory announced his resignation from the party leadership the next day and was succeeded by Bob Runciman as interim leader; Runciman had served twice as leader of the opposition during the two times Tory did not have a seat in the legislature. Niagara West\u2014Glanbrook MPP Tim Hudak won the 2009 Ontario Progressive Conservative leadership election to become party leader and opposition leader. Several weeks following the end of his provincial political career, Tory announced he was returning to broadcasting, to host a Sunday evening phone-in show on Toronto talk radio station CFRB. The John Tory Show simulcast on CHAM in Hamilton and CKTB in St. Catharines. He was also looking for opportunities in business, law or the non-profit sector. In the fall of 2009, CFRB moved Tory to its Monday to Friday afternoon slot, for a new show, Live Drive, airing from 4pm to 7pm. The show first broadcast on October 5, 2009. Tory's last broadcast was February 21, 2014, after which he declared his candidacy for mayor. Tory was considering challenging incumbent Toronto Mayor David Miller in the 2010 municipal election as was Ontario Deputy Premier George Smitherman. On September 25, 2009, Miller announced he was not running for re-election. Tory announced on January 7 that he was not running in order to continue his radio show and also become head of the Toronto City Summit Alliance. On August 5, 2010, after a week of press speculation that he was about to re-enter the race, Tory confirmed that he would not be running in 2010 for mayor of Toronto. Tory registered as a candidate for the 2014 Toronto mayoral election on February 24, 2014. In his launch video he stated that building a Yonge Street relief line was \"job one\" if elected mayor. On May 27, he announced his Toronto relief plan, entitled SmartTrack, providing electric commuter rail along existing GO train infrastructure with service from Unionville to Pearson Airport. SmartTrack construction has still not begun as well as having seen several changes. On October 27, 2014, Tory was elected as mayor of Toronto. Soon after the 2014 election, the Toronto Police Services Board \u2013 with new member Tory \u2013 quashed rules governing the use of the Community Contacts Policy (\"carding\"), a controversial practice allowing police to randomly and routinely stop and demand identification and personal information from any individual deemed suspicious. The information collected is kept on record for an unspecified period and is easily accessible by police officers. Opponents allege it disproportionately targets black people. The previous rules, brought in by former police chief Bill Blair, had required police to inform stopped individuals of their rights and to keep a record of each stop. Blair had also suspended the practice pending new rules. Despite public demand from a wide range of prominent Torontonians to completely end carding, Tory continued for a brief period to defend the policy in general, stating it needed to be reformed but not stopped. On June 7, 2015, Tory called for an end to the policy, stating it had \"eroded the public trust\" and that the issue was among \"the most personally agonizing\" during his tenure as mayor. Tory supports renovating the Gardiner Expressway east of Jarvis Street. The head of Civic Action and has also called for spending 1 billion dollars to renovate the structure. Other politicians, including former mayor David Crombie and former chief city planner and 2018 Toronto mayoral candidate Jennifer Keesmaat oppose the renovation of the Gardiner Expressway, and prefer to tear it down instead. On this issue, three members of his executive committee oppose him. Tory supports a one-stop extension of Toronto subway Line 2 to serve a proposed transit hub at the Scarborough Town Centre as opposed to the three-stop Scarborough previously approved and fully funded under Ford. The LRT alternative failed in council in 2016. The Scarborough Subway Extension has completed the planning stage and as of 2016 was in the detailed design stage, with an estimated operation date of 2023. In August 2016, Tory proposed the development of a 21-acre greenspace in the downtown core constructed above the Railway Lands. The proposed park, for which no funds have been allocated, would span between the Rogers Centre and Bathurst Street. On May 1, 2018, Tory registered his candidacy for re-election. Tory retained a high approval rating at 58%, with only 24% disapproving, and 18% undecided. He was a front runner in the polls for the mayoral election at 65\u201370% support. Tory was re-elected mayor of Toronto on October 22, 2018, defeating former chief city planner Jennifer Keesmaat with 63.49% of the vote. Tory has promised to keep property tax increases at or below the rate of inflation. He had previously made the same promise during the last municipal election and kept it as mayor. On March 23, 2020, a state of emergency was declared in Toronto by Tory, amid the COVID-19 pandemic in Toronto. This came six days after Ontario Premier Doug Ford declared a state of emergency in the province, which included prohibition of all public events of over 50 people (later reduced to 5 people on March 28), closure of bars and restaurants (with the exception that restaurants may continue to provide takeout and delivery services) as well as libraries, theatres, cinemas, schools and daycares. On March 31, Tory announced that the City of Toronto would cancel all city-led major events, festivals, conferences, permits and cultural programs until June 30. Beginning after Canada Day, street parking enforcement as well as fare evasion enforcement returned to Toronto and the Toronto Transit Commission respectively. Since July 2, face masks or coverings have been required to be worn on the TTC. After July 7, masks were required in enclosed, public places. On June 25, 2020, Tory tabled a motion to \"detask\" the Toronto Police Service in response to calls for police reform sparked by the police killing of George Floyd and a series of similar incidents in Toronto and elsewhere in Canada such as the death of Regis Korchinski-Paquet. Under the proposal, duties currently assigned to sworn officers would be assumed by \"alternative models of community safety response\" to incidents where neither violence nor weapons are at issue, such as some calls regarding persons suffering mental health crises, with the specific redirected duties and alternative models to be developed based on a report that the motion would commission. The proposal would \u201ccommit that its first funding priority for future budgets [be] centered [sic] on a robust system of social supports and services\" and make an itemized line-by-line breakdown of the police budget public; a reduction in the police budget would likely ensue, according to the motion. Tory has been married to Barbara Hackett, a home builder and renovator, since 1978. They met in 1976 at York University, where they both studied law and Hackett also studied business. Hackett was diagnosed with Guillain\u2013Barr\u00e9 syndrome in 1991. They have four children. Tory is a member of the United Church of Canada. In 2012, Tory was made a member of the Order of Ontario in recognition for being \"a consummate champion for the Greater Toronto Region as a founding member and chair of CivicAction and chairs and volunteers on countless fundraising campaigns\". Tory is also a recipient of the Queen Elizabeth II Diamond Jubilee Medal. In 2011 Tory was awarded a Harry Jerome Award for his work as co-chair of DiverseCity. For full results, see Results of the 2003 Toronto election. \"Mayoral candidate John Tory a leader from childhood\". National Post. October 22, 2018. Retrieved October 23, 2018. Martin, Sandra (April 9, 2011). \"John A. Tory: A quiet, humble man who shaped Canadian dynasties\". The Globe and Mail. Retrieved December 1, 2012. Diebel, Linda (October 25, 2014). \"Mayoral candidate John Tory a leader from childhood\". Toronto Star. Retrieved October 28, 2014. \"John Tory Is Jewish, Claims Israeli Press\". The Huffington Post. November 7, 2014. Retrieved November 7, 2014. Rushowy, Kristin (March 17, 2015). \"UTS expected to stay put at U of T\". The Toronto Star. Torstar. Retrieved September 25, 2017. Chiose, Simona (March 25, 2017). \"No eviction for UTS as private school signs deal with U of T\". The Globe and Mail. Retrieved September 25, 2017. \"John Tory\". Department of Political Science. University of Toronto. Retrieved September 25, 2017. Powell, Betsy (March 15, 2014). \"Toronto mayoral election profile: John Tory\". The Toronto Star. Retrieved September 25, 2017. Toronto, City of (September 8, 2017). \"About Mayor John Tory\". City of Toronto. Retrieved October 10, 2018. Toronto Star, May 3, 1990. Summerfield, Patti (November 1, 1993). \"Ad strategy helped push Tories under\". Encyclopedia of Things. strategy. Retrieved December 15, 2018. John Tory's profile on the Ontario PC Party website, ontariopc.com; accessed July 7, 2017. \"Tory resigns from board of Metro grocery chain\". Toronto Sun. November 20, 2014. Retrieved September 13, 2016. Richard Brennan, Tory unveils $1.3B plan to clean Nanticoke smoke, Toronto Star, September 14, 2007. Richard Brennan, Liberals haven't fixed MD shortage, says Tory, Toronto Star, September 12, 2007. Kerry Gillespie Tory sees private health role, Toronto Star, September 19, 2007. Howlett, Karen (September 23, 2007). \"Tory vows tougher penalties for occupations\". The Globe and Mail. Retrieved November 11, 2015. Rob Ferguson, Tory vows to fast-track nuke plants, Toronto Star, September 23, 2007. Canadian Press, Tory: 'Millions' for transit, Toronto Star, September 14, 2007. Richard Brennan, Tories release cost figures for 'prudent' platform, Toronto Star, August 30, 2007. \"Ontario's Tory boards the blue bus\". The Globe and Mail. September 3, 2007. Retrieved November 11, 2015. Alphonso, Caroline (September 10, 2007). \"Campaign starts with verbal attacks\". The Globe and Mail. Retrieved November 11, 2015. Brennam, Richard (September 6, 2007). \"Tory ignites creationism debate\". Toronto Star. Retrieved September 20, 2014. CBC.ca - McGuinty only leader not facing leadership questions Progressive Conservatives to soften position on faith-based schools: report McCarthy, Shawn (September 11, 2007). \"Tories slam health tax as 'granddaddy of broken promises'\". The Globe and Mail. Retrieved November 11, 2015. \"Summary of Valid Ballots Cast for Each Candidate\" (PDF). Elections Ontario. October 10, 2007. p.\u00a03 (xii). Archived from the original (PDF) on October 7, 2009. \"McGuinty wins massive majority, Tory loses seat\". CBC News. October 10, 2007. Retrieved November 11, 2015. \"Will provincial leaders stay, or go?\", Toronto Star, October 15, 2007. \"Conservative Leader John Tory to remain after 67 per cent in leadership vote\" \u2014 Canadian Press, February 23, 2008.[dead link] \"Critics assail 'weak' Tory\"[permanent dead link], National Post, February 24, 2008. MPP suspended for suggesting John Tory quit, Toronto Star, September 12, 2008. \"Tory gets a chance at last\", Toronto Star, January 9, 2009. Isaacson, Fiona (January 13, 2009). \"MPP stepping aside gets $100,000 in severance pay\". The Peterborough Examiner. Archived from the original on June 6, 2014. Retrieved November 7, 2014. \"Ont. P.C. Leader John Tory loses byelection bid\", CTV News, March 5, 2009. \"John Tory resigning as Ont. P.C. leader after devastating byelection defeat\". Archived from the original on March 11, 2009. John Tory to host show on CFRB, Toronto Star, April 24, 2009 Babbage, Maria (April 23, 2009). \"Tories get Murdoch back while former leader lands radio gig\". CP24. Retrieved November 7, 2014. \"John Tory to host afternoon radio show\". CBC News. September 23, 2009. Retrieved November 11, 2015. \"John Tory returns to radio roots\". The Globe and Mail. Toronto. August 23, 2012. \"LISTEN: John Tory tells Newstalk 1010 he's running for mayor\". Newstalk 1010. February 23, 2014. Retrieved February 23, 2014. \"Toronto mayor won't run again\". The Globe and Mail. Toronto. August 23, 2012. Deibel, Linda (January 7, 2010). \"John Tory won't make a second run for mayor, source says\". Toronto Star. Retrieved January 7, 2010. \"T.O.'s Mayor Miller says he won't run for re-election\". CTV News. September 25, 2009. Retrieved May 17, 2018. \"Who could be Toronto's next mayor?\", Globe and Mail (online edition), September 25, 2009 \"A list of potential mayoral candidates\"[permanent dead link], National Post (online edition), September 25, 2009 \"It's official: John Tory won't run for Toronto mayor\", Toronto Star (online), January 7, 2010 \"John Tory is officially out of mayoral race - again\", Toronto Star, August 5, 2010 John Tory for Mayor of Toronto, Campaign Launch Video, Sunday February 23 2014. \"Mayoral candidate John Tory unveils transit plan\". www.cbc.ca. Retrieved October 10, 2018. \"John Tory unveils yet another Toronto transit plan, includes 53-km 'relief line' from Unionville to airport\". National Post. May 27, 2014. Retrieved October 10, 2018. Herhalt, Chris (October 10, 2017). \"SmartTrack will be ready in 'the early 2020s:' Tory\". CP24. Retrieved October 10, 2018. \"Toronto election: CBC declares John Tory winner\". CBC Toronto. Canadian Broadcasting Corporation. Retrieved October 28, 2014. James, Royson (June 3, 2015). \"Mayor John Tory foolish to ignore Toronto's leading lights on carding: James\". City Hall. TheStar.com. Retrieved June 4, 2015. As soon as Tory became mayor last November, he reconfigured the Police Services Board, took a seat on the board, and proceeded to dismantle the rules governing carding that the previous board passed in April 2014. Ferreira, Victor (June 3, 2015). \"Toronto Mayor John Tory vows to reform 'carding' despite calls to end\". Posted Toronto. NationalPost.com. Retrieved June 4, 2015. The policy allowed Toronto police to routinely and randomly stop citizens in the streets and record or elicit personal information. Pagliaro, Jennifer (June 3, 2015). \"Mayor John Tory maintains carding needs reforming, not ending\". City Hall. TheStar.com. Retrieved June 4, 2015. After dozens of prominent Torontonians stood just steps from John Tory's second-floor city hall office to demand an end to carding, the mayor said he heard their message \"very clearly.\" But on Wednesday, Tory refused to join that call, instead doubling down on his position that the practice needs reforming, not shelving. \"Toronto Mayor John Tory calls for end to carding\". CBC News - Toronto. CBC News. June 7, 2015. Retrieved June 7, 2015. Calls controversial police practice 'illegitimate, disrespectful and hurtful' \"Developers, business leaders call on Toronto Mayor Tory to tear down the Gardiner Expressway\". Retrieved September 22, 2016. \"Ex-mayor Crombie begs John Tory to rethink his Gardiner plan | Toronto Star\". thestar.com. June 2015. Retrieved September 22, 2016. \"Toronto chief planner at odds with mayor over eastern Gardiner removal\". Retrieved September 22, 2016. \"Third member of Tory's executive supports Gardiner East removal\". Toronto Sun. Retrieved September 22, 2016. \"Scarborough Centre Mobility Hub Profile\" (PDF). Metrolinx. December 2015. Archived from the original (PDF) on October 3, 2016. \"Rob Ford supportive of tax hike to pay for a Scarborough subway line\". The Globe and Mail. July 12, 2013. \"Cost of Scarborough subway extension rises to $3.35 billion as number of new riders fall | Toronto Star\". thestar.com. February 28, 2017. Retrieved June 16, 2017. \"Why I support the Scarborough subway: John Tory | Toronto Star\". thestar.com. June 27, 2016. Retrieved September 22, 2016. \"Toronto city council sticks with subway, rejects Scarborough LRT | Toronto Star\". thestar.com. July 13, 2016. Retrieved September 22, 2016. \"Scarborough Subway Extension: Project Phases\". www.scarboroughsubwayextension.ca. Archived from the original on January 23, 2015. Retrieved September 22, 2016. Torontoist (August 3, 2016). \"Proposed 21-Acre Raildeck Park Could Bring Much-Needed Green Space to Downtown Toronto | cityscape | Torontoist\". Retrieved August 4, 2016. John Tory registers to run in mayoral race, retrieved October 23, 2018 \"Gap Between Keesmaat and Tory Narrows ... slightly\". The Forum Poll. Retrieved October 9, 2018. \"Toronto election 2018: Tory handily wins second term as mayor\". Retrieved October 23, 2018. Kirolos, David. \"City of Toronto Elections Result\". electionresults.toronto.ca. Retrieved October 23, 2018. \"A look at John Tory's record: 45 promises made, 18 kept so far | The Star\". Toronto Star. Retrieved October 9, 2018. \"Toronto declares state of emergency amid COVID-19 pandemic\". March 23, 2020. Archived from the original on March 23, 2020. Retrieved March 23, 2020. John Tory [@JohnTory] (March 23, 2020). \"We are declaring a State of Emergency as part of the City's ongoing efforts to stop the spread of COVID-19 and to ensure the municipal government can continue to act and respond quickly to the pandemic and any other events that arise in the weeks ahead\" (Tweet) \u2013 via Twitter. Rodrigues, Gabby (March 17, 2020). \"Ontario government declares state of emergency amid coronavirus pandemic\". Global News. Corus Entertainment. Retrieved March 17, 2020. \"1st death confirmed in Ontario as province declares state of emergency over COVID-19 | CBC News\". Retrieved March 17, 2020. Rocca, Ryan; Shah, Maryam (March 28, 2020). \"Ontario government bans gatherings of 5 or more people in bid to stop coronavirus spread\". Global News. Retrieved March 28, 2020. \"Coronavirus: City of Toronto cancels events through June 30, including Pride Parade\". globalnews.ca. March 31, 2020. \"Here are the TTC changes coming into effect this week | Urbanized\". dailyhive.com. \"Face masks and face coverings\". www.ttc.ca. \"City council votes to make masks mandatory in public in Toronto\". thestar.com. June 30, 2020. Patton, Jessica (June 25, 2020). \"Mayor John Tory tabling motion on Toronto police reform in wake of calls to defund service\". Global News. Retrieved June 28, 2020. Diebel, Linda. \"Mayoral Candidate John Tory a Leader from Childhood.\" Toronto Star, October 26, 2014. Web. December 15, 2016. \"27 Appointees Named To Ontario's Highest Honour\". General, The Office of the Secretary to the Governor. \"The Governor General of Canada\". gg.ca. Retrieved May 15, 2017. \"John H. Tory Q.C. O.Ont, Chair CivicAction, Corporate Director and Broadcaster - Empire Club of Canada\". Empire Club of Canada. Retrieved May 15, 2017. \"Harry Jerome Awards celebrate 'ordinary people doing extraordinary things' | Toronto Star\". thestar.com. March 15, 2011. Retrieved May 15, 2017. \"By-Election 2009: Haliburton-Kawartha Lakes-Brock\". Archived from the original on June 11, 2014. City of Toronto: About Mayor John Tory Legislative Assembly of Ontario profile Law Society of Upper Canada Record John Tory - 2014 Toronto Mayoral Collection - Web archive created by the University of Toronto Libraries"
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   {
    "name": "Marty Stuart",
    "id": "Q706332",
    "text": "John Marty Stuart (born September 30, 1958) is an American country and bluegrass music singer, songwriter, and musician. Active since 1968, Stuart initially toured with Lester Flatt, and then in Johnny Cash's road band before beginning work as a solo artist in the early 1980s. His greatest commercial success came in the first half of the 1990s on MCA Records Nashville. Stuart has recorded over 20 studio albums, and has charted over 30 times on the Billboard Hot Country Songs charts. His highest chart entry is \"The Whiskey Ain't Workin'\", a duet with Travis Tritt. Stuart has also won five Grammy Awards out of 16 nominations. He is known for his combination of rockabilly, country rock, and bluegrass music influences, his frequent collaborations and cover songs, and his distinctive stage dress. Stuart is also a member of the Grand Ole Opry and Country Music Hall of Fame. John Marty Stuart was born in Philadelphia, Mississippi, on September 30, 1958. Stuart learned to play guitar and mandolin as a child and, by age 12, he had joined a gospel band called The Sullivans. While a member of this band, Stuart met mandolinist Roland White, a member of Lester Flatt's backing band; White invited Stuart to perform with Flatt at a concert in Delaware in 1972, which led to him becoming a regular member of that band. He continued to tour in this capacity until Flatt retired in 1978, and recorded an independent album called With a Little Help from My Friends that same year. After this, Stuart performed with Vassar Clements and Doc Watson before joining Johnny Cash's band in 1980. In 1982, he released a second album called Busy Bee Cafe on Sugar Hill Records. The album was composed of a jam session that included a number of country and bluegrass performers such as Cash, Watson, and Earl Scruggs. In 1985, Stuart accompanied Johnny Cash to Memphis and played on the Class of '55 album that also featured Carl Perkins, Roy Orbison, and Jerry Lee Lewis. At the end of the session, Perkins presented him with his guitar. Later that year, Stuart left Cash's band and landed a recording contract with Columbia Records. Stuart released his self-titled debut album on Columbia in 1985. The album accounted for Stuart's first chart entry on Billboard Hot Country Songs charts with his first single release, \"Arlene\". Three other singles charted from the album in 1986: \"Honky Tonker\" and \"All Because of You\", both written by Steve Forbert, and Stuart's own \"Do You Really Want My Lovin'\". However, these songs were less successful on the charts. AllMusic writer Jim Worbois gave the album a mixed review, stating that it was \"Not a great album, but made somewhat more interesting by some of the people appearing on the record and the inclusion of two Steve Forbert songs.\" He recorded a second album for Columbia titled Let There Be Country, which charted two singles in 1988: the Merle Haggard composition \"Mirrors Don't Lie\" and \"Matches\". Due to the underperformance of the singles, Columbia chose not to release the album, and Stuart exited the label to return to Mississippi. After briefly rejoining the Sullivans, he returned to Nashville and signed with MCA Records in 1989. That label issued the album Hillbilly Rock that year. Co-produced by Tony Brown and session guitarist Richard Bennett, the album charted four singles on Hot Country Songs. First was a cover of Cash's \"Cry! Cry! Cry!\", followed by \"Don't Leave Her Lonely Too Long\", which Stuart wrote with Kostas. While these were unsuccessful on the charts, the album's title track (written by Paul Kennerley) became Stuart's first top-ten country hit in 1990. The album's final release was \"Western Girls\", which Stuart also co-wrote. Hillbilly Rock was certified gold by the Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA) in 1997 for shipments of 500,000 copies. His second MCA album, Tempted, followed in 1991. The album charted four singles on Hot Country Songs between 1991 and 1992: \"Little Things\", \"Till I Found You\", \"Tempted\", and \"Burn Me Down\", of which all except \"Till I Found You\" reached the top ten. Bennett and Brown stayed on as producers, with the former also contributing alongside Stuart on both guitar and mandolin. Kennerley and Kostas contributed as both songwriters and backing vocalists; also performing backing vocals on some tracks were Billy Thomas and Ray Herndon, who were also recording on MCA in McBride & the Ride at the time. Jana Pendragon of AllMusic gave the album four-and-a-half stars out of five, comparing it to Dwight Yoakam's Hillbilly Deluxe in style and saying, \"Stuart kicks country-pop in its well-defined hindquarters[\u2026]But Stuart is just as deadly when he slows things down and does a ballad.\" Also in 1991, Stuart co-wrote a song with Travis Tritt called \"The Whiskey Ain't Workin'\". Recorded on the latter's 1991 album It's All About to Change, this song was released in between \"Tempted\" and \"Burn Me Down\". It would go on to become Stuart's highest chart entry, reaching number two on Hot Country Songs in early 1992. It also won Stuart his first Grammy Award, for Best Country Collaboration with Vocals that year. This song's success also led to the two touring in 1992 as the No Hats Tour, a reference to the fact that unlike most contemporary country musicians, neither Tritt nor Stuart sported a cowboy hat. His next MCA album, This One's Gonna Hurt You, came out in 1992. The lead single \"This One's Gonna Hurt You (For a Long, Long Time)\", also a duet with Tritt, was a top-ten hit in 1992, but the followup singles \"Now That's Country\", \"High on a Mountain Top\", and \"Hey Baby\" were less successful. Kennerley and Cash were once again among the contributing vocalists, while Ashley Cleveland and Pam Tillis both sang backing vocals on \"High on a Mountain Top\". Johnny Cash provided duet vocals on \"Doin' My Time\", while the track \"Me and Hank and Jumpin' Jack Flash\" sampled voice recordings of Lester Flatt, Hank Williams, and Ernest Tubb. Alanna Nash of Entertainment Weekly rated the album \"A\", finding the \"stylistic mix\" superior to preceding albums, noting influences of bluegrass, Southern rock, rockabilly, and blues in his delivery and song choices. Also in 1992, Columbia issued Let There Be Country. This One's Gonna Hurt You was certified gold by the RIAA in 1993. Stuart won his second Grammy Award in 1993, in the category of Best Country Instrumental Performance, as one of several featured artists on Asleep at the Wheel's cover of \"Red Wing\" on their 1993 album Tribute to the Music of Bob Wills and the Texas Playboys. Love and Luck was his next album, released in 1994. Only one single, \"Kiss Me, I'm Gone\", made top 40 from the project. Stuart co-produced the album with Brown, while also contributing on guitar, mandolin, and songwriting. The album's opening title track featured Vince Gill, Ricky Skaggs, and Harry Stinson on backing vocals. Also included were two covers: Billy Joe Shaver's \"If I Give My Soul\" and The Byrds' \"Wheels\", as well as the mandolin instrumental \"Marty Stuart Visits the Moon\". Daniel Gioffre of AllMusic highlighted these three tracks in particular as being among the strongest on the album. Nash rated the album \"B\", stating that \"As a singer, Marty Stuart has all the zip of unbuttered toast, and as a writer, too many of his songs float aimlessly...Yet Stuart has genuine love for the early country greats and injects his own work with such impassioned strains of old hillbilly styles, that he charms in spite of his limitations.\" Following this album, MCA issued a compilation called The Marty Party Hit Pack in 1995, which contained singles from his previous MCA albums, as well as \"The Whiskey Ain't Workin'\", the previously-unreleased \"The Likes of Me\" and \"If I Ain't Got You\", and two cover songs previously found on multi-artist tribute albums released in 1994. These were a rendition of Elvis Presley's \"Don't Be Cruel\", featuring The Jordanaires and previously found on It's Now or Never: The Tribute to Elvis, and The Band's \"The Weight\", featuring The Staple Singers and previously found on Rhythm, Country and Blues. Both of these cover songs were produced by Don Was, while Don Cook handled production on the two new songs. \"The Likes of Me\" was previously cut by Conway Twitty on his 1993 album Final Touches, on which Cook was also a producer. Both of these new songs issued as singles in 1995, but neither entered the country music top 40. Jay Orr of New Country magazine criticized \"The Likes of Me\" and the two cover songs, but otherwise found the album a \"neat summation\" of Stuart's music. The Marty Party Hit Pack became Stuart's fourth and final gold album in 1998. Stuart released Honky Tonkin's What I Do Best in 1996, which produced two more minor chart entries in the title track (another duet with Tritt) and \"You Can't Stop Love\" that year. The title track also won Stuart a Vocal Event of the Year award from the Country Music Association. Nash rated the album \"A-\", finding an influence of The Beatles in \"Thanks to You\" and of Delta blues in \"The Mississippi Mudcat and Sister Sheryl Crow\". Stuart released another album in 1999 called The Pilgrim. It charted only one single that year with \"Red, Red Wine and Cheatin' Songs\". A concept album based around a love triangle, the album featured vocal contributions from Pam Tillis, George Jones, and Emmylou Harris, as well as a poem recited by Johnny Cash. An uncredited review of the album in AllMusic was largely favorable, stating that \"no one's idea of a commercial country album, one has to admire the sheer ambition of the project, as well as the guts it took MCA Records to release what amounts to a unique and deeply personal artistic vision.\" After this album proved to be commercially unsuccessful, Stuart left MCA in 2000. His next album was 2003's Country Music, released on Columbia Records. For this album, Stuart assembled a new backing band called Marty Stuart and His Fabulous Superlatives, consisting of Harry Stinson on drums, Kenny Vaughan on guitar, and Brian Glenn on bass guitar. Included on the albums were covers of Porter Wagoner's \"A Satisfied Mind\", Carl Butler and Pearl's \"Sundown in Nashville\", and Johnny Cash's \"Walls of a Prison\", as well as the Merle Haggard duet \"Farmer's Blues\". Two singles from the album both charted: \"If There Ain't, There Ought'a Be\" and \"Too Much Month (At the End of the Money)\". Thom Jurek of AllMusic wrote that the album \"is relentless in both its attack and in the pleasure it provides to the listener. There are hot licks everywhere, with great songs, vocals, and a tapestry of moods, textures, and shades that serve to leave one impression: Stuart's radical experimentation of the last ten years has resulted in his finest moment thus far.\" In 2005, Stuart launched a custom record label, Superlatone Records, to issue overlooked Southern Gospel and Roots music recordings. Stuart released three critically acclaimed collections on Superlatone, Souls' Chapel, Badlands, and Live at the Ryman. In October 2005, Stuart released a concept album, Badlands: Ballads of the Lakota, which pays tribute to the Sioux culture in what is now South Dakota. In 2007, Stuart produced Porter Wagoner's final album on the predominantly punk label Epitaph Records. The Fabulous Superlatives, Marty Stuart's band since 2002, includes him on guitar and mandolin, Kenny Vaughan on guitar, and Harry Stinson on drums, and from 2002 until 2008, Brian Glenn on bass. From 2008 until 2015, Paul Martin was on bass. In 2015, Chris Scruggs replaced Paul Martin on bass, and also played steel guitar. Every member also sings. In a 1992 article for Entertainment Weekly, Kate Meyers wrote that Stuart \"considers himself more a stylist than a singer, meaning he gets by with a mix of approaches...rather than relying on a fantastic voice of his own\", citing Johnny Cash, Bill Monroe, and Muddy Waters as his main musical influences. Stuart's musical image in the 1990s was also defined by his distinct clothing and hairstyle. Meyers described him as having a \"striking black mane, speckled with well-earned gray...[o]ften tied in a black or pink bandana headband\", faded jeans from Levi Strauss & Co., a black T-shirt, cowboy boots, a concho belt, and a rhinestone-studded suit jacket designed by Nudie Cohn (sometimes termed the \"Nudie suit\"). Stuart is known for his extensive collection of country music memorabilia. Some of his collection was exhibited at the Tennessee State Museum in 2007 as \"Sparkle & Twang: Marty Stuart's American Musical Odyssey.\" The exhibit later appeared at the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame and Museum in Cleveland, Ohio, and at the Arkansas Statehouse Museum. In early 2018, Stuart co-curated, along with the Grammy Museum, an exhibit at the Woody Guthrie Center in Tulsa, Oklahoma, entitled \"Marty Stuart's Way Out West: A Country Music Odyssey\". The exhibit highlighted the West Coast impact on country music, featuring items by artists including Johnny Cash, Merle Haggard, Buck Owens, and Stuart himself. Many of the items in the exhibit came from the private collection of Stuart, including the last portrait of Cash (taken by Stuart four days before Cash died). Yvonne and Mavis Staples of the Staple Singers gave one of their father \"Pops\" Staples' guitars to Marty Stuart after Pop's death. Mavis Staples explained, \"My father was Marty's godfather. My sisters and I took him in as our brother. He's the only one that I've heard who -- when he's playing guitar, he sounds like Pop. He can play just like him.\" Stuart's guitars also include 'Clarence', the familiar two-tone Fender Telecaster, once owned by Clarence White. This instrument, is the original B-Bender guitar, built by White and Gene Parsons around 1967, designed to allow the guitarist to manually raise the guitar's 'B' string one whole step to play in a style similar to a pedal steel guitar. Stuart bought this unique guitar in 1980 from White's widow. Stuart is host of The Marty Stuart Show, which features traditional country music in the vein of The Porter Wagoner Show, Flatt & Scruggs, the Wilburn Brothers Show, and Hee Haw. The Marty Stuart Show began airing at 8:00\u00a0pm on November 1, 2008, on cable's RFD-TV. Although no new episodes have been produced recently, the network continues to air old episodes of the show under the name The Best of the Marty Stuart Show. Each episode features music by Stuart and his band the Fabulous Superlatives. Stuart hosts and produces the 30-minute episodes, with WSM disc jockey and Grand Ole Opry announcer Eddie Stubbs serving as the show's emcee. Stuart is a member of the board of the Country Music Foundation and is a past president. Stuart has also been a member of the Grand Ole Opry since 1992. On August 12, 2020, Stuart was selected to be inducted into the Country Music Hall of Fame. Stuart's first wife was Johnny Cash's daughter Cindy, to whom he was married from 1983 to 1988. He has been married to country artist Connie Smith since July 8, 1997. ^ A. shared with Joe Nichols, Rhonda Vincent, Emmylou Harris, Rodney Crowell, James Taylor, Alison Krauss, Vince Gill, Terri Clark, Merle Haggard, Carl Jackson, Ronnie Dunn, Rebecca Lynn Howard, Glen Campbell, Leslie Satcher, Kathy Louvin, Pamela Brown Hayes, Linda Ronstadt, Patty Loveless, Jon Randall, Harley Allen, Dierks Bentley, Larry Cordle, Jerry Salley, Dolly Parton, Sonya Isaacs, Del McCoury, Pam Tillis, Johnny Cash and The Jordanaires. ^ B. shared with Everett Lilly, Bea Lilly, Charles Lilly, Daniel Lilly, Mark Lilly, Rhonda Vincent, Billy Walker, Ronnie McCoury, Rob McCoury, David Ball, Charlie Cushman, Larry Stevenson, Joe Spivey, Eddie Stubbs, Jason Carter, Dickey Lee, Freddie Weller, Mike Bub, Rad Lewis, Andy May, Darrin Vincent, Marcia Campbell, Clay Rigdon, Eric Blankenship and Bill Wolfenbarger. Himes, Geoffrey (1998). \"Marty Stuart.\" In The Encyclopedia of Country Music. Paul Kingsbury, Editor. New York: Oxford University Press. p.\u00a0517. Whitburn, Joel (2017). Hot Country Songs 1944 to 2017. Record Research, Inc. p.\u00a0351. ISBN\u00a0978-0-89820-229-8. \"Search results for 'Stuart, John Marty'\". Broadcast Music Incorporated. Retrieved August 11, 2020. Steve Huey. \"Marty Stuart biography\". AllMusic. Retrieved August 11, 2020. \"Marty Stuart: Keeper Of Country Music's Cowboy Couture\". Fresh Air. WHYY (NPR). October 1, 2014. Retrieved September 15, 2019. Dickerson, James L., Goin' Back to Memphis: A Century of Blues, Rock 'n' Roll and Glorious Soul, Schirmer Books, 1996, p. 12 Jim Worbois. \"Marty Stuart review\". AllMusic. Retrieved August 12, 2020. \"Search results for Marty Stuart\". Recording Industry Association of America. Retrieved August 14, 2020. Tempted (CD inssert). Marty Stuart. MCA Records. 1991. MCAD-10106.CS1 maint: others in cite AV media (notes) (link) Pendragon, Jana. \"Tempted review\". Allmusic. Retrieved August 12, 2020. \"Search results for Marty Stuart\". Grammy.com. Retrieved August 11, 2020. Ron Givens (November 29, 1991). \"The No Hats Tour -- Travis Tritt and Marty Stuart refuse to wear cowboy headgear\". Entertainment Weekly. Retrieved August 14, 2020. Thom Jurek. \"This One's Gonna Hurt You\". AllMusic. Retrieved August 12, 2020. Alanna Nash (July 24, 1992). \"This One's Gonna Hurt You\". Entertainment Weekly. Retrieved August 14, 2020. Love and Luck (CD booklet). Marty Stuart. MCA Records. 1994. 10880.CS1 maint: others in cite AV media (notes) (link) \"Love and Luck\". AllMusic. Retrieved August 14, 2020. Alanna Nash (March 18, 1994). \"Love and Luck review\". Entertainment Weekly. Retrieved August 14, 2020. The Marty Party Hit Pack (CD booklet). Marty Stuart. MCA Nashville. 1995. MCAD-11204.CS1 maint: others in cite AV media (notes) (link) \"Final Touches\". Allmusic. Retrieved 27 January 2016. Orr, Jay (April 1995). \"Album reviews: The Marty Party Hit Pack\". New Country. 2 (5): 66. ISSN\u00a01074-536X. Alanna Nash (July 12, 1996). \"Honky Tonkin's What I Do Best\". Entertainment Weekly. Retrieved August 14, 2020. \"The Pilgrim\". AllMusic. Retrieved August 14, 2020. \"Reviews\". Detroit Free Press. July 6, 2003. Retrieved August 14, 2020. \"Country Music\". AllMusic. Retrieved August 14, 2020. Tunis, Walter (21 June 2012). \"Country guitarist Kenny Vaughan steps out on his own\". Lexington Herald Reader. Retrieved 27 April 2017. \"Marty Stuart Fan Page: The Band\". Mattioli, Sherry. Retrieved 17 December 2017. Jon Weisberger (August 31, 2005). \"Marty Stuart - The party may come to an end, but the road goes on forever\". No Depression. Archived from the original on September 30, 2017. Retrieved October 13, 2017. Kate Meyers (September 18, 1992). \"On the road with Marty Stuart\". Entertainment Weekly. Retrieved August 14, 2020. World, Jimmie Tramel Tulsa. \"Marty Stuart launches 'Way Out West' exhibit at Woody Guthrie Center\". \"Marty Stuart Rediscovers Gospel in 'Souls' Chapel'\". Npr.org. Retrieved 2013-05-23. Dauphin, Chuck (12 October 2017). \"Mavis Staples Talks Las Vegas Shooting & Reasserting Herself As a Voice for Change\". Billboard. Retrieved 12 October 2017. Russell, Rusty. \"\"Clarence\" The Granddaddy of Bender Guitars\". Marty Stuart Fan Page. Retrieved 31 January 2016. Kuhn, Thomas Eric. \"Telecaster - \"Going electric\"\". The Country Boys. Retrieved 31 January 2016. di Perna, Alan. \"How Marty Stuart Is Keeping Country Music's Rich Tradition Alive\". Guitar Aficionado. NewBay Media, LLC. Retrieved 31 January 2016. Cary O\u2019Dell (1 May 2017). \"Now Playing at the Packard Campus Theater (May 4-6, 2017) | Now See Hear!\". blogs.loc.gov. Archived from the original on February 4, 2020. Retrieved March 14, 2020. Paulson, Matthew Leimkuehler and Dave. \"Hank Williams Jr., Marty Stuart, Dean Dillon to enter the Country Music Hall of Fame\". The Tennessean. Retrieved May 7, 2021. Campbell, Courtney. \"Marty Stuart and Connie Smith: A Love Story Years in the Making\". Wide Open Country. Retrieved 11 October 2019. Marty Stuart Official Site on Sony Music Marty Stuart Fan Page website Marty Stuart at IMDb Superlatone Records Marty Stuart Interview NAMM Oral History Library (2017)"
   },
   {
    "name": "Otis Rush",
    "id": "Q711197",
    "text": "Otis Rush Jr. (April 29, 1934 \u2013 September 29, 2018) was an American blues guitarist and singer-songwriter. His distinctive guitar style featured a slow-burning sound and long bent notes. With qualities similar to the styles of other 1950s artists Magic Sam and Buddy Guy, his sound became known as West Side Chicago blues and was an influence on many musicians, including Michael Bloomfield, Peter Green and Eric Clapton. Rush was left-handed and played as such; however, his guitars were strung with the low E string at the bottom, upside-down from typical guitarists. He often played with the little finger of his pick hand curled under the low E for positioning. It is widely believed that this contributed to his distinctive sound. He had a wide-ranging, powerful tenor voice. The son of farmers Julia Campbell Boyd and Otis C. Rush, Rush was born near Philadelphia, Mississippi in 1934. Rush was one of seven children and worked on a farm throughout his childhood. At the age of eight, Rush taught himself how to play guitar; he also sang in local church choirs. Rush moved to Chicago, Illinois, in 1948/49 and, after being inspired by Muddy Waters, made a name for himself playing in blues clubs on the South and West Side of the city. During this period he formed his own group, initially under the name Little Otis. From 1956 to 1958, he recorded for the independent label Cobra Records and released eight singles, some featuring Ike Turner or Jody Williams on guitar. His first single, \"I Can't Quit You Baby\", in 1956 reached number 6 on the Billboard R&B chart. During his tenure with Cobra, he recorded some of his best-known songs, such as \"Double Trouble\" and \"All Your Love (I Miss Loving).\" Cobra Records went bankrupt in 1959, and Rush signed a recording contract with Chess Records in 1960. He recorded eight tracks for the label, four of which were released on two singles that year. Six tracks, including the two singles, were later included on the album Door to Door in 1969, a compilation also featuring Chess recordings by Albert King. Rush went into the studio for Duke Records in 1962, but only one single, \"Homework\" backed with \"I Have to Laugh\", was issued by the label. It was also released in Great Britain as Vocalion VP9260 in 1963. In 1965, he recorded for Vanguard; these recordings are included on the label's compilation album Chicago/The Blues/Today! Vol. 2. Rush began playing in other cities in the United States and in Europe during the 1960s, notably with the American Folk Blues Festival. In 1969, his album Mourning in the Morning was released by Cotillion Records. Recorded at the FAME Studios in Muscle Shoals, Alabama, the album was produced by Michael Bloomfield and Nick Gravenites (then of the band Electric Flag). The sound incorporated soul music and rock, a new direction for Rush. \"Rush is a 'good singer' with a 'good instrument'\u2014sweet, penetrating, slurred\u2014but the words aren't where his soul goes. It goes into the form itself. Like B.B. King's, only less predictably by now, his solos expand upon the Chicago verities in almost jazzlike flights without ever transgressing against them.\" \u2014Christgau's Record Guide: Rock Albums of the Seventies (1981) In 1971, Rush recorded the album Right Place, Wrong Time in San Francisco for Capitol Records, but Capitol did not release it. The album was finally issued in 1976, when Rush purchased the master from Capitol and had it released by P-Vine Records in Japan. Bullfrog Records released it in the United States soon after. The album has since gained a reputation as one of his best works. He also released some albums for Delmark Records and for Sonet Records in Europe during the 1970s, but by the end of the decade he had stopped performing and recording. Rush made a comeback in 1985 with a U.S. tour and the release of a live album, Tops, recorded at the San Francisco Blues Festival. Rush released Ain't Enough Comin' In in 1994, his first studio album in 16 years. Any Place I'm Goin' followed in 1998, and he earned his first Grammy Award for Best Traditional Blues Album in 1999. Rush did not record a new studio album after 1998 but he continued to tour and perform until 2003, when he suffered a stroke. In 2002, he was featured on the Bo Diddley tribute album Hey Bo Diddley \u2013 A Tribute!, performing the song \"I'm a Man\", produced by Carla Olson. Rush's 2006 album Live...and in Concert from San Francisco, a live recording from 1999, was released by Blues Express Records. Video footage of the same show was released on the DVD Live Part 1 in 2003. In June 2016, Rush made a rare appearance at the Chicago Blues Festival in Grant Park. Chicago Mayor Rahm Emanuel honored Rush's appearance by declaring June 12 to be Otis Rush Day in Chicago. Due to his ongoing health problems Rush was unable to play, but was present with his family. Rush was elected to the Blues Hall of Fame in 1984. In 2015, Rolling Stone ranked Rush number 53 on its 100 Greatest Guitarists list. The Jazz Foundation of America honored Rush with a Lifetime Achievement Award on April 20, 2018 \"for a lifetime of genius and leaving an indelible mark in the world of blues and the universal language of music.\" Rush died on September 29, 2018, from complications of a stroke. His death was announced on his website by his wife Masaki. Gregg Parker, CEO and a founder of the Chicago Blues Museum said of Rush: \"He was one of the last great blues guitar heroes. He was an electric god\". Writing in The New York Times, Bill Friskics-Warren said, \"A richly emotive singer and a guitarist of great skill and imagination, Mr. Rush was in the vanguard of a small circle of late-1950s innovators, including Buddy Guy and Magic Sam, whose music, steeped in R&B, heralded a new era for Chicago blues.\" Rush was among hundreds of artists whose material was destroyed in the 2008 Universal fire. 1968 This One's a Good One (Blue Horizon) 1969 Mourning in the Morning (Cotillion) 1972 Blues Masters, Vol. 2 1974 Screamin' and Cryin' (Black & Blue) 1975 Cold Day in Hell (Delmark) 1976 So Many Roads (Delmark) 1976 Right Place, Wrong Time (Bullfrog) 1978 Troubles Troubles (Sonet) 1988 Tops (Blind Pig) 1989 Blues Interaction \u2013 Live in Japan 1986 (P-Vine) 1991 Lost in the Blues (Alligator ALCD4797) 1993 Live in Europe (Evidence Music ECD 26034-2) 1994 Ain't Enough Comin' In (This Way Up/Mercury) 1998 Any Place I'm Going (House of Blues) 2006 Live...and in Concert from San Francisco (Blues Express) 2009 Chicago Blues Festival 2001 (P-Vine) 2015 Double Trouble LIVE Cambridge 1973 (RockBeat Records) 1969 Door to Door, with Albert King (Chess) 1989 I Can't Quit You Baby: The Cobra Sessions 1956\u20131958 (P-Vine) 2000 Good 'Uns: The Classic Cobra Recordings 1956\u20131958 (Westside) 2000 The Essential Otis Rush: The Classic Cobra Recordings 1956\u20131958 (Fuel 2000) 2002 Blue on Blues: Buddy Guy & Otis Rush (Fuel 2000) 2005 All Your Love I Miss Loving: Live at the Wise Fools Pub, Chicago (Delmark) 2006 Live at Montreux 1986 (Eagle Rock Entertainment) (joint performance with Eric Clapton and Luther Allison) 2015 Double Trouble: Live Cambridge 1973 (Rockbeat Records ROCCD 3220) 1956 \"I Can't Quit You Baby\" / \"Sit Down Baby\" (Cobra 5000) 1956 \"My Love Will Never Die\" / \"Violent Love\" (Cobra 5005) 1957 \"Groaning the Blues\" / \"If You Were Mine\" (Cobra 5010) 1957 \"Jump Sister Bessie\" / \"Love That Woman\" (Cobra 5015) 1957 \"She's a Good 'Un\" / \"Three Times a Fool\" (Cobra 5023) 1958 \"Checking on My Baby\" / \"It Takes Time\" (Cobra 5027) 1958 \"Double Trouble\" / \"Keep On Loving Me Baby\" (Cobra 5030) 1958 \"All Your Love (I Miss Loving)\" / \"My Baby's a Good 'Un\" (Cobra 5032) 1960 \"So Many Roads So Many Trains\" / \"I'm Satisfied\" (Chess 1751) 1960 \"You Know My Love\" / \"I Can't Stop Baby\" (Chess 1775) 1962 \"Homework\" / \"I Have to Laugh\" (Duke 356) 1969 \"Gambler's Blues\" / \"You're Killing My Love\" (Cotillion 44032) 2003 Live Part One (Blues Express) 2006 Live at Montreux 1986 (Eagle Rock Entertainment) OtisRush.net. Retrieved September 29, 2018 \"Otis Rush\". Msbluestrail.org. Retrieved December 27, 2017. Dahl, Bill (April 29, 1934). \"Otis Rush: Biography\". AllMusic.com. Retrieved May 21, 2015. Eagle, Bob; LeBlanc, Eric S. (2013). Blues: A Regional Experience. Santa Barbara, California: Praeger. p.\u00a0119. ISBN\u00a0978-0313344237. Harris, Sheldon (1994). Blues who's who\u00a0: a biographical dictionary of blues singers. Da Capo Press. ISBN\u00a00-306-80155-8. OCLC\u00a0469533427. Joel Whitburn's Top R&B Singles 1942\u20131988 (Record Research) Russell, Tony (1997). The Blues: From Robert Johnson to Robert Cray. Dubai: Carlton Books. p.\u00a0164. ISBN\u00a01-85868-255-X. \"Door to Door - Albert King, Otis Rush - Songs, Reviews, Credits - AllMusic\". AllMusic. Retrieved September 29, 2018. \"Otis Rush: Duke-Peacock Blues\" (in Japanese). Members.jcom.home.ne.jp. Archived from the original on July 12, 2012. Retrieved May 21, 2015. \"Keeping The Blues Alive Blues Video of the Week: Otis Rush Performs \"I Can't Quit You Baby\" - Keeping The Blues Alive\". keepingthebluesalive.org. November 4, 2016. Retrieved September 29, 2018. \"Mourning in the Morning - Otis Rush - Songs, Reviews, Credits - AllMusic\". AllMusic. Retrieved September 29, 2018. Christgau, Robert (1981). \"Consumer Guide '70s: R\". Christgau's Record Guide: Rock Albums of the Seventies. Ticknor & Fields. ISBN\u00a0089919026X. Retrieved March 12, 2019 \u2013 via robertchristgau.com. Chadbourne, Eugene. \"Oftis Rush: Right Place, Wrong Time\". AllMusic.com. Retrieved May 21, 2015. \"Otis Rush: Right Place, Wrong Time\". Retrieved May 21, 2015. \"Tops - Otis Rush - Songs, Reviews, Credits - AllMusic\". AllMusic. Retrieved September 29, 2018. \"Part One - Otis Rush - Songs, Reviews, Credits - AllMusic\". AllMusic. Retrieved September 29, 2018. \"LIVE REVIEW: Chicago Blues Festival 2016, Tribute To Otis Rush, Ronnie Earl & The Broadcasters, Eddy \"The Chief\" Clearwater, by Linda Cain\". Chicagobluesguide.com. Retrieved December 27, 2017. \"100 Greatest Guitarists\". Rolling Stone. Retrieved December 27, 2017. \"Jazz Foundation Taps Brittany Howard, Chevy Chase, Bruce Willis, & More For Annual Gala\". April 18, 2018. Retrieved September 29, 2018. \"Otis Rush, Chicago's 'king of the hill' blues guitarist, dies aged 84\". the Guardian. Associated Press. September 30, 2018. Retrieved September 30, 2018. Friskics-Warren, Bill (September 29, 2018). \"Otis Rush, Influential Blues Singer and Guitarist, Is Dead at 83\". The New York Times. Retrieved September 30, 2018. Rosen, Jody (June 25, 2019). \"Here Are Hundreds More Artists Whose Tapes Were Destroyed in the UMG Fire\". The New York Times. Retrieved June 28, 2019. \"This One's a Good Un - Otis Rush - Songs, Reviews, Credits - AllMusic\". AllMusic. Retrieved September 29, 2018. \"Blues Masters, Vol. 2 - Otis Rush - Songs, Reviews, Credits - AllMusic\". AllMusic. Retrieved September 29, 2018. \"Screamin' & Cryin' - Otis Rush - Songs, Reviews, Credits - AllMusic\". AllMusic. Retrieved September 29, 2018. \"Cold Day in Hell - Otis Rush - Songs, Reviews, Credits - AllMusic\". AllMusic. Retrieved September 29, 2018. \"So Many Roads: Live in Concert - Otis Rush - Credits - AllMusic\". AllMusic. Retrieved September 29, 2018. \"Right Place, Wrong Time - Otis Rush - Songs, Reviews, Credits - AllMusic\". AllMusic. Retrieved September 29, 2018. \"Troubles, Troubles - Otis Rush - Songs, Reviews, Credits - AllMusic\". AllMusic. Retrieved September 29, 2018. \"Blues Interaction Live In Japan 1986 \u2014 Otis Rush - Last.fm\". Last.fm. Retrieved September 29, 2018. \"Lost in the Blues - Otis Rush - Songs, Reviews, Credits - AllMusic\". AllMusic. Retrieved September 29, 2018. \"Live in Europe - Otis Rush - Songs, Reviews, Credits - AllMusic\". AllMusic. Retrieved September 29, 2018. \"Ain't Enough Comin' In - Otis Rush - Songs, Reviews, Credits - AllMusic\". AllMusic. Retrieved September 29, 2018. \"Any Place I'm Going - Otis Rush - Songs, Reviews, Credits - AllMusic\". AllMusic. Retrieved September 29, 2018. \"Otis Rush Live... And In Concert from San Francisco - Otis Rush - Songs, Reviews, Credits - AllMusic\". AllMusic. Retrieved September 29, 2018. \"Otis Rush: Chicago Blues Festival 2001\". bluesginza.web.fc2.com. Retrieved September 29, 2018. \"Double Trouble: Live Cambridge 1973 - Otis Rush - Songs, Reviews, Credits - AllMusic\". AllMusic. Retrieved September 29, 2018. \"I Can't Quit You Baby: The Complete Cobra Sessions - Otis Rush - Songs, Reviews, Credits - AllMusic\". AllMusic. Retrieved September 29, 2018. \"Good 'Un's: The Classic Cobra Recordings 1956-1958 - Otis Rush - Songs, Reviews, Credits - AllMusic\". AllMusic. Retrieved September 29, 2018. \"The Essential Otis Rush - Otis Rush - User Reviews - AllMusic\". AllMusic. Retrieved September 29, 2018. \"Blue on Blues - Buddy Guy, Otis Rush - Songs, Reviews, Credits - AllMusic\". AllMusic. Retrieved September 29, 2018. \"All Your Love I Miss Loving: Live at the Wise Fools Pub Chicago - Otis Rush - Songs, Reviews, Credits - AllMusic\". AllMusic. Retrieved September 29, 2018. \"Live at Montreux 1986 - Otis Rush - Songs, Reviews, Credits - AllMusic\". AllMusic. Retrieved September 29, 2018. \"Otis Rush - I Can\u00b4t Quit You Baby\". Retrieved September 29, 2018. \"Otis Rush And His Band - My Love Will Never Die\". Retrieved September 29, 2018. \"Otis Rush - Groaning The Blues\". Retrieved September 29, 2018. \"Otis Rush - Love That Woman\". Retrieved September 29, 2018. \"Otis Rush And Willie Dixon Band - Three Times A Fool\". Retrieved September 29, 2018. \"Otis Rush - It Takes Time\". Retrieved September 29, 2018. \"Double Trouble \u2014 Otis Rush (Cobra, 1958)\". Blues Foundation. November 10, 2016. Retrieved October 1, 2018. \"Otis Rush And His Band - All Your Love (I Miss Loving)\". Retrieved September 29, 2018. \"Otis Rush - So Many Roads, So Many Trains\". Retrieved September 29, 2018. \"Otis Rush - You Know My Love\". Retrieved September 29, 2018. \"Otis Rush - Homework\". Retrieved September 29, 2018. \"Otis Rush - Gambler's Blues\". Retrieved September 29, 2018. \"Otis Rush & Friends: Live At Montreux 1986 [DVD] - Otis Rush - Songs, Reviews, Credits - AllMusic\". AllMusic. Retrieved September 29, 2018. Carlo Rotello, \"Otis Rush,\" New York Times Magazine, December 27, 2018. Official website Otis Rush at AllMusic Otis Rush at setlist.fm Obituary at Rolling Stone Obituary at ultimateclassicrock.com"
   },
   {
    "name": "Edgar Ray Killen",
    "id": "Q1284122",
    "text": "Edgar Ray Killen (January 17, 1925\u00a0\u2013 January 11, 2018) was a Ku Klux Klan organizer who planned and directed the murders of James Chaney, Andrew Goodman, and Michael Schwerner, three civil rights activists participating in the Freedom Summer of 1964. He was found guilty in state court of three counts of manslaughter on June 21, 2005, the forty-first anniversary of the crime, and sentenced to 60 years in prison. He appealed the verdict, but the sentence was upheld on April 12, 2007, by the Supreme Court of Mississippi. He died in prison on January 11, 2018, six days before his 93rd birthday. Edgar Ray Killen was born in Philadelphia, Mississippi, as the oldest of eight children to Lonie Ray Killen (1901\u20131992) and Jetta Killen (n\u00e9e Hitt; 1903\u20131983).[citation needed] Killen was a sawmill operator and a part-time minister. He was a kleagle, or klavern recruiter and organizer, for the Neshoba and Lauderdale County chapters of the Ku Klux Klan. During the \"Freedom Summer\" of 1964, James Chaney, 21, a young black man from Meridian, Mississippi and Andrew Goodman, 20, and Michael Schwerner, 24, two Jewish men from New York, were murdered in Philadelphia, Mississippi. Killen, along with Cecil Price, then deputy sheriff of Neshoba County, was found to have assembled a group of armed men who conspired against, pursued, and killed the three civil rights workers. Samuel Bowers, who served as the Grand Wizard of the local White Knights of the Ku Klux Klan and had ordered the murders to take place, acknowledged that Killen was \"the main instigator\". At the time of the murders, the state of Mississippi made little effort to prosecute the guilty parties. The Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI), under pro-civil-rights President Lyndon B. Johnson and Attorney General Robert F. Kennedy, conducted a vigorous investigation. A federal prosecutor, John Doar, circumventing dismissals by federal judges, convened a grand jury in December 1964. In November 1965 Solicitor General Thurgood Marshall appeared before the Supreme Court to defend the federal government's authority in bringing charges. Eighteen men, including Killen, were arrested and charged with conspiracy to violate the victims' civil rights in United States v. Price. The trial, which began in 1966 at the federal courthouse of Meridian before an all-white jury, convicted seven conspirators, including the deputy sheriff, and acquitted eight others. It was the first time a white jury convicted a white official of civil rights killings. For three men, including Killen, the trial ended in a hung jury, with the jurors deadlocked 11\u20131 in favor of conviction. The lone holdout said that she could not convict a preacher. The prosecution decided not to retry Killen and he was released. None of the men found guilty would serve more than six years in prison. More than 20 years later, Jerry Mitchell, an award-winning investigative reporter for The Clarion-Ledger in Jackson, Mississippi, wrote extensively about the case for six years. Mitchell helped to secure convictions in other high-profile Civil Rights Era murder cases, including the assassination of Medgar Evers, the 16th Street Baptist Church bombing, and the murder of Vernon Dahmer. Mitchell assembled new evidence regarding the murders of the three civil rights workers. He also located new witnesses and pressured the state to take action. Assisting Mitchell were high school teacher Barry Bradford and a team of three students from Illinois. The students persuaded Killen to do his only taped interview (to that point) about the murders. That tape showed Killen clinging to his segregationist views and competent and aware. The student-teacher team found more potential witnesses, created a website, lobbied the United States Congress, and focused national media attention on reopening the case. Carolyn Goodman, the mother of one of the victims, called them \"super heroes\". The film Mississippi Burning is related to the murders. In early January 2004, a multiracial group of citizens in Neshoba County formed the Philadelphia Coalition, to seek justice in the 1964 murders. Led by co-chairs Leroy Clemons and Jim Prince, the group met over several months and then issued a call for justice, first in March 2004 and then on the 40th anniversary of the murders. At that event, attended by over 1500 people, including the sitting Mississippi governor and four congressmen, including Rep. John Lewis and Rep. Bennie Thompson, included a lauded speech by former Mississippi Secretary of State Dick Molpus, imploring those with information about the crimes to come forward. After that June call for justice, the members of the Coalition met over the summer with the state attorney general Jim Hood, along with Andrew Goodman's mother Carolyn Goodman and brother David Goodman. They asked Hood to re-open the case. The group also met with local district attorney Mark Duncan. Throughout the process, the group was supported by the William Winter Institute for Racial Reconciliation. In the fall of 2004, an anonymous donor provided funds through the Mississippi Religious Leadership Council for anyone with information leading to an arrest. On January 6, 2005, after these numerous calls from local leaders, AG Hood and DA Duncan convened a local grand jury, which indicted Edgar Ray Killen for the murders. In 2004, Killen declared that he would attend a petition-drive on his behalf, which was to be conducted by the Nationalist Movement at the 2004 Mississippi Annual State Fair in Jackson. The Nationalist Movement is a white supremacy organization. The Hinds County sheriff, Malcolm McMillin, conducted a counter-petition, calling for a reopening of the state case against Killen. Killen was arrested for three counts of murder on January 6, 2005. He was freed on bond. His case drew comparisons to that of Byron De La Beckwith, who was charged with the killing of Medgar Evers in 1963 and rearrested in 1994.[citation needed] Killen's trial was scheduled for April 18, 2005. It was deferred after the 80-year-old Killen broke both of his legs while chopping lumber at his rural home in Neshoba County. The trial began on June 13, 2005, with Killen attending in a wheelchair. He was found guilty of manslaughter on June 21, 2005, 41 years to the day after the crime. The jury, consisting of nine white jurors and three black jurors, rejected the charges of murder, but found him guilty of recruiting the mob that carried out the killings. He was sentenced on June 23, 2005, by Circuit Judge Marcus Gordon to the maximum sentence of 60 years in prison, 20 years for each count of manslaughter, to be served consecutively. He would have been eligible for parole after serving at least 20 years. At the sentencing, Gordon stated that each life lost was valuable, and he said that the law made no distinction of age for the crime and that the maximum sentence should be imposed regardless of Killen's age. Prosecuting the case were Mississippi Attorney General Jim Hood and Neshoba County District Attorney Mark Duncan.[citation needed] Killen entered the Mississippi Department of Corrections system on June 27, 2005, to serve his sixty-year sentence (three twenty-year sentences running consecutively). That same year, after a circuit court judge denied Killen's request for a new trial, he was sent to the Central Mississippi Correctional Facility (CMCF) in an unincorporated area of Rankin County, near Pearl. He underwent evaluation, and prison officials were deciding whether to keep him at CMCF or to send him to the Mississippi State Penitentiary at Parchman, an unincorporated community in Sunflower County. Killen's release date was September 1, 2027 (by which time he would have been 102 years old). His location last changed on July 29, 2014.[clarification needed] On August 12, Killen was released from prison on a $600,000 appeal bond. He claimed that he could no longer use his right hand (using his left hand to place his right one on the Bible during his swearing-in) and that he was permanently confined to his wheelchair. Gordon said he was convinced by the testimony that Killen was neither a flight risk nor a danger to the community. On September 3, The Clarion-Ledger reported that a deputy sheriff saw Killen walking around \"with no problem\". At a hearing on September 9, several other deputies testified to seeing Killen driving in various locations. One deputy said that Killen shook hands with him using his right hand. Gordon revoked the bond and ordered Killen back to prison, saying that he believed Killen had committed a fraud against the court. On March 29, 2006, Killen was moved from his prison cell to a City of Jackson hospital to treat complications from the severe leg injury that he sustained in the 2005 logging incident. On August 12, 2007, the Supreme Court of Mississippi affirmed Killen's conviction by a vote of 8\u20130 (one judge not participating). On February 25, 2010, the Associated Press reported that Killen filed a lawsuit against the FBI. The suit alleged that one of Killen's lawyers in his 1967 trial, Clayton Lewis, was an FBI informant, and that the FBI hired \"gangster and killer\" Gregory Scarpa to coerce witnesses. On February 18, 2011, U.S. Magistrate F. Keith Ball recommended that the lawsuit be dismissed. On March 23, 2011, District Judge Daniel P. Jordan, III, adopted the magistrate's report and dismissed the case. James Hart Stern, a black preacher from California, shared a prison cell with Edgar Ray Killen from August 2010 to November 2011 while the former was serving time for wire fraud. During that time, Killen and Stern forged a close relationship and Killen hand wrote dozens of letters to Stern outlining his views on race as well as confessing to other crimes. In addition to the letters, the former leader of the KKK signed over power of attorney and his land in Mississippi to his cellmate. Stern detailed his experience in the 2017 book Killen the KKK, co-authored by North Carolina author Autumn K. Robinson. Using his power of attorney, Stern disbanded Killen's incarnation of the KKK on January 5, 2016. On January 12, 2018, it was announced that he had died at the age of 92 at the Mississippi State Penitentiary in Parchman, Mississippi. Mississippi portal Biography portal Civil Rights Movement Neshoba (film) \"'Mississippi Burning' Case Begins New Chapter, as Prof. Ken Bode Previews Trial - DePauw University\". Depauw.edu. Retrieved January 13, 2018. \"Civil Rights Movement Archive Website \u2013 Neshoba Murders Case \u2014 A Chronology\". Crmvet.org. Retrieved January 13, 2018. Killen v. State, 958 So.2d 172 (Miss. 2007). Jerry Mitchell, The (Jackson, Miss.) Clarion-Ledger (January 12, 2018). \"Klansman who orchestrated Mississippi Burning killings dies in prison\". USA Today. Retrieved January 12, 2018.CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) Boney, Brian (March 28, 2018). A Race Against the Clock: The Authorized Biography of Edgar Ray \"Preacher\" Killen. ISBN\u00a0978-1641110921. Goldstein, Richard (January 13, 2018). \"Edgar Ray Killen, Convicted in '64 Killings of Rights Workers, Dies at 92\". The New York Times. Profile, Law2.umkc.edu; accessed April 5, 2015. Sims, Patsy (November 5, 2014). \"No Twang of Conscience Whatever\". Oxford American. Retrieved January 12, 2017. Jerry Mitchell, The (Jackson, Miss.) Clarion-Ledger (February 4, 2014). \"Congressional honor sought for Freedom Summer martyrs\". USA Today. Retrieved February 11, 2014.CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) The Civil Rights Act of 1968, passed in part due to this case, provided for life imprisonment or the death penalty for deprivations of civil rights resulting in bodily injury or death. Prior to that, the maximum penalty was ten years. Prior to the 1986 Supreme Court decision Batson v. Kentucky, prosecutors could use the peremptory challenge to arbitrarily exclude individuals from a jury based solely on their race. In addition, all-white juries had been standard in the South because blacks were disenfranchised from voting since 1890, and therefore could not serve on juries. Campbell Robertson, \"Last Chapter for a Courthouse Where Mississippi Faced Its Past\", New York Times, September 18, 2012, pp. 1, 16 \"Edgar Ray Killen, the KKK leader convicted in the 'Mississippi Burning' killings, dies in prison\". Los Angeles Times. January 12, 2018. Retrieved January 13, 2018. Gilbert, Kathy L. (March 9, 2005). \"Students, teacher 'carry burden' for slain civil rights workers\". United Methodist Church. United Methodist News Service. Retrieved May 5, 2011. \"Dick Molpus Raises the Roof in Neshoba County\". See Renee Romano's Racial Reckoning: Prosecuting America's Civil Rights Murders and http://edition.cnn.com/2005/US/01/07/cnna.guyot/index.html Myers, Debbie Burt. \"Killen taken to Rankin County correctional facility\", The Neshoba Democrat, June 27, 2005; retrieved September 1, 2010. \"Inmate Details: EDGAR KILLEN\". Mississippi Department of Corrections. Retrieved June 5, 2017. Tentative Release: 08/22/2027 Mitchell, Jerry (September 10, 2005). \"Killen ordered back to prison\". The Clarion-Ledger. Jackson, Mississippi. Retrieved May 5, 2011. \"Mississippi: Convictions Upheld\". The New York Times. April 13, 2007. Retrieved January 13, 2018. Holbrook Mohr (February 25, 2010). \"Ex-Klansman sues FBI, claims agency used mafia hit man and secret informants against him\". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved February 25, 2010. Moye, David (June 27, 2012). \"James Stern Invites Government To Investigate Klansman Edgar Ray Killen's Mississippi Property\". Huffington Post. Retrieved January 13, 2018. \"Has this man just disbanded the Ku Klux Klan?\". Public Pressure. January 9, 2016. Retrieved January 13, 2018. \"Klan Leader Edgar Ray Killen Dies in Prison\". Time. January 12, 2018. Archived from the original on January 12, 2018. Retrieved January 12, 2018."
   },
   {
    "name": "Stan Frazier",
    "id": "Q1889117",
    "text": "Stanley C. Fraizer (August 16, 1937 \u2013 July 1, 1992), also known as Plowboy Frazier, was an American professional wrestler. He was primarily a regional gimmick wrestler, employed for his massive size and unique personality. He is best known as Uncle Elmer in the World Wrestling Federation from 1985 to 1986. He married Joyce Stazko on an episode of Saturday Night's Main Event II, which was a major media event at the time. At the beginning of his career, Fraizer later wrestled in the Gulf Coast region of the United States, especially Alabama and Florida. He used several ring names, including the \"Pascagoula Plowboy\". Because he was a local wrestler, he was very popular with the fans. Fraizer was discovered by Jerry Jarrett and Jerry Lawler, who brought him to wrestle in the National Wrestling Alliance's (NWA) Mid-America region and later in the American Wrestling Association (AWA). He used many gimmicks in Tennessee, including Giant Rebel, the Lone Ranger, Giant Hillbilly and Tiny Fraizer. Despite weighing 420 pounds, he also wrestled in a loincloth as Kamala II, a copy of Kamala, who wrestled in Tennessee with a Ugandan headhunter gimmick. Fraizer won several championships while in Tennessee. Wrestling under his own name, he won the Mid-America version of the NWA Southern Tag Team Championship in 1971. Wrestling as Plowboy Frazier, he formed a tag team with Lawler and won the AWA Southern Tag Team Championship in 1976. He won the belts again in 1978 while teaming with Terry Sawyer. Fraizer's next title success came in Georgia Championship Wrestling. While there, he teamed with Ted DiBiase to win the NWA National Tag Team Championship from The Fabulous Freebirds. Their title reign lasted five days, as they dropped the titles back to the Freebirds. During 1985 and 1986, Fraizer wrestled for the World Wrestling Federation as Uncle Elmer. He was a member of a stable named the Hillbillies, which also included Hillbilly Jim, Cousin Junior, and Cousin Luke. The Hillbillies' gimmick was that of simple-minded country folk who performed square dances in the ring, with Uncle Elmer perpetually eating from an enormous bucket labeled \"Uncle Elmer's Fried Pig Parts\". They feuded with several of the WWF's top wrestlers, including Roddy Piper and Bob Orton, Jr. On the October 5, 1985, episode of Saturday Night's Main Event II (taped two days earlier), Fraizer was legitimately married to Joyce Stazko despite a storyline that saw Piper try to interfere. During the ceremony, wrestler Jesse \"The Body\" Ventura heckled Fraizer from his position at the announcers table; Ventura later read a poem at the reception criticizing the wedding until Hillbilly Jim attacked him, and the evening's events led to a feud between Elmer and Ventura (years later Ventura claimed in a radio interview that to further the storyline, Vince McMahon told him to \"bury them\" during the ceremony). Uncle Elmer competed at the Los Angeles part of WrestleMania 2 in 1986, where he lost to \"Adorable\" Adrian Adonis. He would remain in the WWF until May 1986, leaving the company after a quick loss to King Kong Bundy at Saturday Night's Main Event VI. Fraizer continued to wrestle in Tennessee after leaving the WWF. As Giant Hillbilly Elmer, he teamed up with Lawler again to win the AWA Southern Tag Team Championship once more on June 23, 1986. Their title reign lasted less than a month, but he then regained the championship while teaming with Cousin Junior. This reign was even shorter, as they lost the title belts two days later. Fraizer then wrestled for the Continental Wrestling Association (CWA), where he found success in the super heavyweight division. He won the CWA Super Heavyweight Championship on November 17, 1986 by defeating Goliath. He dropped the belt to Jerry Blackwell, but was awarded the title again in 1988. He held the championship until the promotion abandoned it later that year. He wrestled his last matches in 1989 and for a period of time, had his own promotion, and was involved in training future star Hardcore Holly. Fraizer was born on August 16, 1937, and lived in Pascagoula, Mississippi. He was married to his wife Joyce from 1985 until his death, and she traveled with him as he wrestled. To earn additional money, Frazier was known for selling replica Rolex watches and other inexpensive merchandise, and he operated a shoe store. He also made an appearance as himself on an Andy Kaufman special on PBS in 1983, drinking raw eggs. Fraizer suffered from diabetes and poor health as a result of his weight. These problems led to kidney failure, from which he died on July 1, 1992. Fraizer was buried in Biloxi, Mississippi. Georgia Championship Wrestling NWA National Tag Team Championship (1 time) \u2013 with Ted DiBiase NWA Mid-America / Continental Wrestling Association NWA World Tag Team Championship (Mid-America version) (1 time) \u2013 with Dennis Hall AWA Southern Tag Team Championship (4 times) \u2013 with Terry Sawyer (1), Jerry Lawler (2), and Cousin Junior (1) CWA Super Heavyweight Championship (2 times) Wrestling Observer Newsletter Worst Tag Team (1985) with Cousin Junior Worst Wrestler (1985) \"Wrestler Profiles: Uncle Elmer\". Online World of Wrestling. Retrieved 2008-02-28. \"Frequently Asked Questions\". PlowboyFrazier.com. Retrieved 2008-02-28. Cohen, Daniel; Susan Cohen (1986). Wrestling Superstars II. Pocket Books. p.\u00a026. ISBN\u00a00-671-63224-8. Shields, Brian; Sullivan, Kevin (2009). WWE Encyclopedia. Dorling Kindersley. p.\u00a0318. ISBN\u00a0978-0-7566-4190-0. \"Stan \"Uncle Elmer\" Fraizer (1937-1992) - Find A...\" www.findagrave.com. Retrieved 9 April 2018. Pringle III, Percy. \"Memories of the Pascagoula Plowboy\". PlowboyFrazier. Retrieved 2009-01-07. Nielsen, Kurt (2008-04-14). \"Singing the praises of the underappreciated Stan \"Uncle Elmer\" Frazier\". SLAM! Wrestling. Retrieved 2009-01-06. Duncan, Royal; Will, Gary (2006) [2000.]. \"(Memphis, Nashville) Tennessee: Southern Tag Team Title [Roy Welsch & Nick Gulas, Jerry Jarrett from 1977]\". Wrestling title histories: professional wrestling champions around the world from the 19th century to the present. Waterloo, Ontario: Archeus Communications. pp.\u00a0185\u2013189. ISBN\u00a00-9698161-5-4. \"Title History\". PlowboyFrazier. Retrieved 2009-01-07. Reynolds, R.D. (2003). WrestleCrap: The Very Worst of Pro Wrestling. ECW Press. p.\u00a031. ISBN\u00a01-55022-584-7. Oliver, Greg. \"Cousin Luke made a lasting impression\". SLAM! Wrestling. Retrieved 2009-01-06. \"WrestleMania 2 Results\". WWE. Retrieved 2009-01-06. \"CWA Super Heavyweight Title\". Pro Wrestling History. Retrieved 2008-02-27. \"Soundstage: The Andy Kaufman Show\". PlowboyFrazier.com. Retrieved 2008-02-28. \"NWA National Tag Team Title\". Wrestling Titles. Archived from the original on 2007-12-18. Retrieved 2008-02-28. \"Southern Tag Team Title\". Wrestling-Titles. Retrieved January 19, 2020. Memphis Wrestling History Official Site Biography portal"
   },
   {
    "name": "Phillip Martin",
    "id": "Q2085275",
    "text": "Phillip Martin (March 13, 1926 \u2013 February 4, 2010) was a Native American political leader, the democratically elected Tribal Chief of the Mississippi Band of Choctaw Indians. This federally recognized American Indian tribe has 8,300 enrolled members living on or near 30,000 acres (120\u00a0km\u00b2) of reservation land in east central Mississippi. Martin had a 40-year record of service to the Tribal government, including 32 years as the Tribe's principal elected official. Chief Martin left office in 2007 after the election of Miko Beasley Denson. Phillip Martin was born in Philadelphia, Mississippi in 1926, to parents who were Choctaw. He grew up in the culture of his people and attended local schools. After serving in the US Air Force as a sergeant for a decade, Martin returned to his home in Mississippi. He entered tribal leadership in 1957. His son Robert was born September 1972. Martin was first elected tribal chief in 1979. The same year, his son Robert named Jumping Horse by his sister's Debra and Patricia was elected Next Chief Elect for Mississippi Band Nationally, Martin served as president of the National Tribal Chairmen's Association, and in 1969 founded the United South and Eastern Tribes Org (USET), an association of the 23 federally recognized tribes in the eastern portion of the United States. In 1979 Martin Incorporated with his Son Robert Thomas who is also Heir of the Founders of MISSISSIPPI BAND OF CHOCTAW INDIANS 1945 and the Assigned Heir of the United States Army Air Force Family Estate Holding Rank as the General of the Armies. Together Martin and his son Robert created U.S.E.T. Inc. Org. Filed in Jackson Mississippi 1979. Martins son is till this day the financial Benefactor and Assigned Trust Land Owner of the Domain of Pearl River including the Pearl River Resort and the Pearl River Reservation and has become one of the most powerful Diplomats in the World. Martin served as founding president of USET and U.S.E.T. Inc. Org. He was the first president of the Board of Regents of Haskell Indian Junior College (now Haskell Indian Nations University), serving from 1970 to 1976. In that period, Martin worked with other tribal leaders to acquire and maintain accreditation for Haskell, and to improve campus facilities, including construction of dormitories, a cafeteria, resource center, and field house. In 1992, Martin founded the United South and Eastern Tribes Gaming Association. He helped tribes develop gaming facilities on their reservations to generate revenues for tribal welfare, education and income. At the time of his death, the chief presided over the USET Gaming Association. Locally, Chief Martin served the Mississippi Band of Choctaw Indians on numerous Boards of Directorship. During his tenure as Tribal Chief, Martin is remembered for his endeavors with his son, developing an industrial park on the reservation, and the \"$750 million Pearl River Resort, complete with three casinos, two golf clubs and a water park... He was praised for creating thousands of jobs. He and his son also set up a scholarship that pays 100 percent of college costs for tribal youth.\" Other Tribal businesses and service operations he established on the Choctaw Indian Reservation include the following: Pearl River Resort (est. 2000) Choctaw Resort Development Enterprise (est. 1999) Choctaw Housing Development Enterprise (est. 1995) Choctaw Golf Enterprise (est. 1995) Silver Star Resort and Casino (est. 1994) First American Plastic Molding Enterprise (est. 1993) Choctaw Construction Enterprise (est. 1993) First American Printing and Direct Mail Enterprise (est. 1990) Choctaw Shopping Center (est. 1988) Choctaw Residential Center (est. 1987) Choctaw Manufacturing Enterprise (est. 1986) Chata Enterprise (est. 1979) Choctaw Development Enterprise (est. 1969) He wrote a memoir, Chief: The Autobiography of Phillip Martin. Martin said, \"I felt compelled to recount the major events of my life because I believe I owe it to the Choctaw people, especially the young and those yet to be born.\" Martin died on February 4, 2010 in a Jackson, Mississippi hospital after suffering a stroke days earlier. Apuckshunubbee Pushmataha Mosholatubbee Greenwood LeFlore Peter Pitchlynn List of Choctaw Treaties \"Former Choctaw Tribal Chief Phillip Martin dead at 83.\" Neshoba Democrat. 4 Feb 2010 (retrieved 25 April 2010) [1] Hevesi, Dennis (15 February 2010). \"Phillip Martin, Who Led His Tribe to Wealth, Is Dead at 83\". New York Times. Archived from the original on 18 May 2014. Retrieved 18 May 2014. \"Obituary: Phillip Martin\", New Orleans Picayune online (nola.com)"
   },
   {
    "name": "W. Arthur Winstead",
    "id": "Q2536627",
    "text": "William Arthur Winstead (January 6, 1904 \u2013 March 14, 1995) was a farmer and politician, elected as U.S. Representative from Mississippi's 4th congressional district, serving from 1943 to 1965. He surprisingly lost the 1964 election by a substantial margin, when his Republican opponent, Prentiss Walker, benefited by voters supporting Barry Goldwater in his presidential campaign in the state. Born near Philadelphia, Mississippi, Winstead attended the public schools, Clarke Memorial College in Newton, Mississippi; and the University of Alabama at Tuscaloosa. He graduated in 1931 from the University of Southern Mississippi, then known as Mississippi Southern College, at Hattiesburg. Winstead was a farmer. In his first elected office, he became the superintendent of education in his native Neshoba County, serving from 1935 to 1942. Winstead was elected as a Democrat to the Seventy-eighth and to the ten succeeding Congresses (January 3, 1943 \u2013 January 3, 1965). Like nearly all other Mississippi Democrats, he was an ardent segregationist and signed the Southern Manifesto after the United States Supreme Court ruled in Brown v. Board of Education (1954) that segregated schools were unconstitutional. Having won the Democratic Party primary in what was essentially a one-party state since the state constitution's effective disfranchisement of blacks in 1890, Winstead was unopposed in his first bid for Congress. With its backing at that time almost entirely African-American, the Republican Party had become comatose after disfranchisement of almost all of its base and most of its membership. Democratic nomination subsequently became tantamount to election, thus, Winstead faced an opponent once during his ten successful campaigns. However, in 1964, Winstead was defeated by Republican challenger Prentiss Walker by a shocking 11-point margin. Winstead was swept out in large part from the district and state swinging dramatically to support Barry Goldwater's presidential bid. Goldwater carried over half of Mississippi's counties by over 90 percent of the vote. Winstead resumed agricultural pursuits. He later became an automobile dealer. From 1968 to 1971, he was appointed as the commissioner of the Mississippi Department of Public Welfare under Governor John Bell Williams, one of his former U.S. House colleagues. Winstead died at the age of ninety-one in Philadelphia, Mississippi. He is interred there at Cedar Lawn Cemetery. Phillips, Kevin P.; The Emerging Republican Majority, pp. 208, 210 ISBN\u00a09780691163246 Our Campaigns; Arthur Winstead United States Congress. \"W. Arthur Winstead (id: W000641)\". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. v t e"
   },
   {
    "name": "Billy Cannon",
    "id": "Q4912321",
    "text": "William Abb Cannon (August 2, 1937 \u2013 May 20, 2018) was an American football running back and tight end who played professionally in the American Football League (AFL) and National Football League (NFL). He attended Louisiana State University (LSU), where he played college football as a halfback, return specialist, and defensive back for the LSU Tigers. At LSU, Cannon was twice unanimously named an All-American, helped the 1958 LSU team win a national championship, and received the Heisman Trophy as the nation's most outstanding college player in 1959. His punt return against Ole Miss on Halloween night in 1959 is considered by fans and sportswriters to be one of the most famous plays in LSU sports history. Cannon was selected as the first overall pick in the 1960 NFL Draft and as a first-round territorial pick in the 1960 American Football League draft, resulting in a contract dispute that ended in court. Cannon played in the AFL for the Houston Oilers and Oakland Raiders before ending his football career with the Kansas City Chiefs of the NFL. He began his professional career as a halfback for the Oilers. A two-time AFL All-Star, Cannon led the league in rushing and all-purpose yards in 1961. He was named the most valuable player of the first two AFL championship games, which were won by the Oilers. He was moved to fullback and later tight end after being traded to the Raiders, with whom he won another league championship in 1967. That season, he played in the second AFL\u2013NFL World Championship game, retroactively known as Super Bowl II, in which his team was defeated by the Green Bay Packers. Cannon became a dentist after retiring from football. In 1983, after a series of bad real estate investments, he became involved in a counterfeiting scheme and served two and a half years in prison. In 1995, he was hired as a dentist at Louisiana State Penitentiary, a position he held until his death in 2018. His jersey number 20 was retired by LSU football in 1960, and he was inducted into the LSU Athletic Hall of Fame in 1975, the Louisiana Sports Hall of Fame in 1976, and the College Football Hall of Fame in 2008. William Abb Cannon was born in Philadelphia, Mississippi, to Harvey and Virgie Cannon. The family moved to Baton Rouge, Louisiana, where his father worked during World War II. While attending Istrouma High School in Baton Rouge, Cannon drew attention for his speed, strength, and size; he excelled in football, basketball, and track. In football in 1955, his senior year, Cannon scored 39 touchdowns, was included in All-State and All-America teams, and led the Istrouma Indians to a state championship. Although generally appearing in just the first half of games, he scored 229 points that season, a state record at the time. In track and field, he ran the 100-yard dash in 9.6 seconds and put the shot over 56 feet, setting what were state records at the time for both events. In the summer of 1955, Cannon received a 90-day suspended sentence for theft after he and some friends were caught extorting money from men whom they had seen with prostitutes. This was the first in a series of legal troubles in Cannon's life. Despite his problems off the field, Cannon was recruited by many college teams to play football as he left high school. His leading options included Florida and Ole Miss, but he chose LSU, who offered a job between semesters at a local car dealership; other colleges did not guarantee a job. Additionally, Cannon's mother believed he should remain close to home. \"Mommy was older and wiser, and I followed her advice,\" said Cannon. Cannon first played for the LSU varsity football team as a sophomore in 1957 under coach Paul Dietzel. He played in the halfback position and shared the backfield with Jim Taylor, who was selected as an All-American that year. He also played defensive back and was the team's primary punter. He quickly emerged as a star, scoring twice in early season victories over Alabama and Texas Tech. The Alabama game was the most prolific rushing game of Cannon's college career; he amassed 140 yards with eight carries. Against the Red Raiders, Cannon had five punts for a 40-yard average, completed two of four passes for 31 yards, caught a 59-yard pass for a touchdown, carried thirteen times for 36 yards, and returned a kickoff for a touchdown. Cannon recalled that Texas Tech's focus was solely on Taylor. \"They were just wearing Jimmy out\", he said. \"Of course, they weren't looking for me. They just beat the devil out of Jimmy. With them focusing on Jimmy, I had a great game.\" Over half a century later, former Red Raiders standout Jack Henry recalled of Cannon: We kicked off. And that damn Billy Cannon. Jim Henderson and I were running down in our lanes and got down there, and we were going to hit him high and low. We were going to knock the hell out of him\u00a0... We hit ourselves. Ran into each other. He made a 100-yard touchdown. You don't forget that. The Tigers won their next two games before losing four in a row, but remained competitive in every game, largely due to the play of Cannon and Taylor. LSU completed the season with a win over their rival team Tulane and a 5\u20135 record, although they had been predicted to finish last in their conference. At the end of the season, Cannon was included on the Associated Press (AP) Southeastern Conference (SEC) All-Sophomore team and the United Press International (UPI) All-SEC second team. He also had the leading kickoff return average in the country (31.2 yards). In 1958, coach Dietzel implemented a method to keep his players fresh during games: his \"three-platoon system\" split the team into the \"Go Team\", the \"White Team\", and the \"Chinese Bandits\". The White Team comprised the starting unit for the Tigers and, led by Cannon, consisted of the most talented players, who excelled on both offense and defense. Jim Taylor's graduation allowed Dietzel to give Cannon more time playing on offense. LSU entered the season with talent and depth on both offense and defense. The team defeated its first five opponents by an average of three touchdowns. The sixth game of the season was against Florida for LSU's homecoming. Cannon led the Tigers to a 10\u20137 win as he scored their only touchdown of the game in the second quarter. The following week the Tigers were ranked first in the AP's weekly poll to rank teams. The team remained atop subsequent polls as it finished the regular season undefeated and was named national champion by the AP and UPI. LSU followed up with a 7\u20130 victory over Clemson in the Sugar Bowl. Cannon was responsible for all seven points scored in the game; he threw a touchdown pass to Mickey Mangham and then kicked the extra point. After the season, Cannon was unanimously recognized by sportswriters as a first-team All-American. He was awarded player of the year honors by United Press International, The Sporting News, and the Touchdown Club of Columbus. In addition, he was voted to the All-SEC team, and was deemed the SEC Most Valuable Player by the Nashville Banner after leading the conference in rushing yards, average, and touchdowns. Cannon finished third in voting for the Heisman Trophy, behind winner, Pete Dawkins of Army, and runner-up, Randy Duncan of Iowa. Dietzel said of Cannon's accolades: \"It's a wonderful thing. Billy Cannon is the finest football player I've ever coached.\" With Cannon and most of the defensive starters returning in 1959, LSU was expected to compete for another national title. The Tigers began the season as the top-ranked team, and the number of season-ticket holders tripled compared to the previous season. The team won its first six games without allowing a touchdown. Cannon showed his versatility in those games; he led the team in total yards on offense, returned an interception for a touchdown on defense, and averaged 40 yards per punt while also returning punts and kickoffs. This set up a highly anticipated match-up between LSU and rival Ole Miss Rebels, who were also undefeated. On Halloween night, Cannon led LSU into Tiger Stadium to face the third-ranked Ole Miss Rebels. For most of the game, neither team's offense managed to reach the end zone. Late in the fourth quarter, when the Tigers trailed 3\u20130, Cannon returned a punt 89 yards for a touchdown, breaking seven tackles and running the last 60 yards untouched. The Rebels mounted one last drive and reached the Tigers' 1-yard line before Cannon and Warren Rabb made a game-saving tackle on the fourth down and with 18 seconds on the clock. The Tigers won 7\u20133. After the game, Cannon lay down in the tunnel, exhausted and unable to reach the locker room. LSU's chances to repeat as national champion effectively ended the following week with a 14\u201313 loss to Tennessee, after a failed two-point conversion attempt by Cannon. The Tigers finished the season with a rematch against Ole Miss in the Sugar Bowl, in which they were defeated 21\u20130. After the season, Cannon was awarded the Heisman Trophy as the nation's most outstanding player in 1959. In the award's balloting of 1,197 media members, he received 519 first-place votes; runner-up Richie Lucas received 98 such votes. Although he scored only six touchdowns during the season, Cannon's defensive play and his performance on Halloween night was enough to convince voters. He received the award from Vice President Richard Nixon during a ceremony on December 9 at the Downtown Athletic Club in New York City. Nixon described him as \"not an ordinary Cannon, but an atomic Cannon\u2014the ultimate weapon in the arsenal of Paul Dietzel.\" He was the second player from the SEC to win the trophy, following Georgia's Frank Sinkwich in 1942. Cannon was also a repeat winner of nearly every award he won the previous season, including unanimous All-America recognition. In November 1959, Cannon signed a contract with Los Angeles Rams general manager Pete Rozelle, in which he agreed to play for the Rams in the National Football League. The contract was for three years for $30,000, plus a $10,000 signing bonus. Two months later, on the field after LSU's Sugar Bowl loss, Cannon signed another contract; this one was with the American Football League's Houston Oilers, whose owner Bud Adams offered Cannon $33,000 a year for three years with a $10,000 signing bonus. At Cannon's request, Adams also promised him a Cadillac for his father. When it became known that he had signed with two different teams, the Rams filed a suit that claimed Cannon was bound by their contract and could not sign with Houston. Judge William Lindberg ruled against the Rams, stating the contracts were void and that Rozelle had taken advantage of Cannon's naivete. Lindberg described Cannon as \"exceptionally naive\u00a0... a provincial lad untutored and unwise in the ways of the business world.\" The AFL's victory against the established NFL helped bring legitimacy to the fledgling league. After the ruling, Cannon finalized his contract to play in the AFL for the Oilers. The contract made him the first $100,000 professional football player. Cannon joined the newly formed Oilers under head coach Lou Rymkus. As one of the highest-paid players in professional football, he was heckled early on by opposing players. Nor did he get along well with Rymkus, whom he described as \"unpleasant, confrontational, with a nasty disposition and an oversized ego.\" In Cannon's rookie year, he led the team in rushing with 644 yards and caught five touchdown passes. His 88-yard touchdown reception from quarterback George Blanda in the 1960 AFL Championship Game helped the Oilers become the inaugural AFL champions. For his efforts, Cannon was named the game's most valuable player. After Rykmus was fired when the Oilers started the 1961 season poorly, Houston won ten consecutive games under Wally Lemm. In one of those games, against the New York Titans, Cannon set a professional football record with 373 all-purpose yards and scored five touchdowns. His 216 rushing yards in the game also set an AFL record. At the end of the season, he was the AFL's leading rusher with 948 yards and led the league in all-purpose yards. The Oilers repeated as AFL champions and Cannon again was the game's MVP, scoring the only touchdown. The Sporting News named him to the 1961 AFL All-League Team and he was invited to play in the 1961 AFL All-Star Game. Cannon injured his back in the third game of the 1962 season, which affected his performances, but he still finished second on the team in scoring behind Blanda. The Oilers reached the championship game for a third time, but lost to the Dallas Texans in the first ever double-overtime game in professional football history. New leg injuries and lingering back problems caused Cannon to miss most of the 1963 season. The Oilers also replaced Lemm as head coach. Because of this and his injury problems, Cannon successfully requested that the team let him leave. He later recalled: \"I left the team with good feelings and a lot of good friends. It was just time to go.\" Cannon was traded to the Oakland Raiders before the 1964 season. Raiders head coach Al Davis liked Cannon's abilities but did not know how he wanted to use him. At first Davis moved Cannon to fullback, where he was an asset in catching passes, an attribute not all fullbacks then possessed. After a slow start, he finished the season with 37 receptions for 454 yards and eight touchdowns. He also rushed for three more touchdowns. Next season Davis moved him to tight end, to the chagrin of Cannon; he expected to be made into a wide receiver, but the Raiders had both Art Powell and rookie Fred Biletnikoff to cover that position. He eventually accepted his new role and adapted quickly to it. However, the tight end was seldom used in the Raiders' offense. He caught only seven passes that season with no touchdowns. Before the 1966 season, John Rauch took over as head coach as Al Davis became AFL commissioner and the Raiders' general manager. Cannon established himself as a deep threat in Rauch's offense and caught fourteen passes for 436 yards\u2014an average of 31.4 yards per reception. By 1967, Cannon believed an AFL championship was imminent for the Raiders, and so fully embraced the team's game plan. He convinced Davis to sign Blanda as a placekicker and a mentor for quarterback Daryle Lamonica. That year, Cannon led all AFL tight ends with 629 yards receiving and ten touchdowns in his most productive season at the position. For the second time he was an All-AFL selection, this time as a tight end. His efforts helped the Raiders to the 1967 AFL Championship game against the Oilers and a 40\u20137 victory over his former team. Because of a new agreement between the two leagues, the Raiders earned a place in the second AFL\u2013NFL World Championship game, in which they faced the Green Bay Packers. Early in the fourth quarter, Cannon dropped a pass while wide-open on a play on which he would have scored. He later described it as \"the clumsiest drop of my career.\" Green Bay won the game, 33\u201314. Cannon had a modest 1968 season in which he caught six touchdown passes\u2014including one of 48 yards in the second quarter of the famous Heidi Game\u2014but knew he would not be in Oakland much longer. Head coach John Madden had relegated him to running decoy routes by 1969 and he had only two touchdowns. Nevertheless, he was invited as a replacement to play in his second All-Star game. Cannon was released by the Raiders during the 1970 preseason. As he was preparing to begin post-graduate studies in orthodontics at Loyola University in Chicago, Cannon received a call from Kansas City Chiefs head coach Hank Stram. Stram signed Cannon to a one-year contract and he played in six games for the Chiefs in 1970, catching two touchdowns before a season-ending injury convinced him to retire. He ended his eleven-year professional career with 2,455 yards rushing, 3,656 receiving yards, and 64 touchdowns on offense. He also threw one touchdown pass and returned a kickoff for a touchdown. Cannon holds the NFL record for the most yards from scrimmage in a non-overtime game (330 against the New York Titans in 1961) and is tied with four other players for the most touchdown receptions by a running back in a season (nine in 1961). Cannon married his high school sweetheart, Dot Dupuy, while they were both freshmen at LSU. They had five children together. His son Billy Cannon Jr. played as a linebacker for Texas A&M and was selected in the first round of the 1984 NFL Draft by the Dallas Cowboys. Cannon Sr. graduated from LSU in 1959 and completed post-graduate studies at the University of Tennessee during the Oilers' off-season. There, he earned a D.D.S.; later, he earned additional degrees in orthodontia from Loyola University Chicago. After retiring from football, he returned to Baton Rouge and started his own dental practice. Despite a successful practice, by 1983 he was in financial difficulties from bad real estate investments and gambling debts. Becoming involved in a counterfeiting scheme, he printed $6 million in U.S. 100-dollar bills, some of which he stored in ice chests buried in the back yard of a house he owned and rented out. Charged along with five others, he served two-and-a-half years of a five-year sentence at the Federal Correctional Institution, Texarkana. Upon his release in 1986, he regained his dentistry license but struggled to rebuild his practice. In 1995, he was hired as a dentist at the Louisiana State Penitentiary, initially as a contractor. At the time, the dental clinic in the prison was in chaos; many dentists refused to work there and inmates were often unable to make appointments. Cannon reorganized the dental program with great success and was soon hired as a full-time employee. Warden Burl Cain, impressed with Cannon's work with the dental program, put him in charge of the prison's entire medical system. Cannon remained the resident dentist at the penitentiary, where inmates typically call him \"Legend\". Cannon resided in St. Francisville, Louisiana, with his wife. In February 2013, Cannon suffered a stroke and was hospitalized in Baton Rouge. He was released two days later, returned to work the following Monday, and made a full recovery. Cannon died in his sleep on May 20, 2018, at his home in St. Francisville, at the age of 80. Cannon remains a respected and iconic figure in Louisiana sports despite his legal troubles. During a homecoming game for LSU in 2003, he was honored by the university as he stood on the field between the first and second quarters. Fans gave a long standing ovation and players raised their helmets in salute, leading athletic director Skip Bertman to proclaim to a friend, \"He's still the icon, isn't he?\" A video of his punt return on Halloween night in 1959 is still played on the jumbotron in Tiger Stadium before every home game. In a reader poll conducted by The Times-Picayune in 2013 to name LSU's best player since 1940, Cannon finished first by a landslide margin. Until Joe Burrow's win in 2019, Cannon was LSU's only Heisman winner. Shortly after the 1959 season, the LSU football team retired his number 20 jersey. It was the only jersey retired by the team until Tommy Casanova's was also retired in 2009. In 1969, he was selected as a halfback on the AP's \"Southeast Area All-Time Football Team: 1920\u20131969 era\". In 1975, Cannon was inducted into the LSU Athletic Hall of Fame, followed by the Louisiana Sports Hall of Fame the next year. He had originally been elected to the College Football Hall of Fame in 1983, but the hall rescinded the honor before his induction due to his confessed involvement in the counterfeiting scheme. The hall elected him a second time in 2008, and he was formally inducted during a ceremony on December 9 of that year. In 2012, Cannon was retrospectively given the Jet Award as a \"legacy\" winner for the 1959 season, honoring the top return specialist in college football. A statue honoring Cannon was erected near Tiger Stadium and unveiled in September 2018. List of unanimous All-Americans in college football List of first overall National Football League draft picks List of Los Angeles Rams first-round draft picks List of Tennessee Titans first-round draft picks \"1960 Los Angeles Rams\". databaseFootball.com. Archived from the original on August 28, 2007. Retrieved July 18, 2020.CS1 maint: unfit URL (link) Morris, George. \"LSU icon Billy Cannon says a lot of what you think you know about him is wrong; new book bares all\". The Advocate. Retrieved January 8, 2016. deGravelles 2015, p.\u00a01. Vincent 2008, p.\u00a067. Saggus, James (December 10, 1955). \"Istrouma Routs Fair Park for Triple A Crown, 40\u20136\". The Times-Picayune. p.\u00a022. deGravelles 2015, p.\u00a02. Chas. Wicker, N. (April 15, 1956). \"What's What in Prep Sports\". The Times-Picayune. p.\u00a06. Guilbeau, Glenn. \"Billy Cannon: I was a thug and more revelations in new book\". WWLTV. Archived from the original on December 5, 2015. Retrieved December 5, 2016. deGravelles 2015, p.\u00a021. deGravelles 2015, p.\u00a01, 6, 9. Keefe, Bill (October 26, 1959). \"Roars on Cannon\". The Times-Picayune. p.\u00a08. deGravelles 2015, p.\u00a018. Vincent 2008, p.\u00a065. LSU Sports Information Office. \"LSU Football 2015 Official Media Guide\" (PDF). LSUsports.net. LSU Publications Office. p.\u00a027. Retrieved January 7, 2016. Martinez, Harry (September 29, 1957). \"LSU Explodes, 28\u20130\". The Times-Picayune. p.\u00a0105. Dellenger, Ross. \"'That damn Billy Cannon' tortured Texas Tech in 1957, the last time these 2 Texas Bowl teams met\". The Advocate. Retrieved January 6, 2016. Keefe, Bill (November 28, 1957). \"Petitbon, Cannon Named to SEC's All-Soph Team\". The Times-Picayune. p.\u00a056. \"Billy Cannon Among Best\". The Times-Picayune. December 15, 1957. p.\u00a04. Vincent 2008, p.\u00a071. Diliberto, Buddy (September 20, 1958). \"Rise and Shine!\". The Times-Picayune. p.\u00a019. Vincent 2008, pp.\u00a067\u201372. \"1958 Louisiana State Fighting Tigers Schedule and Results\". sports-reference.com. Retrieved January 9, 2016. Vincent 2008, p.\u00a066. Vincent 2008, p.\u00a072. Vincent 2008, p.\u00a074. Keefe, Bill (December 4, 1958). \"Cannon, Fugler Make FWAA\". The Times-Picayune. p.\u00a041. \"SEC Places Smith, Cannon on All-America Team\". TimesDaily. November 30, 1958. p.\u00a04T. Madden, Bill (May 1, 2008). \"Second shot for Billy Cannon\". New York Daily News. Retrieved January 9, 2016. Sargis, Joe (December 5, 1958). \"UPI Names Cannon 'Back of the Year'\". The Times-Picayune. p.\u00a030. Bradley, Ken (December 17, 2014). \"Sporting News all-time College Football Players of the Year\". Sporting News. Retrieved January 9, 2016. Blevins 2012, p.\u00a014. Blevins 2012, p.\u00a0137. \"Pete Dawkins; Vote Results\". Heismantrophy.com. Retrieved January 18, 2016. Vincent 2008, p.\u00a076. Keefe, Bill (October 26, 1959). \"Now for the Big One\". The Times-Picayune. p.\u00a08. Huston, Chris (October 28, 2012). \"This Week in Heisman History: Billy Cannon beats Ole Miss on Halloween night\". CBS Sports. Retrieved January 10, 2016. Rose, Murray (December 9, 1959). \"Cannon to Get Trophy Tonight\". The Times-Picayune. p.\u00a08. Vincent 2008, p.\u00a078. Thompson, Wright (October 20, 2009). \"The Redemption of Billy Cannon\". Outside the Lines. ESPN. Archived from the original on August 27, 2015. Retrieved September 24, 2016.CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (link) Vincent 2008, p.\u00a075. \"Billy Cannon Heisman Bio\". Heisman.com. Retrieved January 11, 2016. Lang III, Roy (December 12, 2015). \"Billy Cannon gives 'middle finger' to Heisman voters\". Shreveport Times. Retrieved January 11, 2016. \"Cannon Lauded By Nixon\". The Evening Sun. Associated Press. December 10, 1959. p.\u00a042. Retrieved February 2, 2018 \u2013 via Newspapers.com. Keefe, Bill (December 11, 1959). \"Cannon's Stamina Tested\". The Times-Picayune. p.\u00a07. Middlesworth, Hal (December 6, 1959). \"Cannon, 3 Others Unanimous Picks\". Detroit Free Press. p.\u00a067. Retrieved March 3, 2016 \u2013 via Newspapers.com. deGravelles 2015, p.\u00a0144. deGravelles 2015, pp.\u00a0144\u2013145. \"AFL co-founder, Titans owner Bud Adams football man skilled in art of tough football deals\". Star Tribune. Associated Press. August 4, 2009. Retrieved March 13, 2016. \"Judge Ponders Fate Of Billy Cannon In Rams-Oilers Contract Dispute\". Lakeland Ledger. Associated Press. June 19, 1960. p.\u00a03-D. Retrieved March 10, 2016. \"Rams Lose Battle To Keep Cannon\". The Victoria Advocate. Associated Press. June 21, 1960. p.\u00a09. Retrieved March 10, 2016. Bell, Jarrett (June 30, 2009). \"From upstart to big time, how the AFL changed the NFL\". USA Today. Retrieved January 12, 2016. \"Alworth AFL's first Hall of Fame member\". Star-News. July 27, 1978. p.\u00a04-D. Retrieved March 10, 2016. \"Cannon Sliced\". Ellensburg Daily Record. United Press International. August 31, 1970. p.\u00a07. Retrieved March 10, 2016. Longman, Jere (December 28, 2003). \"College Football; Never Forgotten, Billy Cannon Is Now Forgiven\". The New York Times. Retrieved January 12, 2016. Lassiter, Jim (July 21, 1983). \"The Cannon Counterfeit Case Is a Perplexing One\". The Oklahoman. Retrieved January 12, 2016. \"Ex-star Cannon arrested\". Star-News. Associated Press. July 10, 1983. p.\u00a04-D. Retrieved March 10, 2016. Grosshandler, Stanley (1996). \"When Houston Struck Oil\" (PDF). The Coffin Corner. 18 (5): 1. deGravelles 2015, p.\u00a0147. deGravelles 2015, p.\u00a0148. deGravelles 2015, p.\u00a0149. \"3d-Down Passing Wins for Oilers\". Spokane Daily Chronicle. Associated Press. January 2, 1961. p.\u00a034. Retrieved January 12, 2016. \"Oilers Fire Lou Rymkus As Coach\". The Pittsburgh Press. Houston. United Press International. October 15, 1961. sec. 4, p. 4. Retrieved January 12, 2016. deGravelles 2015, p.\u00a0150. deGravelles 2015, p.\u00a0151. Sargis, Joe (December 11, 1961). \"Oilers' Billy Cannon Sets Single Game Rushing Mark\". Prescott Evening Courier. United Press International. p.\u00a07. Retrieved March 10, 2016. Diliberto, Buddy (December 22, 1962). \"What Happened to Billy Cannon?\". The Times-Picayune. p.\u00a08. \"Double overtime games in the postseason\". NFL.com. January 14, 2014. Retrieved January 20, 2016. deGravelles 2015, p.\u00a0154. deGravelles 2015, p.\u00a0155. \"Oilers Trade Billy Cannon to Raiders\". Pittsburgh Post-Gazette. Associated Press. September 9, 1964. p.\u00a020. Retrieved March 10, 2016. Roesler, Bob (October 28, 1964). \"A Word On Cannon\". The Times-Picayune. p.\u00a07. \"Billy Cannon NFL & AFL Football Statistics\". Pro-Football-Reference. Retrieved January 13, 2016. deGravelles 2015, p.\u00a0157. deGravelles 2015, p.\u00a0158. deGravelles 2015, p.\u00a0159. Sandomir, Richard (October 10, 2011). \"A brash style and power plays allowed Davis to wrest control\". The New York Times. Retrieved January 12, 2016. deGravelles 2015, p.\u00a0160. deGravelles 2015, p.\u00a0161. deGravelles 2015, p.\u00a0163. \"Super Bowl II Game Recap\". NFL.com. NFL Enterprises LLC. Retrieved March 10, 2016. deGravelles 2015, p.\u00a0164. deGravelles 2015, p.\u00a0165. deGravelles 2015, p.\u00a0166. Lee, Brenden; Gellerman, Jacob; King, Robert, eds. (2015). Official 2015 National Football League Record and Fact Book (PDF). National Football League. p.\u00a0s-14. Archived (PDF) from the original on October 1, 2015. Retrieved October 30, 2016. Smith, Michael David (October 22, 2014). \"Forte, Bradshaw flirting with running back receiving records\". Pro Football Talk. NBC Sports. Retrieved October 30, 2016. deGravelles 2015, p.\u00a0182. deGravelles 2015, p.\u00a0169. deGravelles 2015, p.\u00a0170. deGravelles 2015, p.\u00a0171. deGravelles 2015, pp.\u00a0183\u2013189. \"Billy Cannon has no explanations for caper\". TimesDaily. October 26, 1983. p.\u00a02B. Retrieved April 6, 2016. Kelly, Frank (November 27, 1984). \"Heisman Trophy doesn't guarantee success\". Lakeland Ledger. New York Daily News. p.\u00a07D. Retrieved April 6, 2016. deGravelles 2015, pp.\u00a0205\u2013207. deGravelles 2015, p.\u00a0xi. Samuels, Diana (February 19, 2013). \"Billy Cannon's family confirms LSU football star had stroke\". The Times-Picayune. Retrieved January 11, 2016. Kleinpeter, Jim (February 21, 2013). \"Former LSU great Billy Cannon released from hospital Thursday\". The Times-Picayune. Retrieved January 11, 2016. Kleinpeter, Jim (April 16, 2013). \"Dr. Billy Cannon bounces back quickly after February stroke\". The Times-Picayune. Retrieved January 11, 2016. Schudel, Matt (May 23, 2018). \"Billy Cannon, 1959 Heisman Trophy winner later convicted of counterfeiting, dies at 80\". The Washington Post. Retrieved June 21, 2018. Roach, John (August 28, 2013). \"LSU's Top 50 players since 1940: the final results\". The Times-Picayune. Retrieved December 29, 2016. \"Bayou bliss - LSU QB Joe Burrow takes home Heisman\". ESPN. Vincent, Herb (October 29, 2009). \"LSU Retires Three Legends' Jerseys\". LSUsports.net. Retrieved January 11, 2016. Harwell, Hoyt (July 26, 1969). \"Committee Selects All-time Grid Teams of Southeastern Area\". TimesDaily. p.\u00a015. Retrieved August 24, 2016. LSU Sports Interactive (October 29, 2009). \"Tiger Great Billy Cannon Elected to College Football Hall of Fame\". LSUsports.net. Archived from the original on March 3, 2016. Retrieved January 8, 2016.CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (link) \"Stanford's Montgomery Named 2013 \"The Jet\" Return Specialist Award Winner\". TheStreet.com. PR Newswire. January 9, 2014. Archived from the original on September 24, 2016. Retrieved September 24, 2016.CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (link) Mickles, Sheldon (September 19, 2018). \"LSU to unveil Billy Cannon statue outside Tiger Stadium night before matchup with Ole Miss\". The Advocate. Retrieved October 6, 2018. Bibliography Blevins, Dave (August 31, 2012). College Football Awards: All National and Conference Winners Through 2010. McFarland. ISBN\u00a0978-0-7864-4867-8. deGravelles, Charles (2015). Billy Cannon: A Long, Long Run. Baton Rouge, LA: Louisiana State University Press. ISBN\u00a0978-0-8071-6220-0. Jones, Danny (2011). Lost Treasures from the Golden Era of America's Game: Pro Football's Forgotten Heroes and Legends of the 50s, 60s, and 70s. AuthorHouse. ISBN\u00a0978-1-4567-1685-1. Vincent, Herb (2008). LSU Football Vault: The History of the Fighting Tigers. Whitman Publishing, LLC. ISBN\u00a0978-0-7948-2428-0. LSU profile Billy Cannon at the College Football Hall of Fame Billy Cannon at Heisman.com Career statistics and player information from NFL.com\u00a0\u00b7\u00a0Pro Football Reference"
   },
   {
    "name": "Devone Payne",
    "id": "Q5267803",
    "text": "Howard Devone Payne (November 14, 1913 \u2013 March 20, 1958) was an American football coach and college athletics administrator. He served as head football coach at Louisiana College in 1953 and Northeast Louisiana State College\u2014now known as the University of Louisiana at Monroe\u2014serving four seasons, from 1954 to 1957, and compiling a career college football coaching record of 18\u201329\u20131. Payne lettered in football, basketball, and track at Louisiana College. Payne died on March 20, 1958, at a hospital in Monroe, Louisiana, where he had been undergoing surgery for ulcers. In 2007 Payne was inducted into the ULM Sports Hall of Fame. He is also a member of the Louisiana High School Athletic Association, having been inducted in 1992 posthumously. University of Louisiana at Monroe coaching records Archived December 17, 2010, at WebCite \"Devone Payne Named Coach At Northwest\". Monroe Morning World. Monroe, Louisiana. June 20, 1954. p.\u00a09. Retrieved July 26, 2019 \u2013 via Newspapers.com . \"Northwest La. Football Coach Devone Payne Dies\". Hattiesburg American. Hattiesburg, Mississippi. Associated Press. March 20, 1958. p.\u00a04. Retrieved July 26, 2019 \u2013 via Newspapers.com . Buchanan, Becky. \"2007 ULM Sports Hall Of Fame Inductee: Devone Payne\". www.ulmwarhawks.com. Archived from the original on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 4 January 2013. Devone Payne at Find a Grave v t e"
   },
   {
    "name": "Dick Molpus",
    "id": "Q5273205",
    "text": "Richard Molpus (born September 7, 1949) is an American politician and businessman who served as Secretary of State of Mississippi from 1984 until 1996. Molpus was born and raised in Philadelphia, Mississippi. In 1971, he earned a Bachelor of Science degree in Business Administration from the University of Mississippi. Molpus served for a number of years as Vice President of Manufacturing for Molpus Lumber Company. In 1980, Molpus was Governor William Winter's first appointee and was selected as Executive Director of the Governor's Office of Federal-State Programs, an agency in disarray from the previous administration. For his work in reducing staff and bringing managerial efficiency to that troubled agency, he was selected in 1983 as Mississippi's Public Administrator of the Year by the American Society of Public Administrators. Dick Molpus was among several younger staff members, including future Governor Ray Mabus, known as the \"Boys of Spring\" who helped guide Governor Winter's historic Education Reform Act of 1982 to passage. In 1983, he successfully ran statewide for Secretary of State of Mississippi against seven opponents. He was re-elected by significant margins in 1987 and 1991. Mr. Molpus took the Secretary of State's Office from an agency that was a tax drain of $200,000 to a profit maker of over $2,000,000 per year. As Secretary of State he also served as Lands Commissioner of Mississippi and, in that capacity, supervised more than 600,000 acres (2,400\u00a0km2) of 16th Section commercial, residential, and timber property that had been set aside in the early 19th century to raise money for the public schools. By forcing renegotiation of some 5,000 below market leases, he increased, by more than $24,000,000, the amount of revenue to the public schools from those properties during his tenure. He also successfully led efforts in the Mississippi Legislature for sweeping lobbyist law reform that required lobbyists to report all money spent on public officials. In addition, he proposed and led to passage substantial election law improvements, including allowing citizens to register to vote by mail. On June 21, 1989, Molpus officially apologized to the families of murdered civil rights workers James Chaney, Andrew Goodman, and Michael Schwerner at an Ecumenical Memorial Service at Mount Zion Church in Philadelphia, Mississippi. For this act, he received death threats but has cited it as his proudest moment. In 1993, he was recognized by his peers and was elected President of the National Association of Secretaries of State. As President of that organization, he founded Project Democracy, an effort chaired by former Presidents Gerald Ford and Jimmy Carter to increase voter participation in the United States. In August 1995, he won the Democratic Nomination for Governor of Mississippi. In November of that year, after a strongly contested race, he lost to incumbent Republican Kirk Fordice. On January 8, 1996, after completing his third term as secretary of state of Mississippi, Molpus began a timberland investment management organization, The Molpus Woodlands Group, LLC. Dick Molpus and his wife, Sally, were the founders of Parents for Public Schools, which now has chapters in 18 cities in 13 states across the United States. That organization steadfastly supports local public schools and works with parents to ensure high standards for those schools. He is a former President of National Parents for Public Schools. He received from the H. Council Trenholm Memorial Award from the National Education Association in 2004 for his work on behalf of public schools. In 2005, he was honored as an inductee into the Mississippi Business Hall of Fame, and in 2008, he was honored as a Visionary Public Servant by the Mississippi Center of Justice at their annual Champions of Justice dinner. He was Co-Chairman of the successful 2006 Jackson Public School Bond Campaign that brought $150MM in renovations and new schools to Jackson. In addition, he serves as treasurer for the Board of Directors of the Harwood Institute, a non-profit, non-partisan organization based in Bethesda, Maryland, that seeks to spark fundamental changes in American public life. He is a member of the Board of Trustees of the Southern Education Foundation, headquartered in Atlanta, Georgia. He recently became a member of the Board of Directors of MDC, located in Durham, North Carolina, which helps organizations and communities close the gaps that separate people from economic opportunity. He also serves as a board member of the New York City-based Andrew Goodman Foundation, which focuses on voting rights and justice issues. In 2007 he became the founding Chairman of the United States Endowment for Forestry and Communities, a $200MM endowment funded by the U.S./Canada Softwood Lumber Agreement. The endowment is focused on improving forest health and assisting timber-reliant communities in the U.S. Molpus is also a founding board member and executive committee of the National Alliance of Forest Landowners (NAFO), which is dedicated to protecting and enhancing the economic and environmental values of privately owned forests through policy advocacy at the national level. In 2013 he was inducted into the University of Mississippi Alumni Hall of Fame. On February 20, 2013, he was criticized by Jon Stewart on The Daily Show for failing, as Mississippi Secretary of State in 1995, to file paperwork to make Mississippi the last state in America to ratify the 13th amendment which ended slavery. However, on February 22, Constance Slaughter-Harvey, a black woman who served as Molpus' Assistant Secretary of State, told the media that she was in charge of filing the paperwork in 1995 and did file it. Many people familiar with Molpus' history called for The Daily Show to correct the report and apologize to Molpus. Stewart apologized on the February 25th show, praising Molpus' record on civil rights, and emphasizing that neither Molpus nor his staff requested the apology. \"Molpus Woodlands Group\". Molpus.com. 1996-01-08. Archived from the original on 2012-11-23. Retrieved 2013-02-26. \"\"Early on, Molpus learned life filled with twists and turns,\" The Mississippi Business Journal, May 30, 2005\". Goliath.ecnext.com. Retrieved 2013-02-26. \"\"Molpus family celebrates 100 years in timber business,\" Jeter, Lynne, The Mississippi Business Journal, May 2, 2005\". Findarticles.com. Retrieved 2013-02-26. Dick Molpus (1989-06-21). \"Remarks By Secretary of State Dick Molpus\". Retrieved 2013-02-27. \"\"Mississippi Business Hall of Fame,\" The Mississippi Business Journal, May 30, 2005\". Goliath.ecnext.com. Retrieved 2013-02-26. U.S. Endowment for Forestry & Communities, Inc. Archived 2009-02-14 at the Wayback Machine Retrieved on 2009-02-12. \"Note to Jon Stewart: Why not invite Dick Molpus and Constance Slaughter-Harvey to appear on your show?\". Blogs.clarionledger.com. Retrieved 2013-02-26. Post by Sarah Morice-Brubaker. \"May We All Be More Like Dick Molpus\". Religion Dispatches. Retrieved 2013-02-26. \"Stewart Mans up, Apologizes to Molpus\". Molpus Woodlands Group, LLC corporate homepage"
   },
   {
    "name": "Donna Ladd",
    "id": "Q5296384",
    "text": "Donna K. Ladd (born October 9, 1961) is an American investigative journalist who co-founded the Jackson Free Press, a community magazine, and later, the Mississippi Free Press, an online news publication that emphasizes solutions journalism where Ladd currently serves as editor. She is noted for highlighting the historical and continuing role of race in current events, for investigative reporting that helped convict klansman James Ford Seale for his role in the 1964 civil rights kidnappings and deaths of Henry Hezekiah Dee and Charles Eddie Moore, and for her coverage of Frank Melton, the controversial mayor of Jackson, Mississippi. Ladd was born in Philadelphia, Mississippi. In 1983, Ladd completed her B.A. in Political Science at Mississippi State University[citation needed] and left to pursue a career in journalism. She helped start The Colorado Springs Independent, Colorado Springs' first alternative newsweekly[citation needed], in 1993. After editing and then writing for the paper for several years, she moved to New York City where she wrote for The Village Voice and pursued a master's degree in journalism from Columbia University. Ladd returned to Jackson, Mississippi. She lives with author and Jackson Free Press publisher and technology/blogging consultant Todd Stauffer, her partner of 20 years.[citation needed] In 2001, Ladd returned to Mississippi after an 18-year absence and co-founded The Jackson Free Press. She serves as editor-in-chief and regularly contributes op-eds and investigative pieces. She took the name from The Mississippi Free Press, a now-defunct investigative civil rights newspaper from the 1960s. The JFP, as it is called locally, launched in 2001 with a fully interactive Web site, with a wide variety of blogs and forums. Ladd teaches workshops on incorporating reporting and the Web around the country. She is one of the few female political voices in Mississippi, sometimes drawing criticism as well as recognition for her outspoken progressive commentary on her blog. Her investigative work on Barbour has attracted attention from national blogs. In July 2005, Donna Ladd and photographer Kate Medley joined Thomas Moore and Canadian Broadcasting filmmaker David Ridgen in a trip to Moore's hometown of Meadville, Mississippi. They intended to investigate and call for justice for the 1964 Klan murders of his brother, Charles Moore, and his friend Henry Dee. In the paper's first story about the trip, published July 20, 2005, the JFP revealed that the lead suspect, James Ford Seale, was living in the area, although The Clarion-Ledger and other media had reported that he was no longer alive. In January 2007, the Justice Department announced that Seale had been indicted for federal kidnapping and conspiracy charges in connection with the case. Ladd's work on the case drew national and international attention, including from NPR, CNN, BBC, CBC Radio, CBS Radio, Editor & Publisher, and the Poynter Institute. In June 2007, Seale was convicted of federal charges and sentenced to life in prison. Ladd is the national Diversity Chair for the Association of Alternative Newsweeklies. She teaches annual writing workshops at the Academy for Alternative Journalism at Northwestern University every summer, a program to increase diversity in the alternative press. Her work for racial conciliation and justice in the state have been recognized widely, including in a Glamour magazine profile, as well as by other media outlets. Ladd serves on the board of directors of the Association of Alternative Newsweeklies and as its national Diversity Chair. She is also vice president of the ACLU of Mississippi.[citation needed] In 2006, Ladd and Mississippi NAACP chapter president Derrick Johnson were co-recipients of the Friendship Award, an annual prize given by Jackson 2000, a racial reconciliation group. Ladd has received six awards from the Association of Alternative Newsweeklies for her investigative work and political commentary, including for her Dee-Moore series and as part of the team that investigated Mayor Frank Melton. 2005, Ladd was designated one of Mississippi's leading 50 businesswomen by the Mississippi Business Journal Burton, Tommy (2013-10-09). \"Jackson Free Press\". Retrieved 2021-09-12. Kuldell, Heather (2007-06-15). \"AAN Announces AltWeekly Awards Winners\". Association of Alternative Newsmedia, 15 June 2007. Retrieved on 2009-11-03 from http://aan.org/alternative/Aan/ViewArticle?oid=oid%3A187877 Archived 2008-06-20 at the Wayback Machine. \"Making a Difference with Solutions Journalism in Mississippi\". The Saturday Evening Post. 2021-05-25. Retrieved 2021-09-12. News, Erika Beras-Association (2005-10-13). \"Donna Ladd: Reporting Her Face Off in Mississippi \u2022 Association of Alternative Newsmedia\". Association of Alternative Newsmedia. Retrieved 2021-09-12. \"A Historic Water Crisis Hits Jackson, Mississippi | The Takeaway\". WNYC Studios. Retrieved 2021-09-12. \"On the Trail of a Civil Rights-Era Cold Case\". NPR.org. Retrieved 2021-09-12. \"Americas | US man in 1964 race attack charge\". BBC News. January 25, 2007. Retrieved February 13, 2011. \"Special Coverage: Frank Melton\". Jackson Free Press. Archived from the original on 2011-09-28. Retrieved 2011-12-29. http://www.csindy.com/colorado/where-are-they-now/Content?oid=1120060 \"Archived copy\". Archived from the original on 2008-05-31. Retrieved 2008-03-20.CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link) Ihttp://www.lib.usm.edu/~archives/m395.htm Archived June 22, 2008, at the Wayback Machine \"Archived copy\". Archived from the original on 2007-10-11. Retrieved 2007-09-23.CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link) \"Archived copy\". Archived from the original on 2007-10-05. Retrieved 2007-09-23.CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link) http://thinkprogress.org/2007/09/05/giuliani-barbour/ \"Archived copy\". Archived from the original on 2007-10-26. Retrieved 2011-02-13.CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link) http://cityweekly.blogspot.com/2007/02/out-in-open.html \"Archived copy\". Archived from the original on 2007-02-10. Retrieved 2007-02-20.CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link) \"Archived copy\". Archived from the original on 2007-02-15. Retrieved 2007-02-20.CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link) Bebawi, Mark (2007-08-26). \"Mississippi journalist DONNA LADD on the 1964 Klan double murder prosecution and conviction\". The Monitor, 26 August 2007. Retrieved on 2009-11-03 from http://themonitor.wordpress.com/2007/08/26/show-details-for-august-26th-2007/. \"Donna Ladd: Biography\" Archived December 1, 2007, at the Wayback Machine, Jackpedia \"Donna Ladd: Award-Winning Journalist Brings a New Voice to Mississippi\" Archived October 18, 2006, at the Wayback Machine, Standing on My Sister's Shoulders, accessed 3 Nov 2009 Howard Ball, \"It's Time Mississippi Established a Truth and Reconciliation Commission\", History News Network, 25 Sep 2006, accessed 3 Nov 2009 \"Archived copy\". Archived from the original on 2006-10-04. Retrieved 2007-02-20.CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link) \"Jackson 2000\", Mississippi Business Journal, 6 Mar 2006, accessed 3 Nov 2009 Association of Alternative Weeklies. Retrieved from \"Archived copy\". Archived from the original on 2006-10-12. Retrieved 2007-01-27.CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link). \"50 Leading Business Women 2005: Donna K. Ladd\", The Mississippi Business Journal, 17 Oct 2005, accessed 3 Nov 2009 Donna Ladd's Blog Donna Ladd's AAN Awards Erica Beras, \"Donna Ladd: Reporting Her Face Off in Mississippi\", Association of Alternative News, 13 Oct 2005"
   },
   {
    "name": "Fred McAfee",
    "id": "Q5495892",
    "text": "Fred Lee McAfee (born June 20, 1968) is a former American football running back who played for the New Orleans Saints, Arizona Cardinals, Pittsburgh Steelers and Tampa Bay Buccaneers of the National Football League (NFL). He has a daughter and son. McAfee is currently the Director of Player Development at the New Orleans Saints. McAfee attended Philadelphia High School (Mississippi) and was a student and a letterman in football & track. In football, he won All-District honors. In track, he was a two-time state champion in the pole vault. McAfee graduated high school in 1986. Fred is also a first cousin to legendary running back Marcus Dupree, and was the Philadelphia High School Football team's ball boy during Dupree's renowned years. A person featured in the ESPN \"30 for 30\" series about Marcus Dupree says that a young McAfee would give away or sell Dupree's torn game jerseys. McAfee graduated with a degree in mass communications from Mississippi College in Clinton, Mississippi and played for the Choctaws football team in Division II. He set school records for rushing yards, attempts and rushing touchdowns. He led the Choctaws to the 1989 Gulf South Conference football champion, which was later vacated as punishment for recruiting violations, and earned All-American (D-II) honors. McAfee was drafted by the Saints in the 1991 NFL Draft. He is the first player in Saints franchise history to be on the roster for three (1991, 2000, 2006) of the team's division titles. The 1991 season was his most prolific, offensively, as he rushed for a career-high 109 times for 494 yards and two touchdowns. During the 1994 season, McAfee played for the Arizona Cardinals for seven games, then was released. On November 9, 1994, McAfee signed a contract with the Pittsburgh Steelers, who he would play for until the 1999 season, where he signed with the Kansas City Chiefs. While he was with the Steelers, he played in Super Bowl XXX, which the Steelers lost to the Dallas Cowboys 27\u201317. However, less than a month after signing with the Chiefs, he was released. On December 28, 1999, McAfee signed with the Tampa Bay Buccaneers. During the 1999 season, McAfee played in only one game, and in October 2000, McAfee signed with the team that drafted him back in 1991, the New Orleans Saints. Throughout his second stint with the Saints, McAfee re-signed and declared free agency numerous times with the Saints. He was elected to go to the Pro Bowl in 2002 for his special team efforts. He was also known around the team for his tremendous work ethic, being a leader on and off the football field, and bringing a camaraderie to the locker room. During his second stint with the Saints, for 6 seasons, McAfee had only seven attempts for 117 yards. On August 28, 2006, McAfee was cut by the New Orleans Saints, thus making him a free agent eligible to sign with any NFL team. McAfee was re-signed by the Saints on November 21, 2006. On December 27, McAfee was waived by the Saints. Two days later, he was re-signed by the Saints and scored a touchdown on December 31, 2006 against the Carolina Panthers. This was McAfee's first NFL touchdown since October 26, 1998, which was on a blocked punt and his first rushing/offensive touchdown since September 10, 1995, A few weeks later, on January 10, 2007, McAfee was placed on the Injured Reserve list by the Saints, reportedly to make roster room for newly signed place kicker Billy Cundiff. On May 25, 2007, the Saints announced they would hire him as director of player programs. Rushing statistics Receiving statistics Kickoff return statistics \"Fred McAfee to be Featured Speaker at Mississippi College Athletics Dinner\". gscsports.org. August 29, 2014. http://sports.espn.go.com/espn/wire?section=nfl&id=2882912 http://sports.espn.go.com/nfl/news/story?id=2883424 \"Fred McAfee Stats\". ESPN Internet Ventures. Retrieved 15 April 2014. New Orleans Saints profile"
   },
   {
    "name": "Georgia Tann",
    "id": "Q5547816",
    "text": "Beulah George \"Georgia\" Tann (July 18, 1891\u00a0\u2013 September 15, 1950) was an American child trafficker who operated the Tennessee Children's Home Society, an adoption agency in Memphis, Tennessee. Tann used the unlicensed home as a front for her black market baby adoption scheme from the 1920s until a state investigation into numerous instances of adoption fraud being perpetrated by her closed the institution in 1950. Tann died of cancer before the investigation made its findings public. Tann's custom of placing children with influential members of society normalized adoption in America, and many of her adoption practices (often designed to hide the origin of her adoptees) became standard practice. Georgia Tann was born on July 18, 1891, in Philadelphia, Mississippi, to George Clark Tann and Beulah Yates. She was older than her brother, Rob Roy Tann, by three years. Beulah was a school teacher during a time when it was uncommon for women to work outside of the home. Her father, Judge George Tann, reportedly had a \"domineering\" personality. He also had aspirations of his daughter becoming a concert pianist, and, beginning at the age of five, he put her in piano lessons that continued into adulthood. Nelli Kenyon with The Nashville Tennessean reported that Tann's childhood home in Hickory, Mississippi, was a popular neighborhood gathering spot. Judge Tann would sometimes bring abandoned or neglected children with him, remarking that he would need a minister, school teacher, and doctor to figure out what to do with the children. Tann attended Martha Washington College in Abingdon, Virginia, graduating with a degree in music in 1913, and took courses in social work at Columbia University in New York for two summers. However, she despised playing piano and, instead, desired to become a lawyer as her father had been. Under his tutelage, she read the law and passed the state bar exam in Mississippi. However, her father did not want her to practice law because it was unusual for women. With no apparent desire to get married or have children, she availed herself of one of the few careers available to unmarried women of her time, social work. Upon graduation, she briefly worked in Texas as a social worker, but quit after a short time. Tann found employment at the Mississippi Children's Home Society, working as the Receiving Director at the Kate McWillie Powers Receiving Home for Children. In 1922, Tann adopted an infant; she named her June. A daughter of a family friend named Ann Atwood also worked at the home as a housemother; Ann was eight years her junior. It is unclear when they became a couple, but when Tann was terminated because of her questionable child-placing methods in 1924, she moved to Memphis, Tennessee, with June, Atwood, and Atwood's infant son, Jack. Atwood had recently given birth to a son out of wedlock, and around this time appended Hollinsworth to her name, likely to give the impression that she had actually been widowed. While the cohabitation of two financially independent women, referred to as \"Boston marriages\", had once been socially acceptable, such arrangements had begun to be viewed as suspiciously homosexual. Tann and Atwood hid the true nature of their relationship. In Memphis, Tann was hired as the Executive Secretary at the Shelby County branch of the Tennessee Children's Home Society. Its offices were located on the fifth floor of the Goodwyn Building downtown. The society was the largest in the state, and had branches in Jackson, Knoxville, and Chattanooga. Tann used aggressive tactics to eventually take over the organization. In 1924, Tann began trafficking children. While Tennessee law permitted agencies to place children with appropriate applicants, in an effort to ban the selling of children, agencies could charge only for their services. In keeping with the law, the society charged about seven dollars for adoptions within Tennessee.[citation needed] However, Tann also arranged for out-of-state, private adoptions where she charged a premium. As many as 80 percent of these adoptions were to parents in New York and California. Records indicate that between 1940 and 1950, the agency placed 3000 children in just those two states. Alma Walton and Regina Warner both worked for Tann, and made a trip every three weeks with four to six babies in tow: Walton to California and Warner to New York. They would rent hotel rooms where they would meet with prospective adoptive parents, most of whom were wealthy. Each couple would pay US$700 in a check made out to \"Georgia Tann.\" Additionally, Tann might charge prospective parents for background checks she had never pursued, air travel costs at exorbitant rates, and adoption paperwork at five times the actual cost. The state of Tennessee itself was contributing US$61,000 a year to the agency, with 31 percent of that money going towards the Memphis branch. Profits were kept in a secret bank account under a false corporation name at the time.[citation needed] Adoptions in states such as Mississippi, Arkansas, and Missouri could be arranged for $750.[citation needed] It is alleged that she pocketed 80 to 90 percent of the fees from these adoptions for her own personal use. She also failed to report the income to either the Society's board or the Internal Revenue Service.[citation needed] In a 1979 interview with the Los Angeles Times, Tennessee special prosecutor Robert Taylor reported that 1,200 children were adopted out of the home between 1944 and 1950, but only a few of them remained with Tennessee families. Notable personalities who used Tann's services included actress Joan Crawford (twin daughters, Cathy and Cynthia were adopted through the agency while daughter Christina Crawford and son Christopher were adopted through other agencies). June Allyson and husband Dick Powell also used the Memphis-based home for adopting a child, as did the adoptive parents of professional wrestler Ric Flair. New York Governor Herbert Lehman, who signed a law sealing birth certificates from New York adoptees in 1935, also adopted a child through the agency. Tann used a variety of methods to procure children. Through pressure tactics, threats of legal action, and other ways, she would dupe or coerce birth parents, mostly poor single mothers, to turn the children over to her custody, often under false pretenses. Alma Simple, one of Tann's victims, described her as \"a stern-looking woman with close-cropped grey hair, round wireless glasses and an air of utter authority.\" Tann also arranged for the taking of children born to inmates at Tennessee mental institutions and those born to wards of the state through her connections. To meet demand, she resorted to kidnappings. In some cases, single parents would drop their children off at nursery schools, only to be told that welfare agents had taken the children. In others, children would be temporarily placed in an orphanage because a family was experiencing illness or unemployment, only to find out later that the orphanage had adopted them out or had no record of the children ever being placed. Tann was also documented as taking children born to unwed mothers at birth, claiming that the newborns required medical care. When the mothers asked about the children, Tann or her accomplices would explain that the babies had died, when they had actually been placed in foster homes or adopted. Tennessee Children\u2019s Home Society had been dropped from the Child Welfare League of America because of its repeated failure to have homes of foster parents investigated prior to the placement of children for adoption, because Tennessee Children\u2019s Home Society had failed to study the children and their heritage before placing them for adoption, because of the failure of the Society to select proper homes for the children placed for adoption, because the foster parents had been permitted to select the child of their choice rather than placing the children in the home best suited for the child, because the home had engaged in advertising children for adoption and had encouraged hasty placements in disregard of the childrens\u2019 [sic] right to protection from commercial advertising, and because the Society had engaged in interstate placement of children at long distances from the situs of the Society which prevented careful home findings and suitable supervision pending adoption. Judge Sam Bates Tann destroyed records of the children who were processed through the Society and conducted minimal background checks on the adoptive homes. As a result, the Child Welfare League of America dropped the Society from its list of qualifying institutions in 1941. Many of the files of the children were fictionalized before being presented to the adoptive parents, which covered up the child's circumstances prior to being placed with the society. When an adoptive parent discovered that the information on the child was incorrect, such as in cases of falsified medical histories, Tann often threatened the adoptive parents with possible legal action that would force a surrender of their children. Tann's crimes were accomplished with the aid of Memphis Family Court Judge Camille Kelley, who used her position of authority to sanction Tann's tactics and activities. Tann would identify children as being from homes which could not provide for their care, and Kelley would push the matter through her dockets. Kelley also severed custody of divorced mothers, placing the children with Tann, who then arranged for adoption of the children into \"homes better able to provide for the children's care.\" However, many of the children were placed into homes where they were used as child labor on farms, or with abusive families.[citation needed] In a letter drafted in 1947, Tann's attorney, Abe Waldauer, said that the prospective adoptive couple had \"complete custody and control of a child for one year; may submit the child to any physical or mental examination they wish and take any steps they may desire to ascertain they have a healthy and normal child. If it is not, the Tennessee Children's Home takes it back without question.\" Bypassing Shelby County Probate Court, most of the adoption cases were handled in the counties of Dyer, Haywood, and Hardeman. Tann also had connections with former Memphis, Tennessee, mayor E. H. \u201cBoss\u201d Crump, who continued to have an influential political presence until his death. He had long been known to take bribes from unlawful establishments (e.g. brothels and gambling halls), a fact which Tann used to her advantage. She enjoyed a lavish lifestyle and was widely respected in the community, counting among her friends prominent families, politicians, and legislators. While in her care, Tann mistreated the children, with reports of neglect, physical abuse, sexual abuse, and murder. With no housing facilities, the society held children awaiting placement in public facilities and foster homes. In the 1930s, Memphis had the highest infant mortality rate in the nation, largely due to Tann. In 1943, a wealthy businessman donated the mansion at 1556 Poplar Avenue to the society. The offices and intake rooms were put on the bottom floor, while the nurseries were upstairs. The all-female staff wore all-white nursing uniforms, despite the fact that they were mostly untrained and even substance abusers. The children were frequently sedated and those who were difficult to place were allowed to die of malnutrition. Tann regularly ignored doctors' recommendations for sick children, denying them care or medicine, which often led to preventable deaths from illnesses such as diarrhea. While some of her victims are known to be buried in Elmwood Cemetery in Memphis, Tennessee, other children were never accounted for, and the exact number of deceased children remains unknown, with estimates of about 500 deaths due to mistreatment. At the time, so-called \"black market\" adoptions were not illegal, but were considered ethically and morally wrong. Reasons of the day included the fact that young, unwed mothers were often coerced to give up wanted children, the suitability of the parents was often ignored, information about the child's heritage and medical history was lost, and adoptive parents were unaware of any physical or mental illness. The Tennessee governor of the time, Gordon Browning, launched an investigation into the society on September 11, 1950, after receiving reports that the agency was selling children for profit. He assigned Memphis attorney Robert Taylor to the case. Public Welfare Commissioner J. O. McMahan accused Tann and her cohorts of receiving as much as US$1 million in profits. The Tennessee Children's Home Society was closed in 1950.[citation needed] Tann is estimated to have stolen over 5,000 children. New York and California vowed to take action, but the children's adoptions were never investigated, and no children were restored. Tann died of uterine cancer three days before the state filed charges against the society, thus escaping prosecution. For her part, Judge Kelley was believed to be receiving bribes for ruling in Tann's favor; however, a 1951 report to Browning by the Tennessee Department of Public Welfare said that while she had \"failed on many occasions to aid destitute families and permitted family ties to be destroyed\" she had not personally profited from the rulings. She retired shortly after the start of the investigation, and died in 1955 without any charges having been brought against her. Over several decades, 19 of the children who died at the Tennessee Children's Home Society, due to the abuse and neglect that Tann subjected them to, were buried in a 14\u00a0ft \u00d7\u00a013\u00a0ft (4.3\u00a0m \u00d7\u00a04.0\u00a0m) lot at the historic Elmwood Cemetery with no headstones. Tann bought the lot sometime before 1923 and recorded the children there by their first names (e.g. \"Baby Estelle\" and \"Baby Joseph\"). In 2015, the cemetery raised $13,000 to erect a monument to their memory. It reads, in part, \"In memory of the 19 children who finally rest here unmarked if not unknown, and of all the hundreds who died under the cold, hard hand of the Tennessee Children's Home Society. Their final resting place unknown. Their final peace a blessing. The hard lesson of their fate changed adoption procedure and law nationwide.\" In her book, Rural Unwed Mothers: An American Experience, Mazie Hough makes the argument the Tennessee implementation of social work standards without providing the needed funding contributed to abuses in the system. The Tennessee Children's Home Society scandal resulted in adoption reform laws in Tennessee in 1951. Her custom of creating false birth certificates for adoptees (which she did to hide the origins of the child) became standard practice nationwide. In 1979, the state adopted legislation requiring the state to assist siblings who were trying to find each other, while a bill that extended this provision to birth parents did not pass. In 1996, the State of Tennessee enacted Chapter 532 of the Tennessee Public Acts of 1996, which revised the process of obtaining adoption records by releasing them to adult adoptees of the Tennessee Children's Home Society, upon receiving permission from any living birth parents. Prior to the 1920s, adoption was a rare practice in the United States, with the Boston Children's Aid Society placing only five children per year. By contrast, in 1928, Tann placed 206 children with adoptive families. Believing in class distinctions, Tann felt that children should be taken from poor families and placed with, what she called, \"people of the higher type.\" Because of Tann's insistence on choosing wealthy adoptive families, the practice of adoption became associated with the famous and influential, removing much of the stigma it previously had in American culture. The current Tennessee Children's Home, which is accredited by the state of Tennessee, has no connection with Georgia Tann nor the society which she operated. Tann adopted Hollinsworth on August 2, 1943, in Dyer County, Tennessee, a legal provision that same-sex couples used at the time to ensure that their partners would inherit their property. Tann died of cancer on September 15, 1950, three days before Governor Gordon Browning of Tennessee filed charges against Tann's home. The home was permanently closed in December 1950. Tann was buried in her family's plot in Hickory Cemetery. Missing Children: A Mother's Story (1982), was loosely based on the Tennessee scandal.[citation needed] Tann was the subject of aforementioned December 13, 1989, episode of the crime show Unsolved Mysteries. Stolen Babies (TV Movie, 1993). She was featured in an episode of Investigation Discovery's series Deadly Women titled \"Above the Law\" that aired September 13, 2013. She was the topic of the April 25, 2017, episode of the podcast Southern Hollows; the August 29, 2017, episode of the True Crime Brewery podcast titled \"The Baby Thief: The Crimes of Georgia Tann\"; the March 15, 2019, episode of the Criminal podcast titled \"Baby Snatcher\"; and the April 30, 2019, two-part episode of the Behind the Bastards podcast titled \"The Woman Who Invented Adoption (By Stealing Thousands of Babies)\". She is the subject of the 2007 nonfiction book The Baby Thief: The Untold Story of Georgia Tann, the Baby Seller Who Corrupted Adoption, by Barbara Bisantz Raymond. She is also featured in the 2017 novel about the scandal, Before We Were Yours, by Lisa Wingate. In October 2019, Wingate and Judy Christie released the book Before and After: The Incredible RealLife Stories of Orphans Who Survived the Tennessee Children's Home Society. It is a nonfiction companion to Wingate's novel. In 2010, Devereaux \"Devy\" Bruch Eyler published her memoir No Mama, I Didn\u2019t Die \u2014 My Life as a Stolen Baby to tell her story as a stolen baby and victim of Georgia Tann. She grew up knowing she was adopted, but did not know, until she was in her 70s, that she had been stolen from her birth mother\u2014a mother who, Eyler had been told, was dead. Eyler met her sister, Patricia Ann Wilks of Germantown, Tennessee, for the first time in 2009. Tann is featured in the 2019 novel, The Pink Bonnet by Liz Tolsma. In 1990, the Los Angeles Times published the story of Alma Sipple. Her daughter, Irma, had been taken by Georgia Tann in the spring of 1946 under the pretense of providing medical care, but a few days later, however, Tann informed Sipple that her daughter had died of pneumonia and already been buried. Sipple was devastated by her grief, but suspected the child was still alive. Her efforts to find her daughter at the time, however, were fruitless. Years later, in 1989, she happened to be watching Unsolved Mysteries, and recognized Georgia Tann as the woman who had taken her child. As the show suggested, she wrote to Tennessee's Right to Know, a volunteer agency in Memphis that reunites families separated by adoption. They soon found Irma, whose name was Sandra Kimbrell, and the mother and daughter reunited by phone. Sipple's story was featured again in the podcast Criminal. Adoption fraud Child laundering Child-selling Female serial killers Tennessee Death Records Cooper, Lois. \"A Story of Stolen Babies\". www.nchgs.org. Archived from the original on March 10, 2019. Retrieved March 17, 2019. Kenyon, Nellie (October 22, 1950). \"Father Favored Music, She Saw Greater Need\". The Nashville Tennessean: 18A. Retrieved October 29, 2019. Bisantz Raymond 2007, p.\u00a048. Bisantz Raymond 2007, pp.\u00a048\u201349. Bisantz Raymond 2007, p.\u00a049. Bisantz Raymond. sfn error: no target: CITEREFBisantz_Raymond (help) \"Georgia Tann/Tennessee Children's Home Society Investigation Scrapbooks, 1950\" (PDF). State of Tennessee Department of State Tennessee State Library and Archives. Archived (PDF) from the original on June 11, 2018. Retrieved May 22, 2019. Bisantz Raymond 2007, p.\u00a0105-106. Bisantz Raymond 2007, p.\u00a0105. Bisantz Raymond 2007, p.\u00a0106. Blade 2012, p.\u00a099. Austin, Linda T. (Summer 1990). \"Babies for Sale: Tennessee Children's Adoption Scandal\". Tennessee Historical Quarterly. Nashville. 49 (2): 91. Retrieved May 22, 2019. Blade 2012, p.\u00a0100. Duran, Gabby (February 19, 2018). \"Meet The Woman Who Kidnapped 5,000 Babies And Sold Them All\". All That's Interesting. Archived from the original on July 2, 2018. Retrieved March 17, 2019. Miller, Laura (December 25, 1979). \"New Routes to Old Roots\". Washington Post. ISSN\u00a00190-8286. Archived from the original on March 27, 2019. Retrieved March 27, 2019. Downing, Shirley (September 11, 1995). \"Quest led Joan Crawford twins, others to Tenn\". The Memphis Commercial Appeal. Archived from the original on February 20, 2007. Retrieved August 10, 2009. Maxey, Ron. \"Georgia Tann victims recount tales of lives lost in infamous adoption scandal\". The Commercial Appeal. Retrieved October 29, 2019. Bisantz Raymond 2007, pp.\u00a0107\u2013108. Bisantz Raymond 2007, p.\u00a0vii. Blade 2012, p.\u00a0136. Sandine, Julie K.; Greenman, Frederick F. (2001). \"Tennessee's Adoption Law: Balancing the Interests of the Adoption Triad\". Family Court Review. 39 (1): 58\u201374. doi:10.1111/j.174-1617.2001.tb00594.x. Koeppel, Fredric. \"Author spent 16 years delving into the power Georgia Tann wielded and the victims she left\". Commercial Appeal. Archived from the original on September 29, 2018. Retrieved May 22, 2019. Noll-Wilensky, Hannah (Summer 2019). \"Black-Market Adoptions In Tennessee: A Call for Reparations\". Hastings Women's Law Journal. 30 (2): 8. Retrieved September 19, 2020. BROWNING, MARIA (July 17, 2008). \"She terrified people\". Nashville Scene. Archived from the original on March 10, 2019. Retrieved March 17, 2019. Blade 2012, p.\u00a0137. Bisantz Raymond 2007, p.\u00a0viii. Raymond, B.B. (March 1991). \"The woman who stole 5,000 babies\". Good Housekeeping. 212 (3): 140. ISSN\u00a00017-209X. \"Restoring Parental Rights after an Adoption\". New York Times \u2013 via facebook.com.[dead link] \"Meet America's Notorious Baby Seller, Georgia Tann\". Southern Hollows Podcast (Podcast). April 25, 2017. Archived from the original on March 21, 2019. Retrieved March 17, 2019. Goan, Melanie Beals (August 2013). \"Rural Unwed Mothers: An American Experience\". The Journal of Southern History. Athens. 79 (3): 741\u2013742. Retrieved May 22, 2019. \"Tennessee Government: Department of Children's Services: Access to Adoption Records\". Tennessee State Government. August 10, 2009. Archived from the original on June 22, 2009. Retrieved August 10, 2009. Tennessee Department of Children\u2019s Services (August 2017). Post Adoption/Access to Sealed Records Practice and Procedure Manual (PDF). p.\u00a02. Retrieved October 29, 2019. Bisantz Raymond 2007, p.\u00a0ix. \"Home\". smithdray.tripod.com. Archived from the original on July 17, 2011. Retrieved January 22, 2007. cns|carcinosis, primary location uterus, according to Dr. Alma Richards on death certificate|date=May 2020 Beyette, Beverly (August 20, 1990). \"Together Again\u00a0: After 44 Tortured Years, a Mother Finds Her Stolen Child Via 'Unsolved Mysteries'\". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved May 23, 2019. \"Mary Tyler Moore\". Contemporary Theatre, Film and Television. Gale. 108. April 8, 2011. Retrieved March 27, 2019. \"Meet America's Notorious Baby Seller, Georgia Tann\". SouthernHollows.com (Podcast). April 25, 2017. Archived from the original on March 28, 2019. Retrieved April 8, 2019. \"The Baby Thief: The Crimes of Georgia Tann\". Tiegrabber Podcasts (Podcast). August 29, 2017. Archived from the original on March 27, 2019. Retrieved March 17, 2019. Judge, Phoebe (March 15, 2019). \"Episode 110: Baby Snatcher\". This is Criminal (Podcast). Archived from the original on March 27, 2019. Retrieved March 17, 2019. \"4 Amazing, Must-Listen Podcasts for History Lovers\". Study Breaks. July 12, 2019. Retrieved September 24, 2019. Raymond, Barbara Bisantz (May 2008). The Baby Thief: The Untold Story of Georgia Tann, the Baby Seller who Corrupted Adoption. Union Square Press. ISBN\u00a09781402758638. Poppy, Nick (June 17, 2017). \"This woman stole children from the poor to give to the rich\". New York Post. Retrieved September 24, 2019. Ross, Michelle (October 15, 2019). \"Before and After: The Incredible RealLife Stories of Orphans Who Survived the Tennessee Children's Home Society\". Booklist. American Library Association. 116 (4). Retrieved May 8, 2020. Spencer, Alexa Imani. \"'My mother was told I died': Stolen Georgia Tann baby, now 81, to share her story in Collierville\". The Commercial Appeal. Retrieved October 29, 2019. \"The Pink Bonnet - Author Liz Tolsma\". April 10, 2021. \"Episode 110: Baby Snatcher\" (Podcast). March 15, 2019. Retrieved May 23, 2019. Tollett Austin, Linda (1993). Babies for sale: the Tennessee Children's Home adoption scandal. Praeger. ISBN\u00a0978-0-275-94585-5. Bisantz Raymond, Barbara (2007). The baby thief\u00a0: the untold story of Georgia Tann, the baby seller who corrupted adoption (1st\u00a0ed.). New York: Carroll & Graf Publishers. ISBN\u00a09780786733743. Blade, Robert (2012). Tupelo man\u00a0: the life and times of George McLean, a most peculiar newspaper publisher. University Press of Mississippi. ISBN\u00a0978-1617036286. PROFILE: Mary Margulis St. Louis Post - Dispatch St. Louis, Mo.: May 10, 1993. p.\u00a01 Section: EVERYDAY MAGAZINE \"Report to Governor Gordon Browning on Shelby County Branch, Tennessee Children's Home Society\". State of Tennessee, Dept. of Public Welfare. 1951. OCLC\u00a04349960. Cite journal requires |journal= (help) Elkins, Ashley (August 10, 1997). \"HED:Stolen baby meets her family\". Daily Journal. Retrieved March 17, 2019. Edna Gladney or Georgia Tann?, an analysis comparing and contrasting the two women's legacies on adoption Georgia Tann at Find a Grave"
   },
   {
    "name": "J. T. \"Blondy\" Black",
    "id": "Q6107156",
    "text": "John Thomas \"Blondy\" Black (August 20, 1920 \u2013 May 4, 2000) was a professional American football player. Black was born in Philadelphia, Mississippi. He attended Mississippi State University from 1939 to 1942, where he played football and ran track. He was the offensive cornerstone of MSU's only undefeated football team in 1940. While competing for MSU, he held a school record for running the 100-yard dash in 9.6 seconds in 1941. He averaged 6.1 yards per carry during his varsity football career. Black holds the MSU record for highest yards per rush average in a single game (19.5) and in a season (6.9), both set in 1942. He was a two-time All-SEC selection in 1941 and 1942 and was a UPI All-American in 1943. He also was a three-year letterman in track. While serving in the military during World War II, Black played professional football under the assumed name of Mike Matiza. In 1946, he played for the Buffalo Bisons, and in 1947 for the Baltimore Colts. In 1943, Black joined the United States Marine Corps and became a lieutenant. While in the Marines, he played football under the name \"Mike Matiza\". Black later pursued a career as a land developer and car dealership owner in Yazoo City. He was inducted into the Mississippi Sports Hall of Fame in 1976. [1] Archived May 13, 2008, at the Wayback Machine \"Obituary: J.T. 'Blondy' Black\", Madison County Herald (Canton, Mississippi), May 18, 2000, page 12. \"'Blondy' was decades ahead of his time\", Mississippi Sports Hall of Fame and Museum website, April 29, 2014. Retrieved August 11, 2020. Cleveland, Tyler. \"Philly's Blondy Black played in MSU's 1941 win\", The Neshoba Democrat On The Web website, December 31, 2014. Retrieved August 11, 2020. [2] Archived September 6, 2006, at the Wayback Machine v t e"
   },
   {
    "name": "Marcus Dupree",
    "id": "Q6758138",
    "text": "Marcus L. Dupree (born May 22, 1964) is a former American football player. He was born and grew up in Philadelphia, Mississippi, where his playing in high school attracted national attention. A highly touted and sought-after college football recruit, he played at Oklahoma, where he was named Football News Freshman of the Year, second team All-American and Big Eight Conference Newcomer of the Year. He left in the middle of his sophomore season and briefly attended the University of Southern Mississippi. Marcus played spring football for the Golden Eagles and finished college at the university. He joined the United States Football League the following season and signed with the New Orleans Breakers in 1984. He played for the Breakers for two seasons before a knee injury forced him to leave the game. He returned to professional football in 1990, playing in 15 games over two seasons for the Los Angeles Rams before being waived prior to the 1992 season. Dupree attended Philadelphia High School in Philadelphia, Mississippi, where he played for the Philadelphia Tornadoes high school football team from 1978 to 1981. He also competed in track & field, recording a 4.29 40-yard dash. As a freshman in 1978, he scored five touchdowns as wide receiver and seven more as a kickoff and punt returner, including a 75-yard kickoff return touchdown on his first play in high school. As a sophomore in 1979, he was switched to running back and rushed for 1,850 yards and scored 28 touchdowns. He also played on Philadelphia High's basketball team, which finished the year with a 33-4 record and reached the semifinals of the Mississippi state basketball tournament, and played first base and catcher for the baseball team, hitting for a .481 average. As a junior in 1980, he rushed for 2,550 yards and scored 34 touchdowns (25 rushing, 9 by kick return). As a senior in 1981, he rushed for 2,955 yards and scored 36 touchdowns. He finished his high school career with 7,355 rushing yards with an 8.3-yards-per-carry average. Dupree scored 87 touchdowns total during his playing time in high school, breaking the national high school record (set by Herschel Walker) by one. In 1981, Marcus's final high school football game was played on the Choctaw Indian Reservation's tribal high school's Warriors Stadium. Author Willie Morris described the audience at Dupree's final high school game as \"the most distinctive crowds I had ever seen ... four thousand or so people seemed almost an equal of mix of whites, blacks, and Indians ... After Marcus scored his touchdown, Sid Salter saw Cecil Price Sr. (who was linked with the murders of Chaney, Goodman, and Schwerner in Philadelphia, Miss.) who was ... 'jumping up and down and cheering as hard as anyone ... ain't that a kick in the pants?' \" Dupree was heavily recruited by the major college football programs, and during the final month of the recruiting period, his high school coach, Joe Wood, answered more than 100 phone calls a day from colleges. Oklahoma assistant coach Lucious Selmon spent six weeks in the Downtown Motor Inn in Philadelphia, and after Dupree verbally committed to Fred Akers and the Texas Longhorns while on his visit there, OU head coach Barry Switzer sent former Oklahoma Sooner and Heisman Trophy winner Billy Sims to the town by private plane to appeal to Dupree. On February 12, 1982, Dupree announced he would attend Oklahoma instead of the other finalists, Texas, UCLA, and Southern Miss. When Dupree arrived at the University of Oklahoma in 1982, head coach Barry Switzer said, \"He was the best player on the field. Earl Campbell was the only other guy I ever saw who was like that\u2014physically ready, as a true freshman, to be the best player on a great college team. Maybe even ready for the NFL at that age.\" After the first three games of the season, Dupree had just twelve carries for 20 yards and the Sooners' record was 1\u20132. For the fourth game Switzer abandoned his favored wishbone offense and made Dupree the tailback in the I formation to take advantage of his skills. Dupree scored his first college touchdown against Texas on a 63-yard fake reverse. On October 16, 1982, he ran for 158 yards against Kansas, including a 75-yard touchdown run. As a result, he was given the starting tailback position over Stanley Wilson and was named Big Eight Offensive Player of the Week. He made his first start against Oklahoma State and scored two touchdowns. Among all his other great runs, he also had a 77-yard punt return against Colorado, an 80-yard run against Kansas State, a 70-yard run against Missouri and an 86-yard run against Nebraska. Despite not starting until the seventh game of the season, Dupree finished with 1,144 yards rushing and 13 touchdowns. He was named second team All-American, first team all-Big Eight Conference and Big Eight Newcomer of the Year. On January 1, 1983, Dupree's freshman season ended with a 32-21 Fiesta Bowl loss against Arizona State. Coming back from Christmas break, he was out of shape and 10\u201315 pounds overweight, for which Switzer publicly criticized him. He had to leave the game several times, participating in only 34 offensive plays. Even with these setbacks, he still managed to run for a Fiesta Bowl record 249 yards, a record that still stands today. Switzer told Dupree, \"If you'd have been in shape, you'd have rushed for 400 yards, and we'd have won the game.\" Dupree's much-anticipated sophomore season did not turn out as planned. He reported to campus late, missed the team photo and put on considerable weight. Although Switzer was known for running a loose ship, Dupree's lackadaisical attitude was too much for him, and he called Dupree \"lazy.\" Hampered by injuries, Dupree gained 369 yards on 61 carries with three touchdowns while playing in four of the first five games of the season. After suffering a concussion in a loss against Texas, he vanished for a week. When he resurfaced in Mississippi, he announced he was leaving OU and transferring to the University of Southern Mississippi. Upon being informed that because of NCAA rules, he would have to sit out both the remainder of the 1983 season and the 1984 season, he left after three months. For every Marcus Allen, Barry Sanders or Emmitt Smith, there's an Anthony Thompson, a Paul Palmer and a LeShon Johnson, guys who never matched their college success in the NFL. Some of the unfortunate ones were too small. Others were just a step too slow. But you'll also find a select few individuals who had all the tools. They're the ones who didn't achieve NFL success for reasons of circumstance. Such was the case with Marcus Dupree, a star running back who lit the college football scene on fire as a freshman in 1982. \u2014\u2009Marc Connolly, ABC Sports Online Notes - table's totals include statistics from the January 1, 1983 Fiesta Bowl game. Dupree was signed by the New Orleans Breakers of the United States Football League in 1984. The upstart league had initially sworn off underclassmen in hopes of appeasing college coaches and officials angered by the blockbuster signing of Herschel Walker after his junior year. However, after a federal judge ruled that the eligibility rule violated antitrust law, the Breakers\u2013who had just moved from Boston\u2013quickly persuaded the New Jersey Generals to give up their territorial rights to Dupree (OU was among the Generals' territorial schools) in return for their first-round pick in the 1985 USFL Draft. He scored a touchdown on his first professional possession. Throughout the year, he was injured and often was on the bench watching Buford Jordan take his carries. He gained 684 yards on 145 carries with nine touchdowns for a 4.7 yards per carry average. He had two 100-yard rushing games. Breakers fans saw him as a local boy made good; the Superdome was packed with large crowds by USFL standards. The Breakers moved to Portland, Oregon for the 1985 season. Dupree was late arriving at Breakers' training camp in San Dimas, California that season, but performed well enough to earn a starting position for the season opener at Sun Devil Stadium against the Arizona Outlaws. He got off to a good start, rushing 69 yards on 17 carries with a touchdown. While he was carrying the ball early in the second half, he suffered a severe knee injury and was taken off on a stretcher. He had surgery on the knee and recuperated in Portland, celebrating his 21st birthday with friends and teammates. However, he would never play another down for the Breakers. After four years out of football, Walter Payton met Dupree on some business ventures and urged him to get back into shape to try out for the NFL again in 1990. Dupree agreed and began working out, losing 100 pounds in just over three months and going back to running a 4.3 40-yard dash. In October 1990, Dupree signed with the Los Angeles Rams, who had drafted him in 1986 in case he became healthy again, after a five-and-a-half-year absence from the football field. In April that year, he asked his former USFL coach, Dick Coury, then the quarterbacks coach for the Rams, if he could work out for the team if he got into shape, and impressed Coury and head coach John Robinson enough to earn a contract. Dupree was placed on injured reserve, meaning he would have to sit out for four weeks before he could play for the Rams. During week nine of the 1990 season, Dupree made his first appearance and rushed for 22 yards on four carries, wearing number 34 in honor of Payton instead of his usual 22. He started his first game in week 16 and rushed for 42 yards on 13 carries. He finished his first NFL season with 72 yards on 19 carries, in three games played. In 1991, Dupree missed the first seven games due to a toe injury suffered in practice. Returning in week 8, he played more often and scored his only NFL touchdown that year. He finished the season with 179 yards on 49 carries with one touchdown, in eight games played. The San Francisco 49ers brought Dupree into training camp in 1992 to play fullback, a position he had never played. Before the 1992 season, Dupree led the Rams in rushing in the preseason, which included a 100-yard game in the final preseason game against the Los Angeles Raiders, but was one of the 14 players cut by coach Chuck Knox to trim the team down to the 47-player regular-season roster, and he retired shortly afterward. Knox, who had replaced John Robinson earlier that year, had told Dupree and the press that Dupree was not versatile enough for his one-back offense. He said he preferred running backs who \"were a little more well-rounded, could catch the ball coming out of the backfield and could do some of the other things besides run with the football.\" He finished his career with 251 yards on 68 carries during regular season play, for a 3.7 yards-per-carry average, rushing for one touchdown. After he was released by the Rams, Dupree performed as a professional wrestler for the USWA in 1995. He also ran a sports bar and worked as a casino-greeter for a short period of time. In 2011, Dupree was diagnosed with prostate cancer but recovered. Earlier in 2011, he was running a pro wrestling promotion organization, called Mid South Wrestling. Dupree is also a licensed truck driver with OTR experience. Dupree has three sons, Marquez, Landon and Rashad. He also has a grandson. Willie Morris' book titled The Courting of Marcus Dupree explored colleges' recruiting Dupree to play.[citation needed] ESPN had a film documentary on Dupree, titled \"The Best That Never Was\" (2010), directed by Jonathan Hock. It aired on November 9, 2010, as part of the 30 for 30 series of 30 films celebrating ESPN's 30th anniversary.[citation needed] [Clarion-Ledger] On March 13, 2020, an article in the Jackson Mississippi newspaper Clarion-Ledger identified $104,974 in allegedly misappropriated TANF (Temporary Assistance to Needy Families) that was paid to Dupree for his role as a spokesperson for the charity Families First. These and other payments are now under criminal investigation. \"1986 Los Angeles Rams\". databaseFootball.com. Archived from the original on April 11, 2007. Retrieved July 20, 2020.CS1 maint: unfit URL (link) \"Could Marcus Dupree make another run at pro football?\". WLOX. September 27, 2010. Archived from the original on March 4, 2016. Retrieved November 18, 2010. Young, R.J. (November 9, 2010). \"The story of Marcus Dupree\". The Oklahoma Daily. Archived from the original on April 18, 2012. Wiley, Ralph (November 15, 1982). \"Back On Track With A Tailback\". Sports Illustrated. Deitch, Richard (November 9, 2010). \"Marcus Dupree's doc; Howard Stern's most wanted sports guests\". Sports Illustrated. Morris, Willie (1999). The Courting of Marcus Dupree. pp.\u00a0291\u2013302. ISBN\u00a09780878055852. Retrieved November 4, 2010. Morris, Willie (October 1, 1992). The Courting of Marcus Dupree. University Press of Mississippi. ISBN\u00a00-87805-585-1. Retrieved November 4, 2010. Hasten, Bill (September 26, 2003). \"Twenty years after leaving OU,'people still remember me'\". Tulsa World. Young, RJ. \"The story of Marcus Dupree\". Archived from the original on April 18, 2012. Retrieved July 16, 2012. Murphy, Austin (October 11, 2004). \"The Oklahoma Kid\". Sports Illustrated. Pearlman, Jeff (2018). Football For A Buck: The Crazy Rise and Crazier Demise of the USFL. Houghton Mifflin Harcourt. ISBN\u00a0978-0544454385. Connolly, Marc (October 23, 2001). \"Where Are They Now? Marcus Dupree\". ABC Sports. Retrieved November 4, 2010. King, Peter (October 15, 1990). \"Jimmy's Cowboys\". Sports Illustrated. \"Where Are They Now? Marcus Dupree\". ABC Sports. October 23, 2001. \"PRO FOOTBALL; Dupree Is Taken by Surprise as Rams Let Rusher Go\". The New York Times. September 1, 1992. Kawakami, Tim (September 1, 1992). \"Dupree Goes Out of Style\". The Los Angeles Times. \"Marcus Dupree's documentary; Howard Stern's most wanted sports guests\". Sports Illustrated. November 8, 2010. \"The Clarion-Ledger\". Morris, Willie (1983). The Courting of Marcus Dupree. New York: Doubleday. ISBN\u00a00-385-18009-8. ESPN 30 for 30: The Best That Never Was College and Pro Statistics @ totalfootballstats.com"
   },
   {
    "name": "Mike Dennis",
    "id": "Q6846549",
    "text": "Walter Michael Dennis (born July 22, 1944) is a former American football player. A running back, he played college football at the University of Mississippi, and played professionally in the National Football League (NFL) for the Los Angeles Rams in 1968 and 1969. Dennis was drafted by the Buffalo Bills in the 1st round (8th overall) of the American Football League (AFL) 1966 draft. He was also drafted by the Atlanta Falcons in the 3rd round (33rd overall) of the National Football League 1966 draft. \"National grid league adds two more first-round picks\". Lawrence Journal-World. AP. 20 December 1965. p.\u00a022. Retrieved 1 February 2016."
   },
   {
    "name": "Shadrick McAfee",
    "id": "Q7460873",
    "text": "Shadrick \"Mac\" McAfee (born September 22, 1974) is the former head coach of the Louisiana Swashbucklers of the Arena Football League, and a former player of several professional leagues. McAfee attended Philadelphia High School in Mississippi. He played college football at NCAA Division II Mississippi College, and after two years transferred to the University of Central Arkansas. In 1998, he was named all Gulf South Conference at running back. Professionally, McAfee spent time with teams of the National Football League, Canadian Football League, Regional Football League, Arena Football League 2, National Indoor Football League, Intense Football League, and Indoor Football League. He played running back, wide receiver, defensive back, linebacker, and kick returner in his career. McAfee is one of several family members that played professional sports. A few of notable family members that played professional sports are Marcus Dupree (NFL, USFL, WWE,) Fred McAfee (NFL-New Orleans Saints, Pittsburgh Steelers, Arizona Cardinals, Tampa Bay Bucs), Tyrone Rush ( NFL- Washington Redskins, CFL-Montreal Alouettes, EFL Bergamo Lions), Pashen Thompson (ABL-Columbus Conquest, US Olympic Team) Roddy Johnson (5 May 2010). \"Swashbucklers make Major changes\". LakeCharles.com. Retrieved 31 March 2011. \"Swashbucklers Name McAfee Head Coach\". OurSports Central, Major League Coverage of Independent and Minor League Sports. 2 October 2009. Retrieved 31 March 2011. All-Americans/Hall of Famers (PDF), University of Central Arkansas Sports, retrieved 31 March 2011 FootballPros (PDF), University of Central Arkansas Sports, retrieved 31 March 2011 Goolsby, Henry (June 6, 1999). \"Thunder rumbles past Pride\". The Clarion-Ledger. Jackson, Mississippi. p.\u00a027. Retrieved January 26, 2019 \u2013 via newspapers.com."
   },
   {
    "name": "Josh Boyd",
    "id": "Q14918188",
    "text": "Josh Boyd (born August 3, 1989) is an American football defensive tackle who is a free agent. He was drafted by the Green Bay Packers in the fifth round of the 2013 NFL Draft out of Mississippi State. Boyd was born in Jackson, Mississippi, and attended Philadelphia High School in Mississippi. He lettered in both basketball, and football. During his junior year, he registered 154 tackles (27 for loss), and eight sacks. He also blocked two field goals and extra points. His performance earned him first-team all-state honors by the Jackson Clarion-Ledger and second-team all-state in all other classifications. His success continued into his senior year, as he had 112 tackles, seven sacks, three fumble recoveries, and a blocked kick. His performance led to more honors including being selected to play in the Mississippi-Alabama High School All-Star game and the U.S. Army All-American Bowl. Boyd was ranked as the fifteenth best defensive tackle in the country, and the sixth best player in the state by Rivals.com. He received scholarships from a number of schools including Auburn, Miami, Florida State, Mississippi, Southern Mississippi, and Tennessee. He ran the 40 yard dash in 4.85 seconds, benched 365 pounds, squatted 500 pounds, and had a 2.5 GPA. Boyd ultimately signed his letter of intent to become a Mississippi State Bulldog. He played in all 12 games during his first year on the team and started three of them. During his first game, against Jackson State, he had two tackles. He had his season high in tackles against Georgia Tech. During his sophomore year, Boyd started every game at defensive tackle. During a Southeastern Conference battle against the Kentucky Wildcats, he had five tackles (2.5 for loss) and one and a half sacks. He finished the season with 24 tackles and 2.5 sacks on the year. The next year Boyd played in all 13 games with the Bulldogs and started every game but one of them. During the season opener against Memphis he had his first sack of the season. He continued on against LSU where he had seven tackles, two of which were solo. He finished the season with a career-high 51 tackles (14 solo), eight tackles for a loss, and 4.5 sacks. Going into his final year with the team, Boyd was named a second-team preseason All-American by Athlon Sports. He was also on the watchlist for the Outland Trophy, given to the best interior lineman each year. In another SEC conference clash, Boyd registered his first fumble recovery in his career. Later that year, during a game against Texas A&M, he blocked a 33-yard field goal on the final play on the first half. He finished the final year of his college career with 33 tackles and 1.5 sacks. Boyd was projected to be fifth to sixth round pick in the 2012 NFL Draft. He was said to have good body fluidity to redirect his momentum and quick feet capable of making plays at the line of scrimmage. However, he was also said to be underdeveloped in the pass rush and quickly neutralized if his first move did not succeed. Boyd was selected by the Green Bay packers with a compensatory fifth round pick (167th overall). In 2014, Boyd received playing time after BJ Raji had a torn biceps injury. In 2015, Boyd exited Week 2 against the Seattle Seahawks after suffering a ankle injury. He was placed on injured reserve and missed most of the season. On May 9, 2016, Boyd was released by the Packers. On May 12, 2017, Boyd signed with the Indianapolis Colts. On September 2, 2017, Boyd was released by the Colts. Source: Locke, Brad (April 28, 2013). \"Packers select DT Boyd\". Djournal. Retrieved October 25, 2013. \"Green Bay Packers: Josh Boyd\". Green Bay Packers. Archived from the original on May 19, 2018. Retrieved October 24, 2013. \"Josh Boyd- Mississippi State\". Mississippi State University. Retrieved October 24, 2013. \"U.S. Army All-American Bowl\". Rosters. January 3, 2009. Retrieved October 24, 2013. \"Josh Boyd\". Rivals.com. Retrieved October 24, 2013. Lasson, Steven (June 20, 2012). \"SEC Football: 2012 All-Conference Team\". Athlon Sports. Retrieved October 25, 2013. \"Gabe Jackson And Josh Boyd Named To Outland Trophy Watch List\". Mississippi State. Archived from the original on October 29, 2013. Retrieved October 25, 2013. Brugler, Dane. \"Josh Boyd, DT, Mississippi State\". CBS. Retrieved October 25, 2013. \"2013 Green Bay Packers draft picks\". JSOnline.com. April 27, 2013. Archived from the original on June 16, 2018. Retrieved June 16, 2018. Western, Tex (April 27, 2013). \"NFL Draft Results: Packers Pick Josh Boyd in Fifth Round\". Acme Packers. Retrieved October 25, 2013. https://www.acmepackingcompany.com/2014/8/24/6063943/packers-josh-boyd-interview-ready-nose-tackle-in-b-j-rajis-absence https://bleacherreport.com/articles/2569945-josh-boyd-injury-updates-on-packers-dts-ankle-and-return https://www.packers.com/news/dt-josh-boyd-placed-on-injured-reserve-15920779 http://archive.jsonline.com/sports/packers/josh-boyd-lost-for-season-due-to-broken-ankle-b99580956z1-328597211.html/ \"Packers sign T Jason Spriggs; announce roster moves\". May 9, 2016. Retrieved May 9, 2016. \"Roster Move: Colts Sign Free Agent DT Josh Boyd\". Colts.com. May 12, 2017. Archived from the original on May 15, 2017. Retrieved May 12, 2017. Walker, Andrew (September 2, 2017). \"Colts Announce Final 2017 Roster Cuts\". Colts.com. Archived from the original on November 9, 2017. Statistics Mississippi State Bulldogs bio"
   },
   {
    "name": "Iris Kelso",
    "id": "Q16015874",
    "text": "Iris Turner Kelso (December 10, 1926 \u2013 November 2, 2003) was a Mississippi-born journalist who worked for three newspapers in New Orleans, Louisiana, including the New Orleans Times-Picayune. Iris Turner was born in Philadelphia in Neshoba County in central Mississippi, a community which received national attention in the summer of 1964 because of the murder there of three young civil rights workers. Her mother, Lois Molpus Turner, died when Iris was only four, and she was reared by her father, Homer Brown Turner, her grandparents, and other extended family. She graduated from Philadelphia High School, the then Ward-Belmont Junior College in Nashville, Tennessee, and Randolph-Macon Women's College in Lynchburg, Virginia, where she majored in English. She returned to Mississippi in 1948 to work on the staff of the Hattiesburg American in Hattiesburg in southern Mississippi. Though she covered small-town news in Hattiesburg, her interest lay in politics. Her family had long been active in reform Democratic politics; indeed Homer Turner had been a colonel on the staff of Governor Hugh L. White of Mississippi, who served from 1936 to 1940 and again from 1952 to 1956. Encouraged by her editor in Hattiesburg, she moved to New Orleans in 1951 to work for the former New Orleans States-Item newspaper, an afternoon daily. She was not the first woman journalist in visible positions in New Orleans, for at least two others had preceded her in such work. Walter G. Cowan (c. 1911-2010), her boss at The States-Item, described her as a \"natural reporter. It was obvious to me right off that she had the ability to talk to people and retain their confidence, even though she had to ask embarrassing questions. It's the kind of thing that rattles new reporters, but she always kept her composure.\" One of her States-Item colleagues, Jack Wardlaw, became in 1980 the Baton Rouge bureau chief for The Times-Picayune, a year after Kelso had moved to The Times-Picayune. After three years, The States-Item assigned Kelso in 1954 to the City Hall beat while deLesseps Story Morrison was the long-term mayor. She began contributing to the weekly magazine Figaro, part of the reconfigured States-Item, a combination of two afternoon newspapers. In 1959, she was sent to Baton Rouge to cover the Louisiana State Legislature, then an all-Democratic body of 144 members in both houses. Her most sensational story was the confinement and release of Governor Earl Kemp Long from a mental institution, a matter which drew national attention. She recalled having once interviewed Long in his long-handles underwear. In 1960, Iris Turner wed Robert N. Kelso, a States-Item copy editor, who died of a lengthy illness in 1972. The couple had no children. Kelso covered the civil rights movement and desegregation of New Orleans public schools when those activities were mostly unpopular by white voters. She attended the 1964 Democratic National Convention in Atlantic City, New Jersey, which nominated the Johnson-Humphrey ticket and is remembered for the fight over the Mississippi state delegation between party regulars and the Mississippi Freedom Democratic Party. From 1965\u20131967, she worked for a federal War on Poverty program called Total Community Action. She was assigned to a Head Start operation to establish a medical and dental program for underprivileged children. She won a George Foster Peabody Award for an investigative series \"City in Crisis\", a study of municipal finances. While still writing for Figaro, she began broadcasting a weekly political commentary program, Saturday Politics, on the New Orleans NBC station WDSU-TV, where she was employed from 1967\u201378. She attended the 1976 Democratic National Convention in New York City, which confirmed the successful Carter-Mondale ticket. At Figaro, Kelso wrote a series of stories on her own family, including a focus on her first cousin, Turner Catledge, a former managing editor of The New York Times. She did not join The Times-Picayune, her last employer, until 1979. She continued with Figaro, by then a separate magazine, in which she revealed the story of the feuding sons of the late political boss Leander Perez and the breakup of their political empire and oil lands in nearby Plaquemines Parish. She covered David Duke, the former figure in the Ku Klux Klan who served briefly in the state legislature and ran unsuccessfully for the U.S. Senate and for governor. Other Kelso topics included female politicians, the environment, abortion, teenage pregnancy, and the nationally known Neshoba County Fair in her native Neshoba County, where Ronald W. Reagan in 1980 launched his general election campaign. She listed Eleanor Roosevelt as her single most interesting interviewee and Edwin Edwards as the most interesting of the six governors that she covered, but she determined that her readers especially enjoyed her columns on her own family. Upon Kelso's death in 2003, Clancy Dubos, a New Orleans columnist in his Internet publication Gambit, called Kelso \"the last of the Steel Magnolias.\" In reference to Kelso's journalistic integrity, Dubos recalled his own father saying that a Kelso column was the \"last word on politics\" in their household. Dubos recalled that Kelso had taken time for him to interview her for his graduate thesis, but years later she could hardly recall having done the favor for Dubos. In 1997, Kelso was inducted into the Louisiana Center for Women and Government Hall of Fame located at Nicholls State University in Thibodaux, Louisiana. In 1999, Kelso, along with two other New Orleans figures, political scientist and commentator Ed Renwick and former Lieutenant Governor Jimmy Fitzmorris, was inducted into the Louisiana Political Museum and Hall of Fame in Winnfield. Kelso's papers were deposited posthumously at the Earl K. Long Library at the University of New Orleans. Biography portal Mississippi portal United States portal Journalism portal Television portal Politics portal A photograph of Iris Kelso is available on-line courtesy of the Historic New Orleans Collection. \"Iris Turner Kelso\". beta.wpcf.org. Retrieved October 13, 2013. \"Iris Kelso Papers, April 2009\". library.uno.edu. Retrieved October 14, 2013. \"Ed Anderson, \"Former Times-Picayune political reporter, capital bureau chief Jack Wardlaw dies,\" January 6, 2012\". New Orleans Times-Picayune. Retrieved December 3, 2013. Jason Berry. \"Goodbye, Klan; Hello, G.O.P., February 13, 1989\". The New York Times. Retrieved October 14, 2013. \"Last of the Steel Magnolias, November 11, 2003\". bestofneworleans.com. Retrieved October 13, 2013."
   },
   {
    "name": "Derek George",
    "id": "Q16729242",
    "text": "Derek George (born in Philadelphia, Mississippi) is an American country music singer, songwriter, and guitarist. He is known for his work in Pearl River and Williams Riley, and his frequent collaborations with Bryan White. In the 1990s, George was a member of the band Pearl River. After Pearl River lost its recording contract, George and some of the other band members were recruited for Bryan White's road band. At the time, White was a T-shirt vendor for the band and a roommate of George's who had just been beginning his singing career. George also co-wrote and sang backing vocals for several songs on White's first three albums, including the number 1 single \"So Much for Pretending\". In 1996, George and White, along with Bryan Austin and Jeffrey Steele, appeared on the song \"Brickyard Boogie\" on Steve Wariner's No More Mr. Nice Guy. This song was nominated for the Best Country Instrumental at the 1997 Grammy Awards. George, White, and John Tirro also wrote Diamond Rio's 1997 single \"Imagine That\". While still a member of White's band in 2001, George signed with Windswept Publishing. Between 2009 and 2010, George was a member of the band Williams Riley. In 2013, George produced Randy Houser's How Country Feels and Joe Nichols' Crickets. Morris, Edward (April 8, 1995). \"Nashville Scene\". Billboard. Rhodes, Don (September 5, 1997). \"There will be lots of picking at Macon's Bluegrass Jam\". The Augusta Chronicle. Retrieved December 23, 2007. Borzillo, Carrie (January 27, 1996). \"Asylum's White: Mature Country\". Billboard: 1, 124. Price, Deborah Evans (August 9, 1997). \"Bryan White in 'The Right Place'\". Billboard: 24, 27. \"Babyface Tops Grammy Nominations\". The Seattle Times. January 7, 1997. Retrieved February 20, 2009. Stark, Phyllis (July 14, 2001). \"Nashville Scene\". Billboard. King, Christie (July 13, 2009). \"On the Music Row Cover\". Music Row. Retrieved September 28, 2009."
   },
   {
    "name": "C. Scott Bounds",
    "id": "Q19868202",
    "text": "Craig Scott Bounds (born February 12, 1962) is a Republican member of the Mississippi House of Representatives from the 44th District. He was first elected in 2003 as a Democrat but subsequently switched to Republican affiliation. He resides in his native Philadelphia in Nesohba County in east central Mississippi. \"C. Scott Bounds\". Follow the Money. Retrieved October 14, 2016. \"C. Scott Bounds\". Project Vote Smart. Retrieved April 23, 2015. v t e"
   },
   {
    "name": "Terry C. Burton",
    "id": "Q22958664",
    "text": "Terry Clark Burton (born January 31, 1956) is an American politician. He is a Republican and former Senator, representing District 31. He also served as President Pro Tempore. He was arrested for drunk driving and did not file for reelection to the Senate. Terry Clark Burton was born on January 31, 1956 in Philadelphia, Mississippi. Burton serves as a Republican member of the Mississippi State Senate, representing District 31, which includes parts of Lauderdale County, Newton County, Scott County, Mississippi. Since January 2016, he has also served as President Pro Tempore of the Mississippi Senate. In February 2015, he proposed a bill to lower the concealed carry fees in Mississippi from $100 to $80. Burton is a York Rite Mason and a Shriner. On December 19, 2018, Burton was arrested for suspicion of driving under the influence for the third time in less than 5 years. He stated he would remain as the Mississippi State Senate President Pro Tempore. However, he resigned from his role and stated he would retire at the end of the year. Burton is married to Darleen Allday, with whom he has two children. They reside in Newton, Mississippi. He is a member of the United Methodist Church. \"Terry C. Burton\". Mississippi State Senate. Retrieved January 30, 2016. Gunter, Nick (January 8, 2016). \"Senator Terry C. Burton Discusses New Role in Senate\". WTOK-TV. Retrieved January 30, 2016. Pender, Geoff; Gates, Jimmie E. (February 5, 2015). \"Legislature passes first 'killing deadline'\". The Clarion Ledger. Retrieved January 30, 2016. Emily Wagster Pettus (21 December 2018). \"Mississippi lawmaker apologizes for being 'embarrassment' after his latest DUI arrest\". The Clarion Ledger. Associated Press. Retrieved 21 December 2018. Bologna, Giacomo. \"Following 3rd DUI arrest, Terry Burton resigning from leadership, won't seek re-election\". The Clarion-Ledger. Retrieved 2020-10-16. v t e"
   },
   {
    "name": "Hardy",
    "id": "Q63341424",
    "text": "Michael Wilson Hardy (born September 13, 1990), known professionally as Hardy (stylized in all caps), is an American country music singer and songwriter. He has written songs for Florida Georgia Line, Chris Lane, Blake Shelton, Dallas Smith, Thomas Rhett, and Morgan Wallen. He has released his debut album A Rock for Big Loud Records, as well as the mixtape Hixtape, Vol. 1, has charted the singles \"Rednecker\" and \"One Beer\" and featured on \"Some Things Never Change\". Michael Hardy was born in Philadelphia, Mississippi. He attended Neshoba Central High School in Philadelphia, Mississippi & Middle Tennessee State University, where he got a degree in songwriting. After moving to Nashville, Tennessee, to pursue songwriting, he became a writing partner of the duo Florida Georgia Line. Among the songs that Hardy wrote include \"Up Down\" by Morgan Wallen. Due to the song's success and encouragement from record producer Joey Moi, Hardy was signed to Big Loud Records in 2018. In October 2018, he released an EP titled This Ole Boy, which he supported by joining Wallen's If I Know Me Tour. This was followed in 2019 by the single \"Rednecker\", and a second EP titled Where to Find Me. To support the EP, Hardy joined Florida Georgia Line on their Can't Say I Ain't Country Tour. Hardy also co-wrote Florida Georgia Line's singles \"Simple\" and \"Talk You Out of It\", Blake Shelton's singles \"God's Country\" and \"Hell Right\", \"Drop\" by Dallas Smith, Chris Lane's single \"I Don't Know About You\", and Jameson Rodgers' debut single \"Some Girls\". In September 2019, Hardy released a collaborative mixtape titled Hixtape, Vol. 1, which featured a total of 17 artists including Thomas Rhett, Keith Urban, Tracy Lawrence, Jake Owen, Trace Adkins, the late Joe Diffie, Zakk Wylde, Cole Swindell, Dustin Lynch, and Morgan Wallen. Hardy was set to be on tour with Thomas Rhett in 2020 for Rhett's Center Point Road Tour, but the tour was postponed due to the COVID-19 pandemic. In September 2020, Hardy released his debut album A Rock, which included his single \"One Beer\". He was also featured on Dallas Smith\u2019s single \"Some Things Never Change\". In June 2021, he was featured on the Brantley Gilbert single \"The Worst Country Song of All Time\". \"Rednecker\" did not enter the Billboard Hot 100, but peaked at number 18 on the Bubbling Under Hot 100 chart. \"Rednecker\" did not enter the Canadian Hot 100, but peaked at number 37 on the Hot Canadian Digital Song Sales chart. \"Billboard Country Update - July 6, 2020\" (PDF). Billboard. July 6, 2020. \"Artist: Hardy\". AllMusic. \"Who is Hardy? 5 things you need to know\". The Boot. Retrieved April 2, 2019. \"Hardy talks going from songwriter to artist\". The Boot. Retrieved April 2, 2019. \"Hardy releases debut EP today\". MusicRow. Retrieved April 2, 2019. \"5 things to know about Hardy, country's newest redneck\". Taste of Country. Retrieved April 2, 2019. \"Hardy to debut four new tracks on 'Where to Find Me' EP\". Sounds Like Nashville. Retrieved April 2, 2019. \"How Hardy is turning songwriting success into an artist's career\". Taste of Country. Retrieved April 2, 2019. Casey, Jim (September 12, 2019). \"Hardy's New \"Hixtape Vol. 1\" Features 17 Guest Artists, Including Keith Urban, Thomas Rhett, Dustin Lynch & More\". Nash Country Daily. Retrieved September 13, 2019. Freeman, Jon (July 21, 2020). \"How Hardy Became Nashville's Most Clever New Redneck Songwriter\". Rolling Stone. Retrieved September 21, 2020. Mitz, Roman (September 28, 2020). \"Dallas Smith \u2013 Country Music Awards Continue To 'Drop'\". The Music Express. Retrieved October 22, 2020. Parton, Chris (18 June 2021). \"BRANTLEY GILBERT, TOBY KEITH AND HARDY TEAM FOR 'THE WORST COUNTRY SONG'\". Sounds Like Nashville. \"HARDY Chart History (Billboard 200)\". Billboard. Retrieved September 15, 2020. \"HARDY Chart History (Top Country Albums)\". Billboard. Retrieved September 15, 2020. \"HARDY Chart History (Independent Albums)\". Billboard. Retrieved September 15, 2020. \"HARDY Chart History (Canadian Albums)\". Billboard. Retrieved September 15, 2020. \"ARIA Report\" (PDF). ARIA. September 14, 2020. Retrieved September 15, 2020. \"Hardy Enlists 33 Artists For 'Hixtape: Vol. 2'\". September 9, 2021. Bjorke, Matt (July 26, 2019). \"Top 10 Country Albums Chart: July 21, 2019\". Roughstock. Retrieved July 31, 2019. \"HARDY Chart History (Hot 100)\". Billboard. Retrieved June 9, 2020. \"HARDY Chart History (Hot Country Songs)\". Billboard. Retrieved January 13, 2020. \"HARDY Chart History (Country Airplay)\". Billboard. Retrieved January 13, 2020. \"HARDY Chart History (Canadian Hot 100)\". Billboard. Retrieved January 5, 2021. \"HARDY Chart History (Canada Country)\". Billboard. Retrieved January 13, 2020. \"HARDY Chart History (Bubbling Under Hot 100)\". Billboard. Retrieved May 12, 2020. \"Hardy Chart History (Hot Canadian Digital Song Sales)\". Billboard. Retrieved September 30, 2020. \"American certifications \u2013 HARDY\". Recording Industry Association of America. \"Canadian certifications \u2013 Hardy\". Music Canada. Retrieved August 8, 2021. Bjorke, Matt (September 24, 2019). \"Top 30 Digital Country Downloads: September 24, 2019\". Roughstock. Retrieved September 26, 2019. Bjorke, Matt (March 4, 2020). \"Top 30 Digital Country Singles Sales Chart: March 2, 2020\". Rough Stock. Retrieved March 14, 2020. \"Hardy Chart History (Country Digital Songs)\". Billboard. Retrieved September 23, 2020."
   },
   {
    "name": "Glen Deweese",
    "id": "Q107199631",
    "text": "Glen Sennett Deweese (January 5, 1932 - September 27, 2001) was an American convenience store owner and Democratic politician. He was a member of the Mississippi State Senate from 1976 to 1992, and its president pro tempore from 1986 to 1992. Glen Sennett Deweese was born on January 5, 1932, in Philadelphia, Mississippi. He was first elected to the Mississippi State Senate in 1975 for the 1976-1980 term. In 1986, he became the President Pro Tempore of the Mississippi Senate, and served in the position from 1986 to 1992. His tenure in the Senate ended when he lost in the 1991 election. He died on September 27, 2001, in Meridian, Mississippi. Mississippi. Legislature (1980-01-01). \"Hand book\u00a0: biographical data of members of Senate and House, personnel of standing committees [1980]\". Mississippi Legislature Hand Books. Staff Reports (2001-09-29). \"Glen Deweese dies after bout with cancer\". Franklin County Times. Retrieved 2021-06-12. \"SC 502 (As Adopted by Senate) - 2001 2nd Extraordinary Session\". billstatus.ls.state.ms.us. Retrieved 2021-06-19."
   }
  ]
 },
 {
  "relation_id": "P19",
  "target_id": "Q25",
  "target_name": "Wales",
  "samples": [
   {
    "name": "Barry Elsby",
    "id": "Q4864199",
    "text": "Barry Elsby is a British born, Falkland Islands doctor and politician, who has served as a Member of the Legislative Assembly for the Stanley constituency since a by-election in 2011 which filled the seat vacated by Emma Edwards. He won re-election in 2013 and 2017. Elsby first came to the Falklands with his family in 1990, initially on a two-year contract. He works at the King Edward VII Memorial Hospital in Stanley as a general practitioner, specialising in Cancer Research. Before his election to the Legislative Assembly, Elsby was a member of the Media Trust, acting as the Chief Medical Officer on several occasions and was elected by parents to the Board of Education. \"\"We are in a war of attrition\u2026 and we can't let Argentina win\", says Falklands MLA\". MercoPress. 16 December 2011. Retrieved 17 December 2011. \"Falklands benefit from cancer screening\". BBC News. 16 December 2011. Retrieved 17 December 2011. Juanita Brock (2 December 2001). \"Falklands: Election Manifesto Speech of Barry Elsby\". Falkland Islands News Network. Archived from the original on 29 January 2012. Retrieved 17 December 2011. v t e"
   },
   {
    "name": "Ben Watts-Jones",
    "id": "Q4886643",
    "text": "Benjamin Watts J. Jones (born 1885, year of death unknown) was a Welsh football manager and chairman. Jones originated from Swansea. He served as a director and chairman of Swansea Town, helping them gain admission to The Football League in 1921, as well as serving on the selection committee of the Football Association of Wales when he was appointed manager of Cardiff City in February 1934, taking charge as the club was in its lowest position since entering the Football League in 1920 after finishing bottom of Division Three South. At the start of the 1934\u201335 season, Jones released all but five of the clubs professional players and brought in 17 new players in their place but had little cash to spend and struggled to turn the side around. In 1936 he appointed former Wales international Bill Jennings as a coach and would eventually step down as manager in order for Jennings to take over in 1937. He instead took a place on the board which he held until the outbreak of World War II. Hayes, Dean (2006). The Who's Who of Cardiff City. Breedon Books. ISBN\u00a01-85983-462-0. \"FAW Memorandum\". FAW.co.uk. Archived from the original on 2011-05-27. Retrieved 2009-07-20. Ancestry: Benjamin Watts Jones Soccer and Society: South Wales, 1900-1939 \"The Roaring Twenties\". cardiffcityfc.co.uk. Archived from the original on 2016-06-26. Retrieved 2013-09-09. \"B Watts-Jones\". League Managers Association. Retrieved 2009-07-20.[permanent dead link] \"The Cardiff City Club Officially Announced\". Western Daily Press. 5 March 1934. Retrieved 19 April 2019 \u2013 via British Newspaper Archive. Ben Watts-Jones management career statistics at Soccerbase"
   },
   {
    "name": "Bernard Frederick",
    "id": "Q4893143",
    "text": "Bernard Frederick (birth unknown \u2013 death unknown) was a Welsh rugby union and professional rugby league footballer who played in the 1910s. He played club level rugby union (RU) for Newport RFC, and representative level rugby league (RL) for Wales, and at club level for Oldham (Heritage \u2116 146), as a forward (prior to the specialist positions of; prop, hooker, second-row, loose forward), during the era of contested scrums. Bernard Frederick won a cap for Wales (RL) while at Oldham in 1913. \"Statistics at rugbyleagueproject.org\". rugbyleagueproject.org. 31 December 2011. Retrieved 1 January 2012. Williams, Graham; Lush, Peter; Farrar, David (2009). The British Rugby League Records Book. London League. pp.\u00a0108\u2013114. ISBN\u00a0978-1-903659-49-6. Statistics at orl-heritagetrust.org.uk (archived by web.archive.org) Profile at blackandambers.co.uk"
   },
   {
    "name": "Bernard McNally",
    "id": "Q4893436",
    "text": "Bernard McNally (birth unknown) is a Welsh former professional rugby league footballer who played in the 1950s. He played at representative level for Wales and Combined Nationalities, and at club level for Rochdale Hornets, as a second-row, i.e. number 11 or 12, during the era of contested scrums. Bernard McNally represented Combined Nationalities in the 15-19 defeat by France at Stade de Gerland, Lyon on Sunday 3 January 1954 and played right-second-row, i.e. number 12 for Wales while at Rochdale Hornets in the 22-23 defeat by France at Stade V\u00e9lodrome, Marseille on Sunday 13 December 1953. \"Statistics at rugbyleagueproject.org\". rugbyleagueproject.org. 31 December 2011. Retrieved 1 January 2012. Williams, Graham; Lush, Peter; Farrar, David (2009). The British Rugby League Records Book. London League. pp.\u00a0108\u2013114. ISBN\u00a0978-1-903659-49-6."
   },
   {
    "name": "Billy Watkins",
    "id": "Q4913438",
    "text": "William Watkins (c.\u20091910 \u2013 January 1972) was a Welsh rugby union, and professional rugby league footballer who played in the 1930s and 1940s. He played club level rugby union (RU) for Cross Keys RFC, and representative level rugby league (RL) for Great Britain and Wales, and at club level for Salford and wartime-guest at Oldham RLFC (Heritage \u2116 366), as a scrum-half, i.e. number 7. Billy Watkins won caps for Wales (RL) while at Salford in 1932\u20131936 6-caps, and won caps for Great Britain (RL) while at Salford in 1933 against Australia, in 1936 against Australia (2 matches), New Zealand (2 matches), and in 1937 against Australia (2 matches). Billy Watkins was one of the players who successfully toured in France with Salford in 1934, during which the Salford team earned the name \"Les Diables Rouges\", the seventeen players were; Joe Bradbury, Bob Brown, Aubrey Casewell, Paddy Dalton, Bert Day, Cliff Evans, Jack Feetham, George Harris, Barney Hudson, Emlyn Jenkins, Alf Middleton, Sammy Miller, Harold Osbaldestin, Les Pearson, Gus Risman, Billy Watkins and Billy Williams. Billy Watkins played scrum-half in Salford's 3-15 defeat by Wigan in the Championship Final during the 1933\u201334 season at Wilderspool Stadium, Warrington on Saturday 28 April 1934. Billy Watkins played scrum-half in Salford's 7-4 victory over Barrow in the 1938 Challenge Cup Final during the 1937\u201338 season at Wembley Stadium, London, in front of a crowd of 51,243. About Billy Watkins' time, there was Salford's 2-15 defeat by Warrington in the 1929 Lancashire County Cup Final during the 1929\u201330 season at Central Park, Wigan on Saturday 23 November 1929, the 10-8 victory over Swinton in the 1931 Lancashire County Cup Final during the 1931\u201332 season at The Cliff, Broughton, Salford on Saturday 21 November 1931, the 21-12 victory over Wigan in the 1934 Lancashire County Cup Final during the 1934\u201335 season at Station Road, Swinton on Saturday 20 October 1934, the 15-7 victory over Wigan in the 1935 Lancashire County Cup Final during the 1935\u201336 season at Wilderspool Stadium, Warrington on Saturday 19 October 1935, the 5-2 victory over Wigan in the 1936 Lancashire County Cup Final during the 1936\u201337 season at Wilderspool Stadium, Warrington on Saturday 17 October 1936, and played scrum-half in the 7-10 defeat by Wigan in the 1938 Lancashire County Cup Final during the 1938\u201339 season at Station Road, Swinton on Saturday 22 October 1938. Billy Watkins was the father of; Huw Watkins, Gareth Watkins and Haydn Watkins, and the grandfather of the cricketer, Ryan Watkins. \"Billy Watkins\". The Guardian. London. 7 January 1972. p.\u00a021. \"Statistics at rugbyleagueproject.org\". rugbyleagueproject.org. 31 December 2017. Retrieved 1 January 2018. Williams, Graham; Lush, Peter; Farrar, David (2009). The British Rugby League Records Book. London League. pp.\u00a0108\u2013114. ISBN\u00a0978-1-903659-49-6. \"The story of The Original Red Devils\". reds.co.uk. 31 December 2011. Archived from the original on 11 January 2012. Retrieved 1 January 2012. \"1933\u20131934 Championship Final\". wigan.rlfans.com. 31 December 2011. Retrieved 1 January 2012. \"22nd October 1938: Salford 7 Wigan 10 (Lancashire Cup Final)\". wigan.rlfans.com. 31 December 2014. Retrieved 1 January 2015. !Great Britain Statistics at englandrl.co.uk (statistics currently missing due to not having appeared for both Great Britain, and England)"
   },
   {
    "name": "Bob Catley",
    "id": "Q4932039",
    "text": "Robert Catley (born 1 September 1942) is a former Australian Labor politician. Catley was born in Wales and received a B.Sc.(econ) (Hons) from the London School of Economics and a PhD from the Australian National University. He was subsequently a lecturer and senior lecturer in International Relations at the University of Adelaide, a professor of Political Science at the University of Delaware and the University of Otago and professor of Governance and Head of the School of Business at Charles Darwin University (formerly Northern Territory University). He also worked as a ministerial consultant. He was elected to the House of Representatives seat of Adelaide at the 1990 election, narrowly defeating Liberal incumbent Mike Pratt. A redistribution ahead of the 1993 election pushed his seat to the south, adding Liberal-friendly territory south of the city centre, cutting his margin from an already slender 3.7 percent to an extremely marginal 1.7 percent. It did not help matters that voters were angry at the state Labor government over the collapse of the State Bank of South Australia, These factors led to his defeat by Liberal challenger Trish Worth at the 1993 election. Professor Catley was Head of the University of Newcastle's Central Coast School of Business at its Ourimbah Campus. He has now retired and spends his days sailing, caravanning, and in the gym. \"Biography for Catley, Dr Robert (Bob)\". ParlInfo Web. Parliament of Australia. Archived from the original on 21 June 2011. Retrieved 24 February 2008. \"New Head of Business School Appointed\". University of Newcastle. Archived from the original on 29 August 2007. Retrieved 24 February 2008. v t e"
   },
   {
    "name": "Bob Franklin",
    "id": "Q4932463",
    "text": "Robert Andrew Franklin (born 1965), is a Hillingdon, London-born, Welsh raised, comedian who has lived in Australia since 1989. On Australian television, Franklin was both writer and performer on Jimeoin (1994\u201395), Shaun Micallef's World Around Him (1996), Small Tales & True (1998), Eric (1997), The Mick Molloy Show (1999) and Introducing Gary Petty (2000), in which he played the title role and received an Australian Writers' Guild award nomination. Franklin has also acted in TV dramas such as Kangaroo Palace (1997), Stingers (2002), After the Deluge (2003), CrashBurn (2003), The Heartbreak Tour (2005), Tripping Over (2006) and an episode of The Adventures of Lano and Woodley (\"Starquest\"). From 2012 to 2021, Franklin had a recurring role as Brendan O'Grady in the Jack Irish films and television series. Franklin has made several appearances on Thank God You're Here (2006\u201307) and was in the sitcoms The Librarians, and Stupid Stupid Man. Franklin starred in Shaun Micallef's TV series Mr & Mrs Murder, Episode 9: The Art of Murder (aired 17 April 2013) as \"Jack\"; a homeless gentleman with an exquisite eye for class and beauty. He had a recurring role in the second and third series of Please Like Me, a drama by Australian comedian Josh Thomas. Franklin also featured as a loan shark in the Australian opera miniseries The Divorce. Franklin has appeared in several Australian films, including The Craic (1999), You Can't Stop The Murders (2003), Bad Eggs (2003), The Extra (2005), Macbeth (2006), BoyTown (2006) The Last Confession of Alexander Pearce (2008), Three Blind Mice (2008) and Beneath Hill 60 (2010). Franklin's first book Under Stones, a collection of 'tales of unease', was published in 2010 by Affirm Press. It won the 2010 Australian Shadows Award for Long Fiction. His debut novel, Moving Tigers, was published in 2015. admin (1 February 2012). \"Under Stones\". Retrieved 11 June 2019. \"Australian Television: Crashburn: profiles\". www.australiantelevision.net. Retrieved 11 June 2019. \"Archived copy\". Archived from the original on 2011-04-07. Retrieved 2011-02-26.CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link) Bob Franklin at IMDb Bob Franklin Bio"
   },
   {
    "name": "Bob Pugh",
    "id": "Q4933698",
    "text": "Bob Pugh was a Welsh professional footballer who played for Newport County and Nottingham Forest In 1929 Pugh was selected for the Football Association of Wales tour of Canada but these matches were not classed as international cap matches. His Newport County teammate Albert 'Nippy' Wardell was also selected for the tour. Pugh and Tommy Lewis of New Brighton were the only two players in the squad not to attain full international caps either before or after the tour. He was transferred to Nottingham Forest in January 1931. FAW Tour Archived 17 May 2009 at the Wayback Machine v t e"
   },
   {
    "name": "Brinley Richards",
    "id": "Q4968451",
    "text": "Brinley Richards (13 April 1904 \u2013 18 September 1981) was a Welsh language poet and author, who was Archdruid of the National Eisteddfod of Wales from 1972 to 1975. Richards was born in Cwm Llynfi, Glamorgan in South Wales, and was named after the musician and composer Henry Brinley Richards (1819-1885). He attended Maesteg Grammar School and spent a year at Cardiff University. He lived on Church Street in Maesteg, a few doors above Bethel English Baptist Chapel, and had a legal practice there for most of his later years. At the Llanrwst Eisteddfod of 1951, he won the chair, qualifying him to become Archdruid in due course. His bardic name as Archdruid was Brinli. His collected poems, Cerddi'r Dyffryn, were published in 1967. Biography at National Library of Wales Archived 16 July 2011 at the Wayback Machine (in Welsh) v t e"
   },
   {
    "name": "Cameron Wright",
    "id": "Q5026420",
    "text": "Horace Cameron Wright (c. 1901 \u2013 1979), known as \"Cam\", was a Welsh scientist who worked for the Royal Naval Physiological Laboratory at Alverstoke, near Gosport in Hampshire and for the British Ministry of Aircraft Production during World War II. He conducted experiments on new bombs designed to blow up dams, underwater explosions, and underwater escapes from submerged aircraft and submarines, among other things. Most of the more dangerous experiments he performed on himself. He once spent weeks in hospital after being blown out of the water by a massive self-inflicted explosion, and surfaced from an artificial depth of 90 metres on a single breath of air. All of his research reports remain classified, however. Trevor Norton, Stars beneath the Sea, Carroll & Graf 1999 v t e v t e"
   },
   {
    "name": "Catrin Stewart",
    "id": "Q5053948",
    "text": "Catrin Stewart (born 29 January 1988) is a Welsh actress. She has played Emma in the Sky1 comedy drama series Stella and Jenny Flint in Doctor Who. She also portrayed Lily in Misfits. Her theatrical performance as Juliet in Headlong's Romeo and Juliet has been acclaimed by an Observer critic as \"one of the most captivating and touching I have seen\". Charlotte Marshall (5 Mar 2013). \"Introducing... Catrin Stewart\". Official London Theatrea. Retrieved 9 Nov 2014. Edinburgh International Film Festival 70th Edition (PDF), 2016, p.\u00a014, archived from the original (PDF) on 3 October 2016, retrieved 28 June 2016 Catrin Stewart at IMDb v t e"
   },
   {
    "name": "Chard Hayward",
    "id": "Q5074191",
    "text": "Chard Hayward, born Roy Hayward, (born 1949) credited also as Chard Heywood, is a Welsh-born Australian-America television actor, director and producer, he is best known for his long-running role of camp barman Dudley Butterfield in the 1970s television soap opera Number 96, he had previously appeared in a small role as a hippie in earlier episodes. Since the early 90s he has been based in the US. Born as Roy Hayward in Swansea, Wales, he initially pursued a career in the military, and at 19 had become a commissioned as an officer in the engineers, but decided it was not for him. After jobs as an actuary and part-time work in catering, Hayward heard about the National Institute of Dramatic Art, auditioned, and was accepted. However, he left NIDA after only 12 months to join the Pageant Theatre Company, which toured schools throughout New South Wales. He eventually worked at both directing and producing plays for the company. Hayward's role of the high-camp gay caterer and old-movie fan Dudley Butterfield in Number 96 began in late 1973 and quickly became one of the show's most popular and recognised characters. Dudley was involved in a long-running gay relationship with Don Finlayson (Joe Hasham) in the show. Dudley was later revealed as a bisexual and embarked on relationships with women, opened a hairdressing salon and then a disco, briefly became a television star, and then was shot to death in June 1977 after Hayward decided to leave the series. His career continued steadily with roles in Australian feature films, drama series and miniseries through the 1980s. In the 1990s he acted on US television with a role in soap opera Santa Barbara. More recent appearances include Babylon 5, Lost and, in 2007, as a surprise guest for the Number 96 reunion on Australia's Where Are They Now?. A legacy of his army years was the nickname Chard - the surname of a famous British Army officer - which he would use as his official stage name throughout his subsequent acting career. Chard Hayward has two sons, Adam with his first wife, former Miss Australia Sarah Gray, and Sean with one-time US actor Cynthia Killion. Chard Hayward at IMDb Personal_Website"
   },
   {
    "name": "Charles Rees",
    "id": "Q5081973",
    "text": "Charles \"Charlie\" Rees (birth unknown \u2013 death unknown) was a Welsh professional rugby league footballer who played in the 1900s and 1910s. He played at representative level for Wales, and at club level for Salford, as a forward (prior to the specialist positions of; prop, hooker, second-row, loose forward), during the era of contested scrums. Charlie Rees won caps for Wales while at Salford in 1912. During Charles Rees' time there was Salford's 5-3 victory over Huddersfield in the Championship Final during the 1913\u201314 season. \"Statistics at rugbyleagueproject.org\". rugbyleagueproject.org. 31 December 2017. Retrieved 1 January 2018. Williams, Graham; Lush, Peter; Farrar, David (2009). The British Rugby League Records Book. London League. pp.\u00a0108\u2013114. ISBN\u00a0978-1-903659-49-6. \"Statistics at rugbyleague.wales\". rugbyleague.wales. 31 December 2019. Retrieved 1 January 2020."
   },
   {
    "name": "Charles Sage",
    "id": "Q5082319",
    "text": "Charles \"Charlie\" Sage (birth unknown \u2013 death unknown) was a Welsh rugby union and professional rugby league footballer who played in the 1920s. He played representative level rugby union (RU) for Glamorgan County RFC, and at club level for Mountain Ash RFC, and representative level rugby league (RL) for Wales, and at club level for Hunslet, as a prop, or hooker, i.e. number 8 or 10, or 9, during the era of contested scrums. Charlie Sage won caps for Wales while at Hunslet in 1925 against England (2-matches). \"Statistics at rugbyleagueproject.org\". rugbyleagueproject.org. 31 December 2017. Retrieved 1 January 2018. Williams, Graham; Lush, Peter; Farrar, David (2009). The British Rugby League Records Book. London League. pp.\u00a0108\u2013114. ISBN\u00a0978-1-903659-49-6."
   },
   {
    "name": "Charles Staines",
    "id": "Q5082619",
    "text": "Charles \"Charlie\" Staines (birth unknown \u2013 death unknown) was a Welsh professional rugby league footballer who played in the 1930s, 1940s and 1950s. He played at representative level for Wales, and at club level for Castleford (Heritage \u2116 172), as a second-row, i.e. number 11 or 12, during the era of contested scrums. Charlie Staines won a cap for Wales while at Castleford on 22 September 1948 in the 5-11 defeat by England at Central Park, Wigan. Charlie Staines played in Castleford's victory in the Yorkshire County League during the 1938\u201339 season. \"Statistics at rugbyleagueproject.org\". rugbyleagueproject.org. 31 December 2017. Retrieved 1 January 2018. Williams, Graham; Lush, Peter; Farrar, David (2009). The British Rugby League Records Book. London League. pp.\u00a0108\u2013114. ISBN\u00a0978-1-903659-49-6. \"Statistics at rugbyleague.wales\". rugbyleague.wales. 31 December 2019. Retrieved 1 January 2020. \"Statistics at thecastlefordtigers.co.uk\". thecastlefordtigers.co.uk \u2105 web.archive.org. 31 December 2013. Archived from the original on 18 May 2012. Retrieved 1 January 2014. Charles Staines Memory Box Search at archive.castigersheritage.com Charlie Staines Memory Box Search at archive.castigersheritage.com Search for \"Charles Staines\" at britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk Search for \"Charlie Staines\" at britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk"
   },
   {
    "name": "Chris Davies",
    "id": "Q5106362",
    "text": "Chris Davies (born 24 December 1991) is a Welsh professional rugby league footballer who has played in the 2010s. He played at representative level for Wales, and at club level for Crusaders and West Wales Raiders, as a prop. Chris Davies was born in Abercynon, Wales. Today Chris spends most of his time sat in backstreet Brentwood pubs re-telling tales of his \u2018glory days\u2019 on the rugby league pitch, even having been labelled the \u2018Abercynon Sam Burgess\u2019 by his Brentwood chums / anyone who cares to listen to him. Another of Chris hobbies include being the lead singer in a Steps tribute band called \u2018Steptastic\u2019 where his rendition of \u2018It\u2019s the way you make me feel\u2019 recently scored 3.5/5 in \u2018Tribute Bands Weekly\u2019 magazine. It\u2019s been stated that if Chris focussed his attention on his dance moves then he could really perfect the role of \u2018H\u2019 that he so desperately craves. Chris Davies won a cap for Wales while at Crusaders in 2010. \"Profile at loverugbyleague.com\". loverugbyleague.com. 31 December 2017. Retrieved 1 January 2018. \"Statistics at rugbyleagueproject.org\". rugbyleagueproject.org. 31 December 2011. Retrieved 1 January 2012. \"Profile at scorpionsrl.com\". scorpionsrl.com. 31 December 2011. Archived from the original on 15 March 2012. Retrieved 1 January 2012. \"Statistics at rugbyleague.wales\". rugbyleague.wales. 31 December 2019. Retrieved 1 January 2020. (archived by web.archive.org) Profile at scorpionsrl.com"
   },
   {
    "name": "Chris Jenkins",
    "id": "Q5107005",
    "text": "Chris Jenkins (born Christopher Robert Jenkins; 6 December 1987) is a Welsh actor. He grew up in Penarth, Vale of Glamorgan, Wales attending Stanwell School. He received his theatre training at Guildford School of Acting graduating in 2009. In 2009, upon leaving training, Jenkins returned to his roots playing Demetrius in A Midsummer Night's Dream in a tour of Wales with Black Rat Productions. He then created the role of Bobby Duval in the world premiere of the Big Band Musical, Come Fly With Me at the Wales Millennium Centre with Mark Moraghan as Frank Simpson. Jenkins was then cast as Callum King in Super Alice Smith at Trafalgar Studios as part of Perfect Pitch Musicals' initiative to create new musical theatre. He spent Christmas 2009 with Henry Winkler and Les Dennis at the Liverpool Empire Theatre in First Family Entertainment's Peter Pan. In 2010, Jenkins joined the company at the Royal Opera House performing as an actor in 3 operas; Verdi's Aida directed by David McVicar, Verdi's Simon Boccanegra starring Pl\u00e1cido Domingo and Charles Gounod's Rom\u00e9o et Juliette where he was assistant fight captain. To finish the year, Jenkins played Larry Foreman in Arcola Theatre's 10th Anniversary Production of The Cradle Will Rock. It was the last production at the Arcola Street location before moving to a new building opposite Dalston Junction Railway Station In 2011, Jenkins appeared in Kneehigh Theatre\u2019s The Umbrellas of Cherbourg at Gielgud Theatre, his West End debut. The production was directed by Emma Rice. It was given tryouts at Leicester's Curve Theatre from 11 to 26 February 2011 and began previews in the West End at the Gielgud Theatre where Jenkins joined as Swing/Ensemble. The production began on 5 March, officially opening on 22 March. It was due to run until October 2011, but closed in May 2011. Jenkins appeared at the Barbican Centre and UK tour as Swing in the Lincoln Center's Tony Award winning production of South Pacific directed by Bartlett Sher. The production opened 15 August 2011. In 2013-2014, Jenkins appeared in Spamalot at the Playhouse Theatre in the West End. Starring Stephen Tompkinson as King Arthur and Anna-Jane Casey as Lady of the Lake. In 2014, Jenkins appeared in Billy Elliot on the West End in London. It closed on 9 April 2016, when the Victoria Palace Theatre closed for refurbishment. He has been in a relationship with actor Daniel Boys, since 2014. Chess in Concert CD (Warner Bros 2009) Chess in Concert DVD (Warner Music Entertainment 2009) \"GSA Graduate News\" Archived 5 July 2011 at the Wayback Machine \"Black Rat Productions: A Midsummer Night's Dream\" Archived 10 September 2011 at the Wayback Machine \"BWW Review: Come Fly With Me\" \"Perfect Pitch Musicals\" Chris Jenkins' Linkedin Profile \"The Cradle Will Rock at Arcola Theatre\" \"The Umbrellas of Cherbourg Cast List\" Archived 28 August 2011 at the Wayback Machine \"Joanna Riding and Meow Meow to Star in The Umbrellas of Cherbourg at London\u2019s Gielgud Theatre\" Archived 4 October 2012 at the Wayback Machine. Broadway.com, 14 January 2011 \"Umbrellas of Cherbourg\". Londontheatre.co.uk \"South Pacific cast list\" Archived 27 March 2012 at the Wayback Machine \"Spamalot\" Archived 27 February 2013 at the Wayback Machine. Spamalot2012.co.uk \"Ollie Jochim is 38th lead role in Billy Elliot The Musical in West End\". LondonTheatre1. 14 July 2014. Retrieved 8 July 2021. @danielboys (6 December 2017). \"Happy 30th Birthday to my wonderful boyfriend @chrisjenko!!\" (Tweet) \u2013 via Twitter. @chrisjenko (29 August 2014). \"My god, my boyfriend is very good. Cabaret triumph @danielboys. Special boy\" (Tweet) \u2013 via Twitter. Arcola Theatre The Umbrellas of Cherbourg Official Site Chris Jenkins at IMDb Chris Jenkins' Official Site"
   },
   {
    "name": "Chris Rodon",
    "id": "Q5107913",
    "text": "Christopher Peter Rodon (born 9 June 1963) is a Welsh former professional footballer who played as a striker. Born in Swansea, Rodon began his career in his native Wales for Pontardawe Town, before moving to England with Brighton & Hove Albion, where he made one appearance in the Football League during the 1982\u201383 season. Rodon also made 4 appearances on loan at Cardiff City during the 1983\u201384 season. After leaving Brighton, Rodon returned to Wales to play with Llanelli. Rodon's father Peter, and nephew Joe Rodon also played football professionally. His brother Keri, father of Joe, played basketball for Wales. \"Chris Rodon\". Barry Hugman's Footballers. Retrieved 4 June 2021. \"BRIGHTON & HOVE ALBION\u00a0: 1946/47 - 2009/10\". Post War English & Scottish Football League A - Z Player's Transfer Database. Retrieved 19 November 2010. \"CARDIFF CITY\u00a0: 1946/47 - 2009/10\". Post War English & Scottish Football League A - Z Player's Transfer Database. Retrieved 19 November 2010. Chris Rodon at the English National Football Archive (subscription required) \"23 April 1984 and Gordon Owen's goal puts Derby on the brink of relegation\". Mauve & Yellow Army. Retrieved 19 November 2010. James, Stuart. \"The story of Tottenham's new centre-back Joe Rodon, told by his parents\". The Athletic. \"Rodon, Bale and the dream of more famous Wales fridge magnet moments | Elis James\". The Guardian. 24 June 2021. v t e"
   },
   {
    "name": "Clive Jones",
    "id": "Q5134610",
    "text": "Clive Jones (birth unknown) is a Welsh former rugby union and professional rugby league footballer who played in the 1970s, and has coached rugby league. He played club level rugby union (RU) for Aberavon RFC, and representative level rugby league (RL) for Wales, and at club level for Warrington (Heritage No. 730), Leigh (Heritage No. 848) and Oldham (Heritage No. 823), as a loose forward, i.e. number 13, during the era of contested scrums, and has coached club level rugby league (RL) for Culcheth Eagles ARLFC (in Culcheth, Warrington, of the North West Men's League).[1] Clive Jones won caps for Wales (RL) while at Leigh in the 1975 Rugby League World Cup against New Zealand, and France. Clive Jones changed rugby football codes from rugby union to rugby league when he transferred from Aberavon RFC to Warrington, he made his d\u00e9but for Warrington on Sunday 20 August 1972, and he played his last match for Warrington on Sunday 15 December 1974, he transferred from Warrington to Leigh, he transferred from Leigh to Oldham, he made his d\u00e9but for Oldham on Sunday 1 April 1979, and he played his last match for Oldham on Sunday 15 April 1979. \"Statistics at rugbyleagueproject.org\". rugbyleagueproject.org. 31 December 2011. Retrieved 1 January 2012. RL Record Keepers' Club \"Statistics at leighrl.co.uk\". leighrl.co.uk. 31 December 2019. Retrieved 1 January 2020. \"They Played For Leigh (Statistics) at leighrl.co.uk\". leighrl.co.uk. 31 December 2019. Retrieved 1 January 2020. \"Heritage Numbers at leighrl.co.uk\". leighrl.co.uk. 31 December 2020. Retrieved 1 January 2018. \"Statistics at orl-heritagetrust.org.uk\". orl-heritagetrust.org.uk. 31 December 2019. Retrieved 1 January 2020. Williams, Graham; Lush, Peter; Farrar, David (2009). The British Rugby League Records Book. London League. pp.\u00a0108\u2013114. ISBN\u00a0978-1-903659-49-6. (archived by web.archive.org) Warrington\u00a0:: 31 Hull FC\u00a0:: 20, date: August 1972 (archived by web.archive.org) Statistics at wolvesplayers.thisiswarrington.co.uk"
   },
   {
    "name": "Cyril Gwynn",
    "id": "Q5200745",
    "text": "Cyril Gwynn (1897\u20131988) was a British poet, from Gower, in the City and County of Swansea. He was known as the Bard of Gower, and became a household name in Gower before leaving for Australia. His poetry was spoken rather than written, and was in the English language, using the Gower dialect. Arthur Cyril Gwynn, known as Cyril Gwynn, was born on 19 January 1897 in Briton Ferry, Carmarthenshire. His father was a Gower farmer called Arthur Gwynn, and his mother, Caroline, came from Briton Ferry, where her father worked as a ship's pilot. Cyril grew up in Gower on his grandfather's farm in Newton, and at a farm tenanted by his parents at Langland; he also spent time on his aunt's farm at Southgate. He went to school in Newton and Mumbles and it was at school that he began to make up rhymes. His first work dealt with the football team and the Oystermouth fishermen. In 1906, when their Langland farm was sold to be developed for the Langland golf course, the Gwynn family took over a butcher's shop in Southend, and Cyril helped with deliveries; the shop failed and his parents lost everything. The Gwynn family then moved to Llanrhidian and Newton, as farm workers, and then to Morriston, Swansea, where the older boys found jobs in government factories. During the First World War, Cyril served on mine-sweepers. In 1922 he joined the United States mercantile marine and was shipwrecked off the coast of Africa. He then worked on an oil tanker along the east coast of America, travelling as far south as Mexico. He married Winifred May Tucker of Parkmill in 1922, and they had seven children. He attended a politics course at Ashridge College, Hertfordshire, and there he met Randolph Churchill and Lennox-Boyd, the unsuccessful Conservative Party candidate for Gower. He became Lennox-Boyd's political agent and considered a political career, but soon abandoned the idea. He was then offered a job at the Western Mail newspaper, but turned this down. After moving nine times, he bought the 52 acres (210,000\u00a0m2) Hills Farm, in Port Eynon in 1946. He had fulfilled his dream: owning his own farm. However, in 1950 his wife was suffering from ill-health, so they moved to Three Crosses. It was at this time that Cyril Gwynne, who was now a household name in Gower, and who had lived in six Gower parishes, disappeared from the Gower scene: \u201c....this remarkable, self-effacing fellow, with his head in the clouds and his roots deep in the soil of Gower, seemed to have effaced himself completely and vanished from the scene. I heard he had gone abroad and, incredibly, never returned\". He had left Gower for Neath Abbey, where he worked as an engineer for 10 years. At Hills Farm Winnie's health was deteriorating, and the doctor strongly advised a change from their isolated life on the farm. One of Cyril's daughters had emigrated to Australia, and urged her parents to visit for a holiday. In 1964, Cyril and Winnie went for a two months' holiday and stayed for good. They settled in Croydon, Victoria, where they found another close-knit farming community full of interest. In 1975 Cyril and Winnie Gwynn returned to Gower for a three-month visit, and in 1979, after Winnie had died, Cyril paid another short visit to Gower, before deciding to move into a retirement village in Australia. By 1987, Cyril was in poor health but was looked after by his daughter Dilys, who took him shopping and to the library. Arthur Cyril Gwynn died on 7 January 1988. According to Nigel Jenkins, among older Gower people: \u201c...it is the name of Cyril Gwynn, and not that of Dylan Thomas, Vernon Watkins or Harri Webb, that comes first to their lips in any talk of poetry. He was, in his day, a Gower celebrity, while remaining entirely unknown outside the area \u2013 a state of affairs to be regarded as quite proper, for any notion of Swansea or Cardiff 'recognition' would have struck Cyril as meaningless.' However, he wrote with \"no pretension to literary excellence or grammatical perfection.\" \"Cyril Gwynn was the chronicler of a way of life and a pattern of social relationships that are now gone forever.\" At the height of his powers, he would go out two or three nights a week, to ploughing match dinners, weddings, wakes, Christmas parties, Court Leet and harvest suppers. He was considered the \"Bard of Gower\" and was, according to Nigel Jenkins: \u201c...as near as the Englishry of Wales have come to producing a traditional bard gwlad, that peculiarly Welsh brand of country or folk poet whose function it is to sing his native heath\u2019s praises and to celebrate in verse its communal life\". Cyril could speak the Gower dialect, which was still strong when he was growing up, and it surfaces in his \"yarns\", although he did not use it in his conversation. His craft was an oral one, and his verses came to him without conscious effort. Most of his work deals with farming, the opening of a new road, the passing away of a respected member of the community, the arrival of a new vicar, and country craft skills. His working method was based on contemplation, rather than study. If he knew he was to be expected to \"take a corner\" at an event and recite, he would go to do some work alone in a field, ploughing, or working the horses, and by the end of the day the poem would be there, in his head. After this, he rarely altered a word. Afterwards, he would usually write the poem down, but not always. The poems were usually based on experience and fact. J. Mansel Thomas noted that he: \"had a phenomenal memory, 'for everything except the price of beef', and I found that even after twelve years away [in Australia], he could still switch without hesitation to any one of a hundred or so of his poems, many with over a dozen verses \u2013 a gift that reminds one of another rural genius of Gower \u2013 Phil Tanner. He couldn\u2019t recall, however, whether he had written them all down\". Cyril Gwynn's poetic form comprises a narrative folk ballad which relies on a strong rhyme to \"clinch the last line\u2019s ironic twist\" which would often \"bring the house down.\" However, the \"language is simple and, with the exception of his conventional hymns to nature, eschews the 'poetic'\" To quote J. Mansel Thomas: \"The sentiments may have been obvious, but the treatment was fresh and amusing, the style uniquely his, with a humour and native wit, often barbed but never lethal, an observation of human nature that was shrewd and true, and a gift for rhythm and rhyme that made it all sound so natural\". Although his house was always \"full of books\", he limited his reading in poetry so as not to fall too heavily under the influence of other poets, and so lose his spontaneity. He often satirises the verbal pomposities of academics, or the socially pretentious. His poem \"Speech\" uses a light-hearted approach to deal with the serious problem of using alien speech in a situation where local language will do. According to J. Mansel Thomas, Cyril Gwynn has: \u201c...a special niche in the history of Gower: his verses reflected the lives of the people of Gower before and during a period of fundamental changes..\u201d Nigel Jenkins writes that Cyril Gwynn's vision is informed by an awareness of the rapid technological and demographic change in a wider world. Gwynn's view is a conservationist one. The town, in this case Swansea, is a place of \"noise and riot\" where \"belching stacks obscure the sky.\" In 'My Dream', Cyril identifies this as a threat to Gower; resulting in the despoliation of the countryside and the decimation of existing relationships. Life on Gower is harmonious and the threat, in this case one of class, comes from outside the peninsula: 'Twas here I met with Squire Bob, I knew him by his voice, Although instead of his bay cob He drove a big Rolls-Royce' The conflict in his verse is between Gower people and outsiders; the outsiders' use of pompous language supports their class position and identifies their type. The down-to-earth and apparently \"backward\" ways of the local people offers a counterpoint. The outsider threatens to undermine local control, but local wit and wisdom win through. The underlying theme is often of an Eden-like idyll under threat: 'The folks I met in Sandy Lane, I did not know from Adam, The very road itself was changed, 'Twas faced with tarmacadam.' But the verse is balanced enough to see through the faults of the locals as well, Gower stinginess being a case in point. Gower people are seen as fallible, but honourable, and contending with nascent forces of globalisation. Cyril Gwynn had a profound influence on the poet Harri Webb, whose Gower family had close ties with the Gwynn family. Speaking of this influence, Harri Webb commented: \u201c..And he established in my mind an image of the poet as essentially social rather than a solitary character, one moreover, fortunate in his gifts, however humble, and under something of an obligation to spread them around for the pleasure of the people he belongs to, rather than to hoard them in the dark private cellars of introspection and incomprehension\". However, despite critical appreciation, Cyril Gwynn always had doubts about the quality of much of his work. When J. Mansel Thomas suggested to him the possibility of the Gower Society publishing a selected edition of his poems, in 1975: \"The question of his that clinched the matter was a typical one: 'Will my name be on the book?\u2019 he asked, thinking more of his family\u2019s satisfaction than his own\". John Beynon, a farmer, of Kimley Moor Farm, Rhossili was in the audience when Mansel Thomas read Cyril Gwynn's \"yarns\" at a roadshow in the late 1970s. Beynon went on to write his own yarns and to recite at the Gower Young Farmers Club, harvest suppers and sports club dinners. His yarns were set to his own contemporary verse narratives and were based on true stories, including stories from his grandfather. Nigel Jenkins believes that the likelihood of the Anglicised areas of Wales providing enough of the conditions needed to seed a community-based poetry are far slimmer now, than in Cyril Gwynn's day. The difference between Cyril and his Welsh language counterparts lies in the lack of cultural context. Cyril Gwynn operated in isolation from the Welsh tradition, lacking the sense of a 'community of bards' that is the inheritance of the Welsh-speaking poet's in y fro Gymraeg, with its bardic contests, nosweithiau lawen and general interest in poetry. However, Cyril Gwynn did compete in the 1937 Gower Eisteddfod where he won first prize for an essay. Cyril Gwynn's lack of pretension, and the lack of English-language, community-based poetry, in Wales has led to discussion about Cyril Gwynn's title: \"Perhaps 'bard of Gower' sounds a little precious. 'Rhymester' would be too niggardly, 'poet' too lofty, 'entertainer' too disparaging. 'Bard' does give the most just comment on his uncanny gifts and the part they have played in Gower life for nearly forty years\". By 1928 Cyril Gwynn had collected enough poems to publish, at his own expense, \"Gower Yarns\", a collection of 33 of his poems. One-third of these poems were selected by the Gower Society, in 1975, for publication in: \"The Gower Yarns of Cyril Gwynn\". The idea was suggested by J. Mansel Thomas when Cyril Gwynne made his return visit to Gower, in 1975, at the age of 80. Below is a list of poems from the Gower Society publication: Contentment; The Widow's Reply; Heavy Cropping; Two of a Kind; The Jobbing Gardener's Complaint; The Kittle Hill Scheme (1927); A Modern Samual; When Mumbles was \"The Mumbles\"; A Smart Recruit; Ilston Quarry (1925); The Village Blacksmith; My Dream; A Bard's Dilemma; Versatility; To the Life-Saving Club; Partners; Impressions of Farming: 1) By a City Gent; 2) After hearing Kipling's 'If'; 3) By a Farmer; Pro Tem; Early Birds; Capital; Will the Mill; Reluctant Hero; Farewell and Welcome; Salvation; True to Type; Shades of John Peel (1939); Farming \u2013 Ancient and Modern; What's in a Name?; A Cosy Yarn; A Dark Horse; Dawn in a Gower Valley; \"Gower Yarns\", published by Cyril Gwynn (1928) \"The Gower Yarns of Cyril Gwynn\" (1975. Gower Society) Nigel Jenkins, \"Cyril Gwynn, Bard of Gower, 1897-1988\", Gower, XXXIX, 1988 J. Mansel Thomas (ed.), \"The Gower Yarns of Cyril Gwynne\", A Gower Society Publication, 1975 J. Mansel Thomas, \"Whatever happened to Cyril Gwynne?\", Gower XXVI, 1975 J.M.T, \"Cyril Gwynne \u2013 Bard of Gower\", Gower IV, 1951"
   },
   {
    "name": "Dafydd Carter",
    "id": "Q5208377",
    "text": "Dafydd Carter (born 12 February 1992) is a Welsh professional rugby union and rugby league footballer. He played club level rugby union (RU) for Bargoed RFC, as an Inside Centre, and representative level rugby league (RL) for Wales, and at club level for Crusaders and South Wales Scorpions as a stand-off. Dafydd Carter won a cap for Wales while at Crusaders in 2010. \"Statistics at rugbyleagueproject.org\". rugbyleagueproject.org. 31 December 2011. Retrieved 1 January 2012. \"Profile at scorpionsrl.com\". scorpionsrl.com. 31 December 2011. Archived from the original on 30 November 1994. Retrieved 1 January 2012. (archived by web.archive.org) Scorpions sign Wales under 18 captain Dafydd Carter (archived by web.archive.org) Profile at scorpionsrl.com"
   },
   {
    "name": "Dai Bevan",
    "id": "Q5208977",
    "text": "Dai Bevan (birth unknown \u2013 death unknown) was a Welsh professional rugby league footballer who played in the 1900s. He played at representative level for Welsh League XIII, as a forward (prior to the specialist positions of; prop, hooker, second-row, loose forward), during the era of contested scrums. Dai Bevan played as a forward, i.e. number 11, for Welsh League XIII in the 14-13 victory over Australia at Penydarren Park, Merthyr Tydfil on Tuesday 19 January 1909. \"Statistics at rugbyleagueproject.org\". rugbyleagueproject.org. 31 December 2019. Retrieved 1 January 2020. Williams, Graham; Lush, Peter; Farrar, David (2009). The British Rugby League Records Book. London League. pp.\u00a0108\u2013114. ISBN\u00a0978-1-903659-49-6. \"Statistics at rugbyleague.wales\". rugbyleague.wales. 31 December 2019. Retrieved 1 January 2020."
   },
   {
    "name": "Dai Rees",
    "id": "Q5209028",
    "text": "David \"Dai\" Rees (birth unknown \u2013 death unknown) was a Welsh rugby union and professional rugby league footballer who played in the 1920s and 1930s, and coached rugby league in the 1930s through to the 1960s. He played club level rugby union (RU) for Abertillery RFC, and representative level rugby league (RL) for Great Britain, Wales, Other Nationalities and Glamorgan and Monmouthshire, and at club level for Halifax (Heritage \u2116 272), as a second-row, i.e. number 11 or 12, during the era of contested scrums and coached at club level for Bradford Northern. Dai Rees won a cap for Other Nationalities (RL) while at Halifax, won 6 caps for Wales (RL) in 1921\u201332 while at Halifax, and won a cap for Great Britain (RL) while at Halifax in 1926 against New Zealand. Dai Rees was selected for Great Britain while at Halifax for the 1924 Great Britain Lions tour of Australia and New Zealand, he did not play in any of the Test matches on this tour. Dai Rees won a cap for Glamorgan and Monmouthshire while at Halifax. Dai Rees played left-second-row, i.e. number 11, in Halifax's 22-8 victory over York in the 1930\u201331 Challenge Cup Final during the 1930\u201331 season at Wembley Stadium, London on Saturday 2 May 1931, in front of a crowd of 40,368. Dai Rees made his d\u00e9but for Haifax on 27 August 1921, and he played his last match for Halifax on 16 January 1932. Dai Rees was the coach of Bradford Northern from 1936 to 1960, during these 24-years Bradford Northern won every honour in British rugby league. Dai Rees is a Halifax Hall Of Fame Inductee. \"Statistics at rugbyleagueproject.org\". rugbyleagueproject.org. 31 December 2017. Retrieved 1 January 2018. Williams, Graham; Lush, Peter; Farrar, David (2009). The British Rugby League Records Book. London League. pp.\u00a0108\u2013114. ISBN\u00a0978-1-903659-49-6. \"The Singapore Free Press and Mercantile Advertiser (1884\u20131942), 14 April 1924, Page 12\". newspapers.nl.sg. 31 December 2011. Retrieved 1 January 2012. \"Halifax Hall of Fame\". halifaxrlfc.co.uk. 31 December 2011. Archived from the original on 10 September 2013. Retrieved 1 January 2012. !Great Britain Statistics at englandrl.co.uk (statistics currently missing due to not having appeared for both Great Britain, and England)[dead link] Photograph \"Ernest Ward holds the Cup aloft\" at rlhp.co.uk Photograph \"Dai Rees\" at rlhp.co.uk Search for \"David Rees\" at britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk Search for \"Dai Rees\" at britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk Search for \"Glamorgan & Monmouthshire\" at britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk Search for \"Glamorgan and Monmouthshire\" at britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk"
   },
   {
    "name": "Damien Hudd",
    "id": "Q5212452",
    "text": "Damien Hudd (born 5 February 1981) is a Welsh professional rugby union and rugby league footballer who played in the 2000s and 2010s. He has played club level rugby union (RU) for Tredegar RFC, Ebbw Vale RFC, Brynmawr RFC (two spells), and Cross Keys RFC, as a lock, i.e. number 4 or 5, and representative level rugby league (RL) for Wales, and at club level for Torfaen Tigers and Newport Titans as a prop, or second-row. He captained Ebbw Vale RFC in their 2010-11 season in Division One East in which they won the league competition. In June 2011 it was announced that he had signed for Ebbw Vale for the season 2011-12.Our Damien Hudd won caps for Wales (RL) while at Torfaen Tigers 2003\u20262004 1(2?)-caps + 1-cap (interchange/substitute). \"Statistics at rugbyleagueproject.org\". rugbyleagueproject.org. 31 December 2017. Retrieved 1 January 2018. Graham Williams, Peter Lush, David Farrar (November 2009). \"The British Rugby League Records Book [Page-108\u2026114]\". London League Publications Ltd. ISBN\u00a0978-1-903659-49-6"
   },
   {
    "name": "Dan George",
    "id": "Q5213554",
    "text": "Dan George (born 10 August 1986) is a Welsh rugby union player. Beginning his career in the back row he moved to hooker where he represented Wales at under-16, 18, 19 & 21\u2019s. He played for Llanelli RFC and the Scarlets before joining London Welsh in 2008. On 28 June 2013, George would leave London Welsh to join Gloucester Rugby in the Aviva Premiership on a one-year deal for the 2013-14 season. On 29 April 2014, George joins local rivals Worcester Warriors in the RFU Championship from the 2014-15 season. Having spent two years at Worcester Dan left to seek work in London and played for Blackheath. Christmas of 2017 saw a move back to the professional game with Bedford Blues, after six months a move to London Scottish developed as a player coach overseeing the forwards. \"Gloucester sign hooker Dan George from London Welsh\". BBC Sport. 28 June 2013. \"Worcester sign Gloucester hooker Dan George for next season\". BBC Sport. 29 April 2014. Worcester Warriors Profile Gloucester Rugby Profile v t e"
   },
   {
    "name": "Dan Lewis",
    "id": "Q5213878",
    "text": "Dan Lewis (birth unknown \u2013 death unknown) was a Welsh professional rugby league footballer who played in the 1900s and 1910s. He played at representative level for Wales and Welsh League XIII, and at club level for Merthyr Tydfil and York, as a forward (prior to the specialist positions of; prop, hooker, second-row, loose forward), during the era of contested scrums. Dan Lewis won a cap for Wales while at Merthyr Tydfil in the 39-18 victory over England at Eugene Cross Park, Ebbw Vale on Saturday 9 April 1910, and represented Welsh League XIII while at Merthyr Tydfil in the 14-13 victory over Australia at Penydarren Park, Merthyr Tydfil on Tuesday 19 January 1909. \"Statistics at rugbyleagueproject.org\". rugbyleagueproject.org. 31 December 2017. Retrieved 1 January 2018. Williams, Graham; Lush, Peter; Farrar, David (2009). The British Rugby League Records Book. London League. pp.\u00a0108\u2013114. ISBN\u00a0978-1-903659-49-6. \"Statistics at rugbyleague.wales\". rugbyleague.wales. 31 December 2019. Retrieved 1 January 2020."
   },
   {
    "name": "Daniel Davies",
    "id": "Q5216926",
    "text": "Daniel \"Dan\" Davies (birth unknown \u2013 death unknown) was a Welsh professional rugby league footballer who played in the 1910s. He played at representative level for Other Nationalities, and at club level for Swinton, as a stand-off, i.e. number 6. Dan Davies won a cap for Other Nationalities while at Swinton. Dan Davies was the brother of the Llanelli RFC, Wales (RL) Swinton, Wales (soccer), and Bolton Wanderers footballer, David \"Dai\" Davies. Dan Davies served with his brother in the 2nd Salford battalion (Swinton Pals), the 19th Lancashire Fusiliers during World War I, and was discharged due to bronchitis contracted in the trenches. Dan Davies played at Swinton in the same era as, but he was not related to, David B. Davies. Williams, Graham; Lush, Peter; Farrar, David (2009). The British Rugby League Records Book. London League. pp.\u00a0108\u2013114. ISBN\u00a0978-1-903659-49-6. \"Statistics at rugbyleagueproject.org\". rugbyleagueproject.org. 31 December 2011. Retrieved 1 January 2012.[permanent dead link] \"Dai Davies - All Round Sportsman\". World War I Talk. 17 March 2010. Retrieved 22 November 2010.[permanent dead link] Search for \"Davies\" at rugbyleagueproject.org Photograph 'Team Photo 1906-07' at swintonlionstales.co.uk"
   },
   {
    "name": "Danny Hurcombe",
    "id": "Q5220457",
    "text": "Daniel \"Danny\" Hurcombe (14 November 1896 \u2013 19 March 1965) was a Welsh rugby union, and professional rugby league footballer who played in the 1910s and 1920s. He played club level rugby union (RU) for Talywain RFC, and representative level rugby league (RL) for Great Britain and Wales, and at club level for Wigan and Leigh, as a wing, centre, stand-off, or scrum-half, i.e. number 2 or 5, 3 or 4, 6, or 7. Hurcombe initially played club level rugby union for Talywain RFC. From 29 November 1919 Hurcombe played for English rugby league club, Wigan. Hurcombe was selected to go on the 1920 Great Britain Lions tour of Australia and New Zealand. He won caps for Great Britain (RL) while at Wigan in 1920 against Australia (2 matches), and New Zealand, in 1922 against Australia, and in 1924 against Australia (2 matches), and New Zealand (2 matches), and he won 6 caps for Wales in 1921\u20131926 while at Wigan. Hurcombe made his d\u00e9but for Wigan in the 0-11 defeat by Widnes at Lowerhouse Lane, Widnes on Saturday 29 November 1919, and he scored his first try for Wigan in the 18-8 victory over Leigh at Central Park, Wigan on Thursday 25 December 1919. Hurcombe played in Wigan's victories in the Lancashire County League during the 1920\u201321 season, 1922\u201323 season, 1923\u201324 season and 1925\u201326 season. Hurcombe played scrum-half, in Wigan's 20\u20132 victory over Leigh in the 1922 Lancashire County Cup Final during the 1922\u201323 season at The Willows, Salford on Saturday 25 November 1922. and played scrum-half in Wigan's 11-15 defeat by Swinton in the 1925 Lancashire County Cup Final during the 1925\u201326 season at The Cliff, Broughton on Wednesday 9 December 1925. Hurcombe played in Wigan's victories as league leaders during the 1923\u201324 season and 1925\u201326 season, but he did not play in the Championship finals during the 1921\u201322 season and 1925\u201326 season, it is not known whether he played in the Championship Final during the 1923\u201324 season. Hurcombe played scrum-half, in Wigan's 21\u20134 victory over Oldham in the 1924 Challenge Cup Final during the 1923\u201324 season at Athletic Grounds, Rochdale on Saturday 12 April 1924. Hurcombe scored his last try for Wigan in the 10-5 victory over St Helens Recs at City Road, Windle, St Helens on Saturday 2 January 1926, and he played his last Match for Wigan in the 4-0 victory over Wakefield Trinity at Central Park, Wigan on Saturday 23 January 1926. 1939 England and Wales Register \"Struggles for leading places\". The Guardian. London. 20 March 1965. p.\u00a010. \"Death details at freebmd.org.uk\". freebmd.org.uk. 31 December 2011. Retrieved 1 January 2012. \"Statistics at rugbyleagueproject.org\". rugbyleagueproject.org. 31 December 2011. Retrieved 1 January 2012. RL Record Keepers' Club Williams, Graham; Lush, Peter; Farrar, David (2009). The British Rugby League Records Book. London League. pp.\u00a0108\u2013114. ISBN\u00a0978-1-903659-49-6. \"Statistics at wigan.rlfans.com\". wigan.rlfans.com. 31 December 2011. Retrieved 1 January 2012. \"1922\u20131923 Lancashire Cup Final\". wigan.rlfans.com. 31 December 2011. Retrieved 1 January 2012. \"1923\u20131924 Challenge Cup Final\". wigan.rlfans.com. 31 December 2011. Retrieved 1 January 2012. !Great Britain Statistics at englandrl.co.uk (statistics currently missing due to not having appeared for both Great Britain, and England)[dead link] Search for \"Daniel Hurcombe\" at britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk Search for \"Danny Hurcombe\" at britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk"
   },
   {
    "name": "Danny Wilson",
    "id": "Q5220946",
    "text": "Donald James \"Danny\" Wilson (4 November 1955) is a Welsh former rugby union, and professional rugby league footballer who played in the 1970s and 1980s. A Wales representative stand-off, he played his club rugby for Widnes, Barrow, Swinton, Runcorn Highfield and Springfield Borough. Born in Wales to a Welsh mother and a Sierra Leonean father, Wilson played rugby union for Cardiff RFC as a fly-half before moving north to play professionally in rugby league. Wilson once scored five drop goals in a match for Swinton. Wilson won five caps for Wales while at Swinton, in 1981\u201382 and 1984. Wilson is the father of former footballer and Wales manager Ryan Giggs, who was christened Ryan Joseph Wilson but as a teenager changed his surname to that of his mother. Giggs is said to have inherited his balance and athleticism from his father. \"Statistics at rugbyleagueproject.org\". rugbyleagueproject.org. 31 December 2017. Retrieved 1 January 2018. RL Record Keepers' Club \"Statistics at rugby.widnes.tv\". rugby.widnes.tv. 31 December 2011. Retrieved 1 January 2012. \"A Brief History\". swintonlionsrlc.co.uk (Swinton Lions). 2010. Archived from the original on 6 October 2010. Retrieved 13 August 2010. Graham Williams, Peter Lush, David Farrar (November 2009). \"The British Rugby League Records Book\". pp. 108\u2013114. London League Publications Ltd. ISBN\u00a0978-1-903659-49-6 David Lawrenson (2007). \"The Rugby League Miscellany [Page-6]\". Vision Sport Publishing. ISBN\u00a0978-1-905326-30-3 Hughes, Rob (3 March 2009). \"Ferguson and Giggs, side by side at ManU\". The New York Times. Retrieved 13 August 2010. \"FAW / Ryan Giggs appointed as Wales National Team Manager\". (archived by web.archive.org) Swinton Lions > Club > A Brief History Statistics at rugby.widnes.tv Widnes v Warrington - Sunday 20 March 1977"
   },
   {
    "name": "David Beynon",
    "id": "Q5231397",
    "text": "David Beynon (birth unknown \u2013 death unknown) was a Welsh rugby union and professional rugby league footballer who played in the 1900s. He played club level rugby union (RU) for Brynmawr RFC and Pontypool RFC, and representative level rugby league (RL) for Wales, and at club level for Oldham (Heritage No. 116), as a stand-off, i.e. number 6. David Beynon won a cap for Wales while at Oldham in 1908. \"Statistics at rugbyleagueproject.org\". rugbyleagueproject.org. 31 December 2011. Retrieved 1 January 2012. \"Statistics at orl-heritagetrust.org.uk\". orl-heritagetrust.org.uk. 31 December 2019. Retrieved 1 January 2020. Williams, Graham; Lush, Peter; Farrar, David (2009). The British Rugby League Records Book. London League. pp.\u00a0108\u2013114. ISBN\u00a0978-1-903659-49-6. \"Statistics at rugbyleague.wales\". rugbyleague.wales. 31 December 2019. Retrieved 1 January 2020. (archived by web.archive.org) Statistics at orl-heritagetrust.org.uk"
   },
   {
    "name": "David Davies",
    "id": "Q5232856",
    "text": "David B. Davies (birth unknown \u2013 death unknown) was a Welsh professional rugby league footballer who played in the 1900s and 1910s. He played at representative level for Wales and Welsh League XIII, and at club level for Merthyr Tydfil, Swinton and Oldham (Heritage No. 145), as a forward (prior to the specialist positions of; prop, hooker, second-row, loose forward), during the era of contested scrums. David Davies won 8 caps for Wales in 1908\u20131913 while at Merthyr Tydfil, Swinton, and Oldham, and represented Welsh League XIII while at Merthyr Tydfil in the 14-13 victory over Australia at Penydarren Park, Merthyr Tydfil on Tuesday 19 January 1909. David Davies played at Swinton in the same era as, but was not related to, the brothers David \"Dai\" Davies and Daniel \"Dan\" Davies. \"Statistics at rugbyleagueproject.org\". rugbyleagueproject.org. 31 December 2011. Retrieved 1 January 2012. \"Statistics at orl-heritagetrust.org.uk\". orl-heritagetrust.org.uk. 31 December 2019. Retrieved 1 January 2020. Williams, Graham; Lush, Peter; Farrar, David (2009). The British Rugby League Records Book. London League. pp.\u00a0108\u2013114. ISBN\u00a0978-1-903659-49-6. \"Statistics at rugbyleague.wales\". rugbyleague.wales. 31 December 2019. Retrieved 1 January 2020. (archived by web.archive.org) Statistics at orl-heritagetrust.org.uk"
   },
   {
    "name": "David Davies",
    "id": "Q5232859",
    "text": "David \"Dai\" M. Davies (c. 1915 \u2013 death unknown) was a Welsh professional rugby league footballer who played in the 1930s, 1940s and 1950s. He played at representative level for Wales, and at club level for Salford, as a prop, or second-row, i.e. number 8 or 10, or 11 or 12, during the era of contested scrums. Dai Davies won nine caps for Wales from 1939 to 1948 while at Salford. Dai Davies played right-prop, i.e. number 10, in Salford's 7-4 victory over Barrow in the 1938 Challenge Cup Final during the 1937\u201338 season at Wembley Stadium, London, in front of a crowd of 51,243. About Dai Davies' time, there was Salford's 5-2 victory over Wigan in the 1936 Lancashire County Cup Final during the 1936\u201337 season at Wilderspool Stadium, Warrington on Saturday 17 October 1936, and played left-prop, i.e. number 8, in the 7-10 defeat by Wigan in the 1938 Lancashire County Cup Final during the 1938\u201339 season at Station Road, Swinton on Saturday 22 October 1938. \"Statistics at rugbyleagueproject.org\". rugbyleagueproject.org. 31 December 2011. Retrieved 1 January 2012. Williams, Graham; Lush, Peter; Farrar, David (2009). The British Rugby League Records Book. London League. pp.\u00a0108\u2013114. ISBN\u00a0978-1-903659-49-6. \"22nd October 1938: Salford 7 Wigan 10 (Lancashire Cup Final)\". wigan.rlfans.com. 31 December 2014. Retrieved 1 January 2015."
   },
   {
    "name": "David Fulker",
    "id": "Q5233893",
    "text": "David William Fulker (8 March 1937 \u2013 9 July 1998) was a British behavioural geneticist at the University of Colorado's Institute for Behavioral Genetics. Among positions of esteem, he was elected president of the Behavior Genetics Association (1982), and was executive editor of the society's journal Behavior Genetics. In honour of this role, the society maintains an annual Fulker Award, for the best paper in the journal each year, and for which the award is \"$1000 and a decent bottle of wine\". In 1970, Fulker and John L. Jinks published a proposal that the biometric genetic approach should be applied to human behaviour. Seemingly a commonplace idea today, this was a landmark paper, and became a citation classic.[citation needed] At the Institute of Psychiatry, Fulker's research established that many behaviours, not only in rodents but also in humans and in such \"higher\" mental traits as personality and also psychiatric diseases show genetic influences. Producing these results entailed the development of novel analytical approaches, on which Fulker collaborated with John DeFries. Fulker worked on combining quantitative and molecular genetic approaches, adapting the DeFries\u2013Fulker regression approach to this purpose. With a former PhD student Lon R. Cardon (who went on to discover linkage for dyslexia on chromosome 6 and to work in the human International HapMap Project) and Stacey S. Cherny, Fulker worked on methods for linkage and association analysis of quantitative traits. Fulker's father had been a miner in Wales, but moved the family to London, where Fulker grew up. He was initially trained as a teacher, and working in this profession (teaching chemistry) and as a photographer. Fulker subsequently obtained a BSc in psychology at Birkbeck College, London University, graduating with first class honours, and deciding to work in genetics. Fulker pursued this interest, obtaining both a Masters and a PhD at Birmingham University supervised by John Jinks. Exceptionally for a post-graduate student, his first publication (on fruit fly mating) was published in Science in 1966. Fulker joined the staff at Birmingham as a lecturer where he remained until moving in 1975 to a senior lectureship at the Institute of Psychiatry in London, where he also directed its animal laboratories at the Bethlem Royal Hospital. In 1985 Fulker moved to a professorship at the University of Colorado's Institute for Behavioral Genetics at Boulder. In 1996, he was recruited back to the Institute of Psychiatry to the new Medical Research Council funded Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Research Centre. Fulker was married to Angela Elliott with whom he had one child, Rosanna, born in 1985 and a stepdaughter, Katherine. Hewitt, John K. (2005). \"Announcement of the Fulker Award for a Paper Published in Behavior Genetics, Volume 34, 2004\". Behavior Genetics. 35 (6): 791\u2013792. doi:10.1007/s10519-005-7286-x. S2CID\u00a0189842943. Jinks JL & Fulker DW. (1970). A comparison of the biometrical-genetical, MAVA and classical approaches to the analysis of human behavior. Psychological Bulletin, 73, 311\u2013349. Hewitt, John (2012). \"David William Fulker (1937\u20131998) Executive Editor of Behavior Genetics\". Twin Research. 1 (3): 165\u2013166. doi:10.1375/twin.1.3.165. Hewitt, John (1998). \"In memoriam: David William Fulker, Ph.D. (1937\u20131998) member of the editorial board of Neuropsychiatric Genetics\". American Journal of Medical Genetics. 81 (5): 353\u2013354. doi:10.1002/(SICI)1096-8628(19980907)81:5<353::AID-AJMG1>3.0.CO;2-U. Hewitt, John (1998). \"David William Fulker (1937\u20131998)\". Behavior Genetics. 28 (4): 239\u2013242. doi:10.1023/A:1021663112157."
   },
   {
    "name": "David Jenkins",
    "id": "Q5235621",
    "text": "David \"Dai\" Jenkins (23 February 1914 \u2013 1979) initially played Rugby Union. He changed codes when he was 21 and played Rugby League between 1935-1957, mainly for Leeds Rugby League Club as a scrum-half, i.e. number 7. David Jenkins was born in Treherbert, Wales. He was a member of the Great Britain side that toured Australia and New Zealand in 1946. This was known as the Indomitables tour. As a 10 year old in 1924 Dai Jenkins played hooker for Penyrenglyn School XV, Treherbert and in 1927/28 Dai was vice-captain and scrum half when his team won the Welsh schools Rugby Union Championship. In 1928 Dai played for Wales v England in the Schoolboy R.U. Internationals at Cardiff and Coventry and played Association Football as a centre forward with a local junior team for 2 years after leaving school. In 1935 Dai Jenkins signed for Acton and Willesden and played his first Rugby League game against Featherstone at Post Office Road. In May 1936 Dai left Action & Willesden and joined Streatham & Mitcham Rugby League Club playing for them until Dec 1936. He then transferred (with Con Murphy) to Leeds Rugby League Club. Dai and Con were transferred for a joint transfer fee of \u00a3600. His first match for Leeds was against Bradford Northern at Headingley on 2 January 1937. In 1937, Dai played for Leeds against Wigan in the League Championship semi-final of 1937 and again for Leeds in the 1938 Rugby League Championship final against Hunslet, at Elland Road. Dai Jenkins played in four rugby league Challenge Cup Finals: He played scrum-half in Leeds' 19\u20132 victory over Halifax in the 1940\u201341 Challenge Cup Final during the 1940\u201341 season at Odsal Stadium, Bradford. Also in the 15\u201310 victory over Halifax in the 1941\u201342 Challenge Cup Final during the 1941\u201342 season at Odsal Stadium, Bradford; in the Leeds v Dewsbury final in 1943 and in the 1947 Leeds v Bradford Northern final at Wembley losing 8\u20134. Dai played for Leeds in the 1947 Yorkshire Cup Final against Wakefield Trinity at Fartown. The match ended in a 7\u20137 draw. The match was re-played at Odsal where Wakefield Trinity beat Leeds 8-7. Dai Jenkins played for Yorkshire and the Probables (players who would probably have toured Australia in 1940) in several matches in Yorkshire and Lancashire. 1940 Feb, played for the Probables against the 1936 Tourists in a Red Cross Fund match at Salford 1940 Mar, played for Yorkshire against a Lancashire side at Barrow. 1940 May, played for the Probables against the 1936 Tourists in a Red Cross Fund match at Salford. 1942 Mar, played for a Rugby Leagues XIII against Northern Command. 1942, Mar, played for Yorkshire against Lancashire at Crown Flatts, Dewsbury 1943, May, played in a 7-a-side competition at Headingley Dai Jenkins captained Leeds RLFC sometime during the 1948-49 season. In 1949 Dai Jenkins shared a Testimonial match with Dai Prosser at Leeds. In the same year, Dai Jenkins broke his collarbone. Dai left Leeds to join Keighley RLFC in 1949 and played for them until 1951. The last move of his playing career was to Bramley RLFC where Dai was player-coach, and then coach between 1951 and 1957. In the 1937-1938 season Dai Jenkins was awarded a Welsh International cap when he played for Wales against England at Newcastle.. He represented Wales against England at Llanelli in the European Rugby League championship on 5 November 1938 and again in a friendly match at Odsal on 23 December 1939. Also in 1938 Dai Jenkins played for Wales against France and is reputed to have swapped his shirt with one of the French players (no 7). A France International shirt is in the Heritage Quay collection. In 1938, Dai toured France, as a guest player, with the Hunslet Rugby League team. During WW2, Dai represented Wales in a variety of rugby league matches: 1940 Nov, Oldham 1941 Odsal 1943 Feb, Wigan In Apr 1946, Dai Jenkins was selected to join that year\u2019s highly successful Rugby League tour of Australia and New Zealand. This was the first overseas tour since the end of the war. The touring squad became known as the 'Indomitables' as they had travelled to the tour on board HMS Indomitable. The tourists played 18 matches, 17 in Australia, 1 in New Zealand from 22 May to 10 August 1946 and Dai played in the no 15 shirt on the tour. The team and officials returned to the UK on RMS\u00a0Rangitiki \"Jenkins would tackle anything from a charging elephant to a whippet tank.\" (a small, fast tank of WW1) Dai Jenkins said \"his greatest football thrill was at Huddersfield in the 1947 Cup semi-final v Wakefield, when Leeds won through to Wembley\" Dai was the son of Richard Jenkins and wife Rachel (nee Howells) who married 1909 (Q3) in Pontypridd Registration district. David\u2019s siblings included sisters Margaret (b. 1910) Deilwen (b. 1920) and brothers Elwyn (b. 1925) and Venner (b. 1927). His father, Richard, played Rugby League for Hull and died before 1935. Dai Jenkins was born 23 February 1914 in Treherbert, South Wales. He married Edna Fox in the Leeds North Registration District, Q1 1939 and they lived part of their early married life at 7 Ashville Grove, Leeds 6. By 27 January 1940 they were living at 24 Beechwood Mount, Burley, Leeds. From c. 1940 \u2013 aft. 1947 Dai took over as licensee of the Town Hall Tavern, 17 Westgate, Leeds (near the Headrow) from Ken JUBB who was also a Leeds Rugby League player. Dai and Edna\u2019s son David was born in 1942, Pontypridd registration district. Dai died, aged 65, 1979 Q4, in Leeds Registration district. \"Statistics at rugbyleagueproject.org\". rugbyleagueproject.org. 31 December 2017. Retrieved 1 January 2018. 1939 Register & GRO Death Indices GRO Death Index Rugby Football League Archive, Series: 1946 'Indomitables' tour of Australia and New Zealand. University of Huddersfield at Heritage Quay. \"Dai Jenkins & Dai Prosser's Benefit Year Souvenir Brochure\". Rugby Football League Archive, ID: RFL/AV/1/5/2/4/7. University of Huddersfield Archives at Heritage Quay. \"Championship Winner's Medal\". Rugby Football League Archive, ID: RFL/AV/1/5/2/3/1. University of Huddersfield at Heritage Quay. Heritage Quay Archives @ Huddersfield University. Ref number: RFL/AV/1/5/3/1/4/11 Letter, Heritage Quay Archives @ Huddersfield University. Ref number: RFL/AV/1/5/2/6/1 Heritage Quay Archives @ Huddersfield University. Medal, Ref number: RFL/AV/1/5/2/3/6 Heritage Quay Archives @ Huddersfield University. Invitations, ref: RFL/AV/1/5/2/6/2 to RFL/AV/1/5/2/6/7 Heritage Quay Archives @ Huddersfield University. Programmes, Ref number: RFL/AV/1/5/2/4 Heritage Quay Archives @ Huddersfield University. X rays, Ref number: RFL/AV/1/5/1/9 & RFL/AV/1/5/1/11 Heritage Quay Archives @ Huddersfield University. Programmes, Ref number: RFL/AV/1/5/2/6/8 International cap: ref RFL/AV/1/5/3/3/6 & Dai Jenkins & Dai Prosser's Benefit Year Souvenir Brochure ref RFL/AV/1/5/2/4/7 Heritage Quay Archives @ Huddersfield University. Letter, Ref number: RFL/AV/1/5/3/4/1 Heritage Quay Archives @ Huddersfield University. Letter, Ref number: RFL/AV/1/5/3/6/1 Heritage Quay Archives @ Huddersfield University. Shirt, Ref number: RFL/AV/1/5/3/3/2 Heritage Quay Archives @ Huddersfield University. Ref number: RFL/AV/1/5/2/9, RFL/AV/1/5/3/2/3 & 4, RFL/AV/1/5/3/5/2 Heritage Quay Archives @ Huddersfield University. Letter, Ref number: RFL/AV/1/5/3/4/3 Heritage Quay Archives @ Huddersfield University. Letter, Ref number: RFL/AV/1/5/3/4/4 Heritage Quay Archives @ Huddersfield University. Letter, Ref number: RFL/AV/1/5/3/4/5 Heritage Quay Archives, Huddersfield University, Indomitables Collection. Ref: RFL/AV/1/5/3/1 Heritage Quay Archives @ Huddersfield University. Programmes, Ref number: RFL/AV/1/5/3/1/3 Heritage Quay Archives @ Huddersfield University. Letter, Ref number: RFL/AV/1/5/3/1/6/7 Heritage Quay Archives @ Huddersfield University. Newspaper cutting, Ref number: RFL/AV/1/5/2/5/2 GRO marriage index Heritage Quay Archives @ Huddersfield University. Letters, Ref number: RFL/AV/1/5/3/1/4 GRO birth index Heritage Quay Archives @ Huddersfield University. Letter, Ref number: RFL/AV/1/5/1/14 Heritage Quay Archives @ Huddersfield University. Postcard, Ref number: RFL/AV/1/5/1/16 Heritage Quay Archives @ Huddersfield University. Letters, Ref number: RFL/AV/1/5/3/1/4 !Great Britain Statistics at englandrl.co.uk (statistics currently missing due to not having appeared for both Great Britain, and England)"
   },
   {
    "name": "David John",
    "id": "Q5235651",
    "text": "W. David \"Dai\" John (birth unknown \u2013 death unknown) was a Welsh rugby union and professional rugby league footballer who played in the 1900s and 1910s. He played club level rugby union (RU) for Penygraig RFC, as a half-back, and representative level rugby league (RL) for Wales, and at club level for Salford, as a fullback or stand-off, i.e. number 1 or, 6. Dai John won a cap for Wales (RU) while at Salford in 1913. During Dai John's time there was Salford's 5-3 victory over Huddersfield in the Championship Final during the 1913\u201314 season. Dai John played stand-off in Salford's 0-5 defeat by Bradford F.C. in the 1906 Challenge Cup Final during the 1905\u201306 season at Headingley Rugby Stadium, Leeds on Saturday 28 April 1906. Dai John originally played rugby union, turning out at half-back for Penygraig RFC in the Rhondda. While still a teenager he switched codes to rugby league. John was considered a \"Probable\" for the 1910 Great Britain Lions tour of Australia and New Zealand, but ultimately he was not selected for the tour. Writing at the time in the Evening Express, their rugby league correspondent suggested that it was John's height, standing at 5 foot 3 inches, that cost him his place. \"Statistics at rugbyleagueproject.org\". rugbyleagueproject.org. 31 December 2011. Retrieved 1 January 2012. Williams, Graham; Lush, Peter; Farrar, David (2009). The British Rugby League Records Book. London League. pp.\u00a0108\u2013114. ISBN\u00a0978-1-903659-49-6. Irvin Saxton (publish date tbc) \"History of Rugby League \u2013 \u2116 11 \u2013 1905\u201306\". Rugby Leaguer ISBN n/a \"Welshmen Up North \u2013 Mystery of Dai Furnish\". newspapers.library.wales. 10 September 1910. Retrieved 17 January 2019. \"Northern Union \u2013 The Colonial Football Tour \u2013 Probable Players\". paperspast.natlib.govt.nz. 31 December 2011. Retrieved 1 January 2012."
   },
   {
    "name": "David Jones",
    "id": "Q5235746",
    "text": "David Jones (birth unknown) is a Welsh former rugby union and professional rugby league footballer who played in the 1960s. He played club level rugby union (RU) for Maesteg RFC, and representative level rugby league (RL) for Wales, and at club level for Halifax, as a wing, or centre, i.e. number 2 or 5, or, 3 or 4. David Jones won 2 caps for Wales (RL) in 1968\u20131969 while at Halifax. \"Statistics at rugbyleagueproject.org\". rugbyleagueproject.org. 31 December 2011. Retrieved 1 January 2012. Williams, Graham; Lush, Peter; Farrar, David (2009). The British Rugby League Records Book. London League. pp.\u00a0108\u2013114. ISBN\u00a0978-1-903659-49-6."
   },
   {
    "name": "David Lewis",
    "id": "Q5236569",
    "text": "David J. Lewis (birth unknown \u2013 death unknown) was a Welsh professional rugby league footballer who played in the 1900s. He played at representative level for Other Nationalities, and at club level for Oldham (Heritage No. 91), as a wing, i.e. number 2 or 5. David Lewis won a cap, playing left wing, i.e. number 5, for Other Nationalities in the 9-3 victory over England at Central Park, Wigan on Tuesday 5 April 1904, in the first ever international rugby league match. David Lewis played in Oldham's victory in the Championship during the 1904\u201305 season. \"Statistics at rugbyleagueproject.org\". rugbyleagueproject.org. 31 December 2017. Retrieved 1 January 2018. \"Statistics at orl-heritagetrust.org.uk\". orl-heritagetrust.org.uk. 31 December 2019. Retrieved 1 January 2020. Fagan, Sean. \"The First International Rugby League Match\". rl1895.com. Archived from the original on 1 April 2004. Retrieved 14 December 2014. \"Representative Honours\". orl-heritagetrust.org.uk. 31 December 2011. Retrieved 1 January 2012. The Umpire (1905). Oldham Football Team - Winners of the Northern League Championship, Season 1904\u201305. The Umpire. ISBN n/a (archived by web.archive.org) Statistics at orl-heritagetrust.org.uk"
   },
   {
    "name": "David Maidment",
    "id": "Q5237047",
    "text": "David \"Dai\" Maidment (birth unknown \u2013 death unknown) was a Welsh professional rugby league footballer who played in the 1920s. He played at representative level for Wales, and at club level for Wakefield Trinity (Heritage \u2116 324), as a loose forward, i.e. number 13, during the era of contested scrums. Dai Maidment won a cap for Wales while at Wakefield Trinity in the 15\u201339 defeat by England at White City Stadium, Sloper Road, Grangetown, Cardiff on Wednesday 14 November 1928. \"Statistics at rugbyleagueproject.org\". rugbyleagueproject.org. 31 December 2011. Retrieved 1 January 2012. Williams, Graham; Lush, Peter; Farrar, David (2009). The British Rugby League Records Book. London League. pp.\u00a0108\u2013114. ISBN\u00a0978-1-903659-49-6. \"Statistics at rugbyleague.wales\". rugbyleague.wales. 31 December 2019. Retrieved 1 January 2020."
   },
   {
    "name": "David Samwell",
    "id": "Q5239456",
    "text": "David Samwell (15 October 1751 \u2013 23 November 1798) was a Welsh naval surgeon and poet. He was an important supporter of Welsh cultural organisations and was known by the pseudonym Dafydd Ddu Feddyg. Samwell was born in Nantglyn, a small village in Denbighshire to William Samuel a local vicar. His grandfather, Edward Samuel was also a notable Welsh author and poet. Samwell became a surgeon in the Royal Navy and between 1776 and 1779 he sailed around the world with Captain James Cook on board HMS\u00a0Resolution. As a ship's surgeon it was Samwell's job to ensure the crew's health did not deteriorate over the long journeys to the Pacific Ocean. Aboard the ship Samwell wrote of his travels, including some poetry. The journal of his experiences aboard Captain James Cook's ship provide a detailed account of the third and last voyages of Cook to the Pacific Ocean. Part of the journal describes the death of Captain Cook at the hands of natives on the Sandwich Islands in 1779. He also wrote an unpublished journal, Some Account of a Voyage to the South Seas 1776-1777-1778 which is an innovative work of social anthropology. Between his voyages, Samwell lived in London. There he and other Welshmen would meet, and he joined the Gwyneddigion Society which had formed in 1770. The society was initially formed for men from North Wales, but gradually the membership grew to accept all Welshmen. The society celebrated with a rowdy ball every St David's Day and Samwell was described as one of the noisiest. He was described as 'tall, stout, blackhaired, pock-marked, fierce looking, wondrous friendly in company' and when teased he would close one eye and look for a pot to throw at his tormenter. In 1792 Iolo Morganwg (Edward Williams) organised here the first meeting of Gorsedd Beirdd Ynys Prydain at Primrose Hill in London. Samwell was present at the event which saw a stone circle set and a sword was ceremonially sheathed as a symbol of peace after the events of the French Revolution. The next year though saw Britain enter conflict with France during the French Revolutionary Wars, and in 1798 Samwell was treating English prisoners of war in Versailles. He returned to Britain in the autumn of that year and died in London in November. Davies, John; Jenkins, Nigel (2008). The Welsh Academy Encyclopaedia of Wales. Cardiff: University of Wales Press. p.\u00a0797. ISBN\u00a0978-0-7083-1953-6. \"Biography of David Samwell\". National Library of Wales. Retrieved 23 October 2010. McCririck (1963) p. 30 Samwell, David. A Narrative of the Death of Captain James Cook. London, 1786. McCririck (1963) p. 31 McCririck, Mary (1963). Stories of Wales, Book 3. Denbigh: Gee and Sons. Works by David Samwell at Project Gutenberg Works by or about David Samwell at Internet Archive"
   },
   {
    "name": "David Thomas",
    "id": "Q5240358",
    "text": "David \"Dai\" Thomas (birth unknown \u2013 death unknown) was a Welsh professional rugby league footballer who played in the 1900s. He played at representative level for Wales, and Welsh League XIII, and at club level for Dewsbury, Aberdare RLFC, Halifax and Mid-Rhondda, as a wing, i.e. number 2 or 5. Thomas won caps for Wales while at Halifax in 1908 against England (3 matches), and represented Welsh League XIII while at Merthyr Tydfil in the 14\u201313 victory over Australia at Penydarren Park, Merthyr Tydfil on Tuesday 19 January 1909. Thomas played for Dewsbury and Halifax at club level. He holds Dewsbury's \"Tries In A Season\" record with 40-tries scored in the 1906\u201307 season, and Dewsbury's \"Tries In A Match\" record with 8-tries against Liverpool City on 13 April 1907. \"Dai Thomas Statistics at rugbyleagueproject.org\". rugbyleagueproject.org. 31 December 2017. Retrieved 1 January 2018. \"Dai/Willie Thomas Statistics at rugbyleagueproject.org\". rugbyleagueproject.org. 31 December 2017. Retrieved 1 January 2018. Williams, Graham; Lush, Peter; Farrar, David (2009). The British Rugby League Records Book. London League. pp.\u00a0108\u2013114. ISBN\u00a0978-1-903659-49-6. \"Dai Thomas Statistics at rugbyleague.wales\". rugbyleague.wales. 31 December 2019. Retrieved 1 January 2020. \"DB Thomas Statistics at rugbyleague.wales\". rugbyleague.wales. 31 December 2019. Retrieved 1 January 2020. \"12,000 Miles For Nothing: Mr. Dai Thomas Too Late to Kick Off\". The Manchester Guardian. 25 November 1929. p.\u00a03. ProQuest\u00a0477947714. rugbyleagueproject.org and rugbyleague.wales now indicate that there are two separate players"
   },
   {
    "name": "David Willicombe",
    "id": "Q5241167",
    "text": "David Willicombe (birth unknown) is a Welsh former rugby union and professional rugby league footballer who played in the 1960s, 1970s and 1980s. He played at representative level for Great Britain and Wales, and at club level for Halifax and Wigan, as a centre, i.e. number 3 or 4. Willicombe initially played rugby union in Wales for Cardiff International Athletic Club. In his 1974 d\u00e9but for Wigan he scored a hat-trick of tries. Willicombe won caps for Wales (RL) while at Halifax in 1970 against England, while at Wigan in 1975 against France, and England, in the 1975 Rugby League World Cup against France, England, Australia, New Zealand, New Zealand, and France, and in 1978 against France, England, and Australia, and won caps for Great Britain (RL) while at Wigan in 1974 against France (2 matches), and New Zealand. David Willicombe played right-centre, i.e. number 3, and scored a try in Wigan's 13-16 defeat by Workington Town in the 1977 Lancashire County Cup Final during the 1977\u201378 season at Wilderspool Stadium, Warrington, on Saturday 29 October 1977, and played right-centre, i.e. number 3 the 10-26 defeat by Warrington in the 1980 Lancashire County Cup Final during the 1980\u201381 season at Knowsley Road, St. Helens, on Saturday 4 October 1980. \"Statistics at rugbyleagueproject.org\". rugbyleagueproject.org. 31 December 2017. Retrieved 1 January 2018. Williams, Graham; Lush, Peter; Farrar, David (2009). The British Rugby League Records Book. London League. pp.\u00a0108\u2013114. ISBN\u00a0978-1-903659-49-6. \"Wigan Warriors Announce Heritage Numbers\" (PDF). wiganwarriors.com. Wigan Warriors. Archived from the original (PDF) on 4 December 2013. Retrieved 2 January 2014. !Great Britain Statistics at englandrl.co.uk (statistics currently missing due to not having appeared for both Great Britain, and England)[dead link] Statistics at wigan.rlfans.com"
   },
   {
    "name": "Demi Holborn",
    "id": "Q5255333",
    "text": "Demi Ann-Marie Holborn (born 27 May 1992) is a Welsh professional singer, one of the UK's youngest female solo artists to hit the Top 40 of the UK Singles Chart. The youngest of four children, Holborn began her career in the music business at the age of eight and was offered two recording contracts. In 2002, her eldest brother secretly entered her in GMTV's Totstars competition. After weeks of waiting, the phone votes were counted and out of approximately 200,000 votes, Holborn received 164,365. From this, Holborn won a record contract with Universal Records and a scholarship to the Barbara Speake Stage School, beating 6,000 competitors for the top prize. She then released a record with covers of \"I\u2019d Like to Teach the World to Sing\" / \"My Boy\" with the bonus track \"Ben\", which reached number 27 on the UK Singles Chart, number 5 in Wales and 61 in Germany. As a result of the charting she unseated Lena Zavaroni as the youngest female solo artist to make the UK Top 40. In 2005, Holborn was believed to be an early contender for the Junior Eurovision Song Contest, but was ultimately disqualified from the competition as she had already charted a song and was therefore no longer considered an amateur. Holborn has performed at many events in Wales such as Party in the Park 2002 and the Millennium Stadium meeting. Since the competition, she has performed to help raise funds for various charities in the UK. Holborn released her latest single \"If I Could\" on various sites on 5 August 2012. Holborn was a pupil at Pontnewynydd Primary School when she started her professional singing career, and became the youngest singer in Guinness World Records. \"Trevethin ex-child star has charts in her sights\". South Wales Argus. 30 September 2009. Retrieved 2009-11-13. \"Little Demi is top of the tots\". The Scotsman. 13 May 2002. Retrieved 2009-11-13. Roberts, David (2006). British Hit Singles & Albums (19th\u00a0ed.). London: Guinness World Records Limited. p.\u00a0254. ISBN\u00a01-904994-10-5. \"TV bosses turn Demi down\". South Wales Argus. 20 October 2005. Archived from the original on 18 March 2007. Retrieved 2009-11-13. Gift from Demi, Western Mail, 21 December 2002, retrieved 30 March 2010[dead link] Youngster follows in Church's footsteps, BBC News, 15 July 2002, retrieved 30 March 2010 Official homepage"
   },
   {
    "name": "Dennis Brown",
    "id": "Q5258234",
    "text": "Dennis Brown (birth unknown), also known by the nickname of \"Brown Bomber\", is a Welsh rugby union and professional rugby league footballer who played in the 1960s and 1970s. He played rugby union (RU) for Cardiff Schoolboys [1], and the Royal Marines[2], as a Wing, and representative level rugby league (RL) for Wales, and at club level for Widnes, as a wing, i.e. number 2 or 5. Dennis Brown served in the Royal Marines. Dennis Brown won a cap for Wales (RL) while at Widnes in 1969. Dennis Brown played right wing, i.e. number 2, in Widnes 8-15 defeat by Wigan in the 1971 Lancashire County Cup Final during the 1970\u201371 season at Knowsley Road, St. Helens on Saturday 28 August 1971. Dennis Brown played for Widnes under the pseudonym of A. Newman to protect his amateur rugby union status, although he subsequently appeared under his own name, his Widnes appearances were restricted by his duties serving in the Royal Marines. \"Statistics at rugbyleagueproject.org\". rugbyleagueproject.org. 31 December 2011. Retrieved 1 January 2012. Williams, Graham; Lush, Peter; Farrar, David (2009). The British Rugby League Records Book. London League. pp.\u00a0108\u2013114. ISBN\u00a0978-1-903659-49-6. \"Statistics at rugby.widnes.tv\". rugby.widnes.tv. 31 December 2011. Retrieved 1 January 2012. \"1971-1972 Lancashire Cup Final\". wigan.rlfans.com. 31 December 2011. Retrieved 1 January 2012. Statistics at rugby.widnes.tv"
   },
   {
    "name": "Dennis Curling",
    "id": "Q5258320",
    "text": "Dennis Curling (birth unknown) is a Welsh former rugby union and professional rugby league footballer who played in the 1970s. He played club level rugby union (RU) for Aberavon RFC, as a wing, i.e. number 11 or 14, and representative level rugby league (RL) for Wales, and at club level for Warrington (Heritage \u2116), as a wing, i.e. number 2 or 5, his career ended by broken neck. Dennis Curling won a cap for Wales (RL) while at Warrington in 1977 (interchange/substitute). \"Statistics at rugbyleagueproject.org\". rugbyleagueproject.org. 31 December 2011. Retrieved 1 January 2012. Williams, Graham; Lush, Peter; Farrar, David (2009). The British Rugby League Records Book. London League. pp.\u00a0108\u2013114. ISBN\u00a0978-1-903659-49-6. Statistics at wolvesplayers.thisiswarrington.co.uk"
   },
   {
    "name": "Dennis O'Neill",
    "id": "Q5258810",
    "text": "Dennis O'Neill CBE (born 25 February 1948) is a Welsh operatic tenor and recording artist. Dennis O'Neill was born in Pontarddulais, to Welsh and Irish parents. He studied privately with Professor Frederic Cox (Principal of the Royal Northern College of Music) in Manchester and then in London. At the age of 19 he spent the summer as an apprentice singer at the Opera Barga Festival in Tuscany, which confirmed his ambition to become an opera singer. Later, after a Royal Society of Arts award, he returned to Italy to study with Ettore Campogalliani in Mantua and Luigi Ricci in Rome. In his time, Dennis O'Neill has been connected with the Royal Opera House, Covent Garden, London and the Welsh National Opera, Cardiff, Wales. He has given regular guest performances at the Metropolitan Opera New York, in Chicago, San Francisco, Zurich, Paris, Brussels, Vienna, Verona, Munich and Australia. In the opera world, O'Neill is perhaps best known as a Verdi exponent. He performs song recitals and oratorios, especially the tenor part of the Verdi Requiem. In 2005 he was awarded the Verdi Medal by the Amici di Verdi. O'Neill is committed to the education of younger opera singers, and in Spring 2007 he became the director of the Cardiff International Academy of Voice. O'Neill's recording career includes many solo albums and operas. He has performed on video film with Kiri te Kanawa and the conductor Georg Solti. A generation before his fellow-Welshman Bryn Terfel, O'Neill was a regular face on British TV. He has presented two TV shows, Dennis O'Neill (1987) and Dennis O'Neill and Friends (1989), amongst other TV performances, such as the title role in Faust and Alfred in Die Fledermaus.[citation needed] In 2006 O'Neill performed as Eleazar in La Juive (The Jewess) in a Royal Opera concert in the Barbican concert hall, London. It was his 43rd visit to the Royal Opera House. In 2000 he was appointed a CBE.[citation needed] John Warrack and Ewan West, The Concise Oxford Dictionary of Opera, Oxford University Press, 1996 Adrian Mourby, Dennis O'Neill: Barga - the town that changed my life[dead link], The Independent, November 25, 2007. \"www.dennisoneilltenor.com\". Archived from the original on 2007-11-09. Retrieved 2007-10-19. \"Ammanford And District Choral Society\". Terrynorm.ic24.net. Retrieved 2007-10-11. \"La Juive - Opera Review\". Hugill.blogspot.com. 2006-09-25. Retrieved 2007-10-11. \"MusicOMH.com (Interview)\". Musicomh.com. Retrieved 22 July 2020. Official Website of Dennis O'Neill MusicOMH.com (Interview with Dennis O'Neill) Dennis O'Neill at IMDb Cardiff International Academy of Voice website"
   },
   {
    "name": "Dick Thomas",
    "id": "Q5273450",
    "text": "Dick Thomas (birth unknown \u2013 death unknown) was a Welsh professional rugby league footballer who played in the 1900s. He played at representative level for Welsh League XIII, and at club level for Oldham RLFC (Heritage \u2116 43) and Aberdare RLFC, as a forward (prior to the specialist positions of; prop, hooker, second-row, loose forward), during the era of contested scrums. Dick Thomas played as a forward, i.e. number 13, for Welsh League XIII in the 14-13 victory over Australia at Penydarren Park, Merthyr Tydfil on Tuesday 19 January 1909. \"Statistics at rugbyleagueproject.org\". rugbyleagueproject.org. 31 December 2018. Retrieved 1 January 2019. \"Statistics at rugbyleague.wales\". rugbyleague.wales. 31 December 2019. Retrieved 1 January 2020."
   },
   {
    "name": "Dorothy Miles",
    "id": "Q5298551",
    "text": "Dorothy \"Dot\" Miles (19 August 1931 \u2013 30 January 1993, n\u00e9e Squire) was a Welsh poet and activist in the deaf community. Throughout her life, she composed her poems in English, British Sign Language, and American Sign Language. Her work laid the foundations for modern sign language poetry in the United States and the United Kingdom. She is regarded as the pioneer of BSL poetry and her work influenced many contemporary Deaf poets. From 1957 to 1977, Miles lived as an expatriate in the United States. In 1967, she joined the National Theatre of the Deaf. She then returned to the United Kingdom, where she became a key member of the British Deaf Community. By the early 1990s, Miles was suffering from manic depression. In 1993, Miles committed suicide by falling from a second-floor window. Miles (n\u00e9e Squire) was born 19 August 1931 in Holywell, Flintshire, North Wales, daughter of James and Amy Squire (n\u00e9e Brick). She was the youngest of five surviving children. In 1939 she contracted cerebrospinal meningitis, which left her deaf. She was educated at the Royal School for the Deaf and the Mary Hare School. In 1957, at the age of 25, she went to the United States to take up a place at Gallaudet College, sponsored in part by the British Deaf and Dumb Association. During her time at the college she became the first member of a junior class to be a member of the Gallaudet Phi Alpha Pi honour society, was in the 1961 edition of \"Who's Who in American Colleges and Universities\", edited the student magazines and won prizes for both her prose writing and poetry and for acting. Some of her work was published in The Silent Muse, an anthology of selected writings by deaf authors of the last 100 years. She also wrote the Bison's song. She married a fellow student, Robert Thomas Miles, in September 1958. They separated in 1959. She graduated in 1961 receiving a BA with distinction. She worked in the United States as a teacher and counsellor for deaf adults. In 1967, she joined the newly founded National Theatre of the Deaf and began to create sign language poetry that deaf people \u2013 as well as hearing people \u2013 could appreciate. In 1975, Miles left the NTD to work with the campus service for the deaf at California State University, Northridge. She returned to live in England in the autumn of 1977, after twenty years in the United States. Miles was soon involved in the National Union of the Deaf's Open Door (BBC TV) pioneering television programme (in which she performed her poem Language for the Eye) and was involved in discussions that led to the See Hear television series. She took work with the British Deaf Association, working on various projects. She compiled the first teaching manual for BSL tutors and became involved in setting up the Council for the Advancement of Communication with Deaf People (CACDP). She also worked on the BDA dictionary. For a while she worked as a self-employed writer, lecturer and performer, becoming involved in promotion of sign language teaching and training of tutors and deaf theatre. She was involved in setting up and then teaching on the British Sign Language Tutor Training Course \u2013 the first university course for training deaf people to become BSL tutors. She also wrote the best-selling BBC book BSL \u2013 A beginner's guide, which was published to complement the television series. By the early 1990s, Miles was a key figure in the British Deaf Community. She died on 30 January 1993 when she fell from the window of her second-floor flat. The inquest at St. Pancras Coroner's Court concluded that she took her own life while suffering from manic depression. Miles is regarded as a key figure in the literary heritage of sign language and the deaf community. It has been suggested that she is the source of most of the sign language poetry performed today. She was passionate about deaf issues, culture and sign language and longed to bridge the gap between deaf and hearing people. The Dorothy Miles Cultural Centre was established by a group of both Deaf and hearing friends in her memory. She features as one of a series of portraits of notable deaf artists painted by Nancy Rourke. The Dorothy Miles Cultural Centre was a well-loved organisation based in Surrey, spreading British Sign Language and raising Deaf Awareness in the community. This mantle was taken up by Dot Sign Language, which took over when the Cultural Centre closed. Dot Sign Language continues to teach qualifying British Sign Language courses in Woking and Guildford, as well as Deaf Awareness workplace training. They spend many hours working in the community, in Schools, Scout troops, Brownies and all other youth groups, so that all youngsters can see BSL in action, in real life and interact with Deaf people. They have such a high pass rate and such outstandingly successful teaching methods that they were shortlisted for award and recognition in January 2017 by the examining body 'Signature'. Poetry portal Deaf culture Sign Language \"University of Bristol Graduate School of Education\". Retrieved 7 August 2011. \"Gallaudet University\". Archived from the original on 29 September 2011. Retrieved 10 August 2011. Sutton-Spence, Rachel. \"Dorothy Miles\" (PDF). European Cultural Heritage Online (ECHO). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2 October 2011. Retrieved 7 August 2011. Dictionary of British Sign Language.Compiled by the British Deaf Association. Faber and Faber. 1993. ISBN\u00a0978-0-571-14346-7. Miles, Dorothy (1998). British Sign Language: a beginners guide. BBC Books/Open University. ISBN\u00a0978-0-563-21134-1. \"Dorothy Miles Cultural Centre\". Archived from the original on 26 July 2011. Retrieved 7 August 2011. \"Nancy Rourke\". Retrieved 7 August 2011. British Sign Language: A Beginner's Guide Produced to accompany the BBC Television series, British Sign Language. It has a Foreword by HRH The Princess of Wales. Bright Memory Dorothy Miles (British Deaf History Society, Doncaster, 27 July 1998) ISBN\u00a01-902427-02-5 Gestures: Poetry in Sign Language Dorothy Miles (Paperback) (1 December 1976) Joyce Media ISBN\u00a00-917002-12-1 Shell, Marc (2015). Talking the walk and walking the talk\u00a0: a rhetoric of rhythm. Fordham University Press. ISBN\u00a0978-0823256822. Read, Donald (1998). Bright memory\u00a0: the poetry of Dorothy Miles. British Deaf History Society Publications. ISBN\u00a01-902427-02-5. Jackson, Peter (1990). Britain's deaf heritage. Pentland Press. pp.\u00a0284-285. ISBN\u00a00-946270-95-3. https://web.archive.org/web/20041108191259/http://www.sign-lang.uni-hamburg.de/Intersign/Workshop2/Spence.html http://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/p0151k17"
   },
   {
    "name": "Rhian O'Sullivan",
    "id": "Q5298825",
    "text": "Rhian O'Sullivan (n\u00e9e Edwards; 20 January 1981) is a Welsh female professional darts player. O'Sullivan was a quarter finalist in the 2009 Women's World Masters. She qualified for her first BDO Women's World Championship in 2010. She defeated fellow Welshwoman Julie Gore 2\u20130 in the quarter-finals, and Karen Lawman 2\u20130 in the semi-finals. In the final, she was beaten 2\u20130 by Trina Gulliver. In 2011, she again reached the World Championship final after victories over Gore in the quarter-finals and Deta Hedman in the semi-finals. She was beaten 2\u20130 by Gulliver for the second final in a row. In 2012, O'Sullivan was defeated in the first round by top seed and eventual runner-up Deta Hedman, but had the consolation of hitting a 155 checkout \u2013 the highest in the history of the women's world championship until the 2014 BDO World Darts Championship. O'Sullivan is not a full-time professional darts player, and works as a childcare nursery nurse. 2010: Runner Up (lost to Trina Gulliver 0\u20132) (sets) 2011: Runner Up (lost to Trina Gulliver 0\u20132) 2012: 1st Round (lost to Deta Hedman 1\u20132) \"WDF Women's Rankings Table\". WDF. 23 September 2021. Retrieved 23 September 2021. \"Rhian O Sullivan Player Profile\". dartsdatabase.co.uk. \"Trina Gulliver cruises to eighth Lakeside darts crown\". BBC. 8 January 2010. \"Trina Gulliver wins ninth BDO women's Lakeside crown\". BBC. 7 January 2011. http://www.lakesideworlddarts.co.uk/profile_details.php?Rhian-Edwards-64 Profile for Rhian Edwards Player profile on Rhian Edwards from Dartsdatabase v t e v t e"
   }
  ]
 },
 {
  "relation_id": "P19",
  "target_id": "Q2807",
  "target_name": "Madrid",
  "samples": [
   {
    "name": "Alejandro Ulloa",
    "id": "Q204192",
    "text": "Alejandro Ulloa (22 October 1910 \u2013 27 April 2004) was a Spanish actor. He was born in Madrid on 22 October 1910. He owned a theater company and in 1943, while working as a voice actor, he was the director of Metro Goldwin Mayer in Barcelona. His role debut was El Tenorio by Jos\u00e9 Zorrilla at Teatro Romea. He lived in Barcelona until the Spanish Civil War, when he moved to America with his company and Paquita Ferr\u00e1ndiz. When he came back to Spain he appeared in the Spaghetti Western Abre tu fosa, amigo... llega S\u00e1bata (1971), by Ignacio F. Iquino. He also appeared in Es peligroso asomarse al exterior and he was the cinematographer of Las chicas de la Cruz Roja, El d\u00eda de los enamorados and Las de Ca\u00edn. He died on 27 April 2004 in Hospital de Barcelona after being bedridden for seven months due to a fall. \"Muere a los 94 a\u00f1os el actor Alejandro Ulloa\". El Peri\u00f3dico de Arag\u00f3n (in Spanish). Grupo Zeta. 29 April 2004. Retrieved 7 July 2019. Harto Tecglen, Eduardo (29 April 2004). \"Alejandro Ulloa, una voz en octos\u00edlabos\". El Pa\u00eds (in Spanish). Prisa. Retrieved 7 July 2019. EFE (30 April 2004). \"Alejandro Ulloa, voz emblem\u00e1tica de la escena espa\u00f1ola\". El Mundo (in Spanish). Barcelona: Mundinteractivos, S.A. Retrieved 7 July 2019."
   },
   {
    "name": "Mal\u00fa",
    "id": "Q209409",
    "text": "Mar\u00eda Luc\u00eda S\u00e1nchez Ben\u00edtez, known as Mal\u00fa, is a Spanish singer. She is the niece of the composer and guitarist Paco de Luc\u00eda, and is known for songs such as \"Aprendiz\", \"Como Una Flor\", \"Toda\", \"Diles\", \"Si Estoy Loca\" and \"No Voy a Cambiar\". In June 2020, she gave birth to a daughter with Albert Rivera, a former Citizens politician. \u201dAprendiz\u201d \u201dDonde quiera que est\u00e9s\u201d \u201dReflejo\u201d (Remix) \u201dComo una flor\u201d (Dance Remix) \u201dLuchar\u00e9\u201d \u201dSi t\u00fa me dejas...\u201d \u201dCambiar\u00e1s\u201d \u201dDuele\u201d \u201dSin caminos\u201d \u201dPoema de mi coraz\u00f3n\u201d \u201dY si fuera ella\u201d \u201dSin ti todo anda mal\u201d \u201dToda\u201d \u201dVen a pervertirme\u201d \u201dMe qued\u00f3 grande tu amor\u201d \u201dSiempre t\u00fa\u201d \u201dComo cada noche\u201d \u201dDevu\u00e9lveme la vida\u201d (ft Antonio Orozco) \u201dNo me extra\u00f1a nada\u201d \u201dEnamorada\u201d \u201dInevitable\u201d \u201dC\u00f3mo un \u00e1ngel\u201d \u201dCoraz\u00f3n part\u00edo\u201d (ft Alejandro Sanz) \u201dEnamorada\u201d (ft David DeMar\u00eda) \u201dMalas tentaciones\u201d \u201dPor una vez\u201d \u201dDiles\u201d \u201dTe conozco desde siempre\u201d \u201dSabes bien\u201d \u201dSi estoy loca\u201d \u201dNo voy a cambiar\u201d \u201dA esto le llamas amor\u201d \u201dNadie\u201d \u201dC\u00f3mo te olvido\u201d (ft Jerry Rivera) \"Que Nadie\" (ft Manuel Carraso) \u201dBlanco y negro\u201d \u201dNi un segundo\u201d \u201dQui\u00e9n\u201d \u201dAhora t\u00fa\u201d \"S\u00f3lo el amor nos salvar\u00e1 (feat. \u00c1leks Syntek)\" \"El amor es una cosa simple (ft Tiziano Ferro)\" \"Linda (ft Miguel Bos\u00e9)\" \"Vuelvo a verte\" (ft Pablo Albor\u00e1n)\" \"A prueba de ti\" \"Me fu\u00ed\" \"Deshazte de mi\" \"Desaparecer\" \"Quiero\" \"Encadenada A Ti\" \"Caos\" \"Cenizas\" \"Invisible\" \"Ciudad de papel\" \"Contradiction\" \"Oye\" \"Cantare\" \"Desprevenida\" \"Tejiendo Alas\" Fern\u00e1ndez, Julia (18 April 2019). \"Mal\u00fa, orgullosa de la bandera de Espa\u00f1a\". El Correo (in Spanish). Vocento. Retrieved 9 May 2019. \"Las mejores canciones de Mal\u00fa\". El Economista (in Spanish). Ecoprensa S.A. 21 October 2013. Retrieved 9 May 2019. \"Mal\u00fa y Albert Rivera, padres de una ni\u00f1a\". El Pa\u00eds (in Spanish). 6 June 2020. Retrieved 26 February 2021. \"Mal\u00fa, Una Artista En Plenitud: \"S\u00ed\" Se Mantiene Entre Los 4 Discos M\u00e1s Vendidos En Espa\u00f1a Despu\u00e9s De 10 Meses En La Lista De Ventas!\". Sony Music Espa\u00f1a (in Spanish). 2014-08-05. Retrieved 2021-05-16. \"Mal\u00fa, ganadora de La Elecci\u00f3n Interna 2013, de Aprendiz a La Voz\". eurovision-spain.com (in Spanish). 2012-10-23. Retrieved 2021-05-16. \"Mal\u00fa, Una Artista En Plenitud: \"S\u00ed\" Se Mantiene Entre Los 4 Discos M\u00e1s Vendidos En Espa\u00f1a Despu\u00e9s De 10 Meses En La Lista De Ventas!\". Sony Music Espa\u00f1a (in Spanish). 2014-08-05. Retrieved 2021-05-16. \"Mal\u00fa repasa casi 20 a\u00f1os de carrera con el documental 'Ni un paso atr\u00e1s'\". El Diario Monta\u00f1es (in Spanish). 2016-05-17. Retrieved 2021-05-16. \"Malu VIVE\". Productores de M\u00fasica de Espa\u00f1a. May 15, 2021. \"Malu GUERRA FRIA\". Productores de M\u00fasica de Espa\u00f1a. May 15, 2021. \"Malu SI\". Productores de M\u00fasica de Espa\u00f1a. May 15, 2021. \"Malu CAOS\". Productores de M\u00fasica de Espa\u00f1a. May 15, 2021. \"Malu Oxigeno\". Productores de M\u00fasica de Espa\u00f1a. May 15, 2021. \"Malu DUAL\". Productores de M\u00fasica de Espa\u00f1a. May 15, 2021. Official website Russian fansite v t e"
   },
   {
    "name": "\u00c1lvaro Negredo",
    "id": "Q210916",
    "text": "\u00c1lvaro Negredo S\u00e1nchez (Spanish pronunciation:\u00a0[\u02c8al\u03b2a\u027eo ne\u02c8\u0263\u027ee\u00f0o \u02c8sant\u0283e\u03b8]; born 20 August 1985) is a Spanish professional footballer who plays for C\u00e1diz as a striker. Nicknamed La fiera de Vallecas (The beast of Vallecas), he has played for Rayo Vallecano, Real Madrid B, Almer\u00eda, Real Madrid, Sevilla, Manchester City, Valencia, Middlesbrough, Be\u015fikta\u015f, Al-Nasr and C\u00e1diz. In nine seasons in La Liga, he amassed totals of 299 matches and 120 goals. Negredo earned 21 caps for Spain, scoring ten goals and being part of the team that won Euro 2012. Born in Madrid, Negredo started his career at Rayo Vallecano, making his professional debut in early 2005 with the club in Segunda Divisi\u00f3n B. In the middle of the year he moved to another side in the country's capital, Real Madrid affiliate Real Madrid Castilla. Negredo developed as a striker in his last season, scoring 18 league goals, although he could not prevent Castilla's drop from Segunda Divisi\u00f3n. He did manage to impress first-team coach Fabio Capello and was called up for a few games in the Copa del Rey, but remained an unused substitute. In July 2007, Negredo was sold to La Liga newcomers UD Almer\u00eda, with Real Madrid having an option to buy him back. He made his top flight debut on 26 August in a 3\u20130 shock win at Deportivo de La Coru\u00f1a. on 2 February 2008, he scored from the penalty spot in a 2\u20130 home win against his former team and, on 19 April, he added two \u2013 after having missed a penalty kick \u2013 in a 4\u20131 away victory over UEFA Cup and Spanish Cup holders Sevilla FC. Negredo finished the campaign as Almer\u00eda's top scorer with 13 goals, as the Andalusian side finished eighth. In 2008\u201309 he scored five in the team's first six matches, including a 95th-minute winner against neighbours Recreativo de Huelva (1\u20130) on 28 September 2008. In February of the following year he scored twice against Valencia CF in a 2\u20133 away loss, which took his league tally to ten, and finished with 19. Real Madrid exercised their buyback option of a reported \u20ac5 million on Negredo in June 2009, and the player returned to training with the club on 10 July. In the pre-season he scored the fourth goal against LDU Quito in a 4\u20132 win for the Peace Cup. Negredo had been tipped to join Real Zaragoza or Hull City, but finally decided to sign a reported five-year deal with Sevilla for \u20ac15 million, with Real Madrid having an option to buy the player back in the first two years. New manager Manuel Pellegrini could not guarantee him first-team football with the likes of Karim Benzema, Gonzalo Higua\u00edn, Klaas-Jan Huntelaar, Ruud van Nistelrooy and Cristiano Ronaldo in the squad, and subsequently advised him to leave and join Sevilla in order to fulfill his potential; Negredo later revealed his admiration for Pellegrini's honesty. Negredo made his debut for Sevilla on 30 August 2009, coming as a substitute in the 55th minute of a 0\u20132 away loss to Valencia. Two weeks later he scored his first goal, against CA Osasuna in a 2\u20130 away win. A starter throughout most of 2009\u201310, with Lu\u00eds Fabiano and Fr\u00e9d\u00e9ric Kanout\u00e9 fighting for the other striker berth, Negredo's first year was highly irregular. He suffered a scoring drought that lasted (in the league alone) 12 games, only ending on 2 May 2010 in a 3\u20131 home win against Atl\u00e9tico Madrid, his two goals coming from penalties (he had already lost his starting position at the time, but the Malian was suspended for that game). He added another two in the following match, a 5\u20131 away rout of Racing de Santander for a total of 11 in the league, and scored one more in the UEFA Champions League. He was also sent off three times in the season, the last of which almost prevented him from taking part in the domestic cup final against Atl\u00e9tico Madrid after insulting the assistant referee in Sevilla's 3\u20132 win at former club Almer\u00eda; the ban was later lifted and he was allowed to play \u2013 Fabiano was unavailable for the match through injury \u2013 in the 2\u20130 final win. Negredo was a regular first choice in the 2010\u201311 campaign, scoring 26 times across all competitions, 20 in the league (Fabiano also returned to S\u00e3o Paulo FC in March 2011). Highlights included two goals each against Villarreal CF (3\u20133 away draw in the cup, in an eventual semi-final run), Deportivo (3\u20133 away draw), Real Madrid (2\u20136 home loss), Osasuna (2\u20133 loss, away) and RCD Espanyol (3\u20132 away win). Negredo took his 2012\u201313 league total to 13 on 4 March 2013, after scoring a hat-trick in a 4\u20131 home win over RC Celta de Vigo. He scored all of his team's goals on the last day of the season, a 4\u20133 defeat of Valencia CF also at the Ram\u00f3n S\u00e1nchez Pizju\u00e1n Stadium, clinching the Zarra Trophy in the process. On 19 July 2013, Manchester City announced the signing of Negredo. The fee was reported as \u00a316.4\u00a0million plus add-ons, and he signed a four-year deal. He moved to the Premier League club shortly after teammate Jes\u00fas Navas. Negredo made his league debut on 19 August 2013, coming on as a substitute for countryman David Silva in a 4\u20130 home win against Newcastle United. He scored his first goal for the club the following match on 25 August, a header in a 2\u20133 defeat at newly promoted Cardiff City, He scored his first goal at the City of Manchester Stadium in the next round, a 2\u20130 home victory over Hull City. On 5 November 2013, Negredo scored his first hat-trick for City, contributing to a 5\u20132 group stage home win against PFC CSKA Moscow which qualified the former for the round of 16. This was the first time a Manchester City player had scored a hat-trick in the Champions League. He repeated the feat on 8 January of the following year, in a 6\u20130 home rout of West Ham United in the first leg of the Football League Cup semi-final. Despite not scoring since January 2014, Negredo finished the season with 23 goals from 48 appearances in all competitions. On 1 September 2014, Negredo signed a loan deal with Valencia, which included an obligatory purchase clause, requiring the club to buy his rights at the end of the campaign for an amount believed to be around \u20ac27 million. He scored his first competitive goal in his first appearance on 7 December, starting in a 1\u20131 away draw against Granada CF which was also his first appearance. Negredo joined Valencia on a permanent basis on 1 July 2015. On 25 August, he helped his team reach the Champions League group phase by scoring in the fourth minute of an eventual 1\u20132 loss at AS Monaco FC (4\u20133 on aggregate). In October 2015, after criticising manager Nuno Esp\u00edrito Santo's choice of tactics, Negredo was completely ostracised. He began to play again under new boss Gary Neville, notably scoring three goals in a 4\u20130 home win over Granada in the domestic cup. On 20 July 2016, Negredo joined Middlesbrough on loan. He scored in his first appearance, putting the hosts ahead in a 1\u20131 home draw against Stoke City. On 3 August 2017, Negredo signed for S\u00fcper Lig side Be\u015fikta\u015f J.K. on a three-year deal. He scored his first goal for his new team on 28 October, helping them to a 2\u20131 away win over Alanyaspor. During his first weeks, he failed to establish his place in the starting eleven due to the good form of Cenk Tosun, who was sold to Everton in the winter transfer window. On 16 August 2018, Negredo came on as a substitute and scored a last-minute winner in a 2\u20131 away defeat of LASK in the Europa League third-qualifying round, leading the Black Eagles to the play-off round on the away goals rule 2\u20132 on aggregate. He celebrated by taking off his shirt, and received a second yellow card for the excessive celebration. Be\u015fikta\u015f and Negredo mutually terminated their contract on 18 September 2018. He later cited the club's financial struggles as the reason behind the termination. On 18 September 2018, Negredo signed for Al-Nasr SC on a two-year contract. His maiden appearance in the UAE Pro-League took place three days later, and he missed a penalty late into a 0\u20133 home loss against Al Ain FC. On 17 January 2020, Negredo scored in the first minute of the final of the UAE League Cup against Shabab Al-Ahli Dubai FC, eventually helping his team win their second title in the competition after the 2\u20131 victory. Negredo returned to his homeland in July 2020, with the 34-year-old agreeing to a one-year deal at C\u00e1diz CF who had just returned to the top division. He scored in his second appearance, helping to a 2\u20130 away win over SD Huesca. He added a further seven until the end of the season \u2013 squad best \u2013 as the side easily managed to avoid relegation, automatically renewing his contract until June 2022. On 6 October 2009, Negredo received his first call to the Spain senior team, for a 2010 FIFA World Cup qualifier against Armenia on the 10th, following the injuries of David Villa and Daniel G\u00fciza. He made his debut in that game, replacing Fernando Torres early into the second half of an eventual 2\u20131 away win. Four days later, Negredo started and scored twice \u2013 also providing two assists \u2013 in another away fixture, against Bosnia and Herzegovina (5\u20132 triumph), as Spain eventually won all ten group matches. He was, however, overlooked for the final stages in South Africa, with the national team winning the tournament. Negredo was chosen by manager Vicente del Bosque for his UEFA Euro 2012 squad. He played twice in the tournament in Poland and Ukraine, including one start against Portugal in the semi-finals (4\u20132 penalty shootout win, 0\u20130 after 120 minutes). Negredo was one of seven players cut from Spain's final squad for the 2014 World Cup, alongside City teammate Navas. A tall striker with an eye for goal, Negredo mainly operated in a central role. Although he was regarded as a static forward, he was also known for his powerful striking ability with his left foot and his strength in the air, and was also capable of dropping into deeper positions in order to link-up with the midfielders. Negredo's older brothers, C\u00e9sar and Rub\u00e9n, were also footballers, the former a defender and the latter a forward. Both played their entire careers in division three or lower. His father, Jos\u00e9 Mar\u00eda, worked as a taxi driver in Madrid. As of 2 October 2021 Appearance in Segunda Divisi\u00f3n B play-offs Appearances in UEFA Champions League Two appearances in UEFA Champions League, six appearances and one goal in UEFA Europa League Appearances in Supercopa de Espa\u00f1a Appearances in UEFA Europa League Five appearances and one goal in UEFA Champions League, four appearances and one goal in UEFA Europa League Appearance in Turkish Super Cup Appearances in AFC Champions League Source: Scores and results list Spain's goal tally first. Sevilla Copa del Rey: 2009\u201310 Manchester City Premier League: 2013\u201314 Football League Cup: 2013\u201314 Al Nasr UAE League Cup: 2019\u201320 Spain UEFA European Championship: 2012 Individual Zarra Trophy: 2010\u201311, 2012\u201313 \"Barclays Premier League squad numbers 2013/14\". Premier League. 16 August 2013. Archived from the original on 21 August 2013. Retrieved 17 August 2013. \"Negredo\". Marca (in Spanish). Retrieved 4 October 2019. \"Negredo carga contra el trabajo de cantera en el Real Madrid\" [Negredo blasts youth system approach in Real Madrid]. El Mundo (in Spanish). 27 December 2008. Retrieved 18 July 2013. \"Negredo: \"Ram\u00f3n Mart\u00ednez fue quien me caz\u00f3\"\" [Negredo: \"Ram\u00f3n Mart\u00ednez was the one who spotted me\"] (in Spanish). Jugadores de F\u00fatbol. Retrieved 18 July 2013. Roden, Lee (24 December 2012). \"Spanish star tempts Arsenal and Spurs \u2013 is he the key to fourth place?\". Talksport. Retrieved 4 October 2019. Balderas, Miguel \u00c1ngel (26 November 2013). \"La \u00faltima plantilla que descendi\u00f3 con el Castilla. \u00bfQu\u00e9 fue de ellos?\" [The last squad to be relegated with Castilla. What happened to them?] (in Spanish). Vavel. Retrieved 21 January 2020. \"Recital del Almer\u00eda en su regreso a Primera\" [Almer\u00eda recital in return to Primera]. El Mundo (in Spanish). 26 August 2007. Retrieved 25 July 2017. \"Almer\u00eda take pride after Madrid fall\". UEFA. 4 February 2008. Retrieved 25 July 2017. \"Sevilla FC 1\u20134 Almeria\". ESPN Soccernet. 19 April 2008. Retrieved 12 May 2011. Folqu\u00e9, Jordi (30 June 2018). \"Una d\u00e9cada desde que el Almer\u00eda le gan\u00f3 el pulso al Real Madrid por \u00c1lvaro Negredo\" [A decade since Almer\u00eda outwrestled Real Madrid for \u00c1lvaro Negredo]. Ideal (in Spanish). Retrieved 4 October 2019. \"Valencia 3\u20132 Almeria\". ESPN Soccernet. 1 February 2009. Retrieved 12 May 2011. G\u00f3mez, Sergio (8 June 2009). \"El Madrid recupera a Negredo por 5 millones\" [Madrid recover Negredo for 5 million]. Diario AS (in Spanish). Retrieved 19 July 2009. \"Comienza el trabajo\" [Work starts] (in Spanish). Real Madrid CF. 10 July 2009. Archived from the original on 14 July 2009. Retrieved 10 July 2009. Real Madrid 4\u20132 LDU Quito Archived 1 October 2012 at the Wayback Machine; Goal, 28 July 2009 Real Madrid's \u00c1lvaro Negredo to join Sevilla; Goal, 20 August 2009 \"Negredo transferred to Sevilla FC\" (in Spanish). Real Madrid CF. 20 August 2009. Archived from the original on 23 September 2012. Retrieved 20 August 2009. Wilson, Paul (9 November 2013). \"Manchester City's Alvaro Negredo: What I heard of Premier League is true\". The Guardian. Retrieved 6 September 2020. \"El Valencia doblega al Sevilla en Mestalla gracias a la punter\u00eda de Mata y Pablo (2\u20130)\" [Valencia down Sevilla at Mestalla thanks to aim of Mata and Pablo (2\u20130)]. 20 minutos (in Spanish). 30 August 2009. Retrieved 4 October 2019. \"Sevilla canter to victory\". ESPN Soccernet. 19 September 2009. Retrieved 7 January 2010. \"El Atl\u00e9tico un visitante educado (3\u20131)\" [Atl\u00e9tico a polite visitor (3\u20131)]. La Raz\u00f3n (in Spanish). 2 May 2010. Retrieved 4 October 2019. Alba, Jes\u00fas (14 October 2009). \"De suplente de lujo a pieza fija\" [From deluxe backup to key unit]. Diario de Sevilla (in Spanish). Retrieved 4 October 2019. Aldunate, Ramiro (5 May 2010). \"Una mano al cuello\" [Hand to throat]. Marca (in Spanish). Retrieved 4 October 2019. Smyth, Rob (24 February 2010). \"CSKA Moscow 1\u20131 Sevilla \u2013 as it happened\". The Guardian. Retrieved 4 October 2019. Quintero, Fede (18 May 2010). \"Negredo podr\u00e1 jugar la final de la Copa del Rey\" [Negredo will be able to play King's Cup final]. Marca (in Spanish). Retrieved 19 May 2010. Ram\u00edrez, \u00c1lvaro (12 April 2012). \"Los 50 de Negredo\" [Negredo's 50] (in Spanish). El Desmarque. Retrieved 4 October 2019. P\u00e9rez, Javier (12 January 2011). \"Negredo frena en seco al Villarreal\" [Negredo stops Villarreal in their tracks]. El Pa\u00eds (in Spanish). Retrieved 4 October 2019. \"Laure strike earns point\". ESPN Soccernet. 29 January 2011. Retrieved 12 May 2011. \"Ronaldo bags four in Real rout\". ESPN Soccernet. 7 May 2011. Retrieved 12 May 2011. \"Osasuna hit back for stunning win\". ESPN Soccernet. 11 May 2011. Retrieved 12 May 2011. \"Sevilla seal top-five finish\". ESPN Soccernet. 21 May 2011. Retrieved 22 May 2011. Campos, Tom\u00e1s (4 March 2013). \"Navas crea y Negredo ejecuta\" [Navas creates and Negredo executes]. Marca (in Spanish). Retrieved 5 March 2013. \"Negredo buries Valencia UCL hopes\". ESPN FC. 1 June 2013. Retrieved 2 June 2013. \"Alvaro Negredo signs for City\". Manchester City F.C. 19 July 2013. Retrieved 19 July 2013. \"Manchester City complete Alvaro Negredo signing\". The Daily Telegraph. 19 July 2013. Retrieved 14 August 2013. \"Manchester City player contract dates\". Manchester Evening News. 21 August 2014. Retrieved 4 September 2014. Winter, Henry (19 August 2013). \"Manchester City 4 Newcastle United 0: match report\". The Daily Telegraph. Retrieved 6 September 2020. Roberts, Gareth (25 August 2013). \"Cardiff 3\u20132 Manchester City\". BBC Sport. Retrieved 25 August 2013. Smith, Ben (31 August 2013). \"Manchester City 2\u20130 Hull City\". BBC Sport. Retrieved 31 August 2013. \"Negredo leads way as City secure progress\". UEFA. 5 November 2013. Retrieved 6 November 2013. \"Negredo delight as Ag\u00fcero partnership thrives\". UEFA. 6 November 2013. Retrieved 4 December 2013. \"City 6\u20130 West Ham\". Manchester City F.C. 8 January 2014. Retrieved 8 January 2014. Ruthven, Graham (3 May 2020). \"Manchester City's best and worst striker signings in the Premier League Sheikh Mansour era\". Manchester Evening News. Retrieved 6 September 2020. \"Official VCF announcement \u2013 \u00c1lvaro Negredo\". Valencia CF. 1 September 2014. Retrieved 1 September 2014. Ogden, Mark (2 September 2014). \"Manchester City ready to let Alvaro Negredo move to Valencia while Micah Richards joins Fiorentina\". The Daily Telegraph. Retrieved 2 September 2014. Fuster, Pau (7 December 2014). \"Punto trist\u00f3n en el estreno de Negredo\" [Saddish point in debut of Negredo]. Levante-EMV (in Spanish). Retrieved 25 August 2015. \"El Valencia ejerce la opci\u00f3n de compra sobre \u00c1lvaro Negredo\" [Valencia exercise buying option on \u00c1lvaro Negredo]. Diario AS (in Spanish). 1 July 2015. Retrieved 25 August 2015. \"Valencia oust Monaco to complete Spanish quintet\". UEFA. 25 August 2015. Retrieved 25 August 2015. Gonzalo, Juanjo (20 October 2015). \"El ostracismo de Negredo\" [The ostracism of Negredo]. ABC (in Spanish). Retrieved 31 October 2015. \"Negredo vuelve a quedarse fuera de la lista de convocados ante el Atl\u00e9tico\" [Negredo again misses out on selection against Atl\u00e9tico] (in Spanish). Europa Press. 24 October 2015. Retrieved 31 October 2015. \u00c1lvarez, Fernando (8 December 2015). \"Neville rescata a Negredo\" [Neville rescues Negredo]. Marca (in Spanish). Retrieved 6 January 2016. \"Valencia 4\u20130 Granada\". BBC Sport. 6 January 2016. Retrieved 6 September 2020. \"Middlesbrough agree deal to sign Alvaro Negredo but miss out on Neven Subotic\". BBC Sport. 20 July 2016. Retrieved 22 July 2016. Jennings, Patrick (13 August 2016). \"Middlesbrough 1\u20131 Stoke City\". BBC Sport. Retrieved 13 August 2016. Davis, Callum (3 August 2017). \"Besiktas announce Alvaro Negredo signing with the most brilliantly awful video yet\". The Daily Telegraph. Retrieved 3 August 2017. \"Be\u015fikta\u015f back to winning ways in Turkish Super League\". Daily Sabah. 29 October 2017. Retrieved 29 October 2017. Ragab, Ahmed (28 October 2018). \"\u00d6ZEL R\u00d6PORTAJ | Alvaro Negredo: Quaresma'yla sorunum yoktu, ama...\" [EXCLUSIVE INTERVIEW | Alvaro Negredo: I did not have a problem with Quaresma, but...] (in Turkish). Goal. Retrieved 11 August 2020. \"Negredo att\u0131, Be\u015fikta\u015f tura u\u00e7tu!\" [Negredo scored, Be\u015fikta\u015f flew to the next round!] (in Turkish). Mackolik. 16 August 2018. Retrieved 11 August 2020. \"Black Eagles part ways with Negredo...\" Be\u015fikta\u015f J.K. 18 September 2018. Retrieved 11 August 2020. \"SIGNING: Al-Nasr sign spanish forward Alvaro Negredo\". Twitter. 18 September 2018. Retrieved 18 September 2018. \"Al Ain hit AL Nasr for three\". UAE Pro-League. 21 September 2018. Retrieved 23 September 2018. Hasanyan, Arian (17 January 2020). \"Al Nasr win UAE's Arabian Gulf Cup Final\". Goal. Retrieved 17 January 2020. \"El C\u00e1diz CF ficha a Negredo\" [C\u00e1diz CF sign Negredo]. Diario de C\u00e1diz (in Spanish). 13 July 2020. Retrieved 14 July 2020. S\u00e1nchez, Roc\u00edo (20 September 2020). \"El C\u00e1diz ense\u00f1a sus armas en El Alcoraz\" [C\u00e1diz show their weapons at El Alcoraz]. Marca (in Spanish). Retrieved 4 December 2020. \"La permanencia del C\u00e1diz CF: renovaci\u00f3n autom\u00e1tica de Negredo\" [C\u00e1diz CF survival: automatical renewal for Negredo]. Diario de C\u00e1diz (in Spanish). 9 May 2021. Retrieved 22 May 2021. Valima\u00f1a, Antonio (21 May 2021). \"En v\u00eddeo: Negredo cierra un curso brillante con su octavo gol\" [In video: Negredo completes brilliant campaign with his eighth goal] (in Spanish). La Voz Digital. Retrieved 22 May 2021. Maroto, Joaqu\u00edn (7 October 2009). \"Negredo entra por Villa y por la lesi\u00f3n de Dani G\u00fciza\" [Negredo in for Villa and Dani G\u00fciza's injury]. Diario AS (in Spanish). Retrieved 8 June 2016. \"Armenia 1\u20132 Spain: Fabregas & Mata give La Furia Roja hard-fought victory\". Goal. 10 October 2009. Retrieved 8 June 2016. Malag\u00f3n, Manuel (14 October 2009). \"Una Espa\u00f1a de diez, una Espa\u00f1a plena\" [10-grade Spain, full-on Spain]. Marca (in Spanish). Retrieved 14 August 2013. Burke, Chris (27 June 2012). \"Spain survive test of nerve to reach final\". UEFA. Retrieved 28 June 2012. \"World Cup 2014: Spain drop Alvaro Negredo and Jesus Navas\". BBC Sport. 31 May 2014. Retrieved 31 May 2014. \"A closer look at Spain's Euro 2012 squad\". The Globe and Mail. 6 June 2012. Retrieved 17 May 2020. Heal, Chris (19 July 2013). \"Alvaro Negredo signs for Manchester City \u2013 but what do we know about the Spanish striker?\". The Independent. Retrieved 17 May 2020. Cox, Michael (29 October 2013). \"Aguero shows his versatility\". ESPN. Retrieved 17 May 2020. \"Palabra de los Negredo\" [Word of Negredo]. Deia (in Spanish). 28 February 2010. Retrieved 1 November 2010. \"Negredo: C\u00e9sar Negredo S\u00e1nchez\". BDFutbol. Retrieved 1 November 2010. \"Negredo: Rub\u00e9n Negredo S\u00e1nchez\". BDFutbol. Retrieved 1 November 2010. Burt, Jason (26 October 2013). \"Alvaro Negredo on why the Premier League is the perfect stage to showcase his talents\". The Daily Telegraph. Retrieved 22 July 2017. Malheiro, Rui (2 September 2009). \"\u00c1lvaro Negredo\" (in Portuguese). Futebol Mundial. Retrieved 1 January 2014. \"Negredo: \u00c1lvaro Negredo S\u00e1nchez: 2004\u201305\". BDFutbol. Retrieved 30 December 2013. \"Negredo: \u00c1lvaro Negredo S\u00e1nchez: 2005\u201306\". BDFutbol. Retrieved 30 December 2013. \"Negredo: \u00c1lvaro Negredo S\u00e1nchez: 2006\u201307\". BDFutbol. Retrieved 30 December 2013. \"Negredo: \u00c1lvaro Negredo S\u00e1nchez: 2007\u201308\". BDFutbol. Retrieved 30 December 2013. \"Negredo: \u00c1lvaro Negredo S\u00e1nchez: 2008\u201309\". BDFutbol. Retrieved 30 December 2013. \"Negredo: \u00c1lvaro Negredo S\u00e1nchez: 2009\u201310\". BDFutbol. Retrieved 30 December 2013. \"Negredo: \u00c1lvaro Negredo S\u00e1nchez: 2010\u201311\". BDFutbol. Retrieved 30 December 2013. \"Negredo: \u00c1lvaro Negredo S\u00e1nchez: 2011\u201312\". BDFutbol. Retrieved 30 December 2013. \"Negredo: \u00c1lvaro Negredo S\u00e1nchez: 2012\u201313\". BDFutbol. Retrieved 30 December 2013. \"Games played by Alvaro Negredo in 2013/2014\". Soccerbase. Centurycomm. Retrieved 30 December 2013. \"\u00c1lvaro Negredo\". Soccerway. Retrieved 5 October 2014. \"\u00c1lvaro Negredo\". European Football. Retrieved 18 August 2015. Besa, Ram\u00f3n (19 May 2010). \"Gan\u00f3 el serio, cay\u00f3 el alegre\" [Serious won, playful lost]. El Pa\u00eds (in Spanish). Retrieved 1 August 2019. \"\u00c1lvaro Negredo: Overview\". Premier League. Retrieved 17 April 2018. McNulty, Phil (2 March 2014). \"Manchester City 3\u20131 Sunderland\". BBC Sport. Retrieved 28 April 2019. McNulty, Phil (1 July 2012). \"Euro 2012 final: Spain 4\u20130 Italy\". BBC Sport. Retrieved 1 August 2019. \"\u00c1lvaro Negredo, pichichi nacional con 20 goles\" [\u00c1lvaro Negredo, national pichichi with 20 goals]. ABC (in Spanish). 21 May 2011. Retrieved 1 August 2019. \"Messi, pichichi de nuevo; Negredo logra el Zarra\" [Messi, pichichi again; Negredo gets Zarra]. La Vanguardia (in Spanish). 1 June 2013. Retrieved 1 August 2019. \u00c1lvaro Negredo at BDFutbol \u00c1lvaro Negredo at Futbolme (in Spanish) \u00c1lvaro Negredo at Soccerbase \u00c1lvaro Negredo at National-Football-Teams.com \u00c1lvaro Negredo \u2013 FIFA competition record (archived)"
   },
   {
    "name": "B\u00e1rbara Lennie",
    "id": "Q211065",
    "text": "B\u00e1rbara Lennie Holgu\u00edn (born 20 April 1984) is a Spanish actress. Born in Madrid on 20 April 1984, she is of Argentinian and Irish descent. She moved as toddler with her family from the Prosperidad neighborhood to Buenos Aires, where she lived for 6 years before returning to Madrid circa 1990. She graduated from the Real Escuela Superior de Arte Dram\u00e1tico (RESAD), after which she started working professionally as an actress. Her credits include Magical Girl, Obaba and El Ni\u00f1o and the television series Isabel and El incidente. Sis\u00ed S\u00e1nchez, Alberto (30 September 2018). \"Diez datos que no conoc\u00edas de B\u00e1rbara Lennie\". Los 40. Hern\u00e1ndez, Nuria (25 September 2020). \"B\u00e1rbara Lennie, la actriz de moda: infancia entre Madrid y Buenos Aires\". Vanity Fair. Lorenci, Miguel (27 January 2017). \"B\u00e1rbara Lennie, la vulnerabilidad inteligente\". Diario Sur. Masa, Antonio (29 October 2009). \"Pel\u00edcula 'Obaba' de Armend\u00e1riz\". Hoy. \"Sigfrid Monle\u00f3n cuenta la vida de tres personajes a trav\u00e9s de una bicicleta\". El Pa\u00eds. 22 March 2006. Riambau, Esteve (29 May 2008). \"Mujeres en el parque\". Fotogramas. Lorenci, Miguel (28 January 2015). \"El a\u00f1o m\u00e1gico de B\u00e1rbara Lennie\". El Comercio. \"Todas las canciones hablan de m\u00ed\". Cineman\u00eda. 20minutos.es. 10 December 2010. B\u00e1rbara Lennie at IMDb v t e"
   },
   {
    "name": "Carlos Sainz",
    "id": "Q211204",
    "text": "Carlos Sainz Cenamor (born 12 April 1962) is a Spanish rally driver. He won the World Rally Championship drivers' title with Toyota in 1990 and 1992, and finished runner-up four times. Constructors' world champions to have benefited from Sainz are Subaru (1995), Toyota (1999) and Citro\u00ebn (2003, 2004 and 2005). In the 2018 season he was one of the official drivers of the Team Peugeot Total. He received the Princess of Asturias Sports Award in 2020. Nicknamed El Matador, Sainz previously held the WRC record for most career starts until Finnish co-driver Miikka Anttila broke the record. He was also the first non-Nordic driver to win the 1000 Lakes Rally in Finland. He came close to repeating the feat at the Swedish Rally finishing second four times and third twice. Besides WRC successes, he has won the Dakar Rally (2010, 2018, 2020), the Race of Champions (1997) and the Asia-Pacific Rally Championship (1990). His co-drivers were Antonio Boto, Lu\u00eds Moya, Marc Mart\u00ed and Lucas Cruz. His son, Carlos Sainz Jr., born on 1 September 1994, is also a professional racing driver, currently competing for Scuderia Ferrari in Formula One. He also has an older brother named Antonio Sainz, born on December 10, 1957, who was also a rally driver. Sainz was born in Madrid. Before moving into motorsport, he played football and squash. As a teenager, Real Madrid gave him a trial and in squash he was the Spanish champion at the age of 16. He got his first touch of motorsport in Formula Ford while still playing squash and football. Before dedicating himself to motorsport, Sainz studied law up to the second scheduled cycle. Sainz began rallying in 1980. He finished runner-up in the Spanish Rally Championship in 1986, in a Group B Renault 5 Turbo, and won it with a Ford Sierra RS Cosworth in 1987 and 1988. Ford gave him his first World Rally championship appearances during the 1987 season. He finished seventh in the Tour de Corse and eighth on the RAC Rally. He remained with Ford for the following season, now co-driven by Luis Moya, who remained his regular co-driver for the next fifteen years. He finished fifth twice, in the Tour de Corse and the Rallye Sanremo, and seventh on an icy RAC Rally. Ford were an increasingly minor player in the World Rally Championship, with the rear-wheel-drive Sierra uncompetitive against the four-wheel-drive cars, and struggled to retain ambitious and talented young drivers such as Sainz and his teammate in 1988, Didier Auriol. Both departed the team for 1989; Auriol to Lancia and Sainz to Toyota Team Europe, the Japanese marque's rallying arm operating in Cologne, Germany. Despite all previous rallying Toyota Celicas having only ever looked a competitive prospect on highly specialized endurance rallies such as the Safari Rally, the new combination of Toyota and Sainz rapidly rose in competitiveness. In the 1989 season, Sainz started with four retirements but then finished on the podium in three rallies in a row. His teammate, by then two-time world champion Juha Kankkunen, also gave the Celica GT-Four ST165 its debut win at the inaugural Rally Australia. Sainz would almost certainly have won his first World Championship Rally on the final event of the season, the RAC Rally, but for mechanical failure in the final stages, which relegated him to second. In the 1990 season, Sainz drove his GT-Four to victory at the Acropolis Rally, at the Rally New Zealand, at the 1000 Lakes Rally, as the first non-Nordic driver, and at the RAC Rally, claiming his first world drivers' title, ahead of Lancia's Didier Auriol and Kankkunen, ending the Italian marque's domination of the drivers' world championship since the advent of the Group A era of the sport in 1987. In 1991, Sainz narrowly failed to defend his title against a resurgent Lancia-mounted Kankkunen, his efforts capped by a dramatic roll of his Celica in Australia which left him in a neckbrace. Both Sainz and Kankkunen took five wins, the first time in the history of the WRC that two drivers had managed such win tally during one season. Sainz led Kankkunen by one point going into the final round of the season, the RAC Rally, where Kankkunen took his third title by winning ahead of Kenneth Eriksson and Sainz. Kankkunen's and Sainz's point totals, 150 and 143, both broke the record set by Sainz a year earlier (140). Aboard the new ST185 Toyota Celica in the 1992 season, in a year that would prove the last for the foreseeable future for Lancia, Sainz managed to score memorable victories on the Safari Rally and on his home asphalt round, the Rally Catalunya. The title fight again went down to the wire, and this time in a three-way battle; before the RAC, Sainz led Kankkunen by two points and Auriol, who had taken a record six wins during the season, by three points. Sainz's victory ahead of Ari Vatanen and Kankkunen, combined with Auriol's retirement, confirmed the title in favour of the Spaniard. A limited number of 440 Celica GT-Four ST185s, carrying his name on a plaque in the vehicle, and with decals on the outside, were sold in the United Kingdom in 1992 in an attempt to capitalise on Sainz's two championship successes with the works team. These were the part of the 5,000 units of ST185 for WRC homologation. It is said that Sainz still keeps a Celica GT-Four given to him by Toyota, which he drives to Real Madrid games at the Santiago Bernab\u00e9u Stadium. Despite winning the world title Sainz left Toyota at the end of 1992, mainly because for the 1993 season the team was to be sponsored by Castrol, a rival to Sainz's personal sponsor, Repsol. Sainz therefore moved to the private but Lancia-backed Jolly Club. Lancia had won the manufacturers' championship for the previous six years, but the Delta was an ageing design and technical developments during the season were minor, despite assurances given to Sainz that development would continue. The Delta therefore lost ground to newer cars, and became less and less competitive as 1993 wore on. Sainz's only podium finish was his second place at the Acropolis Rally. He finished second on the San Remo Rally, but he and his teammate were later disqualified for using illegal fuel. He finished eighth in the drivers' championship, which was won by Toyota driver Juha Kankkunen. Lancia withdrew from the sport altogether at the end of the season. Sainz then chose to drive for the then fledgling Subaru World Rally Team in 1994, where he replaced Ari Vatanen. Sainz's experience, perfectionism and abilities as a development driver played a vital role in developing the then-new Impreza to the point where it could mount a sustained challenge to Toyota and Ford. Indeed, in the hands of Sainz and Colin McRae the Subarus were frequently faster than the Fords during the season. Toyota won the manufacturers' title, but the drivers' championship was only settled on the final round, with Didier Auriol winning ahead of Sainz. In the 1995 season, he won the Monte Carlo Rally, the Rally Portugal and the Rally Catalunya. At this latter event he was trailing his teammate Colin McRae until the team ordered the Scotsman to slow down and allow Sainz to win, which led to a dispute between the drivers. Nevertheless, they were tied for the lead in the drivers' world championship going into the season-ending RAC Rally. McRae won his home event 36 seconds ahead of Sainz, despite losing time with mechanical difficulties that at one stage had put him two minutes behind. Subaru secured their first manufacturers' title with a triple win as the team's second young Briton, Richard Burns, finished third. Sainz was later to join McRae at both Ford and Citro\u00ebn. Sainz responded by rejoining Ford for the 1996 season. He spent two seasons with the squad, aboard the Ford Escort RS Cosworth and later, the Escort World Rally Car. In 1996, he won the inaugural Rally Indonesia and with five other podium finishes to his name, he took third place in the drivers' world championship, behind Mitsubishi's Tommi M\u00e4kinen and Subaru's McRae. In the 1997 season, he again won the Indonesian round, along with the Acropolis Rally, but again lost the title fight to M\u00e4kinen and McRae. However, he won the Race of Champions at the end of 1997. Sainz then departed, once again, for Toyota, partnering Didier Auriol and helping to further the Corolla World Rally Car project that had been instituted in 1997, as part of the Cologne recovery from the embarrassment of exclusion from the world championship on the penultimate round of the 1995 season. Sainz won on his first outing for them, on the 1998 season opener Monte Carlo Rally, and later in the season, added a victory in New Zealand. The seemingly terminal blow to title rival Tommi M\u00e4kinen's chances was his retirement on the first day of the final event of the year, the Rally Great Britain, which gave the initiative to Sainz, who now only had to finish fourth in order to ensure the title. However, just 300 metres from the finish of the last stage, he too was forced to retire from the needed fourth place with a mechanical problem. As a result, both Sainz and Toyota gifted their respective titles to rivals M\u00e4kinen and Mitsubishi Ralliart. A subdued season followed for Sainz in 1999, although it did at least culminate in a departing manufacturers' title for Toyota, by now fostering alternative interests in Formula One. Sainz took a total of eight podiums, but no wins, and finished fifth in the drivers' standings, behind his third-placed teammate Auriol who had taken his only win of the season at the inaugural China Rally. This was the precursor of another, three-year stint with Ford, again alongside McRae, beginning with the 2000 season. He won the inaugural edition of the Cyprus round of the world championship, and finished third in the drivers' points standings. Sainz failed to score a victory on any rally during the 2001 season, but with five podiums and four other point-scoring finishes, he managed to keep himself in the title fight throughout the very closely contested season, eventually finishing sixth in the standings, only eleven points adrift of the champion, Subaru's Richard Burns. Meanwhile, teammate McRae took three wins and led the championship before the season-ending Rally GB, where he crashed out. Ford also lost the manufacturers' title to Peugeot. In 2002, Sainz inherited the victory of the Rally Argentina, having provisionally finished third, by virtue of the disqualifications of the two leading Peugeots of Marcus Gr\u00f6nholm and Burns. This was his only win of the season, and in a close fight for the second place in the drivers' championship, behind the dominant Gr\u00f6nholm, Sainz finished third, one point ahead of his teammate McRae. Effectively frozen out along with McRae at Ford, he along with the Scot moved to Citro\u00ebn for the 2003, during which he scored one win in Turkey \u2013 which was the first gravel event win for Citro\u00ebn Xsara WRC \u2013 and finished third in the championship. Sainz continued with the team in 2004 season, and scored his final world rally victory at the 2004 Rally Argentina. During the Rally Catalonya 2004, after announcing his retirement, Sainz was considered by drivers, codrivers and directors of the official teams, as the best rally driver of history. In the championship, Sainz finished fourth, after missing out the final rally in Australia, due an accident during pre-event recce. Despite formally retiring at the end of the 2004 season, with a possible view to moving into the World Touring Car Championship, he was to actually find himself invited back to the WRC fold on the request of Citro\u00ebn, to replace the faltering Belgian driver Fran\u00e7ois Duval. Although Duval was soon to reclaim his seat, Sainz's two rallies back in the Citro\u00ebn impressed many, with the now 43-year-old Spaniard posting fourth and third finishing positions respectively. 2006 saw a first participation for Sainz at the wheel of a Volkswagen in that year's Dakar Rally, sharing the cockpit with the two times winner of the Dakar Rally, Andreas Schulz. In 2007, he repeated his attempt with Volkswagen, this time with French Michel Perin, also a former winner of the raid. Following the resignation of Fernando Martin, he even ran, eventually in vain, for the vice-president position at his beloved football club Real Madrid, for which he once trained. In 2007 Sainz won the FIA Cross-Country Rally World Cup with the Volkswagen team. In 2008, he won the Central European Rally, which was the relocated and rescheduled Dakar Rally for that year because of a terrorist attack. In January 2009, partnering again with Perin, he led the Dakar Rally until crashing out on the 12th stage. Later in 2009 Sainz won Silk Way Rally with Volkswagen team. At the 2010 Dakar Rally, Sainz changed again co-pilot, teaming with fellow Spaniard Lucas Cruz. Sainz edged out teammate Nasser Al-Attiyah to take his maiden win in the event. In 2010 Sainz also won the Silk Way Rally for the second time.[citation needed] In the 2011 Dakar Rally Sainz finished third.[citation needed] Sainz entered Dakar Rally 2013 in a brand-new two-wheel-drive buggy. His teammate was former Dakar-winner Nasser Al-Attiyah and the team was supported by Qatar and Red Bull. Sainz won the first stage, but faced later various problems and was finally forced to retire on the sixth stage due to an engine failure. After the retirement Sainz commented that despite the result, \"it was worth coming here with this concept ... I hope the experience will be useful for the future even if I'm not sure whether I'll come back\u201d. However, later Sainz announced he would like to be part of Qatar Red Bull Rally Team and return to the Dakar in 2014. Sainz took part in the 2014 Dakar, but was forced to retire after a crash on stage 10. In March 2014 it was announced that Peugeot Sport would return to Dakar in 2015 and Sainz joined Cyril Despres to race for Peugeot, driving its Peugeot 2008 DKR. In the rally he retired after a crash. In Dakar 2016 Sainz was forced to retire from the lead after the gearbox of his Peugeot broke. In 2017 Sainz also had to retire after rolling his Peugeot during the fourth stage of the rally. In 2018, Sainz took the second Dakar win of his career with Peugeot team. After Peugeot shut down its rally raid programme, Sainz joined X-Raid to drive a Mini at the 2019 Dakar Rally. He stuck the car in a large hole on stage 3, damaging the suspension, but limped to the end of the stage and finished the event 13th. Sainz won his third Dakar Rally in 2020 with co-driver Lucaz Cruz. The duo registered four stage wins to their name, before finally winning the race with a lead of just 6 minutes and 21 seconds. As Volkswagen Motorsport announced its WRC entry for 2013, Sainz was announced to be part of the WRC project. Volkswagen's motorsport director Kris Nissen told that he needed \"10 seconds\" to convince Sainz to remain part of the company's efforts in the new programme. Nissen told that the team would need Sainz for some testing of the new car. In November 2011, Sainz had the honour to drive first kilometres with the new Volkswagen Polo R WRC near Trier, Germany, when the team began testing the new car. In late 2011, Nissen also revealed he would like to see Sainz taking part in some rally with the WRC Polo before he calls time on his career. In early 2012 Sainz drove Polo WRC in its maiden gravel test in Spain with S\u00e9bastien Ogier and in summer he tested Polo WRC in Finland. In October Sainz re-joined his old co-driver Luis Moya again and performed course car duties on the San Marino\u00b4s annual Rally Legend event with Volkswagen's new-for-2013 Polo R WRC. In December 2012 Sainz dismissed the rumours he would drive Polo WRC in some WRC-rally in 2013, but stated he was available for testing, if needed. Sainz also returned to competing in 2012, as he entered a historic rally with his old co-driver Luis Moya in Spain. The pair competed in Porsche 911 rally car and won the rally. The pair made a return to historic rallies in March 2013 by winning Rally de Espa\u00f1a Hist\u00f3rico with a Porsche 911. Gold Medal of the Royal Order of Sporting Merit, 21 December 1994 Olympic Order 1997 \u2013 Awarded by Spanish Olympic Committee Grand Cross of the Royal Order of Sporting Merit, 30 November 2001 Gold Medal for Sporting Merit 2001 \u2013 Awarded by Ayuntamiento de Madrid Medal of youth and sports and associative engagement 2008 \u2013 Awarded by the French Government In March 2012, Sainz was inducted into the Rally Hall of Fame along with Mich\u00e8le Mouton. In May 2020, Carlos Sainz has been crowned The Greatest WRC Driver of all time in a poll of fans and expert journalists. On 16 June 2020, Princess of Asturias Awards por Sports. NOTE: Following the 2007 killing of French tourists in Mauritania, the Amaury Sport Organisation moved the 2008 edition to Central Europe, known as the Central Europe Rally. As the race was legally held under Dakar regulations with Dakar entries, the rally is included as part of the Dakar lineage. (key) * Season still in progress. According to World Rally Archive, Sainz won 756 stages. Sainz also won one special stage in Safari Rally 1991 (source: Auto Hebdo), that is not yet taken into account by www.juwra.com. \"Team Peugeot Total - The team\". redbull.com. Retrieved January 21, 2018. \"Carlos Sainz, premio Princesa de Asturias de los deportes\". La Vanguardia (in Spanish). June 16, 2020. Retrieved July 2, 2020. \"Record-breaker Anttila\". Retrieved April 13, 2018. \"Carlos Sainz\". Retrieved July 6, 2015. https://www.ewrc-results.com/profile/10141-antonio-sainz/ https://rally-base.com/crew-profile/crew-detail/?competitionId=539&crewId=44864&ssGroupId=1 \"Driver profile: Carlos Sainz\". WRC.com. Retrieved July 6, 2016. \"Multi-faceted biography characterises multi-talent Carlos Sainz\" race-deZert.com, 7 December 2009; Retrieved 22 May 2017 \"Carlos Sainz\". RallyBase. Archived from the original on 12 February 2009. Retrieved 17 November 2008. http://www.juwra.com/san_remo_1993_results.html FIA World Rally Championship HISTORY REVIEW/ Wales Rally GB 2013 - Rally of Legends YouTube, 10 November 2013 Statistics Carlos-Sainz.com; Retrieved 28 March 2013 Sainz to miss Australia Crash.net, 10 November 2004; Retrieved 28 March 2013 The film of the stage Central Europe Rally 2008 Archived 30 April 2008 at the Wayback Machine \"Carlos Sainz crashes out of Dakar Rally\". The Telegraph. January 15, 2009. Retrieved January 28, 2009. classements Silk Way Rally 2009 Archived 23 September 2009 at the Wayback Machine retrieved 14 September 2009 Beer, Matt (January 16, 2010). \"Sainz clinches Dakar Rally victory\". Autosport. Retrieved January 16, 2010. WRC aces face new Dakar challenge Archived November 23, 2018, at the Wayback Machine WRC.com Retrieved 22 November 2012 Carlos Sainz abandona en el Dakar Archived November 22, 2018, at the Wayback Machine (in Spanish) Carlos Sainz.com; Retrieved 10 January 2013 Stage 6 Quotes: Dakar Dakar.com Archived 13 January 2013 at the Wayback Machine News \u2013 Carlos Sainz: Sainz vows to return to Dakar Archived November 22, 2018, at the Wayback Machine Carlos-Sainz.com; Retrieved 9 March 2013 Dakar: Nasser Al-Attiyah wins stage 10 as Carlos Sainz crashes out Autosport, 15 January 2014; Retrieved 29 March 2014 marathonrally.com - Dakar Rally 2015: Carlos Sainz and Cyril Despres to start with Peugeot 2015 Archived November 22, 2018, at the Wayback Machine MarathonRally.com, 26 March 2014; Retrieved 29 March 2015 Sainz leaves VW after Dakar deal WRC.com, March 2014; Retrieved 29 March 2014 Dakar 2015: Coma on the comeback trail, Sainz out Red Bull, 8 January 2014; Retrieved 19 January 2016 \"Carlos Sainz out of Dakar Rally after gearbox failure on Peugeot\" El Pais English, 14 January 2016; Retrieved 19 of January 2016 Sainz explains crash: \u201cI was pushing to recover lost time\u201d MotorSport.com, 6 January 2017; Retrieved 6 January 2017 \"Dakar Rally 2018: Carlos Sainz wins race for second time\", BBC Sport, 20 January 2018; Retrieved 4 February 2018 Peugeot refugee Sainz joins X-raid Mini for 2019 Dakar Rally - Sergio Lillo, Motorsport.com, 29 August 2018 \"Carlos Sainz Sr. wins the 2020 Dakar, claiming third Dakar crown\". Goodwood Road and Racing. Retrieved January 17, 2020. Polo WRC will run this year AutoSport, 5 May 2011; Retrieved 3 June 2011 First outing: Volkswagen starts testing progremme with Polo R WRC MotorSport.com Archived 1 April 2012 at the Wayback Machine Retrieved 10 November 2011 World Rally Championship \u2013 Nissen to offer Vettel WRC test Archived November 22, 2018, at the Wayback Machine WRC.com; Retrieved 30 December 2011 Carlos Sainz tries Volkswagen's Polo World Rally car for first time Autosport, 2 March 2012; Retrieved 2 March 2012 YouTube.com \u2013 Carlos Sainz tests VW Polo WRC @ Ehikki, Finland YouTube, 27 June 2012; Retrieved 20 September 2012 WLegends join forces for Polo R WRC run Archived November 22, 2018, at the Wayback Machine WRC.com; Retrieved 16 October 2012 I won't rally Polo, insists Sainz Archived November 22, 2018, at the Wayback Machine WRC.com; Retrieved 14 December 2012 WRC legend Sainz back to winning ways Archived November 22, 2018, at the Wayback Machine WRC.com; Retrieved 20 September 2012 Carlos Sainz vuelve a imponerse en el Rallye de Espa\u00f1a con un Porsche 911 Archived November 22, 2018, at the Wayback Machine Carlos-Sainz.com; Retrieved 2 March 2013 (in Spanish) Hemeroteca Mundo Deportivo \"Carlos Sainz, distinguido con la Gran Cruz\" (PDF). Monnaie de Paris \"Sainz and Mouton nominated to Rally Hall of Fame\". Neste Oil Rally Finland. March 12, 2012. Archived from the original on September 10, 2012. Retrieved March 27, 2012. \"CARLOS SAINZ CROWNED THE GREATEST WRC DRIVER\". WRC. Retrieved May 5, 2020. Acta del Jurado \"404\". www.vw.com. Broomhead, James. \"2010 Dakar Rally Stage Fourteen: Carlos Sainz Takes His Win!\". Bleacher Report. Official website of Carlos Sainz (in Spanish and English)"
   },
   {
    "name": "Louis I of Spain",
    "id": "Q212457",
    "text": "Louis I (Luis Felipe; 25 August 1707 \u2013 31 August 1724) was King of Spain from 15 January 1724 until his death in August the same year. His reign is one of the shortest in history, lasting for just over seven months. Louis was born at Palacio del Buen Retiro, in Madrid as the eldest son of the reigning King Philip V of Spain and his wife Maria Luisa Gabriella of Savoy. He was named after his great grandfather Louis XIV of France. At birth he was the heir apparent but was not given the traditional title of \"Prince of Asturias\" until April 1709. In 1714, when Louis was seven, his mother died, leaving him and his brothers, Infante Ferdinand and Infante Felipe Pedro. On 24 December 1714, Louis' father remarried to Elisabeth Farnese, the young heiress to the Duchy of Parma. As heir not only to the vast Spanish empire, but also to a new dynasty, it was decided that Louis would take a wife as soon as possible. On 20 January 1722, at Lerma, he met and married Louise \u00c9lisabeth d'Orl\u00e9ans, a daughter of Philippe d'Orl\u00e9ans, Duke of Orl\u00e9ans, cousin of Louis' father and then the Regent of France. The dowry of this marriage was an enormous 4 million livres. Louis ruled for a short period between the time his father Philip V abdicated in his favour (14 January 1724) and his death from smallpox, just over seven months. King Philip sent him a letter informing him of his decision. He calls his son a great king. Louis sent his father a humble reply thanking him and signed his letter as Prince of Asturias. His marital problems dominated during his reign. His father kept tabs on him from San Ildefonso. To counter his father's influence, he surrounded himself with officials who had not served under Philip. His plans were to focus more on the American colonies rather than the lost Italian territories. On his death, his father returned to the throne, and reigned until his own death in 1746. Louis was buried in the Cripta Real del Monasterio de El Escorial part of the El Escorial complex. R\u00e9impression de l'ancien Moniteur, seule histoire authentique et inalt\u00e9r\u00e9e Danvila, Alfonso. El reinado rel\u00e1mpago, Luis I y Luisa Isabel de Orle\u00e1ns, 1707\u20131724. Madrid: Espasa-Calpe, 1952. Reprinted as Luis I y Luisa Isabel de Orleans: el reinado rel\u00e1mpago. Madrid: Alderab\u00e1n, 1997. Luis I Spanish A royal suit of armor housed in The Met Museum made for him at age five by his great-grandfather, Louis XIV of France"
   },
   {
    "name": "Rub\u00e9n de la Red",
    "id": "Q212925",
    "text": "Rub\u00e9n de la Red Guti\u00e9rrez (born 5 June 1985) is a Spanish football manager and former central midfielder. He made a name for himself at Getafe after emerging through Real Madrid's La F\u00e1brica. Returning to his first club in 2008, he suffered a serious heart ailment which put his career on hold for two years, until he retired in late 2010. De la Red was part of Spain's squad at the victorious Euro 2008 tournament. Born in M\u00f3stoles, Community of Madrid, de la Red arrived at the Real Madrid youth system when he was 14. At one point he was transferred to CD M\u00f3stoles after being told he was not good enough, but was soon re-signed by Madrid; after his fourth season youth coach Quique S\u00e1nchez Flores, who was moving to Getafe CF, wanted the player to join him at his new club, but Madrid turned him down. De la Red made his first-team debut on 10 November 2004, in a 2\u20131 away win against CD Tenerife for the Copa del Rey. His first La Liga appearance came on 22 September 2005, playing two minutes in a 3\u20131 home triumph over Athletic Bilbao, and he appeared in two more games as a late substitute during that campaign. In 2006\u201307, de la Red was called up to the main squad by manager Fabio Capello along with teammates Miguel Torres and Miguel \u00c1ngel Nieto, and made seven appearances during the league-winning season. On 9 November 2006 he scored his first goal with the main squad, closing the scoresheet against \u00c9cija Balompi\u00e9 for the domestic cup (5\u20131 home win, 6\u20132 aggregate); in July 2007, he renewed his contract until 2011. On 31 August 2007, de la Red was transferred to Madrid-based Getafe, with Real Madrid having an option to re-buy the next two years. There, he established himself as an important player, usually assuming the role of playmaker and being joined at the team by another Real Madrid canterano, Esteban Granero, who arrived on loan. During the season, de la Red was forced due to injuries to teammates to perform as centre back, notably in the UEFA Cup quarter-final tie against FC Bayern Munich, in which second leg he was sent off in the sixth minute; in the continental competition he netted three times in 11 matches, notably in a 2\u20131 win at Tottenham Hotspur on 25 October 2007, equalizing after a set piece combination with Granero. Real Madrid president Ram\u00f3n Calder\u00f3n confirmed in May 2008 that, along with Granero and Javi Garc\u00eda, de la Red would return to the Santiago Bernab\u00e9u for 2008\u201309. It was suggested that the latter could be used in a swap deal involving a number of potential targets, although coach Bernd Schuster stated that he would be willing to give the midfielder a chance to fight for a spot in the squad. On 24 August 2008 De la Red scored his first goal for the club since returning, netting an astounding long-range effort in the second leg of the Supercopa de Espa\u00f1a against Valencia CF. De la Red would go on to score his first goal for Real in league play less than a month later on 21 September, scoring in Real's 2\u20130 away win against Racing de Santander. On 30 October 2008, de la Red was hospitalized after fainting during a Spanish Cup game against Real Uni\u00f3n. On 12 December, the club announced the player would miss the rest of the season as a precaution, and subsequent media reports claimed he may never recover from his heart condition. Spanish national daily sports newspaper Marca reported on 30 June 2009 that after new tests had been inconclusive, De la Red's heart condition would force him to sit out the entire 2009\u201310 season and he'd be subjected to further evaluations every two months to reassess his health. The club officially announced the news on 2 July 2009, on the same day that new arrival Ra\u00fal Albiol was announced and given De la Red's former number 18 shirt, vowing to return it to him if he were to ever return. In January 2010, several Madrid-based media reported Real Madrid were looking to declare de la Red's heart problem to be \"a common condition\" in order to trigger an annulment clause in his contract. This would have meant the player would only receive a \u20ac1,500-monthly disability benefit, rather than the full wages due from the remaining two years of his professional contract. On 3 November 2010, de la Red announced his retirement from football at only 25. Prior to this announcement, he stated he would remain at the club as a youth coach. Then-Director of football Jorge Valdano \u2013 also a former club player and coach \u2013 added: \"This day marks a turning point in Rub\u00e9n's life. He ends his career as a player to focus all his passion for this sport on training. He is, from today, a part of Real Madrid's coaching staff and will start learning about what we do and how we come about it. He will also be part of Mourinho's 'lab', in which every game is rigorously prepared. The objective is for Rub\u00e9n to learn skills in order to apply them to whatever team he ends up being assigned to. He's gone through all of the different teams the club has and he will use that experience to continue to be a part of the world of football\". On 20 October 2015, de la Red was appointed manager of Getafe's reserves in the third tier. The team were relegated in his first season, and he left shortly afterwards. De la Red played for Spain under-21s before being called up by the senior team for a friendly with Italy on 26 March 2008, but did not make his debut. Uncapped, he was named in the nation's squad of 22 for UEFA Euro 2008 by coach Luis Aragon\u00e9s, but would appear in two exhibition games against Peru and the United States prior to the continental competition. During the tournament's final group stage match, de la Red scored his only international goal with a powerful strike against Greece on 18 June, for a 2\u20131 win. Includes Copa del Rey and Supercopa de Espa\u00f1a Includes UEFA Champions League, UEFA Cup and UEFA Super Cup As of 15 May 2016 Real Madrid La Liga: 2006\u201307 Supercopa de Espa\u00f1a: 2008 Getafe Copa del Rey: Runner-up 2007\u201308 Spain UEFA European Championship: 2008 Spain U19 UEFA European Under-19 Championship\u00a0: 2004 Llamas, Fernando (11 November 2004). \"Solari coloca al Madrid en octavos\" [Solari sends Madrid through to last-16]. El Mundo (in Spanish). Retrieved 6 April 2014. \"Real Madrid 3\u20131 Athletic Bilbao\". ESPN Soccernet. 22 September 2005. Retrieved 28 November 2012. Salido Cobo, Jorge (9 November 2006). \"El Real Madrid devuelve al \u00c9cija a la realidad\" [Real Madrid return \u00c9cija to reality]. El Mundo (in Spanish). Retrieved 6 April 2014. \"De la Red renews contract\". Real Madrid CF. 21 July 2007. Archived from the original on 19 June 2009. Retrieved 7 July 2008. \"De la Red y Granero fichan por el Getafe\" [De la Red and Granero sign for Getafe]. Marca (in Spanish). 31 August 2007. Retrieved 29 January 2018. \"Rub\u00e9n de la Red transferred to Getafe SAD\". Real Madrid CF. 31 August 2007. Archived from the original on 19 June 2009. Retrieved 31 August 2007. Marcos, Jos\u00e9 (4 April 2008). \"El Getafe da una lecci\u00f3n al Bayern\" [Getafe teach Bayern a lesson]. El Pa\u00eds (in Spanish). Retrieved 6 April 2014. Macho, \u00c1lvaro (10 April 2008). \"El Getafe nos hizo so\u00f1ar\" [Getafe got us dreaming] (in Spanish). UEFA. Retrieved 20 January 2020. Lyon, Sam (25 October 2007). \"Tottenham 1\u20132 Getafe\". BBC Sport. Retrieved 17 August 2010. \"Cr\u00f3nica del Real Madrid-Valencia: 4\u20132\" [Real Madrid-Valencia match report: 4\u20132] (in Spanish). Europa Press. 25 August 2008. Retrieved 6 April 2014. \"Racing Santander 0\u20132 Real Madrid\". ESPN Soccernet. 21 September 2008. Retrieved 28 November 2012. \"Madrid dispel De la Red concerns\". UEFA. 31 October 2008. Retrieved 10 February 2012. Malek, Cyrus C. (13 May 2009). \"Spanish Inquisition: Who stays and who goes at Real Madrid?\". Goal. Retrieved 10 February 2012. \"De la Red no jugar\u00e1 la pr\u00f3xima temporada\" [De la Red will not play next season]. Marca (in Spanish). 30 June 2009. Retrieved 10 February 2012. \"Official announcement\". Real Madrid CF. 2 July 2009. Archived from the original on 4 July 2009. Retrieved 2 July 2009. Brown, Lucas (3 July 2009). \"De la Red will get his number back when he returns\". Goal. Retrieved 6 July 2009. \"El Real Madrid ya tramita la invalidez de De la Red\" [Real Madrid begin contract annulment process for De la Red]. Marca (in Spanish). 14 January 2010. Retrieved 10 February 2012. Calder\u00f3n, Jos\u00e9 Luis (4 November 2010). \"De la Red: \"Mi coraz\u00f3n sigue latiendo madridismo\"\" [De la Red: \"Mi heart still beats as madridista\"]. Marca (in Spanish). Retrieved 10 February 2012. S\u00e1nchez-Flor, Ulises (3 November 2010). \"De la Red pasa de futbolista a empleado del Real Madrid\" [De la Red goes from footballer to employee at Real Madrid]. Marca (in Spanish). Retrieved 10 February 2012. \"De la Red: \"My heart still beats for Madridismo\"\". Real Madrid CF. 4 November 2010. Archived from the original on 7 October 2012. Retrieved 10 February 2012. \"Rub\u00e9n de la Red nuevo entrenador del Getafe B\" [Rub\u00e9n de la Red new coach of Getafe B] (in Spanish). Getafe CF. 20 October 2015. Retrieved 29 October 2015. Navacerrada, Juancar (25 April 2016). \"El Getafe B desciende a Tercera Divisi\u00f3n\" [Getafe B descend to Tercera Divisi\u00f3n]. Marca (in Spanish). Retrieved 27 April 2016. Navacerrada, Juancar (25 May 2016). \"Nano, el elegido en el banquillo del Getafe \"B\"\" [Nano, chosen for the bench at Getafe \"B\"]. Marca (in Spanish). Retrieved 14 November 2016. Malag\u00f3n, Manuel (31 May 2008). \"Capdevila maquilla la primera prueba\" [Capdevila masks first test]. Marca (in Spanish). Retrieved 6 April 2014. Villalobos, Fran; Melero, Delf\u00edn (3 June 2008). \"Test definitivo de cara a la Eurocopa\" [Last test facing Eurocup]. Marca (in Spanish). Retrieved 6 April 2014. Carbajosa, Carlos E. (4 June 2008). \"Xavi anima a la tropa\" [Xavi gets gang hyped up]. El Mundo (in Spanish). Retrieved 20 January 2020. McKenzie, Andrew (18 June 2008). \"Russia 2\u20130 Sweden & Greece 1\u20132 Spain\". BBC Sport. Retrieved 2 March 2011. \"De La Red: Rub\u00e9n De la Red Guti\u00e9rrez\". BDFutbol. Retrieved 12 February 2015. \"De la Red\". Soccerway. Retrieved 12 February 2015. \"De La Red: Rub\u00e9n De la Red Guti\u00e9rrez\". BDFutbol. Retrieved 24 August 2016. \"Getafe B\" (in Spanish). Resultados F\u00fatbol. Retrieved 24 August 2016. \"Un perd\u00f3n con forma de Copa (3\u20131)\" [Pardon in the shape of a Cup (3\u20131)]. 20 minutos (in Spanish). 17 April 2008. Retrieved 29 January 2018. Rub\u00e9n de la Red at BDFutbol Rub\u00e9n de la Red at National-Football-Teams.com Official website"
   },
   {
    "name": "Leonor, Princess of Asturias",
    "id": "Q214369",
    "text": "Leonor, Princess of Asturias (Leonor de Todos los Santos de Borb\u00f3n y Ortiz; born 31 October 2005) is the heir presumptive to the throne of Spain as the elder daughter of King Felipe VI and Queen Letizia. In addition to the official title of Princess of Asturias, she bears the historical titles of Princess of Girona, Princess of Viana, Duchess of Montblanc, Countess of Cervera and Lady of Balaguer. If Leonor ascends to the throne, she will be Spain's first queen regnant since Isabella II, who reigned from 1833 to 1868. Leonor was born to Felipe and Letizia, then the prince and princess of Asturias, on 31 October 2005 at 01:46, during the reign of her paternal grandfather, King Juan Carlos I, in the Ruber International Hospital in Madrid by means of a caesarean section necessitated by non-progression of labour. As the daughter of the heir apparent, she was an infanta and the second in the line of succession to the Spanish throne. Her birth was announced by the royal family to the press via SMS. Her umbilical cord was clipped and sent for storage to the Cord Blood Registry based in Arizona. Leonor left the Ruber International Hospital with her parents on 7 November 2005. She was baptised in the Zarzuela Palace by the archbishop of Madrid, Cardinal Antonio Rouco Varela, on 14 January 2006. Like her father, Leonor was christened in a romanesque baptismal font used to christen Spanish princes since the 17th century and originally used by Saint Dominic with water from the Jordan River. Her godparents were her paternal grandparents, King Juan Carlos I and Queen Sof\u00eda. She received the name of Leonor de Todos los Santos. Leonor's education began at the daycare for the children of the Spanish Royal Guard. She began her first year of primary school on 15 September 2008 at the Santa Mar\u00eda de los Rosales School in Aravaca, just outside Madrid. Her father is an alumnus of the private school and her younger sister, Sof\u00eda, is also enrolled there. Leonor is fluent in both Spanish and English (the latter learnt from her British nanny and also from her grandmother, Queen Sof\u00eda) and has studied Mandarin. In May 2014, Leonor made her first official visit to the San Javier Air Force base in Murcia. On 18 June 2014, King Juan Carlos signed the instrument of abdication, and the following day at the stroke of midnight (18\u201319 June 2014) Leonor's father ascended the throne becoming King Felipe VI, and Leonor became his heir presumptive and Princess of Asturias. Spanish monarchy operates under a system of male-preference cognatic primogeniture, meaning that Leonor, as the elder of Felipe's two daughters, is first in line to inherit the throne. Under the current law, however, if her father has a legitimate son while still being king, Leonor would be displaced in the line of succession and again become an infanta. There have been discussions about changing the succession law to absolute primogeniture, allowing for the inheritance of the eldest child, regardless of sex; however, the birth of Leonor, followed by that of her younger sister Sof\u00eda, stalled these plans. Despite a change from male-preference to absolute primogeniture for Spanish titles of nobility in 2009, as of 2021 no legislation has been passed affecting the succession to the throne. In October 2014, a wax figure of Leonor was unveiled at the Museo de Cera in Madrid. On 20 May 2015, Leonor received First Communion as per Catholic custom. A day before her 10th birthday, she was granted the Order of the Golden Fleece by her father. In addition, the Council of Ministers approved the design of her personal standard and guidon. Coinciding with the 50th birthday of King Felipe, in January 2018, the King officially gave Leonor the collar of the Golden Fleece. In September 2018, Leonor conducted her first public engagement outside the palace by accompanying her parents to Covadonga to celebrate the 1,300th anniversary of the Kingdom of Asturias. On 31 October 2018, Princess Leonor gave her first public speech, held at the Instituto Cervantes in Madrid, where she read the first article of the Constitution of Spain. The speech coincided with the 40th anniversary of the constitution and her 13th birthday. On 18 October 2019, she made her first significant speech at Premio Princesa de Asturias. On 4 November 2019, she made her first speech at the Princess of Girona Foundation awards in Barcelona, in which she spoke in Spanish, Catalan, English and Arabic. On 10 February 2021, it was announced that she would attend the United World College of the Atlantic in Wales, beginning in the autumn of that year. She carried out her first public solo engagement in the same month by attending a ceremony to mark the 30th anniversary of the Instituto Cervantes. Before her father's ascension to the throne, her title was: Her Royal Highness Leonor de Todos los Santos de Borb\u00f3n y Ortiz, Infanta of Spain. Since her father's ascension, the Princess's full title is: Her Royal Highness Leonor de Todos los Santos de Borb\u00f3n y Ortiz, Princess of Asturias, Princess of Girona, Princess of Viana, Duchess of Montblanc, Countess of Cervera, and Lady of Balaguer. As heir presumptive to the throne, she is the nominal chairwoman of the Princess of Asturias Foundation and the Princess of Girona Foundation, although until she becomes 18, those functions are assumed by her father. Also as traditional for the heir to the throne, her father awarded her the medal and collar of the Order of the Golden Fleece (awarded 30 October 2015, presented 30 January 2018). Spain portal Monarchy portal Royalty portal Princess of Asturias Awards Politics of Spain In the languages of Spain, her name is: Aragonese: Alionor de Totz os Santos de Borb\u00f3n y Ortiz Asturian: Lleonor Basque, Galician, Occitan, Spanish: Leonor, IPA:\u00a0[le.o\u02c8no\u027e] Catalan: Elionor \"Los 10 nobles a\u00f1os de Leonor en 10 im\u00e1genes\". El Mundo (in Spanish). Galaz, M\u00e1bel (31 October 2005). \"Nace la primera hija de los pr\u00edncipes de Asturias, que se llamar\u00e1 Leonor\". El Pa\u00eds (in Spanish). Madrid: Prisa. Retrieved 5 February 2019. \"Nace la infanta Leonor\". El Pa\u00eds (in Spanish). Prisa. 30 October 2005. Retrieved 20 October 2019. Marcos, Charo; Cernuda, Olalla (31 October 2005). \"Letizia Ortiz da a luz una ni\u00f1a\". El Mundo (in Spanish). Mundinteractivos, S.A. Retrieved 5 February 2019. de C\u00f3zar, \u00c1lvaro (26 February 2006). \"C\u00e9lulas madre de la infanta Leonor se conservan congeladas en Arizona\". El Pa\u00eds. Madrid: Prisa. Retrieved 20 October 2019. \"La Princesa de Asturias y la Infanta Leonor abandonan este lunes el hospital\". Libertad Digital (in Spanish). 6 November 2005. Retrieved 20 October 2019. \"La Princesa de Asturias y la Infanta Leonor abandonan a las 12:00 horas el hospital\". Libertad Digital (in Spanish). 7 November 2005. Retrieved 20 October 2019. \"Princess Leonor of Spain: Facts about the future queen\". hellomagazine.com. 31 October 2017. Retrieved 14 August 2018. \"Royal christenings around the world\". The Telegraph. Telegraph Media Group Limited. 9 November 2015. p.\u00a08. ISSN\u00a00307-1235. Retrieved 14 August 2018. \"Los Reyes ser\u00e1n los padrinos de Leono\". El Peri\u00f3dico de Arag\u00f3n (in Spanish). Grupo Zeta. 18 December 2005. Retrieved 20 October 2019. \"La Infanta Leonor s\u00f3lo abri\u00f3 los ojos en su bautizo al recibir el agua del r\u00edo Jord\u00e1n | elmundo.es\". www.elmundo.es. Retrieved 18 June 2019. Galaz, M\u00e1bel (4 June 2014). \"Leonor becomes a crown princess\". El Pa\u00eds. Retrieved 9 December 2015. \"Crown Princess Leonor of Spain, Europe's youngest direct royal heir\". The Telegraph. Retrieved 4 February 2021. \"Princess Leonor preparing for her role as Spain's future queen\". Retrieved 6 November 2015. \"Spanish constitution\" (PDF). Congress of Spain. congreso.es. Retrieved 18 June 2014. \"Una esperada confirmaci\u00f3n\". El Mundo. \"LOS 'PROBLEMAS' SI EL PRIMOG\u00c9NITO ES PRIMOG\u00c9NITA: Pendientes de la Constituci\u00f3n hasta saber si ser\u00e1 ni\u00f1o o ni\u00f1a\". El Mundo. Woolls, Daniel (27 September 2006). \"Royal Pregnancy a Conundrum for Spain\". The Washington Post. The Associated Press. Retrieved 9 December 2015. Govan, Fiona (30 September 2006). \"Royal baby in waiting sparks row over throne\". The Telegraph. Retrieved 9 December 2015. Tremlett, Giles (12 July 2009). \"Spanish nobles rebel over inheritance law\". The Guardian. Retrieved 9 December 2015. \"Princess Leonor of Spain's waxwork is unveiled in Madrid\". Retrieved 11 October 2014. Galaz, M\u00e1bel (20 May 2015). \"Leonor hace la comuni\u00f3n como colegiala, no como princesa\". El Pa\u00eds (in Spanish). Retrieved 9 December 2015. Rem\u00edrez, Carmen (20 May 2015). \"La Princesa Leonor, tras su primera comuni\u00f3n: 'Estaba muy nerviosa'\". El Mundo (in Spanish). Retrieved 9 December 2015. \"El Rey concede el Tois\u00f3n de Oro a Leonor por su d\u00e9cimo cumplea\u00f1os\". El Pa\u00eds (in Spanish). 30 October 2015. Retrieved 9 December 2015. Rem\u00edrez, Carmen (30 October 2015). \"El Rey Felipe VI concede a la Princesa de Asturias el Tois\u00f3n de Oro\". El Mundo (in Spanish). Retrieved 9 December 2015. Real Decreto 978/2015 Bolet\u00edn Oficial del Estado (BOE) Real Decreto 979/2015 Bolet\u00edn Oficial del Estado (BOE) \"King Felipe of Spain gives daughter Princess Leonor same honour as the Queen\". HELLO!. 30 January 2018. Retrieved 18 June 2019. Abell\u00e1n, Luc\u00eda (8 September 2018). \"La princesa Leonor estrena su agenda oficial de viajes en Asturias\". El Pa\u00eds (in Spanish). Retrieved 22 November 2018. \"La princesa Leonor lee en su primera intervenci\u00f3n p\u00fablica el art\u00edculo 1 de la Constituci\u00f3n\". Corporaci\u00f3n de Radio y Televisi\u00f3n Espa\u00f1ola (in Spanish). 31 October 2018. Retrieved 20 October 2019. Alberola, Miquel (1 November 2018). \"La princesa Leonor hace su primera lectura p\u00fablica para conmemorar la Constituci\u00f3n\". El Pa\u00eds (in Spanish). Retrieved 22 November 2018. \"El hist\u00f3rico primer discurso de Leonor en los Premios Princesa de Asturias\". Hola! (in Spanish). 18 October 2019. Retrieved 18 September 2019. \"De rojo y con un discreto maquillaje: Leonor brilla en los Premios Princesa de Girona\". ABC (in Spanish). Madrid: Vocento. 5 November 2019. Retrieved 5 November 2019. \"Leonor sorprende en los Princesa de Girona con su discurso en catal\u00e1n, ingl\u00e9s y \u00e1rabe\". El Espa\u00f1ol (in Spanish). 4 November 2019. Retrieved 5 November 2019. \"Spanish princess Leonor to attend UWC Atlantic College in Wales\". BBC. 10 February 2021. Retrieved 28 March 2021. Boucher, Phil (24 March 2021). \"Princess Leonor of Spain, 15, Steps Out for Her First Solo Public Outing\". People. Retrieved 28 March 2021. \"Leonor, princesa de Asturias, cumple diez a\u00f1os en la m\u00e1s estricta intimidad familiar\". Republica.com. Retrieved 18 June 2019. \"Los primeros Premios Princesa de Asturias no tendr\u00e1n a su Princesa\". \u00a1Hola! USA (in Spanish). 19 October 2015. Retrieved 18 June 2019. \"BOLET\u00cdN OFICIAL DEL ESTADO\" (PDF). Retrieved 31 October 2015. Official website"
   },
   {
    "name": "Guido Brunner",
    "id": "Q216261",
    "text": "Guido Brunner (27 May 1930 \u2013 2 December 1997) was a Spanish-born German diplomat and politician of the liberal Free Democratic Party. He served as European Commissioner for Energy, Research and Science in the Jenkins Commission from 1977 to 1981. He was a Member of the Bundestag from 1980 to 1981, Senator for the Economy in the government of West Berlin in 1981 and Ambassador to Spain from 1981 to 1992. Tam Dalyell described him as \"one of the unsung architects of the Europe we have today.\" Brunner was born and grew up in Madrid, where his father was a businessman. He moved to West Germany after the Second World War, where he studied law. He subsequently earned a PhD in law in Germany and a licentiate's degree in law in Spain. In 1955 he joined the West German diplomatic service and was posted to New York City as a member of the German delegation to the United Nations from 1960 to 1968. He was director of the press office of the Foreign Office from 1970 to 1972 and director of planning from 1972 to 1974. He headed the West German delegation to the 1973 Conference on Security and Co-operation in Europe. He served as European Commissioner for Energy, Research and Science in the Jenkins Commission from 1977 to 1981. Tam Dalyell described him as \"one of the unsung architects of the Europe we have today,\" and in particular noted his goodwill towards the United Kingdom. Brunner was a member of the Bundestag from 1980 to 1981. In 1981 he served as Senator for the Economy and Deputy Mayor in the government of West Berlin. Brunner left German politics to become Ambassador to his country of birth, Spain, in 1981, and served until his retirement in 1992. Brunner was married to Christa n\u00e9e Speidel, the daughter of General Hans Speidel, the Supreme Commander of the NATO ground forces in Central Europe from 1957 to 1963. Tam Dalyell: Obituary: Guido Brunner, The Independent Guido Brunner - Federal Republic of Germany Archived 2012-07-30 at archive.today, CIA factsheet"
   },
   {
    "name": "Mercedes of Orl\u00e9ans",
    "id": "Q218879",
    "text": "Mar\u00eda de las Mercedes of Orl\u00e9ans (24 June 1860 \u2013 26 June 1878) was Queen of Spain as the first wife of King Alfonso XII. She was born in Madrid, the daughter of Antoine of Orl\u00e9ans, Duke of Montpensier, and of Infanta Luisa Fernanda of Spain. She was born at the Palacio Real in Madrid, the sixth of her parents' nine children, none of whom died in infancy but only four of whom would live to the age of 20. Her mother's elder sister, Queen Isabella II, and brother-in-law, King Francis, served as Mercedes' godparents at her christening, when she was given the names: Mar\u00eda de las Mercedes Isabel Francisca de As\u00eds Antonia Luisa Fernanda Felipa Amalia Cristina Francisca de Paula Ramona Rita Cayetana Manuela Juana Josefa Joaquina Ana Rafaela Filomena Teresa Sant\u00edsima Trinidad Gaspara Melchora Baltasara et omni sancti. Although Mercedes was patrilineally a French princess, she was also a Spanish infanta and spent the first eight years of her life in Spain. Her childhood was spent at the palace of San Telmo in Andalusia, her father's rumoured aspirations to obtain his sister-in-law's crown periodically rendering him unwelcome at the royal court in Madrid. When Queen Isabella II was deposed in 1868, Mercedes' family left Spain for exile. It was reportedly during that banishment, in 1872, that she met her first cousin Alfonso, Prince of Asturias, also living in exile. Upon restoration, King Alfonso married Mar\u00eda de las Mercedes at the church of Atocha, in Madrid on 23 January 1878, following a huge ball in December 1877. Allegedly the king's choice dashed the hopes of his still-exiled mother, Queen Isabella, for Alfonso's marriage to Infanta Blanca de Borb\u00f3n, daughter of his Carlist rival, Carlos, Duke of Madrid.[citation needed] Shortly after their honeymoon, it became evident that Queen Mercedes suffered from typhoid fever. The marriage would last only six months, during which she reportedly had a miscarriage. She died from the typhus on 26 June 1878, at 18 years old. The news of her demise spawned many folk songs accounting for it, most notably the famous copla (with many variations in Spain and the Americas), particularly popular among children delivered as song accompanying a skipping rope game. According to Benito P\u00e9rez Gald\u00f3s, he had already heard about it few days after the incident: \u00bfD\u00f3nde vas Alfonso XII? \u00bfD\u00f3nde vas triste de ti? Voy en busca de Mercedes que ayer tarde no la vi (\"Where are you going, Alfonso XII? Where are you going, sad man?\u2014I'm going in search of Mercedes whom I did not see yesterday afternoon...\"). A film about the romance between Mar\u00eda de las Mercedes and Alfonso XII, Where Are You Going, Alfonso XII? (with Paquita Rico starring as Mar\u00eda de las Mercedes) was released in 1958. Queen Mercedes co-initiated the building of the Cathedral of la Almudena in Madrid, opposite the royal palace, construction beginning in 1883.[citation needed] In May 2004 Felipe, Prince of Asturias was wed there to Letizia Ortiz. Queen Mercedes' remains were re-interred there on 8 November 2000, in accordance with the wishes of her widower. A town in the province of Isabela, located in the Philippines, was named Reina Mercedes in her honor during the Spanish colonial period. When the king's minister C\u00e1novas del Castillo suggested that he take a new wife, Alfonso acquiesced, choosing his Mercedes' sister, Maria Cristina. But she, too, contracted tuberculosis, and died during the engagement period.[citation needed] In late 1879 he married Archduchess Maria Christina of Austria-Teschen; the eldest of their children, the Princess of Asturias, was named in honour of Queen Mercedes. Willis, Daniel, The Descendants of Louis XIII, Clearfield Co., Inc., Baltimore, Maryland, 1999, p. 194; ISBN\u00a00-8063-4942-5. \"Mercedes de Orl\u00e9ans (1860-1878) - Find A Grave...\" www.findagrave.com. \"02 Nov 1878 - The Death of the Young Queen of Spain. - Trove\". Nla.gov.au. Retrieved 6 July 2018. MCNBiografias.com. \"Mar\u00eda de las Mercedes. Reina de Espa\u00f1a (1860-1878)\u00a0\u00bb MCNBiografias.com\". www.mcnbiografias.com. Pa\u00eds, Ediciones El (9 November 2000). \"Cumplida la \u00faltima voluntad de una reina\" \u2013 via elpais.com. \"Alfonso XII y Mar\u00eda de las Mercedes, real historia de amor - ArqueHistoria\". arquehistoria.com. Archived from the original on 6 April 2013. Retrieved 19 March 2013. \"Muere Mar\u00eda de las Mercedes de Orleans y Borb\u00f3n, cinco meses despu\u00e9s de casarse\". Madridiario. 26 June 2019. Parrado, Diego (9 November 2017). \"La sortija maldita de Alfonso XII\". Vanity Fair. Pallard\u00f3 Pardo, Esther (2016). \"La restauraci\u00f3n bajo el reinado de Alfonso XII desde la perspectiva de lo audiovisual\". Opci\u00f3n: Revista de Ciencias Humanas y Sociales (12): 120. ISSN\u00a01012-1587. Tejero Robledo, Eduardo (1998). \"La tradici\u00f3n oral en la cadena etnogr\u00e1fica\". Did\u00e1ctica. Lengua y Literatura. Madrid: Ediciones Complutense. 10: 148. Pallard\u00f3 Pardo 2016, pp.\u00a0114\u2013115."
   },
   {
    "name": "Philip, Duke of Parma",
    "id": "Q223293",
    "text": "Philip of Spain (15 March 1720 \u2013 18 July 1765) was Infante of Spain by birth, and Duke of Parma from 1748 to 1765. He founded the House of Bourbon-Parma, a cadet line of the Spanish branch of the dynasty. He was a son-in-law of Louis XV. Born at the Royal Alcazar in Madrid as Felipe de Borb\u00f3n y Farnesio, he was the third child and second son of Philip V of Spain and his wife, Elisabeth Farnese. He was raised in Madrid and as a child showed more interest in art than in politics. He was also the 12th Count of Chinch\u00f3n and Grandee of Spain First Class with a coat of arms of Bourbon after the alienation with royal authorization in 1738 of the 11th Count of Chinch\u00f3n, Don Jose Sforza-Cesarini, Duke of Canzano, a title he later ceded to his brother Louis in 1754. His mother came from the family of Farnese, which had ruled the Duchy of Parma, Piacenza and Guastalla for many generations. The duchy had been ruled between 1731 and 1736 by his elder brother Charles, but was exchanged with Austria for The Two Sicilies after the War of Polish Succession. Twelve years later, in the Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle (1748), Austria lost the duchy and Philip became the new duke, founding the House of Bourbon-Parma. As part of the Second Treaty of Versailles (1757) between Austria and France, it was intended that Philip would become king of the Southern Netherlands in a deal that would see French troops occupy key positions in the country \u2013 however this arrangement was repudiated by the subsequent Third Treaty of Versailles and Philip continued in Parma. The Duchy of Parma was ruined by many years of warfare, and in 1759 Philip named the able Frenchman Guillaume du Tillot as his minister to restore the economy. Philip was an enlightened ruler who stimulated education and philosophy, attracting personalities like \u00c9tienne Bonnot de Condillac. Philip married his first cousin once removed Princess Louise \u00c9lisabeth of France in Alcal\u00e1 de Henares, Spain on 25 October 1739. They had the following children: Isabella Luisa Antonietta Ferdinanda Giuseppina Saveria Dominica Giovanna of Parma (31 December 1741 \u2013 27 November 1763) \u2013 she married Marie Antoinette's older brother, the Austrian emperor, Joseph II. She had issue, but all her children died in childhood. Ferdinando Maria Filippo Lodovico Sebastiano Francesco Giacomo of Parma (20 January 1751 \u2013 9 October 1802), ) \u2013 he succeeded his father as Duke of Parma in 1765 and married his older sister's sister-in-law, Archduchess Maria Amalia of Austria. He left issue. Luisa Maria Teresa Ana of Parma (9 December 1751 \u2013 2 January 1819) \u2013 she was known as Maria Luisa. She was Queen of Spain as the wife of her cousin, Charles IV of Spain. She left issue. Their marriage was an unhappy one, and Louise Elisabeth died of smallpox at the age of 32 in 1759. Philip died unexpectedly on 18 July 1765 in Alessandria, Italy, after having accompanied his daughter Maria Luisa on her way to Genoa, where she sailed for Spain to marry Infante Charles. Through Philip's daughter Maria Luisa, he is an ancestor of the Bourbons of Spain, the Bourbons of the Two Sicilies, and the House of Orl\u00e9ans. \u00a0France: Knight of the Order of the Holy Spirit (22 March 1736) Heraldry of Philip, Duke of Parma Coat of arms as Infante of Spain Coat of Arms as Duke of Parma, Piacenza and Guastalla Genealogie ascendante jusqu'au quatrieme degre inclusivement de tous les Rois et Princes de maisons souveraines de l'Europe actuellement vivans [Genealogy up to the fourth degree inclusive of all the Kings and Princes of sovereign houses of Europe currently living] (in French). Bourdeaux: Frederic Guillaume Birnstiel. 1768. p.\u00a08. Balechou, Jean Joseph. \"Don Philippe, Infant d'Espagne\" (in Portuguese). National Library of Portugal. Retrieved 18 March 2013. \"Parma, Fernando I de Borb\u00f3n, Duque de (1751-1802)\". Ex-Libris Database (in Spanish). Royal Library of Spain. Retrieved 18 March 2013."
   },
   {
    "name": "Luis de Guindos",
    "id": "Q225880",
    "text": "Luis de Guindos Jurado (born 16 January 1960) is a Spanish politician who currently serves as the Vice President of the European Central Bank. He was the Minister of Economy, Industry and Competitiveness of Spain between 2011 and 2018. De Guindos was born in Madrid, Spain, on 16 January 1960. He is a Bachelor of Economics and Business at the Colegio Universitario de Estudios Financieros. De Guindos was once the Managing Partner of Advisors AB, secretary of the magazine \"Business Information Spanish\", and vocal advisor to the Secretary of State for Economy of Spain and Head of Technical Office of the General Secretariat of Commerce. In late 1996, de Guindos was appointed General Director for Economic and Competitiveness. He has served on the board of Renfe between 1997 and 2000 and the Official Credit Institute from 2000 to 2002. In May 2000 was appointed Secretary in General for Economy, and State Industrial Holdings Company. He was Secretary of State for Economic Affairs under Minister for Economic Affairs Rodrigo Rato in the last government led by Jos\u00e9 Mar\u00eda Aznar and was succeeded by David Vegara. In this capacity, he was in charge of overseeing Spain's entry into the eurozone. In 2006, de Guindos was appointed advisor for Lehman Brothers in Europe and director of its subsidiary bank in Spain and Portugal, where he remained until the collapse and declaration of bankruptcy of the latter in 2008. Subsequently, de Guindos became responsible for the finance division of Pricewaterhouse Coopers. Finally, and in a largely ceremonial role, he was appointed as a professor of finance at the PwC and IE Financial Sector Center of IE Business School (Madrid), between 2010\u20132012, before joining as a minister. He was also a board member of Endesa SA, a Spanish power company. From 2011, de Guindos worked for the board of Mare Nostrum Bank, which was formed in 2010 from a merger of savings banks, until he resigned to become part of the Rajoy government led by Mariano Rajoy in December of that year. De Guindos has served as economy minister in Rajoy's centre-right government since it took office in December 2011 and is credited with steering Spain to economic recovery following the euro zone's 2009\u20132014 crisis. He played a crucial role in negotiating the European Union's \u20ac100 billion bailout of Spain's stricken savings banks, and in spearheading the country's overhaul of the banking sector, labour market and other parts of the economy. His implementation of a program of both structural reforms and austerity measures has earned praise from Spain's European partners and the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD), which estimated that no country other than Greece had implemented more structural reforms than Spain. In 2012, de Guindos and Rajoy initially blocked the appointment of Yves Mersch to succeed Jos\u00e9 Manuel Gonz\u00e1lez Paramo as member of the Executive Board of the European Central Bank, instead putting forward ECB General Counsel Antonio S\u00e1inz de Vicu\u00f1a y Barroso for the role. At the time, analysts said that if Spain had nominated de Guindo's predecessor Elena Salgado for the board, she would have been a shoo-in instead of Mersch who was ultimately elected. In January 2014, de Guindos was elected co-chair (alongside Anders Borg, later Valdis Dombrovskis) of the EPP Economic and Financial Affairs Ministers Meeting, which gathers the center-right European People's Party (EPP) ministers ahead of meetings of the Economic and Financial Affairs Council (ECOFIN. In August 2014, German Chancellor Angela Merkel, who also belongs to the EPP political bloc, gave him her backing in his bid to succeed Jeroen Dijsselbloem as leading the Eurogroup from mid-2015; Securing the Eurogroup post for de Guindos was a key political goal for Rajoy, who hoped that his appointment will cement perceptions both at home and abroad that Spain has emerged from crisis and can be taken seriously once again at international level. Meanwhile, on 5 June 2015, Dijsselbloem announced he would seek a second term, prompting de Guindos saying he would mount a challenge. At a Eurogroup meeting in July 2015, Dijsselbloem picked up 10 votes, with the remaining countries subsequently deciding to vote unanimously for his second term. In late 2015, de Guindos announced that Spain would have a budget deficit of less than 3 percent of GDP by 2016. However, after the country missed its 2015 public deficit target of 4.2 percent during months of fruitless coalition talks following inconclusive national elections, Rajoy and de Guindos signaled they were open to asking the European Commission for flexibility on the target. When the Commission eventually began formal disciplinary procedures against Spain and Portugal in 2016 for their excessive deficits in 2014 and 2015, de Guindos publicly promised that Spain would escape any sanctions from the European Union. When Spain's acting Industry Minister Jos\u00e9 Manuel Soria resigned in April 2016 following allegations of links to offshore dealings which emerged after he was named in the Panama Papers, de Guindos took on Soria's brief alongside his current responsibilities. De Guindos continued to be in charge of the newly expanded portfolio in the second Rajoy Government from November 2016 on. In 2017, de Guindos was widely seen as a natural successor to replace Jeroen Dijsselbloem as next chairman of the Eurogroup but he ruled himself out early in favour of an expected candidacy to become Vice-President of the European Central Bank. After Ireland withdrew the candidacy of Philip Lane in February 2018, German Finance Minister Peter Altmaier was one of the first among his peers to openly endorse de Guindos. In March 2018, De Guindos finally left his position as Minister and Rom\u00e1n Escolano replaced him. On 14 March 2018, a majority of the European Parliament endorsed him as new ECB Vice-President. European Systemic Risk Board (ESRB), Ex-Officio Member European Investment Bank (EIB), Ex-Officio Member of the Board of Governors (2011-2018) European Stability Mechanism (ESM), Member of the Board of Governors (2012-2018) African Development Bank (AfDB), Ex-Officio Member of the Board of Governors (2011-2018) Asian Development Bank (ADB), Ex-Officio Member of the Board of Governors (2011-2018) Central American Bank for Economic Integration (CABEI), Ex-Officio Member of the Board of Governors (2011-2018) European Bank for Reconstruction and Development (EBRD), Ex-Officio Member of the Board of Governors (2011-2018) Inter-American Investment Corporation (IIC), Ex-Officio Member of the Board of Governors (2011-2018) International Monetary Fund (IMF), Ex-Officio Member of the Board of Governors (2011-2018) Multilateral Investment Guarantee Agency (MIGA), World Bank Group, Ex-Officio Member of the Board of Governors (2011-2018) World Bank, Ex-Officio Member of the Board of Governors (2011-2018) ELCANO \u2013 Royal Institute for International and Strategic Studies, Member of the Board of Trustees De Guindos, who is married with two children, is a practicing Roman Catholic. In September 2014, he attended the beatification of one of the leaders of the conservative Opus Dei movement. Yet in the press he has said he supports the right of gay people to marry and did not support the government's 2014 proposal to outlaw abortion. During his second term in office, de Guindos rejected a potential bailout of troubled Banco Popular with public money. John Fraher and Angeline Benoit (April 27, 2012). \"Spain Rules Out Bailout as De Guindos Says Banks Funded\". Bloomberg. Retrieved June 10, 2012. \"Ministerio de Economia Luis de Guindos presenta el cuadro macroecon\u00f3mico que prev\u00e9 un crecimiento del 3% para 2004\" (PDF). Ministry of Economy and Finance (Spain). Retrieved June 10, 2012. Daniel Woolls and Sarah DiLorenzo (June 9, 2012). \"Europe bailout of Spain could cost $125 billion\". The Washington Times. Retrieved June 10, 2012. Empresa (EOC) insider: Luis Jurado Retrieved June 10, 2012 Nicholas Hirst (October 2, 2014), Luis de Guindos: reform champion European Voice. \"Spain names ex-Lehman executive as economy minister\". BBC News. BBC. December 21, 2011. Retrieved June 10, 2012. \"Spain's new Prime Minister Mariano Rajoy has named ex-Lehman Brothers banker Luis de Guindos in the pivotal job as economy minister\". RT\u00c9 News. RT\u00c9. December 21, 2011. Retrieved June 10, 2012. \"Luis de Guindos deja Pricewaterhouse y pasa al Instituto de Empresa\". El Pais (in Spanish). Madrid: Prisa. February 2, 2010. Retrieved June 10, 2012. Ross-Thomas, Emma; Penty, Charles (December 22, 2011). \"Lehman Banker, Budget Expert Picked to Steer Spain's Economy\". Bloomberg Business. Bloomberg L.P. Retrieved 3 May 2019. \"Commercial Banks: Company Overview of Banco Mare Nostrum, S.A.\" Businessweek. 18 January 2013. Archived from the original on 18 January 2013. Retrieved June 10, 2012. Robin Emmott (April 25, 2015), Spain to bid for euro zone chair in challenge to Dijsselbloem Reuters. Tobias Buck and Peter Spiegel (June 9, 2015), De Guindos fights for eurogroup job, with Spanish pride at stake Financial Times. Nicholas Hirst (October 2, 2014), Luis de Guindos: reform champion European Voice. Andrew Gardner (November 22, 2013), Mersch appointed to ECB European Voice. Claire Davenport (November 5, 2012), Spain opposes appointment of Yves Mersch to ECB Reuters. Council of the EU and Ministerial meetings European People\u2019s Party (EPP). Spain: Luis de Guindos appointed Co-Chairman of the EPP Ecofin Ministers group European People\u2019s Party (EPP), press release of 28 January 2014. Merkel backs Spain economy minister to lead Eurogroup RT\u00c9 News and Current Affairs, August 25, 2014. Tobias Buck and Peter Spiegel (August 25, 2014), Angela Merkel backs Luis de Guindos to chair eurozone finance ministers\u2019 group Financial Times. Toby Sterling (June 5, 2015), Netherlands' Dijsselbloem seeks second term as Eurogroup president Reuters. Zeke Turner (July 13, 2015), Dijsselbloem secures second term Politico Europe. Gernot Heller (September 1, 2015), Spain is best example that Europe is doing things right: Schaeuble Reuters. Rodrigo de Miguel and Sarah White (February 12, 2016), Spain likely missed deficit goal in 2015: economy minister Reuters. Jesus Aguado (July 7, 2016), Spain says will escape EU deficit sanction, set new fiscal path Reuters. Paul Day (April 15, 2016), Spanish minister resigns after links to offshore deals alleged Reuters. Adrian Croft and Jes\u00fas Aguado (November 4, 2016), Cabinet reshaped by Spain's Rajoy draws strong opposition criticism Reuters. Mehreen Khan (December 5, 2017), The Eurogroup\u2019s revolution is on hold Financial Times. Maria Tadeo and Carolynn Look (February 19, 2018), Spain Secures ECB for Guindos After Long Campaign to Regain Seat Bloomberg News. http://www.europarl.europa.eu: Parliament endorses Luis de Guindos as new ECB Vice-President Members European Systemic Risk Board (ESRB). Board of Governors European Investment Bank (EIB). Board of Governors: Luis de Guindos European Stability Mechanism. AfDB Annual Report 2017 African Development Bank (AfDB). Board of Governors Central American Bank for Economic Integration (CABEI). Board of Governors European Bank for Reconstruction and Development (EBRD). Board of Governors International Monetary Fund (IMF). Board of Governors Multilateral Investment Guarantee Agency (MIGA), World Bank Group. Board of Governors World Bank. Board of Trustees ELCANO \u2013 Royal Institute for International and Strategic Studies. Hirst, Nicholas (October 2, 2014). \"Luis de Guindos: reform champion\". European Voice. Retrieved 3 May 2019. Gonz\u00e1lez, Andr\u00e9s; Aguado, Jes\u00fas (May 19, 2017). \"Santander or Bankia viewed as likely saviors for Spain's Popular\". Reuters. Madrid. Retrieved 3 May 2019."
   },
   {
    "name": "Virginia Ruano Pascual",
    "id": "Q229093",
    "text": "Virginia Ruano Pascual (Spanish pronunciation:\u00a0[bi\u027e\u02c8xinja \u02c8rwano pas\u02c8kwal]; born 21 September 1973) is a Spanish former professional tennis player. She had moderate success in singles, winning three career titles as well as reaching two Grand Slam quarterfinals and a top-30 ranking, but she had been far more successful in doubles. She won 43 career doubles titles, including eleven at Grand Slam tournaments: ten in women's doubles (eight partnering Paola Su\u00e1rez, and two partnering Anabel Medina Garrigues) and one in mixed doubles (partnering Tom\u00e1s Carbonell). Between 2002 and 2004, Virginia and Paola reached nine consecutive Grand Slam tournament finals (won five) and they reached at least the semifinals of the last twelve Grand Slam tournaments they played in. Their winning run came to an end when they lost in the Wimbledon semifinals. Her father, Juan Manuel, works for Iberia Airlines; her mother, Virginia, is a housewife. Her brother, Juan Ramon, is a tennis pro at a club and also serves as her coach and her sister, Marbella, works in administration. Initially, she hyphenated her family names, but she has omitted the hyphen since 1998. (W) Won; (F) finalist; (SF) semifinalist; (QF) quarterfinalist; (#R) rounds 4, 3, 2, 1; (RR) round-robin stage; (Q#) qualification round; (DNQ) did not qualify; (A) absent; (NH) not held. SR=strike rate (events won/competed) Named WTA Tour Doubles Team of the Year for third straight year for 2004 with partner Paola Su\u00e1rez. With partner Paola Su\u00e1rez, received Premio Consagraci\u00f3n Clar\u00edn al M\u00e9rito Deportivo 2003, an award presented to Argentine athletes for their achievements With partner Paola Su\u00e1rez, named 2002 WTA Tour Doubles Team of the Year and 2002 ITF Women's Doubles World Champions In 1993 helped Spain recapture the Fed Cup title and defended it in 1994 Virginia Ruano Pascual at the Women's Tennis Association Virginia Ruano Pascual at the International Tennis Federation Virginia Ruano Pascual at the Billie Jean King Cup"
   },
   {
    "name": "Elsa Pataky",
    "id": "Q230123",
    "text": "Elsa Lafuente Medianu (pronounced\u00a0[\u02c8elsa la\u02c8fwente me\u02c8\u00f0janu]; born 18 July 1976), known professionally as Elsa Pataky, is a Spanish model and actress. Pataky is known for her role as Elena Neves in The Fast and the Furious franchise. She has appeared in the films Snakes on a Plane (2006), Giallo (2009) and Give 'Em Hell, Malone (2009). She also starred in the Spanish film Di Di Hollywood (2010). Pataky was born Elsa Lafuente Medianu in Madrid, Spain, the daughter of Jos\u00e9 Francisco Lafuente, a Spanish biochemist, and Cristina Medianu Pataky, a Romanian publicist. She has a younger half-brother: Cristian Prieto Medianu, a cinematographic director. She uses the surname Pataky in homage to her maternal grandmother: Rosa Pataky. Pataky attended the Universidad CEU San Pablo, studying journalism and taking acting classes. In addition to Spanish and Romanian, she is fluent in English, Italian, Portuguese, and French. Pataky was a member of the Madrid theatre company Teatro C\u00e1mara de \u00c1ngel Guti\u00e9rrez. Eventually, she left school when she was cast in the television series Al salir de clase. Some of her subsequent films were co-productions with the UK and France, which introduced her to working in English and French. She was in the cast of the television series Queen of Swords (2000) as Se\u00f1ora Vera Hidalgo, trophy wife of Gaspar Hidalgo and mistress of Captain Grisham, credited in the opening titles but appearing in only 14 of the 22 episodes. She also had a recurring role in the television series Los Serrano, playing teacher Raquel, who fell in love with her student Marcos (Fran Perea).[citation needed] Pataky has appeared in over 10 Spanish films and co-starred in the French film Iznogoud (2004). She was also on the cover of August 2006 issue of Maxim. She was cast in 2009 in the Mexican series Mujeres Asesinas as Paula Moncada in the episode \"Ana y Paula, Ultrajadas\". She also starred in the action noir film Give 'Em Hell, Malone and Dario Argento's Giallo.[citation needed] Pataky became the female face for the first collection of Time Force's jewelry line Ultimate Jewel, opposite football star Cristiano Ronaldo. She played Officer Elena Neves in the movie Fast Five, with Dwayne Johnson as her partner, Luke Hobbs. MTV Networks' NextMovie.com named her one of the Breakout Stars to Watch for in 2011. Pataky was a stand in for Natalie Portman in the post end credit scene in Thor: The Dark World. Pataky reprised her role as Elena Neves in Fast & Furious 6 (2013), Furious 7 (2015), and The Fate of the Furious (2017), respectively the sixth, seventh, and eighth installments of The Fast and the Furious film series. In 2018, Pataky starred in the Australian web television series Tidelands as Adrielle Cuthbert. It was released on 14 December 2018 on Netflix. Pataky will be playing the lead role in Interceptor, directed by Matthew Reilly, which is set for early 2022 release. She dated French actor Micha\u00ebl Youn from 2004 to 2006. She started dating American actor Adrien Brody in 2006. The pair broke up in 2009. She started dating Australian actor Chris Hemsworth in early 2010 after meeting through their mutual representatives. Pataky and Hemsworth married during the Christmas holidays in 2010. They have three children together: a daughter, India Rose, born in May 2012, and twin sons, Tristan and Sasha, born in March 2014. In 2015, Pataky and Hemsworth moved from Los Angeles to Byron Bay in his native Australia. In September 2012, Pataky won \u20ac310,000 in Spain's Supreme Court against publishing group Ediciones Zeta. In March 2007, Interviu magazine, owned by the Zeta, published topless photos of Pataky that had been taken with a long lens while Pataky was changing clothes during a photoshoot for Elle magazine. The Zeta group said it would appeal against the decision. \"Elsa Pataky\". Movies & TV Dept. The New York Times. Baseline & All Movie Guide. 2015. Archived from the original on 5 April 2015. Retrieved 13 June 2012. \"Elsa Pataky Biography\". Yahoo! Movies. Archived from the original on 29 June 2011. \"Elsa Pataky\". Vogue Italia. Retrieved 21 June 2010. Elsa Pataky (3 May 2018). \"El secreto de una vida larga y saludable (The secret of a long and healthy life)\". Glamour: Elsa Pataky Confidential \u2013 El blog de Elsa Pataky. Retrieved 25 January 2019. \"Blog Alumni CEU: Elsa Pataky y Ana Pastor\". Universidad de San Pablo CEU. Retrieved 13 February 2018. \"Actors and Actresses Who Speak Multiple Languages\". Retrieved 21 May 2019. \"20 things to know about Chris Hemsworth's wife, Elsa Pataky\". sheknows.com. 21 June 2016. Retrieved 21 May 2019. \"Elsa Pataki presented Time Force jewelry collection\". Be Global Fashion Network. 6 December 2011. Retrieved 26 April 2011. Evry, Max (5 January 2011). \"25 Breakout Stars to Watch for in 2011\". Next Movie. Retrieved 10 April 2011. Lee, Esther (3 December 2013). \"Natalie Portman: Chris Hemsworth's Wife Elsa Pataky Was Stand-In\". Us Weekly. Retrieved 13 February 2018. \"Djimon Hounsou Joins Fast & Furious 7\". Empire. 12 September 2013. Retrieved 13 November 2013. \"Elsa Pataky Will Play A Half-Siren, Half-Human In Netflix's First OG Australian Series\". Elle Australia. 26 March 2018. Retrieved 16 December 2018. \"Author Matthew Reilly goes from books to big screen in Interceptor directing debut\". ABC News Australia. Retrieved 11 October 2021. Jordan, Julie (28 December 2010). \"Thor Star Chris Hemsworth Gets Married\". People. Retrieved 25 February 2019. Macaluso, Beth Anne (12 May 2012). \"Chris Hemsworth's Wife Elsa Pataky Gives Birth to Daughter India!\". US Weekly. Retrieved 12 May 2012. Pataky, Elsa. \"C\u00f3mo he preparado la llegada de los beb\u00e9s\". Glamour (in Spanish). Retrieved 25 March 2014. Nudd, Tim; Jordan, Julie (25 March 2014). \"Chris Hemsworth and Elsa Pataky Name Twin Sons Tristan and Sasha\". People. Archived from the original on 21 March 2014. Retrieved 25 February 2019. Kehagias, Melissa (27 September 2014). \"Chris Hemsworth has bought himself a $7 million Byron Bay home\". The Daily Telegraph (Sydney). Archived from the original on 24 March 2018. Retrieved 23 November 2015. Govan, Fiona (18 September 2012). \"Spanish actress Elsa Pataky wins topless photo case\". The Daily Telegraph. Retrieved 12 August 2014. \"Films\". ElsaPataky.com. Retrieved 13 June 2012. \"Paths That Cross in Los Angeles\". The New York Times. 28 July 2011. Retrieved 8 July 2013. Lee, Esther (3 December 2013). \"Natalie Portman: Chris Hemsworth's Wife Elsa Pataky Was My Stand-In For Kissing Scene in Thor: The Dark World\". Us Weekly. Archived from the original on 4 December 2013. Retrieved 4 December 2013. \"Elsa Pataky regresa la gran pantalla con Fast & Furious 8\". abc.es. Retrieved 17 May 2016. \"The Christmas Tale (2005)\". Film Reel Reviews. 10 December 2010. Archived from the original on 8 July 2013. Retrieved 8 July 2013. Official website Elsa Pataky at IMDb\u00a0"
   },
   {
    "name": "Massiel",
    "id": "Q230544",
    "text": "Mar\u00eda de los \u00c1ngeles Felisa Santamar\u00eda Espinosa (born 2 August 1947), professionally known as Massiel, is a Spanish pop singer. She won the Eurovision Song Contest 1968 with the song \"La, la, la\", beating the British pop singer Cliff Richard's \"Congratulations\". She decided to abandon her music career in 1996, but released another album a year later and a further one in 2007, along with two new editions of 1970s albums. Massiel was born in Madrid, Spain. Her Asturian father, Emilio Santamaria Mart\u00edn, was an artistic manager, so she was around singers and groups from her earliest childhood, and at a young age she decided to become a singer, actress, and songwriter. Her Asturian mother was Concepci\u00f3n Espinosa Pe\u00f1as (1920-2011). Her first recordings were released in 1966: Di que no, No s\u00e9 porqu\u00e9, Llueve, No comprendo, Y sabes qu\u00e9 vi, Rufo el pescador, Aleluya and El era mi amigo. The song Rosas en el mar, written by her friend Luis Eduardo Aute in 1967, established her as a singer in Spain and Latin America. In 1967, she acted in the movie Vestida de novia. On 29 March 1968 Massiel was asked to replace singer-songwriter Joan Manuel Serrat as Spain's representative at the Eurovision Song Contest. Serrat had intended to sing in Catalan, but the Francoist State would not allow this and insisted that the entry be performed in accordance with the language policies of Francoist Spain, Castilian, as part of the Francoist language system\u2014hence the last-minute substitution of Massiel as singer. Nine days before the contest, Massiel was on tour in Mexico. She returned to Spain, learned the song, and recorded it in five languages. On April 6 in London, she beat the favorite, Cliff Richard with \"Congratulations\", by one point and won the contest. Her song, \"La, la, la\", was written by Ram\u00f3n Arcusa and Manuel de la Calva. A 2008 Spanish documentary by La Sexta accused Spain's television company TVE of bribing judges on the orders of General Franco. This allegation was based on a statement by journalist Jos\u00e9 Mar\u00eda \u00cd\u00f1igo, who would later claim that he had repeated a widespread rumour and that his words had been taken out of context. Both Massiel and I\u00f1igo accused La Sexta of manufacturing the scandal. Some years later, she performed dramatic roles in theatrical productions like A los hombres futuros, yo Bertolt Brecht (1972), Corridos de la revoluci\u00f3n: Mexico 1910 (1976) and Antonio and Cleopatra in the early 1980s. From 1966 to 1998, Massiel recorded songs of different genres for five record companies: Zafiro, PolyGram, Hispavox, Bat Discos and Emasstor. Her discography includes around 50 records released as EPs, singles, LPs, CDs and compilations. In 1997 she released a Spanish album called Baladas Y Canciones De Bertolt Brecht. Massiel returned in 1981 with a brand-new sound and a new record label, Hispavox. Her label d\u00e9but, Tiempos Dificiles, was a major comeback in Spain where songs like \"El Amor\", \"Hello America\" and covers of Mexican songs \"Eres\" (written by Jos\u00e9 Mar\u00eda Napole\u00f3n) and \"El Noa Noa\" (written by Juan Gabriel) not only exposed Mexican talent in Spain but were very popular for the singer. Massiel would finish her pop comeback in 1983 with her career-defining record, Corazon De Hierro. Not only was this album successful in her native country, but it was also her reconciliation with Latin America. The song \"Brindaremos Por El\" was a massive hit worldwide and topped the charts in many countries. In many ways, Massiel came back to the continent that loved her so throughout the 1960s. During the 1980s, Massiel was an invited artist at the Festival de Vi\u00f1a del Mar in Chile because of her local popularity. At the time Chile was under the rule of Augusto Pinochet. After singing for an hour, Massiel received the festival's most important prize, La Gaviota de Plata (The Silver Seagull). In her speech of gratitude she said: \"Thank you Chile, I would like to let you know that Patricio Manns says hello from the Andes Mountains.\" The public cheered and celebrated her announcement as Patricio Manns is a well-known composer, poet and member of the Communist Party of Chile who was in exile in Sweden following the 11 September 1973 coup d'\u00e9tat against Salvador Allende. She re-recorded her Eurovision winner \"La, la, la\" in 1997, with a 'hip-hop' beat, background singers, whistling and Spanish percussion. In 1998, Massiel appeared in the film Cantando a la Vida, which profiled a winner of a European Song festival suddenly disappearing. Massiel had the lead role of Maria and also sang the entire soundtrack to the film. In 2001, Massiel fell out of the window of her second-floor flat while \"trying to close the shutters\" (although many speculate she fell while drunk) and was hospitalized briefly. In 2005, she appeared on the 50th Anniversary Special of the Eurovision Song Contest and sang the song that made her internationally famous. In 2007 she became a member of the Mission Eurovision jury, a show to select the Spanish song for the Eurovision Song Contest 2007. She made a short comeback to music on this show, singing \"Busco un hombre\", a song competing to be Spain's entry but to be sung by another singer. It had been 11 years since Massiel had been on stage. In 2012, Massiel starred in the Spanish production of \"Follies\" by Stephen Sondheim under the direction of Mario Gas, in the role of Carlotta Campion, the yesteryear movie star who sings the iconic tune \"I'm still here\". The production ran from February to April at the Teatro Espa\u00f1ol in Madrid. Some singles: 1966 \"Di que no\" 1966 \"\u00c9l era mi amigo\"/\"S\u00e9 que ries al pensar\" 1967 \"Rosas en el mar\" #1 Mexico 1967 \"Aleluya N\u00ba1\" #1 Mexico 1967 \"La moza de los ojos tristes\"/\"Mirlos, molinos y sol\" 1968 \"La La La\"/\"Pensamientos, sentimientos\" 1968 \"La La La (German version)\" International 1968 \"La La La\"/Pensamientos, sentimientos\" International 1968 \"La La La\"/\"He gives me love (La La La English version)\" International 1968 \"La La La\"/\"Las estrellas lo sabr\u00e1n\" International 1968 \"La La La\"/\"Rosas en el mar\" International 1968 \"Deja la flor\"/\"Sol de medianoche\" 1968 \"Las rocas y el mar\"/\"Vida y muerte\" 1968 \"Ni\u00f1os y hombres\"/\"A espaldas de mi pueblo\" 1969 \"Am\u00e9n\"/\"Ay volar\" 1970 \"Cantan las sirenas\"/\"Canciones\" 1970 \"Detr\u00e1s de la monta\u00f1a\"/Viejo marino\" 1971 \"Dormido amor\" 1972 \"Balada de Maria Sanders\"/Balada de la comodidad\" 1973 \"Rompe los silencios\"/\"Corriendo, corriendo\" 1977 \"Tu me preguntas si soy feliz\"/\"Para vivir\" 1981 \"El Noa Noa\"/\"El Amor\" 1982 \"Eres/De 7 a 9\" 1982 \"Tiempos dif\u00edciles\"/\"Loca\" 1983 \"Marinero\"/\"Otra mujer\" 1983 \"Brindaremos por \u00e9l\"/\"Ay la nena\" 1983 \"M\u00e1s fuerte\"/\"Basta de peleas\" 1984 \"Acorde\u00f3n\" 1984 \"Voy a empezar de nuevo\"/\"Te fuiste\" 1985 \"Vaca pagana\"/\"Popurr\u00ed\" 1985 \"Rosas en el mar\" 1985 \"Qu\u00e9 m\u00e1s quisiera yo\" 1986 \"Volver\u00e1n\"/\"Hoy me he propuesto pensar en ti\" 1986 \"Lo que cambie por ti\"/\"Poco despu\u00e9s de las 12 de un 20 de marzo\" 1990 \"Ese es mi pueblo\" Some albums and LPs: 1966 EP \"Di que no\" 1968 BSO \"Cantando a la vida\" 1970 Massiel en M\u00e9xico 1972 Baladas de Bertolt Brecht 1972 Lo mejor de Massiel 1975 Viva 1976 Carabina 30-30 1977 Alineaci\u00f3n 1981 Tiempos dif\u00edciles 1982 Rosas en el mar 1983 Coraz\u00f3n de hierro 1984 Sola en libertad 1985 Massiel en Des...Concierto 1986 Desde dentro 1990 Deslices 1997 Des\u00e1tame 1997 Autoretrato: Lo mejor de Massiel 1998 Grandes \u00c9xitos 1999 Todas sus grabaciones en Polydor (1976\u20131977) 2003 Sus primeros a\u00f1os (1966\u20131975) 2 CD's 2007 Massiel canta a Bertolt Brecht (CD + Book) 2008 Sus \u00e1lbumes \"Massiel\". Members.tripod.com. Retrieved 2014-06-06. Govan, Fiona (2008-05-04). \"How General Franco cheated Cliff Richard out of Eurovision title\". Telegraph. Archived from the original on 2012-05-27. Retrieved 2014-06-06. \"Massiel e I\u00f1igo acusan a La Sexta de \"urdir todo para favorecer a Chiquilicuatre\"\". El Mundo (in Spanish). 6 May 2008. Retrieved 3 December 2009. Cantando a la vida, retrieved 2020-03-25 \"As\u00ed ha cambiado Massiel\". Lecturas (in Spanish). 2016-08-02. Retrieved 2020-03-31. The Ye-Ye Girls Website 'Cantando a la Vida' on the Internet Movie Database Information on Massiel's near-fatal fall from a second-floor window (in Spanish)"
   },
   {
    "name": "Infanta Cristina of Spain",
    "id": "Q230580",
    "text": "Infanta Cristina of Spain (Cristina Federica Victoria Antonia de la Sant\u00edsima Trinidad de Borb\u00f3n y de Grecia, born 13 June 1965) is the younger daughter of King Juan Carlos I and Queen Sof\u00eda. As of 2015[update] she is sixth in the line of succession to the Spanish throne, after her brother King Felipe VI's children, her sister Elena, and Elena's children. From 2013 she was investigated and later tried for fraud and acquitted of corruption involving a company owned by Cristina and her husband. Despite the acquittal, she was nonetheless stripped of her title of Duchess of Palma de Mallorca by Felipe as result of the case. Cristina de Borb\u00f3n was born on 13 June 1965 at Our Lady of Loreto Hospital, now known as ORPEA Madrid Loreto in Madrid and was baptized into the Church at the Palacio de La Zarzuela by the Archbishop of Madrid. Her godparents were Alfonso, Duke of Anjou and C\u00e1diz (her first cousin once removed), and Infanta Maria Cristina of Spain (great-aunt). She is a sailor, and competed in the Tornado event at the 1988 Summer Olympics. She received her secondary education at Santa Mar\u00eda del Camino School before graduating from the Universidad Complutense de Madrid in 1989 with a degree in political science. She pursued postgraduate studies at New York University, obtaining an MA in international relations in 1990. In 1991, she gained practical experience working at the UNESCO headquarters in Paris.[citation needed] She speaks Spanish, Catalan, English, French, and Greek. Cristina married team handball player I\u00f1aki Urdangar\u00edn in Barcelona on 4 October 1997. On this occasion, she was created Duchess of Palma de Mallorca for life. The couple have four children, all born at Teknon Medical Centre in Barcelona: Juan Valent\u00edn Urdangarin y Borb\u00f3n (born 29 September 1999), Pablo Nicol\u00e1s Sebasti\u00e1n Urdangarin y de Borb\u00f3n (born 6 December 2000), Miguel Urdangarin y Borb\u00f3n (born 30 April 2002), Irene Urdangarin y Borb\u00f3n (born 5 June 2005). They lived in Washington, D.C. from 2009 to 2012, where her husband worked for Telef\u00f3nica. In August 2013 she moved with her four children to Geneva, Switzerland, to take a job with the Caixa Foundation, while her husband, who is the subject of an embezzlement investigation, remained in Barcelona. Her husband was investigated from early 2012 on suspicion of fraudulently obtaining millions in public funds in the N\u00f3os case. In April 2013, Infanta Cristina was formally named as a suspect in the case by the judge in charge. When invited to comment, a Royal Household spokesman said that the Casa Real \"does not comment on judicial decisions\", yet the next day, after the anti-corruption prosecutor announced that he would appeal the decision, it relented by expressing \"absolute conformity\" with the legal authorities. In light of the forthcoming trial, she and her children moved to Geneva, Switzerland, in summer 2013. On 7 January 2014, a Spanish judge charged her with tax fraud and money laundering and ordered her to appear in court. The infanta made her first appearance in the Majorca Court on 8 February 2014, where she denied any knowledge of her husband's dealings. Spanish judge Jose Castro formalised charges against Infanta Cristina on 25 June 2014. In November 2014 the High Court of Palma de Mallorca upheld tax fraud charges against the princess, paving the way for her to face trial; however, it decided to drop money-laundering charges. Her lawyers maintained that they remained completely convinced of her innocence. On 22 December 2014 the High Court of the Balearic Islands announced that Infanta Cristina, her husband, and 15 others would stand trial on tax fraud charges \"as soon as next year\". On 12 June 2015, King Felipe VI officially deprived his sister of her dukedom, privately announcing his intention beforehand. Pursuant to their meeting in person on 12 June Infanta Cristina wrote to the king (her brother) requesting the forfeiture of her noble title, immediately following which a royal decree to that effect was issued.[failed verification] According to newspaper El Pa\u00eds, between 1995 and 2013 the Spanish monarchy's approval rating dropped from 7.5 to 3.68 out of 10 amongst Spaniards. The Spanish media also attributed, in no small part, King Juan Carlos' abdication to these ongoing proceedings. Her right of succession to the throne and to the royal title of infanta were unaffected. Cristina's trial began on 11 January 2016, presided over by three judges in Palma, with a maximum potential sentence of eight years if found guilty. The charges were filed by the 'Clean Hands' anti-graft organisation using a Spanish legal instrument known as the 'people's accusation'. At that time, her lawyers had asked judges to drop the criminal charges against her, and the state prosecutor said there was insufficient evidence to back up the accusations, but on 29 January the Court in Palma de Mallorca, where the trial was being held, said in a statement it was upholding the charges. She took the stand in March 2016, denying being an accessory to tax evasion, and denying knowledge of her husband's activities. She insisted on her right to answer only questions from her own lawyer. She said that her husband handled the couple's finances, and that she did not know why some large personal expenses were charged to a credit card of a company that the couple owned. She said that she never spoke with her husband about these matters because she was not interested in the subject, and that she was very busy with her small children. On 17 February 2017, she was acquitted of the charges, while her husband received a sentence of imprisonment for a term of six years and three months. On 12 June 2018 the Supreme Court in appeal reduced this sentence to a term of five years and ten months. As a child of a Spanish monarch, Cristina is entitled to the designation and rank of infanta with the style of Royal Highness. On the occasion of her marriage in 1997, she was also created Duchess of Palma de Mallorca. She lost the dukedom in 2015 following her husband's alleged involvement in a corruption scandal. Her style and title in shorthand: Her Royal Highness Infanta Cristina of Spain. Her style and title in full: Her Royal Highness Do\u00f1a Cristina Federica Victoria Antonia de la Sant\u00edsima Trinidad de Borb\u00f3n y Grecia, Infanta of Spain. \u00a0Spain: Dame Grand Cross of the Order of Charles III \u00a0Spain: Dame Grand Cross of the Order of Isabella the Catholic \u00a0Austria: Grand Star of the Decoration of Honour for Services to the Republic of Austria \u00a0Belgium: Grand Cordon of the Order of Leopold \u00a0Ecuador: Grand Cross of the National Order of Merit \u00a0Egypt: Member Supreme Class of the Order of the Virtues \u00a0El Salvador: Grand Cross with Silver Star of the Order of Jos\u00e9 Mat\u00edas Delgado \u00a0Germany: Grand Cross 1st class of the Order of Merit of the Federal Republic of Germany \u00a0Greece: Grand Cross of the Order of Honour \u00a0Guatemala: Grand Cross of the Order of the Quetzal \u00a0Iceland: Grand Cross of the Order of the Falcon \u00a0Japan: Grand Cordon (Paulownia) of the Order of the Precious Crown \u00a0Jordan: Grand Cordon of the Order of the Star of Jordan \u00a0Luxembourg: Grand Cross of the Order of Adolphe of Nassau \u00a0Mexico: Grand Cross of the Order of the Aztec Eagle Nepalese Royal Family: Member First Class of the Most Illustrious Order of the Three Divine Powers \u00a0Netherlands: Knight Grand Cross of the Order of Orange-Nassau \u00a0Norway: Grand Cross of the Order of St. Olav \u00a0Peru: Grand Cross of the Order of the Sun \u00a0Portugal: Grand Cross of the Order of Christ \u00a0Portugal: Grand Cross of the Order of Prince Henry \u00a0Sweden: Recipient of the 50th Birthday Badge Medal of King Carl XVI Gustaf \u00a0Thailand: Knight Grand Cross of the Order of the White Elephant Line of succession to the Spanish Throne \"Cristina, Princess de Borb\u00f3n\". Olympedia. Retrieved 21 June 2020. Oliver Fohrmann. \"La Familia Real Espa\u00f1ola hoy y ayer\". Universit\u00e4t Heidelberg. Archived from the original on 16 December 2003. Real Decreto 1502/1997 Bolet\u00edn Oficial del Estado (BOE) \"Spain king's daughter moves to Switzerland amid corruption investigation\". The Telegraph. Retrieved 5 February 2021. \"Judge targets Princess Cristina in N\u00f3os corruption probe\". El Pais. Archived from the original on 27 May 2019. Retrieved 3 April 2013. \"La Casa del Rey expresa su \"sorpresa\" ante el cambio de criterio del juez\" (in Spanish). El Periodico de Catalunya. Retrieved 3 April 2013. \"Spanish princess Infanta Cristina summoned over fraud\". BBC News. 7 January 2014. Retrieved 7 January 2014. \"Spain's Princess Cristina in court over corruption case\". BBC News. 8 February 2014. \"Spain's Princess Cristina to face charges\". BBC News. 25 June 2014. Retrieved 25 June 2014. \"Tax trial confirmed for Spain's Princess Cristina\". BBC News. 7 November 2014. Retrieved 7 November 2014. Reuters (22 December 2014). \"Spain's Princess Cristina to Stand Trial on Tax Fraud Charges\". The New York Times. Retrieved 22 December 2014. Spanish king strips graft-accused sister of duchess title news.yahoo.com, retrieved 12 June 2015 Real Decreto 470/2015 Bolet\u00edn Oficial del Estado (BOE) http://img02.lavanguardia.com/2015/06/12/Primera-pagina-de-la-carta-rem_54432241161_54374916805_576_694.jpg?t=1434100353341 http://img02.lavanguardia.com/2015/06/12/Segunda-pagina-de-la-carta-rem_54432241924_54374916805_576_694.jpg?t=1434101059380 http://img02.lavanguardia.com/2015/06/12/Tercera-pagina-de-la-carta-rem_54432784369_54374916805_576_694.jpg?t=1434101040777 http://img02.lavanguardia.com/2015/06/12/Cuarta-y-ultima-pagina-de-la-c_54432241962_54374916805_576_694.jpg?t=1434101077752 Garea, Fernando (2 June 2014). \"La monarqu\u00eda, en el peor momento de popularidad\". El Pa\u00eds (in Spanish). Retrieved 9 December 2015. \"Spain's Princess Cristina on trial in fraud case\". BBC News. 11 January 2016. Retrieved 11 January 2016. \"Spain's Princess Cristina stands trial on tax fraud charges\". Reuters. 11 January 2016. \"Court rules tax fraud trial of Spain's Princess Cristina must go ahead\". Reuters. 29 January 2016. Agence France-Presse (3 March 2016). \"Spain's Princess Cristina takes stand at her tax evasion trial\". The Guardian. Retrieved 4 March 2016. \"Spain's Princess Cristina takes stand at fraud trial\". BBC News. 3 March 2016. \"Spain's Princess Cristina cleared in tax trial\". BBC News. 17 February 2017. Retrieved 17 February 2017. Real Decreto 1191/1988 Bolet\u00edn Oficial del Estado (BOE) Real Decreto 1978/1983 Bolet\u00edn Oficial del Estado (BOE) Parliamentary question, page=1124 \"El Rey recibe al presidente de Austria\". El Pa\u00eds (in Spanish). 3 June 1997. Retrieved 9 December 2015. \"ABC MADRID 20-09-1994 p\u00e1gina 23 - Archivo ABC\". abc. 28 August 2019. \"Visita de Estado del Presidente del Ecuador a Espa\u00f1a\". Archived from the original on 21 June 2018. Retrieved 6 April 2014. \"Inicio - Castellano - Casa Real\". www.casareal.es. \"ABC MADRID 11-03-1997 p\u00e1gina 6 - Archivo ABC\". abc. 29 August 2019. \"Don Juan Carlos recuerda que 'no hay espacio para los terroristas en nuestras sociedades libres'\". www.elmundo.es. \u00dabeda-Portugu\u00e9s, Jos\u00e9 Escribano (2005). La dimensi\u00f3n europea de la pol\u00edtica exterior espa\u00f1ola hacia Am\u00e9rica Latina: pol\u00edtica internacional de los primeros gobiernos socialistas. Vision Libros. p.\u00a0303. ISBN\u00a0978-84-9983-085-8. Icelandic Presidency Website[permanent dead link], Cristina, de Borb\u00f3n\u00a0; prinsessa\u00a0; Sp\u00e1nn\u00a0; 1985-09-16\u00a0; St\u00f3rkross (= Cristina of Bourbon, Princess, Spain, 16 September 1985, Grand Cross) \"ABC MADRID 08-10-1994 p\u00e1gina 29 - Archivo ABC\". abc. 27 August 2019. \"Visita Oficial del Rey Hussein de Jordania a Espa\u00f1a\" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 30 March 2014. Retrieved 30 March 2014. Orgambides, Fernando; Cembrero, Ignacio (25 January 1996). \"El Rey sugiere a Ernesto Zedillo que consolide la democracia en M\u00e9xico\". El Pa\u00eds \u2013 via elpais.com. \"ABC MADRID 09-10-1985 p\u00e1gina 8 - Archivo ABC\". abc. 16 August 2019. \"ABC MADRID 25-04-1995 p\u00e1gina 24 - Archivo ABC\". abc. 28 August 2019. \"La Familia Real recibe, de gala, al Presidente de Per\u00fa en el Palacio Real de Madrid\". Hola USA. 6 July 2004. Archived from the original on 6 April 2014. Retrieved 7 August 2020. Jauregui, Fernando (19 November 1987). \"El rey Juan Carlos invita a Tailandia a participar en la Expo 92\". El Pa\u00eds \u2013 via elpais.com. Royal Household of HM the King official website (in English and Spanish)"
   },
   {
    "name": "Mariana Victoria of Spain",
    "id": "Q230887",
    "text": "Mariana Victoria of Spain (Portuguese: Mariana Vit\u00f3ria; 31 March 1718 \u2013 15 January 1781) was an Infanta of Spain by birth and was later the Queen of Portugal as wife of King Joseph I. The eldest daughter of Philip V of Spain and Elisabeth Farnese, she was engaged to the young Louis XV of France at the age of seven. Rejected due to her age, the marriage never took place and she was sent back to Spain. In 1729 she was married to Infante Jos\u00e9, son of John V of Portugal and successor to his father as Joseph I of Portugal. She also acted as regent of Portugal during the last months of her husband's life and as advisor to her daughter, Maria I of Portugal, in her reign. Mariana Victoria was born at the Royal Alcazar of Madrid in Madrid and was given the same forenames as her paternal grandmother Maria Anna Victoria of Bavaria, wife of Le Grand Dauphin. She was an Infanta of Spain by birth and the eldest daughter of Philip V of Spain and his second wife Elisabeth Farnese. Her father was a grandson of Louis XIV and had inherited the Spanish throne in 1700. At the time of her birth, Mariana Victoria was fifth in line to the throne of Spain behind her half brothers Infante Louis, Prince of Asturias, Infante Ferdinand, Infante Pedro as well as her full brother Infante Charles. As an Infanta of Spain she had the style of Royal Highness. After the War of the Quadruple Alliance, France and Spain decided to reconcile by engaging the Infanta Mariana Victoria to her first cousin the young Louis XV of France. Organised by Philippe d'Orl\u00e9ans, Regent of France for the ten-year-old Louis XV, the match was part of a wider set of engagements which included the proposal of Philip V's eldest son Infante Louis, Prince of Asturias to \u00c9lisabeth d'Orl\u00e9ans, Mademoiselle de Montpensier followed by another proposal between Philippine \u00c9lisabeth d'Orl\u00e9ans, Mademoiselle de Beaujolais to the young Infante Charles. Saint-Simon, the French ambassador, requested her hand on 25 November 1721. The exchange of the young Infanta and Mademoiselle de Montpensier was on the \u00cele des Faisans (\"Isle of Pheasants\") and was the site was where their common ancestors, Louis XIV and Maria Theresa of Spain had met in 1660. Mariana Victoria arrived in Paris on 2 March 1722 amongst much celebration and took up residence at the Palais du Louvre. The young Infanta was nicknamed the l'infante Reine (\"Queen-Infanta\") as the couple were not to be married until Mariana Victoria reached a more mature age. Mariana Victoria was in awe of Louis XV and was popular with the court apart from the king himself who avoided her presence. According to the mother of the R\u00e9gent, Elizabeth Charlotte of the Palatinate, Mariana Victoria was the \"sweetest and prettiest little thing\" and had considerable wit for her age. Her education was placed in the care of Marie Anne de Bourbon, an illegitimate daughter of Louis XIV and Louise de La Valli\u00e8re, and Madame de Ventadour was appointed her governess. In February 1723, Louis XV reached his majority and thus governed the country by his own accord. Her establishment in France was not to be. Under the influence of the Prime Minister Louis Henri, Duke of Bourbon and his mistress Madame de Prie, the decision was made to send the seven-year-old Mariana Victoria back to Spain on 11 March 1725. Bourbon had wanted to maintain influence over the young Louis XV and offered his sister Henriette Louise de Bourbon as a potential wife who, unlike Mariana Victoria, was old enough to conceive. The situation was not helped by the Spanish rejection of Louise \u00c9lisabeth d'Orl\u00e9ans whose husband died having ruled as Louis I of Spain for only seven months. As their marriage had not been consummated, the Spanish refused to support her and ordered she return to France with her sister Philippine \u00c9lisabeth. Mariana Victoria left Versailles on 5 April 1725 and travelled to the frontier where she and the two Orl\u00e9ans daughters were then exchanged. Louis XV subsequently married Marie Leszczy\u0144ska in September 1725 and Mariana Victoria's sister the Infanta Maria Teresa Rafaela married Louis XV's son in 1745 to reassure the insulted Spanish court. Her arrival in Spain was taken as a great insult and caused a diplomatic rift between Spain and France. The offended Spanish soon after concluded a treaty with Austria in the form of the 1725 Treaty of Vienna, whilst England sought support from France. Having remained unmarried, she was still eligible to inherit the throne but was displaced by her younger brother Infante Philip who was born in 1720. Discussions with the Kingdom of Portugal began in 1727 and a marriage was negotiated by the Portuguese ambassador the Marquis of Abrantes. She was a rumored bride for Emperor Peter II of Russia, grandson of Peter the Great. Another double marriage was planned. Mariana Victoria would marry the Infante Jos\u00e9, \"Prince of Brazil\", son and heir of Jo\u00e3o V of Portugal. Her older half brother Ferdinand, \"Prince of Asturias\" would marry Jos\u00e9's sister the Infanta B\u00e1rbara. Mariana Victoria married the Prince of Brazil (traditional title for the Portuguese heir to the throne) on 19 January 1729 at Elvas in Portugal. The Prince of Asturias (traditional title for the Spanish heir to the throne) married the Infanta B\u00e1rbara the next day at Badajoz. From her marriage until the time of her husband's accession to the throne in 1750, she was styled Her Royal Highness the Princess of Brazil. Husband and wife would soon have a close relationship. The couple enjoyed hunting as well as music \u2013 Mariana Victoria was an accomplished singer \u2013 they patronized Italian opera singers and the theatre but were both passionately religious. Despite this, her husband maintained various mistresses much to the dislike of his strong-willed wife. During her marriage, Mariana Victoria gave birth to eight children, four of whom survived infancy. Her first child Infanta Maria was given the style Princess of Beira as the heir apparent to her father. Two of Mariana Victoria's daughters remained unmarried. Her daughter Infanta Mariana Francisca was a proposed bride for the Dauphin of France, son of Louis XV, but Mariana Victoria herself rejected the plan. When her other daughter Infanta Doroteia was proposed as a wife for the future Philippe \u00c9galit\u00e9 Mariana Victoria again refused to the match. Her youngest daughter Infanta Benedita married Jos\u00e9, Prince of Brazil, Mariana Victoria's grandson. The latter marriage was organised by Mariana Victoria herself after the death of her husband. At the death of her father-in-law, King John V in 1750, her husband became the ruler of the Portuguese Empire which had significant territories in South America. Her husband's reign was dominated by the influence of the Marquis of Pombal who was a favourite of the Queen mother. Joseph I soon left the governing of the state to Pombal who used his power to remove the influence of the church at the court as well as that of his enemies. Mariana Victoria and her daughter disliked the influence Pombal had over Joseph I. Her husband's reign was marred by the devastating 1755 Lisbon earthquake of 1 November 1755 which killed 100,000 people. The earthquake caused Joseph I to develop a severe case of claustrophobia and he was never again comfortable living within a walled building. Consequently, he moved the royal court to an extensive complex of tents in the hills of Ajuda. It was Pombal who organised the reconstruction of Lisbon in the aftermath of the earthquake. In 1759, the T\u00e1vora affair emerged after an assassination attempt on her husband failed and the powerful T\u00e1vora family were, in the eyes of Pombal, completely responsible for the attack. Pombal later ordered the execution of all members of the noble family and it was only at the intervention of Mariana Victoria and her daughter, the Princess of Brazil, that some women and children were spared. As Pombal was de facto ruler of the state, Mariana Victoria and her husband took a less prominent role in politics. Her husband, having suffered from a series of strokes, decided to allow his wife to take his place as head of government. As such, Mariana Victoria was created Regent of Portugal in her husband's name. Created Regent on 29 November 1776, she remained so until her husband's death on 24 February 1777. Upon her husband's death, their eldest daughter became the first queen regnant as Maria I. Throughout Maria I's reign Mariana Victoria exerted significant influence on her daughter, who would often ask her mother's advice on matters of state. In the early days of Maria I's reign, Pombal was exiled to the country. When her daughter had assumed government, Mariana Victoria took it upon herself to improve relations with her native Spain, which was ruled by her older brother Carlos III. The two countries had been in conflict regarding territorial possessions in the Americas. Leaving Portugal on 28 October 1777, Mariana Victoria travelled to Spain where she stayed for just over a year, residing both in Madrid and at Aranjuez. Mariana Victoria helped bring about a treaty between the two nations which was to be cemented by a double marriage between her grandchildren. These unions were between Charles III's son Infante Gabriel and Mariana Victoria's granddaughter the Infanta Mariana Vit\u00f3ria. The second marriage was between the Infanta Carlota, eldest granddaughter of Carlos III and Infante Jo\u00e3o. While in Spain, Mariana Victoria had had an attack of Rheumatism and was confined to a wheelchair for some time in August 1778. She returned to Portugal in November 1778. Her illness was furthered when it became clear that she was suffering from heart disease as well. The elderly Mariana Victoria died at the Real Barraca de Ajuda, a building which is where the present Ajuda National Palace is. She was buried at the Church of Saint Francis of Paola in Lisbon. She was the godmother of Marie Antoinette who was born a day after the 1755 Lisbon earthquake devastated Lisbon. Mariana Victoria has descendants ranging from the present King of Spain, King of Belgium, Grand Duke of Luxembourg pretending Duke of Parma and the French Count of Paris. In 1822, her great-grandson Pedro became the first emperor of Brazil. Maria Francisca Isabel Rita Gertrudes Joana (17 December 1734 \u2013 20 March 1816), married her uncle Infante Peter of Portugal and had issue. Later Queen regnant of Portugal. Maria Ana Francisca Dorotea Josefa Antonia Gertrudes Rita Joana Efigenia (7 October 1736 \u2013 6 May 1813), potential bride for Louis, Dauphin of France, but her mother refused to consent to the marriage, died unmarried. Stillborn daughter (February 1739). Maria Francisca Doroteia Josefa Ant\u00f3nia Gertrudes Rita Joana Efig\u00e9nia de Braganca (21 September 1739 \u2013 14 January 1771), potential bride for Philippe \u00c9galit\u00e9 but she refused to marry him, died unmarried. Stillborn son (7 March 1741). Stillborn son (15 October 1742). Stillborn son (May 1744). Maria Francisca Benedita Ana Isabel Joana Antonia Louren\u00e7a In\u00e1cia Teresa Gertrudes Rita Rosa (25 July 1746 \u2013 18 August 1829) married her nephew Infante Joseph, Prince of Beira, no issue. Armstrong, p 243 Armstrong, p 265 Fran\u00e7ois Velde (4 July 2005). \"The Abdication of the throne of Spain by Felipe V (1724)\". heraldica.org. Retrieved 25 September 2010. Pevitt, p 288 Pevitt, p 284 Armstrong, p 264 Maria Ana Vittoria Infanta de Espa\u00f1a in: Genealogy Database by Herbert Stoyan Archived 8 February 2015 at the Wayback Machine [Retrieved 7 January 2015]. Roberts, p 53 Roberts, p 51 Roberts, p 65 Roberts, p 62 Genealogie ascendante jusqu'au quatrieme degre inclusivement de tous les Rois et Princes de maisons souveraines de l'Europe actuellement vivans [Genealogy up to the fourth degree inclusive of all the Kings and Princes of sovereign houses of Europe currently living] (in French). Bourdeaux: Frederic Guillaume Birnstiel. 1768. p.\u00a08. Armstrong. Edward: Elisabeth Farnese: The Termagant of Spain, 1892 Myrl. Jackson-Laufer. Guida: Women rulers throughout the ages: an illustrated guide, ABC-CLIO, 1999, ISBN\u00a0978-1-57607-091-8 Pevitt. Christine\u00a0: The Man Who Would Be King: The Life of Philippe d'Orl\u00e9ans, Regent of France, Phoenix, London, 1997, ISBN\u00a0978-0-7538-0459-9 Roberts. Jennifer: The Madness of Queen Maria: The Remarkable Life of Maria I of Portugal; Templeton Press, London, 2009, ISBN\u00a0978-0-9545589-1-8 Media related to Mariana Victoria of Spain at Wikimedia Commons"
   },
   {
    "name": "Fabiola of Belgium",
    "id": "Q231171",
    "text": "Do\u00f1a Fabiola de Mora y Arag\u00f3n (11 June 1928 \u2013 5 December 2014) was Queen of the Belgians from her marriage to King Baudouin in 1960 until his death in 1993. The couple had no children, so the Crown passed to her husband's younger brother, King Albert II. Do\u00f1a Fabiola de Mora y Arag\u00f3n was born in Madrid, Spain, at the Palacio de Zurbano, the main residence of the Marqu\u00e9s de Casa Riera. She was the daughter of Don Gonzalo de Mora y Fern\u00e1ndez y Riera y del Olmo, 4th Marqu\u00e9s de Casa Riera, 2nd Count of Mora (1887\u20131957), and his wife, Do\u00f1a Blanca de Arag\u00f3n y Carrillo de Albornoz y Barroeta-Aldamar y El\u00edo (1892\u20131981), daughter of the 6th Marchioness of Casa Torres and Viscountess of Baiguer. Her godmother was Queen Victoria Eugenia of Spain. Queen Fabiola is the fifth child[citation needed] and had six siblings. One of her siblings was Jaime de Mora y Arag\u00f3n.[citation needed] She worked as a nurse in a hospital in Madrid. Before her marriage, she published an album of 12 fairy tales (Los doce cuentos maravillosos), one of which (\"The Indian Water Lilies\") would get its own pavilion in the Efteling theme park in 1966. On 15 December 1960, Fabiola married Baudouin, who had been King of the Belgians since the abdication of his father, Leopold III, in 1951. At the marriage ceremony in the Cathedral of St. Michael and St. Gudula, she wore a 1926 Art Deco tiara that had been a gift of the Belgian state to her husband's mother, Astrid of Sweden, upon her marriage to Leopold III. Her dress of satin and ermine was designed by the couturier Crist\u00f3bal Balenciaga. Fabiola was a hospital nurse at the time of her engagement; TIME magazine, in its 26 September 1960, issue, called Do\u00f1a Fabiola the \"Cinderella Girl\" and described her as \"an attractive young woman, though no raving beauty\" and \"the girl who could not catch a man.\" On the occasion of her marriage, Spanish bakers set out to honour Fabiola and created a type of bread, \"la fabiola\", which is still made in Palencia. The explorer Guido Derom named the Queen Fabiola Mountains \u2013 a newly discovered range of Antarctic mountains \u2013 in her honour in 1961. She also has several varieties of ornamental plants named after her.[citation needed] The royal couple had no children, as the Queen's five pregnancies ended in miscarriage in 1961, 1962, 1963, 1966 and 1968. Fabiola openly spoke about her miscarriages in 2008: 'You know, I myself lost five children. You learn something from that experience. I had problems with all my pregnancies, but you know, in the end I think life is beautiful'. After the death of Queen Elisabeth, in November 1965, Queen Fabiola became the honorary president of Queen Elisabeth Music Competition. Queen Fabiola attend the elimination rounds and the finals of each session. In September 1993, she became the president of the King Baudouin Foundation, established in 1976 to mark the twenty fifth anniversary of King Baudouin's reign. The foundation's purpose is to improving the living conditions of the population. Queen Fabiola also founded the Social Secretariat of the Queen with the purpose to answering many requests for help. She has supported study programmes aimed at prevention and treatment of dyslexia among children. She established Queen Fabiola Fund for Mental Health. The foundation's purpose is to help people with mental problems. Queen Fabiola received several humanitarian awards in her lifetime and was awarded the Ceres Medal in 2001 by the UN Food and Agriculture Organization. Every year, Queen Fabiola attend the Summit on Economic Progress of Rural Women at the Palais des Nations in Geneva. The purpose of the summit is to create a movement of first ladies to respond to the call for help from the deprived women in the third world. Baudouin died in late July 1993 and was succeeded by his younger brother, Albert II. Fabiola moved out of the Royal Castle of Laeken to the more modest Stuyvenberg Castle and reduced her public appearances so as not to overshadow her sister-in-law, Queen Paola. Admired for her devout Roman Catholicism and involvement in social causes particularly those related to mental health, children's issues and women's issues, Queen Fabiola received the 2001 Ceres Medal, in recognition of her work to promote rural women in developing countries. The medal was given by the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO). She was also honorary president of the King Baudouin Foundation. In July 2009, the Belgian press published news of anonymous death threats she received stating she would be shot with a crossbow. She responded to the threats during Belgian National Day celebrations by waving an apple to the crowd in a reference to the William Tell folk tale. Subsequent threats by an individual said to have a similar signature to the July 2009 threat-writer were received again in January 2010. In January 2013, the Socialist Prime Minister Elio Di Rupo criticised Queen Fabiola for her plans to set up a private foundation (Fons Pereos), which was widely seen by the public as inheritance tax evasion (although, since the construction was admitted by Di Rupo to be legal, it would more precisely be a case of tax avoidance). Queen Fabiola denied the charges in a rare public statement: \"I have never had the intention of depositing funds I received from the public purse with my foundation. All the monies that I receive from the civil list go on expenditure on my household. The lion's share goes on salaries.\" According to official sources, Queen Fabiola was fluent in French, Dutch, English, German and Italian, in addition to her native Spanish. Queen Fabiola was hospitalised for 15 days with pneumonia beginning 16 January 2009, with her condition described as \"serious\". She subsequently recovered and began attending public functions the following May. Queen Fabiola had been in poor health for years, suffering from osteoporosis, as well as having never fully recovered from a lung inflammation she had in 2009. On the evening of 5 December 2014, the Royal Palace announced that Queen Fabiola had died at Stuyvenberg Castle. The federal government declared a period of national mourning from Saturday 6 December to Friday 12 December, the day when the funeral of Queen Fabiola took place at the Cathedral of St. Michael and St. Gudula in Brussels. The Royal Family, members of the government and the Lord Speaker received the coffin at the Royal Palace on 10 December where it was placed in the grand antechamber, where it was decorated with flowers and attended by an honour guard of generals, members of the King's Royal Military household. Godfried Cardinal Danneels, Metropolitan Archbishop-emeritus of Mechelen-Brussels, celebrated the Requiem Mass. Members of several royal families around the world including the Grand Duke of Luxembourg, Empress of Japan, Queen of Denmark, King and Queen of Sweden, King of Norway accompanied by his sister Princess Astrid, King Juan Carlos and Queen Sofia of Spain, Princess Beatrix of the Netherlands, Sovereign Prince of Liechtenstein, Empress Farah of Iran and Princess Maha Chakri Sirindhorn of Thailand, attended the funeral. No members of the British Royal Family or the Monegasque Princely Family attended the funeral, leading to criticism by both Belgian and international press. 11 June 1928 \u2013 15 December 1960: Do\u00f1a Fabiola de Mora y Arag\u00f3n 15 December 1960 \u2013 31 July 1993: Her Majesty The Queen of the Belgians 31 July 1993 \u2013 5 December 2014: Her Majesty Queen Fabiola of Belgium \u00a0Belgium: Knight Grand Cross of the Order of Leopold \u00a0\u00a0Holy See: Dame of the Decoration of Honour : Recipient of the Commemorative Medal of the 2,500 year Celebration of the Persian Empire \u00a0Netherlands: Recipient of the Wedding Medal of Beatrix, Princess of Orange and Claus van Amsberg \u00a0Portugal: Dame Grand Cross of the Order of Christ Portuguese Royal Family: Dame Grand Cross of the Order of Saint Isabel \u00a0Spain: Dame Grand Cross of the Order of Isabella the Catholic Dame of the Royal Military Decoration of Solar de Tejada Dame of the Royal Nobility Corps of the Principality of Gerona Dame of the Royal Nobility Corps of Madrid Biography portal Belgium portal Royalty portal Belgian Vocation Foundation Queen Fabiola Foundation for Mental Health Queen Fabiola Mountains Indian Water-lilies \"Del palacio Zurbano de Madrid a ser reina de los Belgas\" [Madrid Zurbano Palace resident became queen of the Belgians]. \u00a1Hola!. 5 December 2014. Retrieved 26 June 2015. \"Ascendientes de Fabiola de Mora y Aragon *1928 \u20202014\" [Ancestry of Fabiola de Mora y Aragon 1928 \u2014 2014] (in Spanish). GeneAll. Retrieved 26 June 2015. \"Queen Fabiola of the Belgians \u2013 obituary\". The Daily Telegraph. London. 5 December 2014. Retrieved 26 June 2015. \"Queen Fabiola\". The Belgian Monarchy Official Website. \"De Indische waterlelies\" [Indian water lilies] (in Dutch). Efteling. Retrieved 26 June 2015. \"Belgium's dowager queen Fabiola dies aged 86\". BBC News. 5 December 2014. Retrieved 26 June 2015. \"Baudouin I\". Encyclop\u00e6dia Britannica Online. Encyclop\u00e6dia Britannica. 11 June 2008. Retrieved 26 June 2015. \"BELGIUM: Cinderella Girl\". Time. 26 September 1960. Retrieved 26 June 2015. \"Antarctica Detail\". United States Geological Survey. 26 June 2015. Retrieved 26 June 2015. \"Koningin Fabiola had vijf miskramen\" [Queen Fabiola had five miscarriages]. Het Nieuwsblad (in Dutch). Groot-Bijgaarden. 21 April 2008. Retrieved 26 June 2015. Ilse, Jesse (5 December 2016). \"Who was Queen Fabiola of Belgium?\". royalcentral.co.uk. Retrieved 12 August 2020. \"Queen Fabiola, Belgium's former queen, dies aged 86\". GlobalPost. Archived from the original on 6 December 2014. Retrieved 5 December 2014. \"Belgium's cool Queen Fabiola defies would-be assassins with jokey apple gesture\". Hello!. 23 July 2009. Retrieved 13 January 2013. \"Belgian Queen receives wave of death threats\". The Daily Telegraph. 20 July 2010. Retrieved 26 June 2015. \"Belgium PM slams queen over inheritance plan\". Al Jazeera. 11 January 2013. Retrieved 26 June 2015. \"Belgian monarchy rocked by Queen Fabiola tax row\". The Daily Telegraph. 11 January 2013. Retrieved 26 June 2015. \"Queen Fabiola 11/06/1928 - 05/12/2014\". The Belgian Monarchy. Retrieved 26 June 2015. \"Belgium: Queen Fabiola in serious condition with pneumonia\". Ynetnews. 20 June 1995. Retrieved 26 June 2015. Van Belle, Bart (5 December 2014). \"Koningin Fabiola overleden\" [Queen Fabiola Dies]. De Standaard (in Dutch). Groot-Bijgaarden. Retrieved 26 June 2015. \"7 days of national mourning installed\". VRT (in Dutch). 6 December 2014. Retrieved 26 June 2015. \"Koningspaar groet koningin Fabiola\" [Royal salute for Queen Fabiola]. Het Laatste Nieuws (in Dutch). Retrieved 11 December 2014. \"Veel hoge gasten, maar geen Britse royals in Brussel\" [Many distinguished guests, but no British royals in Brussels]. VRT (in Dutch). 12 December 2014. Retrieved 26 June 2015. Fallecimiento de la Reina Fabiola \"News, Notes & Texts\". The Tablet. 17 June 1961. p.\u00a020. Archived from the original on 7 June 2015. Retrieved 26 June 2015. https://s-media-cache-ak0.pinimg.com/236x/3d/e5/c0/3de5c0000b2015db00368c15003ac6f6.jpg \"Photograph\". Badraie.com. Archived from the original (JPG) on 3 March 2016. Retrieved 11 December 2014. https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/73/Huwelijk_prinses_Beatrix_en_prins_Claus_%281966%29.jpg \"Ordens Honorf\u00edcas Portuguesas\" [Portuguese Honors]. President of Portugal. 24 August 1982. Retrieved 11 December 2014. Fallecimiento de la Reina Fabiola \"Ministerio de As\u00fcncios Decreto 2235\" [Ministry of Foreign Affairs Decree 2235] (PDF). Bolet\u00edn Oficial del Estado (in Spanish). 22 November 1960. Retrieved 26 June 2015. \"Indice de apellidos\" [Index of Surnames] (PDF) (in Spanish). Solardetejada.es. Retrieved 26 June 2015. Monarqu\u00eda Confidencial Fallecimiento de la Reina Fabiola Queen Fabiola \u2013 official website of The Belgian Monarchy Queen Fabiola: The Woman Behind The Hairdo \u2013 Website The Royal Universe"
   },
   {
    "name": "Maria Teresa Rafaela of Spain",
    "id": "Q232132",
    "text": "Maria Teresa Rafaela of Spain (Mar\u00eda Teresa Antonia Rafaela; 11 June 1726 \u2013 22 July 1746) was an Infanta of Spain by birth and Dauphine of France by marriage to Louis, Dauphin of France, son of Louis XV of France. She died aged 20, three days after giving birth to a daughter who died in 1748. Born at the Royal Alcazar of Madrid in Spain, she was the second daughter of King Philip V of Spain and Princess Elisabeth Farnese. Baptised Mar\u00eda Teresa Antonia Rafaela she was an Infanta of Spain (infanta de Espa\u00f1a) by birth and was granted the style of address of Royal Highness. She was known as Mar\u00eda Teresa Rafaela though sometimes just Maria Teresa. Prior to her marriage, the Spanish and French royal courts had been on poor terms: the Spanish had been greatly insulted by the French in 1725 when the engagement between Louis XV of France and Infanta Mariana Victoria of Spain, elder sister of Maria Teresa, was broken off. Louis XV had instead married Marie Leszczy\u0144ska and by her fathered the Dauphin, Louis. The marriage between the Infanta Mar\u00eda Teresa Rafaela and the Dauphin was announced in August 1739 after the marriage of Princess Louise \u00c9lisabeth of France (sister of the dauphin) and Infante Felipe of Spain (brother of Mar\u00eda Teresa Rafaela) the same month. Under the influence of her mother Elisabeth Farnese, Mar\u00eda Teresa Rafaela was not to go to France until she reached a more mature age. The Infanta was married to the dauphin by proxy in Madrid on 18 December 1744 and departed Spain in January 1745. She arrived at Versailles on 21 February 1745. The official marriage took place at the Palace of Versailles on 23 February 1745 and was performed by the Cardinal de Rohan. In France she was known as Marie Th\u00e9r\u00e8se Rapha\u00eblle d'Espagne or de Bourbon. The marriage was intended to improve relations between the cousin courts of France and Spain; during the infancy of Louis XV, he had been engaged to Maria Anna Victoria of Spain, oldest daughter of Philip V of Spain. The betrothal had been broken off and relations between the two countries had been cold. This latest union was meant to improve links between them both. Addressed as Madame la Dauphine at Versailles, Maria Teresa Rafaela was the highest ranking female in the kingdom after Queen Marie. She was the first Dauphine since the 1712 death of Marie Ad\u00e9la\u00efde of Savoy. On 24 February the \"Ball of the Clipped Yew\" was held in honor of the newlyweds. The event also marked the arrival of Madame de Pompadour at Versailles. The ball was attended by the king, the queen, Madame Henriette, Madame Ad\u00e9la\u00efde; the Duchess of Chartres the Dowager Princess of Conti and the Duchess of Modena along with other princesses of the Blood. The marriage did not get off on a good start as it was not consummated on the first night. This was a major embarrassment to the young dauphine and as a result her position at court was undermined.[citation needed] Despite this, she had a good relationship with the king and queen, and her husband fell quickly in love with her. Although the dauphine was described as beautiful, dignified, pious, and well educated, negative remarks were made because of her red hair.[citation needed] Her shy nature further isolated her from the court and she was openly hostile to the king for his affair with Madame de Pompadour. The Dauphin and Dauphine disliked the royal mistress for the way she drew attention away from Queen Marie Leszczy\u0144ska. Finally, the marriage was consummated in September 1745, ending court gossip. The couple became very close and devoted to each other spending most of their time together. On 19 July 1746 at Versailles, Marie Th\u00e9r\u00e8se Rapha\u00eblle gave birth to a daughter. Her death on 22 July caused an intense sorrow to the Dauphin, which persisted into his second marriage. Louis XV had to physically drag his son away from the death bed of his wife. To make matters worse the Dauphine's Father King Philip V of Spain died just 13 days before her on July 9. The child was baptised Marie Th\u00e9r\u00e8se and was styled as Madame Royale but died at Versailles in 1748. Marie Th\u00e9r\u00e8se Rapha\u00eblle was buried at the Royal Basilica of Saint Denis, the French royal necropolis outside Paris on 6 August 1746. At her death, her half brother, Ferdinand VI of Spain, proposed that the Dauphin marry her sister the Infanta Maria Antonia Fernanda but Louis XV refused. The following year, her husband married again to Princess Maria Josepha of Saxony a daughter of Augustus III of Poland and Maria Josepha of Austria by whom he had some seven children including the future Louis XVI. When the Dauphin died in 1765, he requested that his heart be placed beside the grave of Marie Th\u00e9r\u00e8se Rapha\u00eblle.[citation needed] Princess Marie Th\u00e9r\u00e8se of France (19 July 1746 \u2013 27 April 1748). Armstrong, p 343 Mitford, p 45 Mitford, p 80 Emmanuel, p 101 Emmanuel, p 124 Genealogie ascendante jusqu'au quatrieme degre inclusivement de tous les Rois et Princes de maisons souveraines de l'Europe actuellement vivans [Genealogy up to the fourth degree inclusive of all the Kings and Princes of sovereign houses of Europe currently living] (in French). Bourdeaux: Frederic Guillaume Birnstiel. 1768. p.\u00a08. Armstrong. Edward: Elisabeth Farnese: The Termagant of Spain, London, 1892 Broglie. Emmanuel de: Le fils de Louis XV, Louis, dauphin de France, 1729-1765, E. Plon, 1877 Mitford. Nancy: Madame de Pompadour, Sphere, London, 1964 Media related to Maria Teresa Rafaela of Spain at Wikimedia Commons"
   },
   {
    "name": "Belinda Peregr\u00edn",
    "id": "Q232514",
    "text": "Belinda Peregr\u00edn Sch\u00fcll (born 15 August 1989 or 1992), mononymously known as Belinda, is a Spanish-Mexican singer, songwriter and actress. She has lived in Mexico City, Mexico since a young age. In 2000, she started her career as a child actor at the age of 10 when she was cast as the lead role in the Mexican children's telenovela Amigos x siempre. She later appeared in Aventuras en el tiempo (2001) and C\u00f3mplices Al Rescate (2002). Her self-titled debut studio album Belinda (2003), was a commercial success, selling over 1,1 million copies worldwide. The album spawned many successful singles, including her debut hit single \"Lo Siento\" and \"Vivir\", the main theme of the 2004 telenovela Corazones al l\u00edmite. Following her departure from Sony BMG and management in 2005, Belinda's second album Utop\u00eda (2006) earned her two Latin Grammy Awards nominations and was certified platinum in Mexico. It contained the top-ten singles \"Ni Freud ni tu mam\u00e1\", \"Bella Traici\u00f3n\" and \"Luz Sin Gravedad\". Belinda has also appeared in motion pictures, including the Disney Channel Original Movie The Cheetah Girls 2 (2006), and has dubbed voice roles for The Tale of Despereaux (2008) and Las aventuras de Tadeo Jones (2012). Her return to Mexican telenovelas in Camaleones (2009) and the TV series Mujeres asesinas 3 (2010), inspired her subsequent third album Carpe Diem (2010), which spawned the hit single \"Ego\u00edsta\". Her fourth album Catarsis (2013), debuted at number-one in her native Mexico, and was preceded by the hit singles \"En El Amor Hay Que Perdonar\" and \"En La Obscuridad\". In 2017, Belinda was an extra on the film Baywatch, starring Dwayne Johnson and Zac Efron. Together, her four studio albums, singles and soundtracks has sold over 3 million copies making her the third best-selling female Mexican act. The international press have named her the \"Princess of Latin Pop\". As 2020, she is one of the coaches of the Mexican singing competition show, La Voz on TV Azteca after being acquired from Televisa after 7 seasons. Belinda was born in 1989 or 1992 in Madrid, Spain, to a French-Spanish mother, Belinda Sch\u00fcll Moreno, and a Spanish father, Ignacio Peregr\u00edn Guti\u00e9rrez. Her maternal grandfather was the late famous French bullfighter, Pierre Sch\u00fcll. She has a younger brother, Ignacio, born in Mexico City in 1996. Her father owned several factories in Europe. The family moved to Mexico City permanently when Belinda was 4 years old. At a very early age Belinda showed an incredible talent for singing, acting, and writing and shooting home videos. At 10 she was cast in her first telenovela, \u00a1Amigos x Siempre!, produced by Televisa in Mexico, and she was featured on the soundtrack. Both show and album became huge successes in Latin America. In 2001 she starred in her second telenovela named Aventuras en el Tiempo, also produced by Televisa. The series achieved success in Mexico and many Latin-American countries. She contributed to the series soundtracks. She gained recognition playing twins in C\u00f3mplices Al Rescate. She toured with the cast in many Latin-American countries with over 160 live shows. She recorded two soundtracks for the series and received her first Latin Grammy nomination for her work on one of the soundtracks. She didn't return for the series' second season. Her international self-titled debut studio album Belinda was released in Mexico by Sony BMG and RCA Records on 5 August 2003. The album became a great success in Mexico and throughout Latin America, selling over 0,5 million copies worldwide. The album was produced by Rudy P\u00e9rez, Graeme Pleeth, Mauri Stern and Robin Barter. Six singles were released, including a number of top ten singles: \"Lo Siento\", \"Boba Ni\u00f1a Nice\", \"\u00c1ngel\" and \"Vivir\" which was chosen as the main theme song for Corazones al l\u00edmite, a soap opera in which she briefly appeared. The album itself was re-released several times throughout 2004 and 2005. In early 2005 she collaborated with Mexican rock band Moderatto on a cover by Timbiriche titled \"Muriendo Lento\" which peaked at No. 1 in Mexico and was a commercial success. In 2006, Belinda debuted in the North American markets where she makes her film debut in the Disney Channel Original Movie The Cheetah Girls 2 as Marisol. The movie premiered on 25 August 2006 with a total of over 8.1 million viewers, one of the highest rated television films the network has released. Belinda also contributed 4 songs to Soundtrack, which was released on 15 August 2006 and debuted at No. 5 on the Billboard 200 and sold 1.4 million copies to date in the US. Her second studio album Utop\u00eda was released in late 2006 and peaked at No. 3 on the Mexican charts, selling over 1 million records worldwide; and included the hit single \"Ni Freud Ni Tu Mam\u00e1\" (2006). Belinda revealed that her label wanted her to spend a week in Los Angeles for the recording of Utop\u00eda 2 an English CD/DVD re-release for European and North American countries. She also guest-starred in Buscando a Timbiriche, La Nueva Banda. On 18 October 2007, Belinda won 2 awards, \"Video of the Year\" for \"Bella Traici\u00f3n\", and \"Best Solo Artist\" at the MTV Video Music Awards Latinoamerica. She was also nominated in two categories in the 2007 Latin Grammy Awards held on 8 November: \"Song of the Year\" for \"Bella Traici\u00f3n\", and \"Best Female Pop Album\" for her hit album Utop\u00eda. Belinda provided vocals for the Spanglish remix of \"Te Quiero\" by DJ Flex and Finley's 2008 single Your Hero. In 2009 she starred alongside Alfonso Herrera and Edith Gonz\u00e1lez in the action-themed telenovela, Camaleones. On 27 August 2009 EMI Televisa posted a video teaser of her new song \"Sal de Mi Piel\", originally announced as the lead single of her yet-untitled third studio album; it was then selected as the main theme of Camaleones. In 2010 she guest-starred on the third season of Mujeres Asesinas, starring in the episode \"Anette and Anne, noble\", based on the story of the painter Sofia Bassi, in which she shared credits with Issabella Camil and William Levy. She also recorded the song \"Contigo en la distancia\" for one of the scenes. The episode and song were praised by critics; the episode was one of the series' highest rated. In February and March 2010 she was featured in collaboration with several Latin artists in \"Somos el Mundo\" and \"Ay Haiti\". Both songs were released as charity singles for benefits. Carpe Diem, Belinda's third studio album, was released on 23 March 2010. Two days after its release, the album was certified gold in Mexico after 40,000 copies were sold. The lead single of the record Ego\u00edsta featuring Pitbull was released to commercial success; A shift from her prominent pop-rock genre to more dance oriented. The album's second and final single is \"Dopamina\" was released in 2011 to moderate success. The video for Dopamina was released on 2 February 2011. Belinda also stated on her Facebook that she was putting the final touches on her next two videos for the tracks; Gaia and Amor Transg\u00e9nico which were never released. Belinda announced that she would dedicate 2011 and 2012 to writing and recording for her new album. On 5 June 2012, \"En El Amor Hay Que Perdonar\" was confirmed as the album's lead single. It was officially released for digital download on 19 June 2012. On 21 July 5 new tracks from the album were leaked online, including next single \"I Love You (Te Quiero)\" featuring Pitbull alongside \"Bailar\u00eda Sobre El Fuego\", \"Litost\", \"Aguardiente\", \"Como Si Fu\u00e9ramos Novios\", \"Dame Mas\", and \"Con Los Ojos Cerrados\". \"En El Amor Hay Que Perdonar\" debuted at number seven on the Mexican Singles Chart and peaked at number one, and stayed for one week. Although not an official single from the album, \"Te Voy A Esperar\" (which features Juan Mag\u00e1n), for the soundtrack of the film Las aventuras de Tadeo Jones was digitally released in Spain, debuting and staying at number one for ten weeks, receiving the Platinum certification by PROMUSICAE for sales of over 60,000, and was included as a bonus track on the Latin American editions of the album. In Mexico, \"Te Voy A Esperar\" was only released for airplay and peaked at number seven. Catarsis was originally scheduled to be released on 25 September 2012. However, it was pushed back and was released on 2 July 2013. \"En la Obscuridad\" was released as the second single, it debuted at No. 37 on the Mexican Singles Chart, peaking at number 10, in March 2013. It had an international impact for Belinda's career, peaking at No. 39 in Spain and at No. 65 in South Korea. In just two days, the video broke the Latin music record on VEVO, with more than 3 million views. Belinda embarked on the Catarsis Tour starting in August 2013. Featuring a much bigger production than her past tours, the concert tour lasted almost three years ending in mid 2016 which also saw the singer visiting various festivals throughout Latin America. The tour also saw various \"phases\" and saw changes to the stage, backdrops, and wardrobes. Most notably there was the \"Kastle Ghost Koncept\" phase that included a castle set up on the stage and famous singers appearing on stage. Later that year Belinda collaborated with Mexican Rock Band Motel on their song \"Sue\u00f1o de Ti\" which was released as the second single from their fourth album Prisma. In March 2016 it was announced that Belinda would be an extra in Baywatch, the film adaptation of the 90's television show of the same name that stars Zac Efron and Dwayne Johnson. In June of the same year Belinda was announced as part of the Spanish adaptation of the film Trolls and its 2020 sequel Trolls World Tour, lending her voice to the character Poppy. Apart from film work, the singer entered the world of fashion and debuted her shoe line, a collaboration with Capa de Ozono, in July 2016 and were officially released in the fall of 2016. In between the completion of the Catarsis Tour, film work and her shoe line, Belinda announced she was in the songwriting process for her fifth album. She posted a preview of a ballad on her social media in May 2016 and promised her new album will fit perfectly into her discography, leading fans to believe she will return to the earlier sound of her first two albums Belinda and Utop\u00eda. With the start of 2017 the singer revealed that American DJ Steve Aoki was working on her album and shared several videos of the two working together in the studio. On 27 April 2017 she confirmed the lead single of her fifth album to be titled \"Bailalo\" which was produced by Aoki and was scheduled to be featured in the song's accompanying music video directed and produced by Criss Angel which was never released to the public. However, on February 27, 2020, the music video and audio of the song were leaked on the internet and became the trending topic to all of her fans, though the song is yet to be released on digital platforms. Still focusing on work for her fifth album, Belinda was forced to postpone the shooting of two music videos in Spain, due to the Coronavirus disease that prompted the cancellation of all flights for that country. One of the songs features Spanish singer Juan Mag\u00e1n, who she has previously collaborated with in past projects. Belinda finally talked about the leaking of her music video \"Bailalo\", describing it as \"a video full of colors, talent and Cirque du Soleil in Las Vegas\". Belinda founded her own music promotion company called Joy Music. Joy Music promotes concert tours and several independent albums. Belinda and her younger brother opened a luxury karaoke bar, La Chismosa Canta Bar (The Gossip sing and bar), in Mexico. The bar serves high-class alcohol and is modeled after the glitz and glamour of the Roaring Twenties. As of 2016, La Chismosa Canta Bar has 3 locations in Mexico. Belinda has done several modelling assignments and has been the face of multiple brands. \"C\u00f3mplices al rescate\" puzzle games (2002). Froot Loops (2002). Oscar Mayer (2002). Zapatos Andrea (2003\u20132005). Office Depot (2003\u20132007). Twister Moves (2004) VideoNow (2004) Vianney (2004\u20132007). Hasbro (2005) LG telephones (2005). Coca-Cola (2005) Rockola Coca-Cola (2005\u20132007). Kbz\u00f3nicos dolls(2005). Tooth Tunes (2007) Coca-Cola Zero (2007\u20132009). Cinemex (2009) Asepxia (2013) FIAT (2013) Herbal Essences (2014) Magnum (2014\u20132015) StudioF M\u00e9xico (2015-2016) Cartier (2017) Belinda began dating Mexican singer Christian Nodal in 2020, whom she met while working together on La Voz. They announced their engagement in May 2021, which took place in a restaurant in Barcelona. Studio albums Belinda (2003) Utop\u00eda (2006) Carpe Diem (2010) Catarsis (2013) Belinda Tour 2002 (2002\u20132003) Tour Fiesta en la Azotea (2004\u201305) Tour Utop\u00eda (2007\u20132008) Tour Catarsis (2014\u20132017) \"Rockola Coca-Cola 2007\" (2007) \"Carpe Diem Promo Tour\" (2010\u20132011) According to Belinda and her official website, she was born in 1992. However, multiple sources mark \"1989\" as her birth year. News, Blasting. \"Saiba como est\u00e3o as atrizes mirins das novelas mexicanas do SBT\". Retrieved 25 February 2018. \"Acerca de m\u00ed\". Belinda.com. Retrieved 10 June 2020. \"Esta es la verdadera diferencia de EDAD entre Belinda y Christian Nodal\". El Heraldo de M\u00e9xico (in Spanish). 27 May 2021. Retrieved 30 May 2021. \"\u00bfCu\u00e1l es la verdadera diferencia de edad entre Christian Nodal y Belinda?\". Radio F\u00f3rmula (in Spanish). 30 May 2021. Retrieved 30 May 2021. Trejo, Nicole; D\u00edaz, Jes\u00fas (11 August 2020). \"Belinda nunca se aument\u00f3 a\u00f1os, esta es su verdadera edad\". El Universal. Retrieved 12 August 2020. Mayorga, Efr\u00e9n (3 May 2008). \"Belinda, \u00bfespa\u00f1ola o mexicana?\". Periodista Digital. Retrieved 12 August 2020. Notimex (15 August 2006). \"Belinda festeja sus 17 a\u00f1os con una incursi\u00f3n en Hollywood\". La Cr\u00f3nica de Hoy (in Spanish). Retrieved 12 August 2020. del Pino, Andrea M. Rosa (17 August 2021). \"Belinda, sobre su nacionalidad espa\u00f1ola: \"Me gusta esa libertad que se vive en Madrid\"\". El Mundo. \"Terra \u2013 Belinda se recupera tras shock nervioso \u2013 Famosos \u2013 Gente E\". Retrieved 4 September 2015. \"Expreso.com.mx \u2013 Los Novel del Rock\" (PDF). \"Premio Lo Nuestro 2008\". PeopleenEspanol.com. Archived from the original on 11 October 2008. Retrieved 4 September 2015. \"Home \u2013 Grupo Milenio\". Milenio. Archived from the original on 10 July 2012. Retrieved 4 September 2015. \"Archived copy\". Archived from the original on 1 October 2012. Retrieved 25 September 2012.CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link) \"Belinda Joins the Cast of Baywatch\". Retrieved 25 February 2018. \"Belinda dice que Catarsis refleja evoluci\u00f3n y madurez\". El Informador. \"\u2013 Los Mejores Exponentes del Pop Latino - Billboard en Espa\u00f1ol\". Archived from the original on 12 February 2013. \"Billboard\". 9 September 2006. Retrieved 4 September 2015. \"Belinda se suma oficialmente a \"La Voz M\u00e9xico\" como jurado\". floor8.com (in Spanish). 13 February 2019. Retrieved 30 July 2019. \"Confirman a Belinda entre los coaches de \"La Voz Azteca\"\". El Diario de Yucat\u00e1n (in Spanish). 2 March 2019. Retrieved 30 July 2019. \"Ellos son los nuevos coaches de La Voz\". El Heraldo de M\u00e9xico (in Spanish). 4 March 2019. Retrieved 30 July 2019. \"Univision.com\". Retrieved 25 February 2018. Belinda \u2013 En Compa\u00f1\u00eda De... Pt. 1. YouTube \"Belinda Biography\". Artists.letssingit.com. Retrieved 9 August 2014. Biografia de Belinda \u2013 Pega Cifras Archived 13 December 2013 at the Wayback Machine allmusic (((Belinda > Credits ))) Allmusic \"Disney Movie Skips to Another Record \u2013 2007-01-20 00:04:00 | Multichannel News\". Multichannel.com. Retrieved 8 June 2010. allmusic (((The Cheetah Girls 2 > Charts & Awards > Billboard Albums ))) AllMusic \"Cheetah Girls Launching 50-Date Tour\". Billboard.com. Archived from the original on 29 June 2011. Retrieved 8 June 2010. \"Top 100 Album 2006\" (PDF). AMPROFON. Archived from the original (PDF) on 20 February 2012. Retrieved 25 February 2018. Utop\u00eda 2 AllMusic Biografia de Belinda - Pega Cifras pegacifras.uol.com.br Birchmeier, Jason. \"Belinda / Belinda Peregr\u00edn Carpe Diem\". AllMusic. Rovi. Retrieved 2 November 2012. Belinda estrena 'Dopamina', el nuevo sencillo de 'Carpe Diem' terra.com Belinda \u2013 Dopamina. YouTube (2 February 2011). Retrieved on 11 April 2012. los videos de gaia.... Facebook. Retrieved on 11 April 2012. \"Ultimate Music \u2013 Belinda \"Catarsis\" (iTunes+)\". Ultimate Music. Archived from the original on 24 July 2012. Retrieved 4 September 2015. \"WebCite query result\". www.webcitation.org. Cite uses generic title (help) \"Elportaldemusica.es: Novedades y Listas Oficiales de Ventas de M\u00fasica en Espa\u00f1a\". Archived from the original on 24 September 2016. Retrieved 4 September 2015. \"Top Albums \u2013 Billboard 200 \u2013 Album Sales \u2013 Nielsen Soundscan \u2013 Billboard.biz\". Retrieved 25 February 2018. EMI Music Spain Archived 1 October 2012 at the Wayback Machine \"iTunes \u2013 Music \u2013 Catarsis by Belinda\". iTunes. Retrieved 4 September 2015. \"South Korean Goan International Single Chart (February 17, 2013 \u2013 February 23, 2013)\". Billboard. Archived from the original on 28 March 2013. Retrieved 24 February 2013. \"Archived copy\". Archived from the original on 10 November 2013. Retrieved 3 March 2013.CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link) Belinda Bati\u00f3 Records con En La Obscuridad 20Minutos. \"Belinda comienza la gira de 'Catarsis' con un gran show en el Auditorio Nacional\". Retrieved 25 February 2018. \"Belinda estrena nuevo espect\u00e1culo \"The Kastle ghost koncept\"\". 26 June 2016. Retrieved 25 February 2018. \"Belinda Joins the Cast of Baywatch\". Retrieved 25 February 2018. \"'Trolls' Movie: Belinda Brags About Working With Justin Timberlake In Animated Film\". 24 June 2016. Retrieved 25 February 2018. \"Belinda nos cuenta todo acerca de su nueva colecci\u00f3n de zapatos\". Retrieved 25 February 2018. Espa\u00f1ol, Latinos Post en (5 May 2016). \"Belinda Noticias 2016: Ya Prepara Nuevo Disco, Presume Balada En Redes Sociales\". Retrieved 25 February 2018. Gonz\u00e1lez, Romina (2 May 2017). \"Belinda regresa a la m\u00fasica con\"B\u00e1ilalo\". -\". Archived from the original on 31 July 2017. Retrieved 25 February 2018. \"Filtran video de Belinda dirigido por su ex Criss Angel de 2017\". Retrieved 15 March 2020. \"Es un tema de terror: Belinda cancela dos proyectos debido a pandemia de coronavirus\". Retrieved 15 March 2020. Guill\u00e9n, Beatriz (26 May 2021). \"Belinda y Christian Nodal se comprometen en un exclusivo restaurante de Barcelona\". El Pa\u00eds (in Spanish). Retrieved 30 May 2021. M\u00e9xico, LOS40 (22 November 2006). \"Belinda y su participaci\u00f3n The cheetah girls 2 | Actualidad | LOS40 M\u00e9xico\". LOS40MX (in Spanish). Retrieved 3 July 2019. \"La experiencia de Belinda en 'Tadeo: el explorador perdido'\". es-us.vida-estilo.yahoo.com (in Spanish). Retrieved 3 July 2019. \"Belinda prestar\u00e1 su voz a Poppy en la cinta 'Trolls'\". Retrieved 25 February 2018. Mu\u00f1oz, Elena Reina (15 March 2016). \"Belinda: \"Me han llamado para participar en Baywatch, la pel\u00edcula\"\". El Pa\u00eds (in Spanish). ISSN\u00a01134-6582. Retrieved 3 July 2019. \"Belinda estrenar\u00e1 reality show sobre su vida\". People en Espa\u00f1ol. Retrieved 30 July 2019. \"Belinda, Chino y Nacho y Ang\u00e9lica Mar\u00eda ser\u00e1n jueces de El Factor X, por MundoFox\". People en Espa\u00f1ol. Retrieved 30 July 2019. \"'La Voz' de TV Azteca ya tiene coaches\". www.milenio.com. Retrieved 30 July 2019. Official website Belinda Peregr\u00edn at IMDb"
   },
   {
    "name": "Catalina Micaela of Spain",
    "id": "Q233187",
    "text": "Catalina Micaela of Spain (Spanish: Catalina Micaela de Austria; 10 October 1567 \u2013 6 November 1597) was a duchess of Savoy who ruled the duchy as regent several times during the absence of her husband, Charles Emmanuel I. She was the younger surviving daughter of Philip II of Spain and Elisabeth of Valois. Catalina Micaela was the daughter of Philip II, ruler of the vast Spanish Empire, and his third wife, the French princess Elisabeth of Valois. She was described as beautiful, intelligent, arrogant and well aware of her high social status. Though her father did not attend her christening and was not as rejoiced at the birth of a daughter as he had been with her elder sister, Isabella Clara Eugenia, she had a good relationship with him. Philip and Catherine Michelle exchanged letters throughout her life. She had a close relationship with her sister. They were raised together under the care of Margarita de Cardona, the lady-in-waiting of their stepmother, Anna of Austria, and some of her mother's own ladies such as Claude de Vineulx. Her grandmother Catherine de' Medici got regular reports of Catherine and her sister and she had their portraits sent and put in her book of hours. She was probably named after Catherine de Medici. Duke Charles Emmanuel I of Savoy suggested that he should marry Catalina Micaela as a way of gaining Spanish support for his plans to expand Savoy on the coast of the then weakened France. The wedding took place in Zaragoza on 11 March 1585 and the couple made their entrance to Turin in Savoy 10 August 1585. Catalina Micaela was initially unpopular because of her arrogance and attempts to introduce Spanish pomp, ceremony and way of dress to the court in Turin. However, she soon gained respect because of her political and diplomatic skill, which she used to defend the autonomy of Savoy against Spain. She refused the Spanish offer to install a Spanish garrison in Turin from Milan with the excuse of giving her a life guard. She is reported to have had great influence on Charles Emmanuel I and to have reformed him for the better. She also served as regent several times during the absence of the duke on military campaigns, such as during the Lyon campaign in 1594. Catherine Michelle also benefited cultural life in Savoy, founded many new buildings including an art gallery. Due to her influence, her sons were educated in Spain. Catalina Micaela died near the end of 1597; she had miscarried earlier that year. Her father died the following year. In 1585, she married Charles Emmanuel I, Duke of Savoy. This marriage produced ten children: Philip Emmanuel, Prince of Piedmont (1586\u20131605) Victor Amadeus (1587\u20131637) Emanuel Filibert of Savoy, (1588\u20131624), Spanish Viceroy of Sicily, (1622\u201324). Margaret (1589\u20131655), married Francesco IV Gonzaga of Mantua Isabella (1591\u20131626), married Alfonso III d'Este, duke of Modena Maurice, a cardinal (1593\u20131657) Maria Apollonia, a nun in Rome (1594\u20131656) Francesca Caterina, a nun in Biella (1595\u20131640) Thomas Francis, Prince of Carignano (1596\u20131656), Founder of the House of Savoy-Carignano and ancestor of the erstwhile ruling Family of Italy Giovanna (born and died 1597) Pitts 2009, p.\u00a0311. Berc\u00e9 1996, p.\u00a08. Rapelli 2011, p.\u00a0265. Berc\u00e9, Yves-Marie (1996). The Birth of Absolutism: A History of France, 1598-1661. MacMillan Press Ltd. Pitts, Vincent Joseph (2009). Henri IV of France: His Reign and Age. Johns Hopkins University Press. Rapelli, Paola (2011). Symbols of Power in Art. Getty Publications."
   },
   {
    "name": "Maria Isabella of Spain",
    "id": "Q233196",
    "text": "Maria Isabella of Spain (Mar\u00eda Isabel de Borb\u00f3n y Borb\u00f3n-Parma; 6 July 1789 \u2013 13 September 1848) was an infanta of Spain and Queen consort of the Two Sicilies. She was the youngest daughter of King Carlos IV of Spain and his wife Maria Luisa of Parma. Mar\u00eda Isabel's birth coincided with the rise to power in Spain of her mother's favorite, Manuel Godoy. Court rumour attributed Mar\u00eda Isabel's paternity not to the king, but to the young Godoy, who became Spain's prime minister in 1792. The Infanta's childhood coincided with the events of the French revolution and political turbulence in Spain. The youngest surviving daughter in a large family, Mar\u00eda Isabel was spoilt by both of her parents and her education was rudimentary. She and her family members were painted by Francisco Goya in his 1800\u20131801 portrait Charles IV of Spain and His Family. In December 1800, Lucien Bonaparte arrived in Spain as the new French ambassador. Through him, Queen Maria Luisa offered Mar\u00eda Isabel in marriage to Napoleon Bonaparte in April 1801. Then First Consul, Napoleon had been married to Jos\u00e9phine de Beauharnais for two years, but it had been suggested that he should divorce her to marry a princess of royal blood. Napoleon had a low opinion of the House of Bourbon and commented privately, \"If I would have to remarry, I wouldn't look in a house in ruins for my descendants\" Anxious to find a crown for Maria Isabel, in the spring 1801, her mother looked to marry her with her paternal first cousin the Duke of Calabria, Prince Francesco of Naples and Sicily, whose wife, Archduchess Maria Clementina of Austria, was then still alive, but died of consumption in November of that year. The idea came from the French diplomat Alquier, who had been ambassador in Madrid and Naples. His plan was to bring the Kingdom of Naples, an ally of England and hostile to France, into the recently formed Spanish-French alliance, proposing a closer relationship between the two families through double marriages. Infanta Maria Isabel and her eldest brother, Ferdinand, Prince of Asturias, would marry their first cousins: Maria Antonia of Naples and Francesco, Duke of Calabria. The Queen, Maria Carolina of Austria, who hated France and mistrusted Spain for its good will toward Napoleon, opposed the match. Infanta Maria Isabel was only twelve years old; even at a time when princesses married very young, her tender age was unusual for a bride. But her early marriage was justified by the need to secure the hasty resumption of close relations between Spain and Naples at a particularly critical time for the European courts, struggling with the expansionist policy of Napoleon. The contracts of the two marriages were signed in Aranjuez in April 1802. On 6 July 1802, her thirteenth birthday, Mar\u00eda Isabel married in Madrid her 25-year-old cousin, Francesco by proxy, as his second wife. Her brother Ferdinand stood in the ceremony in place of the groom. The Spanish royal family traveled to Barcelona on 13 August. The two couples were married in person on 4 October at the arrival of Francesco and his sister. The festivities lasted until 12 October when Mar\u00eda Isabel, in Italian Maria Isabella, left Barcelona towards Naples. Maria Isabella did not evoke a good impression upon her arrival at the court of Naples. All four daughters of Charles IV (Carlota, Maria Amalia, Maria Luisa and Mar\u00eda Isabel) were short and plain. Unlike her sisters, Mar\u00eda Isabel had regular features, but looked even younger than her thirteen years. She was described as \"little, and round as a ball\". Her mother-in-law, Queen Maria Carolina, had been close to her son's first wife, who was also her niece. She had an unfavorable first impression of the young Mar\u00eda Isabella, about whom she wrote: A fine, fresh, healthy face, not Bourbon in the least, but white and red, with black eyes. She is very stout and sturdy, yet her legs are very short. So much for her exterior. The rest cannot be described because I myself cannot understand it. She is null in every respect, knowledge, ideas, curiosity. Nothing, absolutely nothing. She speaks a little Spanish but neither Italian nor French, and only monosyllables, Yes or No, indiscriminately. She smiles all the time, whether she is pleased or not...Francis's child aged four has far more intelligence. Francis has engaged masters to teach her Italian and the rudiments of geography and arithmetic. She knows nothing except a little piano. I have tried to praise and enliven her. She feels nothing; she laughs. She is an automaton which might acquire certain attitudes but never real maturity. Were I the ambitious, intriguing woman I am said to be, I should be enchanted to have such a daughter in law who will never become anything, but I am too conscientious for that. I tried every means to mold her as a companion for her husband, even if this may turn her against myself. Believe me this child is a tight present, for she will neither ennoble nor improve our race. All the numerous Spanish clique, all their projects and schemes, have received a knock out blow by the arrival of this Princess and her perfect nullity. She was only fifteen years old when her first daughter, Luisa Carlotta, was born in Portici on 24 October 1804. She also had a step-daughter, Princess Carolina, who would marry the French-born Charles Ferdinand, Duke of Berry (the second son of King Charles X of France). Maria Isabela's life was deeply marked by Napoleon's actions. Fearing for his crown, King Ferdinand joined the Third Coalition against Bonaparte. Napoleon\u2019s troops defeated the allied armies at the Battle of Austerlitz in December 1805 and the Neapolitan corps at Campo Tenese. Following these victories, Napoleon's forces occupied Naples in 1806. The Emperor gave the crown of Naples to his brother Joseph Bonaparte, and four years later to his brother-in-law Joachim Murat. Maria Isabella, with the rest of the royal family, had to flee from Naples to Sicily in February 1806. Despite successive attempts by Murat to invade the island, King Ferdinand and Maria Carolina held their status and power in Sicily under the protection of British troops, but would be unable to challenge French control of the Italian mainland. The real power in Sicily was held by Lord William Bentinck, commander of British troops on the island. The king spent the following years hunting, appearing at Palermo only when his presence was required. In 1812, Francesco, Maria Isabella\u2019s husband, was appointed regent. Maria Isabella did not get involved in the complex Sicilian affairs of the Neapolitan court in exile in Palermo. Francesco clashed with the aristocracy of the island who opposed new taxes to finance the war against France, claiming a high degree of autonomy. Queen Maria Carolina was exiled to her homeland Austria in 1813, where she died in 1814. In 1815, under Austrian protection, Ferdinand returned to Naples. He suppressed the Sicilian constitution and joined his two kingdoms into that of the Two Sicilies in 1816, bestowing on Francesco the title of Duke of Calabria as heir of the combined kingdoms. Serving as lieutenant in Sicily (1815\u201320), Francesco and Maria Isabella remained in Sicily, seldom visiting Naples. Although she left Spain at an early age, Maria Isabella remained attached to her family and native country. In the autumn of 1818, she visited her parents who were living in exile in Rome. She was still with her mother when Queen Maria Luisa died in January 1819. Maria Isabella was instrumental in the marital choices of the Neapolitan court for her daughters, of whom four (out of six) married members of the Spanish royal family. The first of these marriages took place in April 1819 between her eldest child Luisa Carlotta and Maria Isabella\u2019s younger brother, Infante Francisco de Paula of Spain in a union between niece and uncle. During these troubled years Maria Isabella was constantly pregnant. At intervals of less than two years, she gave birth to nine children born in Palermo. She finally returned to Naples with her husband in July 1820. Her father-in-law King Ferdinand was now completely subservient to Austria; an Austrian, Count Nugent, was commander-in-chief of the army. For the next four years her father-in-law reigned as an absolute monarch within his domain, granting no constitutional reforms. In this period, Maria Isabella had two more children born in Naples. King Ferdinand I of the Two Sicilies died on 4 January 1825 and Maria Isabella\u2019s husband became the new king. Francis I, aged 47, was a large heavy man; well-intentioned; simple in his tastes and more interested in farming than in politics. Agriculture was his special past time. He had been better educated than his father, but was prematurely aged and weak in character and body. From the beginning, Francis I behaved very differently from the liberal prince he had been as heir to the crown and his short reign was essentially reactionary. Although jealous of his authority, he left the government in the hands of his prime minister Luigi de' Medici (1759 - 1830). The king\u2019s valet, Michelangelo Viglia, and Caterina de Simone, the Queen's lady-in-waiting, ruled the royal household in which corruption was rampant. In her new role as a Queen consort, Maria Isabella had neither ambition nor interest in government to be of any assistance to her placid husband. Thirty four years old and the mother of twelve children, she was then still nursing her son the Count of Aquila, born the year before. Plump since her youth, the many years of childbearing left the Queen very overweight. Maria Isabella was frivolous, childlike and goodhearted. She loved the theater, balls and public festivities. Simple, and generous, she was more popular than her husband. The royal couple lived surrounded by soldiers, always in dread of a revolution. Their security was guaranteed by the Austrian troops stationed in Naples, but their expenses were a heavy burden on the state coffers and the main reason for the high public debt. On Medici\u2019s advise, Francis and Maria Isabella, taking with them their one-year-old son the Count of Aquila, went to Milan in May 1825 in order to obtain a reduction in the occupation troops. After an agreement between Medici and the Austrian ambassador Count Karl Ludwig von Ficquelmont, the King and Queen returned to Naples on 18 July. The Austrian troops were reduced to 12,000 beginning at the end of that year and departed in February 1827. The Queen's constant companion was her second daughter Maria Christina, who was as flirtatious as her mother. Maria Christina was already in her early twenties and her parents were eager to find a royal husband for her. The opportunity came when Maria Isabella\u2019s brother, Ferdinand VII of Spain, suddenly became a widower in May 1829. Maria Isabella\u2019s eldest daughter, now Infanta Luisa Carlota, quickly arranged the marriage between her sister and their uncle. Ferdinand VII invited his sister and brother-in-law to accompany their daughter to the wedding in Madrid. Francis I\u2019s was afflicted with gout and on declining health, but Maria Isabella was anxious to visit her native country after 27 years of absence. She convinced her husband to make the long trip to Spain. Their eldest son, Ferdinand, Duke of Calabria was left as regent during their absence. Traveling by land, the royal party left for Spain on 28 September 1829. On their way, they visited Pope Pius VIII in Rome. In Grenoble, they met the Duchess of Berry, happy to see her parents after thirteen years. Once in Spain, the marriage was celebrated on 25 January 1830. On the way back, they were reunited once again with the Duchess of Berry who presented to them to her infant son, the Duke of Bordeaux, at Chambord. Maria Isabella and her husband went to Paris, where they were entertained by King Charles X. In June, the King and Queen left for Genoa reaching Naples on July 30. After their return, the king\u2019s health deteriorated rapidly. He died on November 8, 1830. At the death of her husband, Maria Isabella\u2019s eldest son became King Ferdinand II. Unbeknownst to her, she was at the center of a liberal conspiracy hatched by Prince Vincenzo Ruffo della Scaletta and Peter Ugo, Marquis delle Favare. Their intention was to name Maria Isabella regent, displacing her conservative son from the throne for at least a couple of years. The plot was discovered and immediately crushed by the young king. Ferdinand II was only 20 years old. Shy and quiet, he was, however, more energetic than his father and grandfather had been and took his duties as king more seriously. The relationship between Maria Isabella and Ferdinand II was cold. The Queen mother had a marked preference for her second son, Charles, Prince of Capua, who was more outgoing and shared her frivolity. In the early years of widowhood, Maria Isabella was still young, with a will to live and a certain beauty, despite her increasing obesity. Surrounded by admirers, she had a weakness for handsome officials younger than her. According to court rumors, she took lovers. Her behavior made her an easy target for libels and exasperated Ferdinand II. Maria Isabella was kind to her daughter-in-law Maria Cristina of Savoy, who married Ferdinand II on 21 November 1832. The new queen achieved a reconciliation between mother and son. In 1835, Maria Isabella began an affair with, Baron Peter von Schmuckher, a married Austrian officer. Their on and off relationship was turbulent. Nevertheless, at the death of Schmuckher's wife in 1837, she intended to marry him. When the ambitious baron claimed the style and privileges of Royal Highness as a condition for marrying her, Maria Isabella rejected him, appealing to her son to rid her of her former lover. The King had Schmuckher expelled from Naples in January 1838. In January 1836, Maria Isabella served as a godmother to her grandson Francisco, Duke of Calabria. In March that same year, the Prince of Capua contracted a morganatic marriage. Maria Isabella pleaded for her favorite son, but her efforts to obtain a pardon for him proved fruitless. Ferdinand II did not forgive his runaway brother: Capua went into permanent exile in England, and Maria Isabella never saw him again. As Maria Isabella was determined to remarry, her son, King Ferdinand II, gave her a list with names of young noblemen of the kingdom, from whom to choose. Her first two choices hesitated and she withdrew her proposals. Ultimately she selected Francesco, Count dal Balzo dei Duchi di Presenzano (1805\u20131882), a handsome young lieutenant from an ancient but impoverished noble family. Their marriage took place privately on 15 January 1839. She was 50 years old and the groom, 34. The couple had no children. They retired from the Neapolitan court, moving to the Palace of Capodimonte. Tragedy struck the Queen Dowager when in January 1843, Antonio, Count of Lecce, her fourth son was killed. Her fifth son, Luigi, Count of Aquila, followed a career in the navy. In July 1843 he went to Brazil when Teresa, Maria Isabella's youngest daughter, married Emperor Pedro II of Brazil. In 1845, to keep the Spanish throne in the House of Bourbon Louis Philippe d'Orl\u00e9ans, King of the French, launched the idea of marrying Maria Isabella's youngest son Francesco, Count of Trapani, who had been originally destined for the church, to Queen Isabella II of Spain, her granddaughter, in another union between uncle and niece. The project did not, however, come to fruition. In the political crisis of late 1847, Maria Isabella, her son Leopold, Count of Syracuse and her brother-in-law, Leopold, Prince of Salerno, advocated in vain in favor of liberal reforms. Due to her affable character and generosity towards the poor, Maria Isabella remained a popular figure till the end. She died on 13 September 1848 at age 59. Francis and Mar\u00eda Isabella were well matched and he treated her with kindness. They had twelve children, six daughters and six sons: Princess Luisa Carlota (1804\u20131844), married her mother's younger brother Infante Francisco de Paula of Spain. Princess Mar\u00eda Cristina (1806\u20131878), married firstly her mother's older brother Ferdinand VII of Spain and became Queen regent of Spain; and secondly, Fernando Mu\u00f1oz, subsequently created Duke de Rianzares. Ferdinand II of the Two Sicilies (1810\u20131859), became Francis I's successor and married twice. Carlo, Prince of Capua (1811\u20131862), non-dynastically to Penelope Smyth; and had issue. Leopoldo, Count of Syracuse (1813\u20131860), married Princess Maria of Savoy-Carignan; had issue. Princess Maria Antonia (1814\u20131898), married Leopold II, Grand Duke of Tuscany. Antonio, Count of Lecce (1816\u20131843). Princess Maria Amalia (1818\u20131857), married Infante Sebastian of Portugal and Spain. Princess Maria Carolina (1820\u20131861), married Infante Carlos, Count of Montemolin, the Carlist pretender to the throne of Spain; had no issue. Princess Teresa Cristina (1822\u20131889), married Emperor Pedro II of Brazil; had issue. Prince Louis, Count of Aquila (1824\u20131897), married Princess Janu\u00e1ria of Brazil (sister of Pedro II of Brazil and of Maria II of Portugal); had issue. Francesco, Count of Trapani (1827\u20131892), married Archduchess Maria Isabella of Austria; and had issue. Rubio, Reinas de Espa\u00f1a, p. 307 Rubio, Reinas de Espa\u00f1a, p. 311 Rubio, Reinas de Espa\u00f1a, p. 308 Acton, The Bourbons of Naples, pp. 3, 35, 132-134, 326, 366, 478-479, 679 Rubio, Reinas de Espa\u00f1a, pp. 325-328. Rubio, Reinas de Espa\u00f1a, pp. 365-366 Bearne, p.275 Acton, The Bourbons of Naples, p. 479 Acton, The Last Bourbons of Naples, pp. 1, 4-6, 16, 18, 20, 22, 554, 69, 698 Rubio, Reinas de Espa\u00f1a, pp. 345-346 Acton, The Last Bourbons of Naples, pp. 33-34, 39, 46, 48-51, 64, 66, 90, 132, 134 Genealogie ascendante jusqu'au quatrieme degre inclusivement de tous les Rois et Princes de maisons souveraines de l'Europe actuellement vivans [Genealogy up to the fourth degree inclusive of all the Kings and Princes of sovereign houses of Europe currently living] (in French). Bourdeaux: Frederic Guillaume Birnstiel. 1768. pp.\u00a09, 96. Acton, Harold. The Bourbons of Naples (1734-1825). Prion books limited, London, 1989 (first published in 1957). ISBN\u00a01-85375-291-6 Acton, Harold. The Last Bourbons of Naples (1825-1861). St Martin's Press. London, 1961. ASIN: B0007DKBAO Bearne Charlton, Catherine. A Royal Quartette. London: T. F. Unwin, 1908. Majo, Silvio de.Maria Isabella di Borbone, regina del Regno delle Due Sicilie. Dizionario Biografico degli Italiani, Volume 62, 2004. Rubio, Maria Jos\u00e9. Reinas de Espa\u00f1a. La Esfera de los Libros, Madrid, 2009. ISBN\u00a0978-84-9734-804-1 Media related to Maria Isabella of Spain at Wikimedia Commons A Genealogy of the Royal Family of Spain at the Wayback Machine (archived October 28, 2009)"
   },
   {
    "name": "Maria Luisa of Spain, Duchess of Lucca",
    "id": "Q233587",
    "text": "Maria Luisa of Spain (Spanish pronunciation:\u00a0[ma\u02c8\u027ei.a \u02c8lwisa], 6 July 1782\u00a0\u2013 13 March 1824) was a Spanish infanta, daughter of King Charles IV and his wife, Maria Luisa of Parma. In 1795, she married her first cousin Louis, Hereditary Prince of Parma. She spent the first years of her married life at the Spanish court where their first child, Charles, was born. In 1801 the Treaty of Aranjuez made her husband King of Etruria, a kingdom created from the former Duchy of Tuscany in exchange for the renunciation of the Duchy of Parma. They arrived in Florence, the capital of the new kingdom, in August 1801. During a brief visit to Spain in 1802, Maria Luisa gave birth to her second child. Her husband's reign in Etruria was marred by his ill health. He died in 1803, at the age of 30, following an epileptic crisis. Maria Luisa acted as regent for their son. During her government in Florence, she tried to gain the support of her subjects, but her administration of Etruria was cut short by Napoleon Bonaparte, who forced her to leave with her children in December 1807. As part of the Treaty of Fontainebleau, Napoleon incorporated Etruria to his domains. After a futile interview with Napoleon in Milan, Maria Luisa looked for refuge in exile with her family in Spain. The Spanish court was deeply divided and a month after her arrival the country was thrown into unrest when a popular uprising, known as the Mutiny of Aranjuez, forced Maria Luisa's father to abdicate in favor of her brother Ferdinand VII. Napoleon invited father and son to Bayonne, France, with the excuse of acting as a mediator, but gave the kingdom to his brother Joseph. Napoleon called the remaining members of the Spanish royal family to France and at their departure on 2 May 1808, the citizens of Madrid rose up against the French occupation. In France, Maria Luisa was reunited in exile with her parents. She was the only member of the Spanish royal family to oppose Napoleon directly. After her secret plan to escape was discovered, Maria Luisa was separated from her son and placed with her daughter as prisoners in a Roman convent. Maria Luisa, mostly known as the Queen of Etruria during her lifetime, regained her freedom in 1814 at the fall of Napoleon. In the following years, she continued to live in Rome, hoping to recover her son's former domains. To put forward her case she wrote a book of memoirs, but was disappointed when the Congress of Vienna (1814\u201315) compensated her not with Parma, but with the smaller Duchy of Lucca, which had been carved out of Tuscany. As a consolation, she was allowed to retain the honours of a queen. Initially reluctant to accept this accord, Maria Luisa did not take the government of Lucca until December 1817. As a reigning duchess of Lucca, she disregarded the constitution imposed by the Congress of Vienna. While spending time in her palace in Rome, she died of cancer at the age of 41. Born at the Palace of San Ildefonso, Segovia, Spain, Maria Luisa was the third surviving daughter of King Charles IV of Spain and his wife Maria Luisa of Parma, a granddaughter of Louis XV. She was given the names Maria Luisa Josefina Antonieta, after an older sister, Maria Luisa Carlota, who had died just four days before Maria Luisa's birth, on 2 July, and her mother. In 1795, Maria Luisa's first cousin, Louis, Hereditary Prince of Parma, came to the Spanish court to finish his education. There was an understanding between the two royal families that Louis would marry one of the daughters of Charles IV. It was anticipated that he would marry the Infanta Maria Amalia, Charles IV's eldest unmarried daughter. She was fifteen years old at the time and of a timid and melancholic nature. Louis, who was equally shy and reserved, preferred her younger sister, Maria Luisa, who although only twelve, was of a more cheerful disposition and somewhat better looking. All four daughters of Charles IV were short and plain, but Maria Luisa was clever, lively and amusing. She had dark curly hair, brown eyes and a Grecian nose. Although not beautiful, her face was expressive and her character lively. She was generous, kindhearted and devout. Both infantas were favorably impressed by the Prince of Parma, a tall and handsome young man, and when he ultimately chose the younger sister, Queen Maria Luisa readily agreed to the change of bride. Louis was created Infante of Spain and married Maria Luisa on 25 August 1795 at the Royal Palace of La Granja. In a double wedding with her sister, Maria Amalia, who was the original intended bride, married her much older uncle, Infante Antonio. The marriage between the two different personalities turned out to be happy, though it was clouded by Louis' ill health: He was frail, suffering chest problems, and since a childhood accident when he hit his head on a marble table, suffered epileptic fits. As the years went on his health deteriorated and he grew to be increasingly dependent on his wife. The young couple remained in Spain during the early years of their marriage, which were to be the happiest period of their lives. In early 1796, the couple traveled through Castilla, Extramadura all the way to Portugal. Maria Luisa was only thirteen when she married, and her first child was not born for another four years. Her first son, Charles Louis, was born in Madrid on 22 December 1799. Afterwards, the couple wanted to go to Parma, the lands they were going to inherit, but the King and Queen were reluctant to allow their departure. They were still in Spain in the spring of 1800 and staying at the Palace in Aranjuez when they were painted with the royal family in The Family of Charles IV by Goya. Maria Luisa's life was deeply marked by Napoleon Bonaparte's actions. Napoleon was interested in having Spain as an ally against England. In the summer of 1800, he sent his brother Lucien to the Spanish court with the proposal that would result in the Treaty of Aranjuez. Napoleon, who had conquered Italy, proposed to compensate the House of Bourbon for their loss of the Duchy of Parma by creating the new Kingdom of Etruria for Louis, heir of Parma. The new kingdom was created out of the Grand Duchy of Tuscany. To make way for the Bourbons, Grand Duke Ferdinand III was ousted and compensated with Salzburg. Maria Luisa, who had never lived away from her own family and was totally inexperienced in political affairs, opposed the plan. One of Napoleon's conditions was that the young couple had to go to Paris and there receive from him the investiture of their new sovereignty, before taking possession of Etruria. Maria Luisa was reluctant to make a trip to France, where only seven years earlier her relatives Louis XVI and Marie Antoinette had been executed. However, pressed also by her family, she did as she was told. On 21 April 1801 the couple and their son left Madrid, crossed the border in Bayonne and traveled incognito to France under the name of Counts of Livorno. Napoleon received them with great attentions, at their arrival in Paris on 24 May. At first, the young couple did not make a good impression. In her memoirs, the Duchess of Abrantes described Maria Luisa's character as a \"mixture of shyness and haughtiness which at first gave restraint to her conversation and manners\". On her part, the Infanta did not enjoy her visit to Paris. Ill most of the time, she suffered from fever, often had to stay in bed and only reluctantly took part in the diversions on her honor. She was anxious about the health of her husband, who depended on her for everything. One day, as Louis got out of the carriage at Ch\u00e2teau de Malmaison, where they were going to dine, he suddenly fell to the ground in an epileptic fit. The Duchess of Abrant\u00e8s described the scene in her memoirs: \"The Queen appeared much distressed and tried to conceal her husband; ... he was as pale as a death and his features completely altered ...\" In the recollections of Napoleon's valet, Maria Luisa left a more favorable impression than her husband: \"The Queen of Etruria was, in the opinion of the First Consul, more sagacious and prudent than her husband.. [she] dressed herself in the morning for the whole day, and walked in the gardens, her head adorned with flowers or a diadem, and wearing a dress, the train of which swept up the sand of the walk: often also carrying in her arms one of her children.., by night the toilet of her Majesty was somewhat disarranged. She was far from pretty, and her manner were not suited to her rank. But, which fully atoned for all of this, she was good-tempered, much loved by those in her service, and scrupulous in fulfilling the duties of wife and mother. In consequence, the First Consul, who made a great point of domestic virtue, professed for her the highest esteem.\" On 30 June, after staying in Paris for three weeks, Maria Luisa and her husband, headed south toward Parma. In Piacenza they were greeted by Louis' parents, together they went to Parma and Maria Luisa met her husband's two unmarried sisters. They found Louis already speaking Italian with a foreign accent while Maria Luisa's Italian was often mixed with Spanish words. After three weeks in Parma they entered Etruria. On 12 August they arrived at Florence. The French general Murat had been sent to Florence to prepare the Pitti Palace for them. But the King and Queen of Etruria did not have an auspicious start in their new life. Maria Luisa suffered a miscarriage, while her frail husband's health deteriorated further, fits of epilepsy becoming more frequent. The Pitti Palace, the residence of the King and Queen, was the former house of the Medici dukes. The palace had been practically abandoned after the death of the last Medici and the ousted Grand Duke Ferdinand had taken most of its valuables with him. Short of money, Maria Luisa and her husband were forced to furnish the Pitti Palace borrowing furniture from the local nobility. Maria Luisa and Louis were both full of good intentions but they were received with hostility by the population and the nobility that missed the popular Grand Duke and saw them as just mere tools in the hands of the French. Etruria's finances were in deplorable state; the country was ruined by war, bad harvest and the cost to have to maintain the unpopular French troops stationed in Etruria, that only much later were replaced by Spanish troops sent by Charles IV. In 1802, Maria Luisa and her husband were invited to Spain to attend the double wedding of her brother Ferdinand with Maria Antonia of Naples, and of her youngest sister, Maria Isabel, with Francis I of Naples. With Etruria's financial and economic difficulties, Louis' health failing and Maria Luisa in an early state of pregnancy, going abroad was clearly not expedient, but under the pressure of her father and wanted to see her family, they started the journey to her native country. Louis felt very ill before boarding the ship, waiting for his full recovery delayed their plans for a month. Once at sea, they had a storm for three days. On the second day aboard, 2 October 1802, still in open waters before arriving at Barcelona, Maria Luisa under difficulties gave birth to her daughter Maria Luisa Carlota (named after Maria Luisa's older deceased sister). At first, doctors thought that both mother and daughter would not survive. The couple also found out that they arrived too late for the wedding. Maria Luisa, still very ill, waited three days on the ship to recover before she went ashore in Barcelona, where her parents were waiting for her. One week after they arrival they got news that Louis's father, Ferdinand, had died. Ill and unhappy, Louis wanted to return as soon as possible to his Italian states, but Charles IV and Maria Luisa insisted to take them to the court in Madrid. It was not until 29 December when they were allowed to start the trip leaving Spain by sea in Cartagena. Back in Etruria, the illness of her husband was carefully concealed from the population, as Maria Luisa alone was seen in public functions and entertaining at court. For this she was accused of overpowering her husband and being merry in his absence. Louis died on 27 May 1803, aged 30, as a consequence of an epileptic crisis. Grief-stricken by the death of her husband, she began suffering from a nervous illness. She had to act as a regent for her son Charles Louis, the new King of Etruria. Only twenty years old when she was widowed, plans for a new wedding were considered: France and Spain wanted to marry her to her first cousin, Infante Pedro Carlos of Spain and Portugal, but the marriage never materialized. During her four-year regency, Maria Luisa took on the government of Etruria with the help of her ministers Count Fossombroni and Jean Garbiel Eynard (1775-1863). With them, Maria Luisa reorganized the tax system, created taxable manufactures like tobacco and porcelain companies and increased the size of the army. The Queen regent spent lavishly on educational projects, founding a Higher School of Science, and the Museum of Physics and Natural History of Florence. To ingratiate herself with the Florentine people, she entertained lavishly at Pitti Palace, holding receptions for artists and writers, as well as government officials. Though Maria Luisa by then had become fond of Florence, Napoleon had other plans for Italy and Spain: I am afraid the Queen is too young and her minister too old to govern the Kingdom of Etruria, he said. She was accused of not enforcing the English blockade in Etruria. Increasing Maria Luisa's isolation, Napoleon replaced the French ambassador to Etruria, the Marchaise de Beauharnais, with the less congenial, Count Hector d'Aubusson de la Feuillade, the Empress Josephine's chamberlain. On 23 November 1807, while Maria Luisa was staying at Castello, her country residence, the French minister came to inform her that Spain had ceded Etruria to France and ordered her to leave Florence on the spot. Her father answered her pleas with discouragement: she yielded and hastily left the kingdom, returning to her family in Spain, leaving Florence on 10 December 1807 with her children, their future uncertain. Napoleon annexed the territory to France and granted the title of \"Grand Duchess of Tuscany\" to his sister Elisa. The exiled Queen went to Milan where she had an interview with Napoleon. He promised her, as compensation for the loss of Etruria, the throne of a Kingdom of Northern Lusitania (in the North of Portugal), he intended to create after the Franco-Spanish conquest of Portugal. This was part of the Treaty of Fontainebleau between France and Spain (October 1807) that also had incorporated Etruria to Napoleons' domains. Napoleon had already ordered the invasion of Portugal but his secret aim was ultimately to depose the Spanish royal family and have access to the money remitted from Spanish colonies in the New World. As part of the agreement, Maria Luisa would marry Lucien Bonaparte, who would have to divorce his wife, but both refused: Lucien was attached to his wife and Maria Luisa considered those nuptials a misalliance, and she would not allow herself to be put in Portugal in the place of her eldest sister, Carlota. Napoleon wanted Maria Luisa to settle in Nice or Turin, but her intentions were to join her parents in Spain. Crossing the south of France, on 3 February she entered Spain by Barcelona and on the 19th, she joined her family at Aranjuez. She arrived at a court deeply divided and a country in unrest: her brother, Ferdinand, Prince of Asturias, had plotted against their father and the unpopular prime minister Manuel Godoy. Ferdinand had been pardoned but with the family's prestige shaken, Napoleon took this opportunity to invade Spain. With the excuse of sending reinforcements to Lisbon, French troops had entered Spain in December. Not completely blind to Napoleon's real intentions, the Spanish Royal family had secretly planned their escape to Mexico, but their plans were cut short. At this point Maria Luisa arrived in Aranjuez on 19 February 1808. Supporters of Ferdinand spread the story that prime minister Godoy had betrayed Spain to Napoleon. On 18 March a popular uprising known as the Mutiny of Aranjuez took place. Members of popular classes, soldiers and peasants assaulted Godoy's residence, captured him, and made King Charles depose the prime minister. Two days later, the court forced Charles IV to abdicate and yield the throne to his son, now Ferdinand VII. The abdication of Charles IV in favor of Ferdinand VII was enthusiastically acclaimed by the people. Maria Luisa, who at the time had been in Spain for barely a month, took her father's side against the party of her brother. She acted as intermediate between the deposed Charles IV and the French general Murat, who on 23 March entered Madrid. Napoleon, capitalizing on the rivalry between father and son, invited both to Bayonne, France, ostensibly to act as a mediator. Both kings, afraid of the French power, thought it appropriate to accept the invitation and separately left for France. Maria Luisa was just recovering from measles at the time of the Mutiny of Aranjuez, and was not fit to travel. Her son was also sick and she stayed behind with her children, her uncle Antonio and her younger brother Francisco de Paula. However, Napoleon insisted on all relatives of the King to leave Spain and called them to France. At their departure on 2 May 1808, citizens of Madrid rose up in rebellion against the French occupation, but the revolt was crushed by Murat. At that time, Maria Luisa had become unpopular. The intervention in Etruria had been very costly to Spain and Maria Luisa secret dealing with Murat had been seen as going against the interest of her native country. She was considered in Spain as a foreign Princess aiming at gaining a throne for her son. Arriving at Bayonne, Maria Luisa was greeted by her father with the words \"My daughter, our family has forever ceased to reign\". Napoleon had forced both Charles IV and Ferdinand VII to renounce the throne of Spain and in exchange for their renunciation of all claims, were promised a large pension and residence in Compiegne and Ch\u00e2teau de Chambord. Maria Luisa, who in vain tried to convince Napoleon to restore her to Tuscany or Parma, was offered a large income. He assured her that she would be much happier without the troubles of government, but Maria Luisa openly protested against the confiscation of her son's dominions. After this, Napoleon gave Spain to his brother Joseph Bonaparte and forced the Royal family into exile in Fontainebleau. Maria Luisa requested a separate residence and moved with her children to a house in Passy, but was soon moved to Compiegne on 18 June. She was plagued by frequent sickness and shortage of money and, not owning any horses, was forced to walk wherever she needed to go. When at last Napoleon sent 12,000 francs as the promised compensation, the expenses of her trip to France were discounted. She wrote a letter of protest, saying that prisoners were never made to pay for their removal, but she was advised not to send it out. She was promised to retire to the Palace of Colorno in Parma with a substantial allowance, but once in Lyon, under the pretext of conducting her to her destination, she was escorted to Nice, where she was kept under strict vigilance. She planned to escape to England, but her letters were intercepted and her two accomplices executed. Maria Luisa was arrested on 26 July and condemned to be imprisoned in a convent in Rome, while her nine-year-old son was to remain in the care of his grandfather Charles IV. Maria Luisa's pension was reduced to 2500 francs; all her jewels and valuables were taken away. She was imprisoned in the convent of Santi Domenico e Sisto, near the Quirinal on 14 August 1811 with her daughter and a maid. Her pleas for clemency were unanswered. On 18 March 1812, Maria Luisa and her children were stripped of their rights to the Spanish crown by the Cortes of C\u00e1diz\u00a0\u2013 which served as a parliamentary Regency after Ferdinand VII was deposed\u00a0\u2013 because she was under Napoleon's control. Her rights were not restored until 1820. The former Queen of Etruria wrote in her Memoirs: I was for two years and a half in that monastery and one year without seeing or talking to anybody. I was not allowed to write or receive news not even from my own son. I had been in the convent for eleven months already when my parents came with my son to Rome on 16 June 1812. I was hoping to be released immediately after their arrival, but I was wrong, instead of diminishing the rigor of my imprisonment I was put under stricter orders. On 19 June 1812, she was allowed to see her family. In an emotional meeting, Maria Luisa threw herself into her mother's arms, kissed her son with frenzy and her father hugged them all in a general embrace. After this, Maria Luisa was allowed to see her parents and her son once a month but only for twenty minutes and under surveillance. Only the fall of Napoleon opened the gates of her prison. On 14 January 1814, after more than four years of captivity, she was freed when the troops of Joachim Murat entered Rome. Maria Luisa moved with her children and her parents to the Barberini Palace. She hoped for the restorations of her son's estates and as the Congress of Vienna (1814\u201315) assembled to reorder the European map, she quickly wrote and published the Memoirs of the Queen of Etruria, originally written in Italian but translated to different languages, to put forward her case. When Napoleon returned from his exile at Elba, Maria Luisa and her parents fled Rome, moving from one city to another in Italy. The Countess de Boigne met her in Genoa and found her untidy and vulgar. When Napoleon was defeated at Waterloo, they returned to Rome.[citation needed] At the Congress of Vienna, Maria Luisa's interests were represented by the Spanish emissary Marquis of Labrador, an incompetent man, who did not successfully advance his country's or Maria Luisa's diplomatic goals. The Austrian Minister Metternich had decided not to restore Parma to the House of Bourbon, but to give it to Napoleon's wife, Marie Louise of Austria. Maria Luisa pleaded her cause to her brother Ferdinand VII of Spain, the Pope, and Tsar Alexander I of Russia. Ultimately, the Congress decided to compensate Maria Luisa and her son with the smaller Duchy of Lucca, which was carved out of Tuscany. She was to retain the honors of a queen as she had before in Etruria. However, Maria Luisa refused this compromise for more than two years. During this time, she lived with her children in a Roman palace. Family relationships became strained: her parents and her brother Ferdinand VII wanted to marry Maria Luisa's daughter, Maria Luisa Carlota, then fourteen years old, to Francisco de Paula, Maria Luisa's youngest brother. She opposed this plan, considering her brother (eight years older than her young daughter) to be too reckless. She also rejected a proposed plan for her own son to marry Maria Cristina of Naples, a daughter of her sister Maria Isabel. Seeking independence from her family, Maria Luisa accepted the solution offered by the Treaty of Paris in 1817: upon the death of Marie Louise of Austria, the duchy of Parma would revert to Charles Louis and the House of Bourbon. Maria Luisa became Duchess of Lucca in her own right and was granted the rank and privileges of a queen. Her son, Charles Louis, would succeed her only upon her death and would be the Prince of Lucca. Lucca would be annexed to the Grand Duchy of Tuscany when the family regained possession of Parma. Then the Spanish minister in Turin, took possession of Lucca until Maria Luisa arrived on 7 December 1817. When Maria Luisa arrived in Lucca, she was already thirty-five years old. Ten years of endless struggles had taken their toll: her youth was gone and she had gained a lot of weight. Nevertheless, she set her sights on a new marriage. She first addressed Ferdinand III, Grand Duke of Tuscany, who was a widower, and also her first cousin, possibly with the idea of securing her position in Lucca and gaining a foothold in Florence. After this failed, she tried Archduke Ferdinand of Austria-Este but this failed as well. After the assassination of Charles Ferdinand, Duke of Berry, in 1820, there were plans to marry her to his father, the future King Charles X of France. Maria Luisa's firm intention was to obliterate every trace of the government Elisa Bonaparte, who had ruled Lucca from 1805 to 1814 and who nominally succeeded Maria Luisa in Tuscany in 1808. As duchess, she promoted public works and culture in the spirit of enlightenment and during her government the sciences flourished. Between 1817 and 1820, she ordered the complete renewal of the inner decorations of the Palazzo Ducale, completely redecorating the building into its present form, making the Palazzo one of the finest in Italy. Maria Luisa, a religious woman, favored the clergy. In her small state, seventeen new convents were founded in the six years of her reign. Among the projects she accomplished were the building of a new aqueduct and the development of Viareggio, the port of the Duchy. Politically, Maria Luisa disregarded the constitution imposed on her by the congress of Vienna and governed Lucca in an absolutist fashion, though her government was not very reactionary and oppressive. When the Spanish liberals imposed a constitution on her brother, King Ferdinand VII, she opened up to the idea of accepting a constitution, but the resurgence of Spanish absolutism in 1823 ended her intentions. In 1820, she arranged the wedding of her twenty-year-old son's with Princess Maria Teresa of Savoy, one of the twin daughters of King Victor Emmanuel I of Sardinia. The relationship with her son had turned sour and later he complained that his mother had \"ruined him physically, morally and financially\". Throughout these years, she spent the summers in Lucca and the winters in Rome. She went to Rome on 25 October 1823 to her Palace in Piazza Venezia, already feeling ill. On 22 February 1824 she signed her will and died of cancer on 13 March 1824 in Rome. Her body was taken to Spain to be buried at the Escorial.[citation needed] A monument to her memory was erected in Lucca.[citation needed] Upon her death, she was succeeded by Charles Louis.[citation needed] Maria Luisa was survived by her two children: Charles Louis Ferdinand (22 December 1799 \u2013 16 April 1883) married Maria Teresa of Savoy Princess of Savoy, daughter of King Victor Emmanuel I of Sardinia and of Maria Theresa of Austria-Este. Luisa Carlota (Barcelona, 2 October 1802 \u2013 Rome, 18 March 1857) married Prince Maximilian of Saxony, widower of her aunt Carolina of Parma, as his second wife. Although the marriage was childless she was stepmother to Maximilian and Caroline's children, including the future kings Frederick Augustus II of Saxony and John I of Saxony, and Maria Josepha Amalia of Saxony, Queen of Spain Mateos, Los desconocidos infantes de Espa\u00f1a, p. 91. Mateos, Los desconocidos infantes de Espa\u00f1a, p. 92. Bearne, A Royal Quartette, p. 286. Mateos, Los desconocidos infantes de Espa\u00f1a, p. 90. Bearne, A Royal Quartette, p. 286. Bearne, A Royal Quartette, p. 286. Mateos, Los desconocidos infantes de Espa\u00f1a, p. 83. Bearne, A Royal Quartette, p. 274. Bearne, A Royal Quartette, p. 287. Marques de Villa-Urrutia, La Reina de Etruria, p. 18. Bearne, A Royal Quartette, p. 299. Marques de Villa-Urrutia, La Reina de Etruria, p. 19. Maria Luisa of Spain, Memoir of the Queen of Etruria, pp. 3\u20134. Marques de Villa-Urrutia, La Reina de Etruria, p. 15. Davies, Vanished Kingdoms, p. 510. Marques de Villa-Urrutia, La Reina de Etruria, p. 27. Mateos Sainz de Medrano, Ricardo. Los desconocidos infantes de Espana: Casa de Borbon (Spanish), pp. 91-97, Thassalia (1st edition 1996); ISBN\u00a08482370545/ISBN\u00a0978-8482370545 Bearne, A Royal Quartette, p. 302. Bearne, A Royal Quartette, p. 303. Maria Luisa of Spain, Memoir of the Queen of Etruria, p.6. Bearne, A Royal Quartette, p. 304. Marques de Villa-Urrutia, La Reina de Etruria, p. 36. Bearne, A Royal Quartette, p. 287. Davies, Vanished Kingdoms, p. 511. Marques de Villa-Urrutia, La Reina de Etruria, p. 43. Marques de Villa-Urrutia, La Reina de Etruria, p. 48. Maria Luisa of Spain, Memoir of the Queen of Etruria, p. 9. Davies, Vanished Kingdoms, p. 516. Mateos, Los desconocidos infantes de Espa\u00f1a, p. 93. Marques de Villa-Urrutia, La Reina de Etruria, p. 69. Marques de Villa-Urrutia, La Reina de Etruria, p. 70. Marques de Villa-Urrutia, La Reina de Etruria, p. 71. Maria Luisa of Spain, Memoir of the Queen of Etruria, p. 13. Marques de Villa-Urrutia, La Reina de Etruria, p. 74. Marques de Villa-Urrutia, La Reina de Etruria, p. 78. Marques de Villa-Urrutia, La Reina de Etruria, p. 79. Mateos, Los desconocidos infantes de Espa\u00f1a, p. 94. Marques de Villa-Urrutia, La Reina de Etruria, p. 84. Davies, Vanished Kingdoms, p. 518. Davies, Vanished Kingdoms, p. 519. Davies, Vanished Kingdoms, p. 523. Davies, Vanished Kingdoms, p. 524. Marques de Villa-Urrutia, La Reina de Etruria, p. 105. Marques de Villa-Urrutia, La Reina de Etruria, p. 106. Smerdou, Carlos IV en el exilio , p. 63-64. Bearne, A Royal Quartette, p. 364. Smerdou, Carlos IV en el exilio , p. 73. Bearne, A Royal Quartette, p. 365. Marques de Villa-Urrutia, La Reina de Etruria, p. 113. Marques de Villa-Urrutia, La Reina de Etruria, p. 115. Smerdou, Carlos IV en el exilio , p. 76. Bearne, A Royal Quartette, p. 369. Bearne, A Royal Quartette, p. 369. Bearne, A Royal Quartette, p. 3705. Smerdou, Carlos IV en el exilio , p. 132. Smerdou, Carlos IV en el exilio , p. 134. Bearne, A Royal Quartette, p. 373. Bearne, A Royal Quartette, p. 373. Bearne, A Royal Quartette, p. 373. Mateos, Los desconocidos infantes de Espa\u00f1a, p. 95. Marques de Villa-Urrutia, La Reina de Etruria, p. 119. Bearne, A Royal Quartette, p. 379. Marques de Villa-Urrutia, La Reina de Etruria, p. 120. Bearne, A Royal Quartette, p. 381. Smerdou, Carlos IV en el exilio , p. 187. Bearne, A Royal Quartette, p. 383. Marques de Villa-Urrutia, La Reina de Etruria, p. 121. Marques de Villa-Urrutia, La Reina de Etruria, p. 122. Marques de Villa-Urrutia, La Reina de Etruria, p. 127. Marques de Villa-Urrutia, La Reina de Etruria, p. 133. Marques de Villa-Urrutia, La Reina de Etruria, p. 143. Marques de Villa-Urrutia, La Reina de Etruria, p. 155. Marques de Villa-Urrutia, La Reina de Etruria, p. 86. Marques de Villa-Urrutia, La Reina de Etruria, p. 87. Mateos, Los desconocidos infantes de Espa\u00f1a, p. 96. Marques de Villa-Urrutia, La Reina de Etruria, p. 148. Marques de Villa-Urrutia, La Reina de Etruria, p. 151. Mateos, Los desconocidos infantes de Espa\u00f1a, p. 97. Bearne, A Royal Quartette, p. 384. Marques de Villa-Urrutia, La Reina de Etruria, p. 153. Marques de Villa-Urrutia, La Reina de Etruria, p. 154. Genealogie ascendante jusqu'au quatrieme degre inclusivement de tous les Rois et Princes de maisons souveraines de l'Europe actuellement vivans [Genealogy up to the fourth degree inclusive of all the Kings and Princes of sovereign houses of Europe currently living] (in French). Bourdeaux: Frederic Guillaume Birnstiel. 1768. pp.\u00a09, 96. Balans\u00f3, Juan. La Familia Rival. Barcelona, Planeta, 1994. ISBN\u00a0978-8408012474 Balans\u00f3, Juan. Las Perlas de la Corona. Barcelona, Plaza & Jan\u00e9s, 1999. ISBN\u00a0978-8401540714 Bearne, Catherine Mary Charlton. A Royal Quartette: Maria Luisa, Infanta of Spain. Brentano's, 1908. ASIN: B07R12B4NQ Davies, Norman. Vanished Kingdoms: The Rise and fall of States and Nations. New York, Viking, 2011. ISBN\u00a0978-0-670-02273-1 Maria Luisa of Spain, Duchess of Lucca. Memoir of the Queen of Etruria. London, John Murray, 1814. ISBN\u00a0978-1247377858 Mateos Sainz de Medrano, Ricardo. Los desconocidos infantes de Espa\u00f1a. Thassalia, 1996. ISBN\u00a08482370545 Sixtus, Prince of Bourbon-Parma. La Reine d'\u00c9trurie. Paris, Calmann-Levy, 1928. ASIN: B003UAFSSG Smerdou Altoaguirre, Luis. Carlos IV en el Exilio. Pamplona, Ediciones Universidad de Navarra, 2000. ISBN\u00a0978-8431318314 Villa-Urrutia, W. R Marques de. La Reina de Etruria: Do\u00f1a Maria Luisa de Borb\u00f3n Infanta de Espa\u00f1a. Madrid, Francisco Beltr\u00e1n, 1923. ASIN: B072FJ4VJ6"
   },
   {
    "name": "Teresa Berganza",
    "id": "Q233876",
    "text": "Teresa Berganza Vargas OAXS (born 16 March 1935) is a Spanish mezzo-soprano. She is most closely associated with the roles of Rossini, Mozart, and Bizet. She is admired for her technical virtuosity, musical intelligence, and beguiling stage presence. Teresa Berganza was born in Madrid. She studied piano and voice at the Madrid Royal Conservatory, where she was awarded first prize for singing in 1954. She made her concert debut in Madrid in 1955. Berganza made her operatic debut as Dorabella in Cos\u00ec fan tutte in 1957 at the Aix-en-Provence Festival. That same year, she made her La Scala debut and the following year her debut at Glyndebourne. In 1959, Berganza made her first appearances at the Covent Garden Royal Opera House as Rosina in Il barbiere di Siviglia, which became one of her signature roles. In 1967, she made her Metropolitan Opera debut as Cherubino in Le nozze di Figaro. As a recitalist, Berganza made her Carnegie Hall debut in 1964. Her concert repertoire includes Spanish, Italian, French, German, and Russian songs. From 1957 to 1977, Berganza was married to the composer and pianist F\u00e9lix Lavilla, with whom she recorded and performed regularly and with whom she has three children, including soprano Cecilia Lavilla Berganza. During the 1980s, Teresa herself was found to have been admired by Arthur Richard Jackson, the Scottish drifter who attempted to murder American actress Theresa Saldana in 1982. Berganza shared the 1991 Prince of Asturias Award for arts and letters with six other Spanish singers. She also won the Grand Prix Rossini. In 1992, Berganza participated in the opening ceremonies of Expo '92 in Seville and the opening ceremonies of the 1992 Summer Olympics in Barcelona. In 1994, she became the first woman elected to the Real Academia de Bellas Artes de San Fernando. In 1996, she was awarded the Premio Nacional de M\u00fasica. She currently teaches singing at the Escuela Superior de M\u00fasica Reina Sof\u00eda, continues to perform music of Spanish composers, and gives master classes all over the world. Her students have included Mar\u00eda Bayo and Jorge Chamin\u00e9. Berganza received the Lifetime Achievement Award at the 2018 International Opera Awards. Teresa Berganza has appeared in nine motion pictures, including Il barbiere di Siviglia in 1972, as Zerlina in Joseph Losey's Don Giovanni in 1979, and both Werther and Carmen in 1980. Gold Medal of Merit in Fine Arts (Kingdom of Spain, 26 February 1982). Dame Grand Cross of the Civil Order of Alfonso X, the Wise (Kingdom of Spain, 3 May 2013). Cummings, David M. (2000). International who's who in music and musicians' directory. p.\u00a052. List of national music prize winners, Spanish Ministry of Culture. Retrieved 9 April 2011. \"Opera Awards Archive 2018\". International Opera Awards. Retrieved 2021-03-25. Bolet\u00edn Oficial del Estado Bolet\u00edn Oficial del Estado Official web page Teresa Berganza at IMDb Discography (Capon's Lists of Opera Recordings) Teresa Berganza interview by Bruce Duffie, December 1, 1984"
   },
   {
    "name": "Nathalia Ramos",
    "id": "Q234060",
    "text": "Nathalia Norah Ramos Cohen (born July 3, 1992) is an American actress known for her portrayals of Yasmin in the 2007 film Bratz, Jill in the 2013 film The Damned, and lead character Nina Martin in the 2011 Nickelodeon television series House of Anubis. Ramos was born in Madrid, Spain. Her mother is from Australia and her father is Juan Carlos Ramos Vaquero, known by his stage name, \"Iv\u00e1n\", a Spanish pop singer.[citation needed] She moved to Melbourne, Australia at age two, then relocated to Miami when she was four, and grew up there.[failed verification] Ramos attended North Beach Elementary, Nautilus Middle School in Miami Beach and briefly attended Miami Beach Senior High during her freshman year. She then moved to Los Angeles and graduated from Beverly Hills High School and attended and graduated from the University of Southern California with a degree in Political Science with a concentration in South East Asian politics in 2018. She is Jewish, as is her mother. Ramos became an American citizen on June 2, 2016. In 2007, Ramos appeared in the theatrical Bratz motion picture, playing the leading role of Yasmin. She made a brief appearance in the music video for Prima J's single \"Rockstar\" which was a tie-in with the Bratz film and was featured on the film's official soundtrack and provided her voice for the Bratz 4 Real video game. She was featured in an episode of the Nickelodeon series True Jackson, VP, portraying an unpredictable teenage supermodel. She had a role in 31 North 62 East, a psychological thriller film directed by British director Tristan Loraine. Ramos starred in the Nickelodeon television series House of Anubis for two seasons as the lead character, Nina Martin, who travels to England in order to attend a mysterious boarding school. She stated that she would not return to House of Anubis for a third season due to her concentrating on college. In 2012, Ramos was cast in the 2013 horror film The Damned (originally titled Gallow's Hill), playing Jill, the daughter of Peter Facinelli's character. Video game: Bratz 4 Real (2007), as Yasmin Music video promo for Bratz: The Movie: \"Rockstar\" (2009) by Prima J Ramos, Nathalia [@nathalia73] (August 11, 2012). \"@Sibuna_Love01 Nathalia Norah Ramos Cohen\" (Tweet). Retrieved 2016-08-01 \u2013 via Twitter. Fischer, Paul (August 3, 2007). \"Exclusive Interview: Nathalia Ramos for \"Bratz\"\". Dark Horizons. Archived from the original on 2007-08-18. Retrieved 2016-08-01. \"Nathalia Ramos\". Hollywood.com. Retrieved 2016-08-01. \"Introducing 'House of Anubis' Star Nathalia Ramos\". LATINA. Retrieved 2021-01-21. \"Five minutes with Nathalia Ramos\". Dolly. Retrieved 2021-01-21. \"Meet the Bratz!\". People. July 30, 2007. Retrieved 2019-08-31. \"Nathalia Ramos Interview\". April 4, 2017. Retrieved July 18, 2020 \u2013 via YouTube. \"It's been a long time coming\". May 11, 2018. Retrieved July 18, 2020 \u2013 via Instagram. \"Shmoozin' with? Nathalia Ramos\". 12 January 2009. \"JUF\u00a0: Tweens\u00a0: Celebrities\u00a0: Nathalia Ramos\". Ramos, Nathalia [@nathalia73] (June 2, 2016). \"The day I became an American. #IAmAnImmigrant\" (Tweet). Retrieved 2016-08-01 \u2013 via Twitter. Anderson, John (July 30, 2007). \"Review: 'Bratz'\". Variety. Retrieved 2016-08-01. Linden, Sheri (July 30, 2007). \"Bratz\". The Hollywood Reporter. Associated Press. Retrieved 2016-08-01. Ross, Robyn (June 29, 2011). \"Nickelodeon Renews House of Anubis For Second Season\". TV Guide. Retrieved 2016-08-01. Ramos, Nathalia [@nathalia73] (April 2, 2012). \"Hey guys, yes it's true. If there is a season 3 of HOA I won't be returning. You all know that school is a priority for me\" (Tweet). Retrieved 2016-08-01 \u2013 via Twitter. Kit, Borys (September 10, 2012). \"'Twilight's' Peter Facinelli to Star in 'Gallows Hill' (Exclusive)\". The Hollywood Reporter. Retrieved 2016-08-01. Scheck, Frank (August 27, 2014). \"'The Damned': Film Review\". The Hollywood Reporter. Retrieved 2016-08-01. Catsoulis, Jeannette (August 28, 2014). \"Come to Granny. On Second Thought, Better Not\". The New York Times. Retrieved 2014-10-03. Loraine, Tristan. \"31 North 62 East on Apple TV\". Apple TV. Retrieved 2021-01-21. 31 North 62 East (Too Close to the Truth) (2009), retrieved 2021-01-21 Lemas, Matt (2013-09-04). \"Dean Slater goes beyond expectations\". Daily Trojan. Retrieved 2021-01-21. Mobarak, Jared (2013-08-26). \"[Review] Dean Slater: Resident Advisor\". The Film Stage. Retrieved 2021-01-21. \"'The Damned': Film Review\". The Hollywood Reporter. 2014-08-27. Retrieved 2021-01-21. \"Seoul Searching Cast and Crew - Cast Photos and Info\". Fandango. Retrieved 2021-01-21. \"Wildflower: Cast\". www.wildflowerthemovie.com. Retrieved 2021-01-21. Ramos, Nathalia. \"Hobe Loblaw\". Twitter. \"Nathalia Ramos - Rotten Tomatoes\". www.rottentomatoes.com. Retrieved 2021-01-21. \"What I learned from Dakota North\". NATHALIA RAMOS. Retrieved 2021-01-21. Putnam, Caurie. \"'Wildflower' movie opening in Pittsford is rooted in ROC\". Democrat and Chronicle. Retrieved 2021-01-21. Mehta, Ankita (2017-09-22). \"Who is Nathalia Ramos, the Spanish Actress with Rahul Gandhi?\". www.ibtimes.co.in. Retrieved 2021-01-21. \"Bratz 4 Real Credits\". Giant Bomb. Retrieved 2021-01-21. Prima J. \"Rockstar\". Youtube. Nathalia Ramos at IMDb"
   },
   {
    "name": "Adelina Patti",
    "id": "Q234166",
    "text": "Adelina Patti (10 February 1843\u00a0\u2013 27 September 1919) was an Italian 19th-century opera singer, earning huge fees at the height of her career in the music capitals of Europe and America. She first sang in public as a child in 1851, and gave her last performance before an audience in 1914. Along with her near contemporaries Jenny Lind and Th\u00e9r\u00e8se Tietjens, Patti remains one of the most famous sopranos in history, owing to the purity and beauty of her lyrical voice and the unmatched quality of her bel canto technique. The composer Giuseppe Verdi, writing in 1877, described her as being perhaps the finest singer who had ever lived and a \"stupendous artist\". Verdi's admiration for Patti's talent was shared by numerous music critics and social commentators of her era. She was born Adela Juana Maria Patti, in Madrid, the last child of tenor Salvatore Patti (1800\u20131869) and soprano Caterina Barilli (died 1870). Her Italian parents were working in Madrid, Spain, at the time of her birth. Because her father came from Sicily, Patti was born a subject of the King of the Two Sicilies. She later carried a French passport, as her first two husbands were French. Her sisters Amalia and Carlotta Patti were also singers. Her brother Carlo Patti was a violinist who married actress Effie Germon. In her childhood, the family moved to New York City. Patti grew up in the Wakefield section of the Bronx, where her family's home is still standing. Patti sang professionally from childhood, and developed into a coloratura soprano with perfectly equalized vocal registers and a surprisingly warm, satiny tone. Patti learned how to sing and gained understanding of voice technique from her brother-in-law Maurice Strakosch, who was a musician and impresario. Adelina Patti made her operatic debut at age 16 on 24 November 1859 in the title role of Donizetti's Lucia di Lammermoor at the Academy of Music, New York. On 24 August 1860, she and Emma Albani were soloists in the world premiere of Charles Wugk Sabatier's Cantata in Montreal which was performed in honour of the visit of the Prince of Wales. In 1861, at the age of 18, she was invited to Covent Garden, to execute the role of Amina in Bellini's La sonnambula. She had such remarkable success at Covent Garden that season, she bought a house in Clapham and, using London as a base, went on to conquer the European continent, performing Amina in Paris and Vienna in subsequent years with equal success. During an 1862 American tour, she sang John Howard Payne's song \"Home! Sweet Home!\" at the White House for the President of the United States, Abraham Lincoln, and his wife, Mary Lincoln. The Lincolns were mourning the death of their son Willie, who had died of typhoid. Moved to tears, the Lincolns requested an encore of the song. Henceforth, it would become associated with Adelina Patti, and she performed it many times as a bonus item at the end of recitals and concerts. Patti's career was one of success after success. She sang not only in England and the United States, but also as far afield in mainland Europe as Russia, and in South America as well, inspiring audience frenzy and critical superlatives wherever she went. Her girlish good looks gave her an appealing stage presence, which added to her celebrity status. In 1869-1870 she engaged in tours through the Europe and Russia. Concerts in Moscow and Saint Petersburg were very successful and Patti repeated her Russian trips throughout the 1870s. In Russia she made some highly prolific friendships with the first persons of Russian aristocracy and first range musicians & artsmen such Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky, Anton Rubinstein, Alexander Serov and Vladimir Stasov. In Petersburg, during seasons 1874-75s, Patti met Ernesto Nicolini (in future her second husband) for the first time. At that time she also became acquainted with prominent Russian historian Dmitry Ilovaysky and with his family. This friendship was to last for decades and Ilovaysky's cousin Stepan, the stalmeister of Tsar Alexander III even travelled to Wales to meet Adelina during the first half of the 1880s. Patti was also a teacher of Ilovaysky's daughter Varvara\u00a0[ru]. During the 1860s, Patti possessed a sweet, high-lying voice of birdlike purity and remarkable flexibility which was ideal for such parts as Zerlina, Lucia and Amina; but, as Verdi noted in 1878, her lower notes gained fullness and beauty when she grew older, enabling her to excel in weightier fare. Patti, however, turned into a conservative singer in the final phase of her operatic and concert career. She knew what suited her aging voice to perfection and she stuck to it. Typically, her recital programmes during the 1890s featured an array of familiar, often sentimental, not-too-demanding popular tunes of the day, which were sure to appeal to her adoring fans. But during her mature prime in the 1870s and '80s, Patti had been a more enterprising singer, proving to be an effective actress in those lyric roles that required the summoning forth of deep emotions, such as Gilda in Rigoletto, Leonora in Il trovatore, the title part in Semiramide, Zerlina in Don Giovanni and Violetta in La traviata. She also had been prepared to tackle quite dramatic parts in operas like L'Africaine, Les Huguenots and even Aida. She never attempted to sing any verismo parts, however, because these became popular only in the twilight of her career, during the final decade of the 19th century. Many years earlier, Patti had experienced an amusing encounter in Paris with the bel canto-opera composer Gioachino Rossini, who was a staunch upholder of traditional Italian singing values. It is related that when Patti's mentor (and brother-in-law), Strakosch, presented her to Rossini at one of his fashionable receptions during the 1860s, she was prevailed upon to sing \"Una voce poco fa\", from Rossini's The Barber of Seville\u2014with embellishments added by Strakosch to show off the soprano's voice. \"What composition was that?\", asked the prickly Rossini. \"Why, maestro, your own\" replied Strakosch. \"Oh no, that is not my composition, that is Strakoschonnerie\", Rossini retorted. ('Cochonnerie' is a strong French idiom indicating \"garbage\" and literally meaning \"that which is characteristic of or fit for pigs.\") In her prime, Patti demanded to be paid $5000 a night, in gold, before the performance.[citation needed] Her contracts stipulated that her name be top-billed and printed larger than any other name in the cast. Her contracts also insisted that while she was \"free to attend all rehearsals, she was not obligated to attend any\".[citation needed] In his memoirs, the famous opera promoter \"Colonel\" Mapleson recalled Patti's stubborn personality and sharp business sense. She reportedly had a parrot whom she had trained to shriek, \"CASH! CASH!\" whenever Mapleson walked in the room. Patti enjoyed the trappings of fame and wealth but she was not profligate with her earnings, especially after losing a large proportion of her assets as a result of the break-up of her first marriage (see below). She invested wisely large sums of money and unlike some of her extravagant former colleagues, such as the star tenor Giovanni Mario, who died in poverty, she saw out her days amid luxurious surroundings. In 1893, Patti created the title role of Gabriella in a now-forgotten opera by Emilio Pizzi at its world premiere in Boston. Patti had commissioned Pizzi to write the opera for her. Ten years later, she undertook one final singing tour of the United States; however, it turned out to be a critical, financial and personal failure, owing to the deterioration of her voice through age and wear and tear. From then on she restricted herself to the occasional concert here or there, or to private performances mounted at a little theatre she had built in her impressive residence, Craig-y-Nos Castle in Wales. She last sang in public on 24 October 1914, taking part in a Red Cross concert at London's Royal Albert Hall that had been organised to aid victims of World War I. She lived long enough to see the war end, dying in 1919 of natural causes. The first recordings of her voice were made ca. 1890 on phonograph cylinders for Thomas Marshall in New York. Neither the recorded title, nor their number are known. The recordings are lost. Patti cut more than 30 disc gramophone recordings of songs and operatic arias (some of them duplicates)\u00a0\u2014 plus one spoken voice recording (a New Year's greeting to her third husband, which she intended him to keep as a memento)\u00a0\u2014 at her Welsh home in 1905 and 1906 for the Gramophone & Typewriter Company. By then she was aged in her 60s, with her voice well past its prime after a busy operatic career stretching all the way back to 1859. Nonetheless, the limpid purity of her tone and the smoothness of her legato line remained uniquely impressive, compensating to some extent for the weakening of her breath control. The records also display a lively singing personality as well as a surprisingly strong chest voice and a mellow timbre. Her trill remains wonderfully fluent and accurate and her diction is excellent. Overall her discs have a charm and musicality that give us a hint of why, at her peak, she commanded $5,000 a night. Patti's recorded legacy included a number of songs and arias from the following operas: Le Nozze di Figaro, Don Giovanni, Faust, Martha, Norma, Mignon and La sonnambula. The records were produced by the Gramophone & Typewriter Company (the forerunner of EMI Records) and were issued in the United States by the Victor Talking Machine Company. Patti's piano accompanist, Landon Ronald, wrote thus of his first recording session with the diva, \"When the little (gramophone) trumpet gave forth the beautiful tones, she went into ecstasies! She threw kisses into the trumpet and kept on saying, 'Ah! Mon Dieu! Maintenant je comprends pourquoi je suis Patti! Oh oui! Quelle voix! Quelle artiste! Je comprends tout!' [Ah! My Lord! Now I understand why I am Patti! Oh yes! What a voice! What an artist! I understand everything!] Her enthusiasm was so na\u00efve and genuine that the fact that she was praising her own voice seemed to us all to be right and proper.\" Thirty-two Patti recordings were reissued on CD in 1998 by Marston Records (catalogue number 52011-2). Patti is thought by some to have had a dalliance with the tenor Mario, who is said to have bragged at Patti's first wedding that he had already \"made love to her many times\".[citation needed] Engaged as a minor to Henri de Lossy, Baron of Ville, Patti wed three times: first, in 1868, to Henri de Roger de Cahusac, Marquess of Caux (1826\u20131889). The marriage soon collapsed; both had affairs and de Caux was granted a legal separation in 1877 and divorced in 1885. The union was dissolved with bitterness and cost her half her fortune. She then lived with the French tenor Ernesto Nicolini for many years until, following her divorce from Caux, she was able to marry him in 1886. That marriage lasted until his death and was seemingly happy, but Nicolini cut Patti out of his will, suggesting some tension in the last years. Patti's last marriage, in 1899, was to Baron Rolf Cederstr\u00f6m (1870\u20131947), a priggish, but handsome, Swedish aristocrat many years her junior. The Baron severely curtailed Patti's social life. He cut down her domestic staff from 40 to 18, but gave her the devotion and flattery that she needed, becoming her sole legatee. After her death, he married a much younger woman. Their only daughter, Brita Yvonne Cederstr\u00f6m (born 1924), ended up as Patti's sole heir. Patti had no children, but was close to her nieces and nephews. The two-time Tony Award-winning Broadway actress and singer Patti LuPone is a great-grand niece and namesake. Drummer Scott Devours is her 3rd great nephew. Patti developed a love for billiards and became a reputable player, making guest appearances at many major billiard events for exhibition matches and fancy shot displays. In her retirement, Patti, now officially Baroness Cederstr\u00f6m, settled in the Swansea Valley in south Wales, where she purchased Craig-y-Nos Castle. There she had a $2000 billiard table installed, and her own private theatre, a miniature version of the one at Bayreuth, and made her gramophone recordings. Patti also funded Craig-y-nos railway station on the Neath and Brecon Railway. In 1918, she presented the Winter Garden building from her Craig-y-Nos estate to the city of Swansea. It was re-erected and renamed the Patti Pavilion. She died at Craig-y-Nos and eight months later was buried at the P\u00e8re Lachaise Cemetery in Paris to be close to her Father and favourite composer Rossini in accordance with the wishes in her will. Adelina Patti had a warm, crystalline, and very agile high soprano voice. Her vocal emission was of perfect equality and her vocal range was wide, from low C to high F (C4 \u2013 F6). Regarding her technique, critic Rodolfo Celletti said, \"Her voice was a technical marvel. The staccatos were marvels of accuracy, even in the trickiest intervals, her legato was impressively smooth and pure; she connects the voice from note to note, phrase to phrase, lifting and gliding with an exceptional virtuosity. Her chromatic scale was deliciously sweet, and her trill was wonderful and solid.\" La Vie parisienne by Jacques Offenbach, with book by Henri Meilhac and Ludovic Hal\u00e9vy (1866), mentions Adelina Patti:[full citation needed] \"Je veux, moi, dans la capitale Voir les divas qui font fureur Voir la Patti dans Don Pasquale Et Th\u00e9r\u00e9sa dans le Sapeur\" Other works of literature and music evoking Patti include: Anna Karenina by Leo Tolstoy The Picture of Dorian Gray by Oscar Wilde The Age of Innocence by Edith Wharton Nana by \u00c9mile Zola Boro\u00f1a by Leopoldo Alas Sherlock Holmes by Arthur Conan Doyle The Village in the Treetops by Jules Verne Hitty, Her First Hundred Years by Rachel Field The song \"The Deadwood Stage (Whip-Crack-Away!)\" featured in both Calamity Jane film and Calamity Jane stage musical mentions a hat that Patti wore as part of the contents for sale in the stagecoach's offerings. In the 1890s, African-American singer Sissieretta Jones adopted the stage name \"Black Patti,\" and called her company \"Black Patti's Troubadours.\" Her birth date is sometimes given as 19 February 1843. According to this newspaper report, an entry in the Madrid baptisms book No. 43, p. 153, showed that Patti was born in the afternoon of 10 February 1843. The Indianapolis journal, 7 April 1901, p. 14, col. 4 ('Musical Notes') John Frederick Cone; William R. Moran (1993). Adelina Patti: queen of hearts. Amadeus Press. p.\u00a0129. ISBN\u00a0978-0-931340-60-4. Sadie: The New Grove Dictionary of Opera, 918 Bronx County Clerk's Office Archived 20 October 2009 at the Wayback Machine Obituary: Maurice Strakosch The Musical Times and Singing Class Circular, Vol. 28, No. 537 (1 November 1887), p. 676 Karl Formes (1888). Aus meinem Kunst- und B\u00fchnenleben: Erinnerungen des Bassisten Karl Formes. Bearbeitet von Wilh. Koch. Gehly. \"Metropolitan Gossip \u2013 The King and Queen at a Patriotic Concert\", The Grantham Journal, Saturday 31 October 1914, p. 5. Discography compiled by W. R. Moran and appears in the appendix to Klein's Reign of Patti referenced above. George Putnam Upton (1908). Musical Memories: My Recollections of Celebrities of the Half Century, 1850\u20131900 ... With Numerous Illustrations. Chicago. p.\u00a040. Upper Swansea Valley \u2013 Craig-y-nos Castle at history.powys.org.uk John Davies; Nigel Jenkins; Menna Baines (2008). The Welsh Academy encyclopaedia of Wales. University of Wales Press. ISBN\u00a0978-0-7083-1953-6. Another view of Craig y Nos / Penwyllt looking south on 14 April 2006. It has been documented that the substantial station building was funded by opera singer Adelina Patti who lived at Craig-Y-Nos Castle[permanent dead link] \"Adelina Patti \u2013 Encyclop\u00e9die Larousse\" Rodolfo Celletti (2010). Adelina Patti, The Voice of An Angel. p. 450. John Frederick Cone; William R. Moran (1993). Adelina Patti: queen of hearts. Amadeus Press. ISBN\u00a0978-0-931340-60-4. Herman Klein (2008). The Reign of Patti (1920). Kessinger Publishing. ISBN\u00a0978-1-4365-7176-0. Mapleson, James Henry (1966). Harold Rosenthal (ed.). The Mapleson Memoirs; The Career of an Operatic Impresario, 1858-1888. New York: Appleton-Century. ISBN\u00a00-370-00080-3. Michael Scott (1977). The Record of Singing. Duckworth. ISBN\u00a0978-0-7156-1030-5. Stanley Sadie, ed. (1997). The New Grove Dictionary of Opera. New York, New York: Macmillan Reference Limited. p.\u00a0918. ISBN\u00a00-333-73432-7. Biography on BBC Wales Patti sings at the Cincinnati Opera Festival 1882 attended by Oscar Wilde. A digital collection of items relating to Adelina Patti Adelina Patti as Juliet (1878)[permanent dead link], one of many Patti-related documents housed in the Alfredo Barili Papers at the Georgia Archives. Adelina Patti at Find a Grave"
   },
   {
    "name": "Carmen Maura",
    "id": "Q234807",
    "text": "Mar\u00eda del Carmen Garc\u00eda Maura OAXS (born 15 September 1945) is a Spanish actress. In a career that has spanned six decades, Maura is best known for her collaborations with noted Spanish film directors Pedro Almod\u00f3var and \u00c1lex de la Iglesia. Maura holds the record (with three) for most Goya Awards for Best Leading Actress, more than any other actress in the history of Spanish film. She also won a Cesar Award in 2013 and a Cannes Film Festival Award in 2006. Maura was born in Madrid to Salvador Garc\u00eda Santa-Cruz and Carmen Maura Arenzana. Her great-grandfather was the Count of Fuente Nueva de Arenzana, who lived in the Palace of Arenzana in Madrid, currently the embassy of France. Her other great grandfather from her mother's side was the artist Bartolome Maura Montaner, brother of Antonio Maura, a former prime minister of Spain on five occasions and a noted orator. Maura studied philosophy and literature at the \u00c9cole des Beaux-Arts in Paris. From 1964 to 1970, she was married to a lawyer, Francisco Forteza, with whom she has two children, Carmen and Pablo. Later she had a long relationship with Antonio Moreno Rubio, that ended in 1995 when she discovered he had defrauded her, causing bankruptcy. Maura began her career as a cabaret singer. Maura's film career was launched in 1970 with an appearance in the film The Man in Hiding. This was followed by a major role in the 1977 film Tigres de papel. Although Maura has played dramatic roles, she is often noted for her comedic roles in films like Sal gorda (1984), S\u00e9 infiel y no mires con qui\u00e9n (1985) or Tata m\u00eda (1986). Maura appeared in the first film by Pedro Almod\u00f3var, Pepi, Luci, Bom y otras chicas del mont\u00f3n, in 1980. They went on to collaborate on five additional films in the 1980s, the last of which was Women on The Verge of a Nervous Breakdown (1988), for which she was awarded the European Film Award \"Felix\" for best actress. Maura and Almod\u00f3var appeared to have had a falling out after Women on the Verge of a Nervous Breakdown. They did not work together for over a decade, but joined forces again in 2006 for Volver. 'Volver' means 'Return' in Spanish, and one of the many returns the title alludes to is Maura's return to Almodovar's movies. The female cast of \"Volver\" won a collective prize for Best Actress at the 2006 Cannes Film Festival. Maura also appeared in 800 Bullets where she played the mother of the boy who is the main character of the story. Kevin Severson is her son. Maura is cited as a gay icon for the role of a transsexual she played in Almod\u00f3var's Law of Desire, strengthening her image as a strong woman who is never afraid to break through boundaries. Maura has won more Goya Awards for Best Leading Actress than any other actress in the history of Spanish film. She won the \"Locarno Excellence Award\" in 2007 for all her cinematographic career. Maura has worked under the orders of major directors like Almodovar, Ford Coppola, Amos Gitai, Yasmina Reza, Alejandro Agresti, Carlos Saura, \u00c9tienne Chatiliez and \u00c1lex de la Iglesia. 2007-Nominated: Best Movie Actress for Volver (2006) 2001-Won: Best Movie Actress for La comunidad (2000). 1999-Won: Best TV Actress for A las once en casa (1998). 1994-Nominated: Best Movie Actress for Sombras en una batalla (1993) 1993-Nominated: Best Movie Actress for \"La reina an\u00f3nima\" and also Entre el cielo y la tierra (1992) 1991-Won: Best Movie Actress for \u00a1Ay Carmela! (1990) 1991-Nominated: Best TV Actress for La mujer de tu vida (1990) 1989-Won: Best Movie Actress for Mujeres al borde de un ataque de nervios (1988) 1988-Nominated: Best Movie Actress for La ley del deseo (1987) 1987-Nominated: Best Movie Actress for Tata m\u00eda (1986) and also Matador (1986) 1986-Nominated: Best Movie Actress for S\u00e9 infiel y no mires con qui\u00e9n (1985) and Extramuros (1985) 1985-Won: Best Movie Actress for \u00bfQu\u00e9 he hecho yo para merecer esto? (1984) 1982-Won: Best Performance in a Television series for Esta noche (1981) \u00a0France: Knight of the Order of Arts and Letters (1996). \u00a0Spain: Dame Grand Cross of the Civil Order of Alfonso X, the Wise (09/10/2015). \"Carmen Maura, la diva del cine europeo a la que violaron, arruinaron y le quitaron a sus hijos\". ELMUNDO (in Spanish). 2020-09-15. Retrieved 2020-09-15. Joe Meyers, Connecticut Post (2007-09-02). Almodovar box set a must for film buffs Archived September 12, 2007, at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved on 2008-06-14. \"Festival de Cannes: Volver\". festival-cannes.com. Retrieved 2009-12-13. The Guardian (August 13, 2006). 'Sex was my way of coping with death' (interview with Pedro Almod\u00f3var). Retrieved on 2008-06-14. Bolet\u00edn Oficial del Estado Carmen Maura at IMDb Bilingual forum created by young fans"
   },
   {
    "name": "Infanta Mar\u00eda de las Mercedes, Countess of Barcelona",
    "id": "Q235128",
    "text": "Princess Mar\u00eda de las Mercedes of Bourbon-Two Sicilies, Infanta of Spain and Countess of Barcelona (Spanish: Do\u00f1a Mar\u00eda de las Mercedes Cristina Genara Isabel Luisa Carolina Victoria y Todos los Santos de Borb\u00f3n y Orl\u00e9ans Spanish pronunciation:\u00a0[ma\u02c8\u027ei.a me\u027e\u02c8\u03b8e\u00f0es]; 23 December 1910 \u2013 2 January 2000) was the mother of Juan Carlos I, King of Spain from 1975 to 2014, and grandmother of the reigning Spanish King, Felipe VI. Mar\u00eda was born in Madrid, daughter of Prince Carlos of Bourbon-Two Sicilies, Infante of Spain, a grandson of King Ferdinand II of the Two Sicilies, and his second wife, Princess Louise of Orl\u00e9ans, daughter of Prince Philippe, Count of Paris, a pretender to the French throne. She was granted, at birth, the rank and precedence of an infanta of Spain, although not the actual use of the title, her own being Princess of Bourbon-Two Sicilies. Her family moved to Seville, when her father was made Captain General of that province. When the Second Spanish Republic forced them into exile, they lived in Cannes and later in Paris, where she studied art at the Louvre.[citation needed] On 14 January 1935, she attended the wedding, in Rome, of Infanta Beatriz of Spain, daughter of King Alfonso XIII. There she met the brother of the bride, her second cousin and future husband, the Infante Juan, fourth son and designated heir of Alfonso XIII. They married in Rome on 12 October 1935. When her husband took up Count of Barcelona as a title of pretence on 8 March 1941, Mar\u00eda became the Countess of Barcelona. They had four children. Infanta Pilar, Duchess of Badajoz (30 July 1936 \u2013 8 January 2020), who married Luis Gomez-Acebo y de Estrada, Viscount de la Torre, on 6 May 1967, and had five children Juan Carlos I of Spain (born 5 January 1938), who married Princess Sophia of Greece and Denmark on 14 May 1962, and had three children Infanta Margarita, Duchess of Soria (born 6 March 1939), who married Don Carlos Zurita y Delgado on 12 October 1972, and had two children Infante Alfonso of Spain (3 October 1941 \u2013 29 March 1956) They lived in Cannes and Rome, and, with the outbreak of World War II, they moved to Lausanne to live with Queen Victoria Eugenie, the mother of Infante Juan. Afterwards, they resided at Estoril, on the Portuguese Riviera. In 1953, the Countess represented the Spanish Royal Family at the coronation of Queen Elizabeth II.[citation needed] In 1976, one year after the monarchy was restored in Spain in the person of her son, Juan Carlos, they returned to Spain. She mediated between her son and her husband, estranged since Juan Carlos had been designated heir by Franco. In 1977, Juan renounced his rights in favour of their son, who officially allowed him to retain the title of Count of Barcelona. She broke her hip in 1982 and the left femur in 1985, which forced her to use a wheelchair for the rest of her life. She became a widow in 1993. She was a fervid fan of bull fighting and of the Andalusian culture.[citation needed] In 1995, her granddaughter Infanta Elena married in Seville in part because the Countess' love for the city.[citation needed] She was the 1,171st Dame of the Royal Order of Queen Maria Luisa on 4 March 1929.[citation needed] She died of a heart attack in the Royal Residence of La Mareta, in Lanzarote, where the royal family had gathered to celebrate the New Year. She was buried with the honors of a queen at the Royal Crypt of the monastery of San Lorenzo de El Escorial, near Madrid. National \u00a0Spain: Dame Grand Cross of the Order of Charles III \u00a0Spain: 9th Titular Grand Mistress and 1,171st Dame Grand Cross of the Order of Queen Maria Luisa \u00a0Spain: Dame of the Decoration of the Royal Cavalry Armory of Seville \u00a0Spain: Dame of the Decoration of the Royal Cavalry Armory of Granada \u00a0Spain: Dame of the Decoration of the Royal Cavalry Armory of Valencia \u00a0Spain: Dame of the Decoration of the Royal Cavalry Armory of Zaragoza Foreign Calabrian House of Bourbon-Two Sicilies: Knight Grand Cross of Justice of the Two-Sicilian Sacred Military Constantinian Order of Saint George Greek Royal Family: Dame Grand Cross of the Order of Saints Olga and Sophia \u00a0Sovereign Military Order of Malta: Bailiff Dame Grand Cross of the Sovereign Military Order of Malta \u00a0United Kingdom: Recipient of the Queen Elizabeth II Coronation Badge Medal Bourbon-Two Sicilies Enache, Nicolas. La Descendance de Marie-Therese de Habsburg. ICC, Paris, 1996. pp. 458, 532. (French). ISBN\u00a02-908003-04-X Maria de Borbon, 89, Mother of Spain's King Royal Decree 1189/1988, of 14 October. BOE, no.248, 15 October 1988, p 29811. \"Archived copy\". Archived from the original on 23 September 2015. Retrieved 14 April 2015.CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link) Media related to Maria Mercedes of Bourbon-Two Sicilies at Wikimedia Commons"
   },
   {
    "name": "Leonor Watling",
    "id": "Q235384",
    "text": "Leonor Elizabeth Ceballos Watling (born 28 July 1975) is a Spanish film actress and singer. Leonor Ceballos Watling was born on 28 July 1975 in Madrid, to a Spanish father from C\u00e1diz and an English mother, the youngest of four siblings (two brothers and two sisters). Her first vocation was that of dancer, but a knee injury made this impossible. Watling began her acting career in theatre. She earned her feature film debut with a performance in Pablo Llorca's Jardines colgantes (1993). After that she participated in several TV series, such as Hermanos de leche, Farmacia de guardia or Querido maestro, but her most successful role was in the series Raquel busca su sitio with Cayetana Guill\u00e9n Cuervo. In 1998, she was nominated for a Goya award for her role in La hora de los valientes, and was named as one of European films 'Shooting Stars' by European Film Promotion in 1999. In 2002, she was nominated again for a Goya for her role in My Mother Likes Women. Watling dubbed Anne Hathaway as the voice of \"Red Pucket\" (Little Red Riding Hood) in Hoodwinked (2005). She also took part in The Oxford Murders, alongside Elijah Wood and John Hurt. In 2006, Watling starred in Paris, Je T'aime segment \"Bastille\" as Marie Christine. The film was directed by many famous directors who each had to produce a five-minute film set in Paris, the city of love. Spanish writer-director Isabel Coixet wrote and directed the segment \"Bastille\" and Watling starred alongside Sergio Castellitto and Miranda Richardson as Sergio's younger lover with whom he plans to run away after ending his relationship with his wife Miranda. She combines film performances with her work with the band Marlango, in which she is vocalist and sings mostly in English. She appears in TV series Pulsaciones, broadcast since January 2017. Watling is in a relationship with Oscar-winning Uruguayan musician Jorge Drexler, with whom she has a son, Luca, born in January 2009, and a daughter, Lea, born in July 2011. She has been quoted as being a fan of Tom Waits, Suzanne Vega, Radiohead and Erik Satie.[citation needed] Film Jardines colgantes (1993) (Hanging Gardens) Todas hieren (1997) (All Wounds) Grandes ocasiones (1998) (Great Occasions) The First Night of My Life (1998) La hora de los valientes (1998) (A Time for Defiance; literally The Hour of the Braves) No respires, el amor est\u00e1 en el aire (1999) (Do Not Breathe, Love is in the Air) La espalda de Dios (2000) (God's Back) Son de mar (2002) (Sound of the Sea) A mi madre le gustan las mujeres (2002) (My Mother Likes Women) Talk to Her (2002) Deseo (2002) (Desire) My Life Without Me (2002) En la ciudad (2003) (In the City) El elefante del rey (2003) (The Elephant King) Mala leche (2003) (Bad Milk) La mala educaci\u00f3n (2004) (Bad Education) Cr\u00f3nicas (2004) (Chronicles) Inconscientes (2004) (Unconscious) The Secret Life of Words (2005) Malas temporadas (2005) (Bad Seasons) Tirante el Blanco (2005) (White Tie) Paris, je t'aime (2006) Salvador (Puig Antich) (2006) (Savior) El carnaval de Sodoma (2006) (Carnival of Sodom) La Habitaci\u00f3n del Ni\u00f1o (2006) (The Child's Room) Teresa, el cuerpo de Cristo (2007) (Teresa, The Body of Christ) The Oxford Murders (2007) Unmade Beds (2009) Lope (2010) If I Were You (2012) The Food Guide To Love (2013) Risen (2016) \"Somos Anormales\", music video by Residente (2017) Muse (2017) Asesinato en la Universidad (2018) From the Shadows (TBA) Television Marlango (2004) Automatic Imperfection (2005) The Electrical Morning (2007) Life in the Treehouse (2010) Un D\u00eda Extraordinario (2012) El Porvenir (2014) Technicolor (2018) Miguel Bos\u00e9 \u2013 Duet in \"Este mundo va\" from the album Papito Jorge Drexler \u2013 Backing vocals in \"El otro engranaje\" from the album 12 segundos de oscuridad Diego Vasallo \u2013 Backing vocals in \"La vida mata\" from the album Los abismos cotidianos Fito P\u00e1ez \u2013 Duet in \"P\u00e9talo de sal\" and \"Creo\" from the album No s\u00e9 si es Baires o Madrid Jorge Drexler \u2013 Duet in \"Toque de queda\" from the album Amar la trama Abelenda, Ana (4 March 2017). \"A veces me veo en algunas fotos y pienso: Ya me gustar\u00eda ser as\u00ed\". La Voz de Galicia. Intxausti, Aurora (8 June 2001). \"Leonor Watling, el nacimiento de una estrella\". El Pa\u00eds. \"Una conversaci\u00f3n de sobremesa navide\u00f1a con Leonor Watling y un buen malta\". Vanity Fair. 15 December 2020. Vicent, Manuel (12 June 2016). \"La ligereza del caballo de fuego\". El Pa\u00eds. \"Particular\u00edsimo de Leonor Watling\". Fotogramas. 10 June 2010. p.\u00a01. [1] Leonor Watling's voice profile on ElDoblaje.com [2] [3] \"Archived copy\". Archived from the original on 2 April 2015. Retrieved 8 March 2015.CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link) Capetillo, Belem (31 March 2017). \"Residente estrena su primer \u00e1lbum como solista y, no te preocupes, \u00a1no deja Calle 13!\". starMedia (in Spanish). Retrieved 11 April 2017. Jim\u00e9nez, Jes\u00fas (8 February 2021). \"F\u00e9lix Viscarret rueda 'Desde la sombra', basada en la novela de Juan Jos\u00e9 Mill\u00e1s\". rtve. Retrieved 26 October 2021. \u00c1lvarez, Jos\u00e9 (7 September 2015). \"La vuelta al cole con 'Querido maestro'\". Bluper. El Espa\u00f1ol. Onieva, \u00c1lvaro (21 January 2016). \"'Raquel busca su sitio': 8 razones por las que necesitamos un remake\". Fotogramas. Rosado, Juan Carlos (6 March 2017). \"Leonor Watling: \"Cuando sabes que la serie tiene un final, te tranquilizas\"\". El Peri\u00f3dico. L\u00f3pez, Lorena (28 November 2018). \"Leonor Watling: \u00abLlegamos para trastocarlo todo\u00bb\". abcplay. ABC. Puig, Francesc (6 November 2020). \"'Nasdrovia': Una comedia con acento ruso\". La Vanguardia. \"'La templanza', un romance hist\u00f3rico en el Jerez bodeguero del siglo XIX\". Diario de Navarra. 14 February 2021. Retrieved 17 February 2021. \"As\u00ed ser\u00e1 'La templanza'\". Supertele. 27 January 2021. Retrieved 28 March 2021. \"\"Besos al aire\", una comedia rom\u00e1ntica que homenajea a los sanitarios\". Agencia EFE. 18 March 2021. \"\"La ni\u00f1a de tus ojos\" y \"El abuelo\" acaparan la mayor parte de las nominaciones a los Premios Goya\". El Mundo. 28 December 1998. \"Estas son las nominaciones de los Premios Goya 1999\". Premios Goya. Retrieved 12 July 2021. \"Estas son las nominaciones de los Premios Goya 2003\". Retrieved 12 July 2021. Gastesi, Aintzane (3 November 2020). \"Leonor Watling, vodka y nervios en la alfombra roja\". Magazine Lifestyle. La Vanguardia. \"Leonor Watling y Javier Bardem, Fotogramas de Plata\". ABC. 3 March 2003. \"'Te doy mis ojos' triunfa en la entrega de los premios del C\u00edrculo de Escritores Cinematogr\u00e1ficos\". Europa Press. 27 January 2004. \"La Uni\u00f3n de Actores entrega sus premios en una gala solidaria con las v\u00edctimas del 11-M\". El Pa\u00eds. 11 May 2004. Onieva, \u00c1lvaro (10 March 2020). \"Este es el repartido palmar\u00e9s televisivo de los Premios Uni\u00f3n de Actores 2020\". Fuera de Series. Leonor Watling at IMDb Official Marlango website"
   },
   {
    "name": "Maribel Verd\u00fa",
    "id": "Q235391",
    "text": "Mar\u00eda Isabel Verd\u00fa Roll\u00e1n (born 2 October 1970) (Spanish pronunciation:\u00a0[ma\u027ei\u02c8\u03b2el \u03b2e\u027e\u02c8\u00f0u]) is a Spanish actress. She played Luisa in Alfonso Cuar\u00f3n's 2001 film, Y tu mam\u00e1 tambi\u00e9n and Mercedes in Guillermo del Toro's 2006 film, Pan's Labyrinth (El laberinto del fauno). She has also appeared in Lovers (Amantes), Belle \u00c9poque, The Blind Sunflowers (Los girasoles ciegos), and Blancanieves. Verd\u00fa was born in Madrid, Spain. She began acting at 13, appearing in various commercials. She left school at the age of 15, so that she could fully devote herself to her acting career. Verd\u00fa has appeared in more than 60 movies, since 1984, the majority of them in Spanish. She has also been in numerous TV shows. Her first work experience was as a model in spots and fashion magazines by known commercial firms. Her first television opportunity was given to her at the age of 13, by Vicente Aranda in Captain S\u00e1nchez's Crime (El crimen del capit\u00e1n S\u00e1nchez). 27 Hours, by Montxo Armend\u00e1riz, about a girl who is a drug addict, was one of the most powerful experiences in her life, up to that point. After this film, other more important films started coming her way, including La Estanquera de Vallecas by Eloy de la Iglesia and Year of Enlightment (El A\u00f1o de las Luces) by Fernando Trueba. Later, Verd\u00fa said that her role in Lovers marked a turning point in her screen career and has brought about a maturity as a performer. Thereafter, she worked with such directors as Jos\u00e9 Luis Garci in Cradle Song (Canci\u00f3n de cuna); Bigas Luna in Golden Balls (Huevos de Oro); again with Trueba in the Oscar-nominated Belle \u00c9poque; Emilio Mart\u00ednez-L\u00e1zaro in Carreteras Secundarias; Carlos Saura in Goya in Bordeaux (Goya en Burdeos); and Gonzalo Su\u00e1rez in El Portero and Oviedo Express. On the international stage, her career hit a highpoint when she starred in Y tu mam\u00e1 tambi\u00e9n by Alfonso Cuar\u00f3n, followed by Pan's Labyrinth by Guillermo del Toro. Verd\u00fa was subsequently invited to be a part of the Academy in Hollywood. In 2010, Maribel starred in a music video, named Lola Soledad (Lola Loneliness), by 16-time Latin Grammy Awards winner Alejandro Sanz. She made her theater debut in 1986, starring as the character of Julieta and has since then combined theater with cinema. She has also intertwined the two in television shows, such as Turno de Oficio and Segunda Ense\u00f1anza. In March 2021, she was cast as Barry Allen/The Flash's mother Nora Allen on the upcoming DC film The Flash, due to be released on November 4, 2022. Verd\u00fa has been nominated for the Goya Awards on eleven occasions, becoming the most nominated actress in the history of these awards. Her first nomination, for Best Actress, came with the 1991 film Lovers by Vicente Aranda, eventually losing to S\u00edlvia Munt for her role in Butterfly Wings (Alas de Mariposa). Her second nomination, this time for Best Supporting Actress, came for La Celestina, a 1996 film by Gerardo Vera, but she lost to Mari Carrillo for M\u00e1s Alla del Jard\u00edn. In The Lucky Star (La Buena Estrella), by Ricardo Franco in 1997, she achieved her third nomination, again for Best Actress, ultimately losing to Cecilia Roth in Mart\u00edn (hache). In 2006, she received her fourth nomination, for Best Actress, with Pan's Labyrinth by Guillermo del Toro, losing yet again to Pen\u00e9lope Cruz. Finally, on her fifth nomination, she won the Best Actress Award at the 22nd Goya Awards in 2008, for Seven Billiard Tables (Siete mesas de billar franc\u00e9s) by Gracia Querejeta. The sixth nomination came later in 2008, for Best Actress in The Blind Sunflowers by Jos\u00e9 Luis Cuerda. The following year, 2009, she would be nominated again for Best Actress in the film Tetro by Francis Ford Coppola. In 2011, she would be nominated as a supporting actress for Chrysalis (De tu ventana a la m\u00eda), by Paula Ortiz. In 2013, at the 27th Goya Awards, she received her second Best Actress Award, for Blancanieves, by Pablo Berger. In 2014, she was nominated as a supporting actress, for 15 Years and One Day (15 a\u00f1os y un d\u00eda), from Gracia Querejeta, losing to Terele P\u00e1vez for Witching & Bitching (Las brujas de Zugarramurdi). She received her eleventh nomination in 2017, for Best Actress in Abracadabra, another film by Pablo Berger. Apart from her Goya Award, Verd\u00fa possesses two Ondas Awards and two Silver Frame awards (between 7 nominations) as Best Television Actress for the series Canguros and as Best Actress for Los Girasoles Ciegos (The Blind Sunflowers). Maribel Verd\u00fa is also the only Spanish actress to win the Ariel Award in Mexico, as Best Actress for Pan's Labyrinth. Her film career has also been rewarded with the Gold Medal of the Spanish Film Academy and with the Spain National Cinematography Award, becoming the sixth actress to achieve it after Carmen Maura, Rafaela Aparicio, Maria Luisa Ponte, Marisa Paredes, and Mercedes Sampietro. Verd\u00fa has also been close to awards in category A film festivals, such as the Berlin International Film Festival. In 1991, Verd\u00fa's casting partner, Victoria Abril, raised the Silver Bear for Best Actress in Lovers. In 2007, at the San Sebasti\u00e1n International Film Festival, another casting partner of Verd\u00fa's, Blanca Portillo, took the award for Best Actress in Seven Billiard Tables. In 2006, at the Gij\u00f3n International Film Festival, she received the Nacho Martinez award. She also received the Premi M\u00e1quina del Temps at the 2019 Sitges Film Festival, alongside Javier Botet. Verd\u00fa married Pedro Larra\u00f1aga on 2 September 1999. He is the son of actors Carlos Larra\u00f1aga and Mar\u00eda Luisa Merlo. Verd\u00fa is the stockholder of the clinic Premium in Estepona. Film The Flash (2022) El a\u00f1o de la furia (2020) The Goya Murders\u00a0[es] (2019) El doble m\u00e1s quince\u00a0[es] (2019) Superl\u00f3pez (2018) Ola de cr\u00edmenes\u00a0[es] Empowered\u00a0[es] (2018) Abracadabra (2017) El faro de las orcas\u00a0[es] (2016) La punta del iceberg (2016) No Kids (2015) Felices 140 (2015) 15 a\u00f1os y un d\u00eda (2013) The End (Fin) (2012) Blancanieves (2012) De tu ventana a la m\u00eda (2011) Tetro (2009) Los girasoles ciegos (2008) Gente de mala calidad (2008) Oviedo Express (2007) Seven Billiard Tables (Siete mesas de billar franc\u00e9s) (2007) La Zona (2007) The Mudboy (El ni\u00f1o de barro) (2007) Pan's Labyrinth (El laberinto del fauno) (2006) Mar Rojo (2005) Tiempo de tormenta (Stormy Weather) (Spain, 2003) Jericho Mansions (2003) Lis\u00edstrata (2002) Black Serenade (Tuno negro) (2001) Y tu mam\u00e1 tambi\u00e9n (2001) The Hold-Up (El palo) (2001) Dinosaurio (2000) The Goalkeeper (El portero) (2000) Toreros aka La hora del silencio (2000) Goya en Burdeos (1999) El entusiasmo (1998) Frontera Sur (1998) Lucky Star (La buena estrella) (1997) Carreteras secundarias (1997) La Celestina (1996) Canci\u00f3n de cuna (1995) El cianuro \u00bfsolo o con leche? (1994) Al otro lado del t\u00fanel (1994) Tres palabras (1993) Huevos de oro (1993) El Amante Biling\u00fce (uncredited, 1993) El beso del sue\u00f1o (1992) Belle \u00c9poque (1992) Salsa rosa (1992) El sue\u00f1o de T\u00e1nger (1991) Lovers (Amantes) (1991) Badis (1990) Ovejas negras (1990) Los jinetes del alba (1990) Sabor a rosas (1989) Los d\u00edas del cometa (1989) Feliz cumplea\u00f1os (1988) El aire de un crimen (1988) Soldadito espa\u00f1ol (1988) Sinatra (1988) Barcelona Connection (1988) El juego m\u00e1s divertido (1988) La estanquera de Vallecas (1987) El se\u00f1or de los Llanos (1987) Year of Enlightment (El a\u00f1o de las luces) (1986) 27 Hours (27 horas) (1986) El orden c\u00f3mico (1986) Television C\u00f3digo fuego (2003) ANA. all in (Ana Tramel. El juego) (2021) \"Maribel Verd\u00fa, protagonista del nuevo videoclip de Alejandro Sanz\". Hola! (in Spanish). 3 October 2010. Retrieved 2 October 2018. \"'Flash' Movie: Spanish Actress Maribel Verdu to Play Barry Allen's Mother (Exclusive)\". The Hollywood Reporter. 12 March 2021. Retrieved 12 March 2021. \"Maribel Verd\u00fa\". spainisculture.com. Retrieved 22 August 2018. Rosado, Ricardo (4 September 2019). \"Sitges 2019: Maribel Verd\u00fa y Javier Botet recibir\u00e1n el premio M\u00e1quina del Temps\". Fotogramas (in Spanish). Hearst Magazines International. Retrieved 16 September 2019. \"Boda art\u00edstica\". El Pa\u00eds (in Spanish). Prisa. 3 September 1999. Retrieved 2 October 2018. \"Trasladan a Larra\u00f1aga a la cl\u00ednica de Maribel Verd\u00fa\". El Confidencial (in Spanish). Titania Compa\u00f1\u00eda Editorial, S.L. 31 March 2012. Retrieved 7 April 2013. \"'C\u00f3digo fuego', la serie fallida sobre bomberos protagonizada por Jos\u00e9 Coronado y Maribel Verd\u00fa\". FormulaTV (in Spanish). 27 August 2015. Retrieved 24 October 2021. \"Estreno 'Ana Tramel. El juego' llega a La 1 y RTVE Play\". RTVE. September 2021. \"Maribel Verd\u00fa y 'La vida secreta de las palabras', premios Ariel en M\u00e9xico\". El Mundo. 21 March 2007. L\u00e1zaro, Margarita (22 January 2018). \"La lista completa de ganadores de los premios Feroz 2018\". HuffPost. Maribel Verd\u00fa at IMDb"
   },
   {
    "name": "Marisa Paredes",
    "id": "Q235398",
    "text": "Mar\u00eda Luisa Paredes Bartolom\u00e9 (born 3 April 1946 in Madrid), known professionally as Marisa Paredes, is a Spanish actress. Paredes began acting in 1960 film, 091 Policia al Habla (091, Police Speaking!) She became a teen idol across Spain after that film. In 1961 she made her d\u00e9but in theatre and since then she has performed different plays such as Hamlet with Eduard Fern\u00e1ndez. In 1975, she and Raphael collaborated in a cartoon film about him, titled Rafael en Raphael. Paredes has participated in 73 films and television series. Paredes has appeared only occasionally on Spanish television, usually as herself in a soap opera. She portrayed the leading role of La Peregrina in a television production of Alejandro Casona's Dame del alba. Pedro Almod\u00f3var helped her to achieve her international fame, as she starred many of his films. In fact, in Spain, she is called \u201cuna chica Almod\u00f3var\u201d (\u201can Almod\u00f3var girl\u201d). In films like High Heels (1991), The Flower of My Secret (1995), All About My Mother (1999) and The Skin I Live In (2011) she played one of the main roles. After having participated in The Flower of My Secret, she was nominated for Best Actress-Goya Award. She has appeared in several other acclaimed films, including In a Glass Cage (1986) by Agust\u00ed Villaronga (Majorca), Life Is Beautiful (1998) by Roberto Benigni (Italy), Deep Crimson (1996) by Arturo Ripstein and The Devil's Backbone (2001) by Guillermo del Toro (both from Mexico). In 1996, she was given the National Film Award by the Spanish Ministry of Culture. From 2000 to 2003 she was the president of the Academia de las Artes y las Ciencias Cinematogr\u00e1ficas de Espa\u00f1a. This period has been one of the most controversial ones as in the beginnings of the Iraq War, the workers of the cinema industry complained about this and other polemical issues. In 2007, she was given at Gij\u00f3n International Film Festival, a National Film Award named after Nacho Martinez. Her last cinematic success was the film Latin Lover (Spanish: Mi familia Italiana) (2015). Goya Awards Screen Actors Guild Awards Fotogramas de Plata Union of Actors Awards Scott, A. O. (2013). \"The Devil's Backbone (review overview)\". Movies & TV Dept. The New York Times. Baseline & All Movie Guide. Archived from the original on 25 December 2013. Jimenez Murgu\u00eda, Salvador; Pinar, Alex (18 May 2018). The Encyclopedia of Contemporary Spanish Films. Rowman & Littlefield. p.\u00a0434. ISBN\u00a09781442271333. Marisa Paredes at IMDb"
   },
   {
    "name": "Ana Bel\u00e9n",
    "id": "Q235421",
    "text": "Mar\u00eda del Pilar Cuesta Acosta (born 27 May 1951, Madrid), known professionally as Ana Bel\u00e9n, is a Spanish actress and singer. Born in 1951, Ana Bel\u00e9n is the oldest of three children. Her father was a cook in Hotel Palace, and her mother worked as doorwoman at an estate. Ana Bel\u00e9n studied acting in Spain during her youth and began acting in theatrical and cinematic productions in the mid-1960. While working on the film Morbo by Gonzalo Su\u00e1rez, she met V\u00edctor Manuel, marrying him in 1972 in Gibraltar. At this time she also started her career as a singer, releasing several successful albums. She appeared in various films: La petici\u00f3n by Pilar Mir\u00f3; Emilia parada y fonda by Angelino Fons; El busc\u00f3n by Luciano Berriat\u00faa; La oscura historia de la prima Montse by Jordi Cadena; La criatura by Eloy de la Iglesia, and Son\u00e1mbulos by Manuel Guti\u00e9rrez Arag\u00f3n.[citation needed] In 1986, Ana Bel\u00e9n, alongside songwriter V\u00edctor Manuel, performed the song \"La Puerta de Alcal\u00e1\". The single remained at the top position in Spain for seven weeks in summer 1986. In 1991, she recorded Como una novia, her first album that did not include any songs composed or adapted by V\u00edctor Manuel. In 1997, she released a new album, M\u00edrame, of her own songs and duets and which went on to become the best-selling album of her solo career. In autumn of 1996, she \u2013 along with Joan Manuel Serrat, Miguel R\u00edos, and V\u00edctor Manuel \u2013 set ticket sales records throughout Spain with their \"El gusto es nuestro\" tour. In 1998, Belen commemorated Federico Garc\u00eda Lorca's centenary by releasing two albums under the title of Lorquiana, a collection of poems and popular songs by Lorca. The following year another album was released Ana Bel\u00e9n y Miguel R\u00edos cantan a Kurt Weill, and she had a role in the Tele 5 series, Petra Delicado.[citation needed] 1965 Zampo y yo Qu\u00e9 dif\u00edcil es tener 18 a\u00f1os 1973 Al diablo con amor (BSO) Tierra 1975 Calle del Oso 1976 La paloma del vuelo popular 1977 De paso 1979 Ana Lo mejor de Ana Bel\u00e9n 1980 Con las manos llenas 1982 Ana en R\u00edo 1983 Victor y Ana en vivo 1984 G\u00e9minis 1985 BSO La corte de fara\u00f3n 1986 Para la ternura siempre hay tiempo (with V\u00edctor Manuel) Grandes \u00e9xitos 1987 BSO Divinas palabras 1988 A la sombra de un le\u00f3n 1989 26 grandes canciones y una nube blanca Rosa de amor y fuego 1991 Como una novia 1993 Veneno para el coraz\u00f3n 1994 Mucho m\u00e1s que dos 1996 20 exitos El gusto es nuestro 1997 M\u00edrame 1998 Lorquiana. Popular songs of Federico Garc\u00eda Lorca Lorquiana. Poems by Federico Garc\u00eda Lorca 1999 Cantan a Kurt Weill (with Miguel R\u00edos) 2001 Peces de ciudad Dos en la carretera 2003 Viva L`Italia 2006 Una canci\u00f3n me trajo aqu\u00ed 2007 Anatom\u00eda 2008 Los grandes \u00e9xitos... y mucho m\u00e1s 2011 A los hombres que am\u00e9 2015 Canciones regaladas (with V\u00edctor Manuel) 2019 Vida Medea (2015/2016). Kathie y el hipop\u00f3tamo (2013/2015) Electra (2012) Fedra (2007, 2009 \u2013 interruption between for the two due to musical contracts) Diatriba de amor contra un hombre sentado (2004/2005) Defensa de dama (2002) La bella Helena (1995/1996) La gallarda (1992) El mercader de Venecia (1991/1992) Hamlet (1989) La casa de Bernarda Alba (1984) La hija del aire (1982) T\u00edo Vania (1979) Ant\u00edgona (1975) Ravos (1972) Sabor a miel (1971) Los ni\u00f1os (1970) Te espero ayer (1969) Don Juan Tenorio (1969) Medida por medida (1968) Las mujeres sabias (1968) El s\u00ed de las ni\u00f1as (1967) El rufi\u00e1n castrucho (1967) El rey Lear (1966) Numancia (1965) 1971 Best TV actress for Retablo de las mocedades del Cid Fotogramas Award 1972 Special mention for Morbo San Sebasti\u00e1n International Film Festival 1980 Best TV actress for Fortunata y Jacinta Fotogramas de Plata 1980 Best actress for Fortunata y Jacinta TP de Oro 1980 Best actress for La Corte del Fara\u00f3n Bronce 1980 Chevalier des Arts et des Lettres 1987 Best actress for La Casa de Bernarda Alba and Divinas palabras Fotogramas de Plata 1988 Nominated for Best actress for Miss Caribe Goya Awards 1989 Nominated for Best actress for El vuelo de la Paloma Goya Awards 1991 Nominated for Best director for Como ser mujer y no morir en el intento Premios Ondas 1991 Nominated for Best director debut for Como ser mujer y no morir en el intento Goya Awards 1994 Best song for Contaminame Premios Ondas 1994 Nominated for Best actress for La Pasi\u00f3n Turca Goya Awards 1994 Best Actress for La Pasi\u00f3n Turca Goya Awards 1995 Gold Medal from the Spanish Cinema Academy 1995 Best theatre actress for La bella Helena Fotogramas de Plata 1996 Cadena Dial Award 1997 Best Female soloist. Carlos Gardel Awards 1997 Best actress El amor perjudica seriamente la salud Festival de Pe\u00f1\u00edscola 1997 Silver Lighthouse Award. Festival de Alf\u00e1s del P\u00ed 1997 Best Tour El gusto es nuestro Spanish Music Awards 1998 Nominated for Best Spanish female soloist for Lorquiana Premios Amigo 2000 William Layton Award 2001 Woman of the Year. Premios Elle 2001 Nominated Best Spanish female soloist for Peces de ciudad Premios Amigo 2002 Nominated Best female soloist for Peces de ciudad Latin Grammy Awards 2002 Runner up Defensa de dama Premios Mayte of Theatre 2003 Homage by the Instituto Cervantes of Toulouse 2004 Nominated for Best actress Cosas que hacen que la vida valga la pena Goya Awards 2004 Nominated for Best actress Cosas que hacen que la vida valga la pena Fotogramas de Plata 2004 Nominated for Best actress Cosas que hacen que la vida valga la pena Spanish Actors' Union 2004 Best actress Cosas que hacen que la vida valga la pena Premios Turia 2006 M\u00e1laga Award. Film Festival of M\u00e1laga 2007 Fine Arts Golden Medal presented by the Spanish royal family at Toledo Cathedral 2015 Latin Grammy Awards for Musical Excellence. 2017 Honorary Goya Award. (in Spanish) ANA BEL\u00c9N Inicios de su carrera, anabelen.es; accessed 18 March 2015. \"Pilar Acosta, la madre coraje de Ana Bel\u00e9n\". www.vanitatis.elconfidencial.com. 2013-07-14. Retrieved 2020-10-22. Director, Cartas al (1982-11-19). \"Ana Bel\u00e9n y V\u00edctor Manuel\". El Pa\u00eds (in Spanish). ISSN\u00a01134-6582. Retrieved 2020-10-22. \"Estas son las mujeres galardonadas con los Premios Internacionales Yo Dona 2018\". ELMUNDO (in Spanish). 2018-09-29. Retrieved 2020-10-22. (in Spanish) portalatino.com Ana Bel\u00e9n at IMDb"
   },
   {
    "name": "Joanna la Beltraneja",
    "id": "Q236882",
    "text": "Joanna la Beltraneja (21 February 1462 \u2013 12 April 1530) was a claimant to the throne of Castile, and Queen of Portugal as the wife of King Afonso V, her uncle. King Henry IV of Castile married Joan of Portugal, daughter of King Edward of Portugal and the youngest sister of King Afonso V of Portugal, on May 21, 1455. Seven years later, Joanna was born at the Royal Alcazar of Madrid. Henry IV had previously been married to Blanche II of Navarre. After thirteen years, that marriage was annulled on the grounds that it had never been consummated. This was attributed to a curse, which only affected Henry's relationship with Blanche; a number of prostitutes from Segovia testified that they had noticed no impairment. Henry had no other children and was rumoured to be impotent. Whether true or not, this rumour was widely circulated by Henry's opponents, who further insinuated that the little infanta (Joanna) was the child of Beltr\u00e1n de la Cueva, a royal favourite at court, who was created the 1st Duke of Alburquerque in 1464. They called Joanna \"la Beltraneja\", a mocking reference to her supposed illegitimacy. Joanna's mother, Joan of Portugal, was eventually banished to Bishop Fonseca's castle, where she fell in love with Fonseca's nephew and became pregnant. Henry divorced Joan in 1468. On 9 May 1462, Joanna was officially proclaimed heir to the throne of Castile and created Princess of Asturias. Henry had the nobles of Castile swear allegiance to her and promise that they would support her as monarch. Many of the more prominent nobles, seeking to increase their own power, refused to recognise Joanna, preferring that Henry would have named as heir his younger half-brother, Infante Alfonso. Armed conflict broke out and in 1464 the league of nobles forced Henry to repudiate Joanna and recognise Infante Alfonso as his heir. Alfonso then became Prince of Asturias, a title traditionally held by the heir apparent. Henry agreed to this compromise with the stipulation that Infante Alfonso would marry Joanna (his half-niece), to ensure that they both would receive the crown. But in 1468, Infante Alfonso died, and Henry divorced Joanna's mother, resulting in Joanna's displacement in the succession. Her half-aunt, Infanta Isabella, was placed before her in the succession, although Joanna was considered the heir after Isabella. Joanna was held in custody by the Mendoza family from 1465\u20131470, and then by Juan, Marqu\u00e9s de Villena (elevated, in 1472, to 1st Duke of Escalona), and his family from 1470\u20131475. There were many negotiations for her marriage to someone who could defend her rights of succession. On 26 October 1470, she was betrothed and then married by proxy to Charles, Duke of Guienne, brother of Louis XI of France, and proclaimed as the legitimate heir to the throne. But Charles died in 1472. After a few unsettled arrangements, which included French and Burgundian princes, Joanna was promised in marriage to her maternal uncle, King Afonso V of Portugal, who swore to defend her (and his own) rights to the Crown of Castile. When Henry died in 1474, she was recognized as queen by some noble factions, while others preferred her half-aunt Isabella as queen. This began the four-year War of the Castilian Succession. In addition to the King of Portugal, Joanna was supported by some of the high Castilian nobility and by descendants of Portuguese families that had settled in Castile after 1396: the Archbishop of Toledo (Alfonso Carrillo de Acu\u00f1a); the 2nd Duke of Escalona, a powerful and wealthy nobleman; the Est\u00fa\u00f1iga family, with lands bordering Portugal; the Marquess of C\u00e1diz; and the Grand Master of the Order of Calatrava, Rodrigo T\u00e9llez Gir\u00f3n. Isabella was supported by Ferdinand of Aragon (whom she married), and by most of the Castilian nobility and clergy: the powerful House of Mendoza; the Manrique de Lara family; the 2nd Duke of Medina Sidonia; the 1st Duke of Alburquerque; the Order of Santiago; and the Order of Calatrava, except its Grand Master. On 10 May 1475, King Afonso V of Portugal invaded Castile and married Joanna in Plasencia, 15 days later, making her Queen of Portugal. Joanna and Afonso V held court at Toro, and she was considered a promising ruler by her courtiers, though too young. Joanna sent a letter to the cities of Castile, expounding the wish of her father King Henry IV that she should rule, and proposed that the cities vote for which succession they wished should be recognized. However, Joanna found fewer supporters than expected. Very shortly, Isabella I's husband King Ferdinand II led her forces against the armies of Joanna and her husband Afonso V. Both armies met at Toro (1 March 1476). King Afonso V was beaten by the left and center of King Ferdinand's army, and fled from the battlefield. His son Prince John of Portugal defeated the Castilian right wing, recovered the lost Portuguese Royal standard, and held the field, but overall the battle was indecisive. Even so, the prestige of Joanna and Afonso V dissolved because Ferdinand II sent messages to all the cities of Castile and to several other kingdoms informing them about a huge victory where the Portuguese were crushed. Faced with this news, the party of Joanna la Beltraneja, who was under siege at the Royal Alcazar, was terminated, and the Portuguese were forced to return to their kingdom. \"That is the battle of Toro. The Portuguese army had not been exactly defeated; however, the sensation was that Donna Joanna\u2019s cause had completely sunk. It made sense that for the Castilians, Toro was considered as divine retribution, the compensation willed by God for the terrible disaster of Aljubarrota, still alive in the Castilian memory.\" After this, Joanna's husband Afonso tried without success to form an alliance with Louis XI of France. In 1478, the marriage of Joanna and Afonso V was annulled by Pope Sixtus IV on grounds of consanguinity, ending her tenure as Queen of Portugal. She was also forced to renounce the title of Queen of Castile. In 1479, Alfonso renounced his pretension to the Castilian Crown and signed a treaty with Isabella and Ferdinand. Joanna was given a choice: enter a convent, or marry Isabella's one-year-old son John when he came of age (and if he then consented). Joanna chose to enter the Convent of Santa Clara in Coimbra, and the ceremony was witnessed by Isabella, who praised her decision. She was not incarcerated in the convent, and was eventually allowed to reside in the Castle of S\u00e3o Jorge in Lisbon. In 1482, King Francis Phoebus of Navarre, nephew of Louis XI of France, proposed to her, with the implication of again raising her claim to Castile. This was intended as a French warning to Isabella and Ferdinand, who threatened Roussillon. But Francis died soon after. Isabella died in 1504, and it is alleged that, as a maneuver to retain control of Castile, rather than have his son-in-law Philip succeed there, Ferdinand then proposed marriage to Joanna, but she refused. Joanna signed her letters \"La Reina\" (\"the Queen\"), until she died. She would become known in Portugal as \"a Excelente Senhora\" (\"the Excellent Lady\"). She died in Lisbon, having survived her aunt Isabella I. Joanna's claim to Castile was extinguished at her death, as her heir would have been her cousin Joanna, Isabella's daughter, who was already Queen of Castile. Juana la Beltraneja, a play by Santiago Sevilla (Humanities Portal of Liceus.com). The depiction of Juan Pacheco and Beltr\u00e1n de la Cueva shows the pernicious influence of certain members of the nobility towards princess Joanna. Isabel, a Spanish television series about Isabella I of Castile, which includes Joanna (Isabella's niece). Joanna is played by Carmen S\u00e1nchez. The Queen's Cross, A Biographical Romance of Queen Isabella of Spain by Lawrence Schoonover, includes the figure of Joanna la Beltraneja in its story. This well-written and well-researched historical novel was published by William Sloane Associates, Inc. (New York), 1955. Jean Plaidy's Spain trilogy provides viewpoints from Isabella, Ferdinand and La Beltraneja, especially in book 2 \"Spain for the Sovereigns\" Tenure briefly interrupted by husband's abdication on 11 November 1477. Four days later, husband is reinstated. Hunt, Jocelyn. Spain 1474\u20131598. Routledge, 2013, ISBN\u00a09781136759093. p. 5 Testimonial of the divorce ruling between Prince Henry and the infanta Blanche, included in Collection of unedited documents on the history of Spain, vol. XL, pages 444-450. Bury, John B (1959). The Cambridge Medieval History, Volume 8. Macmillan. p.\u00a0523. After nine months, occupied with frontier raids and fruitless negotiations, the Castilian and Portuguese armies met at Toro\u00a0... and fought an indecisive battle, for while Afonso was beaten and fled, his son John destroyed the forces opposed to him. Gonz\u00e1lez, Juan B. (2007). Espa\u00f1a estrat\u00e9gica: Guerra y diplomacia en la historia de Espa\u00f1a (in Spanish). Madrid: S\u00edlex ediciones. p.\u00a0222. ISBN\u00a09788477371830. ... in the\u00a0... battle of Toro, which, although of uncertain outcome, Ferdinand skilfully exploited for propaganda. \u00c1lvarez Palenzuela, Vicente \u00c1ngel (2006). La guerra civil castellana y el enfrentamiento con Portugal. (1475-1479) (in Spanish). Alicante: Biblioteca Virtual Miguel de Cervantes. Articles Palenzuela, Vicente \u00c1ngel Alvarez. La guerra civil castellana y el enfrentamiento con Portugal (1475-1479). Universidad de Alicante, Biblioteca Virtual Miguel de Cervantes, 2006. Books Bury, John B. The Cambridge Medieval History, Volume 8. Macmillan, 1959. Gonz\u00e1lez, Juan B.Espa\u00f1a Estrat\u00e9gica, guerra y diplomacia en la hist\u00f3ria de Espa\u00f1a. Madrid, S\u00edlex ediciones, 2007. ISBN\u00a0978-8477371830"
   },
   {
    "name": "hacker",
    "id": "Q236914",
    "text": "Mar\u00eda de Villota Comba (13 January 1980\u00a0\u2013 11 October 2013) was a Spanish racing driver. She was the daughter of former Formula One driver Emilio de Villota, and sister of Emilio de Villota Jr., who similarly competed in Formula Palmer Audi. Prior to her death, De Villota was recovering from serious head and facial injuries, sustained during an accident in straight-line testing as the Marussia Formula One team test driver. De Villota was born in Madrid. She competed in numerous racing series, including the World Touring Car Championship and ADAC Procar Series. In August 2009, she signed with Atl\u00e9tico Madrid to race for the remainder of the season in the Superleague Formula open wheel racing series. She remained with the Atl\u00e9tico Madrid team until the series folded in 2011. She also competed in the 2005 24 Hours of Daytona endurance race. On 18 August 2011, the Lotus Renault GP team confirmed reports that De Villota had made her Formula One test debut in a Renault R29 at the Paul Ricard Circuit, and that her management was in talks to secure her a test driver seat in the future. In December she reiterated her desire to work with the team in 2012, adding that she was in advanced talks over a third driver role. On 7 March 2012, it was announced that Mar\u00eda de Villota had joined Marussia F1 Team as a test driver, with the opportunity to sample Formula One machinery later in the year. At approximately 9:30 on 3 July 2012, De Villota was involved in a testing accident at Duxford Aerodrome in England while carrying out straight-line testing for Marussia, her first time in the car. Her car crashed into a stationary truck at the end of a test run when it had just returned to the service area. A BBC reporter who witnessed the accident estimated the car was travelling at between 30 and 40\u00a0mph (50 and 65\u00a0km/h) when it crashed. It took an hour for her to be removed from the car and she was taken to Addenbrooke's Hospital in Cambridgeshire with life-threatening head and facial injuries. She was later reported to be conscious. The following day, Marussia team principal John Booth said De Villota remained in a \"critical but stable\" condition in hospital and had lost her right eye. On 6 July, the Marussia Technical Centre said that following an operation that day, her condition in relation to her head injury had improved. On 16 July, Marussia said the car was not at fault. Team principal John Booth said: \"We are satisfied the findings of our internal investigation exclude the car as a factor in the accident\". After a stay of 17 days, De Villota left the hospital and returned to Spain, having escaped severe neurological damage. De Villota made her first public appearance since the accident in October 2012, giving an exclusive interview to \u00a1Hola! magazine and then hosting a press conference for the general media. She revealed that she had lost her senses of smell and taste, still suffered from headaches, and was scheduled to undergo further surgery, but that she was open to a future return to racing if she were to be granted a licence, and that she also wished to become involved in promoting safety improvements in motorsport. She released a computer graphic which showed the extent of her initial cranial injuries. In 2015, an official report compiled by the Health and Safety Executive concluded that De Villota had not received full guidance on how to stop the car, and was caught out by its anti-stall system, which activated as she attempted to brake to a standstill and pushed the car forward into the tail-lift of the team's service truck. De Villota married Rodrigo Garc\u00eda Mill\u00e1n, a personal trainer and owner of Oxigeno Training, on 28 July 2013 in Seville, less than three months before her death. On the morning of 11 October 2013, exactly one year from her first public appearance after her testing accident, Spanish media reported that De Villota, aged 33, had been found dead in her Seville hotel room; Eurosport reported that her family had confirmed her death. An autopsy confirmed De Villota had suffered a cardiac arrest. According to a statement released by her family, a forensic doctor confirmed that De Villota's death was a consequence of neurological injuries suffered in her F1 testing crash the previous year. At the time of her death, De Villota was scheduled to participate as a speaker at the Seville Fundaci\u00f3n Lo Que De Verdad Importa (LQDVI) conference and was due to launch her autobiography Life Is a Gift on 14 October. Her remains were cremated on 12 October 2013 in Seville. The Circuito del Jarama has organised two tributes to her. On 5 July 2017, the final turn on the circuit that leads to the pit straight was named Curva Mar\u00eda de Villota in her memory. The circuit since 2014 organised an annual Christmas Eve foot race at the circuit, the Maria de Villota 10km and 5km, as a fundraiser. La vida es un regalo (\"Life Is a Gift\", 2013) ISBN\u00a09788415880394 Golden Medal of the Royal Order of Sports Merit (Real Orden del M\u00e9rito Deportivo, 29/10/2013). (key) (Races in bold indicate pole position) (Races in italics indicate fastest lap) (key) (Races in bold indicate pole position) (Races in italics indicate fastest lap) (key) (Races in bold indicate pole position) (Races in italics indicate fastest lap) \u2020 Non Championship round F1: Female Driver De Villota In Talks For F1 Test Seat Archived 2012-11-12 at the Wayback Machine Speed.com. Posted 19 August 2011. GMM Newswire. Weeks, James (1 December 2011). \"De Villota aiming for Lotus Renault third driver role in 2012\". motorstv.com. Motors TV. Retrieved 1 December 2011. \"Spaniard Mar\u00eda de Villota joins our test driver programme\". Marussia F1 Team. 7 March 2012. Archived from the original on 9 March 2012. Retrieved 9 March 2012. \"Mar\u00eda de Villota joins Marussia F1 team as test driver for the 2012 season\". Autosport. 7 March 2012. Retrieved 9 March 2012. \"Maria de Villota F1 Duxford crash: No health and safety action by HSE\". 26 May 2015. Retrieved 11 September 2020 \u2013 via www.bbc.co.uk. \"F1 driver de Villota loses eye after test crash - CNN.com\". CNN. 5 July 2012. \"F1 Marussia driver hurt in Duxford testing crash\". BBC. 3 July 2012. \"Female F1 driver De Villota conscious after test crash\". CNN. Retrieved 11 September 2020. \"A medical update on Maria de Villota\". Marussia F1. Marussia Motors. 4 July 2012. Retrieved 4 July 2012. Elizalde, Pablo (4 July 2012). \"Maria de Villota loses right eye in accident, remains in critical but stable condition\". Autosport. Haymarket Publications. Retrieved 4 July 2012. \"F1 driver Maria De Villota loses eye in test accident\". The Times Of India. 4 July 2012. \"F1 crash driver Maria de Villota's condition improving\". BBC News. 6 July 2012. Retrieved 6 July 2012. \"Maria de Villota: Car 'not at fault' over Marussia test crash\". BBC News. 16 July 2012. Retrieved 16 July 2012. \"Maria de Villota leaves hospital and returns to Spain\". 21 July 2012. \"En \u00a1HOLA!: Mar\u00eda de Villota, el sobrecogedor relato de la campeona que volvi\u00f3 a nacer\". \u00a1Hola!. 10 October 2012. Archived from the original on 29 November 2018. Retrieved 12 October 2012. Elizalde, Pablo (11 October 2012). \"Maria de Villota makes first public appearance since crash\". autosport.com. Haymarket Publications. Retrieved 12 October 2012. Elizalde, Pablo (10 October 2012). \"Maria de Villota: Marussia driver recalls life-threatening accident\". autosport.com. Haymarket Publications. Retrieved 12 October 2012. Elizalde, Pablo (10 October 2012). \"Maria de Villota: Injured Marussia driver unsure on racing return\". autosport.com. Haymarket Publications. Retrieved 12 October 2012. Barretto, Lawrence (2015-06-29). \"Maria de Villota's 2012 Marussia F1 test crash details explained\". autosport.com. Haymarket Publications. Retrieved 2015-06-30. \"Mar\u00eda de Villota happily married to Rodrigo Garcia\". fabwags. 10 October 2013. Retrieved 11 October 2013. \"Mar\u00eda de Villota se casa por sorpresa en Santander\" (in Spanish). 29 July 2012. Retrieved 12 October 2013. Joseph Wilson (11 October 2013). \"Ex-F1 Test Driver Maria De Villota Dies at 33\". ABC News. Barcelona. AP. Retrieved 11 October 2013. \"Formula 1 \u2013 Former F1 driver Maria de Villota 'found dead in hotel room'\". Yahoo Eurosport. 11 October 2013. Archived from the original on 11 October 2013. Retrieved 11 October 2013. \"Hallan el cuerpo sin vida de Mar\u00eda de Villota en un hotel de Sevilla\". ABC.es Deportes. 11 October 2013. Retrieved 11 October 2013. \"Maria De Villota death linked to 2012 crash injuries, family told\". BBC Sport. 12 October 2013. Retrieved 7 September 2018. Official Circuito del Jarama video announcing Maria de Villota turn at Jarama Plataforma Editorial Royal Order of the Sports Merit. Official website Mar\u00eda de Villota driver statistics at Racing-Reference Mar\u00eda de Villota career summary at DriverDB.com"
   },
   {
    "name": "Bel\u00e9n Rueda",
    "id": "Q237021",
    "text": "Mar\u00eda Bel\u00e9n Rueda Garc\u00eda-Porrero (born 16 March 1965) is a Spanish actress. Rueda was born in Madrid. Her father was a civil engineer and her mother was a ballet instructor. She is the second of three children; her siblings are named Mar\u00eda Jes\u00fas and Alfonso. She and her family moved to San Juan, Alicante when she was a child. When Rueda was 18 years old she moved to Madrid to study architecture. From 1984 to 1986, Bel\u00e9n Rueda was in a relationship with Massimo, an Italian man. In 1990 she started a relationship with producer Daniel \u00c9cija. On 29 September 1994, she gave birth to the couple's first child, a girl, whom they called Bel\u00e9n \u00c9cija Rueda. On 13 June 1996, she gave birth to the couple's second child, a girl, whom they called Mar\u00eda \u00c9cija Rueda, on 22 May 1997 she died of a heart problem. On 28 July 1999, she gave birth to the couple's third child, a girl, whom they called Luc\u00eda \u00c9cija Rueda. On 27 December 2003 she got married with Daniel \u00c9cija. The couple divorced on 22 May 2004. From 2009 to 2015, Bel\u00e9n Rueda was in a relationship with Roger Vincent. Rueda returned to Madrid and worked as a salesperson and a model until she became a TV presenter. After that she worked as an actress on television, including the show Los Serrano, and eventually acted in films. She won a Goya Award in 2004 for her role as Julia in The Sea Inside. She received another Goya nomination for her role in the 2007 film, The Orphanage. Rueda played the lead role of the Spanish thriller Julia's Eyes, which was produced by Guillermo del Toro. She also starred in Oriol Paulo's thriller The Body. Miska, Brad (22 February 2010). \"Optimum Acquires UK Rights to Guillermo del Toro Produced 'Julia's Eyes'\". Bloody Disgusting. Retrieved 30 July 2018. Jones, Gareth (3 August 2012). \"UK's Optimum Releasing Focuses on Julia's Eyes\". Dread Central. Retrieved 30 July 2018. Miska, Brad (13 May 2010). \"Spanish Trailer for Guillermo Del Toro Produced 'Julia's Eyes'\". Bloody Disgusting. Retrieved 30 July 2018. Uncle Creepy (23 April 2012). \"First Images and Sales Trailer for The Body (El Cuerpo)\". Dread Central. Archived from the original on 21 January 2013. Retrieved 30 July 2018. \"Bel\u00e9n Rueda, Fran Perea, Olivia Molina... vuelve la intriga de 'Luna, el misterio de Calenda'\". \u00a1Hola!. 12 February 2013. Onieva, \u00c1lvaro (7 September 2020). \"Telecinco lanza 'Madres. Amor y vida' y Antena 3 responde con 'Mujer'\". Fuera de Series. Bel\u00e9n Rueda at IMDb"
   },
   {
    "name": "M\u00f3nica Cruz",
    "id": "Q237152",
    "text": "M\u00f3nica Cruz S\u00e1nchez (born 16 March 1977) is a Spanish actress, dancer, and fashion designer. She is the younger sister of actress Pen\u00e9lope Cruz. She has appeared in the films The Inquiry (2006), Last Hour (2008), Jerry Cotton (2010) and Iron Cross (2011). M\u00f3nica Cruz was born in the working-class town of Alcobendas, Madrid, Spain, the daughter of Encarna S\u00e1nchez, a hairdresser, and Eduardo Cruz (d. 2015), a retailer and auto mechanic. Throughout her childhood, she lived in Alcobendas. She is the middle child of three; older sister Pen\u00e9lope is an actress, and younger brother Eduardo (born in 1986) is a singer. Her parents divorced in 1999, and her father remarried Carmen Moreno in 2003. Moreno gave birth to a girl, Salma Cruz, on 24 February 2012. Pen\u00e9lope and M\u00f3nica distinguished themselves as promising young dancers and both received professional training; Pen\u00e9lope attended Spain's National Conservatory while M\u00f3nica enrolled in The Royal Academy of Dance to study traditional ballet and flamenco. Upon graduating from the academy, Cruz joined Joaqu\u00edn Cort\u00e9s\u2019 flamenco dance company. She stayed with the company for seven years until, in 2002, she left dancing to pursue a career in acting. In 2005, she starred in the Spanish television show Un Paso Adelante alongside Beatriz Luengo, Miguel \u00c1ngel Mu\u00f1oz, Pablo Puyol and Silvia Marty. She portrayed Tabitha in the historical drama film The Inquiry (2006). Cruz landed the role of Detective Rosa Mulero in the crime drama film Last Hour (2008) alongside DMX and Paul Sorvino. She also appeared in films Asterix at the Olympic Games (2008), All Inclusive (2008), Jerry Cotton (2010) and Iron Cross (2011). In 2010, her sister Pen\u00e9lope was pregnant while filming scenes for Pirates of the Caribbean: On Stranger Tides. Towards the latter half of shooting, her pregnancy was quite apparent, so the filmmakers devised creative methods of shooting around it. Due to her strong resemblance to Pen\u00e9lope, Cruz was hired to stand-in for the wider-angle footage, while Pen\u00e9lope was featured in the close up shots, where her visage was most discernable. In 2012, she appeared in a television commercial for the video game New Super Mario Bros. 2. In 2017, Cruz appeared in the music video for British band Jamiroquai's \"Cloud 9\" from their album Automaton. She also took part in Spanish television series Velvet Colecci\u00f3n, where she plays Carmela Cort\u00e9s, a gypsy flamenco dancer. She shot the second season at the end of 2018. In 2021, Cruz had a guest role as Irene in the Spanish comedy television series La que se avecina. In 2007, Cruz and her sister designed a 25-piece Urban and Evening wear collection for Spanish clothing retailer Mango. The sisters have previously designed a collection of jewelry and handbags for Japanese fashion house Samantha Thavasa. Cruz and her sister created two collections for Swiss retailer Charles V\u00f6gele in 2010 and 2011. The Spring/Summer 2011 collection, titled \"Biaggini Violett\" became available in Europe and included denim shorts, striped tops, blazers and dresses. The pair teamed up again 2013 to design a lingerie line titled L'Agent for British lingerie retailer Agent Provocateur. She also modeled for Agent Provocateur's Autumn/Winter 2012\u201313 campaign. In November 2012, the sisters signed a three-year endorsement deal with Spanish luxury fashion house Loewe, and appeared in advertising campaigns and designed a handbag for the brand. In 2018, she launched a jewellery collection titled \"Rock Star\" for Majorica. Part of the proceeds from sales of the Rock Star collection benefited the Fero Foundation, a private foundation that helps the development of cancer research. Cruz has graced the cover of several international fashion magazines, including Mexico's Cosmopolitan and Vanidades; Spain's Elle, Mujerhoy, Women's Health and Glamour and Holland's L'Officiel. In July 2019, Cruz was a cover girl and guest editor for Baszari Journal's Haute Summer Special issue. She has appeared in advertisements for Betsson, Nescafe, Gabriella Vivaldi, TechnoMarine, Once, Hokana sunglasses, Majorica jewelry and Kypers eyewear. She gave birth to her first child, Antonella Cruz S\u00e1nchez, on May 14, 2013. Her daughter was conceived via artificial insemination and has no legal father. Cruz loves flamenco dancing, saying \"dancing is my first passion. It teaches a wonderful discipline and that discipline stays with you. My sister and I talk all the time about how much it has helped us.\" \"M\u00f3nica Cruz\". IMDb. Retrieved 2019-06-17. http://people.com/movies/penelope-cruzs-father-died-eduardo-cruz-dies-at-62/ \"Penelope Cruz Biography (1974-)\". Filmreference.com. Retrieved 2013-09-06. \"The Rising Star of Penelope Cruz\". CBS News. Retrieved 2013-09-06. de Vries, Hilary (2013-06-09). \"Penelope Cruz: Will She Say I Do, or I Don't\". Marie Claire. Archived from the original on 2013-11-13. Retrieved 2013-09-06. \"Penelope Cruz's sister born after father welcomes little girl with second wife Carmen Moreno\". hellomagazine.com. 2012-02-29. Retrieved 2013-09-06. Nintendo 3DS - Penelope Cruz and Monica Cruz have a bet over New Super Mario Bros 2, retrieved 2019-08-15 \"New Super Mario Bros. 2 Pen\u00e9lope & M\u00f3nica Cruz TV ad - Nintendo Everything\". nintendoeverything.com. Retrieved 2019-08-15. \"Penelope & Monica Cruz for Mango\". Trendland Online Magazine Curating the Web since 2006. 2009-02-27. Retrieved 2019-08-15. \"Pen\u00e9lope Cruz\". Diversity Woman. Retrieved 2019-08-16. \"Samantha Thavasa Handbags Presentation from Party Pics: Global\". E! Online. Retrieved 2019-08-16. \"Penelope and Monica Cruz's Second Collection for Charles Vogele\". InStyle.com. Retrieved 2019-08-17. \"Penelope and Monica Cruz for Charles V\u00f6gele Spring/Summer 2011\". Hairstyles - Fashion Trends - Makeup Tips. 2011-03-15. Retrieved 2019-08-17. Karmali, Sarah. \"Underneath Their Clothes: The Cruz Sisters' Lingerie\". British Vogue. Retrieved 2019-08-15. Berry, Allison. \"Penelope and Monica Cruz to Launch Lingerie Line with Agent Provocateur\". Time. ISSN\u00a00040-781X. Retrieved 2019-08-16. Hayes, Martha (2015-09-19). \"Pen\u00e9lope Cruz: 'I love Spain, but I feel like a citizen of the world'\". The Guardian. ISSN\u00a00261-3077. Retrieved 2019-08-15. Scoble, Roger (2013-07-06). \"Penelope and Monica Cruz Designing Handbags for Loewe\". Pursuitist. Retrieved 2021-09-11. \"M\u00f3nica Cruz presenta la colecci\u00f3n navide\u00f1a y solidaria de Majorica\". InStyle (in Spanish). 2018-10-17. Retrieved 2019-11-25. \"M\u00f3nica Cruz Magazine Cover Photos - List of magazine covers featuring M\u00f3nica Cruz - FamousFix\". FamousFix.com. Retrieved 2019-08-15. \"Cover of L'Officiel Netherlands with Monica Cruz, December 2008 (ID:1197)| Magazines | The FMD\". The FMD - FashionModelDirectory.com. Retrieved 2019-08-15. \"M\u00f3nica Cruz on Instagram: \"#Repost @baszarishop with @repostapp \u30fb\u30fb\u30fb Happy Friday! Baszari Journal Haute Summer Special is here! Honored to have @monicacruzoficial as\u2026\"\". Instagram. Retrieved 2019-08-15. \"M\u00f3nica Cruz on Instagram: \"Feliz de poder presentaros mi nueva colaboraci\u00f3n con la familia @betsson_es #vamosapasarlobien \ud83d\ude0d\"\". Instagram. Retrieved 2019-08-15. \"Nescafe Shakissimo Campaign with Monica Cruz\". Valero Rioja Photography (in Spanish). Retrieved 2019-08-17. \"Monica Cruz for Gabriella Vivaldi\", BRATZ Magazines, 2010-03-21, retrieved 2019-08-17 France, Zakka. \"TechnoMarine - \"Monica Cruz\"\". www.adforum.com. Retrieved 2019-08-17. \"Monica Cruz, Penelope Cruz's sister and lookalike\". Getty Images. Retrieved 2019-08-17. \"M\u00f3nica Cruz on Instagram: \"Llega mayo, llega el sol y yo siempre preparada gracias a @hokanasunglasses \u2600\u2764 #MesDeLasFlores #May #TribuHokana\"\". Instagram. Retrieved 2019-08-15. \"Majorica 1890 on Instagram: \"\u00a1Menos es m\u00e1s!.\u2800\u2800\u2800\u2800\u2800\u2800\u2800\u2800\u2800 \u2026\u2800\u2800\u2800\u2800\u2800\u2800\u2800\u2800\u2800 S\u00e9 la m\u00e1s #dulce y #femenina con la colecci\u00f3n Nuada. #Minimalista y #discreta, se convertir\u00e1 en una de\u2026\"\". Instagram. Retrieved 2019-08-15. \"M\u00f3nica Cruz on Instagram: \"han visto la \u00faltima colecci\u00f3n de gafas de sol de @kypers_eyewear? Yo me he enamorado del modelo #Guanter \ud83d\ude0e\ud83d\ude0d feliz finde a todos! \ud83d\udc83\ud83c\udffb\ud83c\udfd6\"\". Instagram. Retrieved 2019-08-15. ESME (2016-03-16). \"Monica Cruz: Single Mother by Choice\". ESME. Retrieved 2019-07-16. Voxxi, Voxxi (2013-05-24). \"Monica Cruz Welcomes Baby Girl\". HuffPost. Retrieved 2019-08-15. ESME (2016-03-15). \"Monica Cruz: Single Mother by Choice\". ESME. Retrieved 2019-08-15. M\u00f3nica Cruz at IMDb\u00a0"
   },
   {
    "name": "George Santayana",
    "id": "Q237833",
    "text": "Jorge Agust\u00edn Nicol\u00e1s Ruiz de Santayana y Borr\u00e1s, known in English as George Santayana (/\u02ccs\u00e6nti\u02c8\u00e6n\u0259, -\u02c8\u0251\u02d0n\u0259/; December 16, 1863 \u2013 September 26, 1952), was a philosopher, essayist, poet, and novelist. Originally from Spain, Santayana was raised and educated in the US from the age of eight and identified himself as an American, although he always retained a valid Spanish passport. At the age of 48, Santayana left his position at Harvard and returned to Europe permanently. Santayana is popularly known for aphorisms, such as \"Those who cannot remember the past are condemned to repeat it\", \"Only the dead have seen the end of war\", and the definition of beauty as \"pleasure objectified\". Although an atheist, he treasured the Spanish Catholic values, practices, and worldview in which he was raised. Santayana was a broad-ranging cultural critic spanning many disciplines. He was profoundly influenced by Spinoza's life and thought; and, in many respects, was a devoted Spinozist. Santayana was born on December 16, 1863, in Madrid and spent his early childhood in \u00c1vila, Spain. His mother Josefina Borr\u00e1s was the daughter of a Spanish official in the Philippines and he was the only child of her second marriage. Josefina Borr\u00e1s' first husband was George Sturgis, a Bostonian merchant with the Manila firm Russell & Sturgis, with whom she had five children, two of whom died in infancy. She lived in Boston for a few years following her husband's death in 1857; in 1861 moved with her three surviving children to Madrid. There she encountered Agust\u00edn Ruiz de Santayana, an old friend from her years in the Philippines. They married in 1862. A colonial civil servant, Ruiz de Santayana was a painter and minor intellectual. The family lived in Madrid and \u00c1vila, and Jorge was born in Spain in 1863. In 1869, Josefina Borr\u00e1s de Santayana returned to Boston with her three Sturgis children, because she had promised her first husband to raise the children in the US. She left the six-year-old Jorge with his father in Spain. Jorge and his father followed her to Boston in 1872. His father, finding neither Boston nor his wife's attitude to his liking, soon returned alone to \u00c1vila, and remained there the rest of his life. Jorge did not see him again until he entered Harvard College and began to take his summer vacations in Spain. Sometime during this period, Jorge's first name was anglicized as George, the English equivalent. Santayana attended Boston Latin School and Harvard College, where he studied under the philosophers William James and Josiah Royce and was involved in eleven clubs as an alternative to athletics. He was founder and president of the Philosophical Club, a member of the literary society known as the O.K., an editor and cartoonist for The Harvard Lampoon, and co-founder of the literary journal The Harvard Monthly. In December, 1885, he played the role of Lady Elfrida in the Hasty Pudding theatrical Robin Hood, followed by the production Papillonetta in the spring of his senior year. After graduating from Harvard in 1886, Santayana studied for two years in Berlin. He then returned to Harvard to write his dissertation on Hermann Lotze (1889). He was a professor at Harvard from 1889\u20131912, becoming part of the Golden Age of the Harvard philosophy department. Some of his Harvard students became famous in their own right, including T. S. Eliot, Robert Frost, Gertrude Stein, Horace Kallen, Walter Lippmann, and W. E. B. Du Bois. Wallace Stevens was not among his students but became a friend. From 1896 to 1897, Santayana studied at King's College, Cambridge. Santayana never married. His romantic life, if any, is not well understood. Some evidence, including a comment Santayana made late in life comparing himself to A. E. Housman, and his friendships with people who were openly homosexual and bisexual, has led scholars to speculate that Santayana was perhaps homosexual or bisexual, but it remains unclear whether he had any actual heterosexual or homosexual relationships. In 1912, Santayana resigned his position at Harvard to spend the rest of his life in Europe. He had saved money and been aided by a legacy from his mother. After some years in \u00c1vila, Paris and Oxford, after 1920, he began to winter in Rome, eventually living there year-round until his death. During his 40 years in Europe, he wrote 19 books and declined several prestigious academic positions. Many of his visitors and correspondents were Americans, including his assistant and eventual literary executor, Daniel Cory. In later life, Santayana was financially comfortable, in part because his 1935 novel, The Last Puritan, had become an unexpected best-seller. In turn, he financially assisted a number of writers, including Bertrand Russell, with whom he was in fundamental disagreement, philosophically and politically. Santayana's one novel, The Last Puritan, is a bildungsroman, centering on the personal growth of its protagonist, Oliver Alden. His Persons and Places is an autobiography. These works also contain many of his sharper opinions and bons mots. He wrote books and essays on a wide range of subjects, including philosophy of a less technical sort, literary criticism, the history of ideas, politics, human nature, morals, the influence of religion on culture and social psychology, all with considerable wit and humor. While his writings on technical philosophy can be difficult, his other writings are more accessible and pithy. He wrote poems and a few plays, and left ample correspondence, much of it published only since 2000. Like Alexis de Tocqueville, Santayana observed American culture and character from a foreigner's point of view. Like William James, his friend and mentor, he wrote philosophy in a literary way. Ezra Pound includes Santayana among his many cultural references in The Cantos, notably in \"Canto LXXXI\" and \"Canto XCV\". Santayana is usually considered an American writer, although he declined to become an American citizen, resided in Fascist Italy for decades, and said that he was most comfortable, intellectually and aesthetically, at Oxford University. Although an atheist, Santayana considered himself an \"aesthetic Catholic\" and spent the last decade of his life in a Roman residence under the care of Catholic nuns. In 1941, he entered a retirement home run by Blue Nuns of the Little Company of Mary on the Celian Hill at 6 Via Santo Stefano Rotondo in Roma, where he was cared for by the Irish sisters until his death in September 1952. Upon his death, he did not want to be buried in consecrated land, which made his burial problematic in Italy. Finally, the Spanish consulate in Rome agreed that he be buried in the Pantheon of the Obra P\u00eda Espa\u00f1ola, in the Campo Verano cemetery in Rome. Santayana's main philosophical work consists of The Sense of Beauty (1896), his first book-length monograph and perhaps the first major work on aesthetics written in the United States; The Life of Reason (5 vols., 1905\u201306), the high point of his Harvard career; Skepticism and Animal Faith (1923); and The Realms of Being (4 vols., 1927\u201340). Although Santayana was not a pragmatist in the mold of William James, Charles Sanders Peirce, Josiah Royce, or John Dewey, The Life of Reason arguably is the first extended treatment of pragmatism written. Like many of the classical pragmatists, and because he was well-versed in evolutionary theory, Santayana was committed to metaphysical naturalism. He believed that human cognition, cultural practices, and social institutions have evolved so as to harmonize with the conditions present in their environment. Their value may then be adjudged by the extent to which they facilitate human happiness. The alternate title to The Life of Reason, \"the Phases of Human Progress,\" is indicative of this metaphysical stance. Santayana was an early adherent of epiphenomenalism, but also admired the classical materialism of Democritus and Lucretius. (Of the three authors on whom he wrote in Three Philosophical Poets, Santayana speaks most favorably of Lucretius). He held Spinoza's writings in high regard, calling him his \"master and model.\" Although an atheist, he held a fairly benign view of religion and described himself as an \"aesthetic Catholic\". Santayana's views on religion are outlined in his books Reason in Religion, The Idea of Christ in the Gospels, and Interpretations of Poetry and Religion. He held racial superiority and eugenic views. He believed superior races should be discouraged from \"intermarriage with inferior stock\". Santayana is remembered in large part for his aphorisms, many of which have been so frequently used as to have become clich\u00e9d. His philosophy has not fared quite as well. He is regarded by most as an excellent prose stylist, and John Lachs (who is sympathetic with much of Santayana's philosophy) writes, in On Santayana, that his eloquence may ironically be the very cause of this neglect. Santayana influenced those around him, including Bertrand Russell, whom Santayana single-handedly steered away from the ethics of G. E. Moore. He also influenced many prominent people such as Harvard students T. S. Eliot, Robert Frost, Gertrude Stein, Horace Kallen, Walter Lippmann, W. E. B. Du Bois, Conrad Aiken, Van Wyck Brooks, Felix Frankfurter, Max Eastman, Wallace Stevens. Stevens was especially influenced by Santayana's aesthetics and became a friend even though Stevens did not take courses taught by Santayana. Santayana is quoted by the Canadian-American sociologist Erving Goffman as a central influence in the thesis of his famous book The Presentation of Self in Everyday Life (1959). Religious historian Jerome A. Stone credits Santayana with contributing to the early thinking in the development of religious naturalism. English mathematician and philosopher Alfred North Whitehead quotes Santayana extensively in his magnum opus Process and Reality (1929). Chuck Jones used Santayana's description of fanaticism as \"redoubling your effort after you've forgotten your aim\" to describe his cartoons starring Wile E. Coyote and Road Runner. Santayana's passing is referenced in the lyrics to singer-songwriter Billy Joel's 1989 music single, \"We Didn't Start the Fire\". The quote \"Only the dead have seen the end of war.\" is frequently attributed or misattributed to Plato; an early example of this misattribution (if it is indeed misattributed) is found in General Douglas MacArthur's Farewell Speech given to the Corps of Cadets at West Point in 1962. Royal Society of Literature Benson Medal, 1925. Columbia University Butler Gold Medal, 1945. Honorary degree from the University of Wisconsin, 1911. 1894. Sonnets And Other Verses. 1896. The Sense of Beauty: Being the Outline of Aesthetic Theory. 1899. Lucifer: A Theological Tragedy. 1900. Interpretations of Poetry and Religion. 1901. A Hermit of Carmel And Other Poems. 1905\u20131906. The Life of Reason: or the Phases of Human Progress, 5 vols. 1910. Three Philosophical Poets: Lucretius, Dante, and Goethe. 1913. Winds of Doctrine: Studies in Contemporary Opinion. 1915. Egotism in German Philosophy. 1920. Character and Opinion in the United States: With Reminiscences of William James and Josiah Royce and Academic Life in America. 1920. Little Essays, Drawn From the Writings of George Santayana. by Logan Pearsall Smith, With the Collaboration of the Author. 1922. Soliloquies in England and Later Soliloquies. 1922. Poems. 1923. Scepticism and Animal Faith: Introduction to a System of Philosophy. 1926. Dialogues in Limbo 1927. Platonism and the Spiritual Life. 1927\u201340. The Realms of Being, 4 vols. 1931. The Genteel Tradition at Bay. 1933. Some Turns of Thought in Modern Philosophy: Five Essays 1935. The Last Puritan: A Memoir in the Form of a Novel. 1936. Obiter Scripta: Lectures, Essays and Reviews. Justus Buchler and Benjamin Schwartz, eds. 1944. Persons and Places. 1945. The Middle Span. 1946. The Idea of Christ in the Gospels; or, God in Man: A Critical Essay. 1948. Dialogues in Limbo, With Three New Dialogues. 1951. Dominations and Powers: Reflections on Liberty, Society, and Government. 1953. My Host The World 1955. The Letters of George Santayana. Daniel Cory, ed. Charles Scribner's Sons. New York. (296 letters) 1956. Essays in Literary Criticism of George Santayana. Irving Singer, ed. 1957. The Idler and His Works, and Other Essays. Daniel Cory, ed. 1967. The Genteel Tradition: Nine Essays by George Santayana. Douglas L. Wilson, ed. 1967. George Santayana's America: Essays on Literature and Culture. James Ballowe, ed. 1967. Animal Faith and Spiritual Life: Previously Unpublished and Uncollected Writings by George Santayana With Critical Essays on His Thought. John Lachs, ed. 1968. Santayana on America: Essays, Notes, and Letters on American Life, Literature, and Philosophy. Richard Colton Lyon, ed. 1968. Selected Critical Writings of George Santayana, 2 vols. Norman Henfrey, ed. 1969. Physical Order and Moral Liberty: Previously Unpublished Essays of George Santayana. John and Shirley Lachs, eds. 1979. The Complete Poems of George Santayana: A Critical Edition. Edited, with an introduction, by W. G. Holzberger. Bucknell University Press. 1995. The Birth of Reason and Other Essays. Daniel Cory, ed., with an Introduction by Herman J. Saatkamp, Jr. Columbia Univ. Press. 2009. The Essential Santayana. Selected Writings Edited by the Santayana Edition, Compiled and with an introduction by Martin A. Coleman. Bloomington: Indiana University Press. 2009. The Genteel Tradition in American Philosophy and Character and Opinion in the United States (Rethinking the Western Tradition), Edited and with an introduction by James Seaton and contributions by Wilfred M. McClay, John Lachs, Roger Kimball and James Seaton Yale University Press. Unmodernized, critical editions of George Santayana's published and unpublished writing. The Works is edited by the Santayana Edition and published by The MIT Press. 1986. Persons and Places. Santayana's autobiography, incorporating Persons and Places, 1944; The Middle Span, 1945; and My Host the World, 1953. 1988 (1896). The Sense of Beauty: Being the Outline of Aesthetic Theory. 1990 (1900). Interpretations of Poetry and Religion. 1994 (1935). The Last Puritan: A Memoir in the Form of a Novel. The Letters of George Santayana. Containing over 3,000 of his letters, many discovered posthumously, to more than 350 recipients. 2001. Book One, 1868\u20131909. 2001. Book Two, 1910\u20131920. 2002. Book Three, 1921\u20131927. 2003. Book Four, 1928\u20131932. 2003. Book Five, 1933\u20131936. 2004. Book Six, 1937\u20131940. 2006. Book Seven, 1941\u20131947. 2008. Book Eight, 1948\u20131952. 2011. George Santayana's Marginalia: A Critical Selection, Books 1 and 2. Compiled by John O. McCormick and edited by Kristine W. Frost. The Life of Reason in five books. 2011 (1905). Reason in Common Sense. 2013 (1905). Reason in Society. 2014 (1905). Reason in Religion. 2019 (1910). Three Philosophical Poets: Lucretius, Dante, and Goethe, Critical Edition, Edited by Kellie Dawson and David E. Spiech, with an introduction by James Seaton Philosophy portal Poetry portal Biography portal American philosophy List of American philosophers Scientistic materialism John R. Shook (ed.), The Dictionary of Modern American Philosophers, Continuum, 2005, p. 1499. \"the definition of Santayana\". dictionary.com. George Santayana, \"Apologia Pro Mente Sua,\" in P. A. Schilpp, The Philosophy of George Santayana, (1940), 603. George Santayana (1905) Reason in Common Sense, p. 284, volume\u00a01 of The Life of Reason George Santayana (1922) Soliloquies in England and Later Soliloquies, number 25 \"Beauty as Intrinsic Pleasure by George Santayana\". Lovely, Edward W. (Sep 28, 2012). George Santayana's Philosophy of Religion: His Roman Catholic Influences and Phenomenology. Lexington Books. pp.\u00a01, 204\u2013206. See his letters and works (such as Persons and Places; Soliloquies in England and Later Soliloquies) \"George Santayana\" at the Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy. Retrieved April 25, 2021 Parri, Alice Two Harvard Friends: Charles Loeser and George Santayana[1] Garrison, Lloyd McKim, An Illustrated History of the Hasty Pudding Club Theatricals, Cambridge, Hasty Pudding Club, 1897. [2] and he was a member of the Phi Beta Kappa student fraternity Who Belongs To Phi Beta Kappa Archived 2012-01-03 at the Wayback Machine, \u2019Phi Beta Kappa website\u2019\u2019, accessed Oct 4, 2009 \"SANTAYANA, George\". Who's Who. Vol.\u00a059. 1907. p.\u00a01555. George Santayana, Lotze's system of philosophy, Ph.D., 1889 Lensing, George S. (1986). Wallace Stevens: A Poet's Growth. LSU Press. 313 pp. ISBN\u00a00807112976. p.12-13. \"Santayana, George (SNTN896G)\". A Cambridge Alumni Database. University of Cambridge. Saatkamp, Herman; Coleman, Martin (1 January 2014). Zalta, Edward N. (ed.). The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy. Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University \u2013 via Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy. \"George Santayana, 88, Dies in Rome\" Harvard Crimson death notice of 29 September 1952 The Letters of George Santayana: Book Eight, 1948\u20131952 By George Santayana p 8:39 \"My atheism, like that of Spinoza, is true piety towards the universe, and denies only gods fashioned by men in their own image, to be servants of their human interests.\" George Santayana, \"On My Friendly Critics,\" in Soliloquies in England and Later Soliloquies, 1922 (from Rawson's Dictionary of American Quotations via credoreference.com). Accessed August 1, 2008. \"Santayana playfully called himself 'a Catholic atheist,' but in spite of the fact that he deliberately immersed himself in the stream of Catholic religious life, he never took the sacraments. He neither literally regarded himself as a Catholic nor did Catholics regard him as a Catholic.\" Empiricism, Theoretical Constructs, and God, by Kai Nielsen, The Journal of Religion, Vol. 54, No. 3 (Jul., 1974), pp. 199\u2013217 (p. 205), published by The University of Chicago Press. Santayana, George (2015-11-26). \"The Life of Reason: Human Understanding\". Michael K. Potter. Bertrand Russell's Ethics. London and New York: Continuum, 2006. Pp. xiii, 185. ISBN\u00a00826488102, p.4 Lensing, George S. (1986). Wallace Stevens: A Poet's Growth. LSU Press. 313 pp. ISBN\u00a00807112976. p.12-23. \"Stevens, Wallace\". Archived from the original on 2013-07-25. Retrieved 2014-01-07. Saatkamp, Herman, \"George Santayana\" The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (Fall 2010 Edition), Edward N. Zalta (ed.) Religious Naturalism Today, pp. 21\u201337 Whitehead, A.N. (1929). Process and Reality. An Essay in Cosmology. Gifford Lectures Delivered in the University of Edinburgh During the Session 1927\u20131928, Macmillan, New York, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge UK. See the sixth paragraph, That's Not All, Folks! \"Of course you know this means war.\" Who said it?, by Terry Teachout, The Wall Street Journal, November 25, 2003, (Archived at WebCite). We Didn't Start the Fire. BillyJoel.com. Retrieved 2016-09-25. SUZANNE, Bernard F. \"Plato FAQ: Did Plato write\u00a0:\"Only the dead have seen the end of war\"?\". plato-dialogues.org. Retrieved 2018-04-29. \"Who Really Said That?\". The Chronicle of Higher Education. 2013-09-16. Retrieved 2018-04-29. \"The Benson Medal\". Archived from the original on 2013-09-18. Retrieved 2014-01-07. George Santayana; William G. Holzberger (Editor). (2006). The Letters of George Santayana, Book Seven, 1941\u20131947. (MIT Press (MA), Hardcover, 9780262195560, 569pp.) (p. 143). \"University Lectures \u2013 Secretary of the Faculty\". Archived from the original on 2013-09-28. W. Arnett, 1955. Santayana and the Sense of Beauty, Bloomington, Indiana University Press. H. T. Kirby-Smith, 1997. A Philosophical Novelist: George Santayana and the Last Puritan. Southern Illinois University Press. Jeffers, Thomas L., 2005. Apprenticeships: The Bildungsroman from Goethe to Santayana. New York: Palgrave: 159\u201384. Lamont, Corliss (ed., with the assistance of Mary Redmer), 1959. Dialogue on George Santayana. New York: Horizon Press. McCormick, John, 1987. George Santayana: A Biography. Alfred A. Knopf. The biography. Singer, Irving, 2000. George Santayana, Literary Philosopher. Yale University Press. Miguel Alfonso, Ricardo (ed.), 2010, La est\u00e9tica de George Santayana, Madrid: Verbum. Patella, Giuseppe, Belleza, arte y vida. La est\u00e9tica mediterranea de George Santayana, Valencia, PUV, 2010, pp.\u00a0212. ISBN\u00a0978-84-370-7734-5. P\u00e9rez Firmat, Gustavo. Tongue Ties: Logo-Eroticism in Anglo-Hispanic Literature. New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2003. Moreno, Daniel. Santayana the Philosopher: Philosophy as a Form of Life. Lewisburg: Bucknell University Press, 2015. Translated by Charles Padron. George Santayanaat Wikipedia's sister projects Media from Wikimedia Commons Quotations from Wikiquote Texts from Wikisource Data from Wikidata Critical Edition of the Works of George Santayana Works by George Santayana at Project Gutenberg Works by George Santayana at Faded Page (Canada) Works by or about George Santayana at Internet Archive Saatkamp, Herman. \"George Santayana\". In Zalta, Edward N. (ed.). Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy. Includes a complete bibliography of the primary literature, and a fair selection of the secondary literature Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy: \"George Santayana\" by Matthew C. Flamm The Santayana Edition Works by George Santayana at LibriVox (public domain audiobooks) Overheard in Seville: Bulletin of the Santayana Society On George Santayana: Spanish-English Blog about Santayana \"George Santayana: Catholic Atheist\" by Richard Butler in Spirituality Today, Vol. 38 (Winter 1986), p. 319 George Santayana at Curlie George Santayana at Find a Grave George Santayana, \"Many Nations in One Empire\" (1934)"
   },
   {
    "name": "Miguel Mihura",
    "id": "Q239249",
    "text": "Miguel Mihura Santos (21 July 1905, in Madrid \u2013 27 October 1977) was a Spanish playwright. He is best known for his comedy Tres sombreros de copa (1952), a work of absurd humor that predates similar works by Beckett or Ionesco and that broke with many of the previous conventions of Spanish comic theatre. He was also active as a comics artist. Miguel Mihura was born in Madrid in 1905. His father was an actor and theatrical producer. When he was in his twenties, he wrote his best-known comedy, Tres sombreros de copa, but its humour was not appreciated by the conservative pre-war Spanish society. Tres sombreros de copa was not staged until 1952, achieving a great success. Mihura also wrote several screenplays in Spanish films during the second world war . Most of them were cut by the censors and some do not exist. One of his greatest contributions was in Welcome Mr. Marshall! (1953), directed by Luis Garc\u00eda Berlanga. His brother was the film director Jer\u00f3nimo Mihura. Intrigue (1942) House of Cards (1943) The Sunless Street (1948) They Always Return at Dawn (1949) Just Any Woman (1949) My Beloved Juan (1950) I Want to Marry You (1951) Welcome Mr. Marshall! (\u00a1Bienvenido Sr Marshall!) (1953) Let's Make the Impossible! (1958) \"Miguel Mihura\". Biography portal Miguel Mihura at Find a Grave Lambiek Comiclopedia article. v t e"
   },
   {
    "name": "Infanta Isabella, Countess of Agrigento",
    "id": "Q240267",
    "text": "Infanta Isabel of Spain (Spanish: Mar\u00eda Isabel Francisca de As\u00eds Cristina Francisca de Paula Dominga; 20 December 1851 \u2013 22 April 1931), was the eldest daughter of Queen Isabella II and her husband Francisco de As\u00eds, Duke of C\u00e1diz. She was recognized as the heir presumptive to the Spanish throne twice: from 1851 to 1857 and from 1874 to 1880 and given the title Princess of Asturias, which was reserved for the heir to the Spanish crown. She was married to Prince Gaetan, Count of Girgenti (a son of King Ferdinand II of the Two Sicilies), who committed suicide just three years after their marriage on 13 May 1868. Infanta Isabel was a prominent figure at the royal court of Spain during the reign of her brother King Alfonso XII of Spain and during the minority of her nephew King Alfonso XIII. She was the most popular member of the Spanish royal family for most of her life. After the fall of the monarchy of Alfonso XIII, she refused the offer of officials of the Second Spanish Republic to continue to reside in Spain. She died in a matter of days after taking up a new life in exile in France. Born at the Royal Palace of Madrid on 20 December 1851, she was the eldest surviving daughter of Queen Isabella II and King Francisco de As\u00eds. Her birth was eagerly awaited since her mother had previously given birth to a son who had died within hours. In the tumultuous age of Carlist uprisings and sporadic civil war, Isabel was immediately recognized as the heir presumptive to her mother's throne and as such was made Princess of Asturias. The child was baptized the day after her birth with the names Mar\u00eda Isabel Francisca de As\u00eds. The marriage of her parents was unhappy. At age sixteen, Queen Isabella II had been married against her will to Francisco de Asis, Duke of C\u00e1diz, who was twice her first cousin. The queen, who never overcame the antipathy towards her effeminate husband, found an outlet for her passionate nature taking lovers. Historians and biographers attribute Infanta Isabel's paternity to Jos\u00e9 Ruiz de Arana y Saavedra (1826\u20131891), a young Spanish aristocratic and military officer. Ruiz de Arana was known to the queen from palace's inner circles; his father, the Count of Sevilla La Nueva, was usher to ambassadors. The relationship between Queen Isabella and Ruiz de Arana lasted from 1851 to 1856. It was with some reluctance that King Francisco de As\u00eds recognized Isabel as his daughter as he would do subsequently with all the children Queen Isabella II bore during their troubled marriage. On 2 February 1852 Isabella II was making a traditional visit to the Royal Basilica of Our Lady of Atocha, introducing her daughter to the public, when she was stabbed by a mad priest. The Queen was saved by the thickness of her corset; the injury was not life-threatening. As she grew up, Isabel began to appear in public in the company of her parents. She became popularly known by the affectionate nickname La Chata \u2013 a reference to her snub or \"button\" nose. She spent her early years as an only child. There was a six-year gap between Isabel and her next surviving sibling, the future King Alfonso XII. Three more sisters who survived past early childhood later completed the family. Isabel lost her title as Princess of Asturias upon her brother's birth on 28 November 1857 and took the title and rank of infanta instead. Infanta Isabel was raised separately from the rest of her siblings. The relationship between King Francisco de As\u00eds and his children was cold and formal. Queen Isabella II was preoccupied with her turbulent reign and her private life alternated between periods of great affection towards her children and the distant approach to childhood that was the custom of the time. She received a much better education than her mother and was the only one among her siblings raised during her mother's reign. Emphasis was put on languages, and the young Infanta was very interested in music and horsemanship, hobbies she enjoyed throughout her life. With only a brother of delicate health ahead of her in the line of succession to the throne, there was great interest in arranging an early marriage for Infanta Isabella that would provide descendants. Leopoldo O'Donnell, Duke of Tetuan, Isabella II's prime minister, conceived the idea to marry her to Prince Amadeo of Savoy whose sister Maria Pia had recently married Luis I of Portugal. Queen Isabella disliked the proposal, but agreed to an interview between her fourteen-year-old daughter and the twenty-year-old Savoy prince. In September 1865, Amadeo met Infanta Isabel in Zarauz, where the Spanish family was on vacation. The project failed. For political reasons, Isabella II had to recognize the unification of Italy under the Savoy crown, and in order to compensate her cousins from the Bourbon dynasty of the Kingdom of the Two Sicilies, who were upset at this recognition, the ultra-conservative party at the Spanish court, headed by King Francisco de As\u00eds, convinced the queen to arrange the marriage of their eldest daughter with one of the half-siblings of the recently deposed King Francis II of the Two Sicilies, Prince Gaetan, Count of Girgenti (1846\u20131871), son of King Ferdinand II of the Two Sicilies and Archduchess Maria Theresa of Austria. Prince Gaetan had recently lost his mother and one of his younger brothers, and his family was in financial straits. Gaetan was a first cousin of both Isabel's mother and father. In April 1868, Prince Gaetan arrived in Spain, and the wedding was quickly arranged to take place a few weeks later. Neither Infanta Isabel nor Gaetan were enthusiastic about the project. Gaetan was tall and good-hearted, but penniless and plagued by ill health. He was known for his lack of intellect. Infanta Isabel was short, blond, with clear blue eyes and a small up-turned nose. She was dutiful, conservative and headstrong. Isabel's marriage took place amidst great pomp on 13 May 1868. Upon his marriage, Isabella II bestowed on Gaetan the title of infante. After the wedding, the young couple embarked a long honeymoon that took them first to visit her new family-in-law residing at the Palazzo Farnese in Rome. Two months later, the young couple went to the Austrian court, where Gaetano's maternal relatives lived. On their way back to Spain, while visiting Emperor Napoleon III and Empress Eug\u00e9nie at Fontainebleau, they received the news of the Glorious Revolution that cost Isabella II her throne. Gaetan rushed to enter Spain and fought in defense of the monarchy in the Battle of Alcolea, a defeat that marked the end of the reign of Isabella II, who crossed the border into France with the royal family. In exile, the deposed queen settled in Paris, where Infanta Isabel was waiting for her mother. Initially, Infanta Isabel and Gaetan also lived in Paris in a house that belonged to Gaetan's uncle Prince Louis, Count of Aquila. Gaetan was plagued by ill health and depression. For two years, the couple embarked on a series of trips through Europe, visiting Austria, Germany and England, searching in vain for a solution to Gaetan's health. In the summer of 1870, the Counts of Girgenti settled in Lucerne, Switzerland, in hopes of living in peace and anonymity. With the help of his two aides-de-camps, Gaetan managed to conceal from his wife for as long as he could the true nature of his illness: he was an epileptic. One day he had a seizure in front of his wife, who had no prior warnings about the true nature of his illness. In the early summer of 1871, Isabel and her husband stayed in Geneva to join the rest of the Spanish royal family, which had escaped disturbances in Paris. In August 1871, the Counts of Gigenti returned to Lucerne. Early in a pregnancy, Infanta Isabel suffered a miscarriage in September 1871. The loss of his child, the loss of the Spanish crown, and his declining health contributed to Gaetan sinking into a deep depression and he attempted suicide by jumping from a window. After that, he was never allowed to be alone, and between Isabel and Gaetan's adjutants, Gaetan was constantly supervised. However, on 26 November 1871, while they were staying in a hotel in Lucerne, Gaetan managed to lock himself in a room and shoot himself in the head. He was found still alive, but died shortly thereafter. A young widow barely twenty years old, Infanta Isabel, who had become greatly attached to her husband, mourned his tragic death. She moved to the Palacio Castilla in Paris with her mother, the ex-Queen Isabella. Over the next three years, the infanta led a quiet family life over-seeing the education of her three younger sisters; visiting her father, the ex-King consort Don Francisco de As\u00eds, who lived estranged from his wife in \u00c9pinay; and, above all, concerned about the future of her brother Alfonso, who was finishing his education in Vienna. In 1872 and 1873, Infanta Isabel traveled frequently to Munich to be with her aunt, the Infanta Amelia Philippina of Spain, and to Vienna to stay close to her brother as a guest of Archduchess Marie Rainier, to whom she had become very close during her marriage to Gaetan (the archduchess's nephew). Behind the scenes, Infanta Isabel worked to promote the restoration of the Spanish monarchy in the person of her brother in an agreement with the Spanish politician Antonio C\u00e1novas del Castillo, who worked from Madrid on behalf of Alfonso. On 29 December 1874 Infanta Isabel's brother Alfonso XII was called to the Spanish throne after a pronunciamiento by Martinez Campos established him as king, ending the First Spanish Republic. The Spanish royal family was then reunited in Paris to celebrate New Year's Eve. On 14 January 1875 Alphonso XII arrived in Spain. The following month, Infanta Isabe was called by the government to come back to Spain as the first lady at court and heiress presumptive to the throne. On 5 March Infanta Isabel embarked in Marseille to make her entrance in Madrid two days later. On March 24, 1875, Isabel was once again proclaimed Princess of Asturias as heiress to the Spanish crown. The young princess and her brother enjoyed considerable popularity during this period, and several projects were presented to her to remarry. Archduke Ludwig Salvator of Austria, who was already living in Spain, was the government's first choice, but once his eccentric behavior became known this idea was abandoned. Another candidate was Prince Arnulf of Bavaria, but Isabel did not wish to remarry, and her brother\u2014to whom she was very attached\u2014ultimately respected her wishes. During the first years of her brother's reign, Isabel worked constantly to promote the cause of the monarchy and was a great asset to her brother. After their mother Queen Isabel returned to live permanently in France, Isabel's three youngest sisters were placed under her care, and she provided a good education for them. The two eldest sisters, Infantas Pilar and Paz, were pliable and did not give her trouble, but Isabel clashed with the youngest sister, the spirited Infanta Eulalia. Isabel also served as a guide to her young cousin Princess Mercedes of Orl\u00e9ans, who married her brother in 1878 and replaced her as the first lady of the kingdom as the new queen. The marriage of her brother allowed her more time for her hobbies and travelling. Following Queen Mercedes' early death in the same year as her marriage, Isabel chose Archduchess Maria Christina of Austria as her new sister-in-law and promoted her as a wife to her brother. She was a niece of Isabel's good friend Archduchess Maria Karoline of Austria, who had been a second mother to Gaetan and his siblings. The early death of her brother in 1885 was a terrible blow to Isabel, who had treasured their relationship. She was an influential figure throughout the regency of Queen Maria Christina and gave her widowed sister-in-law support; she became a second mother to the children of her late brother. Isabel was reportedly very popular and respected in Spain. In 1885, a cruiser of the Spanish Navy, the Infanta Isabel, was named after her. One of her most significant public activities was her 1910 trip to Buenos Aires, Argentina, as a representative of the Spanish Crown on the occasion of the centennial celebration of the May Revolution that was considered the starting point of the Argentine War of Independence. A street in Buenos Aires, the Paseo de la Infanta Isabel, was named after her. There is also a similarly named street in Madrid. Isabel died on 22 April 1931, at the age of 79, in exile in France. Her death occurred five days after her nephew, King Alfonso XIII, had lost the Spanish throne and the entire Spanish royal family had gone into exile. Following the republican victory in Spain, Isabel was informed by the republican authorities that there was no need for her to go into exile\u2014a testament to her popularity\u2014but she voluntarily chose to exile herself with the rest of her family. She left most of her jewels to her nephew, and her famous Mellerio Shell Tiara subsequently descended to the current Spanish royal family and is frequently worn by Queen Sof\u00eda. In 1991, King Juan Carlos ordered the transfer of her remains to Spain from France; her remains were then entombed in the chapel of the Royal Palace of La Granja de San Ildefonso near Segovia, and a salon in the palace was subsequently renamed in her honor. There is a monumental sculpture of Isabel at Parque del Oeste, a public park in Madrid. Moreover, in the palace park grounds of the Royal Palace of La Granja de San Ildefonso, there is another full-size marble sculpture of Isabel with a bouquet of roses. 20 December 1851 - 24 March 1852: Her Royal Highness Infanta Isabel of Bourbon and Bourbon 24 March 1852 - 28 November 1857: Her Royal Highness Infanta Isabel of Bourbon and Bourbon, Princess of Asturias 28 November 1857 - 13 May 1868: Her Royal Highness Infanta Isabel of Bourbon and Bourbon 13 May 1868 - 26 November 1871: Her Royal Highness Infanta Isabel of Bourbon and Bourbon, Countess of Girgenti 26 November 1871 - 24 March 1875: Her Royal Highness Infanta Isabel of Bourbon and Bourbon, Dowager Countess of Girgenti 24 March 1875 - 11 September 1880: Her Royal Highness Infanta Isabel of Bourbon and Bourbon, Princess of Asturias, Dowager Countess of Girgenti 11 September 1880 - 23 April 1931: Her Royal Highness Infanta Isabel of Bourbon and Bourbon, Dowager Countess of Girgenti In Spain, her full title was Her Royal Highness the Most Serene Infanta Do\u00f1a Isabel Francisca de As\u00eds of Bourbon and Bourbon, Dowager Countess of Girgenti National Spanish Royal Family: 886th Honorary Knight of the Order of the Golden Fleece Spanish Royal Family: Knight Grand Cross of the Order of Charles III Spanish Royal Family: 473rd Dame of the Order of Queen Maria Luisa Foreign Austrian-Hungarian Imperial and Royal family: Dame of the Order of the Starry Cross Portuguese Royal Family: Dame of the Order of Saint Isabel Coat of arms as Infanta and Countess of Girgenti Isabella 's arms as Princess of Asturias Coat of arms as an Infanta of Spain Isabella's lesser coat of arms (Posthumous) Rubio, La Chata, p. 43 Rubio, La Chata, p. 29 - 33 Rubio, La Chata, p. 46 Rubio, La Chata, p. 48 - 52 Rubio, La Chata, p. 134 Rubio, La Chata, p. 136 Rubio, La Chata, p. 147 Rubio, La Chata, p. 148 Rubio, La Chata, p. 158 Rubio, La Chata, p. 162 Rubio, La Chata, p. 163-164 Rubio, La Chata, p. 167 Rubio, La Chata, p. 170 Rubio, La Chata, p. 171 Rubio, La Chata, p. 172 Rubio, La Chata, p. 173 Rubio, La Chata, p. 175 Rubio, La Chata, p. 176 Rubio, La Chata, p. 178 Rubio, La Chata, p. 180-181 Rubio, La Chata, p. 185 Rubio, La Chata, p. 184 Rubio, La Chata, p. 187 Rubio, La Chata, p. 191 Rubio, La Chata, p. 194 Rubio, La Chata, p. 199 \"Real orden disponiendo que la Seren\u00edsima Infanta Do\u00f1a Isabel sea de nuevo reconocida y denominada Princesa de Asturias en todos los actos y documentos oficiales\" (PDF). Gaceta de Madrid. Retrieved 28 December 2015.. no. 84, 25/03/1875, p. 795. (BOE-A-1875-2846) \"Por un error material se public\u00f3 sin fecha en la Gaceta de ayer la Real orden disponiendo que la Seren\u00edsima Infanta Do\u00f1a Isabel sea de nuevo reconocida y denominada Princesa de Asturias en todos los actos y documentos oficiales\" (PDF). Gaceta de Madrid. Retrieved 28 December 2015. no. 84, 25/03/1875, p. 795.(BOE-A-1875-2890) [1], Agencia Bolet\u00edn Oficial del Estado http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-NqpbM72-GBw/UzYb2jZBrcI/AAAAAAAADyA/2ehIMDx5ucM/s1600/2014-0329-lachata.jpg \"BOE.es -\". www.boe.es. gogm. \"1866 Infanta Isabel de Bourbon by Vicente Palmaroli (Colecci\u00f3n Real) \u2013 Grand Ladies \u2013 gogm\". www.gogmsite.net. gogm. \"Older Infanta Isabel seated at formal occasion \u2013 Grand Ladies \u2013 gogm\". www.gogmsite.net. https://s-media-cache-ak0.pinimg.com/236x/9b/2c/2a/9b2c2a2e0c93f36e47c2f5ba53214d76.jpg \"Dames of the Royal Order of Queen Mar\u00eda Luisa of Spain \u2013 Geneall.net\". geneall.net. http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-KR47UJsXdRw/VWPHdWtgUyI/AAAAAAAAL0c/rJBzNvPZ6IU/s1600/Image68.png gogm. \"1880 Infanta Isabel de Borb\u00f3n by Federico de Madrazo y Kuntz (Patrimonio Nacional, Palacio Real de Madrid \u2013 Madrid, Spain) \u2013 Grand Ladies \u2013 gogm\". www.gogmsite.net. gogm. \"Isabel wearing formal dress \u2013 Grand Ladies \u2013 gogm\". www.gogmsite.net. https://atthespanishcourt.files.wordpress.com/2011/08/infantaisabel.jpg?w=529 Coat of arms shown at her grave in the Royal Vault, adopted during King Juan Carlos's reign. Mateos Sainz de Medrano, Ricardo. Los Desconocidos Infantes de Espa\u00f1a. Thassalia, 1996. ISBN\u00a08482370545 Rubio, Mar\u00eda Jos\u00e9. La Chata: La Infanta Isabel de Borb\u00f3n y la Corona de Espa\u00f1a. Madrid, La Esfera de los Libros, 2003. ISBN\u00a084-9734-350-6"
   },
   {
    "name": "Infanta Eulalia of Spain",
    "id": "Q240311",
    "text": "Infanta Eulalia of Spain, Duchess of Galliera (Mar\u00eda Eulalia Francisca de As\u00eds Margarita Roberta Isabel Francisca de Paula Cristina Mar\u00eda de la Piedad) (12 February 1864 \u2013 8 March 1958) was the youngest and last surviving child of Queen Isabella II of Spain and the youngest sister of King Alfonso XII. She authored memoirs that were controversial for their critical perspective and allegations about the political policies of various Spanish and foreign governments. Eulalia was born on 12 February 1864 in the Royal Palace of Madrid, the youngest of the five children born to Isabella II during her marriage to Francis de Assisi de Borb\u00f3n, Duke of Cadiz who survived to adulthood. She was baptised on 14 February 1864 with the names Mar\u00eda Eulalia Francisca de As\u00eds Margarita Roberta Isabel Francisca de Paula Cristina Mar\u00eda de la Piedad. Her godparents were Robert I, Duke of Parma, and his sister Princess Margherita. In 1868, Eulalia and her family were forced to leave Spain in the wake of the revolution. They lived in Paris, where Eulalia was educated. She received her first communion in Rome from Pope Pius IX. In 1874, Eulalia's brother Alfonso was restored to the throne in place of their mother Queen Isabella II. Three years later, Eulalia returned to Spain. She lived at first in El Escorial with her mother, but later moved to the Alc\u00e1zar of Seville and then to Madrid. On 6 March 1886, at Madrid, Eulalia married her first cousin Infante Antonio de Orl\u00e9ans y Borb\u00f3n, Duke di Galliera, son of Antoine, Duke of Montpensier, and his wife, Infanta Luisa Fernanda of Spain. The officiant was Cardinal Zeferino Gonz\u00e1lez y D\u00edaz Tu\u00f1\u00f3n, Archbishop of Seville. The wedding was delayed several months on account of the death of Eulalia's brother, King Alfonso XII. Eulalia and Antonio spent their honeymoon at the Palacio Real de Aranjuez. Eulalia and Antonio had two sons: Infante Alfonso, Duke of Galliera (1886\u20131975) Luis Fernando de Orleans y Borb\u00f3n (1888\u20131945) After the birth of her younger son, Eulalia lived apart from her husband. She maintained residences in Spain and Paris and visited England frequently. In May 1893 Eulalia visited the United States; her controversial visit to the World's Columbian Exposition in Chicago was particularly well-documented. She traveled first to Puerto Rico, then to Havana, Cuba, and arrived in New York on the 18 of May on the Spanish cruiser Infanta Isabel, before making her way to Washington, D.C., where she was received by President Grover Cleveland at the White House. She then proceeded to New York City. Eulalia was later admitted to membership in the Daughters of the American Revolution as a descendant of King Charles III of Spain. Eulalia was the author of several works that were controversial within royal circles, although she never ceased to have frequent contact with her relatives both in Spain and elsewhere. In 1912, under the pseudonym Comtesse de Avila, Eulalia wrote Au fil de la vie (Paris: Soci\u00e9t\u00e9 fran\u00e7aise d'Imprimerie et de Librarie, 1911), translated into English as The Thread of Life (New York: Duffield, 1912). The book expressed Eulalia's thoughts about education, the independence of women, the equality of classes, socialism, religion, marriage, prejudices, and traditions. Her nephew King Alfonso XIII telegraphed her to demand that she suspend the book's publication until he had seen it and received his permission to publish it. Eulalia refused to comply. In May 1915, Eulalia wrote an article about the German Emperor William II for The Strand Magazine. The following month she published Court Life from Within (London: Cassell, 1915; reprinted New York: Dodd, Mead, 1915). In August 1925, Eulalia wrote Courts and Countries After The War (London: Hutchinson, 1925; reprinted New York: Dodd, Mead, 1925). In this work she commented on the world political situation and articulated her belief that there could never be peace between France and Germany. She also made a celebrated observation about Benito Mussolini's Italy by reporting that she crossed the Italian frontier and heard the phrase \"Il treno arriva all'orario\" [the train is arriving on time], a boast often cited in connection with the Fascist regime at the time. In 1935, Eulalia published her memoirs in French, the M\u00e9moires de S.A.R. l'Infante Eulalie, 1868\u20131931 (Paris: Plon, 1935). In July 1936, they were published in English as Memoirs of a Spanish Princess, H.R.H. the Infanta Eulalia (London: Hutchinson, 1936; reprinted New York: W.W. Norton, 1937). On 9 February 1958, Eulalia had a heart attack at her home in Irun. She died there on 8 March and is buried in the Pantheon of the Princes in El Escorial. She was the last surviving grandchild of Ferdinand VII of Spain. Spanish Royal Family: Knight Grand Cross of the Order of Charles III Spanish Royal Family: 620th Dame Grand Cross of the Order of Queen Maria Luisa \"Foreign Intelligence, Spain\", The Times ( 19 February 1864): 5. The Times ( 8 March 1886): 5. \"Cartas a Isabel II, 1893: Mi viaje a Cuba y Estados Unidos\" by Eulalia de Borb\u00f3n, Infanta de Espa\u00f1a, pgs. 30\u201333. \"Court Circular\", The Times ( 10 May 1893): 5. \"Eulalia is here\" (Friday Evening). 19 May 1893. p.\u00a01. Retrieved 3 July 2018. Eulalia is here. Spanish Infanta arrives in New York The Times ( 22 May 1893): 7. \"Court Circular\", The Times ( 30 May 1832): 9. \"King Alfonso and His Aunt\", The Times ( 4 December 1912): 9; \"Princess Eulalia's Book\", The Times ( 6 December 1912): 5; \"The Infanta Eulalia\", The Times ( 8 December 1912): 5. See also Oxford Dictionary of 20th Century Quotations (1998). Review in The Times ( 28 August 1936): 6. \"Infanta Eulalia Gravely Ill\", The Times ( 11 February 1958): 7. \"Infanta Eulalia\", The Times ( 10 March 1958): 12. Boletin Oficial Del Estado http://geneall.net/en/title/25500/dames-of-the-royal-order-of-queen-maria-luisa-of-spain/ Garc\u00eda Luapre, Pilar. Eulalia de Borb\u00f3n, Infanta de Espa\u00f1a: lo que no dijo en sus memorias. Madrid: Compa\u00f1\u00eda Literaria, 1995. ISBN\u00a084-8213-021-8."
   },
   {
    "name": "Infanta Luisa Fernanda, Duchess of Montpensier",
    "id": "Q240397",
    "text": "Infanta Mar\u00eda Luisa Fernanda of Spain, Duchess of Montpensier (30 January 1832 \u2013 2 February 1897) was Infanta of Spain and Duchess of Montpensier. She was the youngest daughter of King Ferdinand VII of Spain and his fourth wife Maria Christina of the Two Sicilies, the queen-regent, who was also his niece. When her elder sister Isabella II of Spain succeeded to the throne, Infanta Luisa Fernanda was heir presumptive to the crown between 1833 and 1851, when Isabella's oldest surviving daughter was born. Luisa Fernanda was engaged to the Duke of Montpensier, the youngest son of King Louis Philippe, who also was Luisa's mother's first cousin. Luisa Fernanda, only 14 years old, and Antoine, 22, had their nuptials on 10 October 1846 as a double wedding with Isabella and Francis', and young Antoine was elevated to the rank of an Infante of Spain. The couple moved to Paris and later to Sevilla. The relationship between Isabella and her sister was tense, due to Antoine's conspiracies against the queen. Antoine's father was deposed in 1848. The same year, the then 16-year-old Luisa Fernanda gave birth to their first child, Maria Isabel. After Isabella was deposed, the family went into exile. Luisa returned to Sevilla years later, already widowed, where she died. She is buried at Escorial. Luisa Fernanda and Antoine had nine children, but only six of them reached adulthood.[unreliable source?] Infanta Maria Isabel (1848\u20131919), who married her first cousin Philippe, comte de Paris (1838\u20131894), the French claimant, and became known as Madame the comtesse de Paris. She had several children, including Princess Louise of Orl\u00e9ans, the maternal grandmother of King Juan Carlos I. Infanta Maria Amelia (1851\u20131870). Infanta Maria Cristina (1852\u20131879). After her younger sister Mercedes died, she was engaged to Alfonso XII, five years her junior, but she died before the wedding. Infanta Maria de la Regla (1856\u20131861). [?] (1857\u20131857). Infante Fernando (1859\u20131873). Infanta Maria de las Mercedes (1860\u20131878), otherwise Princess Marie des Graces d'Orleans-Montpensier, who married her first cousin Alfonso XII and is historically known as Mercedes of Orl\u00e9ans, Queen of Spain. No children. Infante Felipe Raimundo Maria (1862\u20131864) Infante Antonio, Duke of Galliera (1866\u20131930), became Duke of Galliera in Italy. He married his first cousin Infanta Eulalia of Spain (1864\u20131958), daughter of Isabella II, and had two sons: Infante Alfonso and Infante Lu\u00eds. Infante Luis Maria Felipe Antonio (1867\u20131874) Of all her children, just Isabelle de Paris and Antonio di Galliera left children. Through Antonio, the now non-royal line of dukes di Galliera continues. Alfonso's grandchildren lost royal status due to non-dynastic marriages. The current Duke di Galliera is Alfonso's great-grandson, Don Alfonso Francesco de Orl\u00e9ans-Borb\u00f3n y Ferarra-Pignatelli. Through Marie Isabelle, she became great-grandmother of king Manuel II of Portugal, Amedeo, Duke of Aosta, Aimone, Duke of Spoleto and Luis Filipe, Duke of Braganza; great-great-grandmother of Juan Carlos I of Spain and Henri, Count of Paris. Heraldry of Infanta Luisa Fernanda of Spain, Duchess of Montpensier Coat of arms of Infanta Luisa Fernanda Arms of alliance of Infanta Luisa Fernanda and her husband Arms as Duchess Dowager [1] Archived November 2, 2005, at the Wayback Machine \"HRH Infanta Do\u00f1a Luisa Fernanda and her descendants\". Archived from the original on October 28, 2009. Retrieved 2006-07-06.CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (link) Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). \"Ferdinand VII. of Spain\"\u00a0. Encyclop\u00e6dia Britannica. 10 (11th\u00a0ed.). Cambridge University Press. Ort\u00fazar Casta\u00f1er, Trinidad. \"Mar\u00eda Cristina de Borb\u00f3n dos Sicilias\". Diccionario biogr\u00e1fico Espa\u00f1a (in Spanish). Real Academia de la Historia. Genealogie ascendante jusqu'au quatrieme degre inclusivement de tous les Rois et Princes de maisons souveraines de l'Europe actuellement vivans [Genealogy up to the fourth degree inclusive of all the Kings and Princes of sovereign houses of Europe currently living] (in French). Bourdeaux: Frederic Guillaume Birnstiel. 1768. p.\u00a09. Genealogie ascendante jusqu'au quatrieme degre inclusivement de tous les Rois et Princes de maisons souveraines de l'Europe actuellement vivans [Genealogy up to the fourth degree inclusive of all the Kings and Princes of sovereign houses of Europe currently living] (in French). Bourdeaux: Frederic Guillaume Birnstiel. 1768. p.\u00a096. Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). \"Francis I. of the Two Sicilies\"\u00a0. Encyclop\u00e6dia Britannica. 10 (11th\u00a0ed.). Cambridge University Press. Navarrete Mart\u00ednez, Esperanza. \"Mar\u00eda de la O Isabel de Borb\u00f3n\". Diccionario biogr\u00e1fico Espa\u00f1a (in Spanish). Real Academia de la Historia."
   },
   {
    "name": "Mar\u00eda Valverde",
    "id": "Q242281",
    "text": "Mar\u00eda Valverde Rodr\u00edguez (born 24 March 1987) is a Spanish actress. At age 16, Valverde had a major role in La Flaqueza del Bolchevique, for which she won Best New Actress at the 18th Goya Awards. Her other films include Melissa P., based on the book One Hundred Strokes of the Brush Before Bed by Melissa Panarello and Tres Metros Sobre el Cielo. Valverde's films in English include the 2009 independent British drama film Cracks, produced by Ridley Scott and directed by his daughter, Jordan Scott, and the 2014 film Exodus: Gods and Kings playing Zipporah, directed by Ridley Scott, alongside Christian Bale, Joel Edgerton, Sigourney Weaver, and Ben Kingsley. In 2015, she played the lead in the drama Broken Horses, co-starring with Anton Yelchin. From 2009 to 2014 Valverde was in a relationship with the Spanish actor Mario Casas with whom she starred in three movies. In March 2017, Valverde married Venezuelan conductor Gustavo Dudamel. Ana Campuzano: La ruptura inesperada de Mario Casas y Mar\u00eda Valverde. El Mundo, 13 September 2014 \"Mar\u00eda Valverde se casa con el director de orquesta Gustavo Dudamel\". El Pa\u00eds. 14 March 2017. Retrieved 9 May 2017. Official website of Mar\u00eda Valverde Mar\u00eda Valverde at IMDb"
   },
   {
    "name": "Infanta Mar\u00eda de la Paz of Spain",
    "id": "Q242421",
    "text": "Infanta Mar\u00eda de la Paz of Spain (23 June 1862, in Madrid \u2013 4 December 1946, in Schloss Nymphenburg, Munich) was an infanta of Spain. A daughter of Queen Isabella II of Spain, she married her first cousin Prince Ludwig Ferdinand of Bavaria. She lived for the rest of her life in Germany, dedicating her time to her family, charity work and writing poetry. She wrote a book of memoirs: Through Four Revolutions: 1862\u20131933. Born at the Royal Palace of Madrid on 23 June 1862, Infanta Paz was the third surviving daughter of Queen Isabella II and her husband Francisco of Spain. At age sixteen, Isabella II was forced to marry Francisco, Duke of C\u00e1diz, who was twice her first cousin. Isabella, who despised her effeminate husband, found an outlet for her passionate nature with a string of lovers. The relationship between King Francisco and his reputed children was cold and formal. Isabella II, preoccupied with her turbulent reign and her private life, alternated between periods of great affection towards her children and the distant approach to childhood that was the custom of the time. According to historians, the true biological father of Infanta Paz was the diplomat and politician Miguel Tenorio de Castilla (1818\u20131916), who was secretary of Queen Isabella II for several years. Infanta Paz probably also suspected that Tenorio de Castilla was her natural father. In 1890, in his old age, Tenorio de Castilla settled in a suite on the south wing of Nymphenburg Palace, Paz\u2019s residence. He lived there for twenty-six years until his death on 11 December 1916. He bequeathed all his belongings to Infanta Paz, who accepted them as his universal heir. Infanta Paz was baptized by the archbishop of Toledo with the names Mar\u00eda de la Paz Juana Amelia Adalberta Francisca de Paula Juana Bautista Isabel Francisca de As\u00eds. Her godmother was her paternal aunt Infanta Amalia of Spain, Princess of Bavaria. In her first years, Infanta Paz was raised alongside her sisters Infantas Pilar and Eulalia in a wing of the Royal Palace of Madrid. In the formal atmosphere of the Spanish court, the little infantas had little contact with their parents. In 1868, when she was only six years old, Paz and her family were forced to leave Spain by the revolution (the \"Glorious Revolution\") that cost Queen Isabella II her throne. The royal family was at that time in San Sebasti\u00e1n, and on 30 September 1868, they crossed the border and went to live in exile in France. Isabella II settled in Paris with her children, while King Francisco went to live separately in \u00c9pinay. Paz was educated with her sisters Pilar and Eulalia at the Sacr\u00e9-Coeur, a Catholic school run by nuns. She received her first communion in Rome from Pope Pius IX. In 1874, Paz\u2019s brother King Alfonso XII was restored to the throne in place of their mother Queen Isabella II. Three years later, Paz returned to Spain with her sisters Pilar and Eulalia. She lived at first in El Escorial with her mother, but later moved to the Alc\u00e1zar of Seville. When Isabella II returned to live permanently in Paris, Paz and her sisters moved to the Royal Palace of Madrid with their brother King Alfonso XII. The education and care of the three young infantas was placed under the supervision of their eldest sister Infanta Isabel. Paz was particularly close to her sister Pilar, who was only one year older. In 1879, Pilar, who was of delicate health, died suddenly while the sisters were in the small town of Eskoriatza. Paz, who was seventeen at the time, was deeply affected by the death of her sister. Of Queen Isabella\u2019s five children to survive infancy, Paz was the one who resembled their mother most closely. Paz was short and plain with a small upward nose and a mischievous look in her small eyes. Unlike her sisters Isabel and Eulalia, Paz did not have a strong personality. She was uncomplicated, friendly and accommodating. Romantic and artistic, she was very fond of writing poems and was also a skillful painter. As a child, she studied the history of Spain, and she always remained interested in this subject. In later years, she wrote articles published in the newspaper ABC. She was also musical; she played the harp, and enjoyed songs by Paolo Tosti, as well as the operas of Giuseppe Verdi and Charles Gounod. She was also a devoted Catholic. By the spring of 1880, plans were made to marry Infanta Paz to her first cousin Prince Ludwig Ferdinand of Bavaria. Ludwig Ferdinand\u2019s mother was Infanta Amalia of Spain, a sister of Paz\u2019s father King Francisco, and she was also a first cousin of Queen Isabella. Infanta Amalia wanted to marry her son to Infanta Paz, her goddaughter, and with this in mind, she wrote to her brother and her sister-in-law, who agreed to the project. Alfonso XII, who had briefly studied in Munich with his cousin Prince Ludwig Ferdinand of Bavaria, invited him to Madrid in order to meet Paz. On June 5, 1880, Paz wrote on her diary: \"Aunt Amalia of Bavaria (widow of Prince Adalbert) is in Paris with her sons Ludwig and Alphonso and her eldest daughter Isabella. Ludwig is eager to meet me, because he liked my portrait. My brother has invited them all to come to Madrid. The two brothers will arrive in the autumn. I have heard many good things about Ludwig. They say he is serious and polite. He probably believes that I am better looking that I really am because of the portrait. I leave everything in God's hands ... \" When Infanta Paz finally met Ludwig Ferdinand in the autumn of 1880, she found him unattractive and did not wish to marry him. Paz rebuffed the proposed marriage, but Ludwig Ferdinand did not abandon his intentions. In January 1883, Ludwig Ferdinand returned to Spain to ask for Paz's hand in marriage. While walking together in the gardens of La casa de campo on January 22, 1883, he proposed and Paz accepted. The marriage took place in the chapel of the Royal Palace of Madrid on 2 April 1883. Paz retained her rights to the Spanish crown and received an annuity of 150,000 pesetas. She was twenty years old. Among her gifts was the Bavarian sunburst tiara, which remained in the princely family until it was sold at auction in 2013. On their way to Munich, Paz and her husband stopped in Paris and visited King Francisco. who was living in retirement in \u00c9pinay. In Bavaria, the couple settled in Nymphenburg Palace outside Munich. Prince Ludwig Ferdinand was not only a cousin of King Ludwig II, but was well liked by him and placed in charge of some the king's financial affairs. In Munich, when Paz met King Ludwig II of Bavaria, they conversed in French, and he gave her a warm welcome. Tragically, Paz's close relationship with the Bavarian ruler ended quickly. King Ludwig II was deposed and died under mysterious circumstances in 1886. He was succeeded by his only brother, Otto, who never truly ruled as king, since he had been declared insane in 1875. Otto's uncle, Prince Luitpold of Bavaria, served as Prince Regent. During the festivities for her arrival at the Bavarian court, Paz met Prince Luitpold, who would serve as Regent of Bavaria until his death in 1912. In Spain, Paz had already met two of Luitpold\u2019s sons: Arnulf and Leopold. The latter was married to Gisela, Archduchess of Austria, daughter of Emperor Francis Joseph; Paz and Gisela became good friends. As with all member of the Bavarian royal family, Paz was related to Luitpold's eldest son Ludwig, who became king of Bavaria in 1913 as Ludwig III. His wife Maria Theresia of Austria-Este was the half-sister of Queen Maria Christina of Spain. Paz also had friends among members of the ducal branch of the Bavarian House of Wittelsbach. The marriage of Infanta Paz and Prince Ludwig Ferdinand was long and happy. They had three children. The eldest, Prince Ferdinand, followed the tradition of Bavarian-Spanish marriages and lived most of his life in Spain. Paz's youngest children inherited her artistic and literary interests. Prince Adalbert was a writer and historian; Princess Pilar was a painter and wrote a book about the reign of her cousin King Alfonso XIII of Spain. Since her eldest son settled in Spain, Paz made frequent trips to her native country to visit her Spanish grandchildren: Infante Ferdinand of Spain, Prince of Bavaria (1884\u20131958); born in Madrid, he settled permanently in Spain in 1905. He married his cousin Maria Teresa, daughter of Alfonso XII of Spain. Prince Adalbert of Bavaria (1886\u20131970). He was a historian and diplomat. He married Countess Augusta of Seefried and had two sons. They lived in Germany. Princess Pilar of Bavaria (1891\u20131987), unmarried. She worked as a painter. Paz's husband Prince Ludwig Ferdinand was a great music lover who played the violin with the Munich royal orchestra. Besides following a military career at the highest ranks, he practiced medicine, which he had studied at the University of Munich. He avoided palace intrigues, for he did not like court life; the couple preferred to live quietly with their three children in Nymphenburg Palace. They surrounded themselves with Spanish artists who visited Bavaria: the composer Tom\u00e1s Bret\u00f3n, the violist Pablo Sarasate and the painters Eduardo Rosales and Jos\u00e9 Moreno Carbonero. In Munich, Paz dedicated a great deal of her time to charity work. She expanded an asylum for poor children in Neuhausen-Nymphenburg, called Marien-Ludwig-Ferdinand. In 1913, she founded a school in Munich within the grounds of Nymphenburg Palace that came to accommodate 38 students who came from different provinces of Spain. This institution was dissolved in 1918 at the time of the German Revolution of 1918-19 that ended the Bavarian monarchy. The Infanta was also in charge of the art exhibit held each year at the Munich Glaspalast until its destruction by fire in 1931. Besides the Spanish cultural figures mentioned above, her house was visited by writers and artist such as the composer Richard Strauss, the painter Franz von Lenbach and the Nobel prize winner Paul Heyse, among others. From Bavaria, Infanta Paz followed the life of her Spanish family through letters from her sister Isabel. Paz's only brother King Alphonso XII died young in 1886. Paz maintained a warm relationship with her sister-in-law Queen Maria Christina, who was regent of Spain. Later, King Alphonso XIII also acquired great affection for his aunt Paz. Paz's links to her native country were reinforced with the marriage of her eldest son Prince Ferdinand of Bavaria to his first cousin Infanta Maria Teresa. In 1905, her nephew Alphonso XIII visited Paz during his European tour in search of a wife. The following year, Paz and her family went to Madrid and represented Bavaria in the wedding of King Alphonso XIII with Victoria Eugenia of Battenberg. As a wedding present, Paz gave Victoria Eugenia a crown made of gold found in the river Darro that had belonged to Isabella II. In 1914, Infanta Paz made a journey by car to Salamanca, Le\u00f3n, Oviedo, Covadonga and the Cantabrian coast, accompanied by the Marquis de la Vega de Anzo, her sister Infanta Isabel and her daughter Princess Pilar. At the outbreak of World War I in August that year, she stayed in Nymphenburg. Her son Adalbert, who was chief of artillery, joined the German forces. Her sister Eulalia was a frequent visitor, and she was a great help after the devastation caused by World War I After the war and the fall of the Bavarian monarchy, Infanta Paz and her family were allowed to keep on living in Nymphenburg Palace. The family fortune was drastically reduced, but Paz still had income as a member of the Spanish royal family. She made sporadic visits to Spain. While in Madrid, she and her husband stayed at the royal palace. Paz also owned a rural property in Cuenca that she had inherited from her grandmother Queen Maria Cristina and the house of the Dukes of Ri\u00e1nsares in Taranc\u00f3n, where she used to spend long sojourns enjoying the dry fields of La Mancha. Nearby, she bought a rural estate called Saelices that her husband transformed into a model of agricultural farming. It was bought years later by the bullfighter Luis Miguel Domingu\u00edn. In October 1928, Paz went to the small town of Santillana del Mar, which she had visited previously in 1881, and the town council gave her a house to spend summers there. Paz, whose name means \"peace\" in Spanish, honored her name in observance of pacifism. She took part in pacifist congresses of 1921 in Paris, 1923 in Friburg, 1924 in London, 1926 in Luxembourg and 1926 in Bierville, France. Following the overthrow of her nephew Alphonso XIII in 1931, Paz lost her Spanish-derived income. Her life in Germany became more restricted with the arrival of Adolf Hitler to power in January 1933. Unlike the main branch of the Bavarian House of Wittelsbach, members of the Albertine branch \u2013 to which Paz's family belonged \u2013 were not outspokenly opposed to the Nazi regime. Paz's son Adalbert and his two sons Konstantin and Alexander served in the army during World War II until they were forced out when Hitler turned against the German princes. Gestapo officers checked her house; her letters with her Spanish correspondents were opened and read before they were sent on. In 1945, American troops entered Munich. Soldiers ransacked Paz's house and took with them some jewellery that Paz had inherited from her mother that turned out to be fake. In 1946, Paz accidentally fell down some stairs and died some hours later. She was buried in the royal crypt in St. Michael's Church in Munich. Her husband survived her by three years. Infanta Paz wrote the following books: Cuatro revoluciones e intermedios: Setenta a\u00f1os de mi vida. Memorias de la Infanta Paz. Espasa-Calpe, Madrid, 1935. Published in English as Through Four Revolutions: 1862\u20131933. Aus meine Leben: Erinnereungen von Prinzessin Ludwig Ferdinand von Bayern (Munich, Georg Muller, 1917) De mi vida. Impresiones (Madrid, 1909), De mi vida. Impresiones (Salamanca, 1911) Buscando las huellas de Don Quijote (Freiburg, 1905). Emmanuela Theresa von Orden St. Clara, tochter des Kurf\u00fcrsten Max Emanuel von Bayern 1696\u20131750 (Munich, 1902, published in German and in French ). Poes\u00edas (Freiburg,1904), Roma eterna (Munich, 1922). She also translated the historical books written by her son Prince Adalbert from German to Spanish. Paz's personal diary was drawn upon by her son, who in taking some passages from it and adding extracts from her letters to members of her family, published a book with the title Through Four Revolutions: 1862\u20131933. \u00a0Spain: Dame of the Order of Queen Maria Luisa, 26 June 1862 Grand Cross of the Civil Order of Alfonso XII, 16 January 1914 Heraldry of Mar\u00eda de la Paz of Spain Coat of arms of Infanta Paz, Princess in Bavaria (Bavaria) Coat of Arms of Infanta Paz (as Infanta of Spain) Puga, 20 infantas de Espa\u00f1a, p. 133 Cierva, Alfonso y Victoria , p. 261 Vidal Sales, Francisco de As\u00eds de Borb\u00f3n y Borb\u00f3n, p. 168 Rey y Cabieses, Wittelsbach y Borb\u00f3n, p. 15 Vidal Sales, Francisco de As\u00eds de Borb\u00f3n y Borb\u00f3n , p. 169 Rey y Cabieses, Wittelsbach y Borb\u00f3n, p. 16 Rey y Cabieses, Wittelsbach y Borb\u00f3n, p. 18 Rey y Cabieses, Wittelsbach y Borb\u00f3n, p. 17 Infanta Paz, Cuatro revoluciones e intemedios , p. 88 Infanta Paz, Cuatro revoluciones e intemedios , p. 103 \"The Bavarian Sunburst Tiara\". A Tiara a Day. \"MAGNIFICENT JEWELS AND NOBLE JEWELS\". Sothebys. Rey y Cabieses, Wittelsbach y Borb\u00f3n, p. 20 Rey y Cabieses, Wittelsbach y Borb\u00f3n, p. 21 Rey y Cabieses, Wittelsbach y Borb\u00f3n, p. 24 Rey y Cabieses, Wittelsbach y Borb\u00f3n, p. 25 Rey y Cabieses, Wittelsbach y Borb\u00f3n, p. 22 Rey y Cabieses, Wittelsbach y Borb\u00f3n, p. 28 Rey y Cabieses, Wittelsbach y Borb\u00f3n, p. 29 \"Real Orden de la Reina Maria Luisa\", Gu\u00f3a Oficial de Espa\u00f1a (in Spanish), 1929, p.\u00a0861, retrieved 3 April 2021 \"Orden Civil de alfonso XII\", Gu\u00f3a Oficial de Espa\u00f1a (in Spanish), 1929, p.\u00a0861, retrieved 3 April 2021 Aronson, Theo. Venganza real: la Corona de Espa\u00f1a, 1829\u20131965. Ed.Grijalbo, 1968. Infanta Paz; Cuatro revoluciones e intemedios: Setenta a\u00f1os de mi vida. Espasa-Calpe, Madrid, 1935. Infanta Eulalia; Memorias de Do\u00f1a Eulalia de Borb\u00f3n, Infanta de Espa\u00f1a (1864\u20131931). Ed. Juventud, 1954. Baviera, S.A.R. Princesa Pilar de; Chapman-Huston, Comandante Desmond. Alfonso XIII. Col. \"Z\" Puga, Maria Teresa; 20 infantas de Espa\u00f1a: Sus vidas, entre las ilusiones y el destino. Ed. Juventud, Barcelona, 1998. Rey y Cabieses, Amadeo-Mart\u00edn, Wittelsbach y Borb\u00f3n: Relaciones y Enlaces Entre las Casas Reales de Baviera y de Espa\u00f1a, Siglos XIX Al XXI, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cient\u00edficas, 2005 Vidal Sales, Jos\u00e9 Antonio; Francisco de As\u00eds de Borb\u00f3n y Borb\u00f3n: la peripecia \u00edntima, secreta y sentimental del esposo de Isabel II, un rey consorte afeminado y blando. Ed. Planeta, 1995 Media related to Infanta Mar\u00eda de la Paz of Spain at Wikimedia Commons"
   },
   {
    "name": "Florentino P\u00e9rez",
    "id": "Q245207",
    "text": "Florentino P\u00e9rez Rodr\u00edguez (Spanish pronunciation:\u00a0[flo\u027een\u02c8tino \u02c8pe\u027ee\u03b8 ro\u02c8\u00f0\u027ei\u0263e\u03b8]; born 8 March 1947) is a Spanish businessman, civil engineer, former politician, and the current President of Real Madrid as well as Chairman and CEO of Grupo ACS, a civil engineering company. He was also the first and only chairman of the breakaway football league called European Super League, a proposed project that was founded through a limited-liability company in Spain which had to stop operations in April 2021 due to legal issues with UEFA. P\u00e9rez attended the Polytechnic University of Madrid. P\u00e9rez joined the Union of the Democratic Centre party in 1979, serving among others on Madrid's city council. In 1986, P\u00e9rez ran in the Spanish general elections as candidate for the Democratic Reformist Party (Partido Reformista Democr\u00e1tico) and served as its secretary-general. In 1993, P\u00e9rez was named vice president of OCP Construcciones. After the fusion of OCP with Gines y Navarro into Actividades de Construcci\u00f3n y Servicios, S.A. (ACS) in 1997, he became president of the new company.[citation needed] As of 2018, P\u00e9rez leads Grupo ACS, Spain's largest construction company, and has a net worth of $2.3 billion. P\u00e9rez's second attempt was more successful, as he took over as President of Real Madrid in 2000, beating the current president at that time, Lorenzo Sanz. Sanz assumed that the recently won UEFA Champions Leagues in 1998 and 2000 would give him enough credit to win the elections, but P\u00e9rez's campaign, once again highlighting the financial problems of the club and claims of mismanagement by the previous boards, proved otherwise. P\u00e9rez's promise to bring in Lu\u00eds Figo from arch-rivals Barcelona also played a decisive role in the elections. P\u00e9rez was reelected in 2004 with 94.2% of the total votes.[citation needed] Figo also marked the start of P\u00e9rez's policy to bring one of the best football players in the world to Real Madrid each season. The strategy was initially known as that of Zidanes y Pavones in which superstars would play alongside the Canteranos, but the players were soon popularly referred to as Gal\u00e1cticos. In 2001, Zinedine Zidane was signed from Juventus for a then-world record transfer fee of \u20ac77.5\u00a0million. He was followed by Ronaldo in 2002, David Beckham in 2003, Michael Owen in 2004, and Robinho for a short time in 2005. Initially, P\u00e9rez's policy worked to great success, as each new Gal\u00e1ctico had the squad built around them, and the team had a good balance between attack and defence. In his first years in office, Real Madrid won two Spanish championships and its record ninth UEFA Champions League. P\u00e9rez claimed success in clearing the club's debt; however, this was contradicted by director Ram\u00f3n Calder\u00f3n.[citation needed] Several years after leaving Real, Fernando Hierro stated that Claude Mak\u00e9l\u00e9l\u00e9 had been the club's most important and least appreciated midfielder, saying: \"The loss of Mak\u00e9l\u00e9l\u00e9 was the beginning of the end for Los Gal\u00e1cticos... You can see that it was also the beginning of a new dawn for Chelsea.\" From the 2003\u201304 season onward, with the absence of manager Vicente del Bosque and Makelele, Real Madrid failed to win a trophy.[citation needed] Although P\u00e9rez's policy resulted in increased financial success based on the exploitation of the club's high marketing potential around the world, especially in Asia, it came under increasing criticism for being focused too much on marketing the Real Madrid brand and not enough on the football. He announced his resignation on 27 February 2006, acknowledging that the team and the club as a whole needed a new direction. On 14 May 2009, P\u00e9rez announced his candidacy for president of Real Madrid in a press conference at the Hotel Ritz Madrid. On 1 June, given that he was the only candidate able to provide the \u20ac57,389,000 guarantee necessary to run for the presidency, P\u00e9rez was announced as the new president of Real Madrid. In his second term, P\u00e9rez continued with the Gal\u00e1cticos policy pursued during his first term. On 8 June, he bought Kak\u00e1 from Milan for just under \u00a360\u00a0million, while on 11 June, Manchester United accepted an \u00a380\u00a0million offer for Cristiano Ronaldo, which would once again break the world record. On 25 June, P\u00e9rez and Real Madrid announced the signing of Valencia centre-back Ra\u00fal Albiol for \u20ac15\u00a0million. On 1 July, P\u00e9rez bought Karim Benzema from Olympique Lyonnais for a fee of at least \u00a330\u00a0million, which could rise to \u00a335\u00a0million, depending on the player's success.[citation needed] On 5 August, Real Madrid confirmed the signing of Xabi Alonso from Liverpool for \u00a330\u00a0million; Alonso became the second Liverpool player to join Real Madrid in the same transfer window after full-back \u00c1lvaro Arbeloa's \u00a35\u00a0million switch to the Santiago Bernab\u00e9u in July.[citation needed] On 31 May 2010, P\u00e9rez presented Jos\u00e9 Mourinho as the new manager of Real Madrid in a \u00a36.8\u00a0million deal.[citation needed] During the next three years, P\u00e9rez brought a lot of new faces to the team, including the German wonderkid Mesut \u00d6zil, and \u00c1ngel Di Mar\u00eda, who both attracted attention from Europe's elite football clubs during the 2010 World Cup in South Africa. This squad enjoyed its share of domestic success in 2011 and 2012, with the club bringing home a Copa del Rey title and the Spanish League title. However, the club's lack of success in European competition and a disappointing 2012\u201313 season encouraged Mourinho to depart for his former club Chelsea. On 2 June 2013, P\u00e9rez was awarded a fourth term as the Real Madrid president, bringing in Carlo Ancelotti to replace Mourinho. Mesut \u00d6zil and Gonzalo Higua\u00edn were sold to Arsenal and Napoli, respectively, at the start of the season to secure spots for Luka Modri\u0107 and Karim Benzema in the first team. P\u00e9rez also brought in Welsh footballer and PFA Player of the Year Gareth Bale, purchased from Tottenham Hotspur for a fee reported to be in the \u00a386\u00a0million range, yet again breaking the world record. Two promising Spanish talents, playmaker Isco and holding midfielder Asier Illarramendi, were also secured by P\u00e9rez prior to the start of the season. The following season proved to be a resounding success, as Real Madrid won the Copa del Rey and its tenth Champions League title.[citation needed] During the 2014 summer transfer window, P\u00e9rez brought in 2014 FIFA World Cup stars James Rodr\u00edguez, Toni Kroos, and Keylor Navas to Real Madrid for a combined cost of \u00a395\u00a0million, as well as Javier Hern\u00e1ndez on a loan deal from Manchester United. As a result of the mounting competition for starting spots and wage disputes, Di Mar\u00eda left the club for Manchester United for a British record transfer fee of \u00a360\u00a0million. Xabi Alonso also left during this transfer window to join Bayern Munich. In January 2015, P\u00e9rez demonstrated his success in the transfer market when Real Madrid signed the 16-year-old Norwegian Martin \u00d8degaard in competition with many of the big clubs in Europe, including Bayern, Barcelona and Arsenal.[citation needed] During the COVID-19 pandemic in Spain, P\u00e9rez tested positive on 2 February 2021 but had no symptoms. In April 2021, P\u00e9rez was named the first chairman of the Super League, a breakaway league involving some of Europe's largest football clubs. According to The New York Times, P\u00e9rez \"had been the driving force behind much of it; it was, to some extent, his brainchild.\" Spearheaded by P\u00e9rez and Andrea Agnelli of Juventus, the Super League was in the works for three years; however, the final phases were rushed, and allegiance among the twelve clubs, instead of the fifteen as originally planned, seemed to have been forged under pressure. The announcement was unexpectedly poorly planned, devoid of real content, and the coalition, liable to break under pressure, came apart quickly. P\u00e9rez expressed hope that the new competition would \"provide higher-quality matches and additional financial resources for the overall football pyramid\", provide \"significantly greater economic growth and support for European football via a long-term commitment to uncapped solidarity payments which will grow in line with league revenues\", appeal to a new younger generation of football fans, and improve VAR and refereeing. The 18 April announcement of the European Super League (ESL) received almost universal opposition from fans, players, managers, politicians, and other clubs as well as UEFA, FIFA, and national governments. Much of the criticism against the ESL was due to concerns about elitism and the lack of competitiveness within the competition, as it would have consisted of only high-ranking teams from a few European countries. Backlash against the announcement of the league's formation led to nine of the clubs involved, including all six of the English clubs, announcing their intention to withdraw. The remaining members of the ESL subsequently announced they would \"reconsider the most appropriate steps to reshape the project\" following the departure of the other clubs. Three days after its founding, the ESL announced that it was suspending its operations. Commentators argued that the ESL could render domestic competitions as irrelevant and lower tier compared to the Super League, and it would destroy the ideas behind promotion and relegation systems; P\u00e9rez later countered this with claims that the ESL would have a system of promotion and relegation. P\u00e9rez alleged that Bayern Munich, Borussia Dortmund, and Paris Saint-Germain, which were reportedly sought out by the ESL and gave them between 14 and 30 days to join but who rejected involvement in the competition and publicly condemned the concept, had not been invited. P\u00e9rez cited the European basketball EuroLeague as an inspiration and stated that the EuroLeague saved European basketball, and the Super League would do the same for football. After the backlash and withdrawals, P\u00e9rez stated that none of the founding clubs had officially left the association, as they were tied to binding contracts, and vowed to work with the governing bodies to make some form of the Super League work. Whilst blaming the English clubs of losing their nerve in face of opposition and the footballing authorities for acting unjustifiably aggressively, P\u00e9rez insisted that the Super League project was merely on standby and not over. In response to UEFA's sanctions and possible Real Madrid's exclusion from UEFA competitions, among the other clubs involved, P\u00e9rez said that this would be \"impossible\" and that the law protects them. On 31 May, the Super League filed a complaint to the Court of Justice of the European Union (CJEU) against UEFA and FIFA for their proposals to stop the organization of the competition. On June 7, the Swiss Federal Department of Justice and Police notified the Spanish precautionary measure, which had earlier issued an injunction against UEFA and FIFA, and referred a cuesti\u00f3n preliminar (English: preliminary question) to the CJEU on whether UEFA and FIFA have violated articles 101 and 102 of the TFEU, to both governing bodies, ruling them to not execute sanctions against clubs still active in the project, including Real Madrid. On 15 June, it was officially confirmed the three clubs were admitted to the 2021\u201322 UEFA Champions League. In July 2021, El Confidencial published audios of P\u00e9rez recorded by Jos\u00e9 Antonio Abell\u00e1n from 2006 and 2012, in which he insulted many Real Madrid players such as Ra\u00fal, Iker Casillas, Lu\u00eds Figo, Guti, Cristiano Ronaldo, Mesut \u00d6zil and others. However, Real Madrid had issued a statement claiming that the leaks came at a time when P\u00e9rez was involved in promoting the Super League. \"Death of \"Pitina\" Sandoval\".[permanent dead link] \"ABC (Madrid) \u2013 05/05/2004, p. 46 \u2013 ABC.es Hemeroteca\". ABC. Spain. \"#677 Florentino Perez\". Forbes. 5 March 2008. \"Nuevos delegados de Saneamiento, Obras y Gerencia Municipal de Urbanismo\". El Pa\u00eds. 6 May 1976. \"Grupo ACS\". Grupoacs.com. Retrieved 21 April 2021. \"Florentino Perez\". Forbes. \"Hierro's hunger drives Bolton to brink of history\". Fernando Hierro.com. 30 April 2005. Retrieved 30 March 2007. Costello, Miles; Naughton, Philippe (28 February 2006). \"President quits troubled Real\". 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BBC. 27 July 2013. \"Gareth Bale wins PFA Player of Year and Young Player awards\". BBC. 28 April 2013. Hodgson, Andy (24 September 2013). \"The \u00a386m bargain: Gareth Bale has come cheaply insists Real Madrid\". www.standard.co.uk. Retrieved 21 April 2021. \"Isco: Real Madrid agree deal for Manchester City target\". BBC. 27 June 2013. \"Real Madrid reveal \u20ac32.19 million Illarra fee | Goal.com\". www.goal.com. Retrieved 21 April 2021. Guardian Staff (22 July 2014). \"James Rodr\u00edguez signs for Real Madrid for a reported \u00a363m\". The Guardian. \"Real Madrid sign Bayern's Kroos\". BBC Sport. Retrieved 21 April 2021. Association, Press (3 August 2014). \"Real Madrid confirm signing of Costa Rica's goalkeeper Keylor Navas\". The Guardian. \"Angel Di Maria: Man Utd pay British record \u00a359.7m for winger\". BBC. 26 August 2014. \"Xabi Alonso: Bayern Munich sign Real Madrid player\". BBC. 29 August 2014. \"Florentino Perez tests positive for COVID-19\". Marca. 2 February 2021. \"The Super League - Press Release\". The Super League. 19 April 2021. Retrieved 11 June 2021. Panja, Tariq; Smith, Rory (22 April 2021). \"How the Super League Fell Apart\". The New York Times. ISSN\u00a00362-4331. Retrieved 10 June 2021. Lowe, Sid (22 April 2021). \"Florentino P\u00e9rez: the emperor who wanted more but lost for once\". The Guardian. Archived from the original on 23 April 2021. \"European Super League: Real Madrid's Florentino Perez defends breakaway plan, says it will save the sport\". CBSSports. Archived from the original on 20 April 2021. Retrieved 20 April 2021. Wiltse, Matt (20 April 2021). \"Florentino Perez' Full Interview regarding The European Super League with El Chiringuito\". Managing Madrid. Archived from the original on 20 April 2021. Retrieved 20 April 2021. Harris, Daniel; Ingle, Sean (20 April 2021). \"European Super League: backlash builds against breakaway plan \u2013 live!\". The Guardian. ISSN\u00a00261-3077. 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   },
   {
    "name": "\u00c1lvaro de Figueroa, 1st Count of Romanones",
    "id": "Q250975",
    "text": "\u00c1lvaro de Figueroa y Torres-Sotomayor, 1st Count of Romanones (9 August 1863 \u2013 11 October 1950) was a Spanish politician and businessman. He served as Prime Minister three times between 1912 and 1918, president of the Senate, president of the Congress of Deputies, Mayor of Madrid and many times as cabinet minister. He belonged to the Liberal Party. Romanones, who built an extensive political network, exerted a tight control on the political life of the province of Guadalajara during much of the Restoration period. He also was a prolific writer, authoring a number of history essays. Born on 15 August 1863 in the Casa de Cisneros, at the Madrid's Plaza de la Villa, he was son of Ignacio Figueroa y Mendieta (a millionaire who had inherited a fortune from the mining companies of his father) and Ana de Torres y Romo (an aristocrat, daughter of the Marquis of Villamejor). His siblings were Francisca, Jos\u00e9\u00a0[es], Gonzalo\u00a0[es] and Rodrigo\u00a0[es]. When he was a child, he suffered a barouche accident that broke his right leg and caused a limp for the rest of his life. His disability would come to be mocked on a regular basis in cupl\u00e9s, jokes and caricatures. He earned a licentiate degree in Law from the Central University of Madrid in 1884. He moved in February 1885 to the University of Bologna's Collegio di Spagna, where he remained until December 1885, earning a doctorate in jurisprudence by reading a dissertation titled Introduzione allo studio del diritto costituzionale. He never practiced law, though. In 1888, he became member of the Congress of Deputies in representation of Guadalajara for the first time, elected in a by-election to cover a vacant seat. Short by a few months of turning the 25 years of age needed to become a legislator, he reportedly hid this circumstance. Shortly after, on 21 September 1888, in San Sebasti\u00e1n, Figueroa married the daughter of the Minister of Grace and Justice Manuel Alonso Mart\u00ednez: Casilda Alonso Mart\u00ednez, with whom he had seven children: Casilda, Luis\u00a0[fi], \u00c1lvaro\u00a0[es], Carlos, Jos\u00e9, Eduardo and Agust\u00edn\u00a0[es]. He participated in a parliamentary scandal in July 1889, when amid a tense squabble in the legislature, he wielded his walking stick against Felipe Ducazcal\u00a0[es], who had reportedly approached the Marquis of Vega de Armijo displaying an aggressive attitude. He was falsely accused by Romero Robledo of \"having drawn the rapier he had hidden in his cane\". He was elected Madrid municipal councillor in 1889. After serving as responsible for the districts of Buenavista and Audiencia, as patron of the School of San Ildefonso, and as director of the Services of Abattoirs, Markets and Thoroughfares and Works, Figueroa renounced to the office in 1892. He delivered an ignominious tirade against the Mayor of Madrid Alberto Bosch y Fustegueras\u00a0[es] from his parliamentary seat in 1892, so much that the offended called for a duel, which was held on 10 July 1892 in Legan\u00e9s. The combatants crossed two shots. He also held another duel with the Marquis of Valdeiglesias\u00a0[es]. In 1894 he was appointed as Mayor of Madrid. He served as Minister of Public Instruction and Fine Arts (1901\u20131902) in the government of Sagasta. In 1901, he incorporated primary education teachers' salaries (hitherto dependent on the local administrations) in the State budget, securing the teachers economic autonomy and curbing the influence of caciquismo in education. In 1903 he founded a political newspaper, Diario Universal. In the Liberal governments of 1905 and 1906 he was Minister of Development (Fomento which included agriculture, industry, commerce and public works), Justice and Interior. He contributed to the rise of Jos\u00e9 Canalejas to the top of the Liberal Party and, as a reward, he was appointed minister of public instruction in 1909 and later propmoted to the presidency of the House of Representatives (Congreso de los Diputados) in 1912. After the assassination of Canalejas, he became one of the prominent figures in the Liberal Party and he was appointed prime minister (1912\u20131913). He negotiated with France a treaty on Morocco. During the First World War he held a pro-French stance, which put him in conflict with the official declaration of neutrality of the government of Eduardo Dato and with the pro-German stance of the conservatives. When he again became prime minister (1915\u20131917), he changed Spain's foreign policy closer to the allies and confronting Germany over an incident of Spanish ships being torpedoed by German submarines Incapable of resolving Spain's social problems and attacked by the pro-German conservative press, he finally resigned. Shortly after he participated in the coalition government of Antonio Maura as Minister of Instruction and of Justice and in the government of Manuel Garc\u00eda Prieto as Minister of State (1918), and he presided a brief government in December 1918, which was toppled by the autonomist agitation in Catalonia and the labour conflicts. He was replaced in April 1919 after issuing the Eight Hour Workday Decree. He was minister of justice (1922\u20131923) in the liberal government of Manuel Garc\u00eda Prieto and became president of the Senate in 1923, serving in such capacity when the military coup of Miguel Primo de Rivera took place on 13 September 1923. During the dictatorship of Primo de Rivera, he stayed out of politics although he participated in the conspiracy known as the Sanjuanada for which he was fined. He was appointed Minister of State in the government of Juan Bautista Aznar Caba\u00f1as, but the elections in 1931 showed that the monarchy was unpopular so he advised Alfonso XIII to leave Spain. Romanones talked personally to Niceto Alcal\u00e1 Zamora and his revolutionary committee and agreed to the peaceful transfer of power to the Provisional Republican Government, without military intervention, in exchange of the guarantee for the life of the royal family. During the Second Republic, he remained deputy representative for Guadalajara. The outbreak of the Civil War found him in San Sebasti\u00e1n in charge of his own business, and he crossed over to France with the help of the French ambassador. He moved to the Nationalist zone in 1937, and, having become an ardent supporter of Francisco Franco, he was one of the signatories of the Advisory Opinion on the Illegitimacy of the Acting Powers on the 18th of July 1936, an ad-hoc juridical report commissioned by the Francoist Government in Burgos, trying to legitimate the \"national uprising\"\u2014the 1936 coup d'etat\u2014by means of twisted arguments such as imputing on those assaulted the very crime that the assault entailed, that of \"aiding of the rebellion\". After the war he wrote his memoirs and was president of the Real Academia de Bellas Artes de San Fernando and member of the academies of History and Jurisprudence. He died on 11 September 1950 in Madrid. Romanones was a prolific writer and he wrote his memoirs during the Second Republic. He wrote several biographies as well as political works and essays. Although Catholic, he was against religious intolerance and also against the influence of the clergy for which he often clashed with religious authorities. An example of this happened with the enactment of the Civil Marriage Law of 1905 which stated that those getting married did not have to declare their religion. He reinstated diplomatic relations with the Holy See but he was a fervent supporter of the separation of Church and State. He was a Doctor of Law by the University of Bologna, a member of the Royal Academy of History and of the Royal Academy of Moral and Political Sciences. Director of the Real Academia de Bellas Artes de San Fernando and a president of the Ateneo Madrile\u00f1o. He was made Count of Romanones in 1893 and Grandee of Spain in 1911, as well as 7th Count of Yebes in 1922. Informational notes His grandson, Carlos Figueroa, competed for Spain at the 1956 Summer Olympics. Citations Moreno Luz\u00f3n 1996, pp.\u00a0145, 165. Ant\u00f3n del Olmet & Torres Bernal 1922, p.\u00a027. Ant\u00f3n del Olmet & Torres Bernal 1922, pp.\u00a024\u201325; Moreno Luz\u00f3n 1996, p.\u00a0147 Ant\u00f3n del Olmet & Torres Bernal 1922, pp.\u00a026\u201327. Ant\u00f3n del Olmet & Torres Bernal 1922, p.\u00a034; Cabello Carro 2013, p.\u00a038 Ant\u00f3n del Olmet & Torres Bernal 1922, p.\u00a0348. Conde y D\u00edaz-Rub\u00edn & Sanchiz Ruiz 2008, p.\u00a0356. Nieto S\u00e1nchez 2012, p.\u00a0369. Ant\u00f3n del Olmet & Torres Bernal 1922, p.\u00a049; Moreno Luz\u00f3n 1996, p.\u00a0146 Ant\u00f3n del Olmet & Torres Bernal 1922, pp.\u00a049\u201350. Ant\u00f3n del Olmet & Torres Bernal 1922, pp.\u00a062\u201363. \"Carlos Figueroa Olympic Results\". sports-reference.com. Archived from the original on 2020-04-18. Retrieved 2012-02-14. Ant\u00f3n del Olmet & Torres Bernal 1922, p.\u00a071. Ant\u00f3n del Olmet & Torres Bernal 1922, pp.\u00a071, 75. Ant\u00f3n del Olmet & Torres Bernal 1922, p.\u00a079. Ant\u00f3n del Olmet & Torres Bernal 1922, pp.\u00a083\u201384. Ant\u00f3n del Olmet & Torres Bernal 1922, pp.\u00a083\u201387. Ant\u00f3n del Olmet & Torres Bernal 1922, p.\u00a087. Ant\u00f3n del Olmet & Torres Bernal 1922, p.\u00a089. Scanlon 1987, p.\u00a0202. Ruiz 2005, p.\u00a01. Ar\u00f3stegui 2000, p.\u00a040. Franc\u00e9s 1951, p.\u00a07. Bibliography Ant\u00f3n del Olmet, Luis; Torres Bernal, Jos\u00e9 de (1922). Los grandes espa\u00f1oles. Romanones. Madrid: Imprenta de Juan Pueyo. Ar\u00f3stegui, Julio (2000). \"Pol\u00edtica y administraci\u00f3n en el r\u00e9gimen de Franco\". El franquismo, el r\u00e9gimen y la oposici\u00f3n: Actas de las IV Jornadas de Castilla-La Mancha sobre Investigaci\u00f3n en Archivos. 1. pp.\u00a035\u201368. ISBN\u00a084-931658-1-6. Cabello Carro, Paz (2013). \"Inicio de las pol\u00edticas de conservaci\u00f3n del Patrimonio Hist\u00f3rico en 1900 y creaci\u00f3n de la Direcci\u00f3n General de Bellas Artes en 1915\". Patrimonio Cultural y Derecho (17): 35\u201370. ISSN\u00a01138-3704. Conde y D\u00edaz-Rub\u00edn, Jos\u00e9 Ignacio; Sanchiz Ruiz, Javier (2008). \"Referencias bibliogr\u00e1ficas\" (PDF). Historia geneal\u00f3gica de los t\u00edtulos y dignidades nobiliarias en Nueva Espa\u00f1a y M\u00e9xico. I. M\u00e9xico: Universidad Nacional Aut\u00f3noma de M\u00e9xico. pp.\u00a0331\u2013428. ISBN\u00a0978-970-32-4999-2. Franc\u00e9s, Jos\u00e9 (1951). \"Semblanza y loa del conde de Romanones\". Academia: Bolet\u00edn de la Real Academia de Bellas Artes de San Fernando. Madrid: Real Academia de Bellas Artes de San Fernando. 1: 5\u201315. ISSN\u00a00567-560X. Moreno Luz\u00f3n, Javier (1996). \"El conde de Romanones y el caciquismo en Castilla (1888\u20131923)\" (PDF). Investigaciones Hist\u00f3ricas: \u00c9poca Moderna y Contempor\u00e1nea (16): 145\u2013166. ISSN\u00a00210-9425. Nieto S\u00e1nchez, Carlos (2012). San Clemente de Bolonia (1788\u20131889) (PDF). Universidad Carlos III de Madrid. ISBN\u00a0978-84-9031-158-5. Ruiz, Julius (2005). Franco's Justice: Repression in Madrid After the Spanish Civil War. Oxford: Clarendon Press. ISBN\u00a00-19-928183-1. Scanlon, Geraldine M. (1987). \"La mujer y la instrucci\u00f3n p\u00fablica de la ley Moyano a la II Rep\u00fablica\" (PDF). Historia de la Educaci\u00f3n: Revista Interuniversitaria. Salamanca: Ediciones Universidad de Salamanca (6): 93\u2013208. ISSN\u00a00212-0267. This article is based on the article in the Spanish Wikipedia."
   },
   {
    "name": "\u00c1lvaro Mej\u00eda P\u00e9rez",
    "id": "Q251071",
    "text": "\u00c1lvaro Mej\u00eda P\u00e9rez (born 18 January 1982) is a Spanish professional footballer who plays as a central defender. Born in Madrid, Mej\u00eda started his football career at Las Rozas CF. He signed for Real Madrid in 1998, subsequently moving up the various junior ranks. Mej\u00eda joined the third team for 2001\u201302 but moved shortly after into the B-side, being admitted to the main squad the following season and making his La Liga debut in a 2\u20131 home win against Villarreal CF on 24 January 2004 (90 minutes played). He also appeared in the UEFA Champions League's round of 16's on 3 March \u2013 again playing the full match \u2013 in a 1\u20130 home victory over FC Bayern Munich; in May he renewed his contract until 2010, and his appearance in the first team's defence was subsequently put to use in different positions. The following year, Mej\u00eda appeared in just five games for Real Madrid all competitions combined, adding 26 league games the following two seasons, with his first and only goal coming in a 2\u20130 away defeat of Real Betis on 29 October 2005 after one minute on the pitch, having come on as a substitute for Carlos Diogo. In July 2007, Mej\u00eda joined top flight newcomers Real Murcia on a four-year deal, and scored in the first league round, in a 2\u20131 home win against Real Zaragoza. A starter throughout the vast majority of the campaign, he faced relegation for the first time in his career. On 30 July 2010, after Murcia dropped another division, Mej\u00eda joined AC Arles-Avignon in France, newly promoted to Ligue 1, on a one-year contract. In January of the following year he changed teams \u2013 and countries \u2013 again, signing for Turkish S\u00fcper Lig club Konyaspor. On 13 July 2012, Mej\u00eda agreed to a one-year deal with UD Almer\u00eda in the Spanish second division, after passing his medical. On 18 June 2014, after one season in the Superleague Greece with Ergotelis FC, he joined newly promoted Qatar Stars League side Al-Shahaniya Sports Club. As of 4 April 2015 Appearances in UEFA Champions League name-UCL name-UCL Appearances in Promotion play-offs Real Madrid La Liga: 2006\u201307 \"Tyson juega en el Madrid\" [Tyson plays for Madrid]. El Pa\u00eds (in Spanish). 25 January 2004. Retrieved 4 January 2018. Mej\u00eda circus at Madrid; UEFA, 6 April 2004 Madrid reward for Mej\u00eda; UEFA, 24 May 2004 Madrid rediscover winning habit; UEFA, 29 October 2005 Mej\u00eda makes Murcia switch; UEFA, 18 July 2007 \"Una sonrisa para empezar (2\u20131)\" [A smile to start (2\u20131)]. La Verdad (in Spanish). 26 August 2007. Retrieved 4 January 2018. \"Alvaro Perez Mejia, Dja Dj\u00e9dj\u00e9 et Kamel Ghilas ont sign\u00e9!\" [Alvaro Perez Mejia, Dja Dj\u00e9dj\u00e9 and Kamel Ghilas have signed!] (in French). AC Arles-Avignon. 30 July 2010. Retrieved 5 August 2010. \"Mejia \u00e0 Konyaspor\" [Mejia at Konyaspor] (in French). Mercato 365. 15 January 2011. Retrieved 16 January 2011. \"El Almer\u00eda ficha a \u00c1lvaro Mejia\" [Almer\u00eda sign \u00c1lvaro Mejia]. Ideal (in Spanish). 13 July 2012. Retrieved 4 January 2018. \"Al Shahaniya signs contract with Spaniard Alvaro Perez\". Qatar Stars League. 19 June 2014. Retrieved 26 June 2014. \"Mej\u00eda: \u00c1lvaro Mej\u00eda P\u00e9rez\". BDFutbol. Retrieved 4 April 2015. \"\u00c1lvaro Mej\u00eda\". Soccerway. Retrieved 4 April 2015. \u00c1lvaro Mej\u00eda at BDFutbol \u00c1lvaro Mej\u00eda at the Turkish Football Federation"
   },
   {
    "name": "Rosario Flores",
    "id": "Q251210",
    "text": "Rosario del Carmen Gonz\u00e1lez Flores better known as Rosario Flores (Spanish pronunciation:\u00a0[ro\u02c8sa\u027ejo flo\u027ees]; born 4 November 1963) is a two-time Latin Grammy Award-winning Spanish singer. She was born in Madrid, Spain, as the daughter of Antonio Gonz\u00e1lez ('El Pesca\u00edlla') and famous singer Lola Flores. She is the sister of singer Lolita Flores and singer-songwriter Antonio Flores. She has a daughter with her ex-boyfriend Carlos Orellana. Her second son, Pedro Antonio, was born on 21 January 2006, the same day as his grandmother Lola Flores. Rosario and Pedro Lazaga, her partner and father of her second son, met while filming Pedro Almod\u00f3var's film Hable con ella in 2001. The Latin Grammy Awards are awarded annually by the Latin Academy of Recording Arts & Sciences in the United States. Flores has received two awards from seven nominations. De Ley (1992) Siento (1995) Mucho Por Vivir (1996) Jugar a la Locura (1999) Muchas Flores (2001) De Mil Colores (2004) Contigo Me Voy (2006) Parte de M\u00ed (2008) Cu\u00e9ntame (2009; soundtrack for the 11th season of Spanish TV series Cu\u00e9ntame c\u00f3mo pas\u00f3) Raskatriski (2011) Rosario (2013) Gloria a ti (2016) El Economista \"List of Nominees / Lista de nominados\". Los Angeles Times. Tribune Company. September 12, 2000. p.\u00a02. Archived from the original on November 8, 2012. Retrieved October 30, 2015. Gallo, Phil (July 24, 2002). \"Vives, Cruz lead noms for Latin Grammys\". Variety. Penske Business Media. Retrieved January 17, 2013. \"Lista de nominados al los Grammy Latinos\" (in Spanish). Terra Networks M\u00e9xico. Retrieved January 28, 2011. Gurza, Agustin (September 26, 2006). \"For Shakira, success does translate well\". Los Angeles Times. Tribune Company. p.\u00a04. Archived from the original on March 6, 2016. Retrieved January 24, 2013. \"9th Annual Latin Grammy Awards\". Los Angeles Times. Tribune Company. September 10, 2007. Archived from the original on September 9, 2012. Retrieved January 14, 2013. \"7th Annual Latin Grammy Winners List\". Latin Grammy Awards. United States: Latin Academy of Recording Arts & Sciences. 2010. Archived from the original on November 26, 2010. Retrieved October 5, 2012. Times Staff (November 20, 2014). \"Latin Grammys 2014: Complete list of nominees and winners\". Los Angeles Times. Tribune Company. Retrieved April 22, 2015. Official site Rosario Flores at IMDb Review of Cu\u00e9ntame (English)"
   },
   {
    "name": "Juli\u00e1n Juder\u00edas",
    "id": "Q251338",
    "text": "Juli\u00e1n Juder\u00edas y Loyot (September 16, 1877 \u2013 June 19, 1918) was a Spanish historian, sociologist, literary critic, journalist, translator and interpreter. Juder\u00edas was born in Madrid to a prominent an cultured family. His father, Mariano Juder\u00edas, was a well-known historical author and translator. His mother was French. At 17, he began work with the Spanish Ministry of State. In 1900, after the death of his father, he moved to Paris to attend the School of Eastern Languages. There and in Leipzig and Odesa he studied French, German, Russian and other languages. His main work was a study about the concept of \"Black Legend\", in which he denounced the tendentious, nonobjective historical writing or propaganda about Spain, its people and its culture. Years after his death, Juder\u00edas' works greatly influenced Spanish conservative thinkers such as Ramiro de Maeztu and Jos\u00e9 Mar\u00eda de Areilza. Un proceso pol\u00edtico en tiempos de Felipe III: don Rodrigo Calder\u00f3n, marqu\u00e9s de Siete Iglesias; su vida, su proceso y su muerte, Madrid, Tip. de la Rev. de Archivos, 1906. Los favoritos de Felipe III: don Pedro Franqueza, conde de Villalonga y Secretario de Estado, Madrid, Imprenta de la Revista de Archivos, 1909 Espa\u00f1a en tiempos de Carlos II el Hechizado: obra que obtuvo el Premio Charro Hidalgo en el concurso abierto por el Ateneo de Madrid en 1908-1910, Madrid, Tip. de la Revista de Archivos, 1912 Don Gaspar Melchor de Jovellanos: su vida, su tiempo, sus obras, su influencia social: obra premiada por la Real Academia de Ciencias Morales y Pol\u00edticas, Madrid, Imp. de J. Rat\u00e9s, 1913 \"La leyenda negra y la verdad hist\u00f3rica: Espa\u00f1a en Europa, trabajo premiado por La Ilustraci\u00f3n Espa\u00f1ola y Americana en el concurso de 1913\", La Ilustraci\u00f3n Espa\u00f1ola y Americana, Madrid, enero-febrero de 1914 La leyenda negra y la verdad hist\u00f3rica: contribuci\u00f3n al estudio del concepto de Espa\u00f1a en Europa, de las causas de este concepto y de la tolerancia pol\u00edtica y religiosa en los pa\u00edses civilizados, Madrid, Tip. de la Revista de Archivos, 1914 Gibraltar: apuntes para la historia de la p\u00e9rdida de esta plaza, de los sitios que le pusieron los espa\u00f1oles y de las negociaciones entre Espa\u00f1a e Inglaterra referentes a su restituci\u00f3n:1704-1796, Madrid, Tip. de la Rev. de Archivos, 1915 La leyenda negra: estudios acerca del concepto de Espa\u00f1a en el Extranjero: segunda edici\u00f3n completamente refundida, aumentada y provista de nuevas indicaciones bibliogr\u00e1ficas, Barcelona, Araluce, 1917 La reconstrucci\u00f3n de la historia de Espa\u00f1a desde el punto de vista nacional: discursos le\u00eddos ante la Real Academia de la Historia en el acto de su recepci\u00f3n p\u00fablica por el Excmo. Sr. don Juli\u00e1n Juder\u00edas y Loyot y por el Excmo. Sr. don Jer\u00f3nimo B\u00e9cker y Gonz\u00e1lez, acad\u00e9mico de n\u00famero, el d\u00eda 28 de abril de 1918, Madrid, Imprenta Cl\u00e1sica Espa\u00f1ola, 1918 Don Francisco de Quevedo y Villegas: la \u00e9poca, el hombre, las doctrinas: obra premiada con acc\u00e9sit por la Real Academia de Ciencias Morales y Pol\u00edticas en el concurso ordinario de 1917, Madrid, Establecimiento Tipogr\u00e1fico de Jaime Rat\u00e9s, 1923 El obrero y la ley obrera en Rusia, Madrid, Ministerio de Estado, 1903, Madrid, Ministerio de Estado, 1903, published in Gaceta de Madrid (24.6.1903) La miseria y la criminalidad en las grandes ciudades de Europa y Am\u00e9rica, Madrid, Imp. de Arias, 1906 La protecci\u00f3n a la infancia en el Extranjero, Madrid, Imp. de Arias. 1908 Los hombres inferiores: estudio acerca del pauperismo en los grandes centros de poblaci\u00f3n, Madrid, 1909, vol. VII de la Biblioteca de Ciencias Penales La reglamentaci\u00f3n de la prostituci\u00f3n y la trata de blancas, Madrid,1909 Le Patronage Royal pour la repression de la traite des blanches et le Congr\u00e8s de la F\u00e9d\u00e9ration Abolitioniste Internationale (Gen\u00e8ve septembre 1908), Madrid, Suc. de Minuesa de los R\u00edos, 1908 El problema de la mendicidad: medios pr\u00e1cticos de resolverlo, memoria que obtuvo el Premio del Ministro de la Gobernaci\u00f3n en el concurso abierto en 1908 por la Sociedad Espa\u00f1ola de Higiene, Madrid, 1909 Le petit cr\u00e9dit urbain et rural en Espagne, Bruxelles, Comit\u00e9 International de l\u2019Association pour l\u2019\u00e9tude des probl\u00e8mes des classes moyennes, 1909 El problema del abolicionismo, memoria presentada al Congreso de la Asociaci\u00f3n Espa\u00f1ola para el progreso de las Ciencias celebrado en Valencia, Madrid, 1909 Los tribunales para ni\u00f1os: medios de implantarlos en Espa\u00f1a, ponencia presentada al Consejo Superior de Protecci\u00f3n a la Infancia y publicada por \u00e9ste, Madrid, 1910 La trata de blancas: estudio de este problema en Espa\u00f1a y en el Extranjero, memoria premiada por la Sociedad Espa\u00f1ola de Higiene en el concurso de 1910, Madrid, 1911 La higiene y su influencia en la legislaci\u00f3n, memoria premiada por la Sociedad Espa\u00f1ola de Higiene en su concurso de 1911, Madrid, 1911 La infancia abandonada: leyes e instituciones protectoras, memoria premiada por la Real Academia de Ciencias Morales y Pol\u00edticas en el consurso de la fundaci\u00f3n del se\u00f1or d. Jos\u00e9 Santa Mar\u00eda de Hita, Madrid, Imp. de J. Rat\u00e9s, 1912 La juventud delincuente: leyes e instituciones que tienden a su regeneraci\u00f3n, memoria premiada por la Real Academia de Ciencias Morales y Pol\u00edticas, Madrid, Imp. de J. Rat\u00e9s, 1912 Recueil des lois et ordonnances en vigueur pour la r\u00e9pression de la traite des blanches dans les principaux pays d\u2019Europe et d\u2019Am\u00e9rique: fait au nom du Patronage Royal Espagnol pour la Repression de la Traite des Blanches, Madrid, Imp. Suc. de M. Minuesa de los R\u00edos, 1913 Mendicidad y vagancia, ponencia para la Asamblea Nacional de Protecci\u00f3n a la Infancia y represi\u00f3n de la mendicidad, 13-18 de abril de 1914; secci\u00f3n 3\u00aa, Madrid, Imp. del Asilo de Hu\u00e9rfanos, 1914 El problema de la infancia obrera en Espa\u00f1a, publicaci\u00f3n de la Secci\u00f3n Espa\u00f1ola de la Asociaci\u00f3n Internacional para la Protecci\u00f3n Legal de los Trabajadores, Madrid, 1917 Problemas de la infancia delincuente: la criminalidad, el tribunal, el reformatorio, Biblioteca \u201cPro-Infantia\u201d, Madrid, 1917. Rusia contempor\u00e1nea: estudios acerca de su situaci\u00f3n actual, Madrid, Imp. de Fortanet, 1904"
   },
   {
    "name": "\u00c1lvaro de Luna Blanco",
    "id": "Q251455",
    "text": "\u00c1lvaro de Luna Blanco (10 April 1935 \u2013 2 November 2018) was a Spanish actor. He performed in more than one hundred films since 1961. He was most known for El Algarrobo in Curro Jim\u00e9nez. In 1963 he appeared in El verdugo, by Luis Garc\u00eda Berlanga. In 1987 he appeared in the TV series V\u00edsperas. He died on 2 November 2018 from a hepatic insufficiency. 1965: That Man in Istanbul 1965: All'ombra di una colt 1967: The Viscount 1968: The Mercenary 1968: Ballad of a Bounty Hunter 1970: Un par de asesinos 1970: Compa\u00f1eros 1974: Count Dracula's Great Love as Porteado 1975: Order to Kill 1982: El cabezota 1985: Teo el pelirrojo 2001: L\u00e1zaro de Tormes 2001: Silencio roto as Don Hilario 2002: Carol's Journey EFE (4 June 2015). \"\u00c1lvaro de Luna: 'El actor que se deja marcar por el personaje no es bueno'\". El Mundo (in Spanish). Alicante: Unidad Editorial Informaci\u00f3n General S.L.U. Retrieved 28 October 2018. \"M\u00e1s de una vida actuando\". Pozuelo In. (in Spanish). Meiga Media S.L. 7 November 2014. Retrieved 28 October 2018. R. G. G. (3 June 1987). \"TVE emprende una nueva etapa de co-producciones con la serie V\u00edsperas\" (PDF). ABC (in Spanish). Sevilla: Vocento. p.\u00a091. Retrieved 28 October 2018. \"Fallece \u00c1lvaro de Luna, el actor que encarn\u00f3 a 'Algarrobo'\". Noticias de Navarra (in Spanish). Zeroa Multimedia. Retrieved 2 November 2018. \u00c1lvaro de Luna at IMDb v t e"
   },
   {
    "name": "Francisco Fern\u00e1ndez Ochoa",
    "id": "Q251466",
    "text": "Francisco \"Paquito\" Fern\u00e1ndez Ochoa (February 25, 1950 \u2013 November 6, 2006) was a World Cup alpine ski racer from Spain. Born in Madrid and raised north of the city in Cercedilla, he was the eldest of eight children whose father ran a ski school. Paquito raced in all of the alpine disciplines and specialized in slalom. At the age of 21, he won an Olympic gold medal in the slalom at the 1972 Winter Olympics in Sapporo, Japan. He is known for being the first (& only) Spaniard to win a gold medal at the Winter Olympics. Thirty years later, German-born Johann M\u00fchlegg won three gold medals in cross-country skiing for Spain in 2002, but was later stripped of his gold medals for doping offenses. Fern\u00e1ndez Ochoa made his international debut at age 17 at the 1968 Winter Olympics, where he finished 38th in the downhill and giant slalom, and 23rd in the slalom. His first top ten finish on the World Cup circuit was the following season, a sixth-place finish in the slalom at Meg\u00e8ve, France, on January 26, 1969. He was one of five siblings that raced for the Spanish alpine ski team and competed at the Winter Olympics (brothers Lu\u00eds and Juan Manuel and sisters Dolores and Blanca). Blanca was the only other Spanish skier to win a medal at the Winter Olympics; she won the bronze in the women's slalom at the 1992 Winter Olympics in Albertville, France. Fern\u00e1ndez Ochoa competed in four Winter Olympics (1968-80). He won only one World Cup race, a slalom in 1974 in Zakopane, Poland. Both of his career wins came over Gustav Th\u00f6ni of Italy, the dominant technical ski racer of the early 1970s. At the 1974 World Championships, Fern\u00e1ndez Ochoa won a bronze medal in the slalom. His best season was 1975; he finished 9th in the overall standings and 7th in the slalom standings. He finished ninth in the slalom at the 1976 Winter Olympics. Fern\u00e1ndez Ochoa retired from international competition at age 30, following the 1980 World Cup season, and finished with four World Cup podiums (top 3) and 30 top ten finishes. He then raced for several seasons on the pro tour in North America. Fern\u00e1ndez Ochoa died of lymphatic cancer at age 56 in Cercedilla, Community of Madrid in November 2006. Less than two weeks before his death, a statue of him was erected in Cercedilla. He was survived by his wife Mar\u00eda Jes\u00fas Vargas (m. 1973) and their three children: B\u00e1rbara, Paula, and Francisco. Francisco Fern\u00e1ndez Ochoa City Ice Rink in Valdemoro, Madrid and Francisco Fern\u00e1ndez Ochoa City Sports Center in Carabanchel, Madrid were named in his honor. Points were only awarded for top ten finishes thru 1979, top 15 thru 1991 (see scoring system). 1 win (1 SL) 4 podiums (2 SL, 2 K) From 1948 through 1980, the Winter Olympics were also the World Championships for alpine skiing. At the World Championships from 1954 through 1980, the combined was a \"paper race\" using the results of the three events (DH, GS, SL). List of flag bearers for Spain at the Olympics List of Olympic medalist families Lang, Patrick (November 6, 2006). \"Spanish gold medalist Fernandez Ochoa dies at 56\". Ski Racing. Retrieved January 27, 2015. \"Spaniard wins Slalom as Winter Games close\". Spokesman-Review. Associated Press. February 13, 1972. p.\u00a01, sports. \"Gold medal in slalom was first ever won by Spain\". Spartanburg Herald. South Carolina. Associated Press. February 14, 1972. p.\u00a0B1. Francisco Fernandez Ochoa at the International Ski Federation Francisco Fernandez Ochoa World Cup standings at the International Ski Federation Francisco Fernandez Ochoa at Ski-DB Alpine Ski Database Francisco Fern\u00e1ndez Ochoa at Olympics at Sports-Reference.com (archived) Video on YouTube - 1972 Winter Olympics - Men's Slalom - Gold medal second run - from Japanese television - 1972-02-13 Obituary for Francisco Fern\u00e1ndez Ochoa - 2006-11-06 at elmundo.es (in Spanish) Coverage of funeral of Francisco Fern\u00e1ndez Ochoa - 2006-11-07 at elmundo.es (in Spanish) Francisco Fern\u00e1ndez Ochoa at Find a Grave"
   }
  ]
 },
 {
  "relation_id": "P19",
  "target_id": "Q142",
  "target_name": "France",
  "samples": [
   {
    "name": "Benjamin Renner",
    "id": "Q2896206",
    "text": "Benjamin Renner (born November 14, 1983) is a French cartoonist, animator and film maker. Renner and his fellow producers received a 2014 Academy Awards nomination in the category of Best Animated Feature for the film Ernest & Celestine. He previously directed a short, La queue de la souris (The Mouse's Tail) in 2008. In 2015 he published a comic, Le grand mechant renard (The Big Bad Fox), which he then adapted as a feature film released in 2017 - The Big Bad Fox and Other Tales.... \"The 86th Academy Awards (2013) Nominees and Winners\". Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences. AMPAS. Archived from the original on October 1, 2014. Retrieved August 30, 2014. \u2018Ernest & Celestine\u2019 Director Will Adapt His Own Comic for TV. Cartoonbrew, 6 May 2015 Benjamin Renner at IMDb v t e"
   },
   {
    "name": "Bernard d'Albi",
    "id": "Q2898776",
    "text": "Bernard d'Albi, was born at Saverdun in the diocese of Pamiers in the Pyrenees foothills, south of Toulouse, and died on 23 November 1350 at Avignon. He was a French cardinal of the 14th century. Bernard d'Albi held a licenciate in Canon Law, and was a papal Chaplain. He was Dean of the Cathedral of Beauvais when he was appointed Bishop of Rodez on 31 January 1336 by Pope Benedict XII. Benedict (Jacques Fournier) had been Bishop of Pamiers (1317-1327) before his appointment as a cardinal. He made his formal entry into Rodez on 15 August 1336. Bernard held the episcopal seat until he was promoted to the cardinalate in 1338. By a statute which he issued on 26 October 1336, Bishop Bernard reserved half of the fruits of the vacant benefices in the diocese which were in his gift, \"...because of the extreme necessity and poverty of the fabric of the Church of Rodez.\" In other words, the cathedral was in serious need of repair, and the only source of funds was the Bishop's treasury, where he collected the income from vacant benefices. Bishop Bernard's successor was appointed on 27 January 1339. While Bishop of Rodez, Bernard received the dedication of Raimundus Acgerii's Commentary on Aristotle's \"Politics\". Pierre de Corveheda also dedicated a work to the Bishop of Rodez, his commentary on Aristotle's \"Nicomachean Ethics\". In 1337 Pope Benedict appointed him Apostolic Nuncio to Aragon, Castile and Portugal, with the mission of ending the hostility between King Alfonso XI of Castile and King Afonso IV of Portugal. His written instructions are dated 16 June 1337. On 18 December 1338, Pope Benedict XII held a Consistory for the creation of cardinals. Bernard d'Albi was one of the seven prelates created cardinals. He was not present in Avignon, and therefore the Pope wrote him a letter on 19 December, informing him of his promotion. He was still in Spain, and did not return to Avignon until 2 August 1339. He was appointed Cardinal-Priest of S. Cyriaco in Thermis (1338-1349). On 16 February 1339, the new Cardinal Bernard was granted as a benefice the Priory of Sorzac in Poitiers. On the same day he was also granted the Benedictine Priory of Donchereio (Donchery, in the Ardennes) in the diocese of Reims, a dependency of S. Medard in Soissons. He was also named Provost of the Benedictine abbey of Faveriis in the diocese of Soissons. He was appointed Archdeacon Major of the church of Tarragona, governed by the Rule of S. Augustine. Finally, he was appointed Canon, Prebendary, and Archdeacon of the church of Saintes. In each case he was granted a dispensation because he was being granted multiple benefices in Saintes, Reims, Soissons, and Tarragona. The income from these benefices was intended to support the lifestyle of a cardinal at the Papal Court; the work of the various offices was performed by delegates and agents. Cardinal Bernard d'Albi, often called the Cardinal of Rodez, participated in the Conclave of 1342. The Conclave began on Sunday, 5 May 1342, and concluded on Tuesday 7 May, with the election of Pierre Roger, who was crowned on Pentecost Sunday, 19 May 1342. under the name Pope Clement VI. In 1343, Cardinal Bernard d'Albi was sent to Spain again, to deal with the war that had broken out between James III of Majorca and his cousin Peter IV of Aragon. In 1346, Pope Clement VI was involved in a dispute with Archbishop Heinrich von Virneburg, Archbishop of Mainz and Imperial Elector, the real reason being Heinrich's support for the candidacy of Ludwig the Bavarian as Emperor, which the Pope opposed. Clement, however, chose to believe that Heinrich was schismatic, and summoned him to appear at the Court of Rome in Avignon. Heinrich, of course, refused, or, in Clement's view 'was contumacious', and therefore Clement handed his case over to Cardinal Bernard d'Albi as Assessor litterarum contradictarum (judge) to conduct the inquiry and determine the facts, though the papal language leaves no doubt that the expected outcome would be 'guilty as charged'. Heinrich was convicted and deposed on 7 April 1346. On 22 April Bernard d'Albi was present, along with eleven other cardinals, at the oath-taking of Charles of Moravia as Emperor. Cardinal Bernard was a friend of Petrarch, and believed himself to be a poet. Petrarch was only mildly enthusiastic. They exchanged letters. On one occasion Petrarch sent Bernard a manuscript containing Servius' \"Commentary on Vergil's Aeneid. He was promoted to the Order of Cardinal-Bishops on 19 January 1349, succeeding Cardinal Jean-Raymond de Comminges as Bishop of Porto. He died on 13 November 1350 in Avignon. He was buried in the Chapel of Benedict XII in the Cathedral of S. Marie de Domps. For other conjectures, see Baluze (1693), I, p. 820 [ed. Mollat (1927), II, p. 324]. Duchesne, \"Histoire\", p. 486, says that it was Philip VI de Valois (1328-1350) who procured him the bishopric as well as the cardinalate, and that Bernard had previously been a Councillor of Philip V (1316-1322) and Charles IV (1322-1328). L. Charles Paul Bosc (1905). M\u00e9moires pour servir \u00e0 l'histoire du Rouergue (in French) (third (reissue of second)\u00a0ed.). Rodez: E. Carr\u00e8re. p.\u00a0277. Louis Bion de Marlavagne (1875). Histoire de la Cath\u00e9drale de Rodez: avec pi\u00e8ces justificatives (in French). Paris: Didron. p.\u00a038. Eubel, p. 427. Lambertini, Roberto (2002). \"Raimundus Acgerii's Commentary on Aristotle's \"Politics\": Some Notes\". Vivarium. 40 (1): 14\u201340, at p. 36. JSTOR\u00a041975530. S\u00e8re, B\u00e9n\u00e9dicte (2005). \"De la v\u00e9rit\u00e9 en amiti\u00e9. Une ph\u00e9nom\u00e9nologie m\u00e9di\u00e9vale du sentiment dans les commentairesde l'\u00c9thique \u00e0 Nicomaque (XIII e - XV e si\u00e8cle)\". Revue historique. 307 (no. 636) (4): 793\u2013820, at p. 799. JSTOR\u00a040957652. Baluze (1693) I, p. 820. In Mollat's edition, Vol. II (1927), at p. 324, with n. 3. Mollat, however, is confused in the note about the Kings of Castile; it was not Pedro the Cruel who was having problems with his wife, since he was only four years old. Eubel, p. 17 and n. 12. J.-M. Vidal (1906). Beno\u00eet XII: Lettres communes (in French and Latin). Tome deuxi\u00e8me. Paris: Fontemoing. p.\u00a0431. J.-M Vidal, pp. 138\u2013139, nos. 6614, 6616\u20136619. J. P. Adams, Sede Vacante 1342. Retrieved: 2016-06-19. Juan de Ferreras; Vaquette d' Hermilly (1751). Histoire generale d'Espagne (in French). Tome cinqui\u00e8me. Paris: Chez Gissey. pp.\u00a0199\u2013200. Cesare Baronio (ed. A. Theiner) Annales Ecclesiastici Vol. 25 (Bar-le-Duc 1872), p. 377, under the year 1346, \u00a7 12-18. Baluze (1693), I, p. 821. Baronio (ed. Theiner) Volume 25, p. 375, \u00a7 19. Fr\u00e9d\u00e9ric Fuzet (1874). P\u00e9trarque: ses voyages, ses amis, son repentir (in French). Ile Saint Honorat: Typographie des Moines de L\u00e9rins. p.\u00a0119. Baluze (1693), I, p. 822. Eubel, p. 37. L. Duhamel (1888). Le tombeau de Beno\u00eet XII \u00e0 la m\u00e9tropole d'Avignon (in French). Caen: Delesques. pp.\u00a04\u20135. Baluze [Baluzius], Etienne [Stephanus] (1693). Vitae paparum Avenionensium, hoc est, Historia pontificum romanorum qui in Gallia sederunt ab anno Christi MCCCV. usque ad annum MCCCXCIV (in Latin). Tomus primus. Paris: apud Franciscum Muguet. Nouvelle edition by G. Mollat II (Paris 1927). Baluze, Etienne (1693). Vitae Paparum Avenionensium, Hoc est Historia Pontificum Romanorum qui in Gallia sederunt ab anno Christi MCCCV usque ad annum MCCCXCIV (in Latin). Tomus secundus. Paris: Muguet. Du Chesne, Fran\u00e7ois (1660). Histoire De Tous Les Cardinaux Fran\u00e7ois De Naissance: (in French). Tome I. Paris: Aux despens de l' Autheur. pp.\u00a0465\u2013470. Du Chesne, Fran\u00e7ois (1660). Preuves de l' Histoire de tous les cardinaux Fran\u00e7ois de naissance (in French and Latin). Paris: Aux despens de l'Autheur & se vendent chez luy. pp.\u00a0311\u2013322. Eubel, Konrad (1898). Hierarchia catholica medii aevi: sive Summorum pontificum, S.R.E. cardinalium, ecclesiarum antistitum series ab anno 1198 usque ad annum [1605] perducta e documentis tabularii praesertim Vaticani collecta, digesta (in Latin). Vol. I. M\u00fcnster: sumptibus et typis librariae Regensbergianae. |volume= has extra text (help) (second edition 1913). L\u00fctzelschwab, Ralf (2007). Flectat cardinales ad velle suum? Clemens VI. und sein Kardinalskolleg: Ein Beitrag zur kurialen Politik in der Mitte des 14. Jahrhunderts (in German). Berlin: De Gruyter. pp.\u00a0471\u2013472. ISBN\u00a0978-3-486-84130-5. Renouard, Yves (1970). The Avignon papacy, 1305-1403. Hamden CT USA: Archon Books. ISBN\u00a0978-0-208-01156-5. Rollo-Koster, Jo\u00eblle (2015). Avignon and Its Papacy, 1309\u20131417: Popes, Institutions, and Society. New York-London: Rowman & Littlefield Publishers. ISBN\u00a0978-1-4422-1534-4. Vaquette d' Hermilly (1777). Histoire du royaume de Majorque avec ses annexes,: pour servir \u00e0 l'Histoire de France, & \u00e0 celle d'Espagne de Dom Jean de Ferreras (in French). Maestricht: chez Jean-Edme Dufour & Philippe Roux."
   },
   {
    "name": "Louis de Duras, 2nd Earl of Feversham",
    "id": "Q2915948",
    "text": "Louis de Duras, 2nd Earl of Feversham, KG (1641\u00a0\u2013 19 April 1709) was a French nobleman who became Earl of Feversham in Stuart England. Born in France, he was marquis de Blanquefort and sixth son of Guy Aldonce (1605\u20131665), Marquis of Duras and Count of Rozan, from the noble Durfort family. His mother was Elizabeth de la Tour d'Auvergne, sister of Henri de la Tour d'Auvergne, Vicomte de Turenne. His two brothers Jacques Henri and Guy Aldonce were Marshals of France. He was a Huguenot. In 1663 he came to England in the suite of James, Duke of York, and was naturalized in the same year. On 19 January 1673 he was raised to the English peerage as Baron Duras, of Holdenby, his title being derived from an estate in Northamptonshire bought from the Duke of York, and in 1676 he married Mary, daughter and elder co-heir of Sir George Sondes, created in that year Baron Throwley, Viscount Sondes and Earl of Feversham. On the death of his father-in-law in 1677, Duras succeeded to his titles under a special remainder. His wife died in 1679. He was appointed by Charles II successively to the command of the third and first troops of Horse Guards, was sent abroad on several important diplomatic missions, and became Master of the Horse (1679) and Lord Chamberlain to the queen, Catherine of Braganza (1680). In 1682 he was appointed a Lord of the Bedchamber, and was present at the king's deathbed conversion to Roman Catholicism. When the Duke of York became King James II, Feversham became a member of the Privy Council, and in 1685 was given the chief command against the rebels under Monmouth, in which he mainly distinguished himself by his cruelty to the vanquished after the Battle of Sedgemoor. He was rewarded with a knighthood of the Garter and the colonelcy of the first troop of Life Guards, and in 1686 he was appointed to the command of the army assembled by King James on Blackheath to overawe the people. After King James II was deposed in the Glorious Revolution, Feversham succeeded in making his peace with King William III, on the intercession of Queen Catherine, at whose instance he received the mastership of the Royal Hospital of St Katherine near the Tower (1698). He died without issue on 19 April 1709 and was buried in the Savoy, in the Strand (London); but his remains were moved on 21 March 1740 to Westminster Abbey. Hasted, Edward (1798). \"Parishes\". The History and Topographical Survey of the County of Kent. Institute of Historical Research. 7: 38\u201350. Retrieved 18 March 2014. \u00a0One or more of the preceding sentences\u00a0incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain:\u00a0Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). \"Durfort\". Encyclop\u00e6dia Britannica. 8 (11th\u00a0ed.). Cambridge University Press. p.\u00a0704. This cites: G. E. Cokayne, Complete Peerage Stephen, Leslie, ed. (1888). \"Duras, Louis\"\u00a0. Dictionary of National Biography. 16. London: Smith, Elder & Co."
   },
   {
    "name": "Bruno Oss\u00e9bi",
    "id": "Q2926914",
    "text": "Bruno Jacquet Oss\u00e9bi, also known as Bruno Jacquet or Oss\u00e9bi (December 10, 1964 \u2013 February 2, 2009), was a Franco-Congolese journalist for the online news site Mwinda. Oss\u00e9bi was working to expose government corruption when a mysterious fire broke out in his home. He sustained fatal injuries, and died in a military hospital in Brazzaville, Republic of the Congo twelve days later. Bruno Oss\u00e9bi was born in France, and originally given the name Bruno Jacquet. He was born on December 10, 1964 to a French father and a Congolese mother. He moved to the Republic of Congo in the early 1990s to pursue a career in blogging and journalism. He began writing for the Congolese web site Mwinda about hot-button political issues. Oss\u00e9bi was thought to be protected as a French citizen, and cousin of several barons; however, he received several threats throughout his career. Oss\u00e9bi was not married, but lived with his girlfriend and her two children. They also died in the house fire that killed Oss\u00e9bi. Oss\u00e9bi was an activist throughout his career. He wrote for Mwinda, and also created a personal blog (bruno-ossbi.novoblog.com). He began writing for Mwinda when President Denis Sassou-Nguesso came to power in the early 1990s. Oss\u00e9bi sought to condemn the plundering of oil, timber, and violations of human rights in the Republic of Congo. He was also active in the StAR program of the World Bank, and active with the United Nations program that recovers misappropriated African assets. Oss\u00e9bi spent two years working with lawyers, activists, and citizens to develop a court complaint against President Sassou Nguesso, President of Gabon Omar Bongo, and President of Equatorial Guinea Teodoro Obiang, accusing them of \"misappropriation of public funds\". Brazzaville On January 21, 2009, two fires broke out 6,000\u00a0km away from each other in two different Franco-Congolese journalist\u2019s homes. Bruno Oss\u00e9bi in Brazzaville, Republic of Congo, and Benjamin Toungamani in France. Both journalists, Oss\u00e9bi included, were plaintiff\u2019s in an \u201cill-gotten gains\u201d complaint filed weeks before. Oss\u00e9bi and Toungamani both heavily criticized Denis Sassou Nguesso\u2019s authoritarianism, and his lavish lifestyle at the expense of the Congolese people. Oss\u00e9bi was able to escape the home, but died in a military hospital twelve days later. There was no serious investigation or autopsy after the fires, according to Reporters Without Borders. Bruno Oss\u00e9bi\u2019s official cause of death was \u201ccardiac arrest\u201d, and no mention of burns were notated, even though 30% of his body was covered. Three days before the fire broke out in Bruno Oss\u00e9bi\u2019s home, he published an article on Mwinda press. The article revealed that Soci\u00e9t\u00e9 Nationale des P\u00e9troles du Congo, a petroleum company led by President Denis Sassou-Nguesso's son, Denis-Christel Sassou Nguesso, was seeking a French bank loan of $100 million pledged to the production of oil. Oss\u00e9bi accused them of organizing a \u201cdebt front\u201d which contradicted a commitment made by the Congo to the International Monetary Fund. Two days before the incident, Oss\u00e9bi contacted the Committee to recover stolen property from the World Bank. A few weeks earlier, he had indicated his intention to join a complaint against \u201cill-gotten gains\u201d. Following Oss\u00e9bi\u2019s death, Reporters Without Borders have accused officials of minimizing the case, and failing to carry out an official investigation or autopsy. Reporters Without Borders have since launched their own investigation into the case. More than 80 people have been interviewed including relatives, friends, other journalists, and government officials, but no further action has been taken. Reporters Without Borders continues to ask the French government for aid in solving the case. Ko\u00efchiro Matsuura, director-general of UNESCO, said, \"I deplore the death of Bruno Oss\u00e9bi. I trust that the authorities will spare no effort in seeking to elucidate this tragedy as soon as possible. It is important to remember that the work of journalists is essential not only if we are to uphold the basic human right of freedom of expression but for democracy and good governance, issues that concern societies everywhere.\u201d Jean-Fran\u00e7ois Julliard, former secretary-general of Reporters Without Borders, said, \"Deploring the negligence of the investigation conducted in Brazzaville by the Congolese authorities, we asked the French government, six months after the death of Bruno Oss\u00e9bi, to open an investigation in France.\" He adds, \"Today, it is still unclear whether the fire in the journalist's home was accidental or criminal. We still do not know why Bruno Oss\u00e9bi died suddenly, twelve days later, with his state of health. We are astonished that France has remained passive on the mysterious death of one of its nationals, recognized, moreover, as a very critical voice in a country that does not shine by its respect for the Freedom of the press.\" Human rights in the Republic of the Congo Greenslade, Roy (12 February 2009). \"Congo journalist dies after fire\" \u2013 via The Guardian. \"La mort myst\u00e9rieuse d'un journaliste franco-congolais \u00e0 Brazzaville\". 9 July 2009 \u2013 via Le Monde. \"Archived copy\". Archived from the original on 2016-03-06. Retrieved 2016-11-23.CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link) \"Plaintes, menaces: l'enqu\u00eate qui affole Omar Bongo et d'autres dirigeants africains\". mediapart. \"After mysterious fire, online columnist dead in Congo - Committee to Protect Journalists\". \"La mort de Bruno Oss\u00e9bi\". Archived from the original on 2015-04-09. Retrieved 2016-09-15. \"Afriques en Lutte\". \"Republic of Congo Special Report: From a Fatal Fire, Many Questions - Committee to Protect Journalists\". Clark, John F.; Decalo, Samuel (9 August 2012). Historical Dictionary of Republic of the Congo. Scarecrow Press. ISBN\u00a09780810879898 \u2013 via Google Books. \"Congo Vision\u00a0: Nouvelles visions pour le Congo et l'Afrique\". congovision. \"Director-General deplores death of Congolese journalist Bruno Oss\u00e9bi\". UNESCO. Archived from the original on 2017-02-12. Retrieved 2019-10-24. \"Le Directeur g\u00e9n\u00e9ral d\u00e9plore la mort du journaliste congolais Bruno Oss\u00e9bi\". UNESCO. Archived from the original on 2016-10-21. Retrieved 2019-10-24. Africa, fesmedia. \"Fesmedia Africa: Congo\u00a0: \"Il faut relancer l'enqu\u00eate sur la mort du journaliste franco-congolais Bruno Oss\u00e9bi\"\". fesmedia-africa."
   },
   {
    "name": "Bruno Roger-Petit",
    "id": "Q2926946",
    "text": "Bruno Roger-Petit (born 30 September 1962) is a French journalist of television, print and radio. Formerly of France Television, he contributed to website Lepost.fr (which ceased publication in 2012) and also at the website nouvelobs.com. He was a regular consultant of the TV news show Sport et news on i-Tele, and he ran the sports show BRP HD on Sport24.com. He was also a presenter of the TV sports program #BRP on the channel Sport365 TV. He was appointed as spokesperson to President Emmanuel Macron in August 2017. A graduate of the Institute of Political Studies in Paris (section \" Service public \", 1987), he also holds a Masters in Public law. He started in TV at channel Antenne 2 in 1988. He was a grand reporter of domestic politics (1988\u20131994) and was news presenter of the TV shows T\u00e9l\u00e9matin and Journal of the night (1994\u20131998). While in this last position he was noted for having a TV news presentation style rather offbeat and impertinent. For example, on 19 October 1997 he finished the news by throwing his notes on the floor. Following a magazine interview in the magazine Technikart, published in October 1998, in which he discussed some editorial decisions on his shows, he was dismissed. He then presented a program on France 5, \u00c7a me regarde, produced by Jean-Luc Delarue, before hosting the show Langue de p\u2026 . on the radio station BFM. In late 2003, he was the editor of the free magazine Sport for its first three numbers and he was also a voice between October 2005 and May 2006 in the game show on France 2 Tout vu tout lu, a show devoted to news and hosted by Marie-Ange Nardi. He was also a columnist for the show J'ai mes sources on France Inter. He also co-edited in 1998 for the magazine Envoy\u00e9 sp\u00e9cial a story about Michel Sardou, Histoires de France . Since June 2008 he has hosted Langues de Sport between 10\u00a0am and 12\u00a0pm and Le Grand journal du sport between 12h and 13h on Europe 1 Sport from Monday to Friday (99.9) . On 20 July 2008, while on the air at Europe 1, he admitted to being the author of the blog Fran\u00e7ois-Mitterrand-2007, Fran\u00e7ois-Mitterrand-2008 and the book Fran\u00e7ois Mitterrand in 2008, il revient.... The blog Fran\u00e7ois-Mitterrand-2007, by making posthumous commentary on the 2007 presidential campaign by former President of the Republic, Fran\u00e7ois Mitterrand, aroused many reactions and rumors about the identity of its author among the French political class. In September 2014, he was a columnist in the show Touche pas \u00e0 mon poste\u00a0!, on D8 and he hosted on TV channel, sport365, the sports program #BRP. On 29 August 2017 he was appointed as a spokesperson for President Emmanuel Macron. 2008\u00a0: Fran\u00e7ois Mitterrand 2008, il revient..., \u00e9d. Ramsay,published anonymously. 2011\u00a0: Authentiquement fran\u00e7ais, \u00e9d. H\u00e9lo\u00efse d'Ormesson \"Bruno Roger-Petit\". Site du magazine Premi\u00e8re www.premiere.fr. September 8, 2009. Retrieved June 24, 2015. \"Bruno Roger-Petit jette ses fiches par terre\". Ina. Retrieved July 6, 2010. Le journaliste de France 2 \u00e9cart\u00e9 de la pr\u00e9sentation du \u00ab23h\u00bb pour mauvais esprit. \"Sport l'hebdo gratuit en pdf \u2013 ann\u00e9e 2003\". Sport free attitude. Archived from the original on August 2, 2008. Retrieved July 20, 2008. \"Envoy\u00e9 Sp\u00e9cial \u2013 Histoires de France\". Sardou.com. Archived from the original on May 19, 2006. Retrieved July 20, 2008. \"Les programmes de la semaine\". Europe 1 Sport. Archived from the original on July 19, 2008. Retrieved July 20, 2008. \"Et le blogueur Fran\u00e7ois Mitterrand est... un journaliste\u00a0!\". Le Post. Archived from the original on 2010-08-12. Retrieved 2016-07-21. \"L'Elys\u00e9e tente de muscler sa com en nommant Bruno Roger-Petit porte-parole\". La Croix. 29 August 2017."
   },
   {
    "name": "Bruno Verges",
    "id": "Q2927017",
    "text": "Bruno Verges (born 1 November 1975) is a French former professional rugby league footballer who played for the Catalans Dragons in the Super League competition, as a wing. in/Bruno+Verges.html Bruno Verges at RLFANS.com Archived July 2, 2015, at the Wayback Machine v t e"
   },
   {
    "name": "Carmen Bernand",
    "id": "Q2939585",
    "text": "Carmen Bernand (born Carmen Mu\u00f1oz on 19 September 1939) is a French anthropologist, historian and Latin Americanist. Carmen Bernand was born in France to Spanish refugee parents, she lived in Argentina for 25 years, where she studied Ethnology at University of Buenos Aires. At the end of 1964, she moved to Paris and prepared a postgraduate thesis under the direction of Claude L\u00e9vi-Strauss. In 1966, she married the epigraphist Andr\u00e9 Bernand\u00a0[fr] (1923\u20132013). Bernand is a specialist on the history of New World and Latin America, she conducted field surveys of Andean populations in Argentina, Peru and Ecuador. Since the late 1980s, she has devoted herself to the historical anthropology of Latin America. She teaches at the Paris Nanterre University and is a member of the Institut Universitaire de France. She is also a Deputy Director of the Centre de recherches sur les mondes am\u00e9ricains (\u201cCentre for Research on the American Worlds\u201d) since 1999 and member of editorial board of the anthropological and museological journal Gradhiva. With Serge Gruzinski, she published De l\u2019idol\u00e2trie\u00a0: Une arch\u00e9ologie des sciences religieuses and two volumes of Histoire du Nouveau Monde. She is the author of Un Inca platonicien\u00a0: Garcilaso de la Vega 1539\u20131616 and a heavily illustrated pocket book for \u201cD\u00e9couvertes Gallimard\u201d, Les Incas\u00a0: Peuple du Soleil, which has been translated into ten languages, including English. She also wrote in Spanish a crime novel set in Inca Empire. Co-author with Serge Gruzinski, De l\u2019idol\u00e2trie\u00a0: Une arch\u00e9ologie des sciences religieuses, collection \u00ab\u00a0Philosophie G\u00e9n\u00e9rale\u00a0\u00bb. Seuil, 1988 Les Incas\u00a0: Peuple du Soleil, collection \u00ab\u00a0D\u00e9couvertes Gallimard\u00a0\u00bb (n\u00ba 37), s\u00e9rie Histoire. \u00c9ditions Gallimard, 1988 (new edition in 2010) US edition \u2013 The Incas: People of the Sun, \u201cAbrams Discoveries\u201d series. Harry N. Abrams, 1994 UK edition \u2013 The Incas: Empire of Blood and Gold, \u2018New Horizons\u2019 series. Thames & Hudson, 1994 Co-author with Serge Gruzinski, Histoire du Nouveau Monde (2 volumes), Fayard, 1991 and 1993 Historia de Buenos Aires, Fondo de Cultura Econ\u00f3mica USA, 1999 Un Inca platonicien\u00a0: Garcilaso de la Vega 1539\u20131616, Fayard, 2006 Co-author with Catherine Escrive, Viracocha, le p\u00e8re du Soleil inca, \u00c9ditions Larousse, 2008 Cuzco, le nombril du monde, \u00c9ditions de La Flandonni\u00e8re, 2010 \"Carmen Bernand\". fayard.fr (in French). Retrieved 2018-02-06. \"Carmen Bernand: Anthropologie urbaine/Antropolog\u00eda urbana\". journals.openedition.org (in Spanish). 2008-01-20. Retrieved 2018-02-06. \"Firmas: Carmen Bernand\". letralia.com\u00a0[es] (in Spanish). Retrieved 2018-02-06. \"Les Incas\u00a0: Peuple du Soleil, collection D\u00e9couvertes Gallimard (n\u00b0 37)\". gallimard.fr (in French). 2010-07-01. Retrieved 2018-02-06."
   },
   {
    "name": "Charles Heidsieck",
    "id": "Q2959334",
    "text": "Charles Camille Heidsieck (1822\u20131893) was a French Champagne merchant who founded the Champagne firm Charles Heidsieck in 1851. He is credited with popularizing Champagne in the United States and was known as \"Champagne Charlie\" during his stay. During the American Civil War Heidsieck was imprisoned under suspicion of being a spy for the French government and the Confederacy. His imprisonment sparked an international incident between France and US over what became known as The Heidsieck Incident. Charles Heidsieck was the son of Charles-Henri Heidsieck, a Champagne merchant who was famous for riding into Moscow on a white stallion in 1811 just ahead of Napoleon's advancing army. Heidsieck arrived with cases of his Champagne and his order book, ready to celebrate with whichever side would win the upcoming battle. Charles-Henri was the nephew of Florens-Louis Heidsieck, co-founder of the Champagne house that eventually became Piper-Heidsieck, and cousin of Henri-Louis Walbaum and Pierre Auguste Heidsieck who founded the house that eventually became known as Heidsieck & Co Monopole. Charles Camille was married to Am\u00e9lie Henriot. In 1852, Charles Heidsieck first visited the United States and toured the New England area and New York State. He quickly saw the potential for the American market and retained an agent to facilitate his import sales. The mass import of Champagne was met with roaring success and record sales. When Heidsieck returned five years later, he was greeted in New York City with pomp and celebration with massive newspaper coverage and banquet receptions held in his honor. With this and subsequent trips, he developed the persona of Champagne Charlie that was a fixture of the New York high society scene. In 1861, Charles Heidsieck received news of the conflict breaking out in the United States Civil War. With more than half of his company's assets tied into unpaid accounts in the US, Heidsieck quickly left Reims and set sail for the US. Upon his arrival, he was informed by his sales agent that a new law passed by Congress aimed at absolving Northerners from having to give payment for cotton purchased from the South, also absolved the agent from having to pay his debt to Heidsieck. With no other recourse, Charles Heidsieck set out for New Orleans seeking repayment directly from the merchants that received the Champagne. With the conflict of war, Heidsieck had to travel in secrecy into the South. This meant going as far out of the way as Kansas to avoid detection by the Union Army. Upon his arrival in April 1862, he found the city to be nearly bankrupt and incapable of paying their debts financially. One merchant did have a warehouse full of cotton that was in high demand in Europe due to the shortages caused by the Union blockade. Heidsieck accepted the cotton as payment and attempted to smuggle the cotton out of the port in Mobile, Alabama with the use of two blockade runners. Despite ordering the ships to take different routes in hopes that at least one would make it past the blockade, both ships were intercepted and sunk with all cargo destroyed. By this time, all routes to the North were completely sealed so Heidsieck went to New Orleans and attempted to charter a boat to Mexico or Cuba in hopes of making it back to Europe. To facilitate his passage, the French consul in Mobile gave him a diplomatic pouch with a request to deliver some documents to the consulate in New Orleans. Arriving in New Orleans on 5 May 1862, he found that the city had fallen to Union forces and was immediately seized upon his arrival by General Benjamin F. Butler. Within the diplomatic pouch that was given to Heidsieck by the Mobile consulate were documents from French textile manufacturers about supplying the Confederate armies with their uniforms. Despite Heidsieck's pleas of innocence and ignorance about the documents, he was charged with spying and imprisoned in Fort Jackson, Louisiana. Charles Heidsieck's imprisonment caused a diplomatic incident between the French and US government in what became known as the Heidsieck Incident. Several times, French diplomats and even Napoleon III contacted President Abraham Lincoln campaigning for Heidsieck's release. His release was finally granted on 16 November 1862. By this time, he was in frail health with his business bankrupt and his wife selling off family property to pay for his debts. Heidsieck returned to France, demoralized and broke. In early 1863, Charles Heidsieck was approached by an American missionary with a packet of papers and a letter from the United States. The letter was from the brother of Heidsieck's former agent in New York. The man was ashamed of how his brother cheated Heidsieck out of his obligations and offered him a stack of deeds to land in Colorado as a means of repayment. It turned out that the deeds were of land that accounted for a third of Denver, then a small village, which was soon to blossom into one of the largest and wealthiest cities of the American West. After a few years, Heidsieck was able to sell the land and repay all his debts. With the excess fortune, he was able to relaunch his Champagne house and quickly re-establish it as one of Champagne's premier houses. In 1982, Joseph Henriot's (1936-2015) biographical adventure \"Champagne Charlie\" was published in France Champagne legend Joseph Henriot A 1989 French-Canadian television movie Champagne Charlie portrayed Heidsieck's life. He was played by English actor Hugh Grant. List of wine personalities Eric Glatre, Jacqueline Roubinet, Charles Heidsieck, Un pionnier et un homme d'honneur ed Stock D. & P. Kladstrup Champagne pg 91 Harper Collins Publisher ISBN\u00a00-06-073792-1 D. & P. Kladstrup Champagne pg 81 Harper Collins Publisher ISBN\u00a00-06-073792-1 James Beard Foundation Events Charles-Camille Heidsieck: His Life in Antebellum Louisiana Archived April 12, 2007, at the Wayback Machine D. & P. Kladstrup Champagne pg 85-86 Harper Collins Publisher ISBN\u00a00-06-073792-1 D. & P. Kladstrup Champagne pg 88 Harper Collins Publisher ISBN\u00a00-06-073792-1 D. & P. Kladstrup Champagne pg 89 Harper Collins Publisher ISBN\u00a00-06-073792-1 D. & P. Kladstrup Champagne pg 90 Harper Collins Publisher ISBN\u00a00-06-073792-1 D. & P. Kladstrup Champagne pg 92 Harper Collins Publisher ISBN\u00a00-06-073792-1 Works by or about Charles Heidsieck at Internet Archive Official Site Champagne Charlie (1989) - TV film starring Hugh Grant as Charles Heidsieck"
   },
   {
    "name": "Charles II de Bourbon-Vend\u00f4me",
    "id": "Q2959407",
    "text": "Charles II of Bourbon (1562\u20131594), known as Cardinal de Vend\u00f4me and later as Cardinal de Bourbon, was a prince of the blood of the House of Bourbon. When his Protestant cousin became King Henry IV of France in 1589, he raised the hopes of Catholics hostile to the League and was a candidate for the crown of France. Born August 19, 1562 at Gandelus-en-Brie, Charles was the son of Louis I de Bourbon-Conde, Prince of Conde (uncle of French King Henry IV) and Duke of Enghien, and Eleonore de Roye. He was the nephew of Cardinal Charles de Bourbon. He did not receive priestly ordination. Elected coadjutor archbishop of Rouen with right of succession on 1 August 1582, he did not receive episcopal consecration. He was created cardinal deacon by Pope Gregory XIII in the consistory of December 12, 1583, but he did not receive the red hat or a titular church. He was known as the Cardinal de Vend\u00f4me (the name of the branch of the Bourbon family which he came). He was advisor to King Henry III of France. He was a director of the diocese of Bayeux from 1586 to 1590. In 1589 he was appointed abbot of Saint-Denis in commendam. He also held the commendams of the abbeys of Saint-Germain-des-Pr\u00e9s, Saint-Ouen in Rouen, Bourgueil, St. Catherine of Rouen, St. Pierre of Corbie and Ourscamp. During the events of the League, he chose, unlike his brothers, to follow his uncle, Charles, Cardinal de Bourbon in his action against the Protestants. He showed himself unfavorable to Henry I, Duke of Guise and according to historian Jacques Auguste de Thou was allegedly used by King Henry III to break the influence that Lorraine had over the Cardinal de Bourbon. In 1588, he participated in the Estates General of Blois. The principal is the government which remained in Tours during the vacancy of the throne after the death of Henry III. He recognized Henry IV as king and momentarily became Minister of Justice before the king, who feared the ambition of his young cousin's withdraws. When his uncle died in 1590, he became known as Cardinal de Bourbon. He was appointed archbishop of Rouen (May 9, 1590) in succession to his uncle, but the cathedral chapter refused to acknowledge him. Only after the siege by Henry IV was he accepted. He offered himself as candidate for the throne of France and formed the third party in which were grouped many Catholic nobles unhappy not to see Henry IV to convert to Catholicism. The political interest in the person of Cardinal in 1593, was one of the factors that prompted Henry to convert. He did not participate in any of the five papal conclaves held while he was a cardinal: 1585 to elect Pope Sixtus V, 1590 to elect Urban VII, 1590 to elect Gregory XIV, 1591 to elect Innocent IX, or 1592 to elect Clement VIII. He died July 30, 1594 of dropsy at the Abbey of Saint-Germain-des-Pr\u00e9s. He is buried in the monastery of Gaillon. Ripley, George; Dana, Charles Anderson (1883). \"The American Cyclopaedia: A Popular Dictionary for General Knowledge - Google Books\". Retrieved 2019-06-01. The Cardinals of the Holy Roman Church: Consistory of December 12, 1583 (VII)"
   },
   {
    "name": "Charles Philippe Aubry",
    "id": "Q2959987",
    "text": "Charles-Philippe Aubry or Aubri (died February 17, 1770) was a French soldier and colonial administrator, who served as governor of Louisiana twice in the 18th century. Aubry began his military career in 1742, when he was commissioned as a second lieutenant in the Lyonnais Infantry Regiment. After serving in the War of the Austrian Succession as an officer of grenadiers, Aubry left France to take a commission as a captain of colonial troops in Louisiana. During the French and Indian War, he was the commander of the French forces at the Battle of Fort Ligonier. He was later captured and imprisoned by the British after the French defeat at the Battle of La Belle-Famille. After his release, he was made a Chevalier de St. Louis and military commander of Louisiana. Aubry succeeded Jean-Jacques Blaise d'Abbadie as colonial governor of Louisiana in 1765 after d'Abbadie died in office. During his term, he met with members of the exiled Acadian community under Beausoleil and encouraged them to settle in the Attakapas Territory, where there were abundant grasslands available for development of a local cattle industry. Aubry was followed as governor by the Spaniard Antonio de Ulloa, and served as acting governor again after the latter's expulsion in the Louisiana Rebellion of 1768. After the arrival of a replacement Spanish governor Alejandro O'Reilly, Aubry reportedly provided him with the names of some of the conspirators in the rebellion. Soon afterwards, Aubry left for France on the P\u00e8re de Famille, but died in a shipwreck within sight of the French coast. In 1920, the city of New Orleans named a street after him (Aubry Street), one block from D'Abadie Street. France portal North America portal History portal Lacoste, Elaine. Street Names and Picayune Histories of New Orleans (1997), p.6 Dawson, Joseph G. \"The Louisiana Governors: From Iberville to Edwards\" pp. 41 - 43 Harpster, John W. \"Crossroads: Descriptions of Western Pennsylvania, 1720 - 1829\" pg. 42 Peckham, Howard H. \"The Colonial Wars\" pg. 183 Brasseaux, Carl A. \"The Founding of New Acadia\" pg. 74 Brasseaux, Carl A. \"Acadiana: Louisiana's Cajun Country\" Cowan, Walter Greaves, and McGuire, Jack B. \"Louisiana Governors: Rulers, Rascals, and Reformers\" pg. 35 Beers, Henry Putney \"French and Spanish Records of Louisiana\" pg. 16 Asher, Sally \"Hope and New Orleans: A History of Crescent City Street Names\" pg. 36"
   },
   {
    "name": "Chlo\u00e9 Coulloud",
    "id": "Q2964183",
    "text": "Chlo\u00e9 Coulloud is a French actress, known for her role in the 2011 French horror movie Livide. \"HKIFF 2012: Day 8 Dim Sum Reviews: Mark Cousins' STORY OF FILM & LIVID\". twitchfilm.com. Archived from the original on 2012-04-26. Retrieved 2012-04-11. Chlo\u00e9 Coulloud at IMDb v t e"
   },
   {
    "name": "Christian Gaudin",
    "id": "Q2965287",
    "text": "Christian Gaudin was a French film editor. He worked on more than sixty productions during his career. The Lafarge Case (1938) The Train for Venice (1938) The Murderer Lives at Number 21 (1942) Adrien (1943) Majestic Hotel Cellars (1945) Song of the Clouds (1946) After Love (1948) Dilemma of Two Angels (1948) The Lovers Of Verona (1949) Justice Is Done (1950) Rendezvous in Grenada (1951) Imperial Violets (1952) Spring, Autumn and Love (1955) The Terror with Women (1956) Mademoiselle and Her Gang (1957) Sergeant X (1960) Ravishing (1960) Women Are Like That (1960) Constance aux enfers (1963) Your Turn, Darling (1963) Hardi Pardaillan! (1964) Marvelous Angelique (1965) The Sleeping Car Murders (1965) Angelique and the King (1966) Untamable Angelique (1967) Angelique and the Sultan (1968) The Private Lesson (1968) Waldman p.166 Waldman, Harry. Maurice Tourneur: The Life and Films. McFarland, 2001. Christian Gaudin at IMDb v t e"
   },
   {
    "name": "Christian Polak",
    "id": "Q2965561",
    "text": "Christian Philippe Polak (born August 1950) is a French businessman and author who has published several books on 19th-century Franco-Japanese relations; one Le Monde book review called him \"the best specialist on this question\". Born in Nogaro, Polak graduated from the Department of Japanese studies at INALCO, Paris, in 1971. The same year, he entered Waseda University's Institute of Language and Education as a foreign exchange student. In 1973, he entered the Law Department at Hitotsubashi University, and in 1980 completed his doctorate in law, writing his doctoral thesis on diplomatic relations between France and Japan from 1914 to 1925. After completing his doctoral studies, Polak attempted to obtain a position at a Japanese university, but, according to one source, the then-Japanese government \"denied such a possibility to foreigners\" despite various demonstrations and petitions. Polak abandoned his academic ambitions, and in 1981 founded in Tokyo the Soci\u00e9t\u00e9 d\u2019Etudes et de Recherches Industrielles et Commerciales (K.K. SERIC), providing advice and support to foreign businesses in areas of metallurgy, aeronautics, automobiles, and the environment. In 1990, Polak founded SERIC S.A., a Paris-based consulting company specializing in Franco-Japanese partnerships. Polak has continued academic and research activities in parallel to his business career. He has been a visiting research fellow at Hitotsubashi University, a law lecturer at Chuo University's Law Department, and a researcher at the Maison Franco-Japonaise. With Tomohiko Taniguchi, the Deputy Press Secretary to Japan's Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Polak contributed lead essays to the July 2003 Gaiko Forum, a foreign-affairs journal published by Toshi Shuppan. Polak is also President of the Franco-Japanese Association of Kanagawa, and was nominated by the French government as \"consultant for the foreign trade of France\" in 2002. He received the Medal of the Ordre national du M\u00e9rite (Chevalier class on 29 September 1989, and Officer class on 30 April 2002). Writing in the foreword to Polak's book, Hiroshi Ueki, former director of Japan's Agency for Cultural Affairs, called Polak \"a recognized historian of Franco-Japanese relations as well as an accomplished businessman.\" Polak has written several books on the interaction between France and Japan from the Bakumatsu period around 1858, when both countries opened diplomatic relations. The art book Soie et Lumieres (2001) described the interaction between Japan's silk trade and France's exports of technology, and Sabre et Pinceau (2005) the military and artistic relations of the two countries. \"Lavishly illustrated with reproductions of woodblock prints, old photographs, and previously unpublished documents of the period, [Soie et Lumieres] covers a little-known subject: the role of France in the modernization of Japan since the beginning of the 19th century .... The best specialist on this question, Christian Polak knows how to revive a forgotten epoch. \u2014\u2009Philippe Pons, le Monde Polak has been published on French military missions to Japan of the late 19th and early 20th centuries (1867\u20131868, 1872\u20131880, 1884\u20131889, and 1918\u20131919). He was sought for comment due to his work on the life of French adventurer Jules Brunet, an inspiration for the movie The Last Samurai. He has also written on the involvement of various French engineers and traders in the Europeanization of Japan during the Meiji period, such as Emile Bertin and L\u00e9once Verny. His collaboration with Soichiro Honda on Honda's autobiography was noted for its coverage of Honda's battles with Japan's Ministry of International Trade and Industry over the introduction of the kei car into the Japanese automobile industry. Polak has written on artists who played a role in Franco-Japanese relations, such as in his book on painter Paul Jacoulet. Tai Kawabata, a Japan Times staff writer, calls him a Jacoulet expert. According to the Monthly Letter of the French Chamber of Commerce in Japan: \"In parallel to his professional activities, Christian Polak cultivates his taste and his knowledge of History, as a teacher and a researcher. His assiduous studies gave birth to two sublime books of art, Soie et lumiere and Sabre et pinceau. Thanks to these works, people with amazing destinies find the light again, such as Jules Brunet: this officer, member of the French military mission sent to Japan as an artillery instructor, joined, after the defeat of the sh\u014dgun, the rebellion against Imperial troops, serving as an inspiration for the hero of the Last Samurai.\" \u2014\u2009Monthly Letter of the French Chamber of Commerce in Japan, p.\u00a09 \"Diner des sempais en compagnie de M.Christian Polak. de Beauc\u00e9, Thierry, with contributions by Christian Polak and T\u014dru Araki (1980). \u30b8\u30e3\u30dd\u30cb\u30c1\u30e5\u30fc\u30c9 \u30d5\u30e9\u30f3\u30b9\u306e\u77e5\u6027\u304c\u898b\u305f\u300a\u65e5\u672c\u306e\u6df1\u5c64\u69cb\u9020\u300b (\u00cele absolue) (in Japanese). OCLC\u00a068207108.CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) Honda, S\u014dichir\u014d, with the collaboration of Thierry de Beauc\u00e9, and Christian Polak (1979). Honda par Honda (in French). Paris: Stock (publishing house). ISBN\u00a02-234-01060-8. OCLC\u00a021285378.CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) Jacoulet, Paul, Kiyoko Sawatari, Christian Polak, and Yokohama Bijutsukan (2003). Paul Jacoulet: cr\u00e9ature d'ukiyo-e, couleurs de r\u00eave arc-en-ciel. \u30dd\u30fc\u30eb\u30fb\u30b8\u30e3\u30af\u30ec\u30fc (P\u014dru Jakur\u0113 ten: saik\u014d no yume o tsumuida Furansujin yukioeshi). Yokohama: Yokohama Bijutsukan (Yokohama Museum of Art), Tankosha Publishing. ISBN\u00a04-473-01992-6. OCLC\u00a054397718. Retrieved 4 April 2008.CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) Okada, Shinichi, Akira Tanaka, Christian Polak, Konno Tetsuya and Amibuchi Kenjo (1988). End of the Bakufu and Restoration in Hakodate (in Japanese). \u51fd\u9928\u306e\u5e55\u672b\u30fb\u7dad\u65b0\u3000\u30d5\u30e9\u30f3\u30b9\u58eb\u5b98\u30d6\u30ea\u30e5\u30cd\u306e\u30b9\u30b1\u30c3\u30c1 100 \u679a. Chuo Kouronsha. ISBN\u00a04-12-001699-4.CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) Polak, Christian (1977). \"L'abb\u00e9 Mermet de Cachon et l'aube des relations franco-japonaises (summary of presentation given at conference)\". Transactions of the International Conference of Orientalists in Japan. T\u014dh\u014d Gakkai (Institute of Eastern Culture). Polak, Christian (1979). \"The Washington Conference and the French-Japanese relations (summary of presentation given at conference)\". Transactions of the International Conference of Orientalists in Japan. T\u014dh\u014d Gakkai (Institute of Eastern Culture). Polak, Christian (2001, 2002). Silk and light: the unknown 100 years history of France-Japan relations (Soie et Lumieres: L'Age d'or des \u00e9changes franco-japonais (des origines aux ann\u00e9es 1950)) (in French and Japanese). \u7d79\u3068\u5149: \u77e5\u3089\u308c\u3056\u308b\u65e5\u4ecf\u4ea4\u6d41 100 \u5e74\u306e\u6b74\u53f2 (\u6c5f\u6238\u6642\u4ee3 ~1950 \u5e74\u4ee3) (Kinu to hikari: shirarezaru Nichi-Futsu k\u014dry\u016b 100-nen no rekishi (Edo jidai-1950-nendai)), also \u65e5\u4ecf\u4ea4\u6d41\u306e\u9ec4\u91d1\u671f (Shohan\u00a0ed.). Chambre de Commerce et d'Industrie Fran\u00e7aise du Japon, Hachette Fujingaho, Hachette Fujin Gah\u014dsha (\u30a2\u30b7\u30a7\u30c3\u30c8\u5a66\u4eba\u753b\u5831\u793e). ISBN\u00a04-573-06210-6. OCLC\u00a050875162. Check date values in: |year= (help) Polak, Christian (2005). Sabre et Pinceau: Par d'autres Fran\u00e7ais au Japon. 1872-1960 (in French and Japanese). Hiroshi Ueki (\u690d\u6728 \u6d69), Philippe Pons, foreword; \u7b46\u3068\u5200\u30fb\u65e5\u672c\u306e\u4e2d\u306e\u3082\u3046\u3072\u3068\u3064\u306e\u30d5\u30e9\u30f3\u30b9 (1872-1960). Chambre de Commerce et d'Industrie Fran\u00e7aise du Japon, Hachette Fujingaho. Polak, Christian and al. The French story of Yokohama: French Diplomacy and Yokohama. \u6a2a\u6d5c\u30d5\u30e9\u30f3\u30b9\u7269\u8a9e\u30fb\u30d5\u30e9\u30f3\u30b9\u306e\u5916\u4ea4\u3068\u6a2a\u6d5c. Industrial Technology center (\u7523\u696d\u6280\u8853\u30bb\u30f3\u30bf\u30fc\u520a). Polak, Christian; Sylvain Belmondo (2006). Japan R&D Policies and Programs in the Aeronautic and Space Sectors (PDF). SERIC. Archived from the original (PDF) on 8 October 2006. Retrieved 4 April 2008. Polak, Christian; Taniguchi, Tomohiko (July 2003). \"Lead Essays\". Gaiko Forum. Toshi Shuppan. 180. Retrieved 2 April 2008. France\u2013Japan relations (19th century) \"Christian Polak\" (in Japanese). Archived from the original on 30 June 2008. Retrieved 4 April 2008. Bennett, Terry (2006). Photography in Japan: 1853\u20131912. Tokyo; Rutland, VT: Tuttle. p.\u00a0143. ISBN\u00a00-8048-3633-7. OCLC\u00a072868557. Collector and writer Christian Polak, an expert on early French-Japanese relations. Pons, Philippe (26 July 2002). \"Ces Fran\u00e7ais du Japon\". Livres. Le Monde. p.\u00a07. Retrieved 7 April 2008. A travers quelques figures c\u00e9l\u00e8bres, Christian Polak retrace 50 ans d'\u00e9changes franco-japonais. Richement illustr\u00e9 de reproductions d'estampes, de photographies anciennes et de documents d'\u00e9poque in\u00e9dits, ce livre traite d'un sujet peu connu: le r\u00f4le de la France dans la modernisation du Japon depuis le milieu du XIXe si\u00e8cle. Fruit d'un patient travail de collection de documents, de journaux de voyage, de vieilles lettres, d'albums de photographies jaunies et d'ouvrages, amass\u00e9s au cours de longues ann\u00e9es de recherche \u00e9rudite qui font de l'auteur le meilleur sp\u00e9cialiste de cette question, Christian Polak sait faire revivre une \u00e9poque oubli\u00e9e \u00e0 travers quelques figures, c\u00e9l\u00e8bres ou non, parmi ceux qui form\u00e8rent la premi\u00e8re communaut\u00e9 fran\u00e7aise d\u2019un Japon qui s\u2019ouvrait \u00e0 l\u2019\u00e9tranger apr\u00e8s deux si\u00e8cles et demi de fermeture. \"Christian Polak\" (in Japanese). Retrieved 4 April 2008. Polak 2001, p. 239. Original French: \"Apr\u00e8s avoir soutenu une th\u00e8se sur les relations diplomatiques entre la France et le Japon de 1914 \u00e0 1925 il quitte le monde \u00e9tudiant et se heurte \u00e0 la rigidit\u00e9 du gouvernement japonais de l'\u00e9poque qui refuse aux \u00e9trangers d'enseigner en universit\u00e9s nationales. Malgr\u00e9 les manifestations et petitions qui circulent aupr\u00e8s de personnalit\u00e9s influentes, Christian Polak doit finalement renoncer \u00e0 son premier r\u00eave. Il se tourne alors vers le monde des affaires et \u00e9tablit son entreprise de conseil, la soci\u00e9t\u00e9 Seric.\" \"Source: Letter of the French Chamber of Commerce in Japan, p.9\" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 29 October 2007. Retrieved 17 August 2013. \"Conf\u00e9rence du Paris Club de M. Christian Polak\". 2007. Archived from the original on 11 April 2008. Retrieved 4 April 2008. \"D\u00eener des Senpai en compagnie de M. Christian Polak, \"facilitateur d'affaires\"\" (PDF). 2006. Archived from the original on 29 October 2007. Retrieved 4 April 2008.CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (link) \"Conseil \u00e9conomique Christian Polak\". les \u00c9chos (France). 6 March 1992. p.\u00a025. Retrieved 7 April 2008. Il a fond\u00e9 en 1981 la KK SERIC au Japon, puis en 1990 la SERIC SA a Paris, soci\u00e9t\u00e9 de repr\u00e9sentation et de conseil en strat\u00e9gie de d\u00e9veloppement sp\u00e9cialis\u00e9e dans les partenariats entre entreprises francaises et japonaises. Polak and Taniguchi 2003. \"Soci\u00e9t\u00e9 franco-japonaise de Kanagawa\" (in Japanese). Soci\u00e9t\u00e9 franco-japonaise de Kanagawa. Retrieved 4 April 2008. D\u00e9cret du 20 f\u00e9vrier 2002 portant nomination de conseillers du commerce ext\u00e9rieur de la France \"D\u00e9cret du 30 avril 2002 portant promotion et nomination NOR: PREX0205524D\" (in French). legifrance.gouv.fr. 30 April 2002. Retrieved 4 April 2008. Polak 2005, p. 4. Ueki is the former director of Japan's Agency for Cultural Affairs and director of the Museum of Contemporary Art, Tokyo. \"\u65e5\u4ecf\u4ea4\u6d41\u53f2\u306e\u512a\u308c\u305f\u7814\u7a76\u8005\u3067\u3042\u308a\u3001\u540c\u6642\u306b\u6709\u80fd\u306a\u30d3\u30b8\u30cd\u30b9\u30de\u30f3\u3067\u3082\u3042\u308b\u30af\u30ea\u30b9\u30c1\u30e3\u30f3\u30fb\u30dd\u30e9\u30c3\u30af\u6c0f\"\u3001\u7b46\u3068\u5200\u3001\" \"Christian Polak, un historien reconnu des relations Franco-Japonaises, en m\u00eame temps qu'un homme d'affaire accompli.\" \"Sabre et Pinceau\" (PDF). Lettre Mensuelle (Monthly Newsletter) (in French). French Chamber of Commerce and Industry in Japan. pp.\u00a013\u201314. Archived from the original (PDF) on 6 February 2006. Retrieved 4 April 2008. \"Le dernier samoura\u00ef \u00e9tait un capitaine fran\u00e7ais (The Last Samurai was a French captain)\". le Soleil. 6 March 2004. p.\u00a0G8. Christian Polak, 54 ans, homme d'affaires et \u00e9rudit. \"Monthly Letter of the French Chamber of Commerce in Japan, p.9 \"Diner des sempais en compagnie de M.Christian Polak\" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 29 October 2007. Retrieved 17 August 2013. Barroux, David (6 August 2001). \"Un nom, une Marque (Soichiro Honda)\". les \u00c9chos (France). p.\u00a039. Retrieved 3 April 2008. Christian Polak, un homme d'affaires fran\u00e7ais install\u00e9 au Japon qui a bien connu M. Honda et qui a publi\u00e9 une biographie en fran\u00e7ais sur ce grand personnage qui citait Napol\u00e9on comme mod\u00e8le. Kawabata, Tai (21 May 2003). \"Paul Jacoulet: The first Western master of woodblock\". Japan Times. Retrieved 4 April 2008. Christian Polak on Japan-US.org French Chamber of Commerce and Industry in Japan"
   },
   {
    "name": "Christophe Boutin",
    "id": "Q2966125",
    "text": "Christophe Boutin (born 28 October 1959) is a French political scientist. Doctor of political sciences and public law, he is a professor at the University of Caen, after having been on the staff of the University of Burgundy. After a thesis on the political thought of Julius Evola, he focused his research on electoral studies, the question of decentralisation and on political parties in France. Politique et tradition. Julius Evola dans le si\u00e8cle (1898\u20131974), Paris, \u00c9ditions Kim\u00e9, 1992. With Fr\u00e9d\u00e9ric Rouvillois, Quinquennat ou septennat\u00a0?, Paris, Flammarion, 2000. (ed.) with Fr\u00e9d\u00e9ric Rouvillois, L'abstention \u00e9lectorale, apaisement ou \u00e9puisement, lecture, 29\u201330 November 2001, Organised by CENTRE (Centre d'\u00e9tudes normand sur la th\u00e9orie et la r\u00e9gulation de l'\u00c9tat), Paris, F.-X. de Guibert, 2002. (ed) with Fr\u00e9d\u00e9ric Rouvillois, D\u00e9centraliser en France. Id\u00e9ologies, histoire et prospective, CENTRE lecture, 28 and 29 November 2002, Caen, Paris, F.-X. de Guibert, 2003. (ed.) with Fr\u00e9d\u00e9ric Rouvillois, Partis politiques et d\u00e9mocratie. Ins\u00e9parables mais incompatibles, CENTRE lecture, November 2004, Caen, Paris, F.-X. de Guibert, 2005. Gens de mer au travail, work coordinated by Christophe Boutin, Jean-Louis Lenhof, \u00c9lisabeth Ridel, published by P\u00f4le Maritime, introduction by Andr\u00e9 Zysberg, Caen, Maison de la recherche en sciences humaines de Caen, 2007. \"Parlons d'autre chose\". Dedefensa (in French). 18 June 2008. Retrieved 16 February 2011. v t e"
   },
   {
    "name": "Lucien Poirier",
    "id": "Q2979502",
    "text": "Lucien Poirier (1918\u00a0\u2013 10 January 2013) was a general of the French Army and a theoretician of nuclear deterrence. Poirier began his military service at the beginning of World War II, after graduating from Special Military School of Saint-Cyr, and he was imprisoned in Germany until 1945. After the war, Poirier continued in the military with the French Foreign Legion (beginning as a Captain) in conflicts in Indochina (First Indochina War) and Algeria (Algerian War). Poirier took part in the design of the French doctrine for use of nuclear weapons, the so-called \"weak-to-strong strategy\" (stat\u00e9gie du faible au fort), intended to deter the much stronger Soviet Union from invading France and Europe. Poirier began to write while in the French Army in 1968. After being promoted to General in 1974, he retired to become an academic specializing in military strategy at Universit\u00e9 de Paris (now Pantheon-Sorbonne University l\u2019Ecole des Hautes Etudes en Sciences Sociales (EHESS), Pantheon-Sorbonne University \u00e0 l\u2019Ecole normale sup\u00e9rieure (ENS) and \u00c9cole nationale d'administration (ENA). Poirier authored several books on the subject of military strategy and nuclear deterrence: Des strat\u00e9gies nucl\u00e9aires, Paris Hachette, 1977. Essais de strat\u00e9gie th\u00e9orique, Institut de strat\u00e9gie compar\u00e9e, 1982. Strat\u00e9gies nucl\u00e9aires, Bruxelles, Complexe, 1988. La Crise des fondements, Paris, ISC/Economica, 1994. La r\u00e9serve et l'attente\u00a0: l'avenir des armes nucl\u00e9aires fran\u00e7aises, with Fran\u00e7ois G\u00e9r\u00e9, Economica, Paris, 2001, 329 pp. Porier remained active into his 90s and died on 9 or 10 January 2013. He was 94. Lucien POIRIER. \"Diploweb.com, revue geopolitique, articles, cartes, relations internationales\". Diploweb.com. Retrieved 2013-01-12. \"Archived copy\". Archived from the original on 2013-02-16. Retrieved 2013-01-14.CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link) \"D\u00e9c\u00e8s du g\u00e9n\u00e9ral Lucien Poirier, l'un des th\u00e9oriciens de la doctrine de dissuasion fran\u00e7aise\". 12 January 2013. (in French) Lucien Poirier\u00a0: \"je crois en la vertu rationalisante de l'atome\", interview for Le Monde v t e"
   }
  ]
 },
 {
  "relation_id": "P19",
  "target_id": "Q734696",
  "target_name": "Fleet",
  "samples": [
   {
    "name": "Juliet Aubrey",
    "id": "Q292584",
    "text": "Juliet Emma Aubrey (born 17 December 1966) is a British actress of theatre, film, and television. She won the 1995 BAFTA TV Award for Best Actress for playing Dorothea in the BBC serial Middlemarch (1994). She is also known for her role as Helen Cutter in the ITV series Primeval (2007\u20132011). Her film appearances include Still Crazy (1998), The Constant Gardener (2005) and The Infiltrator (2016). Born in Fleet, Hampshire, Aubrey attended King's College London from 1984, where she studied Classics and Archaeology. While there, however, her love of acting grew, and during a year studying in Italy where she joined a traveling theatre company, Aubrey decided to apply for drama school on her return. She did, and went on to train for three years at the Central School of Speech and Drama. Her first job was with the Oxford Stage Company playing Miranda in The Tempest. The Italian director Roberto Faenza gave Aubrey her first film role playing opposite Jean-Hugues Anglade in Look to the Sky, a film produced by Elda Ferri, and set during the Nazi Holocaust. Juliet won the Davide Donatelli award for Best Actress for her role as Hannah. Antony Page and Louis Marks then cast Aubrey as Dorothea in the BBC adaptation of Middlemarch opposite Rufus Sewell, for which she won a BAFTA for Best Actress, and the Broadcasting Press Guild for Best Actress. She then joined Haris Pasovic's Sarajevo Theatre Company. She appeared in several plays with the company, all created through the actors' improvisation. She continued to build her career as a theatre actress, appearing next in Trevor Nunn's Summerfolk and Katie Mitchell's Ivanov at The National, Tim Crouch's An Oak Tree for Karl James at The Soho Theatre, and Three Sisters, Twelfth Night and The Collection all for Chris White. Michael Winterbottom then cast her opposite Robert Carlyle and James Nesbitt in the much acclaimed film Go Now. Aubrey's subsequent films include Winterbottom's Welcome to Sarajevo, Stephen Poliakoff's Food of Love\u00a0\u2014 for which she won Best Actress at La Baule European Film Festival\u00a0\u2014 Faenza's Lost Lover, Giacomo Campiotti's Time to Love, Richard Eyre's Iris, Fernando Meirelles's Constant Gardener and Brian Gibson's Still Crazy, nominated for two Golden Globes. Other features include Matt Lipsey's Caught in the Act, and Mat Cod's Super Eruption. Television work includes The Village; The White Queen, Criminal Justice, Vera, Hunted, and the highly acclaimed Five Daughters. Her recent feature films are Scott Hicks's Fallen; Mitch Davis's Stuck; Fabio Guaglione's Mine; and Brad Furman's Infiltrator. Aubrey played Lily Hill in the 2017 web television series Snatch. Aubrey was born and brought up in Fleet, Hampshire. She had two siblings, her elder sister Sian, who died in 2011, and her older brother Jonathan. In 2001, Aubrey married production designer Steve Ritchie, whom she met several years earlier while filming in Newcastle upon Tyne. They have two daughters. She is a cousin of David Howell Evans (The Edge), guitarist of the band U2. \"Awards 1995\". www.broadcastingpressguild.org. Retrieved 16 November 2012. \"La Baule European Film Festival - 1\". en.unifrance.org. Retrieved 16 November 2012.[permanent dead link] Lockyer, Daphne (25 May 2013). \"The Memory of my sister inspires everything I do\". www.telegraph.co.uk. Retrieved 14 November 2013. Rees (11 April 2009). \"Green goddess; With Primeval back on our screens, Juliet Aubrey's playing nasty again. The award-winning actress tells about being an eco-warrior\u00a0\u2014 and how bad girl Helen Cutter is really a great role model\". thefreelibrary.com. Retrieved 19 November 2012. Juliet Aubrey at IMDb"
   },
   {
    "name": "Cecil Bouchier",
    "id": "Q5055968",
    "text": "Air Vice Marshal Sir Cecil Arthur Bouchier KBE, CB, DFC (14 October 1895 \u2013 15 June 1979) served with the British Army, Royal Flying Corps, Indian Air Force and Royal Air Force from 1915 to 1953. He was Air Officer Commanding British Commonwealth Air Forces as part of the Occupation Force in Japan from 1945 to 1948. Bouchier was married to Dorothy Britton, who translated a number of Japanese books into English. Distinguished Flying Cross awarded to Flying Officer Cecil Arthur Bouchier on 18 November 1919. Flying Officer Cyril Arthur Bouchier \u2013 A very skilful pilot of marked, initiative and courage. Has been brought to notice on many occasions for the determination shown in his attacks. His methods are somewhat original. By flying low, parallel with and behind the enemy's lines, stampeding convoys and destroying wagons, he has caused the greatest confusion amongst the enemy, to the great advantage of our own forces. Flying Officer Bouchier is a highly competent reconnaissance officer The citation had the wrong first name and was corrected to Cecil in a later gazette. Squadron Leader Cecil Arthur Bouchier, DFC appointed an Officer of the Order of the British Empire on 23 June 1936 Air Commodore Cecil Arthur Bouchier CBE, DFC appointed a Companion of the Order of the Bath on 14 June 1945 9 March 1948 Air Vice Marshal Cecil Arthur Bouchier, CB, CBE, DFC is allowed to war decoration of Commander of the Legion of Merit conferred by the President of the United States in recognition of valuable services rendered in connection with the war. Air Vice Marshal Cecil Arthur Bouchier, CB, CBE, DFC appointed a Knight Commander of the Order of the British Empire on 1 January 1953 Trumpeter, Honourable Artillery Company Flying Officer \u2013 2 February 1918 (Royal Flying Corps) Flying Officer \u2013 1 August 1919 (permanent commission Royal Air Force) Flight Lieutenant \u2013 1 January 1926 Squadron Leader \u2013 1 August 1935 Wing Commander \u2013 1 July 1938 Group Captain \u2013 1 December 1940 Air Commodore \u2013 1 October 1946 Air Vice Marshal \u2013 25 June 1949 Biography portal History of the Indian Air Force Notes \"No. 31647\". The London Gazette (Supplement). 18 November 1919. p.\u00a014000. \"No. 31691\". The London Gazette (Supplement). 16 December 1919. p.\u00a015615. \"No. 34296\". The London Gazette (Supplement). 19 June 1936. p.\u00a04003. \"No. 37119\". The London Gazette (Supplement). 8 June 1945. p.\u00a02936. \"No. 38231\". The London Gazette (Supplement). 9 March 1948. p.\u00a01743. \"No. 39732\". The London Gazette (Supplement). 30 December 1952. p.\u00a09. \"No. 30666\". The London Gazette (Supplement). 29 December 1925. p.\u00a05340. \"No. 31669\". The London Gazette. 2 December 1919. p.\u00a08. \"No. 33119\". The London Gazette. 29 December 1925. p.\u00a014924. \"No. 34187\". The London Gazette. 6 August 1935. p.\u00a05054. \"No. 34527\". The London Gazette. 1 July 1938. p.\u00a04248. Further reading Air of Authority \u2013 A History of RAF Organisation \u2013 Air Vice Marshal Sir Cecil Bouchier Air Vice Marshal Sir Cecil Bouchier, Spitfires in Japan \u2013 A Memoir, Global Oriental, 2005. Grey, Jeffrey. The Commonwealth Armies and the Korean War: An Alliance Study. Manchester University Press, 1990."
   },
   {
    "name": "Christian Jolley",
    "id": "Q5109788",
    "text": "Christian Anthony Hillard Jolley (born 12 May 1988) is an English former professional footballer who played as a winger or a striker. He has previously played for Oxted & District, Warlingham, Kingstonian, AFC Wimbledon, Newport County, Forest Green Rovers, Grimsby Town, Margate, Hampton & Richmond Borough, Woking and Leatherhead. Jolley began his career at Oxted and District while working at a local gym called Tandridge Trust, Leisure & Culture Limited (formerly Tandridge Leisure Limited). In September 2009, he was given a trial by Kingstonian which led to Jolley signing a contract with the club in December 2009. He immediately broke into a first team which narrowly missed out on promotion via the playoffs. After impressing at Kingstonian, Jolley was signed by AFC Wimbledon in May 2010. He scored on his debut away against Southport on the first day of the 2010\u201311 season. He was an unused substitute for the team's play-off final victory over Luton Town that season, which won Wimbledon promotion to the Football League via a penalty shoot-out after a goalless 120 minutes, in which they returned to league football for the first time since Wimbledon F.C. split into AFC Wimbledon and MK Dons. On 3 July 2011, he signed a new contract. On 29 July, Jolley started for the Dons in their first ever League Cup match, producing an assist for Jack Midson. On 15 November 2012, Jolley joined Conference National side Newport County on loan. He made his debut for the club on 18 November 2012, scoring Newport's only goal in a 3\u20131 home defeat by Hyde. After his prolific form, consisting of five league goals in only four league games, Jolley was recalled by AFC Wimbledon on 14 December 2012. However, on 11 January 2013 Jolley returned to Newport County on a permanent deal for an undisclosed fee. In the 2012\u201313 season he was part of the Newport team that finished third in the league, reaching the Conference National playoffs. Newport County won the playoff final versus Wrexham at Wembley Stadium 2\u20130 to return to the Football League after a 25-year absence with promotion to Football League Two. Jolley scored the first goal. In June 2013, Jolley was named in the 2012\u201313 Conference Premier team of the year On 25 September 2014, Jolley joined Forest Green Rovers on a one-month loan. He made his Forest Green debut on 27 September 2014, playing 69 minutes in a 2\u20131 home defeat against Barnet. On 24 October 2014, it was confirmed that his loan spell with Forest Green had been extended by a further month. Having made seven league appearances, his loan spell with the club came to an end on 22 November 2014 after Forest Green boss Adrian Pennock confirmed he would be returning to Newport County. On 21 January 2015, having made only 5 league appearances in the 2014\u201315 season, Jolley's contract with Newport County was terminated by mutual consent. On 26 January 2015, Jolley signed for Conference Premier side Grimsby Town until the end of the season. On 27 June 2015, Jolley signed for National League South side Margate. After just one campaign in Kent, Jolley opted to reunite with former Kingstonian manager, Alan Dowson at Hampton & Richmond Borough in July 2016. In his two years at the club, Jolley featured over seventy times, before making the move to fellow National League South side, Woking, along with manager, Dowson. On the opening day of the campaign, he went onto make his Cards debut during their 1\u20130 away victory over East Thurrock United. After only featuring in just three league fixtures, Jolley sustained a long-term ankle injury later that month, which subsequently, ruled him out for three months. In order to gain match fitness, Jolley joined Surrey-based side, Leatherhead on a dual-registration basis and went onto feature twice before returning to the Woking starting XI in their FA Cup second round tie against Swindon Town. On 16 March 2019, Jolley scored his first goal for the club during a 3\u20133 draw with fellow promotion hopefuls, Welling United. Proceeding the conclusion of the 2018\u201319 campaign, Jolley announced his retirement from football, with a view to a coaching role at the club under Dowson. Jolley made his debut for the England C team on 5 February 2013 as a second-half substitute in the 1\u20130 defeat against Turkey Under 23's. Following his retirement Jolley became the founder of Make Movements, a mobile massage and movement therapy business based in Surrey and London. As of match played 22 April 2019. Two appearances and one goal in FA Trophy, two appearances and one goal in Conference Premier play-offs Appearance(s) in Football League Trophy Appearance(s) in FA Trophy Appearance(s) in Conference Premier play-offs Appearance(s) in National League South play-offs AFC Wimbledon Conference Premier Play-offs Winners (1): 2010\u201311 Newport County Conference Premier Play-offs Winners (1): 2012\u201313 Woking National League South Play-off Winners (1): 2018\u201319 \"Jolley, CAH (Christian)\", English National Football Archive Rollin, Glenda; Rollin, Jack, eds. (2012). Sky Sports Football Yearbook 2012\u20132013 (43rd\u00a0ed.). London: Headline. p.\u00a0418. ISBN\u00a0978-0-7553-6356-8. \"Christian Jolley, pre-season, 02/08/11\". afcwimbledon.tv. 3 August 2011. Archived from the original on 20 August 2013. Retrieved 3 August 2011. \"Christian Jolley signs for Kingstonian\". Oxted and District F.C. Archived from the original on 7 March 2014. Retrieved 18 November 2012. Slavin, Chris (29 April 2011). \"Dons star wants to erase Kingstonian play-off heartbreak\". Surrey Herald. Archived from the original on 9 May 2011. Retrieved 3 August 2011. \"AFC Wimbledon 1st Team Squad: Christian Jolley\". Wimbledon F.C. Archived from the original on 12 October 2011. Retrieved 3 August 2011. Slavin, Chris (11 January 2013). \"Christian's magic moments\". AFC Wimbledon. Retrieved 7 March 2014. \"AFC Wimbledon 0\u20130 Luton\". BBC Sport. 21 May 2011. Retrieved 26 January 2015. \"New AFC Wimbledon deals for Hatton and Jolley\". BBC News. 3 July 2011. Archived from the original on 4 September 2011. Retrieved 3 August 2011. \"Match Report: Carling Cup, 29 July 2011\". Wimbledon F.C. 29 July 2011. Archived from the original on 25 September 2011. Retrieved 3 August 2011. \"Newport sign two players on loan, and three are poised to leave\". BBC Sport. Retrieved 18 November 2012. \"Newport 1\u20133 Hyde\". BBC Sport. Retrieved 18 November 2012. Slavin, Chris (14 December 2012). \"Dons recall Christian Jolley\". AFC Wimbledon. Retrieved 7 March 2014. Slavin, Chris (11 January 2013). \"Christian leaves Wimbledon\". AFC Wimbledon. Retrieved 7 March 2014. Hughes, Dewi (5 May 2013). \"Wrexham 0\u20132 Newport\". BBC Sport. Retrieved 5 May 2013. Jolley in team of the year \"Newport striker joins Forest Green Rovers\". BBC Sport. 25 September 2014. Retrieved 25 September 2014. \"Forest Green 1-2 Barnet\". BBC Sport. 27 September 2014. Retrieved 4 October 2014. \"Jolley stays longer at Forest Green\". Non League Pitchero. 24 October 2014. Retrieved 25 October 2014. \"Forest Green boss Pennock pleased with point at Dover\". Gloucester Citizen. 23 November 2014. Archived from the original on 15 December 2014. Retrieved 23 November 2014. \"Christian Jolley: Newport County release promotion winner\". BBC Sport. 21 January 2015. Retrieved 21 January 2015. \"Grimsby Town snap up Christian Jolley and Gregor Robertson\". Grimsby Telegraph. 26 January 2015. Retrieved 26 January 2015. \"Christian Jolley and Gregor Robertson join Grimsby Town\". BBC Sport. 26 January 2015. Retrieved 26 January 2015. \"Margate FC\". \"Christian Jolley\". Hampton & Richmond Borough F.C. Retrieved 13 July 2019. \"Dowse adds Christian Jolley to his squad\". Woking F.C. 13 June 2018. Retrieved 13 July 2019. \"East Thurrock United vs. Woking\". Soccerway. 4 August 2018. Retrieved 13 July 2019. \"Injured Woking star Christian Jolley playing his part on sidelines - with no regrets\". Get Surrey. 30 August 2018. Retrieved 13 July 2019. \"Swindon Town vs. Woking\". Soccerway. 2 December 2018. Retrieved 13 July 2019. \"Welling United vs. Woking\". Soccerway. 16 March 2019. Retrieved 13 July 2019. Jolley England C debut \"Christian Jolley Profile\". Aylesbury United. Retrieved 3 May 2019. \"C. Jolley\". Soccerway. Retrieved 3 May 2019. \"Christian Jolley\". Hampton & Richmond Borough F.C. Retrieved 3 May 2019. \"Christian Jolley\". Hampton & Richmond Borough F.C. Retrieved 3 May 2019. \"Appearances - Christian Jolley\". Football Web Pages. Retrieved 3 May 2019. Christian Jolley at Soccerbase Christian Jolley at Soccerway"
   },
   {
    "name": "Corinne Yorston",
    "id": "Q5170606",
    "text": "Corinne Louise Yorston (born 15 June 1983) is an English international footballer who plays as a defender for Keynsham Town. Although primarily a left-back, who won most of her England caps playing in central defence, she has also played as a midfielder at club level. She has also previously represented English Universities. Yorston began her career with Southampton Saints. She was inspired by Southampton coach Sue Lopez. In the 2003 close season, Yorston joined Fulham Ladies with whom she made her England debut in 2003. Soon after this she suffered a couple of stress fractures that kept her out of the game for nearly a year. She joined Bristol Academy in the 2005 close season, and went on to have three seasons as club captain. She joined Arsenal Ladies in July 2009, but returned to Bristol in 2010. She was loaned out to Keynsham Town to maintain fitness ahead of Bristol's FA WSL season, which began in April 2011. At the end of the 2014 season, Yorston left Bristol Academy to join FA WSL 2 side Yeovil Town. Yorston won 19 caps at Under-19 level and also played at Under-23 level before joining the England senior team. She made her debut, as a substitute, in the game against Germany in September 2003 and played, again as a substitute, in the game against Denmark in February 2004. Her next game for England was not until March 2007 when she was a substitute for Rachel Unitt in the game against Scotland. In May 2009, Yorston was one of the first 17 female players to be given central contracts by the Football Association. Yorston has a degree in biochemistry and graduated with a Masters from the University of Bath, where she had been awarded a Talented Athlete Scholarship. After completing her Masters she began studying for an MPhil at the FA National Women's Player Development Centre at Loughborough University. Arsenal FA Women's Premier League: 2010 FAWSL Goal of the Month: April 2013 \"RCD Espanyol 6\u20131 Bristol Academy WFC\". International Women's Cup. Archived from the original on 12 March 2012. Retrieved 17 September 2010. \"Statistics 2009\u201310\". Arsenal F.C. Archived from the original on 26 March 2012. Retrieved 26 August 2010. \"Corinne Yorston: The biochemist trying to lead Yeovil to promotion\". BBC.co.uk. \"University experience is developing women's football\". British Universities & Colleges Sport. 25 November 2008. Retrieved 29 July 2009. \"Una retains her England place\". Hampshire Chronicle. 27 February 2002. Retrieved 29 July 2009. \"Corinne Yorston\". UEFA. 7 September 2014. Retrieved 15 February 2015. \"Powell names young squad\". The Football Association. 22 January 2004. Retrieved 29 July 2009. \"England contract an honour, says Bristol's Corinne\". Bristol Evening Post. 19 May 2009. Archived from the original on 21 April 2013. Retrieved 29 July 2009. \"It's great just to be back \u2013 Corinne\". Women's Football News Archive. 2 December 2005. Archived from the original on 8 October 2011. Retrieved 29 July 2009. \"Arsenal add Yorston and Beattie\". Fair Game. 3 July 2009. Retrieved 29 July 2009.[permanent dead link] \"Corrine Yorston\". Arsenal.com. Archived from the original on 5 July 2009. \"'Role model' Yorston makes return to Academy ahead of new season\". Bristol Evening Post. 26 August 2010. Archived from the original on 14 September 2012. Retrieved 26 August 2010. \"Corinne Yorston: Bristol Academy captain joins Yeovil\". BBC Sport. 18 January 2015. Retrieved 27 April 2015. \"England Women awarded contracts\". BBC Sport. 14 May 2009. Retrieved 29 July 2009. \"Player profile \u2013 Corrine Yorston\". Arsenal F.C. Archived from the original on 7 July 2009. Retrieved 29 July 2009. \"FA Selects TASS athletes\". TASS. 3 November 2008. Archived from the original on 19 July 2011. Retrieved 29 July 2009. \"Corinne Yorston\". Bristol Academy Women's Football Club. Retrieved 29 July 2009.[permanent dead link] \"NEW CONTRACT AND LOAN FOR YORSTON\". BCFC.co.uk. \"April's FAWSL Goal of the Month - Corinne Yorston (Bristol Academy)\" \u2013 via YouTube. v t e"
   },
   {
    "name": "Gordon Coppuck",
    "id": "Q5585030",
    "text": "Gordon Coppuck (born 8 December 1936 in Fleet, Hampshire) is a British racing car designer who was chief designer for McLaren and later worked for March and co-founded Spirit. Born in December 1936, he attended Queen Mary's School for Boys before becoming an apprentice at the National Gas Turbine Establishment (NGTE). In 1965 he followed his ex NGTE colleague Robin Herd to McLaren, working as his assistant. In 1971 he became chief designer at McLaren, responsible for various models including the Indianapolis 500 M16 and world championship winning M23. When McLaren merged with Ron Dennis's Project Four in 1980, Coppuck departed, rejoining Herd at March. The following year he founded Spirit with March's Formula Two team manager John Wickham. Spirit raced in Formula Two and then Formula One before Coppuck returned to March. Coppuck's nephew Frank Coppuck is also a racing car designer. \"Team Bosses: Gordon Coppuck\". OldRacingCars.com. Retrieved 27 May 2010. Nye, Doug (1988) [1984]. McLaren: The Grand Prix, Can-Am and Indy Cars (New\u00a0ed.). Guild Publishing. p.\u00a054. ISBN\u00a00-905138-54-6. \"PEOPLE: GORDON COPPUCK\". grandprix.com. Retrieved 17 May 2010. \"CONSTRUCTORS: SPIRIT RACING\". grandprix.com. Retrieved 17 May 2010."
   },
   {
    "name": "John Feaver",
    "id": "Q6232841",
    "text": "John Feaver (born 16 February 1952) is a former professional tennis player from the United Kingdom. After attending Millfield, Feaver enjoyed most of his tennis success while playing doubles. During his career he reached 10 doubles finals, achieved a career-high singles ranking of World No. 98 in October 1973, and a career-high doubles ranking of 104 in January 1983. He was a French Open doubles semi-finalist in 1982. For over 20 years (1976 to 1997), Feaver held the record for serving the most aces in a single Wimbledon match, 42, achieved against John Newcombe. He also represented Great Britain in the Davis Cup between 1977 and 1983. He also achieved the remarkable distinction of beating five-times Wimbledon champion Bjorn Borg twice in a week at the Beckenham grass court tournament in the mid-1970s. John has enjoyed a successful career in sport and business after his tennis days and lives between Wimbledon and Somerset. He married South African Alison Braatvedt and has two children Lucinda and James, who is also a tennis player. John is an accomplished golfer and cricketer and works closely with sports charities StreetGames and Performance Plus Sport. Wilson, Bill (2011-06-16). \"BBC News \u2013 From tennis court to business deals\". Bbc.com. Retrieved 2014-08-26. http://www.itftennis.com/procircuit/players/player/profile.aspx?playerid=10002243 \"StreetGames' John Feaver featured on BBC News\". StreetGames. 2011-06-17. Archived from the original on 2011-09-13. Retrieved 2014-08-26. \"Wimbledon 97: Feaver's record safe for a while \u2013 Sport\". The Independent. 1997-06-24. Retrieved 2014-08-26. \"BBC talk to Team Bath tennis\". Team Bath. 28 January 2014. Retrieved 2014-08-26. Steinberger, Michael (2012-08-23). \"Queens Was Burning, Too\". The New York Times. ISSN\u00a00362-4331. Retrieved 2019-11-05. Wilson, Bill (2014-05-23). \"BBC News \u2013 Sporting chance for disadvantaged youth\". Bbc.co.uk. Retrieved 2014-08-26. \"Feaver Head To Head | John Feaver vs I. Nastase H2H\". Stevegtennis.com. 1952-02-16. Retrieved 2014-08-26. Eleanor Preston (29 June 2005). \"Wimbledon: Others jest but McEnroe has to be serious | Sport\". The Guardian. Retrieved 2014-08-26. Baker, Andrew (2001-04-10). \"Henman thrives as single man\". Telegraph. Retrieved 2014-08-26. John Feaver at the Association of Tennis Professionals John Feaver at the International Tennis Federation v t e"
   },
   {
    "name": "Raquel Cassidy",
    "id": "Q7294433",
    "text": "Raquel Josephine Dominic Cassidy[citation needed] (born 22 January 1968)[citation needed] is an English actress. She played the role of Phyllis Baxter in the last three seasons of the television series Downton Abbey (2013\u20132015), winning a Screen Actors Guild Award for Outstanding Performance by an Ensemble in a Drama Series, and the 2019 feature film sequel of the same name. She has played leading roles in the casts of the television series Teachers, Party Animals, Moving Wallpaper, Lead Balloon and The Worst Witch. Born to a Spanish mother and an English father, she was the third child and only daughter born to the couple. Born and brought up in Fleet, Hampshire, she was educated at Farnborough Hill Convent, and then Girton College, Cambridge, where she studied modern languages and then biological anthropology.[citation needed] She later[when?] pursued a PhD in biological anthropology, but she abandoned it to pursue a career in acting. In an early role, Cassidy played Lola Chaves in an episode of The Bill, speaking predominantly in Spanish. In 2001 she took the role of Susan Gately in Teachers, returning for the second series in 2002. She has also played the Home Office Junior Minister Jo Porter in Party Animals, Cassie Turner in The Worst Week of My Life, Nancy Weeks in Moving Wallpaper and Mel in Lead Balloon. In 2013 Cassidy joined the cast of Downton Abbey, playing the role of rehabilitated thief and ladies maid Phyllis Baxter for the show's final three series. In 2015 the cast won a Screen Actors Guild Award for Outstanding Performance by an Ensemble in a Drama Series. She reprised the role for the show's 2019 feature film sequel, also called Downton Abbey. She has subsequently played the role of Miss Hardbroom in four series of the 2017 television revival of The Worst Witch. \"School's out forever Raquel Cassidy has graduated from Teachers to Glasgow's Tron, reports Neil Cooper\". HeraldScotland. Retrieved 26 April 2019. Raquel Cassidy reopens Phyllis Tuckwell Hospice shop in Fleet | Fleet People Archived 2 January 2014 at the Wayback Machine [1] Archived 14 March 2010 at the Wayback Machine \"Raquel stars in record-breaking comedy show \u2013 News \u2013 gethampshire\". Archived from the original on 20 April 2013. Retrieved 26 April 2019. Morganstern, Adam. \"Attending 'Downton Abbey' Film Premieres (And Drinking Hot Chocolate) With Star Raquel Cassidy\". Forbes. Retrieved 22 December 2020. \"Raquel Cassidy | Hamilton Hodell\". www.hamiltonhodell.co.uk. Retrieved 22 December 2020. \"Shipwreck\". Almeida Theatre. Retrieved 22 December 2020. Raquel Cassidy at IMDb v t e"
   },
   {
    "name": "John Russell",
    "id": "Q14945751",
    "text": "John Russell CBE (22 January 1919 \u2013 23 August 2008) was an English art critic. John Russell was born in Fleet, Hampshire, England, in 1919. He attended St Paul's School and then Magdalen College, Oxford. He was an unpaid intern at the Tate Gallery in 1940, but moved to the country after the gallery was bombed. During World War II he worked in Naval Intelligence for the Admiralty. There he met Ian Fleming, who helped to secure Russell a reviewing position at The Sunday Times. Russell succeeded a fired critic at The Sunday Times in 1950. Art critic Hilton Kramer of The New York Times hired Russell in 1974. Russell was chief art critic there from 1982 to 1990. Russell was married to: Alexandrina, Countess Apponyi de Nagy-Appony, the former wife of Julius Lanczy. They married in 1945, divorced in 1951, and had one child, Lavinia (married Sir Nicholas Grimshaw). Vera Poliakoff (died 1992), married 1956, divorced 1971. Also known professionally as Vera Lindsay, she was an artist and actress, daughter of Vladimir Poliakoff and former wife of British journalist Sir Gerald Reid Barry, with whom she had two sons. Rosamond Bernier (n\u00e9e Rosamond Margaret Rosenbaum, formerly Mrs Georges Bernier, formerly Mrs Lewis Riley), a lecturer and founder of the art magazine L'\u0152IL. They married in 1975. Russell died on 23 August 2008 at a hospice in the Bronx. His books include: John Russell, 1971, Francis Bacon, London: Thames & Hudson. John Russell: Marc Klionsky John Russell: Matisse, Father & Son, Harry N. Abrams, Inc., 1999, ISBN\u00a00-8109-4378-6 John Russell: The Meanings of Modern Art (1981, 2nd revised edition 1992) John Russell, Erich Kleiber: \"A memoir\" (London 1957) John Russell: Paris (London, 1960) John Russell: Shakespeare's Country John Russell: Switzerland John Russell: Reading Russell (New York and London, 1989), collected journalism and books on Seurat (1965), Vuillard (1971) and Henry Moore Lambirth, Andrew (23 July 1992). \"Obituary: John Bratby\". The Independent. London. Obituary. Retrieved 12 June 2013. John Russell, Art Critic for The Times, Dies at 89. Russell, John (1992). The Meanings of Modern Art. Thames & Hudson. ISBN\u00a00-500-27573-4. Russell, John (1965). Seurat (World of Art). Thames & Hudson. ISBN\u00a00-500-20032-7. Russell, John (1971). Vuillard. Thames & Hudson. ISBN\u00a00-8212-0281-2. Russell, John (1973). Henry Moore. Pelican Books. ISBN\u00a00-1402-1622-7. v t e"
   },
   {
    "name": "Jeremy Metcalfe",
    "id": "Q16211695",
    "text": "Jeremy Metcalfe (born 9 April 1988 in Fleet, Hampshire) is a British motor racing driver who last competed in 2008 in the British GT Championship where he finished the season as Vice-Champion along with team-mate Luke Hines. Racing in the Formula Renault UK championship prior to his move into GT, Metcalfe enjoyed a good level of success. He also had a productive career in karting, taking the Parma Industrials Karting Championship, a championship that was previously won by Scuderia Ferrari reserve driver Giancarlo Fisichella. Like a majority of racing drivers, Metcalfe's career began in karting. It didn't take long for the Briton to win his first major karting title which came at the age of eight; winning the MSA British Cadet Karting Championship. The next few years would see Metcalfe move into the European stage of karting and in 2003 the youngster won his first Major European title \u2013 the Parma Industrials Karting Championship, previous won by Formula One race winner Giancarlo Fisichella. In addition to that, Melcalfe came third in the Formula A category of the British Formula ICA Championship. 2004 signalled the end of the Briton's time in karting and took third again in the Formula A category of the British Formula ICA Championship, eighth in the competitive South Garda Winter Cup and a top six position in the Italian Formula A championship. In 2005, Metcalfe took the step up to single seater racing in the Formula Renault UK championship. Metcalfe started 18 races in his debut season and finished the year 24th, 3rd in the \"Graduate Cup\", in what was effectively a \"learning year\" for him. However, during the Winter Series for the Formula Renault UK championship, Metcalfe won one of the three races pole position and finished the series in eighth. Metcalfe made a further 20 starts in the category the following season, finishing on the podium five times. The Englishman finished the season fifth in the championship with 343 points. 2006 also saw Metcalfe nominated as one of the six finalists for the McLaren Autosport BRDC Award. The award did not go Metcalfe's way, instead the award went to Oliver Turvey. The Englishman's third year in Formula Renault saw some more success, taking his first win in the category. Metcalfe took part in Big Brother: Celebrity Hijack in 2008. He survived until the final day and finished 5th with 15.6% of the final vote.[citation needed] In 2008, Metcalfe competed in the British GT Championship partnering Luke Hines for CR Scuderia. http://jeremymetcalfe.mfbiz.com/#/britishgt/4527892348 Official Website Formula Renault UK"
   },
   {
    "name": "Alex Haddow",
    "id": "Q16221765",
    "text": "Alex Haddow (born 8 January 1982) is an English footballer who plays as a left sided defender or midfielder. He played in the Football League for Reading and Carlise United before moving into non-league football following a serious knee injury. Born in Fleet, Haddow began his career in the Academy at Reading. He made his debut on 24 August 1999 against Peterborough United in the League Cup, making a total of three appearances during the 1999\u20132000 season. He joined Barnet on a one-month loan in July 2000 but did not make any appearances and returned to Reading, though he featured in just one game over the course of the season, a 4\u20130 win at home to Brentford. He was released by Reading in May 2001 and joined Carlisle United three months later. After five appearances for the club he damaged his cruciate ligament and was ruled out for the rest of the season. He left Carlisle at the end of the season and trialled with Canadian side Vancouver Whitecaps before moving into non-league football. After short spells at Hartley Wintney and Aldershot Town he joined Isthmian League side Slough Town in August 2003. In two years with club Haddow accumulated 72 appearances in all competitions, scoring twice. He also won the FA Cup Player of the Round award for his performance in Slough's 2\u20131 first-round win over Walsall in November 2004. In February 2005 he joined divisional rivals Eastleigh on a two-year contract though he did not remain at the club long, joining Salisbury City on loan in September before making the move permanent two months later. He remained with the side until the end of the 2006\u201307 season, scoring nine goals in more than 70 appearances, but was not offered a new contract upon Salisbury's promotion to the Conference Premier. He briefly turned out for Hampton & Richmond Borough before joining Bognor Regis Town in late 2007. He remained with the club until the end of the season before financial problems at Bognor saw him move to Horsham where he played until 2010. Haddow was called up to the England futsal squad in 2005 and went on to make a number of appearances for the side. As of match played 12 February 2005. 1 appearance in the Berks & Bucks Senior Cup, 1 appearance in the FA Trophy 4 appearances in the FA Trophy, 2 appearances in the Isthmian League Cup, 1 appearance in the Berks & Bucks Senior Cup Haddow now works as a rehabilitation specialist and part-time university lecturer. \"Alex Haddow profile\". Reading F.C. Archived from the original on 12 February 2001. Retrieved 11 August 2013. \"Latest news\". Reading F.C. Archived from the original on 16 August 2000. Retrieved 11 August 2013. \"Alex Haddow career statistics\". Soccerbase. Centurycomm. Retrieved 11 August 2013. \"Vancouver downs Abbotsford in preseason opener\". USL Soccer. Archived from the original on 13 August 2013. Retrieved 13 August 2013. \"Alex Haddow\". Player Archive. Retrieved 11 August 2013. \"Looking good for Wallingford as Dons go down\". Non League Daily. Archived from the original on 11 August 2013. Retrieved 11 August 2013. \"Haddow back at the Rec\". Non League Daily. Archived from the original on 10 August 2013. Retrieved 11 August 2013. \"Alex Haddow profile\". Slough Town F.C. Archived from the original on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 11 August 2013. \"Haddow gets FA Cup player award\". BBC Sport. 23 November 2004. Retrieved 11 August 2013. \"Hitman Haddow is heading to Eastleigh\". Southern Daily Echo. Southampton. Retrieved 12 August 2013. \"Taylor and Warren are released as Eastleigh ring the changes\". Southern Daily Echo. Southampton. Retrieved 12 August 2013. \"Haddow makes City move permanent\". Non League Daily. Archived from the original on 10 August 2013. Retrieved 12 August 2013. \"Declan and Alex on the move\". Southern Daily Echo. Southampton. Retrieved 12 August 2013. Rance, Les (13 August 2007). \"Double whammy for 10-man Hampton\". Richmond & Twickenham Times. Retrieved 12 August 2013. \"Boro go top alone as Rooks lose unbeaten tag\". Non League Daily. Archived from the original on 12 August 2013. Retrieved 12 August 2013. Donovan, Mike (10 June 2008). \"Horsham set to sign Bognor midfielder\". The Argus. Brighton. Retrieved 13 August 2013. \"Haddow get the call-up\". Non League Daily. Archived from the original on 10 August 2013. Retrieved 13 August 2013. \"Alex on target for England\". Salisbury Journal. Retrieved 13 August 2013. \"Alex Haddow\". Reading F.C. Former Players Association. Retrieved 13 August 2013. Alex Haddow profile at Slough Town F.C. Alex Haddow at Soccerbase"
   },
   {
    "name": "Keith Hooker",
    "id": "Q17425244",
    "text": "Keith William Hooker (born 31 January 1950) is an English retired professional footballer who played as a wing half in the Football League for Brentford. Hooker progressed through the Brentford youth team to make his senior debut at age 16 in a 0\u20130 Fourth Division draw with Wrexham on 14 January 1967, due to an injury crisis. He impressed enough to make 9 further appearances during the remainder of the 1966\u201367 season and scored his maiden goal for the club with the only goal of the game versus Notts County on 1 April. Hooker was a first team regular during the 1967\u201368 season and made 23 appearances, scored one goal and signed a professional contract in February 1968. He made just one appearance during the 1968\u201369 season and departed the club at the end of the campaign. Hooker made 34 appearances and scored two goals for the Bees. While with Brentford, Hooker had a loan spell with Essex Olympian League club Brentwood Town. After his release from Brentford, Hooker moved to South Africa and played for National Football League clubs Durban Spurs and Port Elizabeth City between 1970 and 1972. He played under former teammate Matt Crowe at the latter club. After his retirement from football, Hooker remained in South Africa. \"Keith Hooker\". Barry Hugman's Footballers. Retrieved 20 October 2015. Haynes, Graham; Coumbe, Frank (2006). Timeless Bees: Brentford F.C. Who's Who 1920\u20132006. Yore Publications. p.\u00a080. ISBN\u00a0978-0955294914. White, Eric, ed. (1989). 100 Years Of Brentford. Brentford FC. pp.\u00a0389\u2013390. ISBN\u00a00951526200. Brentford Football Club Official Programme \u2013 Season 1967\u201368 \u2013 Football League Div. IV \u2013 Brentford v. Luton Town (PDF). Brentford: The Brentford Printing & Publishing Co. 17 February 1968. p.\u00a06. Big Interview: Keith Hooker (Interview). Brentford Football Club. 4 January 2015. v t e"
   },
   {
    "name": "Charlie Clark",
    "id": "Q97645468",
    "text": "Charles Clark (Q2 1917 \u2013 1 March 1943) was an English professional footballer who played as a winger in the Football League for Queens Park Rangers and Luton Town. Clark served as a lance sergeant in the Hampshire Regiment during the Second World War and died of wounds in Tunisia on 1 March 1943. He is buried at Beja War Cemetery. Charlie Clark at the English National Football Archive (subscription required) \"Casualty Details: Charles Clark\". Commonwealth War Graves Commission. Retrieved 22 July 2020. Rippon, Anton (2011). Gas Masks for Goal Posts: Football in Britain During the Second World War. Cheltenham: The History Press. p.\u00a0122. ISBN\u00a0978-0-7524-7188-4. v t e"
   }
  ]
 },
 {
  "relation_id": "P19",
  "target_id": "Q727",
  "target_name": "Amsterdam",
  "samples": [
   {
    "name": "Jan de Vries",
    "id": "Q568483",
    "text": "Jan Pieter Marie Laurens de Vries (11 February 1890 \u2013 23 July 1964) was a Dutch philologist, linguist, religious studies scholar, folklorist, educator, writer, editor and public official who specialized in Germanic studies. A polyglot, de Vries studied Dutch, German, Sanskrit and Pali at the University of Amsterdam from 1907 to 1913, and gained a PhD in Nordic languages from the University of Leiden in 1915 with great distinction. Subsequently, authoring a number of important works on a variety of subjects, de Vries was in 1926 appointed Chair of Ancient Germanic Linguistics and Philology at the University of Leiden. In subsequent years, de Vries played an important role at Leiden as an administrator and lecturer, while publishing a number of important works on Germanic religion and Old Norse literature. Combined with his university duties, de Vries was a leading member of the Maatschappij der Nederlandse Letterkunde and the Royal Academy of Dutch Language and Literature, led several civil organizations, edited a number of encyclopedias and magazines, and was instrumental in establishing folklore studies as a scientific discipline. De Vries collaborated with the Nazis during World War II. When democracy was restored in the Netherlands in 1945, he was imprisoned for several years, fired from his university, expelled from the learned societies in which had previously been a leading member, and deprived of the right to vote. He eventually received permission to work as a secondary school teacher in Oostburg. Living in isolation, and with his entire library having been destroyed during the war, de Vries committed himself to writing. In subsequent years, he authored a number of influential works on Celtic religion, Old Norse and Dutch etymology, and revised second editions of his works on Germanic religion and Old Norse literature. His works on these subjects have formed a central basis for modern research, and have remained standard texts up to the present day. Jan Pieter Marie Laurens de Vries was born in Amsterdam, Netherlands, on February 11, 1890. He was the son of the teacher Laurens de Vries, and Anthonetta Christina Vermast. After having graduated from the Hogere Burgerschool, de Vries studied Dutch, German, Sanskrit and Pali under Jan te Winkel at the University of Amsterdam from 1909 to 1913, where he received his BA and MA with great distinction. De Vries became a polyglot. He gained his PhD at the University of Leiden in 1915 under the supervision of Richard Constant Boer. His dissertation, Studi\u00ebn over Faer\u00f6rsche balladen (1915), examined Faroese literature, and was received with critical acclaim. De Vries was drafted into the Dutch Army in 1914, serving in North Brabant during World War I. He retired as an officer in 1919. De Vries recounted his experiences in the war in the novel Een singeling in the mass (1918), which was published under the pseudonym Jan van Lokeren. De Vries was appointed a high school teacher in Arnhem in 1919. In 1920 de Vries was on a four-month study trip to Norway, where he became acquainted with the Scandinavian and Finnish language. Contemporary with his teaching duties in Arnhem, de Vries wrote a number of important works, including De Wikingen in de lage landen bij de zee (1923), Henrik Ibsen (1924), and Geschiedenis der Nederlandsche Letterkunde (1925). In 1926, de Vries was appointed Chair of Ancient Germanic Linguistics and Philology at the University of Leiden. This post also covered Indo-European studies. At Leiden, de Vries taught Indo-European and Germanic linguistics, with a particular focus on the literature of the early Germanic peoples. Reconstructing early Germanic culture and presenting it to the public became a lifelong passion for de Vries. At Leiden, de Vries distinguished himself as a teacher, organizer and scholar of unusual ability and productivity. Students of de Vries would later describe him as a brilliant teacher, and his ability in this regard is substantiated by the large number of influential doctoral thesises that were completed under his supervision. He was a gifted and highly productive writer, with an unusual ability to analyze and present difficult problems in a clear manner. This enabled him to write a number of successful works intended for popular audiences. De Germanaansche Oudheid (1930) by de Vries introduced the ancient Germanic peoples to the Dutch public, and was a great success. It was later published in a second edition under title De Germanen (1941). He was the editor and driving force behind the fifth edition of Winkler Prins's Algemene Encyclopedie (General Encyclopedia), which was published in 16 volumes in 1932\u20131938. From 1934 to 1939, de Vries was Chairman of the prestigious Maatschappij der Nederlandse Letterkunde. By the early 1930s, de Vries was recognized as the world's foremost authority on Germanic religion. As such, de Vries was requested to write the volume on Germanic religion for Hermann Paul's Grundriss der Germanischen Philologie. The resulting Altgermanische Religionsgeschichte (1935-1937) was published in German in two volumes. In Altgermanische Religionsgeschichte, de Vries expressed opposition to Nordicism and doubts about the continuity of Germanic culture up until modern times, which put him at odds with the dominant Nazi ideology in Germany at the time. His translation of the Edda was published in 1938, and reprinted in 1971. It has been described as \"a small literary masterpiece\". In 1938, with sponsorship from the Maatschappij der Nederlandse Letterkunde and the Royal Academy of Dutch Language and Literature, he established the Bibliotheek der Nederlandsche letteren, a series of Dutch literary works. During the 1930s, de Vries argued strongly in favor of establishing folklore studies as a distinct scientific discipline. He believed that fairy tales could be considered extensions of myths. In 1934, he helped establish the Interuniversitaire Commissie ter Voorbereiding van een Volkskundeatlas. In 1937, he was appointed Chairman of the International Society for Ethnology and Folklore. He was also editor of the folklore magazine Folk. It was thanks to De efforts of de Vries that folklore study was established as a scientific discipline in the Netherlands in the 1930s. In 1938, de Vries was admitted to the Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences, and was appointed Chairman of its Folklore Committee. During the occupation of the Netherlands by Nazi Germany during World War II, de Vries served as Vice-Chairman of the Nederlandsche Kultuurkamer, whose approval was required for any artistic or literary production in the Netherlands during this time. In 1940, shortly after the Battle of the Netherlands, de Vries authored the pamphlet Naar een betere toekomst (Toward a Better Future), where he expressed his opposition to democracy and argued in favor a German victory in the war. From 1940 to 1941, de Vries was Chairman of the Algemeen-Nederlands Verbond, an organization working towards closer cooperation between Netherlands and Flanders. Throughout the war, he published articles on runes and Germanic religion with Nazi publishers, worked for the Hamer, contributed to Ahnenerbe projects, and in 1943 he became a \"sympathizing member\" of the Germanic SS. Although he collaborated with Nazis, his scholarly works do not display any features of Nazi ideology. He refused to join the National Socialist Movement in the Netherlands. Nazi leaders did not believe that de Vries was an adherent of Nazism and doubted his loyalty. De Vries' most important work produced during the war is his two-volume Altnordische Literaturgeschichte (1941-1942). It provides a general literary history of Old Norse literature. Realizing that the Germans would lose the war, de Vries and his family fled to Leipzig, Germany, in September 1944. On February 27, 1946, de Vries was dismissed from the University of Leiden due his political beliefs. He was also expelled from the Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences and the Maatschappij der Nederlandse Letterkunde. De Vries was eventually arrested and interned in Vught from October 10, 1946. In May\u2013June 1948, the Bijzonder Gerechtshof found de Vries guilty of \"intellectual collaboration\", and deprived him of the right to vote and hold political office. Jan de Vries (1890-1964) is usually considered the greatest Germanic studies scholar of the 20th century... Thanks to his vast knowledge, familiarity with the source material of ancient Northern Europe, and abilities as a synthesizer, de Vries must be considered one of the greatest social scientists of his generation. \u2014 Stefan Arvidsson, Professor of the History of Religions at Stockholm University After his release from prison, de Vries had no income, and was thus permitted to resume working as a secondary school teacher in Dutch literature in Oostburg. The decision to permit de Vries to work again was met with criticism due to his past political crimes. After retiring from teaching in 1955, de Vries resumed his scholarly work. Although he lived in almost complete isolation and had lost his entire library during the war, this was a time of remarkable productivity for him. In 1956\u20131957, he published a second revised edition of Altgermanische Religionsgeschichte, which remains his most famous and influential work. In this second revised edition, de Vries lent critical support to the trifunctional hypothesis of Georges Dum\u00e9zil. Altgermanische Religionsgeschichte has constituted the standard work on Germanic (including Old Norse) religion up to the present day. After his relocation to Utrecht in 1957, a number of important works were published, including Kelten und Germanen (1960), Keltische Religionsgeschichte (1961) and Forschungsgeschichte der Mythologie (1961). His Altnordisches Etymologisches W\u00f6rterbuch (1961) was finally published after many years of work. Towards the end of his life, de Vries worked mainly on his Nederlands Etymologisch Woordenboek (1961-1971). He died in Utrecht on July 23, 1964. Altnordische Literaturgeschichte by de Vries was published in a second revised edition in 1964\u20131967. It has remained the standard work on Old Norse literature up to the present day. The remaining volumes of Nederlands Etymologisch Woordenboek were completed by F. de Tollenaere. De Vries' publications on Old Norse literature, Dutch etymology and Germanic religion have formed the basis for modern research on the subjects, and have remained standard reference works up to the present day. Stefan Arvidsson describes de Vries as the greatest Germanic studies scholar of the 20th century, and as one of the foremost social scientists of his generation. It is likely that his works will continue to form the basis of modern research for many years to come. De Vries married Maria Machteld Vogel on 10 October 1915. Together they had three children, two girls and one boy. Studi\u00ebn over F\u00e6r\u00f6sche Balladen, diss. Amsterdam, 1915; Heidelberg: Rother, 1922. De Wikingen in de lage landen bij de zee, Haarlem, 1923. translation: Henrik Ibsen, Zes Voordrachten, Maastricht, 1924. De Germaansche Oudheid, Haarlem, 1930. Contributions to the Study of Othin: Especially in his Relation to Agricultural Practices in Modern Popular Lore, FFC 94, Helsinki, 1931. The Problem of Loki, FFC 110, Helsinki, 1932. Altgermanische Religionsgeschichte, 2 vols. Vol. 1, (Grundri\u00df der Germanischen Philologie 12.1), Berlin-Leipzig: de Gruyter, 1935, 2nd rev. ed. 1956, Vol. 2 (Grundri\u00df der Germanischen Philologie 12.2), Berlin-Leipzig: de Gruyter, 1937, 2nd rev. ed. 1957 (3rd ed. 1970, repr. 2000). Wulfilae Codices Ambrosiani Rescripti, Epistularum Evangelicarum Textum Goticum Exhibentes, Phototypice editi et prooemio instructi a Jano de Vries, Bibliothecae Ambrosianae Codices quam simillime expressi, 3 vols., Turin, 1936. Edda, vertaald en van inleidingen voorzien, Amsterdam, 1938, 2nd rev. ed. Amsterdam, 1942, (3rd ed. 1943, 4th ed. 1944, 5th ed. 1952, 6th ed. 1978, 7th ed. 1980, 8th ed. 1988). De Germaansche Oudheid, 1930; rev. ed. as De Germanen, Haarlem, 1941. De Wetenschap der Volkskunde (Hoekstenen onzer Volkskultuur 1), Amsterdam, 1941. Altnordische Literaturgeschichte, 2 vols. Vol. 1 (Grundri\u00df der germanischen Philologie 15), Berlin-Leipzig: de Gruyter, 1941, 2nd rev. ed. 1964 repr. 1970, Vol. 2 (Grundri\u00df der germanischen Philologie 16), Berlin: de Gruyter, 1942, rev. ed. 1967 repr. 1970 (3rd ed. 1 vol. 1999 ISBN\u00a03-11-016330-6 ). Die Geistige Welt der Germanen, Halle a.d. Saale: Niemeyer, 1943 (2nd ed. 1945, 3rd ed. Darmstadt, 1964). De Goden der Germanen, Amsterdam, 1944. Het Nibelungenlied, 2 vols. Vol 1 Sigfried, de Held van Nederland, Vol. 2 Kriemhilds Wraak, Antwerp, 1954. Etymologisch Woordenboek: Waar komen onze woorden en plaatsnamen vandaan?, Utrecht-Antwerp, 1958, 2nd rev. ed. 1959. Heldenlied en Heldensage, Utrecht-Antwerp, 1959; tr. as Heroic Song and Heroic Legend, Oxford, 1963. Kelten und Germanen (Bibliotheca Germanica 9), Bern, 1960. Altnordisches Etymologisches W\u00f6rterbuch, Leiden, 1961 (2nd ed. 1963). Keltische Religion, (Die Religionen der Menschheit 18), Stuttgart, 1961. Godsdienstgeschiedenis in Vogelvlucht, Utrecht-Antwerp, 1961. Forschungsgeschichte der Mythologie, (Orbis Academicus 1.7), Freiburg, 1961. Woordenboek der Noord- en Zuidnederlandse Plaatsnamen, Utrecht-Antwerp, 1962. Hector Munro Chadwick Gabriel Turville-Petre Sophus Bugge Magnus Olsen Birger Nerman Rudolf Much Otto H\u00f6fler Werner Betz Rudolf Simek Ren\u00e9 Derolez Gudmund Sch\u00fctte Lee M. Hollander Winfred P. Lehmann Edgar C. Polom\u00e9 Leo Weisgerber Vilhelm Gr\u00f8nbech Hermann G\u00fcntert Franz Rolf Schr\u00f6der Wolfgang Krause Einar Haugen Bolle 1965, p.\u00a0173. Bolle 2005, pp.\u00a09643\u20139644. van der Hoeven 2013. Quak 2006, pp.\u00a0651\u2013654. van der Stroom 2010. Bolle 1965, p.\u00a0174. \"Jan P.M.L. de Vries (1890 - 1964)\" (in Dutch). Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences. Retrieved August 25, 2020. Arvidsson 2017, p.\u00a077. Jan de Vries (1890-1964) is usually considered the greatest Germanic studies scholar of the 20th century... Thanks to his vast knowledge, familiarity with the source material of ancient Northern Europe, and abilities as a synthesizer, de Vries must be considered one of the greatest social scientists of his generation.\" Price 2019, p.\u00a0158. \"In 1957 the second edition of de Vries\u2019 Altgermanische Religionsgeschichte appeared, extensively revised and with an expanded section on sei\u00f0r. Although it was revised again in 1970, with fewer changes, this work remains even now the single most comprehensive study of Norse religion, at over 1000 pages of outstanding scholarship.\" Arvidsson 2017, p.\u00a077. Bolle, K. W. (1965). \"Jan de Vries (1890-1964)\". History of Religions. University of Chicago Press. 5 (1): 173\u2013177. doi:10.1086/462520. JSTOR\u00a01061809. S2CID\u00a0161502970. Retrieved August 25, 2020. Bolle, Kees W. (2005) [1987]. \"Vries, Jan de\". In Jones, Lindsay (ed.). Encyclopedia of Religion. 14 (2\u00a0ed.). Macmillan Reference USA. pp.\u00a09643\u20139644. ISBN\u00a00-02-865983-X. van der Hoeven, H. (November 12, 2013) [1985]. \"Vries, Jan Pieter Marie Laurens de (1890-1964)\". Biografisch Woordenboek van Nederland (in Dutch). Retrieved August 25, 2020. van der Stroom, Gerrold (January 2010). \"Vries, Jan Pieter Marie Laurens de\". Digital Library for Dutch Literature (in Dutch). Retrieved August 25, 2020. Quak, Arend (2006). \"Vries\". Reallexikon der Germanischen Altertumskunde (in German). 32. Walter de Gruyter. pp.\u00a0651\u2013654. ISBN\u00a0978-3-11-018387-0. Arvidsson, Stefan (2017). Draksjukan: Mytiska fantasier hos Tolkien, Wagner och de Vries (in Swedish). Nordic Academic Press. ISBN\u00a0978-9189116931. K\u00f6nig, Christoph, ed. (2003). \"Vries, Jan Pieter Marie Laurens de\". Internationales Germanistenlexikon 1800\u20131950 (in German). 3. Walter de Gruyter. pp.\u00a01961\u20131962. Kylstra, Andries Dirk (1989). \"J. de V. und die erste Aufl. seiner Altgermanischen Religionsgeschichte\". Amsterdamer Beitr\u00e4ge zur \u00e4lteren Germanistik (in German). 29. Rodopi. pp.\u00a097\u2013108. Kylstra, Andries Dirk (1998). \"VRIES, Jan de\". Biographisch-Bibliographisches Kirchenlexikon (in German). 13. pp.\u00a0108\u2013117. Meertens, Piet (1964). \"Jan de Vries\". Volkskunde. 65: 97\u2013113. Price, Neil (2019). The Viking Way: Magic and Mind in Late Iron Age Scandinavia. Oxbow Books. ISBN\u00a0978-1842172605. W\u00fcrth, Stefanie (1999). \"Vorwort zum Nachdruck\" [Preface To Reprint] (PDF). Altnordische Literaturgeschichte [Old Norse Literary History]. Grundri\u00df Der Germanischen Philologie (in German). 15\u201316 (3\u00a0ed.). Walter de Gruyter. pp.\u00a01\u201332. ISBN\u00a03-11-080481-6. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2007-09-30. Collection guide Jan Pieter Marie Laurens de Vries Archive"
   },
   {
    "name": "Barry Markus",
    "id": "Q569813",
    "text": "Barry Markus (born 17 July 1991 in Amsterdam) is a Dutch professional racing cyclist, who last rode for UCI Continental team Monkey Town Continental Team. His younger sister Kelly Markus is also a cyclist. 2008 3rd Time trial, National Junior Road Championships 4th Road race, UCI Juniors World Championships 6th Paris\u2013Roubaix Juniors 2009 1st Stage 1 Trofeo Karlsberg 2nd Road race, UEC European Junior Road Championships 3rd Madison, National Track Championships (with Yoeri Havik) 3rd Paris\u2013Roubaix Juniors 2010 1st Stage 2 Th\u00fcringen Rundfahrt der U23 National Track Championships 2nd Madison (with Yoeri Havik) 3rd Points race 3rd Scratch 9th Beverbeek Classic 10th Ronde van Drenthe 2011 National Track Championships 1st Madison (with Roy Pieters) 3rd Scratch 1st Ster van Zwolle 1st Dorpenomloop Rucphen Vuelta Ciclista a Le\u00f3n 1st Stages 1 & 2b (TTT) 2nd Grand Prix de la ville de Nogent-sur-Oise 10th Overall Ronde van Drenthe 2012 2nd Dwars door Drenthe 3rd Scratch, UEC European Under-23 Track Championships 3rd Scratch, National Track Championships 5th Memorial Rik Van Steenbergen 8th Dutch Food Valley Classic 2013 3rd Scheldeprijs 9th Grand Prix de Denain 10th Overall Arctic Race of Norway 2014 2nd Rund um K\u00f6ln 10th Nokere Koerse 2015 2nd Dwars door Drenthe 7th Nokere Koerse 2016 8th Arnhem\u2013Veenendaal Classic \"Barry Markus ruilt Vacansoleil-DCM voor Belkin\" [Barry Markus swapping Vacansoleil-DCM for Belkin]. De Morgen (in Dutch). De Persgroep Nederland. 17 August 2013. Retrieved 17 August 2013. \"Belletti wins Dwars door Drenthe\". cyclingnews.com. 16 March 2015. Retrieved 17 March 2015. Weislo, Laura (18 March 2015). \"Boeckmans wins Nokere Koerse\". cyclingnews.com. Retrieved 20 March 2015. Official website Barry Markus at ProCyclingStats Barry Markus at Cycling Archives"
   },
   {
    "name": "Mbark Boussoufa",
    "id": "Q570109",
    "text": "Moubarak \"Mbark\" Boussoufa (Arabic: \u0645\u064f\u0628\u0627\u0631\u0643 \u0628\u0648\u0635\u0648\u0641\u0629\u200e, born 15 August 1984) is a Moroccan-Dutch professional footballer who plays as an attacking midfielder. He won the Belgian Golden Shoe for the second time in 2010. He represented the Morocco national team from 2006 to 2019 making 70 appearances and scoring 8 goals. Boussoufa started off at the youth academy of Ajax Amsterdam before joining Chelsea F.C. He spent the 2005/06 season with K.A.A. Gent, winning several prizes in 2006: Belgian Golden Shoe, Belgian Footballer of the Year, Belgian Young Footballer of the Year and Belgian Ebony Shoe. In June 2006, Boussoufa signed a four-year contract with R.S.C. Anderlecht after a \u20ac3.5 million transfer. In his first season he was a regular in the title-clinching squad. He became a key player for the team that finished second in both the 2007\u20132008 and the 2008\u201309 seasons. Boussoufa was named Belgian Footballer of the Year for a second time after the 2008\u201309 season in which Anderlecht barely missed out on the title, losing the Championship play-off against Standard de Li\u00e8ge. The next year, he managed 14 goals and 24 assists which made him the most valuable player in Anderlecht's championship-winning squad. He was named Belgian Footballer of the Year for a second consecutive time and the third time overall. After the season, he renewed his contract with a significant raise, making him the best paid footballer in Belgium. He won the Belgian Golden Shoe for the second time in 2010. In March 2011, Russian side FC Terek Grozny announced his signing, but his transfer fell through three days later. Instead, Boussoufa signed for another Russian team, Anzhi Makhachkala. Boussoufa signed a three-year contract with FC Lokomotiv Moscow in August 2013. With Lokomotiv he won the 2015 Russian Cup, scoring the second goal as they beat Kuban Krasnodar 3\u20131 after extra time in the final. He returned to K.A.A. Gent on loan from in February 2016. In July 2016, Boussoufa signed a two-year contract with UAE club Al Jazira. He made 16 appearances and scored three times as Al-Jazira went on to win the 2016-17 UAE Arabian Gulf League. On 3 January 2019, Boussoufa signed a contract until the end season with Saudi club Al-Shabab. Eligible to play for both Morocco and The Netherlands, Boussoufa chose to represent Morocco and made his international debut against the USA on 23 May 2006. Boussoufa has represented Morocco at Africa Cup of Nations tournaments; in 2012, 2017 and 2019. In May 2018, he was named in Morocco's 23-man squad for the 2018 FIFA World Cup in Russia. On 5 July 2019, Boussoufa announced his retirement after Morocco's loss against Benin in the round of 16, 4\u20131 in penalties (following a 1\u20131 draw), in the 2019 Africa Cup of Nations. As of 12 July 2019 Source: Scores and results list Morocco's goal tally first. RSC Anderlecht Belgian First Division: 2006\u201307, 2009\u201310 Belgian Cup: 2007\u201308 Belgian Supercup: 2007, 2010 Anzhi Makhachkala Russian Cup runners-up: 2012\u201313 Lokomotiv Moscow Russian Cup: 2014\u201315 Al Jazira UAE Arabian Gulf League: 2016\u201317 Best AA Gent-player of the Season: 2005-06 Belgian Young Professional Footballer of the Year: 2005\u201306 Belgian Professional Footballer of the Year: 2005\u201306, 2008\u201309, 2009\u201310 Man of the Season (Belgian First Division): 2005-06 Belgian Ebony Shoe: 2005\u201306, 2008\u201309, 2009\u201310 Belgian Golden Shoe: 2006, 2010 \"2018 FIFA World Cup Russia \u2013 List of Players\" (PDF). FIFA.com. F\u00e9d\u00e9ration Internationale de Football Association. 4 June 2018. Archived from the original (PDF) on 19 June 2018. Retrieved 19 June 2018. \"Mbark Boussoufa wins Golden Shoe 2010\" Archived 21 January 2011 at the Wayback Machine (Dutch), Sporza, 19 January 2011 \"Boussoufa finalises switch to Anderlecht\" Archived 16 September 2016 at the Wayback Machine by Fahd Chafik, Morocco Times, 7 June 2006, retrieved 11 June 2006 \"Boussoufa: Did Herman drink too much champagne?\" (Dutch), Sporza, 27 April 2010 \u041c\u0431\u0430\u0440\u043a \u0411\u0443\u0441\u0441\u0443\u0444\u0430 \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0448\u0435\u043b \u0432 \"\u0422\u0435\u0440\u0435\u043a\". (in Russian). FC Terek Grozny. Retrieved 7 March 2011. \"Boussoufa moves to Anzhi, not to Grozny\" (in Dutch). sporza.be. Archived from the original on 12 March 2011. Retrieved 10 March 2011. \"Mbark Boussoufa in Loko!\" (in Russian). fclm.ru. Archived from the original on 20 August 2013. Retrieved 16 August 2013. uefa.com (21 May 2015). \"Member associations - Russia - News \u2013 UEFA.com\". UEFA.com. Retrieved 31 May 2018. \"Welcome back Mbark!\" (in Dutch). K.A.A. Gent. 2 February 2016. Archived from the original on 4 February 2016. Ten Cate krijgt bij Al-Jazira beschikking over Boussoufa - Voetbal International (in Dutch) Studios, XS. \"Stats - Arabian Gulf League - UAE Pro League Committee\". uae.agleague.ae. Retrieved 31 May 2018. Studios, XS. \"UAE Pro League Committee\". uae.agleague.ae. Retrieved 31 May 2018. \"Moroccan international footballer Mbark Boussoufa joins Saudi club Al Shabab\". yabiladi.com. 4 January 2019. Retrieved 9 January 2019. Gleeson, Mark (17 May 2018). \"Boufal left out by Morocco after Southampton fallout\". Reuters. Retrieved 12 July 2019. \"Africa Cup of Nations: Mbark Boussoufa retires from internationals after Morocco exit\". BBC News. 6 July 2019. Mbark Boussoufa at Soccerway \"Moubarak Boussoufa\u00a0\u00bb Club matches\". worldfootball.net. Retrieved 12 July 2019. Mbark Boussoufa at National-Football-Teams.com \"RSC Anderlecht | Palmares\". \"Erelijst Trofee Jean-Claude Bouvy\". Het Nieuwsblad (in Dutch). Retrieved 8 November 2020. \"Palmares Profvoetballer van het Jaar\". \"Homme de la saison belge\". \"Ebbenhouten schoen\". Malinwa Statistics (in Dutch). 28 November 2011. Retrieved 8 November 2020. \"Winnaars Gouden Schoen\". Profile on Anzhi Makhachkala official website Mbark Boussoufa at National-Football-Teams.com Mbark Boussoufa at Soccerway Boussoufa named as Belgium's finest By Berend Scholten @ UEFA.com Boussoufa named as Belgium's finest By Berend Scholten @ UEFA.com"
   },
   {
    "name": "Hendrik Kraemer",
    "id": "Q571912",
    "text": "Hendrik Kraemer (born 17 May 1888 in Amsterdam, died 11 November 1965 in Driebergen) was a lay missiologist and figure in the ecumenical movement from Dutch Reformed Church in the Netherlands. He encouraged the Dutch to allow the spread missionary activities outside of the Dutch East India Company-restricted area in eastern Indonesia to the rest of the archipelago. Kraemer lost his parents when he was 12 years old, so he stayed in an orphanage. At the age of 16, he decided to become a missionary. Kraemer married in 1919. He learned the Bible by himself, and he never entered theological seminary. On the question of theology of religions, Kraemer supported an exclusivist understanding of religion. Encyclopedia of Protestantism: 4-volume set by Hans J. Hillerbrand Moreau, A. Scott, ed. (2000). \"H. Kreamer\". Evangelical Dictionary of Word Mission. Grand Rapids, MI: Baker Books. p.\u00a0547. Pranger, Jan H. (2007). \"Hendrik Kraemer\". In Kwok Pui-lan; Compier, Don H.; Rieger, Joerg (eds.). Empire The Christian Tradition: New Reading of Classical Theologians. Minneapolis, MN: Fortress Press. ISBN\u00a0978-0-8006-6215-8.. Sunquist, Scot W., ed. (2001). A Dictionary of Asian Christianity. Grand Rapids, MI: William B. Eerdmans. p.\u00a0456. Livingston, James C.; Fiorenza, Francis Sch\u00fcssler, eds. (2006). Modern Christian thought: the twentieth century (Second\u00a0ed.). Minneapolis: Fortress Press. pp.\u00a0472\u2013474. ISBN\u00a09780800637965. v t e"
   },
   {
    "name": "Anthonie van Borssom",
    "id": "Q572610",
    "text": "Anthonie van Borssom (January 2, 1631 in Amsterdam \u2013 March 19, 1677 in Amsterdam), was a Dutch Golden Age landscape painter. According to the Netherlands Institute for Art History (RKD), he was an Italianate landscape painter who copied the works of popular landscape painters of his day in Amsterdam such as Jacob van Ruisdael, Paulus Potter, Aelbert Cuyp (church interiors), Nicolaes Berchem, Philips Koninck, Jan Wijnants, Aert van der Neer (moonlit landscapes), Marseus van Schrieck and Cornelis Vroom. He lived and worked in Amsterdam, but made a trip in 1650-1655 along the Rhine and spent time in Kleve. He was buried in the Westerkerk. He was probably a pupil of Rembrandt in the years 1645-1650. Anthonie van Borssom in the RKD Anthonie van Borssom at PubHist"
   },
   {
    "name": "Jan Gies",
    "id": "Q574496",
    "text": "Jan Augustus Gies (Dutch pronunciation: [\u02c8j\u0251\u014b \u02c8\u0263is]; 18 October 1905 \u2013 26 January 1993) was a member of the Dutch Resistance who, with his wife, Miep, helped hide Anne Frank, her sister Margot, their parents Otto and Edith, the van Pels, and Fritz Pfeffer from Nazi persecution during the occupation of The Netherlands by aiding them as they resided in the Secret Annex. Gies (also known as Henk van Santen in The Diary of Anne Frank) was born and raised in Amsterdam's south side. He met his future wife, Miep Gies, in 1933 when he was a bookkeeper and she an office worker at a local textile company. It was not until after they'd gone their separate ways - Jan into the Dutch Social Services and Miep to Otto Frank's company, Opekta - that they met each other again socially in 1936. They married in Amsterdam on 16 July 1941, when Miep was threatened with deportation back to Vienna after she refused to join a Nazi women's group. Their wedding was attended by Otto and Anne Frank, Hermann van Pels and his wife Auguste van Pels, and Miep's colleagues Victor Kugler, Bep Voskuijl, and Johannes Kleiman. Later that year, Gies was appointed the nominal director of Otto Frank's company after Frank was forced to resign from the board under the newly introduced Nazi laws which forbade Jews to hold directorships, and from then on, the company traded under the name Gies & Co.[citation needed] As the persecution of Amsterdam's Jewish population intensified, he dedicated himself to assisting Jews and others escape by obtaining illegal ration cards for food, finding them hiding places, and securing British newspapers free from Nazi propaganda. Gies aided the Frank family's escape to their hiding place at the Gies & Co premises at 263 Prinsengracht. He visited frequently during their two-year confinement and with his wife, spent a night in the secret annex to experience the terror there for themselves. In addition to their concealment of the Frank and van Pels families and of Fritz Pfeffer at the Prinsengracht, Miep and Jan also took in a student, who had refused to sign a Nazi oath. Following the arrest and deportation of the hidden families in August 1944, Miep rescued the diaries and other manuscripts of Anne Frank from the hiding place before it was ransacked by the Dutch secret police. Of the eight people she and Jan had assisted to hide, Otto Frank was the sole survivor. Upon Frank's return to Amsterdam in June 1945, he moved in with them and stayed with them for seven years before he emigrated to Switzerland to be close to his mother.[citation needed] After the publication of Anne Frank's diary, under the title Het Achterhuis (The Backhouse; often translated as The Secret Annex) in 1947, Jan and Miep found themselves the subjects of media attention, particularly after the diary was translated into English as The Diary of a Young Girl and adapted for the stage and screen. They attended memorial ceremonies and gave lectures about Anne Frank and the importance of resisting fascism.[citation needed] In 1993, Jan Gies died peacefully at home from diabetes, aged 87. He was survived by his wife, Hermine \"Miep\" Gies, who died at the age of 100 in 2010 and his son, Paul Gies, who was born in 1950, daughter-in-law Lucie, and three grandchildren, Erwin, Jeanine, and David. Anne Frank Remembered, Miep Gies with Alison Leslie Gold, Simon and Schuster, 1987. The Diary of a Young Girl, Anne Frank, Penguin, 2002. Jan in isolation: [\u02c8j\u0251n]. Goldstein, Richard (11 January 2010). \"Miep Gies, Protector of Anne Frank, Dies at 100\". The New York Times. Retrieved 18 August 2012. Jan Gies \u2013 his activity to save Jews' lives at the Holocaust, at Yad Vashem website Jan Gies - Find A Grave"
   },
   {
    "name": "Kate ter Horst",
    "id": "Q578404",
    "text": "Kate ter Horst MBE (born 6 July 1906, Amsterdam \u2013 21 February 1992, Oosterbeek) was a Dutch housewife and mother who tended wounded and dying Allied soldiers during the Battle of Arnhem. Her British patients nicknamed her the Angel of Arnhem. Ter Horst was born Kate Anna Arri\u00ebns, daughter of Pieter Albert Arri\u00ebns and Catharina Maingay. She married Jan ter Horst, a lawyer from Rotterdam, with whom she had six children. One of her daughters, Sophie, still resides in the family home in Oosterbeek.[citation needed] Kate ter Horst witnessed the landings by the British 1st Airborne Division at the beginning of Operation Market Garden on 17 September 1944, noting the event in her diary. \u2018Mad with joy we walk through the garden and climb up on the roof so we can see more, grasp more of what\u2019s happening. We can hardly believe it. Can it really be true? Is this the long-awaited end to our sorrows, falling from the sky? Does this mean freedom?\u2019 Diary of Kate ter Horst The goal of the operation was for the paratroopers to seize the bridges in and around Eindhoven, Nijmegen and Arnhem. The plan called for the British XXX Corps to advance across these bridges and then push into the Ruhr Valley industrial area of Germany. However, the advance on Arnhem fell behind schedule, and the troops there were forced into a defensive pocket at Oosterbeek. Captain Randall Martin asked the ter Horsts permission to set up a regimental aid station in their house at the Benedendorpsweg in Oosterbeek.[citation needed] During the eight days of fighting, ter Horst tended to about 250 wounded British paratroopers herself. Some of her most famous actions in looking after the British troops included walking around her home reading the Bible to dying soldiers and finding water in the most unlikely places (such as the boiler and toilet) when, due to the large concentration of British troops, the house became a target.[citation needed] Ter Horst wrote about these experiences in a book called Cloud Over Arnhem. Writing the foreword for the book, Arnhem veteran General Sir Frank King noted:[citation needed] \u2018I noticed how the whole room brightened up at her arrival,\u2019 he recalled. \u2018One badly wounded soldier summed it up before he died. After a few words from her, he said: \u201cShe\u2019s wonderful. Just like my Mum!\u201d \u2019 \u2014\u2009General Sir Frank King, foreword to Cloud Over Arnhem In November 1947, her eldest son, Pieter Albert, was killed by a leftover anti-tank mine in a meadow along the Rhine.[citation needed] She starred in Theirs is the Glory, a film made directly after the war about the battle of Arnhem in which survivors were asked to re-enact the parts they played in the battle. In 1980, the British ambassador to the Netherlands decorated Kate and her husband as Honorary Members of the Most Excellent Order of the British Empire. In 1992, Kate ter Horst died after she was struck by a car outside her home. Jan died on 1 August 2003 at the age of 98. Following her death, an Early Day Motion was passed by the British House of Commons paying tribute to Kate ter Horst. Early Day Motion 739 'That this House is sad to learn of the death of Mrs Kate ter Horst who in September 1944 gave aid and refuge to dying and wounded British soldiers trying to liberate Arnhem; recognises she was an exceptionally brave person whose contribution is not forgotten; and sends its condolences to her family'. House of Commons business papers/Early Day Motions (3) Ter Horst narrated the opening montage of the 1977 film A Bridge Too Far in English. In the movie, she is played by Liv Ullmann. Kate ter Horst; Obituary. The Times, 25 February 1992, p. 13 \"Ter Horst House - TracesOfWar.com\". TracesOfWar.com. Retrieved 23 May 2018. \"Speech by Mark Rutte at the official opening of the exhibition, 'Routes of Liberation: European Legacies of the Second World War'\". www.government.nl. Retrieved 2018-04-10. \"The Story Of Operation 'Market Garden' In Photos\". Imperial War Museums. Retrieved 2018-04-10. \"Theirs is the Glory\". Brian Desmond Hurst legacy website. Retrieved 2018-05-23. \"Early day motion 739 - MRS KATE ter HORST\". UK Parliament. Retrieved 2021-04-27. v t e"
   },
   {
    "name": "Pieter Pietersz Barbiers II",
    "id": "Q580063",
    "text": "Pieter Pietersz Barbiers (also Pieter Barbiers Pzn., or Pieter Barbiers II, bapt. October 26, 1749, Amsterdam - October 26, 1842, Amsterdam) was a 19th-century painter from the Northern Netherlands. According to the RKD he was the son of Pieter Barbiers (1717-1780) and the brother of Bartholomeus Barbiers. He became a member of the Amsterdam Guild of St. Luke in 1786, but the group dissolved in 1796 when the guilds were abolished during the French occupation. He became a member of the Royal Academy of Amsterdam in 1822. His pupils were his nephew Bartholomeus Barbiers the younger, and the following students at the academy: Carel Lodewijk Hansen, Jan Hulswit (painter), Johannes Jelgerhuis, Dani\u00ebl Kerkhoff, Johannes Hendrik Knoop, Thomas van Leent, Jacobus Pelgrom, Petrus Antonius Ravelli, Abraham Johannes Ruytenschildt, Johan Christiaan Willem Safft, Barend Hendrik Thier, Pier Johannes de Visser, and Henricus Franciscus Wiertz. He left fine landscapes, often representing the environs of Geldern and Haarlem. Pieter Barbiers in the RKD Rose, Hugh James (1857). \"Barbiers, Peter\". A New General Biographical Dictionary. 3 BAH\u2013BEE. London: B. Fellowes et al. p.\u00a0152. Pieter Barbiers on Artnet v t e"
   },
   {
    "name": "Hendrik Grav\u00e9",
    "id": "Q584068",
    "text": "Hendrik Grav\u00e9 (Amsterdam, 5 December 1670- Amsterdam, 25 March 1749) was a Dutch admiral. On his eighteenth birthday, Grav\u00e9 entered the service of the Admiralty of Amsterdam, in 1691 becoming luitenant-ter-zee. In 1698, he became buitengewoon kapitein (captain-extraordinary). He married Lucia van Mollem in 1704 in the Waldensian church in Utrecht, and they had one son, Hendrik (1709\u20131738), and one daughter, Jacoba. In 1713, Hendrik became a full captain. In 1716, Grav\u00e9 led a convoy to the Baltic Sea and in 1717 became commandeur with the Admiralty. In 1718 he became the owner of the fine Nieuwe Herengracht 99, well known for art connoisseurs due to the five gigantic hunting still lifes by Jan Weenix. By 1721 Hendrik Grav\u00e9 had moved to Kloveniersburgwal 95. In 1722, Hendrik Grav\u00e9 became schout-bij-nacht and was the following year put in command of a Dutch expedition against the Algerian pirates. Due to a problem with his foot (called podagra, possibly meaning gout), Grav\u00e9 had himself tied onto his chair when there were storms. Grav\u00e9 \u2026 delighted in the company of everybody, even of English colleagues, in wide-ranging talks and fencing language, sat gaming for days in succession in coffee houses in Portsmouth, afterwards falling into post-prandial sleep by the hearth. To the Lords of the Admiralty in London he wrote high-flown letters, laden with Latin quotations. Grav\u00e9 once entertained them with an exposition in Latin on the origin of his family with the North Brabantish Grav\u00e9s. In 1742, he possessed four servants, a carriage, two horses and an income of 7,000 guilder a year. On 8 May 1744, at 73, he was made lieutenant-admiral of the Admiralty of the Noorderkwartier, jumping a rank as he never had been a vice admiral. Other officers protested at his appointment. After years of illness, he died at 78 and his funeral, as described by Braatbard, was an event of the first order, with the procession lasting three and a half hours. This article is based entirely or partially on its equivalent on Dutch Wikipedia. Aa, A.J. van der (1852-1878) Biografisch Woordenboek der Nederlanden, bevattende levensbeschrijvingen Bruyn, J.R. (1970) De Admiraliteit van Amsterdam in rustiger jaren 1713-1751 \u2014 Regenten en financi\u00ebn, schepen en zeevarenden Kohier Personeele Quotisatie, wijk 14, nr 3930 De Zeven Provincien in Beroering. Hoofdstukken uit een Jiddische kroniek over de jaren 1740-1752 van Abraham Chaim Braatbard. J.M. Meulenhoff (1960). BMA on Kloveniersburgwal 95"
   },
   {
    "name": "Albert Verwey",
    "id": "Q586323",
    "text": "Albert Verwey (May 15, 1865 \u2013 March 8, 1937) was a Dutch poet belonging to the \"Movement of Eighty\". As a translator, staffer, and literary historian he played an important role in the literary life of The Netherlands in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. Verwey was born in the center of Amsterdam; all his life he spoke with a strong local accent. Both his father and grandfather were furniture makers. In his youth, he lost both his parents, caused by tuberculosis. Verwey began to write poetry early in life. In 1880 he translated poems by Samuel Coleridge, Byron, Shelley, and Wordsworth. After finishing high school Verwey worked at a securities office. Because Verwey was very good in English, the 18-years-old Verwey was invited by the Dutch directors of the Maxwell Land Grant to join them as translator to Cimarron, New Mexico. His first book of poems, called Persephone after the Greek goddess, was published in 1883. In 1885 he was a co-founder of the periodical De Nieuwe Gids (\u201cThe New Guide\u201d), which was one of the chief organs of the Dutch literary revival of the 1880s. Verwey contributed sonnets and more poems. Verwey was a close friend of Willem Kloos, and an affair developed between the two poets, which is unprecedented in Dutch literature. They broke their relation in 1888. In 1889 he failed his Latin examinations. In the same year, his collected poems were published, with translations of work by Christopher Marlowe. In 1890 Verwey married and moved to Villa Nova in Noordwijk aan Zee. Frederik van Eeden became his brother-in-law. Verwey was involved in the decoration of the Beurs van Berlage, a \"synthesis of the arts\". For a time he was influenced by Spinozism and Socialism through his wife. Since 1895 he was connected to the esoteric German poet Stefan George, whose work he translated. In some of his poems, Verwey reflected on the horrors of the World War One; Verwey held Germany responsibly and refused to accept George's later ideas about a spiritual aristocracy. In 1922 his translation of Gulliver's Travels was published. From 1924 till 1935 Verwey was a professor at the Rijksuniversiteit Leiden. Verwey translated and promoted medieval poetry in search of passion, vision, and dreams. Although no Dutch writer has won the Nobel Prize in Literature he is among Dutch writers to have been nominated by multiple people. Verwey was a prolific writer; at the University of Amsterdam his carefully kept correspondence (of 20,000 letters) can be consulted. 'Stoa', wall poem in Leiden Poem on the Beurs van Berlage, the Amsterdam commodity exchange Grave in Noordwijk Bust in Noordwijk Lansing Bartlett Bloom; Paul A. F. Walter (1979). New Mexico Historical Review. University of New Mexico. p.\u00a0127-128. Albert Verwey, dominerend dichter door Martine van Poeteren- 11 februari 2018 Maurits Uyldert (1948) De jeugd van een dichter \u2013 Uit het leven van Albert Verwey Web. 30 Nov 2013. Works by Albert Verwey at Project Gutenberg Works by or about Albert Verwey at Internet Archive Works by Albert Verwey at LibriVox (public domain audiobooks) Het Geheugen van Nederland on Verwey \u2018Twee open deuren op een open verandah\u2019"
   },
   {
    "name": "Ferdi Elmas",
    "id": "Q586379",
    "text": "Ferdi Elmas (born 13 February 1985) is a Turkish former professional footballer who played as a winger. Born in Amsterdam, Netherlands, Elmas played for Ajax for over nine years in his youth, having come through the ranks of the club's elite Youth Team. He continued his career in Dutch football after transferring to RKC Waalwijk. In 2004, he moved to \u00c7aykur Rizespor, before completing a loan switch to Ankaraspor. During the summer transfer window of 2008, the Istanbul club Galatasaray signed the player on a three-year deal, expiring in June 2011. The transfer was a player-swap, with U\u011fur Akdemir being the player who left the team. He was released by Galatasaray S.K. after a season after signing and signed a new deal with Turkish First Division team Karab\u00fckspor. In 2013, he was playing for FK Baku in the Azerbaijan Premier League. He qualifies for both Dutch and Turkish citizenship as his mother is Dutch and his father is Turkish. Galatasaray Turkish Super Cup: 2008 MAN\u0130SA B\u00dcY\u00dcK\u015eEH\u0130R\u2019DEN \u0130K\u0130 TAKV\u0130YE DAHA, 45haber.com, 7 January 2016 Ferdi Elmas at the Turkish Football Federation Ferdi Elmas at Mackolik.com (in Turkish)"
   },
   {
    "name": "Erick van Egeraat",
    "id": "Q586951",
    "text": "Erick van Egeraat (Dutch pronunciation: [\u02c8e\u02d0r\u026ak f\u0251n \u02c8e\u02d0\u0263\u0259ra\u02d0t]; born 1956) is a Dutch architect and author. He heads the architectural practice based in Rotterdam with offices in Moscow, Budapest and Prague. He is best known for his projects of ING Group Headquarters in Budapest, Drents Museum in Assen, The Rock tower in Amsterdam, Incineration line in Roskilde, Main building and Auditorium in Leipzig University and the Corporate University of Sberbank in Moscow. He is the winner of RIBA Award 2007, Best Building Award 2011&2012 and European Property Award 2013. April 26, 2016, Erick van Egeraat was decorated \u2018Officer in the order of Oranje Nassau.' This decoration was presented to Erick van Egeraat by the Mayor of Rotterdam, on behalf of the King of the Netherlands. Erick van Egeraat graduated from the Delft University of Technology, Department of Architecture. During his last year in the university, after winning the competition to design flexible youth housing at Kruisplein, Rotterdam he co-founded Mecanoo with Henk D\u00f6ll, Francine Houben, Roelf Steenhuis and Chris de Weijer. The early years of Mecanoo were characterized by projects which challenged the norms of urban renewal and social housing. Notable projects include Housing Kruisplein, Rotterdam (1980-1985), Bilderberg Parkhotel, Rotterdam (1990-1992), House 13 at the IGA Stuttgart 1993 (1990-1993), Faculty of Economics and Management, Utrecht (1991-1995) and the Library at Delft University of Technology (1992-1998). In 1995 Erick van Egeraat left Mecanoo and established his own company Erick van Egeraat associated architects (EEA) with offices in Rotterdam, London, Budapest, Prague and Moscow. A milestone project which expressed his new architectural approach was the Headquarters of ING Bank and NNH Insurance company in Budapest (1992-1994). In his own words, \u201cIt may be considered one of the first buildings to juxtapose an uncompromising modernism with intuitive organic shapes to achieve what might be called Modern Baroque\u201d. The new vision found its articulation in a variety of projects, such as Crawford Art Gallery in Cork, Ireland (1996-2000), Pop-stage Mezz in Breda, the Netherlands (1996-2002), Mauritskade building in Amsterdam, the Netherlands (1996-2002), City Hall in Alphen aan den Rijn, the Netherlands (1997-2002) and Visual Art Center in Middlesbrough, England (2007) for which the architect received the RIBA award. This period was marked by a greater diversity of work, from product design (door handle Erick, 2008) to master-planning (Oosterdokseiland in Amsterdam, The Netherlands, (1998-2001) and increasing focus on Central and Eastern Europe where he built the Royal Netherlands Embassy in Warsaw, Poland (1999-2004), ING Group Headquarters in Budapest, Hungary (1999-2004), Hotel Kempinski in Bratislava, Slovakia (2004-2008) and other projects. Erick van Egeraat was particularly interested to work in historical context, as shown in his projects of Liget Center (2000-2002) and Deak Palace (2003-2004) in Budapest, Hungary as well as master-plan of New Holland Island in Saint Petersburg, Russia (competition 2006). Working with historical buildings or in historical ambience, he aimed for \u201ccontinuity and memory rather than rupture and rejection\u201d. In 2000s Erick van Egeraat started to work actively in Russia. The thrill of work in a new architectural environment made him design his \"most spectacular, pure architecture project\" Russian Avant-Garde in Moscow (2001) which made him \"one of the most flamboyant architects in the Netherlands\", according to the critics. Russian Avant-Garde and Federation Island in Sochi (2007) caused a stir and started a public discourse, but did not reach the stage of realization. The others were successfully built, among them: Capital City in Moscow (2002-2010) and Trade and Entertainment Center Vershina in Surgut (2005-2010). In 2009 Erick van Egeraat restructured his company into (designed by) Erick van Egeraat with offices in Rotterdam, Moscow, Budapest and Prague. Despite the world crisis, his focus on complexity and quality steadily grew. In Europe he completed the projects of Drents Museum in Assen, the Netherlands (2008-2011), Incineration Line in Roskilde, Denmark (2008-2013), Main building and Auditorium in Leipzig University, Germany (2004-2015) and Erasmus University College in Rotterdam, the Netherlands (2012-2014). In Russia he built Chess Academy in Khanty-Mansiysk (2008-2010), Corporate University of Sberbank in Moscow region (2010-2013) and completed Mercury City Tower in Moscow (2011-2013). His interest in working in historical context is manifest in his high-profile design of the new Dynamo stadium (winner of the competition, 2010) and master-planning, design and consultancy works for development of the territory of the former Red October chocolate factory (since 2007). Portfolio of Erick van Egeraat includes over 100 projects in more than 10 countries, including the Middle East where he created the master-plan for the city center of Unaizah (2014). Erick van Egeraat authored several books. In Six Ideas about Architecture written in collaboration with Deyan Sudjic he takes us to the world of a person who, just like the hero of The Fountainhead \u201cloves this earth, but doesn\u2019t like the shape of things on this earth and wants to change them.\u201d His definition of sustainable architecture marries beauty with quality: \"We need to reintroduce architecture which once again captivates us. Beauty, strength and a focus on qualitative materials are essential elements from which a truly sustainable architecture can emerge. His later book 10 years Erick van Egeraat: Realized Works co-authored by Philip Jodidio, presents a comprehensive sweep of his oeuvre of the period 1995-2005, from the first post-Mecanoo years when he was trying to make a difference convinced that the future proof architecture needs to show \"more than bare essentials\". to the full architectural maturity, both loyal to long-established standards of beauty and decidedly contemporary: \u201cI believe that all architecture of historic significance was modern at the time it was built, emerging from its time and culture.\u201d His most recent book Life without Beauty elaborates on importance of beauty in architecture which in the 20th century lost a battle to budget: \u201cIn Holland, the budget was the only subject. Many architects didn\u2019t like the word \u201cbeauty\u201d. He claims that ultimate measure for society or human being is not ability to make money, but its achievements and the beauty it has produced. 1980-1985 Housing Kruisplein - Rotterdam, the Netherlands (as partner of Mecanoo) 1985-1989 Housing Tiendplein - Rotterdam, the Netherlands (as partner of Mecanoo) 1989-1990 Restaurant Boompjes - Rotterdam, the Netherlands (as partner of Mecanoo) 1990-1992 Parkhotel - Rotterdam, the Netherlands (as partner of Mecanoo) 1992-1995 Natural History Museum - Rotterdam, the Netherlands (as partner of Mecanoo) 1992-1994 / 1993-1997 ING office / Extension - Budapest, Hungary 1994-1997 School for Fashion and Graphic design - Utrecht, the Netherlands 1996-2000 Municipal Art Gallery - Cork, Ireland 1996-2000 InHolland High School - Rotterdam, the Netherlands 1996-2002 Pop-stage Mezz - Breda, the Netherlands 1997-2002 City Hall - Alphen aan den Rijn, the Netherlands 1999-2003 Villa Bianca \u2013 Prague, Czech Republic 1999-2004 ING Headquarters - Budapest, Hungary 2000-2004 Royal Netherlands Embassy - Warsaw, Poland 2001-2005 Crescent housing \u2013 Nieuw Vennep, the Netherlands 2002-2009 The Rock Tower - Amsterdam, The Netherlands 2002-2010 Capital City \u2013 Moscow, Russia 2003-2004 Deak Palace refurbishment - Budapest, Hungary 2003- 2006 Offices Zilverparkkade - Lelystad, the Netherlands 2003-2006 Metzo College \u2013 Doetinchem, the Netherlands 2003-2007 Visual Art Center \u2013 Middlesbrough, England 2003-2008 Municipal Theatre \u2013 Haarlem, the Netherlands 2003-2012 Masterplan Milanofiori - Milan, Italy 2004-2010 Masterplan River Park - Bratislava, Slovakia 2004-2010 Private Residence - Rotterdam, the Netherlands 2004-2015 University Main building and Auditorium - Leipzig, Germany 2005-2009 Lyon Confluence \u2013 Lyon, France 2005-2010 Trade and Entertainment Center Vershina \u2013 Surgut, Russia 2006-2011 Sumatrakontor - Hamburg, Germany 2006-2014 Bay Mansion \u2013 Moscow, Russia 2007-2011 Drents Museum - Assen, the Netherlands 2008-2010 Chess Academy \u2013 Khanty-Mansiysk, Russia 2008-2013 Incineration Line - Roskilde, Denmark 2009-2012 Columbuskwartier - Almere, the Netherlands 2010-2013 Corporate University of Sberbank \u2013 Moscow, Russia 2010-2013 Erasmus University Campus and Interior - Rotterdam, the Netherlands 2012-2013 Public spaces in Mercury City Tower \u2013 Moscow, Russia \u201cAnimated architecture\u201d winner at World\u2019s best media architecture for Incineration Line in Roskilde, Denmark, (2014)) Best high-rise architecture in Russia at European Property Awards for Mercury City Tower, Moscow, Russia (2013) Best Interior at Dutch Design Awards for Drents Museum, Assen, the Netherlands (2012) Best Building \u20182012 Siberia for Trade and Entertainment Center Vershina, Surgut, Russia (2012) Grand Prix at Golden Capital Award Siberia for Trade and Entertainment Center Vershina, Surgut, Russia (2012) Best Building \u20182011 Russia for Chess Academy, Khanty Mansiysk, Russia (2011) Emporis Skyscraper Award for Capital City, Moscow, Russia (2010) Best mixed-use development at Commercial Real Estate Award for Capital City, Moscow, Russia (2010) Hadrian Award for Visual Art Center, Middlesbrough, England (2009) US Award for Milanofiori North office buildings in Milano, Italy (2009) RIBA award North East region for Visual Art Center, Middlesbrough, England (2007) Renaissance Award of the Royal Institution of Chartered Surveyors for Visual Art Center, Middlesbrough, England (2007) For Budapest Award for the \u201cdesign of architectural masterpieces in Budapest, Hungary\u201d (2006) Reitter Ferenc Prize for refurbishment of D\u00e9ak Palace in Budapest, Hungary (2006) Life in Architecture Award for the best building in Warsaw 2004-2005, for Royal Netherlands Embassy Warsaw, Poland (2005) MIPIM award for Offices of ING & NNH in Budapest, Hungary (1999) Erick van Egeraat is the professor of the International Academy of Architecture in Sofia, Bulgaria. He travels the world not only to work on his projects, but also to give lectures, workshops and master classes. Egeraat, E. van. Life without beauty. Tatlin publishers: Ekaterinburg, 2011. ISBN\u00a0978-5-903433-59-9. Leeuwen, K. van & Wagt, W. De. Het Geschenk: Stadsschouwburg Haarlem 1918 \u2013 2009. HDC Media: Haarlem, 2009. Egeraat, E. van. From making buildings to offering solace to the city. EEA Erick van Egeraat associate architects: Rotterdam, 2008. Jodidio, P. & Egeraat, E. Van. 10 years Erick van Egeraat: realized works. The Images Publishing Group: Australia, 2005. ISBN\u00a01-86470-131-5. Egeraat, E. van. Redefining Budapest, Offices for a new era. Pauker Nyomda, 2005. Sudjic D., D. & Egeraat, E. Van. For Russia with love. Aedes: Berlin, 2003. Lammers, M., Spangenberg W., Houweling W.J. Ichthus Hogeschool Rotterdam, een gedurfd project. Bouwen aan Zuid-Holland: pp.\u00a011\u201317, 2000. Sudjic D., & Egeraat, E. van. Cool Medium Hot. Aedes: Berlin, 1997. Egeraat, E. van & Sudjic D. Six ideas about architecture. Birkh\u00e4user: Basel, 1997. ISBN\u00a03764356391. Egeraat, E. van & Lammers, M. The Andrassy Project. Delft, 1994. Feddes, F., Egeraat, E. van, Houben, F. Ruimte voor Ruimte. Groningen, 1990. Egeraat, E. van & Houben, F. De Hillekop, op zoek naar een po\u00ebtische relatie met de haven. Rotterdam Stedebouwkundige ontwerpen: pp.\u00a054\u201362, 1988. D\u00f6ll, H. & Egeraat, E. Van (ed.) Woningbouw Kruisplein. Anders wonen in Rotterdam. Academia: Delft, 1985. In isolation, van is pronounced [v\u0251n]. \"Erick van Egeraat provides a shot of architectural adrenaline\". Architectural Record. January 2006. \"Erick van Egeraat Office Tower\". Scene. 16 November 2011. \"Erick's van Egeraat Beacon Roskilde Incineration line\". Designboom. 8 June 2013. \"Aula Leipzig University\". E-Architect. 4 June 2014. \"Like pearls on a string\". Mapolis. 12 February 2012.[permanent dead link] \"Erick van Egeraat wins RIBA and Renaissance awards\". Europe-re. 29 May 2007. \"Designed by Erick van Egeraat wins a Russian Best Building Award 2011\". Archined. 20 October 2011. Jodidio, P. & Egeraat, E. van. 10 years 2005, p.\u00a06. sfn error: no target: CITEREFJodidio,_P._&_Egeraat,_E._van._10_years2005 (help) Egeraat, E. van & Sudjic D. Six ideas about architecture. Birkh\u00e4user: Basel, 1997, p.9 \"ING Bank/van Egeraat Budapest\". Financial Times. 17 September 2004. Jodidio, P. & Egeraat, E. van. 10 years 2005, p.\u00a07. sfn error: no target: CITEREFJodidio,_P._&_Egeraat,_E._van._10_years2005 (help) \"Going Dutch\". Archiseek. 10 December 2000. \"Popstage in Dutch city of Breda by Erick van Egeraat\". Infoteli. 11 January 2011. \"Mauritskade apartment building\". Phaidon Atlas. Retrieved 28 November 2014. Jodidio, P. & Egeraat, E. van. 10 years 2005, p.\u00a010. sfn error: no target: CITEREFJodidio,_P._&_Egeraat,_E._van._10_years2005 (help) \"Mima Middlesbrough Institute Of Modern Art\". Europaconcorsi. 2 April 2007. Archived from the original on 2014-12-05. \"Erick van Egeraat designs a door handle for Post en Eger\". Dexigner. 16 March 2008. Archived from the original on 14 October 2016. Retrieved 13 October 2016. \"Architecture\". Oosterdokseiland.nl. Archived from the original on 11 April 2015. Retrieved 27 November 2014. \"Embassy in the garden\". Polen voor Nederlanders. Retrieved 27 November 2014. Jodidio, P. & Egeraat, E. van. 10 years 2005, p.\u00a09. sfn error: no target: CITEREFJodidio,_P._&_Egeraat,_E._van._10_years2005 (help) Jodidio, P. & Egeraat, E. van. 10 years 2005, p.\u00a056. sfn error: no target: CITEREFJodidio,_P._&_Egeraat,_E._van._10_years2005 (help) \"Fantasy Island\". St. Petersburg Times. 17 February 2006. Egeraat, E. van. & Sudjic D. 6 ideas 1997, p.\u00a015. sfn error: no target: CITEREFEgeraat,_E._van._&_Sudjic_D._6_ideas1997 (help) Jodidio, P. & Egeraat, E. van. 10 years 2005, p.\u00a012. sfn error: no target: CITEREFJodidio,_P._&_Egeraat,_E._van._10_years2005 (help) Jodidio, P. \"Architecture:Art\". Prestel Verlag, Munich, Berlin, London, New York, 2005, pp. 224 \"A chasm between projects and buildings\". Russia beyond the headlines. 25 October 2011. Jodidio, P. Architecture:Art 2005, p.\u00a0224. sfn error: no target: CITEREFJodidio,_P._Architecture:Art2005 (help) \"Island Paradise\". Passport magazine. August 2008. Egeraat, E. van. \"Capital City Moscow\". Book Industry Services, 2005, pp. 590, ISBN\u00a09063691173 \"Vershina Trade and Entertainment Centre\". Architect. 2 April 2012. \"The Comeback Kid\". The Moscow Times. 1 November 2007. \"Green roofs are changing architecture\". Tree hugger. 6 June 2012. \"Erasmus University College in Rotterdam\". Stealmag. 12 July 2014. \"A very clever move\". World Architecture News. 21 October 2011. Archived from the original on 4 December 2014. Retrieved 28 November 2014. \"Europe's tallest building in Russia designed by Dutch-architect Erick van Egeraat\". PR Newswire. 17 November 2012. \"A multifunctional redevelopment readies Russian for its future World Cup bid\". A10.eu. 7 July 2010. Archived from the original on 6 December 2014. Retrieved 28 November 2014. \"Red October with the Dutch stuffing\". Rus News Journal. Retrieved 28 November 2014. \"Saudi city goes underground to avert vehicular traffic\". Green Prophet. 6 August 2014. Egeraat, E. van & Sudjic D. Six ideas about architecture. Birkh\u00e4user: Basel, 1997, ISBN\u00a03764356391 Rand, A. The Fountainhead. Penguine Group (USA), 1994, e-ISBN\u00a0978-1-101-13718-5, p.32 Egeraat, E. van. & Sudjic D. 6 ideas 1997, p.\u00a080. sfn error: no target: CITEREFEgeraat,_E._van._&_Sudjic_D._6_ideas1997 (help) Egeraat, E. van. Life without beauty. Tatlin publishers: Ekaterinburg, 2011, p. 155 Architecture Today Archived 2015-04-05 at the Wayback Machine] , 2 November 1995 DETAIL, July 1999 \"Extension Inholland University by Erick Van Egeraat Reaches Highest Point\". Dexigner. 14 June 2007. Archived from the original on 14 October 2016. Retrieved 13 October 2016. \"Villa Bianca Uphill Upscale\". Prague Post. 18 September 2002. Archived from the original on 2015-04-02. Egeraat, E. van. Capital City Moscow 2005. sfn error: no target: CITEREFEgeraat,_E._van._Capital_City_Moscow2005 (help) \"Budapest buildings, Hungary, Erick van Egeraat\". E-Architect. Retrieved 28 November 2014. \"Office building in Zilverparkkade Lelystad\". erickvanegeraat.com. Archived from the original on 2 April 2015. Retrieved 28 November 2014. \"Metzo College\". Phaidon Atlas. Retrieved 28 November 2014. \"Erick van Egeraat completes municipal theatre Haarlem\". Theatre Architecture. 1 December 2008. \"Milanofiori North, Milan\". E-Architect. 23 May 2007. \"What is River Park?\". riverpark.sk. Retrieved 28 November 2014. \"Client moves into private residence\". erickvanegeraat.com. 22 April 2010. Archived from the original on 2013-09-21. \"Van Egeraat's Lyon Monolith opens\". bdonline.co.uk. 15 October 2010. \"Sumatrakontor by Erick van Egeraat\". Dezeen. 20 January 2012. \"Bay Mansion\". erickvanegeraat.com. Archived from the original on 2 April 2015. Retrieved 28 November 2014. \"Columbuskwartier Almere\". erickvanegeraat.com. Archived from the original on 2 April 2015. Retrieved 28 November 2014. \"World's best media architecture awarded\". Media Architecture. 21 November 2014. \"Moscow Mercury Tower wins Best High Rise Award\". Media Architecture. 14 October 2013. \"You are looking good; Art Gallery and Square win design award\". Evening Gazette. 10 December 2009. \"Erick van Egeraat received Italian Us Award\". Archined. 9 February 2010. \"Erick van Egeraat's new projects and awards in the UK, France and Hungary\". Europe-re. 5 January 2007. \"EEA: new projects and awards\". HH. 5 January 2007. Media related to Erick van Egeraat at Wikimedia Commons Official website"
   },
   {
    "name": "Anton Blok",
    "id": "Q588350",
    "text": "Anton Blok (born 1935 in Amsterdam) is a Dutch anthropologist, famous for studying the Mafia in Sicily in 1960s. Anton Blok was a visiting professor at the University of Michigan (1972\u201373) and the University of California, Berkeley in 1988. From 1973 until 1986, he served as full professor of cultural anthropology at Radboud University, Nijmegen. He then accepted a chair at the University of Amsterdam, where he remained until his retirement. For that occasion, thirty of his international colleagues and former students contributed essays in his honor, an edited volume titled as Miniature Etnografiche (SUN, 2000). Now a professor emeritus professor at U Amsterdam, Dr. Blok also spent one semester at Yale as a fellow. The Mafia of a Sicilian Village, 1860-1960: A Study of Violent Peasant Entrepreneurs. Harper & Row, 1974. ISBN\u00a00-631-19960-8 De Bokkerijders: Roversbenden en geheime genootschappen in de Landen van Overmaas (1730\u20131774). Amsterdam: Prometheus, 1991. Honour and Violence. Cambridge: Polity, 2001. ISBN\u00a00-7456-0449-8 Anthropologische Perspektiven: Einf\u00fchrung, Kritik und Pl\u00e4doyer. With Klaus Schomburg. Stuttgart: Klett-Cotta, 1995. ISBN\u00a03-608-91725-X De Vernieuwers: De Zegeningen van Tegenslag in Wetenschap en Kunst, 1500\u20132000. Amsterdam: Prometheus, 2013. \"Boek - De vernieuwers - Letterenfonds\". www.letterenfonds.nl. Organized Crime (2003), Michael D. Lyman, Gary W. Potter. Waveland Press: Upper Sadle River, New Jersey. ISBN\u00a00-13-112286-X Biography at University of Amsterdam v t e v t e"
   },
   {
    "name": "Rob Hartoch",
    "id": "Q591630",
    "text": "Robert Gijsbertus Hartoch (24 March 1947 \u2014 28 May 2009) was a Dutch chess International Master (1971). Robert Hartoch has made the most of his success in junior chess tournaments. In 1964, in Groningen he together with J\u00f8rn Sloth won European Junior Chess Championship, but in 1965, in Barcelona he won silver medal in World Junior Chess Championship behind winner Bojan Kurajica. After the junior age, the Robert Hartoch's results of chess tournaments became mediocre. He was a multiple participant in the Dutch Chess Championship, but failed to advance to more than 4th place in these tournaments (twice in 1972, 1975). His success in international chess tournaments was rare. In 1968, Robert Hartoch shared 2nd-3rd place with Anatoly Lutikov in the IBM international chess tournament. In 1971, he shared 2nd-3rd place with Andr\u00e1s Adorj\u00e1n in the B tournament of the Hoogovens Wijk aan Zee Chess Festival. In 1991, in Dieren he was ranked 3rd in the Open Chess tournament. Robert Hartoch played for Netherlands in the Chess Olympiads: In 1970, at second reserve board in the 19th Chess Olympiad in Siegen (+3, =5, -1), In 1972, at first reserve board in the 20th Chess Olympiad in Skopje (+5, =7, -2). Robert Hartoch played for Netherlands in the European Team Chess Championship: In 1965, at second reserve board in the 3rd European Team Chess Championship in Hamburg (+0, =3, -3). Robert Hartoch played for Netherlands in the Clare Benedict Chess Cups: In 1970, at first reserve board in the 17th Clare Benedict Chess Cup in Paignton (+0, =3, -0), In 1972, at third board in the 19th Clare Benedict Chess Cup in Vienna (+2, =3, -0) and won team silver and individual gold medals, In 1973, at fourth board in the 20th Clare Benedict Chess Cup in Gstaad (+1, =4, -1), In 1974, at first reserve board in the 21st Clare Benedict Chess Cup in Cala Galdana (+0, =4, -0). In 1971, he was awarded the FIDE International Master (IM) title. \"OlimpBase\u00a0:: Men's Chess Olympiads\u00a0:: Robert Hartoch\". www.olimpbase.org. \"OlimpBase\u00a0:: European Men's Team Chess Championship\u00a0:: Robert Hartoch\". www.olimpbase.org. \"OlimpBase\u00a0:: Clare Benedict Chess Cup\u00a0:: Robert Hartoch\". www.olimpbase.org. Robert Hartoch player profile and games at Chessgames.com Robert Hartoch chess games at 365chess.com v t e"
   },
   {
    "name": "Rob Barel",
    "id": "Q593970",
    "text": "Robert Alexander Barel (born 23 December 1957 in Amsterdam) is an athlete from the Netherlands. He competes in triathlon. Originally a swimmer, Barel competed and won his first triathlon in 1982 (Amsterdam). Won the very first ETU European Championships in 1985 (Immenstadt). Competed in the first ITU World Championships in 1989 (Avignon, 5th place). Won the first ITU Long Distance Championships in 1994 (Nice). Competed in the first Olympic triathlon at the 2000 Summer Olympics. He took forty-third place with a total time of 1:55:36.69 at the age of 42. World Champion Long Distance triathlon: 1994 European Champion Middle Distance triathlon EK: 1986, 1988, 1994 European Champion Olympic distance triathlon: 1985, 1986, 1987, 1988 National Champion Olympic distance triathlon: 1986, 1988, 1989, 1990, 1994, 1998 National Champion duatlon: 1993, 1994, 1997 National Champion cross triathlon: 2005, 2008 European Champion cross triathlon: 2008 National Champion Mountainbike Masters2: 2005, 2006, 2007 (in Dutch) Dutch Olympic Committee (in English) sports-reference v t e"
   },
   {
    "name": "Ad Visser",
    "id": "Q595279",
    "text": "Ad Visser (born 28 April 1947, in Amsterdam) is a Dutch VJ, presenter, writer, and music artist. In 1965, Visser performed with his avant-garde pop trio Blurp on AVRO television. He presented the AVRO programmes Superclean Dreammachine (1968\u20131980) and TopPop (1970\u20131985). In 1982, he wrote a science-fiction novel called Sobri\u00ebtas and released an accompanying record as a multimedia project. The album was released in 18 countries and the single from the album, \"Giddyap a Gogo\", which Visser recorded with Daniel Sahuleka, reached the Dutch Top 40, which resulted in Visser's only appearance as an artist in his own Toppop programme. In the 1990s, Visser released the Brainsessions CDs which generate alpha waves to give the listener a trance-like experience. Het Geheim van de Wonderbaarlijke Kubus (Mamicha Music, 1981) Sobri\u00ebtas (CBS, 1982) Adventure (CBS, 1983) Hi-tec Heroes (Vertigo, 1987) Ad Visser's Brainsessions (Arcade, 1995) Ad Visser's Brainsessions, Vol. 2 (Arcade, 1997) Ad Visser's Kamasutra Experience (Universal, 1999) Ad Visser: Strange days. Muzikale avonturen in de 60's en 70's. Baarn, Marmer, 2015. ISBN\u00a0978-94-6068-215-5 Ad Visser: De parade van de hemelse tragedie. De langste song ter wereld. Vianen, The House of Books, 2005. ISBN\u00a090-443-1292-8 Ad Visser: Sobri\u00ebtas. Amsterdam, Meulenhoff, 1982. ISBN\u00a090-290-2261-2 (German translation by Hildegard H\u00f6hr, M\u00fcnchen, Heyne, 1989) ISBN\u00a03-453-03480-5 Ad Visser & Daniel Sahuleka - Giddyap A Gogo (1982) on YouTube (in Dutch) Homepage (in Dutch) Avro-article about Toppop (in Dutch) Sobri\u00ebtas on Araglins Music blog v t e"
   },
   {
    "name": "Rudolf Escher",
    "id": "Q600092",
    "text": "Rudolf Escher (8 January 1912 in Amsterdam \u2013 17 March 1980 in De Koog) was a Dutch composer and music theorist. He left compositions for chamber orchestra and orchestra, vocal and one electronic composition. Escher was also a poet, painter and writer. Escher was born the son of the geologist and mineralogist Berend George Escher and the Swiss Emma Brosy. His father was a son of the engineer George Arnold Escher and half-brother of the graphic artist Maurits Cornelis Escher. At the age of four, Escher moved with his family to Batavia, Dutch East Indies, where his father worked as a geologist for the Batavian Petroleum Company. His father was a good pianist and he gave the young Escher piano lessons. In 1922, five years later, they were back in the Netherlands, now in Leiden. Escher went to the Stedelijk Gymnasium Leiden and continued his piano lessons, now with B\u00e9 Hartz. He also played the violin and got harmony lessons. After four years he quit school. At first he could not choose between music, visual arts and letters but in 1929 he decided to become a composer. Next he wanted to go to the conservatoire in Cologne. The Dutch composer Peter van Anrooy advised him to study piano. On second thoughts Escher went to the Toonkunst Conservatoire in Rotterdam in 1931. Until 1937 he studied the piano as major with the cello as minor. From 1934 to 1937 he also studied composition with Willem Pijper as his teacher. Escher's debut was in 1935 with his First piano sonata. He also attracted attention in 1938 with an important essay: Toscanini and Debussy, magic of reality. In this essay his views towards composing are evident. He also wrote a few poems, which were published in Forum. When the Second World War expanded into the Netherlands, many of Escher's compositions from his study period were destroyed in the bombing of Rotterdam on 14 May 1940. He also lost his house and all his possessions. During the war Escher composed Musique pour l'esprit en deuil (1941\u201343). This work quickly elevated him to be the most important composer in the Netherlands. About the compositions from the war, he wrote: 'My work from this period has got a sort of gravity, a doggedness here and there, which makes it clearly to realize as grown amid disasters. For me, personally, that is the ethical significance of it: they are constructions of the mind, in a time that 'mind' (if you can still call it that way) is used almost exclusively for destructive purposes.\u2019 Soon after the war Escher was a contributor about visual arts and music for the weekly Groene Amsterdammer. He turned out to be a talented poet, publishing poetry in literary magazines into the 1950s. Socially he had little to complain about; he was offered several administrative functions, his compositions were successfully performed, and his publications were followed with interest. After 1946 Escher befriended the Dutch composer Matthijs Vermeulen. They shared the same social and literary interests and communist ideals. They had enough trust in each other so that they could write critically about the others' compositions. Escher's communist ideals were expressed in his membership of the Communist Party (from 1934 to 1940). He wrote a few critiques for the monthly communist periodical Politics and Culture, using the pseudonym A. Leuvens. During the 1950s he became critical of Russian communism, which he considered a failure. What remained was his leftist political orientation. In 1958 Escher was present at the 32nd ISCM festival in Strasbourg. About this he wrote reviews to his friend and composer-colleague Peter Schat. In 1960 he was present at the ISCM festival in Cologne. Here he got excited about Pli selon pli of Pierre Boulez. Thus Escher began experimenting with electronic music and serialism in the 1960s. He took lessons in the technique of electronic music with lectures in elementary sound mechanics, electro-physics and sound technology in Delft. Afterwards he experimented in the Studio for Electronic Music in Delft and then at the Institute of Sonology in Utrecht. He decided to ask for analysis classes with Boulez, with reference to the piece he heard in Cologne. From 3 to 7 November 1960 he visited Boulez in Baden-Baden. Those days were spent on analyzing Improvisations sur Mallarm\u00e9 I & II of Boulez. At last Escher concluded that the techniques did not feel right for him. Nevertheless, in his Wind Quintet from 1967 serial music can be found. He uses structure formulas that remind a listener of Boulez. His visit led a few weeks later to a purification of his works: He wrote a request to the director of the publisher Donemus to remove four works unconditionally and three with some restrictions. In 1960\u201361 Escher gave lessons at the Conservatoire of Amsterdam. He used his experience with Boulez to give a lecture on \"the meaning of structure and form by Debussy with reference to recent serial composition techniques by Boulez.\" He became Scientific Senior Lecturer at the Institute for Musicology at the University of Utrecht from 1964 to 1977. His specialization was 'Aspects of the twentieth century'. He gave a lecture \"characteristic structure- and form criteria in the music of the twentieth century.\" Besides music theory he also explored the world of music as a semantic sign system and Audiology. Escher died at the age of 68 in De Koog on the Frisian Island Texel. In 1980 his friends and experts united to create the Escher Committee. Among others involved were Willem Boogman, Elmer Sch\u00f6nberger and Dirk Jacob Hamoen. With the help of the committee the widow of the composer compiled a catalog with comments of Escher's works. In 1992 the Centrum Nederlandse Muziek published correspondence between Escher and the composer Peter Schat, 33 letters and postcards written between 13 May 1958 and 5 August 1961. In the letters they talked about compositions of others as well as their own, and they discussed issues in aesthetics and music theory. The letters give insight to Dutch history, aesthetics, and theory of the 20th-century music, from the inception to the reception of serialism. In the year of the publication of the correspondence Peter Schat published a letter to the dead Escher. In the letter Schat described the process of change that was happening in that time. He also notified Escher about the existing state of affairs in the Netherlands. In 1999 David Moore wrote that Escher is one of the most prominent Dutch composers of the previous generation. Leo Samama was also laudatory when we mentioned Escher's work: \"Together with the 'Sinfonia per dieci strumenti' (1973/75), the 'Flute sonata' (1976/79) and the 'Trio for clarinet, viola and piano' (1978/79), the 'Wind Quintet' belongs to the works of a master \u2013 one of the few our country has known - of an artist that has developed such a personal language, a personal grammar, a personal sound, that every statement about French or German influences, about old or new music, about place and time are futile and meaningless.\" There is a foundation named after Escher for young composers. Since 2006 the foundation is in the management at the Prins Bernard Culture Foundation. The Rudolf Escher Composers Foundation supports young composers financially to follow a study in the Netherlands or abroad. It also supports projects where the work of a young (Dutch) composers is being performed and of concerts where works of Escher are being performed. The foundation is funded by the board of the Rudolf Escher Committee and the inheritance of Escher. Escher received several prizes for his compositions during his live. In 1946 he got the Music prize of the city of Amsterdam for his orchestral work Musique pour l'esprit en deuil, yet before the first performance sounded. One year later he received the Dutch Government Prize for the suite for piano Arcana. He also received the Music price of the city of Amsterdam for Le vrai visage de la paix for choir a cappella. For Le tombeau de Ravel he got the Prof. Van der Leeuw Prize in 1959. Twice he could receive the Visser-Neerlandia Prize, for Nostalgies (1961) and the Wind Quintet (1968). Between these prizes he got the Willem Pijper Prize in 1966 for the Sonata concertante for cello and piano. Eventually Escher received the Johan Wagenaar Prize in 1977 for all his works. 1943 Musique pour l'esprit en deuil 1951 Hymne du Grand Meaulnes (to be revised as Chant du Grand Meaulnes) 1954 Symphony nr. 1 (1953\u201354) 1958 Symphony nr. 2 (revised in 1964 en 1971) 1969 Summer Rites at Noon (1962\u20131969) to be revised 1977 Orchestration of Six \u00e9pigraphes antique (Claude Debussy) (1975\u20131977) 1935 Sonata No. 1 for piano 1937 Passacaglia for organ 1943 Sonata concertante for cello and piano 1944 Sonata for two flutes op.8 1944 Arcana suite for piano (formerly Arcana Musae Dona) 1946 Trio d'anches for oboe, clarinet and bassoon 1949 Due Voci for piano 1949 Non Troppo ten easy pieces for piano 1949 Sonata for flute solo op.16 1951 Sonatina for piano 1952 Le tombeau de Ravel 1953 Air pour charmer un l\u00e9zard op.28 for flute solo 1959 Trio for violin, viola en cello 1967 Wind Quintet Quintetto a fiati 1969 Monologue for flute 1973 Sonata for clarinet solo 1976 Sinfonia per dieci instrumenti 1978 Sonata for flute and piano (1975\u201378) 1978 Trio for clarinet, viola and piano. 1951 Chants du d\u00e9sir (Quatre Po\u00e8mes de Louise Lab\u00e9) for mezzo and piano 1951 Nostalgies (H.J.M. Levet) for tenor and orchestra (revised in 1961) 1952 Strange meeting (Wilfred Owen) for bariton and piano 1953 Le vrai visage de la paix (P. Eluard) for choir a cappella(revised in 1957) 1955 Songs of Love and Eternity for choir a cappella 1957 Ciel, air et vents (Trois po\u00e8mes de Ronsard) for choir a cappella 1970 Univers de Rimbaud (Arthur Rimbaud) for tenor and orchestra 1975 Three Poems by W.H. Auden for choir a cappella 1960 Electronic Music for 'The Long Christmas Dinner' (Thornton Wilder) Toscanini en Debussy: magie der werkelijkheid (Rotterdam, 1938) \u2018Maurice Ravel\u2019, Groot Nederland (Amsterdam, 1939) \u2018Rudolf Escher: Musique pour l'esprit en deuil\u2019, Sonorum speculum, xx (1964), 15\u201333 \u2018Rudolf Escher: Quintetto a fiati\u2019, Sonorum speculum, xxxiv (1968), 24\u201332 \u2018Debussy and the Musical Epigram\u2019, Key Notes, no.10 (1979), 59\u201363 Debussy: actueel verleden, ed. D. Hamoen and E. Sch\u00f6nberger (Buren, 1985) met M.C. Escher: Beweging en metamorfosen: een briefwisseling (Amsterdam, 1985) E. Voermans, ed.: Brieven, 1958\u20131961 (Zutphen, 1992) [briefwisseling tussen Escher en P. Schat] Samama, Leo. 'Vermeulen, Pijper en Escher \u2013 Drie erflaters in de muziek van de twintigste eeuw: drie vrienden.\u2019 Erflaters van de twintigste eeuw Archived 24 July 2011 at archive.today. Amsterdam: Querido, 1991: 264\u2013289. Leo Samama. \"Escher, Rudolf.\" Grove Music Online. Oxford Music Online. 19 januari 2011. Brief van Rudolf Escher aan Piet Damst\u00e9, d.d. 17 februari 1952. Groot, Rokus de. 'Review.' Tijdschrift van de Vereniging voor Nederlandse Muziekgeschiedenis 43(2), 1993: 131\u2013134. Beer, Ronald de. Zonder restrictie de nek omgedraaid. Volkskrant 30 April 1999. Voermans, Erik, ed. Brieven, 1958\u20131961. Zutphen, 1992. [briefwisseling tussen Escher en P. Schat] Schat, Peter. Requiem over het Hollands Diep: een nagezonden brief aan Rudolf Escher. Zutphen: Walburg, 1993. Moore, David W. \u2018Guide to records: Escher.\u2019 American Record Guide Vol. 62(4), 1999: 102. Waltmans, Astrid. Nieuw fonds voor jonge componisten Archived 17 July 2011 at the Wayback Machine. Prins Bernard Cultuurfonds persbericht. Amsterdam, 13 maart 2006 Samama, Leo. Overzicht van de composities van R. Escher. Amsterdam: Donemus, 1978. Escher, Beatrijs, ed. Rudolf Escher: het oeuvre, catalogue raisonn\u00e9. Amsterdam, 1998. Samama, Leo. \u2018Escher, Rudolf.' Grove Music Online. Oxford Music Online. 19 Januari 2011. Samama, Leo. 'Vermeulen, Pijper en Escher \u2013 Drie erflaters in de muziek van de twintigste eeuw: drie vrienden.\u2019 Erflaters van de twintigste eeuw. Amsterdam: Querido, 1991: 264\u2013289. [in Dutch] Voermans, Erik, ed. Brieven, 1958\u20131961. Zutphen, 1992. [correspondence between Escher and P. Schat, in Dutch]. Toccata (Arcana Musae Dona) 1944 by Sepp Grotenhuis, piano on YouTube Hymne du Grand Meaulnes (1950\u201351) on YouTube Sonata Concertante part 1 by Doris Hochscheid (cello) and Frans van Ruth (piano) on YouTube Sonata No. 1 for piano on YouTube Musique pour l'esprit en deuil on YouTube Le tombeau de Ravel part 1 by the Zvezdoliki ensemble on YouTube Donemus: Escher"
   },
   {
    "name": "Eric Heuvel",
    "id": "Q601513",
    "text": "Eric Heuvel (born 25 May 1960, Amsterdam) is a Dutch comic book artist best known for his graphic novels about World War II. January Jones Dodenrit naar Monte Carlo De Schedel van Sultan Mkwawa De Schatten van Koning Salomo Het Pinkerton Draaiboek De Horens van de Stier Het graf van de Zeppelin Bud Broadway De weg naar Java Het geheim van Raffles Banzai op Borneo Het einde van Indi\u00eb Show in de Sahara De toorts van Caesar De dubbele Duce De lange weg naar huis Geheim van de tijd (eng: Secrets of history) De weg naar Java Het geheim van Raffles Banzai op Borneo Het einde van Indi\u00eb Show in de Sahara De toorts van Caesar De dubbele Duce De lange weg naar huis De ontdekking (eng: A Family Secret) De schuilhoek (eng: The shelter) Frontstad Rotterdam (eng: Front city Rotterdam) De zoektocht (eng: The Search) De terugkeer (eng: The return) He is the winner of the 2012 Stripschapprijs. \"Eric Heuvel\". lambiek.net. Retrieved 16 October 2012. \"Stripschapprijs 2012 naar Eric Heuvel\". Eindhovens Dagblad. 27 December 2011. Retrieved 28 December 2011. v t e v t e"
   },
   {
    "name": "Robin Muller van Moppes",
    "id": "Q601838",
    "text": "Robin Muller van Moppes (born 10 May 1984 in Amsterdam) is a Dutch footballer who played in midfield for Cypriot second division side Onisilos Sotira, having previously played for Belgian side, KV Oostende. He also played in the youth of Ajax. \"Robin Muller van Moppes\" (in Dutch). Voetbal International. Retrieved 2010-02-15. v t e"
   },
   {
    "name": "Pieter van Gunst",
    "id": "Q602194",
    "text": "Pieter Stevensz. van Gunst (1658/9, Amsterdam - buried 10 November 1732, Amsterdam), also known as Pieter Stevens van Gunst or Petrus Stephani, was a Dutch draughtsman, copperplate engraver and printmaker active in Amsterdam, London (1704), and the Dutch town of Nederhorst (1730-1731). Not much is known of his life. He was born in Amsterdam in 1658 or 1659 as the son of Steven Hesselsz and Judith Sieuwerts. In 1687 he married in Amsterdam one Leonora Baarselmans from The Hague. In 1712 he joined the Amsterdam book sellers' guild as an art dealer. He was buried on 10 November 1732 in the Westerkerk church in Amsterdam. The engraver Gilliam van der Gouwen worked for some time as an assistant in his workshop. His son, Pieter van Gunst Junior, is often confused with his father because he not only shared the same name but also worked as an engraver. The son was also a poet. In 1736 he published a series of psalms set to rhyme, CL psalmen des profeeten Davids, a project which took him 18 years to complete. A second son called Philipp van Gunst was an etcher/engraver. Van Gunst produced a number of engravings, mainly portraits, including copies of work by Anthony van Dyck. He also made a series of illustrations for historical treatises by Isaac de Larrey and engravings of drawings by Gerard de Lairesse to illustrate Govert Bidloo's Anatomia Humani Corporis. In 1713-1715 he engraved a set of ten plates after paintings by van Dyck from the collection of Philip Wharton, 1st Duke of Wharton. These plates were commissioned by a syndicate of British art dealers (Cock, Comyns and McSwiny), who employed Jacob Houbraken to come to Britain in 1713 to make the drawings and van Gunst to engrave them in Amsterdam. The set of ten plates was advertised in the London Gazette on 13 December 1715. Prints of engravings by Van Gunst are in the collections of the Rijksmuseum in Amsterdam, Museum Boijmans van Beuningen in Rotterdam, the British Museum and the National Portrait Gallery in London, among others. Pieter van Gunst at the Netherlands Institute for Art History I.H. van Eeghen, Stevensz. van Gunst en zijn gravures naar portretten van van Dijk', Amstelodamum 52 (1965), p. 22-25 (Dutch) Gilliam van der Gouwen at the Netherlands Institute for Art History Van der Aa et al, Biographisch Woordenboek der Nederlanden (Dutch) \"Pieter van Gunst\" in Van Eijnden & van der Willigen, Geschiedenis der Vaderlandsche Schilderkunst (Dutch) \"Pieter van Gunst, biographical details\", British Museum Media related to Pieter van Gunst at Wikimedia Commons"
   },
   {
    "name": "Tarik Oulida",
    "id": "Q602673",
    "text": "Tarik Oulida (born 19 January 1974) is a Dutch former professional footballer who played as a midfielder. He played for Ajax (1992\u20131995), Sevilla (1995\u20131998), Nagoya Grampus Eight (1998\u20132002), Sedan Ardennes (2002\u20132003), Consadole Sapporo (2003), and ADO Den Haag (2004). Born in Amsterdam, the Netherlands, Oulida is of Moroccan descent and holds both Dutch and Moroccan citizenship. Raised in Amsterdam-West near the Balboaplein, his parents are both from Casablanca, Morocco. Ajax Eredivisie: 1994\u201395, 1995\u201396 KNVB Cup: 1992\u201393 Johan Cruyff Shield: 1995 UEFA Champions League: 1994\u201395 Sevilla Trofeo Colombino: 1996 Nagoya Grampus Eight Emperor's Cup: 1999 Awards Ajax Talent of the Year (Marco van Basten Award): 1994 \"Oulida heeft net zoveel flair als Cruijff\". Trouw. 5 April 1993. \"Tarik Oulida\u00a0\u00bb Club matches\". worldfootball.net. Retrieved 11 May 2020. Tarik Oulida at BDFutbol \"Tarik Oulida (1974)\". Kentudezenog.nl. \"Trofeo Colombino (Huelva-Spain) 1965-2019\". RSSSF.com. \"Japan 1999\". RSSSF.com. \"Deze Nederlanders maakten ooit furore (of juist niet) bij Sevilla\" (in Dutch). ELF Voetbal. Tarik Oulida at J.League (in Japanese) (in Dutch) Profile[dead link] v t e"
   },
   {
    "name": "Bob van Asperen",
    "id": "Q603270",
    "text": "Bob van Asperen (born 8 October 1947, in Amsterdam) is a Dutch harpsichordist and early keyboard instrument performer, as well as a conductor. He graduated in 1971 from the Amsterdam Conservatory, where he studied the harpsichord with Gustav Leonhardt and the pipe organ with Albert de Klerk. Since then he has been performing extensively in Europe and the rest of the world, both as a soloist and as an accompanist/conductor. In addition to his live performances, he has recorded repeatedly for several labels, including Sony, EMI, Teldec, Virgin, and Deutsche Harmonia Mundi, specialising in the keyboard repertoire of the 16th - 18th centuries, such as the harpsichord works of Froberger, J. S. Bach and Handel. One of the most important discography projects he has undertaken is the complete keyboard works of C.P.E. Bach and also the complete sonatas of Catalan composer Antonio Soler (Astr\u00e9e, 1992). Various other projects are under way, while many of his recordings have been awarded prestigious prizes, such as the Preis der Deutschen Schallplattenkritik and the Diapason d'Or. Bob van Asperen has taught at the Royal Conservatory of The Hague and the Sweelinck Conservatory in Amsterdam, while for the past thirty years he has been giving master-classes in Europe, USA and elsewhere. In addition to his teaching activities, he has also contributed as a musicologist and editor of several modern editions of works by J. S. Bach and Jan Pieterszoon Sweelinck, as well as other early Dutch composers. Biography on Bach Cantatas Website Biography on Oxford Index Biography on allmusic.com Biography on Piccola Academia di Montisi"
   },
   {
    "name": "Fr\u00e9d\u00e9ric Devreese",
    "id": "Q603520",
    "text": "Fr\u00e9d\u00e9ric Devreese (2 June 1929 \u2013 28 September 2020) was a Belgian composer of mostly orchestral, chamber and piano works that have been performed throughout the world; he was also active as a conductor. Devreese is known for his film scores, including Benvenuta by Andr\u00e9 Delvaux and The Cruel Embrace by Marion H\u00e4nsel. Born in Amsterdam, Devreese received his first musical training from his father, the composer-conductor Godfried Devreese\u00a0[nl] (1893\u20131972). He studied composition with Marcel Poot and conducting with Ren\u00e9 Defossez\u00a0[fr] in Brussels, composition with Ildebrando Pizzetti at the Accademia Santa Cecilia in Rome from 1952 to 1955 and conducting with Hans Swarowsky at the University of Music and Performing Arts, Vienna in 1955\u201356. Devreese composed music for piano, chamber music, orchestra, choir, opera and ballet, but became widely known initially for his film scores. In addition, he wrote the imposed work for the Reine Elisabeth music competition in Brussels (1983, Concerto No. 4) and the Adolphe Sax competition in Dinant (1998, Ostinati). He served as conductor of the BRT Philharmonic Orchestra and guest-conducted orchestras throughout the world. For his recordings for Marco Polo's series Anthology of Flemish Music, he was nominated for the Cultural Ambassador of Flanders in 1996\u201397. Devreese was married to Annie De Clerck. He died of cancer. Devreese received the following prizes: Prijs Oostende Piano Competition (1949, for Concerto No. 1) Prix Italia (1964, for Willem van Saefthingen, together with Mark Liebrecht) Joseph Plateau Award (1990, for Het Sacrament) Georges Delerue Award (1994, for La partie d'\u00e9checs) Knight of the Order of the Crown Knight of the Order of Leopold II He was knighted by Albert II of Belgium in 1996. His motto is Tenuto. Willem van Saefthinge, TV opera (1962\u201363), libretto by Jean Francis Le Cavalier bizarre, opera (1976), libretto by Michel de Ghelderode Concerto No. 1, piano, orchestra (1949) Concerto, violin, orchestra (1951) Concerto No. 2, piano, orchestra (1952) Symphony (1952) Concerto No. 3, piano, orchestra (1955) Mascarade Suite (1956) Deux Mouvements, string orchestra (1953\u201363) Evocation Suite (1966) Divertimenti, string orchestra (1970) Overture, large orchestra (1976) Concerto No. 4, piano, orchestra (1983) Pr\u00e9 (1983) Benvenuta Suite (1984) Gemini Suite, 2 orchestras (1986), version of work for 2 pianos L'Oeuvre au noir Suite (1988) Masque, brass band (1989) Valse Sacr\u00e9e (1989) Th\u00e8me et Danse (1989) Belle Suite, string orchestra (1991) Variations and Theme, string orchestra (1992) Valse Sacr\u00e9e, string orchestra (1994) La partie d'\u00e9checs Suite, string orchestra (1995) Ostinati (concertino), alto saxophone, accordion, string orchestra (1998) Concertino, cello, bandone\u00f3n, string orchestra (1998) Concerto, cello, orchestra (1999) Complainte, oboe, piano (1953) Divertimenti a due, violin, cello (1968) Divertimenti, string quartet (1970) Suite No. 1, French horn, 2 trumpets, trombone, tuba (1970) 4 Short Waltzes, 4 recorders (1979) Suite No. 2, French horn, 2 trumpets, trombone, tuba (1981) 5 Divertimenti, 4 saxophones (1985) Benvenuta, violin, piano (1987) Valse Sa, ensemble (1987) Sax Blues, alto saxophone, piano (1989) Benvenuta, violin, cello, piano (1990) Berceuse et Finale, violin, piano (1991) Three Dances, 10 winds (1991) Passage, harmonica, jazz ensemble (1994) Divertimenti a due, guitar, violin (1996) Suite, alto saxophone, piano (1998) R\u00e9citativo et Allegro, trumpet, piano (2000) Canti, cello (or viola), piano (2000) Blues, trumpet, piano (2001) Quartet, violin, viola, cello, piano (2001) 3 Pieces, flute/alto saxophone, piano (2002) James Ensor Quartet (quartet no. 2), 4 saxophones (2002) Passage \u00e0 5, guitar (+ electric guitar), violin, double bass, piano, accordion (2002) Four Old Flemish Songs, mixed chorus (1966) Ballade for Damien, children's chorus, harmonica, string orchestra (1988) Mascarade (1953) Pr\u00e9lude (1972) Gemini Suite, 2 pianos (1980), also version for 2 orchestras Black and White (9 Easy Pieces) (1984) Lullaby for Jesse (1992) Short Waltzes (1997) Mobile I, piano 4 hands (2000) Soundtrack 1-3 (30 pieces) (1972\u20132001) 9 Waltzes (2001) 1965 \u2013 De Grafbewaker (Harry K\u00fcmel) 1965 \u2013 De man die zijn haar kort liet knippen (Andr\u00e9 Delvaux) 1966 \u2013 De Overkant (Herman Wuyts) 1968 \u2013 Un soir, un train (Andr\u00e9 Delvaux) 1971 \u2013 Rendez-vous \u00e0 Bray (Andr\u00e9 Delvaux) 1973 \u2013 Belle (Andr\u00e9 Delvaux) 1976 \u2013 Du bout des l\u00e8vres (Jean-Marie Deg\u00e8sves) 1981 \u2013 Le filet am\u00e9ricain (Robbe De Hert, Chris Verbiest) 1981 \u2013 De Witte Duif V\u00e9ronique Steeno 1983 \u2013 Benvenuta (Andr\u00e9 Delvaux) 1987 \u2013 The Cruel Embrace (Marion H\u00e4nsel) 1988 \u2013 L'\u0152uvre au noir (Andr\u00e9 Delvaux) 1989 \u2013 Het Sacrament (Hugo Claus) 1990 \u2013 Il Maestro (Marion H\u00e4nsel) 1994 \u2013 La partie d'\u00e9checs (Yves Hanchar) 2001 \u2013 Pauline en Paulette (Lieven Debrauwer) 2003 \u2013 Mein Name ist Bach (Dominique de Rivaz) As composer Concerto Nos. 2-4 \u2013 Daniel Blumenthal, piano; Fr\u00e9d\u00e9ric Devreese/BRT Filharmonisch Orkest (Marco Polo: 8.223505, 1993) Soundtrack 1-3 \u2013 Andr\u00e9 De Groote, piano (Marco Polo: 8.223651, 1994) Benvenuta; Un soir, un train; l'Oeuvre au noir; Belle (suites) \u2013 Fr\u00e9d\u00e9ric Devreese/BRT Filharmonisch Orkest (Marco Polo: 8.223681, 1994) Overture; Concerto No. 1; Gemini Suite (both versions); Valse Sacr\u00e9e; Lullaby for Jesse; Black and White (9 Easy Pieces); Mascarade \u2013 Daniel Blumenthal, Robert Groslot, pianos; Walter Gillessen, Georges-\u00c9lie Octors, Fernand Terby, Fr\u00e9d\u00e9ric Devreese/orchestras (Cypr\u00e8s: 1619, 1999) Three Dances \u2013 I Solisti del Vento (Galaxy Studios/I Solisti del Vento: 99-01, 1999) Passage \u00e0 5 \u2013 Soledad (Virgin Classics: VC 45625, 2003) L'Oeuvre au noir \u2013 Fr\u00e9d\u00e9ric Devreese/Nationaal Orkest van Belgi\u00eb (Barclay: 835 901) Het Sacrament \u2013 Fr\u00e9d\u00e9ric Devreese/BRT Filharmonisch Orkest (Indisc: 3654) La partie d'\u00e9checs \u2013 (Virgin: 8040029) Variations and Theme; Concerto (violin) \u2013 Henry Raudales, violin; Fr\u00e9d\u00e9ric Devreese/orchestra; Dirk Bross\u00e9/Symfonisch Orkest van Vlaanderen (RG Productions: 87080) Masque \u2013 James Watson/Desford Colliery Caterpillar Band (De Haske: DHM 3.002.3) Suite No. 1 \u2013 Beaux-Arts Brass Quintet (De Haske: DHR 5.005-3) As conductor (excluding his own music) Tombel\u00e8ne; Concerto No. 1 (violin); Concerto (cello) (Godfried Devreese) \u2013 Guido de Neve, violin; Viviane Spanoghe, cello; BRT Filharmonisch Orkest (Marco Polo: 8.223680, 1994) Symphony No. 1 in A minor, The Gothic; Po\u00e8me H\u00e9ro\u00efque; In memoriam (Godfried Devreese) \u2013 Moscow Symphony Orchestra (Marco Polo: 8.223739, 1995) Symphony in G; Concerto (violin); Dahomeyan Rhapsody (August De Boeck) \u2013 Guido de Neve, violin; Fr\u00e9d\u00e9ric Devreese, Gerard Oskamp/Koninklijk Filharmonisch Orkest van Vlaanderen (Marco Polo: 8.223740, 1995) Symphony No. 6; Pygmalion Suite; Symphonic Allegro; Vrolijke Ouverture (Marcel Poot) \u2013 Moscow Symphony Orchestra (Marco Polo: 8.223775, 1996) Plinius' Fontein; Symphony Nos. 2-3; Meinacht (Arthur Meulemans) \u2013 Moscow Symphony Orchestra (Marco Polo: 8.223776, 1996) Moto Perpetuo; Symphony Nos. 3, 5, 7 (Marcel Poot) \u2013 Moscow Symphony Orchestra (Marco Polo: 8.223805, 1996) La Mer; M\u00e9lodies \u00c9cossaises; Alvar; Symphonic Overture No. 3 (Paul Gilson) \u2013 Moscow Symphony Orchestra (Marco Polo: 8.223809, 1996) Concerto Nos. 1-2 (piano) (Arthur De Greef) \u2013 Andr\u00e9 De Groote, piano; Moscow Symphony Orchestra (Marco Polo: 8.223810, 1996) Symphony No. 1; Mater Dolorosa Suite; Rossiniazata (Dani\u00ebl Sternefeld) \u2013 Moscow Symphony Orchestra (Marco Polo: 8.223813, 1996) Concerto (flute); Le roi des aulnes; Concerto (piano) (Peter Benoit) \u2013 Gaby Pas-Van Riet, flute; Luc Devos, piano; Koninklijk Filharmonisch Orkest van Vlaanderen (Marco Polo: 8.223827, 1996) VRT NWS (28 September 2020). \"Fr\u00e9d\u00e9ric Devreese (91) overleden, componist van veel filmmuziek\". vrtnws.be. Retrieved 28 September 2020. \"Godfried Devreese\". naxos.com. Retrieved 15 November 2016. \"Devreese Orchestral Works\". Gramophone. November 1994. Retrieved 29 September 2020. \"Devreese Fr\u00e9deric (1929)\". Matrix New Music (in Dutch). Retrieved 28 September 2020. \"Fr\u00e9d\u00e9ric Devreese, componist van veel filmmuziek, overleden\". klara.be (in Dutch). Retrieved 28 September 2020. Interview with Ronny De Schepper. 2 June 2014. Retrieved on 16 November 2016. Kockartz, Andreas (28 September 2020). \"Der belgische Filmkomponist Fr\u00e9d\u00e9ric Devreese (91) ist gestorben\". vrt.be (in German). Retrieved 29 September 2020. \"Gand\u00a0: Les vainqueurs du Prix G.Delerue\". georges-delerue.com. 20 October 2007. Archived from the original on 19 November 2016. Retrieved 19 November 2016. Fr\u00e9d\u00e9ricDevreese composers21.com Fr\u00e9d\u00e9ric Devreese discography at Discogs Fr\u00e9d\u00e9ric Devreese at IMDb"
   },
   {
    "name": "Daan Jippes",
    "id": "Q604754",
    "text": "Daniel Jan \"Daan\" Jippes (born 14 October 1945) is a Dutch cartoonist who's known for his work on Disney comics. In the 1980s and 1990s he drew many covers for Gladstone Publishing's Disney magazines. In the 1990s he redrew for Egmont old Junior Woodchucks stories from the 1970s, originally written by Carl Barks and drawn by John Carey, Kay Wright and Tony Strobl. Daan Jippes started his comics career in the Netherlands, where his work was published in the comics magazine Pep in the late 1960s and early 1970s. He rose to national recognition with his comics album Bernard Voorzichtig: Twee Voor Thee. In the mid seventies he started working for the Dutch Donald Duck magazine, where his interpretation of the ducks and Mickey Mouse drew the attention of the Disney Studios in Burbank, California. Subsequently he was hired and worked for the Disney company; initially for the comic strip and merchandising department, later for the animation department as a designer and storyboarder, contributing to such films as The Rescuers Down Under, The Prince and the Pauper, Beauty and the Beast and Aladdin. Aside from his work at Disney, he also worked as a storyboard supervisor on Amblimation's Balto and provided covers in Disney style for the comic books of Gladstone Publishing. Back in the Netherlands, in 2006 Jippes started a new album series, based on the detective stories by Havank, drawn in a Marcinelle style similar to Franquin. Two albums have been published. In 2013 Jippes stated in an interview: \"that project's dead in the water. Though I've finished writing a third story I lack the time and funding to start drawing and coloring those 44-plus pages.\" In 2018 Daan Jippes was together with Freddy Milton dedicated a volume in the Disney Masters book series from Fantagraphics Books, in the volume titled, Donald Duck: The Great Survival Test (2018) ISBN 978-1-68396-111-6. Interview with Daan Jippes. By Sim (May 13, 2013) Roger Ash. \"A Gander at Gladstone.\" Back Issue! No. 23 (August 2007) pp.\u00a035\u201341. Geoffrey Blum. \"Gladstone Profile: Daan Jippes.\" Walt Disney's Comics and Stories No. 607 (January 1997). Daan Jippes. \"A Clean Case of Brainstorming.\" Carl Barks Library Set IX, p. 481 (June 1985). Fred Milton. \"Doing It the Barks Way.\" Barks Collector No. 10 (1978). Daan Jippes at Inducks Daan Jippes at IMDb Daan Jippes at the Lambiek Comiclopedia Comic House portfolio of Daan Jippes"
   },
   {
    "name": "Bob Noorda",
    "id": "Q605352",
    "text": "Bob Noorda (July 15, 1927 \u2013 January 11, 2010) was a Dutch-born Italian graphic designer who lived and worked primarily in Milan from 1954 onwards. His works included design projects for major corporations and large-scale retail chains, publishing houses as well as public works such as the Milan Metro and NYC subway sign and image systems. During his career as a designer, Noorda created more than 170 logos for clients like Feltrinelli, Eni, Zucchi, Touring Club Italiano, Ermenegildo Zegna, and many others. In addition to design practice, Noorda was a professor in graphic design at the Industrial Design School in Venice, Societ\u00e0 Umanitaria in Milan, ISIA Urbino (Higher Institute for Artistic Industries in Urbino) and IED (European Institute of Design) in Milan. From 1996 to 2001, he was a professor of visual communication at Politecnico di Milano. Mario Piazza notes that for Noorda, \"a logo that worked was a simple sign, as easy to read as a child's picture book. It could be abstract or take the form of a monogram or pictogram, but it had to have immediacy, to be readily understood.\" Noorda said of graphic design, \"You can do graphic design anywhere, at a small desk as well as a big one. You don't need a lot of equipment, just a few pencils, and it takes your whole life\". The New York Times obituary of Noorda said he \"helped introduce a Modernist look to advertising posters, corporate logos and, in the 1960s, the entire New York City subway system.\" Noorda was born in Amsterdam in 1927, and attended the Instituut voor Kunstnijverheidsonderwijs\u00a0[nl] (IvKNO), the Institute for Education in the Applied Arts (now the Gerrit Rietveld Academie), and graduated in 1950. The director at that time was the architect and urban planner Mart Stam, who had trained at the Bauhaus. Noorda moved to Milan in 1954. He started to collaborate with Studio Sigla, one of the first advertising agencies based in Milan, as well as with Studio Boggeri, founded by Antonio Boggeri. Noorda then entered Pirelli, and in 1961 became an art director there. In Italy, Noorda gained fame for his design in the late 1950s and early 1960s for posters and advertisements for Pirelli. In 1964 he won, together with Franco Albini and Franca Helg, the Compasso d'Oro, the most prestigious Italian award for design, for the Milan Metro station design. As Giovanni Baule writes, \"the Pirelli corporate identity was composed of essential visual elements that multiplied like components of a moveable alphabet and were used on diverse artifacts, creating a communication \"style.\" Other notable works during this period include the catalogue for the Le Corbusier exhibition, Knoll catalogue, logo, graphic design and cover layouts for the Vallecchi publishing house, Dreher beer corporate image, coordinated image for the Feltrinelli publishing house and the Mondadori publishing group logo. In 1965, Noorda and fellow Milan-based designer Massimo Vignelli were among the seven founders of Unimark International, an American design firm with offices around the world, including Chicago and Milan. In 1970, Bob Noorda and Massimo Vignelli developed the signage system for the NYC Transit Authority. Other famous projects created during this period include the logo for Ermenegildo Zegna, a redefined coordinated image for Aqip, Eni Group, corporate identity for Truman beers, Total, logos for Zeta Zucchi and Banca Commerciale Italiana, among others. In 1975, Bob Noorda, together with Roberto Sambonet and Pino Tovaglia, received Compasso d'Oro for their logo and coordinated image for the Lombardy region. While working for the Touring Club Italiano, Noorda renewed the logo, designed a coordinated image for different publications, including a system of pictograms. He received another Compasso d'Oro in 1984 for the coordinated graphic image for Fusital, a company that manufactures door handles. Noorda also designed the 18th and 19th Milan Triennale (catalogue covers, signage, graphics). Cinzia Ferrara and Francesco E. Guida (eds.). \"On the road. Bob Noorda: travelling with a graphic designer\". Milan, Ed. Aiap, 2011. ISBN\u00a0978-88-902584-9-7 Piazza, Mario, ed. Bob Noorda Design. Milan: Moleskine, 2015. ISBN\u00a0978-8867327645 Heller, Steven (January 23, 2010). \"Bob Noorda Is Dead at 82; Designer Took Modernism Underground\". The New York Times. Retrieved January 24, 2010. Piazza, Mario (2015). Bob Noorda Design. Milan: Moleskine. p.\u00a011. ISBN\u00a0978-8867327645. Piazza, Mario (2015). Bob Noorda Design. Milan: Moleskine. p.\u00a014. ISBN\u00a0978-8867327645. Piazza, Mario (2015). Bob Noorda Design. Milan: Moleskine. p.\u00a013. ISBN\u00a0978-8867327645. \"Bob Noorda\". IDEA associazione. Idea Associazione Italiana Exhibition Designers. Retrieved 29 June 2015. Piazza, Mario (2015). Bob Noorda Design. Milan: Moleskine. p.\u00a0399. ISBN\u00a0978-8867327645. Heller, Steven (2010-01-24). \"Bob Noorda Is Dead at 82; Designer Took Modernism Underground\". The New York Times. ISSN\u00a00362-4331. Retrieved 2021-04-15. \"Bob Noorda 1927\u20132010\". Display. Archived from the original on 2015-10-10. Retrieved 2010-01-24. Piazza, Mario (2015). Bob Noorda Design. Milan: Moleskine. p.\u00a012. ISBN\u00a0978-8867327645. Piazza, Mario (2015). Bob Noorda Design. Milan: Moleskine. p.\u00a044. ISBN\u00a0978-8867327645. Piazza, Mario (2015). Bob Noorda Design. Milan: Moleskine. pp.\u00a044\u2013139. ISBN\u00a0978-8867327645. Piazza, Mario (2015). Bob Noorda Design. Milan: Moleskine. pp.\u00a0142\u2013233. ISBN\u00a0978-8867327645. Piazza, Mario (2015). Bob Noorda Design. Milan: Moleskine. p.\u00a0212. ISBN\u00a0978-8867327645. Piazza, Mario (2015). Bob Noorda Design. Milan: Moleskine. p.\u00a0232. ISBN\u00a0978-8867327645. Piazza, Mario (2015). Bob Noorda Design. Milan: Moleskine. p.\u00a0258. ISBN\u00a0978-8867327645."
   },
   {
    "name": "Ed van Thijn",
    "id": "Q607189",
    "text": "Eduard \"Ed\" van Thijn (Dutch pronunciation: [\u02c8e\u02d0dy\u0251rt \u02c8\u025bt f\u0251n \u02c8t\u025bin]; born 16 August 1934) is a retired Dutch politician of the Labour Party (PvdA) and historian. Van Thijn attended the Amsterdams Lyceum from September 1945 until June 1952 and applied at the University of Amsterdam in June 1952 majoring in Sociology and obtaining an Bachelor of Social Science degree in June 1954 before graduating with an Master of Social Science degree in July 1958. Van Thijn worked as researcher at the Wiardi Beckman Foundation from August 1958 until February 1967. Van Thijn served on the Municipal Council of Amsterdam from May 1962 until September 1971. Van Thijn was elected as a Member of the House of Representatives after the election of 1967, taking office on 23 February 1967. After the election of 1972 the Leader of the Labour Party and Parliamentary leader of the Labour Party in the House of Representatives Joop den Uyl became Prime Minister in te Cabinet Den Uyl and Van Thijn was selected as his successor as Parliamentary leader in the House of Representatives on 11 May 1973. After the election of 1977 Den Uyl returned as Parliamentary leader on 8 June 1977 but he was still serving in the cabinet and because of dualism customs in the constitutional convention of Dutch politics he couldn't serve a dual mandate he subsequently resigned as a Member of the House of Representatives and Parliamentary leader on 8 September 1977 and Van Thijn again took over as Parliamentary leader on 8 September 1977. Following the cabinet formation of 1977 the Cabinet Den Uyl was replaced by the Cabinet Van Agt\u2013Wiegel on 19 December 1977 and Den Uyl subsequently returned as a Member of the House of Representatives and as Parliamentary leader on 16 January 1978. After the election of 1981 Van Thijn was appointed as Minister of the Interior in the Cabinet Van Agt II, taking office on 11 September 1981. The Cabinet Van Agt II fell just seven months into its term on 12 May 1982 and continued to serve in a demissionary capacity until it was replaced by the caretaker Cabinet Van Agt III on 29 May 1982. After the election of 1982 Van Thijn returned as a Member of the House of Representatives, taking office on 16 September 1982. In May 1983 Van Thijn was nominated as the next Mayor of Amsterdam, he resigned as a Member of the House of Representatives the same day he was installed as Mayor, taking office on 16 June 1983. Van Thijn was appointed again as Minister of the Interior in the Cabinet Lubbers III following the death of Ien Dales, taking office on 18 January 1994. On 27 May 1994 Van Thijn and Minister of Justice Ernst Hirsch Ballin resigned following the conclusions of a parliamentary inquiry report into illegal interrogation techniques used by the police. Van Thijn semi-retired from active politics and became active in the private sector and public sector and occupied numerous seats as a corporate director and nonprofit director on several boards of directors and supervisory boards (Anne Frank Foundation, T.M.C. Asser Instituut, Institute for Multiparty Democracy, Wiardi Beckman Foundation and the Royal Academy of Arts and Sciences) and served as a distinguished professor of Sociology, Governmental Studies and the History of socialism at the University of Amsterdam from 1 December 1995 until 1 December 2003. Van Thijn was elected as a Member of the Senate after the Senate election of 1999, taking office on 8 June 1999 serving as a frontbencher chairing several parliamentary committees. In February 2007 Van Thijn announced his retirement from national politics and that he wouldn't stand for the Senate election of 2007 and continued to serve until the end of the parliamentary term on 12 June 2007. Van Thijn retired after spending 40 years in national politics but remained active in the public sector and continued to occupied numerous seats as a nonprofit director on several boards of directors and supervisory boards. Van Thijn is also a prolific author, having written more than a dozen books since 1977 about Politics, the History of the Jews during World War II, the History of socialism and several autobiographies. Van Thijn is known for his abilities as a manager and policy wonk. Van Thijn continued to comment on political affairs until his retirement in 2017 and holds the distinction as the longest-serving Mayor of Amsterdam after World War II with 10 years. Eduard van Thijn was born on 16 August 1934 in Amsterdam to Jewish parents who in 1943 were held in the Westerbork transit camp. He later studied at the University of Amsterdam. He served as a member of the House of Representatives from 23 February 1967 until 11 September 1981. When Joop den Uyl became Prime Minister, Van Thijn became the parliamentary leader in the House of Representatives, serving from 15 May 1973 until 16 January 1978. Van Thijn became Minister of the Interior serving from 11 September 1981 until 29 May 1982 in the Second Van Agt cabinet and again a member of the House of Representatives from 16 September 1982 until 16 June 1983. 16 June 1983, Van Thijn became Mayor of Amsterdam, serving until resignation on 18 January 1994. On 4 October 1992, while Van Thijn was Amsterdam Mayor, El Al Flight 1862 crashed into the Groeneveen and Klein-Kruitberg flats in the Bijlmermeer (colloquially \"Bijlmer\") neighbourhood (part of the Amsterdam-Zuidoost district)]. Hundreds of people were left homeless by the crash; the city's municipal buses were used to transport survivors to emergency shelters. Firefighters and police also were forced to deal with reports of looting in the area. In January 1994, Van Thijn became Minister of the Interior again serving from 18 January 1994 until 27 May 1994, when he resigned following the IRT-affair. He later served as a Senator from 8 June 1999 until 12 June 2007. Van Thijn had two ex-wives and a domestic partner. In 1992, Van Thijn married Odette Taminiau. Van Thijn's children are Carla van Thijn (born 1965) and Marion van Thijn (born 1968). Although not raised religiously observant, in recent years he has oriented himself with Progressive Judaism. Van in isolation is pronounced [v\u0251n].[citation needed] (in Dutch) Archief Ed van Thijn \"Bijlmerramp\". National Fire Service Documentation Centre (in Dutch). Archived from the original on 7 January 2015. Retrieved 7 January 2015. Official (in Dutch) Drs. E. (Ed) van Thijn Parlement & Politiek (in Dutch) Drs. E. van Thijn (PvdA) Eerste Kamer der Staten-Generaal"
   },
   {
    "name": "Wim Polak",
    "id": "Q607672",
    "text": "Willem \"Wim\" Polak (14 September 1924 \u2013 1 October 1999) was a Dutch politician of the Labour Party (PvdA) and economist. Polak was born to a Jewish merchant family in Amsterdam on 14 September 1924. His parents were murdered by the Nazis during the German Occupation of the Netherlands. After the Second World War, he worked as a journalist for Het Vrije Volk. Polak was appointed Secretary of State for local finances in Joop den Uyl's government. He worked towards improving the financial position of the larger Dutch cities. Subsequently, he became mayor of Amsterdam for a six-year period, where his challenges included numerous squatting cases as well as riots related to Queen Beatrix's coronation. He died in 1999 at his home in Ilpendam. \"Polak, Willem (1924-1999)\" (in Dutch). Huygens ING. 12 November 2013. Retrieved 4 April 2019. Official (in Dutch) W. (Wim) Polak Parlement & Politiek v t e v t e"
   },
   {
    "name": "Joop Rohner",
    "id": "Q608128",
    "text": "Johannes \"Joop\" Jacobus Rohner (6 July 1927 \u2013 25 January 2005) was a Dutch water polo goalkeeper who won a bronze medal at the 1948 Summer Olympics. Netherlands men's Olympic water polo team records and statistics List of Olympic medalists in water polo (men) List of men's Olympic water polo tournament goalkeepers Joop Rohner. sports-reference.com Joop Rohner at Olympics.com Joop Rohner at Olympic.org (archived) Joop Rohner at Olympedia Joop Rohner at Olympics at Sports-Reference.com (archived) v t e v t e"
   },
   {
    "name": "Andries Vaillant",
    "id": "Q608254",
    "text": "Andries Vaillant (1655 in Amsterdam \u2013 1693 in Berlin), was a Dutch Golden Age engraver and painter. According to Houbraken he learned to draw from his oldest brother Wallerant Vaillant and then travelled to Paris to learn engraving. From there he travelled to Berlin to visit his brother Jacques, where he died young. According to the RKD he was the younger half-brother of the painter Wallerant Vaillant. He travelled between Amsterdam, Paris, and Frankenthal in the years 1675-1678. Then he married Eva Hoen in Sloten in 1678 and settled in Amsterdam. He moved to Berlin in 1685 and is known for paintings as well as engravings. (in Dutch) Andries Vaillant Biography in De groote schouburgh der Nederlantsche konstschilders en schilderessen (1718) by Arnold Houbraken, courtesy of the Digital library for Dutch literature Andries Vaillant in the RKD"
   },
   {
    "name": "Jacques Vaillant",
    "id": "Q608264",
    "text": "Jacques Vaillant (1643, in Amsterdam \u2013 1691, in Berlin), was a Dutch Golden Age painter. According to Houbraken he learned to paint from his older brother Wallerant Vaillant. He travelled to Rome and joined the Bentvueghels with the nickname Leeurik. He became court painter for Friedrich Wilhelm I of Brandenburg after his envoy invited him to Berlin. The Great Elector was so pleased with his work that he sent him to the Emperor Leopold I to paint his portrait. When Vaillant returned from this trip to Berlin, he died soon after. According to the RKD he was in Rome from 1664 to 1666, in Amsterdam from 1666 to 1670, and then moved to The Hague for two years where he became a member of the Confrerie Pictura from 1670 to 1672, and in 1672 he moved to Berlin. Simon Ruys was his pupil. (in Dutch) Jacques Vaillant Biography in De groote schouburgh der Nederlantsche konstschilders en schilderessen (1718) by Arnold Houbraken, courtesy of the Digital library for Dutch literature Jacques Vaillant in the RKD Jacques Vaillant on Artnet"
   },
   {
    "name": "Katharyne Lescailje",
    "id": "Q609786",
    "text": "Katharyne Lescailje or Catharina Lescaille (September 26, 1649 in Amsterdam \u2013 June 8, 1711) was a Dutch poet, translator and Publisher. Along with Catharina Questiers and Cornelia van der Veer she was the most successful female Dutch poet of the second half of the 17th century. She was the daughter of the Amsterdam publisher Jacob Lescailje\u00a0[nl], who married Aeltje Verwou and moved from Dordrecht to Amsterdam to start printing books in 1645 in a house on Dam Square called \"Huis onder het zeil\" (House under sail). Katharina's parents were friends with the writers Jan Vos, Joost van den Vondel and Gerard Brandt. In 1658 Jacob Lescailje became the exclusive publisher for the Amsterdam Theatre. Katharina, who never married, and her sisters continued his business after he died in 1677. She started publishing her own translations of French plays (Kassandra in 1684, Genserik in 1685, and Herodes en Marianne in 1685) and also wrote and exchanged poems among friends. She was honored with a book of poetry dedicated to her in 1685 by the Groningen poet Ludolph Smids\u00a0[nl]. Her sister Barbara married the German bookbinder Matthias de Wreedt who helped with the business and who left their share to their daughter Susanna, who married Dirk Rank and added his name to the printing label in 1712. By 1731, when the poetry bundle of Katharina was published, the fortunes of the publisher were waning and they lost their privilege to print the texts for the Schouwburg. She specialized in political poems, and wrote several light comedies that were played in Amsterdam throughout the 18th century. Twenty years after her death, in 1731, her collected works were published, becoming one of the first female poets in the Netherlands with her own collected works. Her poetry occupied three large volumes of nearly 1000 pages and was reprinted some years later. Katharina Lescailje on Inghist Ludolph Smids, Gallerije ofte Proef van syne dichtoefeningen, met noodige verklaaringen verrykt, Groningen, 1685, in the DBNL Profile at the Digital library for Dutch literature Media related to Katharina Lescailje at Wikimedia Commons"
   },
   {
    "name": "Angelo Martha",
    "id": "Q614688",
    "text": "Angelo Martha (born 29 April 1982 in Amsterdam) is a Dutch-Cura\u00e7aoan footballer who currently plays for SV Spakenburg in Dutch third division. He is a defender who plays as a centre back. Martha's career began when he signed a professional contract with Cambuur Leeuwarden, making his first first-team appearance in 2002, at the age of 20. After 2 years with the team from Friesland he joined fellow Eerste Divisie participants MVV Maastricht at the start of the 2004\u201305 season. He developed himself into a first team regular before moving again in December 2005. He then joined Eredivisie side ADO Den Haag. In the summer of 2007 he went to Willem II, where he did not play any match in two and a half years. Therefore, he went on loan to FC Emmen in January 2009. In the summer of 2009 he went to FC Den Bosch on a free transfer. After one season he left Den Bosch and signed a two-year contract with AGOVV Apeldoorn. On 11 March 2007 he played his first Eredivisie 2006/2007 match for ADO against Vitesse Arnhem \"Tactical Formation\". Football-Lineups.com. Retrieved March 12, 2007. adodenhaag.nl clubachterdeduinen.nl v t e v t e"
   },
   {
    "name": "Gerard Koel",
    "id": "Q616748",
    "text": "Gerard Koel (born 16 January 1941) is a retired Dutch cyclist who was active between 1962 and 1973. He won a bronze medal in the 4 km team pursuit at the 1964 Summer Olympics. In 1966 he turned professional and won two six-day races: in Madrid in 1967 and in Amsterdam in 1973, as well as one stage of the Olympia's Tour in 1965. Nationally he earned titles in the sprint (1968 and 1969) and scratch in 1970. After retiring from competitions he worked as a driver for Dutch television during the Tour de France. List of Dutch Olympic cyclists \"Gerard Koel\". www.sports-reference.com. Archived from the original on 4 February 2013. Retrieved 11 April 2013. Gerard Koel. cyclingarchives.com"
   },
   {
    "name": "Nicolaes Tulp",
    "id": "Q630646",
    "text": "Nicolaes Tulp (9 October 1593 \u2013 12 September 1674) was a Dutch surgeon and mayor of Amsterdam. Tulp was well known for his upstanding moral character and as the subject of Rembrandt's famous painting The Anatomy Lesson of Dr. Nicolaes Tulp. Born Claes Pieterszoon, he was the son of a prosperous merchant active in civic affairs in Amsterdam. From 1611 to 1614 he studied medicine in Leiden. When he returned to Amsterdam he became a respected doctor and in 1617 he married Aagfe Van der Voegh. An ambitious young man, he adopted the tulip as his heraldric emblem and changed his name to Nicolaes (a more proper version of the name Claes) Tulp. He began working in local politics as city treasurer, and in 1622, he became magistrate in Amsterdam. The career of Tulp matched the success of Amsterdam. As the population of Amsterdam grew from 30,000 in 1580 to 210,000 in 1650, Tulp's career as a doctor and politician made him a man of influence. He drove a small carriage to visit all the patients. Thanks to his connections on the city council, in 1628 Tulp was appointed Praelector Anatomiae at the Amsterdam Guild of Surgeons. His wife died in the same year, leaving him with five young children. In 1630 he married his second wife, the daughter of the mayor of Outshoorn and she bore him three children. It was Tulp who examined and signed the fitness reports for the first Dutch settlers on the island of Manhattan, and his signature was found on these in the long-lost archives of the Dutch settlement uncovered in the 1980s in the basement of the New York public library. In his job, Tulp was responsible for inspections of apothecary shops. Chemists in Amsterdam had access to an enormous amount of herbs and spices from the East, thanks to the new shipping routes. It became a successful trade and in 1636 there were 66 apothecaries in Amsterdam. Shocked at the exorbitant prices asked for useless anti-plague medicines (Amsterdam was severely hit by the plague in 1635), Tulp decided to do something about it. He gathered his doctor and chemist friends together and they wrote the first pharmacopoeia of Amsterdam in 1636 the Pharmacopoea Amstelredamensis. The Apothecary guild would require an exam based on Tulp's book for new chemists to set up shop in Amsterdam. This pharmacopoeia became a standard work and set an example for all the other cities of Holland. The praelector would give yearly anatomy lessons each winter, performing them on victims of public hanging. At that time the dissection of bodies was only legal if the subject was a male criminal and considered outside of the Church. The dissections were performed with the consent of the city council, and were a means to collect funds for city council meetings and dinners. All council and guild members were required to attend and pay an admission fee. Throughout Europe, these dissections were attended by prominent learned men, who exchanged ideas about anatomy and the chemical processes of the human body. As befits a new praelector, the Guild commissioned a new group portrait of the prominent councilmen and guildmasters. Rembrandt, himself a young man of 26 and new to the city, won this commission and made a famous painting of him: The Anatomy Lesson of Dr Nicolaes Tulp. This painting, which now hangs in the Mauritshuis museum of the Hague, depicts Tulp dissecting such a criminal's forearm. There has been much speculation as to why the dissection began on the forearm.[citation needed] Rembrandt's event depicted in the painting can be dated to 16 January 1632; the Amsterdam Guild of Surgeons, of which Tulp was official City Anatomist, permitted only one public dissection a year and the body would have to be that of an executed criminal. The criminal is identified as the robber Aris Kindt. Rembrandt would later make a painting of Tulp's successor in 1656 The Anatomy Lesson of Dr Jan Deijman. Since the painting of Tulp's predecessor in 1619, The Osteology Lesson of Dr Sebastiaen Egbertsz was a group portrait around a skeleton, it is clear that the subject of a dead body had set a precedent. It would be another 100 years before the surgeons were allowed to dissect a female cadaver. His most impressive work on medicine was his Observationes Medicae, published in 1641 and again in 1652 by Lodewijk Elzevir. He wrote the first version for his son who had just graduated from Leiden and dedicated the second edition to him after his death. The book comprises minute descriptions of his work, including 231 cases of disease and death. Some called it the \"book of monsters\", because Tulp dissected animals brought back from the Dutch East India Company's ships, but also because of the fantastic stories that he relates. An example; Jan de Doot, a blacksmith in Amsterdam, was in such pain from a bladder stone, that he sharpened a knife and removed it himself, because he refused to be the victim of the 'stone cutters'. These were the barber-surgeons who performed such procedures but had a high death rate. To everyone's surprise, Jan de Doot survived this operation which was said to produce a stone the size of an egg. A painting illustrating this story is in the collection of the Anatomy Museum of Leiden. Tulp minutely described the condition we know as migraine, the devastating effects of tobacco smoking on the lungs, and reveals an understanding of human psychology in a description of the placebo effect. Tulp also discovered the ileocecal valve at the junction of the large and small intestines, still known as Tulp's valve. While Tulp made observations of various diseases, treatment often continued in the age-old way. His description of the symptoms of Beriberi in a Dutch seaman, for example, went unnoticed until the cause (vitamin B1 deficiency) was recognized two hundred years later by Christiaan Eijkman. Partially as a result of the success of his books, Tulp became Mayor of Amsterdam in 1654, a position he held for four terms. His son Dirck married Anna Burgh, the daughter of Albert Burgh, another Mayor of Amsterdam who had, like Tulp, studied medicine in Leiden in 1614. In 1655 Tulp's daughter Margaretha married Jan Six, whom he helped become a Magistrate of family affairs in Amsterdam. Years later, Six would also become Mayor of Amsterdam. Tulp, impressed by his behaviour, invited Paulus Potter to come to Amsterdam, after a quarrel in the Hague. In 1673 Tulp was admitted to the Governing Committee of the Republic in The Hague. Tulp is buried in the New Church of Amsterdam. Joost van den Vondel, a period poet, wrote several verses about Tulp. Besides the famous painting by Rembrandt there are more paintings and marble and bronze statues of him. The Holstein painter Jurriaen Ovens painted him twice, as his son and daughter. Also Artus Quellijn made a portrait. Busken Huet \u2013 Het land van Rembrand Gross, Charles G. (2009). A Hole in the Head: More Tales in the History of Neuroscience. MIT Press. p.\u00a0172. ISBN\u00a0978-0-262-01338-3. [1] [2] Amstelredamensis Observationes Medicae, Nicolai Tulpii, Amsterdam Elzevier, 1641 Geneeskundige Waarneemingen van Nikolaas Tulp, Oud Burgermeester der Stad Amsterdam. Naar den zelfden Druk uit het Latyn vertaalt. Hier is bygevoegt de Lykoratie van den zeer vermaarden Heer Ludovicus Wolzogen., By Jurriaan Wijshoff. 1740 (later exposed to be somewhat of a fraud, this book not only translated, but also embellished the Tulp Latin version with fantastic Amsterdam urban legend stories dating from after Tulp's death) Exercitatio Anatomica de Motu Cordis et Sanguinis in Animalibus, by William Harvey Biography of Nicolaes Tulp The 'Tulp-Research Project', Carl Ferdinand Von Graefe Institute for the History of Plastic Surgery"
   },
   {
    "name": "Mitchell Piqu\u00e9",
    "id": "Q630754",
    "text": "Mitchell Piqu\u00e9 (born 20 November 1979 in Amsterdam) is a Dutch-Surinamese former footballer who played as a left back. His former clubs are Excelsior Rotterdam, Ajax Amsterdam, FC Twente, Cambuur Leeuwarden, Excelsior, ADO Den Haag and Willem II. At Ajax he scored once; his goal coming in a 2-0 win at RKC Waalwijk on 13 October 2001. Mitchell's younger cousin Lorenzo played with him at ADO Den Haag. Mitchell Piqu\u00e9 kijkt niet meer te ver vooruit vice.com \"Mitchell Piqu\u00e9\" (in Dutch). Voetbal International. Retrieved 2010-02-12. \"Mitchell Piqu\u00e9 at Ajax\". afc-ajax.info. Retrieved 10 April 2018. v t e"
   },
   {
    "name": "Khalid Sinouh",
    "id": "Q632045",
    "text": "Khalid Sinouh (Arabic: \u062e\u0627\u0644\u062f \u0633\u064a\u0646\u0648\u062d\u200e; born 2 May 1975) is a Moroccan former professional footballer who played as a goalkeeper. Sinouh debuted playing for HFC Haarlem in the Dutch second-tier Eerste Divisie at the age of 19 in the 1994\u201395 season. After three seasons playing for Haarlem, he signed for Eerste Divisie club, SC Heerenveen in 1997. He only played one match in a year and a half for Heerenveen. RKC Waalwijk became Sinouh's new club in the middle of the 1998\u201399 season. The Moroccan keeper was the second keeper behind the experienced Rob van Dijk and for two seasons he made no appearances. After years on the bench, he played again in the season 2000\u201301 having three appearances. The two seasons that followed, Sinouh took his chance by proving that he could be a trustworthy goalkeeper as Rob van Dijk was. Between 2001 and 2003, he played 23 matches. After the transfer of Van Dijk to PSV in the summer of 2003, the club decided to promote Sinouh to first goalkeeper. In the season 2003\u20132004, Sinouh played 33 league matches and the following season 34 and he proved that he was a skillful goalkeeper. Sinouh refused to sign a contract extension in the summer of 2005 with RKC Waalwijk, as he eyed a move outside of the Netherlands, rejecting offers by NEC and NAC Breda. However, he initially did not manage to find a new club and he remained a free agent for six months. In early 2006, he signed with Cypriot club Omonia Nicosia and played in 11 matches. However, due to a bad game he had in his last appearance with his team, he was not used again until the end of the season where he finished his career in Cyprus, since he was no longer needed by Omonia. He signed for AZ Alkmaar in the summer of 2006. At the beginning of the 2006\u201307 season, he was not playing in the first six matches, but subsequently the injury of first team goalkeeper Joey Didulica, gave him the chance to gain the first keeper position and to help his team in their effort of winning the second position. He also made his debut in European competition, playing with AZ in the UEFA Cup groups. In April 2007, Sinouh was subject of controversy after he had threatened a journalist who had, in Sinouh's opinion, written negatively about Sinouh. Sinouh joined Turkish club Kas\u0131mpa\u015fa in 2007, but they were forced to release him in September 2008 after they failed to pay his wages. He then went on trial with Scottish Premier League club Hibernian, but failed to win a contract. From July 2008 to 31 January 2009 was without a club after being released by Kas\u0131mpa\u015fa and joined as third keeper to Hamburger SV, played here his second time under Martin Jol. He was also member of the reserve team from HSV and played his first game here on 28 February 2009 against VfB L\u00fcbeck in the Regionalliga Nord. On 15 April 2011, he signed a one-year deal with PSV Eindhoven. He joined the club after the end of the 2010\u201311 season. On 18 September 2011, Sinouh made his first Eredivisie appearance for PSV in a match against Ajax, replacing Przemys\u0142aw Tyto\u0144 who suffered a head injury in a collision with his own defender. On 6 August 2012, Sinouh signed a one-year deal with NEC. He has been capped by the Moroccan national team four times in the years 2004 and 2005. Khalid Sinouh at WorldFootball.net \"Doelman Sinouh bedreigt journalist\". Trouw (in Dutch). 10 April 2007. Retrieved 15 January 2021. aan staan. \"Als ik je op straat tegenkom, heb je een probleem\", was \u00e9\u00e9n van de dingen die Sinouh zei. Hardie, David. Hibs boss mulls over deal for keeper Sinouh, Edinburgh Evening News, 10 October 2008. Etherson, Brian. Hibs turn down trialist[permanent dead link], Setanta Sports, 14 October 2008. /* Hamburger SV */ http://www.bild.de/BILD/sport/fussball/bundesliga/vereine/hsv/2009/02/01/3-neue-stars/fuer-den-meister-titel.html \"Goalkeeper Khalid Sinouh signs one-year deal with PSV\". PSV Eindhoven official clubsite. 15 April 2011. Archived from the original on 24 September 2011. Sinouh (37) gekeurd door NEC (Dutch), voetbalprimeur.nl, 6 August 2012 Voetbal International profile (in Dutch) Khalid Sinouh at National-Football-Teams.com Association football portal Morocco portal"
   },
   {
    "name": "Nicolaes Eliaszoon Pickenoy",
    "id": "Q632846",
    "text": "Nicolaes Eliaszoon Pickenoy (10 January 1588\u00a0\u2013 1653/1656) was a Dutch painter of Flemish origin. Pickenoy was possibly a pupil of Cornelis van der Voort and presumably Bartholomeus van der Helst was his own pupil. He was the son of the Antwerp monumental mason Elias Claeszoon Pickenoy (1565\u20131640) and Heijltje Laurens s'Jonge (1562\u20131638), who emigrated to Amsterdam before Nicolaes Pickenoy was born. In 1621, living near the Oude Kerk, he married Levijntje Bouwens (1599-na 1656), an orphan of 21 years. They had ten children: Sara and Elias died young. Pickenoy painted large Schuttersstukken, group portraits of the regents of the orphanage, and individual portraits of local or national celebrities like Nicolaes Tulp, Cornelis de Graeff, Maarten Tromp and Jochem Swartenhont, Elisabeth Bas's husband. The earliest picture ascribed to the artist is \"Dr. Sebastiaen Egbertz de Vrij's Osteological Presentation\" of 1619, now in Amsterdam Historisch Museum. His heyday was ca. 1630-1637, a period marked by a high artistic level and numerous commissions from prominent patrons. After 1637 he painted little, save for a number of prestigious\u2014and lucrative\u2014group portraits. Besides portraits, he also painted a small number of biblical subjects, one of which can be seen in the Museum Catharijneconvent. The Rijksmuseum Amsterdam and Amsterdams Historisch Museum hold many of his best works, not least the Schutterstukken or militia paintings. In 1637 he bought from Adriaen Pauw the house on the corner of Sint Anthoniessluis and Jodenbreestraat, a fashionable area with many painters, art dealers, jewellers and so on. The house had previously been owned by his supposed master, Cornelis van der Voort, and later by Hendrick van Uylenburgh. During the years 1631\u20131634 the latter was collaborating with Rembrandt van Rijn, who painted numerous portraits for Van Uylenburgh's art business. Thus the house Pickenoy purchased had been a centre of Amsterdam portraiture for decades. In 1639 Rembrandt returned to the neighbourhood as he bought the house next to Pickenoys, the present day Rembrandthuis. Rembrandt could leave his house via an exit onto the Zwanenburgwal under the house of his neighbor Pickenoy. He brought out Night Watch\u2014painted in his courtyard\u2014rolled up through the tunnel. Like Rembrandt, Pickenoy was not able to bring up the loan and so after eight years he sold the house. The work of Pickenoy is difficult to distinguish from that of some of his contemporaries. Typical of Pickenoy are the fiercely invading light that makes the heads stand out sharply, the somewhat exaggerated gestures, the large greenish brown shadows and the odd-shaped eyes. RKD Artist's entry on Pickenoy, with link to numerous images Works and literature on Nicolaes Eliasz. Pickenoy Oosthoek's Ge\u00efllustreerde Encyclopaedie (1917) Dudok van Heel, S.A.C. (1985) De schilder Nicolaes Eliasz. Pickenoy en zijn familie; Liber Amicorum voor Jhr M.C.C. van Valkenburg, pp.\u00a0152\u201360. Kaaring, David Burmeister: \"Nicolaes Eliasz Pickenoy (1588-1650/56) and Portraiture in Amsterdam around 1620-45\", in: SMK Art Journal 2005, 127-137 [1].(For illustrations see: \"Nicolaes Eliasz Pickenoy (1588-1650/56) og den amsterdamske portr\u00e6tkunst, ca. 1620-45\", SMK Art Journal 2005, 60-81)[2]"
   },
   {
    "name": "Maceo Rigters",
    "id": "Q633412",
    "text": "Maceo Rigters (born 22 January 1984) is a Dutch former professional footballer who played as a striker for SC Heerenveen, Dordrecht, NAC Breda and Willem II in the Netherlands, for Blackburn Rovers, Norwich City and Barnsley in England, and for Gold Coast United in Australia. He is also a former player for the Netherlands Under-21 team. Rigters started his football career at Eredivisie club, Heerenveen where he made his senior debut during the 2002\u201303 season. He had a short spell at Eerste Divisie club Dordrecht in the 2004\u201305 season. On 1 January 2005, he signed a four-and-half-year contract with Eredivisie club NAC Breda, where he scored just five goals in 61 appearances. Rigters was signed by Blackburn Rovers for an undisclosed fee on 2 July 2007, with the striker signing a four-year contract with the Lancashire club. He made his first official appearance for Blackburn Rovers in a UEFA Intertoto Cup match against Lithuanian club FK V\u0117tra on 22 July 2007 as a second-half substitute replacing Benni McCarthy in the 65th minute. His first start came on 30 August against Finnish club, MyPa, in a UEFA Cup first round match, and he made his Premier League debut on 29 September. Rigters played only one more league game for the club that season on 11 February 2008, and after struggling to make an impact at the club, he joined Championship club Norwich City 19 March on loan until the end of the 2007\u201308 season. He made his first appearance for Norwich as a 78th-minute substitute in a 5\u20131 win over Colchester United. However, in only his second substitute appearance for the club on 29 March, during a home defeat to Bristol City, Rigters lasted just fifteen minutes as he sustained a torn hamstring, and he subsequently returned to Blackburn for treatment. On 8 August he joined Barnsley on loan for the 2008\u201309 Football League Championship season. In July 2009 Rigters was told he was free to find himself a new club. He subsequently undertook a trial at Southend United in an attempt to earn himself a contract with the club. However the trial was not successful and he returned to Blackburn Rovers to wait for another trial offer. He then eventually returned to play for Blackburn on 2 January 2010 when he featured for 18 minutes against Aston Villa in the FA Cup Third Round in the 3\u20131 defeat. On 31 August, Rigters returned home to the Netherlands to join Willem II on a season long loan. On 1 July 2011, Rigters contract with Rovers ended, and he became a free agent. Following the expiration of his Rovers contract, on 19 August 2011, Rigters joined up with A-League team Wellington Phoenix initially on a 10-day trial. However, on 24 August 2011, the trial was cut short when Rigters could not agree terms to a permanent deal. Rigters had made only one pre-season appearance in a friendly with Phoenix, scoring the consolation goal in a 5\u20131 loss at home to 2010-11 A-League Champions, Brisbane Roar. Rigters had initially traveled to New Zealand in the hope of signing a contract with Wellington Phoenix, however despite being offered a contract, Rigters turned it down due to a disagreement on wages. Only days later, on 1 September, it was announced that Rigters had signed a deal with fellow A-League club Gold Coast United, replacing American Alex Smith whose contract had been terminated, allowing the signing to go forth. Rigters scored on his debut for the Netherlands national under-21 team on 5 February 2005 when he came on as a second-half substitute in a 3\u20130 win over Russia Under-21s, scoring the third Dutch goal. On 23 March he scored as the Dutch Under-21s drew 1\u20131 with Czech Republic Under-21s. He was called up by under-21 team coach Foppe de Haan as a last minute addition to the squad for the 2007 UEFA European Under-21 Football Championship on the eve of the tournament which was held in the Netherlands. Rigters played in all three group stage matches, a 1\u20130 win against Israel Under 21s and a 2\u20131 win over Portugal Under-21s to secure a semi-final spot and therefore qualify for the 2008 Summer Olympics. He won the penalty from which Ryan Babel scored the first Dutch goal and he scored the second Dutch goal of the match and was named Man of the match by UEFA. In the last group match against Belgium Under-21s, Rigters scored in a 2\u20132 draw. In the semi-finals against England Under-21s, Rigters scored a 90th-minute equaliser with a bicycle kick to take the match to extra time and eventually a penalty shoot-out, in which Rigters also scored as well, and the Dutch team won the shoot-out 13\u201312. He was also voted Man of the match for the second time. The Dutch went on to retain their 2006 title by beating Serbia Under-21s 4\u20131 in the final. Rigters scored the third goal, his fourth of the tournament, which put him ahead of England's Leroy Lita and gave him the Golden Boot as top scorer. After the tournament he was named in the UEFA Team of the tournament. \"Deportivo return for 'Toro'\". UEFA. 1 February 2005. Retrieved 6 June 2008. \"Dutch hero Rigters joins Blackburn\". SoccerWay. 2 July 2007. Retrieved 6 June 2008. \"Blackburn seal Rigters transfer\". BBC Sport. 2 July 2007. Retrieved 2 July 2007. \"Rigters joins Barnsley on loan\". Sky Sports. 8 August 2008. Retrieved 8 August 2008. \"Blackburn's Rigters joins Norwich\". BBC Sport. 19 March 2008. Retrieved 19 March 2008. \"Rigters joins Willem II on loan\". rovers.co.uk. 31 August 2010. Archived from the original on 5 September 2010. Retrieved 31 August 2010. and is now coming back to think over a deal from Aberdeen fc\"Phoenix, Rigters deal breaks down\". theworldgame.sbs.com.au. 23 August 2011. Archived from the original on 7 October 2012. Retrieved 24 August 2011. \"Miron To Axe Alex For Rigters\". FourFourTwo Australia. 31 August 2011. Retrieved 1 September 2011. \"Smith Makes Way For Rigters\". FourFourTwo Australia. 1 August 2011. Retrieved 1 September 2011. Scholten, Berend (14 June 2007). \"Rigters relishing surprise role\". UEFA. Archived from the original on 21 June 2007. Retrieved 6 June 2008. \"Czechs hold the Jong Oranje\". UEFA. 23 March 2007. Retrieved 6 June 2008. Scholten, Berend (17 June 2007). \"De Haan's sweet symphony\". UEFA. Archived from the original on 10 October 2007. Retrieved 6 June 2008. Scholten, Berend (21 June 2007). \"Gym lessons help Rigters reign\". UEFA. Archived from the original on 24 February 2008. Retrieved 6 June 2008. Harrold, Michael (23 June 2007). \"Rigters relishes 'fantastic' feat\". UEFA. Retrieved 6 June 2008. Haslam, Andrew (29 June 2007). \"UEFA.com's U21 dream team\". UEFA. Archived from the original on 3 July 2007. Retrieved 6 June 2008. Maceo Rigters at Soccerbase"
   },
   {
    "name": "Martin Schr\u00f6der",
    "id": "Q637305",
    "text": "Johan Martin Schr\u00f6der (born 13 May 1931 in Amsterdam) is a Dutch pilot and founder of Martinair, the second Dutch airline (after KLM) and the first Dutch air charter company. At the founding in 1958 the company was known as Martin's Air Charter (MAC). In 1998 (40 years after the founding of Martinair) Schr\u00f6der retired as president and CEO. He was succeeded by Aart van Bochove. Between September 1975 and September 1976 Schr\u00f6der was chairman of AMREF Flying Doctors Nederland. In 1981 he became an honorary member of the organisation. His son Marc Schr\u00f6der founded the unmanned filling station chain Tango and Route Mobiel, a roadside assistance service. (in Dutch) Martin Schr\u00f6der, lastige pionier met passie, BN De Stem, 24 May 2008 v t e"
   },
   {
    "name": "Arend Heyting",
    "id": "Q641771",
    "text": "Arend Heyting (Dutch:\u00a0[\u02c8\u0266\u025bi\u032ft\u026a\u014b]; 9 May 1898 \u2013 9 July 1980) was a Dutch mathematician and logician. Heyting was a student of Luitzen Egbertus Jan Brouwer at the University of Amsterdam, and did much to put intuitionistic logic on a footing where it could become part of mathematical logic. Heyting gave the first formal development of intuitionistic logic in order to codify Brouwer's way of doing mathematics. The inclusion of Brouwer's name in the Brouwer\u2013Heyting\u2013Kolmogorov interpretation is largely honorific, as Brouwer was opposed in principle to the formalisation of certain intuitionistic principles (and went as far as calling Heyting's work a \"sterile exercise\"). In 1942 he became a member of the Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences. Heyting was born in Amsterdam, Netherlands, and died in Lugano, Switzerland. Heyting, A. (1930) Die formalen Regeln der intuitionistischen Logik. (German) 3 parts, In: Sitzungsberichte der preu\u00dfischen Akademie der Wissenschaften. phys.-math. Klasse, 1930, 42\u201356, 57-71, 158-169. Heyting, A. (1934) Mathematische Grundlagenforschung. Intuitionismus. Beweistheorie. Springer, Berlin. Heyting, A. (1941) Untersuchungen der intuitionistische Algebra. (German) Verh. Nederl. Akad. Wetensch. Afd. Natuurk. Sect. 1. 18. no. 2, 36 pp. Heyting, A. (1956) Intuitionism. An introduction. North-Holland Publishing Co., Amsterdam. Heyting, A. (1959) Axioms for intuitionistic plane affine geometry. The axiomatic method. With special reference to geometry and physics. Proceedings of an International Symposium held at the Univ. of Calif., Berkeley, Dec. 26, 1957\u2013Jan 4, 1958 (edited by L. Henkin, P. Suppes and A. Tarski) pp.\u00a0160\u2013173 Studies in Logic and the Foundations of Mathematics North-Holland Publishing Co., Amsterdam. Heyting, A. (1962) After thirty years. 1962 Logic, Methodology and Philosophy of Science (Proc. 1960 Internat. Congr.) pp.\u00a0194\u2013197 Stanford Univ. Press, Stanford, Calif. Heyting, A. (1963) Axiomatic projective geometry. Bibliotheca Mathematica, Vol. V. Interscience Publishers John Wiley & Sons, Inc., New York; P. Noordhoff N.V., Groningen; North-Holland Publishing Co., Amsterdam. Heyting, A. (1966) Intuitionism: An introduction. Second revised edition North-Holland Publishing Co., Amsterdam. Heyting, A. (1973) Address to Professor A. Robinson. At the occasion of the Brouwer memorial lecture given by Prof. A.Robinson on the 26th April 1973. Nieuw Arch. Wisk. (3) 21, pp.\u00a0134\u2013137. Heyting, A. (1974) Mathematische Grundlagenforschung, Intuitionismus, Beweistheorie. (German) Reprint. Springer-Verlag, Berlin\u2013New York. Heyting, A. (1980) Axiomatic projective geometry. Second edition. Bibliotheca Mathematica [Mathematics Library], V. Wolters-Noordhoff Scientific Publications, Ltd., Groningen; North-Holland Publishing Co., Amsterdam\u2013New York. Walter P. van Stigt (1990). Brouwer's Intuitionism. Amsterdam: North Holland. \"Arend Heyting (1898 - 1980)\". Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences. Retrieved 28 July 2015. Church, Alonzo (1935). \"Review: Mathematische Grundlagenforschung. Intuitionismus. Beweistheorie by A. Heyting\". Bull. Amer. Math. Soc. 41: 476\u2013477. doi:10.1090/S0002-9904-1935-06126-9. O'Connor, John J.; Robertson, Edmund F., \"Arend Heyting\", MacTutor History of Mathematics archive, University of St Andrews v t e v t e"
   },
   {
    "name": "Jan Heemskerk Azn.",
    "id": "Q643109",
    "text": "Jan Heemskerk Abrahamszoon (Dutch pronunciation: [j\u0251n \u02c8\u0266e\u02d0msk\u025br(\u0259)k \u02c8a\u02d0bra\u02d0\u0266\u0251m\u02ccso\u02d0n]; 30 July 1818 \u2013 9 October 1897) was a Dutch politician who served as Chairman of the Council of Ministers from 1874 to 1877, and again from 1883 to 1888. His son, Theo Heemskerk also served as Chairman of the Council of Ministers. Jan Heemskerk Abrahamszoon was born on 30 July 1818 in Amsterdam. He was the son of Abraham Heemskerk and Joanna Jacoba Stuart. He was baptized on August 27, 1818 in the Remonstrant Church in Amsterdam. He studied law and became a lawyer, then a member of the House of Representatives. Originally a liberal politician, he became a conservative in 1866, and remained this in his Premiership. He was three times Ministers of the Interior (1866\u20131868; 1874\u20131877; 1883\u20131888) and three times temporary chairman of the Council of Ministers, similar to the present-day Prime Minister, (1867\u20131868; 1874\u20131877; 1883\u20131888). He was Minister of State from 1885 to his death. Heemskerk died on 9 October 1897, at the age of 79, in The Hague. Heemskerk married his first cousin Anna Maria Heemskerk on 1 October 1846 in Utrecht. They had 5 sons, one of whom died in infancy, and 3 daughters. His son Theo Heemskerk (1852\u20131932) was Chairman of the Council of Ministers from 1908 to 1913. His son Jan Frederik Heemskerk (1867\u20131944) was a member of the House of Representatives. Heemskerk's published works include De praktijk onzer grondwet. 2 vols. (Utrecht: J. L. Beijers, 1881.) Speciminis inauguralis de Montesquivio pars prior [-altera]. 2 vols. (Amstelodami: J.H. et G. van Heteren, 1839.) (in Dutch) Mr.Dr. J. (Jan) Heemskerk Azn., Parlement & Politiek. Retrieved on 7 March 2015. \"Inventarissen\". (in Dutch) Mr. Th. (Theo) Heemskerk, Parlement & Politiek. Retrieved on 7 March 2015. (in Dutch) J.F. (Jan) Heemskerk, Parlement & Politiek. Retrieved on 7 March 2015. Media related to Jan Heemskerk at Wikimedia Commons v t e"
   },
   {
    "name": "Leo Smit",
    "id": "Q643984",
    "text": "Leopold \"Leo\" Smit (14 May 1900 \u2013 30 April 1943) was a Dutch composer, murdered during The Holocaust at the Sobibor extermination camp. He came from a mixed Ashkenazi and Sephardi family. He was born at Plantage Kerklaan\u00a0[nl] 17, Amsterdam, and studied piano at the Conservatorium van Amsterdam with Sem Dresden and Ulfert Schults and then composition with Bernard Zweers and Sem Dresden. In 1927 he moved to Paris, where the music of Maurice Ravel and Igor Stravinsky made a deep impression on him. Here he was in close contact with the group of composers known as Les Six, which included Darius Milhaud, Arthur Honegger, and Francis Poulenc. He married Lien de Vries in Amsterdam in January 1933. At the end of 1936, Smit moved to Brussels, where he stayed for a year. In late 1937, he returned to Amsterdam, where he completed his last work, the sonata for flute and piano, on February 12, 1943. On April 27, 1943 he was deported to Sobibor, where he was killed three days later. After his death there was for a time little interest in his music, but since the late 1980s, his work has been performed regularly. A 4-CD box set containing his complete works, Kamermuziek en Orkestwerken (NM 93003) has been issued. Sonata for Flute and Piano (1943); orchestrated in 1989 by Willem Strietman String Quartet (1939\u20131943) Divertimento for Piano 4-Hands (1940); orchestrated in 2008 by Andries van Rossem Concerto for Viola and String Orchestra (1940) De bruid (The Fianc\u00e9e) for Female Chorus (1939); words by Jan Prins Suite for Oboe and Cello (1938) Trio for Clarinet, Viola and Piano (1938) Kleine Prelude van Ravel for Alto and Piano (1938); poem by Martinus Nijhoff La Mort (Death) for Soprano, Alto and Piano (1938); words by Charles Baudelaire Concerto for Piano and Wind Orchestra (1937) Concertino for Cello and Orchestra (1937) Symphonie in C (1936) Sextet for Flute, Oboe, Clarinet, Bassoon, Horn and Piano (1933) Concertino for Harp and Orchestra (1933) Deux hommages for Piano (1928\u20131930) Schemselnihar, Ballet for orchestra (1929) Quintet for Flute, Violin, Viola, Cello and Harp (1928) Trio for Flute, Viola and Harp (1926) Suite for Piano (1926); Forlane et Rondeau, movements freely orchestrated in 1958 by Godfried Devreese Silhouetten for Orchestra (1925) Voorspel tot Teirlincks \"De vertraagde film\" (Overture to Teirlinck's \"De Vertraagde Film\") for Orchestra (1923) Twintig eenvoudige oefeningen (20 Simple Exercises) for Piano Twaalf stukken voor 4 handen (12 Pieces) for Piano 4-Hands \"Leo Smit Foundation\". Samama, L. (2006). Nederlandse muziek in de twintigste eeuw: voorspel tot een nieuwe dag (in Dutch). Amsterdam University Press. p.\u00a0149. ISBN\u00a0978-90-5356-862-0. \"Leo Smit\". Leo Smit Foundation (in English and Dutch) v t e v t e"
   }
  ]
 },
 {
  "relation_id": "P19",
  "target_id": "Q5838",
  "target_name": "Kabul",
  "samples": [
   {
    "name": "Muqadar Qazizadah",
    "id": "Q1953427",
    "text": "Muqadar Qazizadah (born 11 September 1988) is an Afghan footballer who currently plays for Shaheen Asmayee F.C.. Until 2011, Qazizadh plays for Kabul Bank F.C. football club. He is also Afghanistan national football team player. He wears number 2 and plays right back position. Shaheen Asmayee F.C. Afghan Premier League: 2 2013 2014 Afghanistan 2013 SAFF Championship \"Muqadar Qazizadah\". Soccerway. Retrieved 30 June 2011. Muqadar Qazizadah at National-Football-Teams.com Muqadar Qazizadah picture at the Wayback Machine (archived October 4, 2011) v t e"
   },
   {
    "name": "Lida Abdul",
    "id": "Q2000516",
    "text": "Lida Abdul is a video artist and performance artist from Afghanistan. She was born as Lida Abdullah in Kabul in 1979, fled the country as a child during the Soviet Invasion and went on to live in India and Germany then the United States. Her most recent work has been featured at the 2005 Venice Biennale, Kunsthalle Vienna, Museum of Modern Art Arnhem Netherlands and Miami Cantral, CAC Centre d'art contemporain de Br\u00e9tigny and Frac Lorraine Metz, France. She has also exhibited in festivals in Mexico, Spain, Germany, Uzbekistan, Kyrgyzstan, and Afghanistan. Abdul completed a Bachelor of Arts in political science in 1997 and a Bachelor of Arts in philosophy in 1998, both from California State University. She also completed a Master of Fine Arts in the University of California in 2000. She currently lives and works in Los Angeles and Kabul. Abdul fled Afghanistan in December 1979 with the threat of the Soviet Invasion, making her a refugee to India, Germany and the United States, and thus is an \"artistic nomad\". The Russian-Afghan conflict's history goes back to 1838. Autocratic Russia (and later the USSR) had expansionist goals, continually competing with Great Britain for Central Asian territory. Historically, Afghanistan's goals have been independence, maintenance of territory and the security of the throne. This contrasted with two great powers, Russia and Great Britain, competing for power in the Middle East. The Soviet Union and Afghanistan were \"natural allies\" during the Second World War. The Soviet Invasion of Afghanistan is considered the leading event of the Cold War. Soviet presence in Afghanistan was felt strongly in infrastructure. Afghan cities, notoriously difficult to travel between, were connected with a major road system with Soviet aid. Abdul's video and performance art is described as abstract and dream-like, and she uses film techniques such as blurring to evoke the mind, as well as an \"epic scale\". Her films are politically charged and use themes of hope and renewal to suggest her war-torn home country's future of progress. While Abdul was made a refugee in 1979 after the Soviet Invasion, she was able to return to Afghanistan after the fall of the Taliban to revisit her home country, film, and meet with Afghan people to talk about their hopes for the future. She considers herself a Nomadic artist, because of her life growing up involved a lot of moving country-to-country and keeping her away from her homeland Abdul uses those feelings and emotions as inspiration or motivation in her art. Abdul creates political commentary, films that speak to themes of devastation, displacement culture, identity and bodies. White House is a short film rich with political content. It is one of Abdul's better-known works, which was shown at the Venice Biennale. The film depicts the rubble of a classical building in a landscape set outside of Kabul. The artist films herself dressed in black, painting the rubble white. A man enters the scene, and Abdul paints his back in a similar fashion. Finally, the short, five-minute film ends with a herd of goats exploring the ruins. The film is rhythmic, and a symbol of hope and progress, as well as an act of political resistance to various injustices, such as the United States' profitable occupation of Afghanistan, the whitewashing of history, and Afghan people's psychological injury from living in a war-torn region. Dome holds an optimistic tone contrasted with symbols of distress. It depicts a boy spinning joyfully in a crumbling mosque while an American helicopter passes overhead. The spinning and dizziness are meant to represent displacement due to war, the irrationality of war acts and the strength of human hope\u203a Trees is a video documentary where young men discuss their reason for cutting down a tree, one that is still alive and bearing fruits. They explain their reasoning for cutting it down is because it was the site of many hangings and had to be destroyed. In the end the men cut the tree down and carried it off. Clapping with stones is a video documentary, which contains a group of men in black Shalwar Kameez performing a prayer like ritual in front of the rock of Bamiyan. The Bamiyan contains traces of ancient Buddha's, which was destroyed in 2001 by the Taliban. Brick Sellers of Kabul is a photograph of young children in Kabul, each of them breaking a brick that they hand to a man with a shock of unruly hair and a painted expression. They are very serious and there is a sense of adulthood in the lives of each of these children. Abdul said, \"Kabul is full of kids who run in the streets, but if you knew their lives you would wonder how it is possible for them to keep going... when their laughter disappears.\" Lida Abdul's work has appeared in numerous solo and group exhibitions in the Middle East, Europe and North America. National Museum of Afghanistan (Kabul, Afghanistan 2007) Indianapolis Museum of Contemporary Art (Indianapolis, USA 2008) OK Center for Contemporary Art (Linz, Austria 2008) Krannert Art Museum (Champaign, Illinois, US 2010) Centro de Arte Contempor\u00e1neo (M\u00e1laga, Spain 2013) Calouste Gulbenkian Foundation (Lisbon, Portugal, 2013) Foreman Art Gallery, Bishops University (Quebec, Canada, 2013) Giogrio Persano Gallery (Turin, Italy, 2013) Calouste Gulbenkian Foundation (Paris, France, 2014) CAP Center (Lyon, France, 2015) Global Feminisms (Brooklyn Museum, NYC, USA 2007) History of Violence (Haifa Museum of Art, Israel 2009) Beyond Memory (Museum on the Seam, Jerusalem, Israel 2011) Transition Project (Yapi Kredi K\u00fclt\u00fcr Merkezi, Istanbul, Turkey 2013) Venice Biennale (2005 and 2015) Moscow Biennial (2007) Documenta (Kassel, Germany 2012) Lida Abdul's work has received several awards, including the Taiwan Award at the Venice Biennale in 2005, the Prince Claus Award in Amsterdam and the Netherlands in 2006, the UNESCO Prize for the Promotion of the Arts from the United Arab Emirates in 2007, and the EMAF Award in Osnabrueck, Germany in 2009, and won the Finalist Mario Prize 1, Fondazione Merz, Turin in 2015. Abdul's art also addresses the common issue of the depiction of Afghan people in the mass western media. It is common in western media to only report on Afghanistan in contexts of terror and war, and public western knowledge does not expand much beyond that image. Through her art, Abdul hopes Western people will learn more about Afghan people and cultures. Her works are permeated with; cultural identity, migration, psychological damage, process of destruction & displacement, and include notions of exile and homeland. Though a centrally governed country, is not unified in culture, national identity or language, though the lingua franca is Dari. Few people living in Afghanistan would describe themselves as \"Afghan\", but rather of a specific tribe living in the region and surrounding areas. Major groups include Pushtuns, Tajiks, Uzbeks and Baluch, each distinct and without strong feelings of national borders or identity, who spill into neighboring countries without regard for borders. Some attributes unite most \"Afghans\", however, with a 90% majority Sunni Muslim population. One of Abdul's goals in her films is to educate a western audience about the nature of these cultures, and how they may diverge from the assumptions that people make about Afghanistan and Afghan people due to stereotypes they may encounter in the popular media. She recognizes the tendency of western media to paint a stereotypical image of Afghanistan, and through her art, she hopes to humanize people who are often demonized. One such stereotype is an image of a nation overtaken by war and stripped entirely of culture, however, even in light of devastation, Afghan people still had the desire to create art. With the works of Lida Abdul and other artists in the forefront, a western audience is given an alternative way to see Afghanistan removed from the depictions of terror and devastated cities. Afghanistan is more regional than central in orientation and culture, in part because of the lack of transportation throughout the country to connect major points of interest. However, a road system connecting the three major cities was built with Soviet aid. ArtFacts.net. \"Lida Abdul.\" ArtFacts.net. Accessed April 05, 2017. http://www.artfacts.net/en/artist/lida-abdul-38414/profile.html. Global feminisms\u00a0: new directions in contemporary art. Reilly, Maura,, Nochlin, Linda,, Brooklyn Museum,, Davis Museum and Cultural Center. London: Brooklyn Museum. 2007. ISBN\u00a09781858943909. OCLC\u00a079256724.CS1 maint: others (link) \"Lida Abdul.\" Guggenheim. Accessed February 08, 2017. https://www.guggenheim.org/artwork/artist/lida-abdul. Olson, Christopher (May 2008). \"Lida Abdul\". Border Crossings. Winnipeg. 27 (2): 90\u201392. ProQuest\u00a0215549787. Franklin, Paul B (June 2014). \"Paris: Lida Abdul\". Art in America. 102 (6): 170\u2013171. Collins, Joseph J. The Soviet Invasion of Afghanistan: A Study in the Use of Force in Soviet Foreign Policy. Lexington (Mass.): Lexington Books, 1987 Spanier, Samson. \"Venice Biennale news: several countries are exhibiting at the Biennale for the first time this year, says Samson Spanier. But the important things--champagne and politics--have not changed.\" Apollo, July 2005 Balzer, David (March 2007). \"Paint it white: Afghani artist Lida Abdul chronicles her homeland's struggle to rebuild\". Toronto Life. 41 (3): 113. MacGilp, Alexandra. \"White House.\" ArtAsiaPacific: Lida Abdul. November/December 2013. Accessed February 08, 2017. http://artasiapacific.com/Magazine/86/LidaAbdul. Cateforis, David; Dusenbury, Mary (May 2006). \"Lida Abdul \u2013 White House , 2005\". hdl:1808/13872. Cite journal requires |journal= (help) MacGilp, Alexander. \"White House Lida Abdul\". Artasiapacific. Archived from the original on 5 May 2015. Retrieved 13 April 2017. \"Lida Abdul\". www.giorgiopersano.org. Kabul. Retrieved 13 April 2017. Robinson, Hilary. Feminist Art History; An Anthology 1968-2014. pp.\u00a0482\u2013486. Hammond, Thomas Taylor. Red Flag over Afghanistan: The Communist Coup, the Soviet Invasion, and the Consequences. Boulder, CO: Westview Press, 1984, pg. #5. Gorce, Tammy La (30 March 2014). \"Despite Conflict and Repression, Creativity\". The New York Times. LidaAbdul.com Artkrush.com - Interview with Lida Abdul, November 2006 Location1.org - Exhibition at Location One Gallery, New York, 2007."
   },
   {
    "name": "Nawroz Mangal",
    "id": "Q2038586",
    "text": "Nawroz Mangal (born Nawroz Khan Mangal) (\u0646\u0648\u0631\u0648\u0632 \u062e\u0627\u0646 \u0645\u0646\u06ab\u0644\u00a0; born 28 November 1984) is a former Afghanistan cricketer. Mangal is former captain of the Afghanistan national cricket team and also famous for leading Afghanistan to prestigious ODI status. In January 2017 he retired from international cricket and became the national chief selector for Afghanistan. Born in Kabul, Afghanistan, Mangal spent much of his early years in refugee camps in neighbouring Pakistan with his family, fleeing from the Soviet invasion of Afghanistan and the subsequent Civil War that followed the Soviet withdrawal. It was in the camps that Mangal, like many of his teammates, was introduced to cricket. The War in Afghanistan saw the US Army put an end to Taliban rule of Afghanistan in 2001 and soon after Mangal returned to the country. In the aftermath, the Afghanistan national cricket team was founded. Mangal was spotted by then Afghanistan coach Taj Malik. Mangal's father tried to stop him playing, citing the sport as not being a living. Malik went to the province of Khost on the Pakistani border to speak to with Mangal's family, telling him: \"He will be great\". Malik stayed the night pleading with him, and by the morning, convinced him to allow Mangal to play. Mangal made his debut for Afghanistan against Nowshehra in the 2001 Quaid-e-Azam Trophy (Grade II). He made his international debut for Afghanistan against Oman in the 2004 ACC Trophy. During the tournament, Mangal was Afghanistan's leading run scorer with 271 runs. It was the first time the team participated in the competition and they progressed to the quarter-finals where they lost to Kuwait. In 2007, Mangal was appointed the captain of the national side, taking up the post against Lower Dir District in the 2007/8 Inter-District Senior Tournament. Mangal led the Afghan cricket team that in under a year won the World Cricket League Division Five, Division Four and Division Three, therefore promoting them to Division Two and allowing them to take part in the 2009 ICC World Cup Qualifier. In that tournament he led Afghanistan to 5th place and ODI status and promotion to World Cricket League Division One. Mangal led Afghanistan to victory over Scotland in their first ever ODI, with himself claiming the winning wicket of John Blain. He captained Afghanistan in their debut, and his debut first class match in the Intercontinental Cup against a Zimbabwe XI in which Afghanistan drew the match. Mangal has subsequently led Afghanistan to victories over the Netherlands and Ireland in the tournament. Mangal made his maiden first-class fifty against Ireland with a score of 84. In February 2010, Mangal made his Twenty20 International debut against Ireland, which Afghanistan lost by 5 wickets. Mangal led Afghanistan to victory in the 2010 ICC World Twenty20 Qualifier with figures of 3/23 as Afghanistan defeated Ireland by 8 wickets in the final. Afghanistan's victory qualified them to take part in the 2010 ICC World Twenty20. Following the tournament, Mangal led Afghanistan to an astonishing victory over Canada in the Intercontinental Cup. Set 494 to win, Mangal shared a 163 run partnership with Mohammad Shahzad in which he contributed 70 runs to the partnership as Afghanistan won the match by 6 wickets. In April 2010, Mangal led the side to victory in the 2010 ACC Trophy Elite, where Afghanistan defeated Nepal in the final by 95 runs, with Mangal himself claiming the winning wicket of Rahul Vishvakarma. He is the best Afganistani player. Mangal led Afghanistan into the 2010 ICC World Twenty20, despite the team losing to Test nations India and South Africa, the team won many plaudits from cricket figures. As of October 2010, Mangal has led Afghanistan to the top of 2009\u201310 ICC Intercontinental Cup in Afghanistan's first season of playing first-class cricket. He scored his maiden first-class century against Kenya in October 2010, making 168 runs before being run out by Elijah Otieno. His innings, along with the bowling of teammate Hameed Hasan, was instrumental in securing Afghanistan a 167 run victory. In November 2010 it was announced that all-rounder Mohammad Nabi would captain Afghanistan in the 2010 Asian Games twenty20 tournament in China later that month. The Afghanistan Cricket Board released a statement that \"We have played 16 one-day internationals but we could only win nine therefore we thought the burden of captaincy is too heavy on Nawroz and Nabi is the next best choice\". After causing an upset by beating Pakistan in the semi-finals of the games, Afghanistan lost the final to Bangladesh and finished with a silver medal. \"Nawroz Mangal retires from international cricket\". ESPN Cricinfo. Retrieved 4 January 2017. Refugee to role model for Afghan skipper, International Cricket Council, 15 February 2012, archived from the original on 16 February 2012, retrieved 16 February 2012 Times report on the Afghan cricket team Nowshehra v Afghanistan (2001) 2004 ACC Trophy batting records Afghanistan v Scotland (2009) Afghanistan v Canada (2010) Kenya v Afghanistan, 2009\u201310 ICC Intercontinental Cup Afghanistan storm into ICC Intercontinental Cup final Mohammad Nabi replaces Mangal as T20 skipper for Asian Games, arghanistancricket.net, 7 November 2010, retrieved 16 February 2012 Momand, Ibrahim (7 November 2010), Mohammad Nabi named Afghanistan captain, Cricinfo, retrieved 8 November 2010 Bangladesh wins first Asian Games gold medal, BBC News, 26 November 2010, retrieved 16 February 2012 Mangal, Nawroz; Sarwat, Faraz (26 August 2011). \"'Even those who don't understand cricket pray for our success'\". Cricinfo. Retrieved 16 February 2012. Nawroz Mangal\u00a0at ESPNcricinfo Nawroz Mangal\u00a0at CricketArchive (subscription required)"
   },
   {
    "name": "Gulbadan Begum",
    "id": "Q2041521",
    "text": "Gulbadan Begum (c. 1523 \u2013 7 February 1603) was a Mughal princess and the daughter of Emperor Babur, the founder of the Mughal Empire. She is best known as the author of Humayun-Nama, the account of the life of her half-brother, Emperor Humayun, which she wrote on the request of her nephew, Emperor Akbar. Gulbadan's recollection of Babur is brief, but she gives a refreshing account of Humayun's household and provides a rare material regarding his confrontation with her half-brother, Kamran Mirza. She records the fratricidal conflict among her brothers with a sense of grief. Gulbadan Begum was about eight years old at the time of her father's death in 1530 and was brought up by her older half-brother, Humayun. She was married to a Chagatai noble, her cousin, Khizr Khwaja Khan, the son of Aiman Khwajah Sultan, son of Khan Ahmad Alaq of Eastern Moghulistan at the age of seventeen. She spent most of her life in Kabul. In 1557, she was invited by her nephew, Akbar, to join the imperial household at Agra. She wielded great influence and respect in the imperial household and was much loved both by Akbar and his mother, Hamida. Gulbadan Begum finds reference throughout the Akbarnama (\"Book of Akbar\"), written by Abu'l Fazl, and much of her biographical details are accessible through the work. Along with several other royal women, Gulbadan Begum undertook a pilgrimage to Mecca, and returned to India seven years later in 1582. She died in 1603. Gulbadan Begum's name means \"body like a rose flower\" or \"rose body\" in the Persian language. When Princess Gulbadan was born in c. 1523 to Dildar Begum, her father, Babur, had been lord in Kabul for 19 years; he was master also in Kunduz and Badakhshan, had held Bajaur and Swat since 1519, and Kandahar for a year. During 10 of those 19 years he had been styled Padshah, in token of headship of the House of Timur and of his independent sovereignty. Two years later Babur set out on his last expedition across the Indus to conquer an empire in India. Gulbadan's siblings included her older brother, Hindal Mirza, and two other sisters, Gulrang Begum and Gulchehra Begum, while her younger brother Alwar Mirza, died in his childhood. Among her siblings, Gulbadan was very close to her brother, Hindal Mirza. At the age of seventeen, Gulbadan was married to a Chagatai noble, her cousin, Khizr Khwaja Khan, the son of Aiman Khwajah Sultan, son of Khan Ahmad Alaq of Moghulistan. In 1540, Humayun lost the kingdom that his father Babur had established in India, to Sher Shah Suri, a Pashtun soldier from Bihar. With only his pregnant wife Hamida Banu Begum, one female attendant and a few loyal supporters, Humayun first fled to Lahore, and then later to Kabul. He was in exile for the next fifteen years in present-day Afghanistan and Persia. Gulbadan Begum went to live in Kabul again. Her life, like all the other Mughal women of the harem, was intricately intertwined with three Mughal kings \u2013 her father Babur, brother Humayun and nephew Akbar. Two years after Humayun re-established the Delhi Empire, she accompanied other Mughal women of the harem back to Agra at the behest of Akbar, who had begun his rule. Akbar commissioned Gulbadan Begum to chronicle the story of his father, Humayun. He was fond of his aunt and knew of her storytelling skills. It was fashionable for the Mughals to engage writers to document their own reigns (Akbar's own history, Akbarnama, was written by the well-known Persian scholar Abul Fazl). Akbar asked his aunt to write whatever she remembered about her brother's life. Gulbadan Begum took the challenge and produced a document titled Ahwal Humayun Padshah Jamah Kardom Gulbadan Begum bint Babur Padshah amma Akbar Padshah. It came to be known as Humayun-nama. Gulbadan wrote in simple Persian, without the erudite language used by better-known writers. Her father Babur had written Babur-nama in the same style, and she took his cue and wrote from her memories. Unlike some of her contemporary writers, Gulbadan wrote a factual account of what she remembered, without embellishment. What she produced not only chronicles the trials and tribulations of Humayun's rule, but also gives us a glimpse of life in the Mughal harem. It is the only surviving writing penned by a woman of Mughal royalty in the 16th century. There has been suspicion that Gulbadan wrote the Humayun-Nama in her native language of Turkic rather than Persian, and that the book available today is a translation. Upon being entrusted with the directive by Akbar to write the manuscript, Gulbadan Begum begins thus: There had been an order issued, \u2018Write down whatever you know of the doings of Firdous-Makani (Babur) and Jannat-Ashyani (Humayun)\u2019. At this time when his Majesty Firdaus-Makani passed from this perishable world to the everlasting home, I, this lowly one, was eight years old, so it may well be that I do not remember much. However in obedience to the royal command, I set down whatever there is that I have heard and remember. From her account, we know that Gulbadan was married by the age of 17 to her cousin, Khizr Khwaja, a Chagatai prince who was the son of her father's cousin, Aiman Khwajah Sultan. She had at least one son. She had migrated to India in 1528 from Kabul with one of her stepmothers, who was allowed to adopt her as her own on the command of her father, the Emperor. After the defeat of Humayun in 1540, she moved back to Kabul to live with one of her half-brothers. She did not return to Agra immediately after Humayun won back his kingdom. Instead, she stayed behind in Kabul until she was brought back to Agra by Akbar, two years after Humayun died in a tragic accident in 1556. Gulbadan Begum lived in Agra and then in Sikri for a short while, but mostly in Lahore or with the Court for the rest of her life, except for a period of seven years when she undertook a pilgrimage to Mecca. The Mughal Court even up to the early years of Shah Jahan's reign was never a confined thing, but a travelling grand encampment and there is no doubt that Gulbadan Banu Begum, like most Mughal ladies, hated the confines living in buildings and no doubt, wholeheartedly agreed with the verses of Jahanara Begum, the daughter of Shah Jahan, that the rot of the empire would set in when the Mughals confined themselves to closed houses. She appears to have been an educated, pious, and cultured woman of royalty. She was fond of reading and she had enjoyed the confidences of both her brother, Humayun, and nephew, Akbar. From her account it is also apparent that she was an astute observer, well-versed with the intricacies of warfare and the intrigues of royal deal making. The first part of her story deals with Humayun's rule after her father's death and the travails of Humayun after his defeat. She had written little about her father Babur, as she was only aged eight when he died. However, there are anecdotes and stories she had heard about him from her companions in the Mahal (harem) that she included in her account. The latter part also deals with life in the Mughal harem. She recorded one light-hearted incident about Babur. He had minted a large gold coin, as he was fond of doing, after he established his kingdom in India. This heavy gold coin was sent to Kabul, with special instructions to play a practical joke on the court jester Asas, who had stayed behind in Kabul. Asas was to be blindfolded and the coin was to be hung around his neck. Asas was intrigued and worried about the heavy weight around his neck, not knowing what it was. However, when he realised that it was a gold coin, Asas jumped with joy and pranced around the room, repeatedly saying that no one shall ever take it from him. Gulbadan Begum describes her father's death when her brother had fallen ill at the age of 22. She tells that Babur was depressed to see his son seriously ill and dying. For four days he circumambulated the bed of his son repeatedly, praying to Allah, begging to be taken to the eternal world in his son's place. As if by miracle, his prayers were answered. The son recovered and the 47-year-old father died soon after. Soon after his exile, Humayun had seen and fallen in love with a 13-year-old girl named Hamida Banu the niece of Shah Husain Mirza. At first she refused to come to see the Emperor, who was much older than her. Finally she was advised by the other women of the harem to reconsider, and she consented to marry the Emperor. Two years later, in 1542, she bore Humayun a son named Akbar, the greatest of the Mughal rulers. Gulbadan Begum described the details of this incident and the marriage of Humayun and Hamida Banu with glee, and a hint of mischievousness in her manuscript. Gulbadan also recorded the nomadic life style of Mughal women. Her younger days were spent in the typical style of the peripatetic Mughal family, wandering between Kabul, Agra and Lahore. During Humayun's exile the problem was further exaggerated. She had to live in Kabul with one of her step brothers, who later tried to recruit her husband to join him against Humayun. Gulbadan Begum persuaded her husband not to do so. He, however, did so during her nephew's reign and, along with his son, was defeated and was expelled from court and from her presence for the rest of his life. He was not even allowed to be buried next to her. His grave is in one corner of the main quadrangle in which she is buried. If Gulbadan Begum wrote about the death of Humayun, when he tumbled down the steps in Purana Qila in Delhi, it has been lost. The manuscript seems to end abruptly in the year 1552, four years before the death of Humayun. It ends in mid-sentence, describing the blinding of Kamran Mirza. As we know that Gulbadan Begum had received the directive to write the story of Humayun's rule by Akbar, long after the death of Humayun, it is reasonable to believe that the only available manuscript is an incomplete version of her writing. It is also believed that Akbar asked his aunt to write down from her memory so that Abul Fazl could use the information in his own writings about the Emperor Akbar. The memoir had been lost for several centuries and what has been found is not well preserved, poorly bound with many pages missing. It also appears to be incomplete, with the last chapters missing. There must have been very few copies of the manuscript, and for this reason it did not receive the recognition it deserved. A battered copy of the manuscript is kept in the British Library. Originally found by an Englishman, Colonel G. W. Hamilton. it was sold to the British Museum by his widow in 1868. Its existence was little known until 1901, when Annette S. Beveridge translated it into English (Beveridge affectionately called her 'Princess Rosebody'). Historian Dr. Rieu called it one of the most remarkable manuscripts in the collection of Colonel Hamilton (who had collected more than 1,000 manuscripts). A paperback edition of Beveridge's English translation was published in India in 2001. Pradosh Chattopadhyay translated Humayun Nama into Bengali in 2006 and Chirayata Prokashan published the book. Gulbadan Begum described in her memoir a pilgrimage she along with Hamida Banu Begum undertook to Mecca, a distance of 3,000 miles, crossing treacherous mountains and hostile deserts. Though they were of royal birth, the women of the harem were hardy and prepared to face hardships, especially since their lives were so intimately intertwined with the men and their fortunes. Gulbadan Begum stayed in Mecca for nearly four years and during her return a shipwreck in Aden kept her from returning to Agra for several months. She finally returned in 1582, seven years after she had set forth on her journey. Akbar had provided for safe passage of his aunt on her Hajj and sent a noble as escort with several ladies in attendance. Lavish gifts were packed with her entourage that could be used as alms. Her arrival in Mecca caused quite a stir and people from as far as Syria and Asia Minor swarmed to Mecca to get a share of the bounty. When she was 70, her name is mentioned with that of Muhammad-yar, a son of her daughter, who left the court in disgrace; again, she and Salima join in intercession to Akbar for Prince Salim; again, with Hamida, she receives royal gifts of money and jewels. Her charities were large, and it is said of her that she added day unto day in the endeavour to please God, and this by succouring the poor and needy. When she was 80, in February 1603, her departure was heralded by a few days of fever. Hamida was with her to the end, and it may be that Ruqaiya, Hindal's daughter, also watched her last hours. As she lay with closed eyes, Hamida Banu Begum spoke to her by the long-used name of affection, \"Jiu!\" (live or May you Live). There was no response. Then, \"Gul-badan!\" The dying woman opened her eyes, quoted the verse, \"I die\u2014may you live!\" and died. Akbar helped to carry her bier some distance, and for her soul's repose made lavish gifts and did good works. He will have joined in the silent prayer for her soul before committal of her body to the earth, and if no son were there, he, as a near kinsman, may have answered the Imam's injunction to resignation: \"It is the will of God.\" It is said that for the two years after her death, Akbar lamented constantly that he missed his favourite aunt, until his own death in 1605. Gulbadan was also said to have been a poet, fluent in both Persian and Turkish. None of her poems have survived. However, there are references to two verses and a quaseeda written by her by the Emperor Bahadur Shah Zafar in his collection of verses as well as some references by Mir Taqi Mir. It is unfortunate that a large collection of imperial Mughal archival material which had found its way to Lukhnow was destroyed by the Farangis to impose and lend substance to the myth of centuries of foreign rule over Hindustan instead of the ninety years which was actually endured. For much of history the manuscript of Gulbadan Begum remained in obscurity. There is little mention of it in contemporary literature of other Mughal writers, especially the authors who chronicled Akbar\u2019s rule. Yet, the little-known account of Gulbadan Begum is an important document for historians, with its window into a woman\u2019s perspective from inside the Mughal harem. Gulbadan Begum is a principal character in Salman Rushdie's novel The Enchantress of Florence (2008). Aftab, Tahera (2008). Inscribing South Asian Muslim women\u00a0: an annotated bibliography & research guide ([Online-Ausg.].\u00a0ed.). Leiden: Brill. p.\u00a08. ISBN\u00a09789004158498. Faruqui, Munis D. (2012). Princes of the Mughal Empire, 1504-1719. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p.\u00a0251. ISBN\u00a09781107022171. Ruggles, D. Fairchild (ed.) (2000). Women, patronage, and self-representation in Islamic societies. Albany, N.Y.: State University of New York Press. p.\u00a0121. ISBN\u00a09780791444696.CS1 maint: extra text: authors list (link) Balabanlilar, Lisa (2015). Imperial Identity in the Mughal Empire: Memory and Dynastic Politics in Early Modern South and Central Asia. I.B.Tauris. p.\u00a08. ISBN\u00a09780857732460. Ruggles, D. Fairchild (ed.) (2000). Women, patronage, and self-representation in Islamic societies. Albany, N.Y.: State University of New York Press. p.\u00a0121. ISBN\u00a09780791444696.CS1 maint: extra text: authors list (link) Schimmel, Annemarie (2004). The Empire of the Great Mughals: History, Art and Culture. Reaktion Books. p.\u00a0144. Balabanlilar, Lisa (2015). Imperial Identity in the Mughal Empire: Memory and Dynastic Politics in Early Modern South and Central Asia. I.B.Tauris. p.\u00a08. ISBN\u00a09780857732460. The Humayun Namah, by Gulbadan Begam, a study site by Deanna Ramsay \"2. The Culture and Politics of Persian in Precolonial Hindustan\", Literary Cultures in History, University of California Press, pp.\u00a0131\u2013198, 31 December 2019, ISBN\u00a0978-0-520-92673-8, retrieved 11 June 2021 Beveridge, Annette Susannah (1898). Life and writings of Gulbadan Begam (Lady Rosebody). Calcutta. Retrieved 14 December 2017. Begam, Gulbaden (1902). Beveridge, Annette Susannah (ed.). The history of Hum\u0101y\u016bn (Hum\u0101y\u016bn-n\u0101ma). London: Royal Asiatic Society. Retrieved 14 December 2017. ISBN\u00a081-85696-66-7 Rushdie, Salman (2008). Enchantress of Florence, The. London: Random House. ISBN\u00a0978-1407016498. Begum, Gulbadan; (tr. by Annette S. Beveridge) (1902). Humayun-nama :The history of Humayun. Royal Asiatic Society. Begam Gulbadam; Annette S. Beveridge (1902). The history of Humayun = Humayun-nama. Begam Gulbadam. pp.\u00a0249\u2013. GGKEY:NDSD0TGDPA1. Humayun-Nama\u00a0: The History of Humayun by Gul-Badan Begam. Translated by Annette S. Beveridge. New Delhi, Goodword, 2001, ISBN\u00a081-87570-99-7. Rebecca Ruth Gould \"How Gulbadan Remembered: The Book of Hum\u0101y\u016bn as an Act of Representation,\" Early Modern Women: An Interdisciplinary Journal, Vol. 6, pp.\u00a0121\u2013127, 2011 Three Memoirs of Homayun. Volume One: Hum\u00e1yunn\u00e1ma and Tadhkiratu\u2019l-w\u00e1q\u00ed\u00e1t; Volume Two: T\u00e1r\u00edkh-i Hum\u00e1y\u00fan, translated from the Persian by Wheeler Thackston. Bibliotheca Iranica/Intellectual Traditions Series, Hossein Ziai, Editor-in-Chief. Bilingual Edition, No. 11 (15 March 2009) Complete text of Humayun Nama Begum, Gulbadan; (tr. by Annette S. Beveridge) (1902). Humayun-nama :The history of Humayun. Royal Asiatic Society. Selections from The Humayun Nama by Gulbadan Begam"
   },
   {
    "name": "Abdul Ahad Kharot",
    "id": "Q2092584",
    "text": "Abdul Ahad Kharot (born 1926) is a former Afghanistan footballer, who competed at the 1948 Summer Olympic Games, he also played for Mahmoudiyeh F.C.. Evans, Hilary; Gjerde, Arild; Heijmans, Jeroen; Mallon, Bill; et\u00a0al. \"Abdul Ahad Kharot\". Olympics at Sports-Reference.com. Sports Reference LLC. Archived from the original on 17 April 2020. \"Abdul Ahad Kharot\". Olympedia. Retrieved 22 October 2021. Abdul Ahad Kharot at Olympedia Abdul Ahad Kharot at WorldFootball.net v t e"
   },
   {
    "name": "Qader Eshpari",
    "id": "Q2121343",
    "text": "Qader Eshpari (Persian: \u0642\u0627\u062f\u0631 \u0627\u0634\u067e\u0627\u0631\u06cc\u200e), born in September 1967 is an American singer. He is of the new generation of exiled artists who have achieved fame outside of Afghanistan. He currently lives in Fremont, California, United States from where he continues his music career through his own recording studio. Qader Eshpari was born in a suburb of Kabul. To avoid the impending war in Afghanistan, his family moved to Pakistan, then to Germany and a while later they immigrated to the United States. After finishing high school in Las Vegas, Nevada, Qader moved to California to pursue higher education. There he earned a degree in Computer Science. After working for IBM as a Technical Support Engineer for three years, he decided to return to his childhood passion once again. He started composing music and worked with various other musicians to start a career in this field professionally. Qader has a deep interest in Indian movie culture and music and much of his recorded songs reflect this. His renditions of popular Indian film songs are present in almost every album. He is also an active traveler and has toured all over United States, Canada, Australia, Europe and India. Most of these trips have been concert performances. During his 2006 visit to Afghanistan he sang to a group of disadvantaged children at an orphanage. Qader's has been credited with creating and arranging music for over 100 albums for various singers from Afghanistan. Other achievements include an English song: Dance with Me (from his Sahil Eshq CD). Qader Eshpari's first professional music video is released and it is called Ashiana. 1996: Soroode Asheqi 1997: Sabrina 1998: Sia Moo 2001: Only You 2003: Sahil Eshq 2005: Naazi Jaan 2009: Generation X 2007: Ashiana (DVD) S. Ghilzai (November 11, 2014). \"Biography of Qader Eshpari\". Retrieved September 24, 2019."
   },
   {
    "name": "Qasem Jo",
    "id": "Q2121416",
    "text": "Qasem Jo (Pashto: \u0642\u0627\u0633\u0645 \u062c\u0648\u200e\u200e; 1878\u20131957), better known as Ustad Qasim (\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0627\u062f \u0642\u0627\u0633\u0645), was an Afghan musician, composer, and singer. He is generally considered by musicologists to be one of the more prominent Afghan musicians of the 20th century, being dubbed the \"Father of Afghan Music\". Qasim was of Kashmiri descent and was born Qasem Jo in the Gozar Barana district of the Afghan capital Caubul during the late 1870s. He was descended from a musical lineage, as his father, Satar Ju, was also a musician, as well as a Nawab. Qasim's father immigrated, on the invitation of a friend, from his native Kashmir to Afghanistan to provide his musical services to the country's monarchy, and it is here where Qasim was born. Qasim attended a madrassa which specialized solely in religious studies; thus he learned music theory as well as Urdu through his musician father. Qasim learned to play musical instruments such as the sitar and tabla. He also learned many languages, including Dari from his mother, Pashto from his teacher, Urdu from his father, and Arabic from the religious school he attended. During Qasim's life, Afghanistan was ruled by a monarchy. From the age of 20 onward, Qasim provided his musical services to various Afghan sovereigns, including King Abdur Rahman Khan, who was known as the \"Bismarck of Afghanistan\" and who made him the royal court's singer. Qasim often used the stage name \"Kassim Afghan\" (\u0642\u0627\u0633\u0645 \u0627\u0641\u063a\u0627\u0646) and other such pseudonyms incorporating the word \"Afghan\", to pay tribute to the country in which he was born. Through his prominence and influence, Qasim ultimately became known as the \"Father of Afghan Music\" and the \"Founder of Afghan classical music\". Music that Qasim composed in 1919 became used in a mujaheddin battle song which in turn became used in the national anthem of Afghanistan from 1992 to 2006. Qasim influenced many Afghan musicians, including Rahim Bakhsh and Mohammad Omar. Many of Qasim's descendants carried on his musical legacy, becoming musicians like him. \u0628\u0635\u06cc\u0631\u0627\u062d\u0645\u062f \u062d\u0633\u06cc\u0646\u200c\u0632\u0627\u062f\u0647 (17 September 2011). \"\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0627\u062f \u0642\u0627\u0633\u0645 \u0628\u0627\u062d\u0627\u0641\u0638 \u0634\u06cc\u0631\u0627\u0632\u06cc \u062f\u0631 \u062f\u0631\u0628\u0627\u0631 \u0639\u0628\u062f\u0627\u0644\u0631\u062d\u0645\u0646\" (in Persian). BBC News \u0641\u0627\u0631\u0633\u06cc. Retrieved 21 January 2020. Adamec, Ludwig W. (2012). Historical Dictionary of Afghanistan (4th\u00a0ed.). Scarecrow Press. pp.\u00a0358\u2013359. ISBN\u00a0978-0-8108-7815-0. Retrieved 21 January 2020. Baily, John (2011). Songs from Kabul: The Spiritual Music of Ustad Amir Mohammad. Ashgate Publishing, Ltd. pp.\u00a016\u201318. ISBN\u00a0978-0-7546-5776-7. Retrieved 21 January 2020. Momand, Wahid (2000). \"Ustad Qasim\". Afghanland. Archived from the original on 11 September 2002. Retrieved 21 January 2020. \"Ustad Qasim Khan\". Discogs. January 2020. Archived from the original on 10 January 2020. Retrieved 10 January 2020. Ustad Qassem was an afghan [sic] musician coming from a Kashmiri immigrant family. His father was himself a singer and a lot of his descendants (his son Yacoub Qassemi or grandson Vaheed Kacemy) also became musicians. He was known to be the court's musician of king Amanullah in Afghanistan. National Museum of Asian Art. \"Vocal Art Music in Afghanistan\". The Art of Afghan Music: Ust\u0101d Mahwash, vocals. Washington, D.C.: Smithsonian Institution. Retrieved 10 January 2020. The principal singer at that time was Ustad Qasem, the 'father of Afghan music.' A selection of Qasim's music in FLAC format at the Internet Archive"
   },
   {
    "name": "Rahraw Omarzad",
    "id": "Q2127476",
    "text": "Rahraw Omarzad (b 1964 Kabul) is an Afghan writer, artist, lecturer and an expert on Afghan modern art from Afghanistan. He is the founding director of the Centre for Contemporary Art Afghanistan (CCAA), a lecturer at Kabul University and editor in chief of Gahnama-e-Hunar Art Magazine. arts.guardian.co.uk"
   },
   {
    "name": "Raziq Faani",
    "id": "Q2134351",
    "text": "Raziq Faani (Persian: \u0631\u0627\u0632\u0642 \u0641\u0627\u0646\u06cc\u200e) was a renowned Afghan poet and novelist from the city Kabul. He published more than ten volumes of poetry and novels in Persian. Raziq Faani was one of Afghanistan's most celebrated contemporary poets, whose work is described as mystical, compassionate, and patriotic. His poems describe the suffering of his people through decades of war, destruction, and exile. Ustad Raziq Faani was born in Barana, Kabul-Afghanistan. He received his primary and secondary education in Afghanistan and earned a master's degree in political economy from Sofia, Bulgaria in 1967. His first book of poetry, \u201cArmaghan-e Jawani\u201d was published in 1966. The novel \"Baaraana\" was published in Kabul in 1983. In 1987, he published a selection of political satire entitled \u201cAmeer e Ba Salaheyat\u201d (Competent director). Ustad Faani left Afghanistan with his family in 1988 for India, where they lived for nearly two years. In 1990 they arrived in the U.S. and made San Diego, California their 2nd home. His books \"Payamber e Baraan\", \"Aber O Aaftaab\", \"Shikast e Shab\", \"Dasht Aweena wa Tasweer\", \"Hazrat e Eishq\", and \"Partaw e Khorsheed bar Deewar\" are all collections of poems such as Ghazal, Nemaiee, Qaseeda, Do Baitee ha all published while he lived away from Afghanistan. Raziq Faani has one son, Jamshade Faani and 3 daughters. Ustad Faani died on 22 April 2007 from cancer at the age of 63. ARMAGHAN-E-JAWAANEE (Collection of poems) Kabul Afghanistan 1966. PAYAAMBER-E-BAARAN (The Messenger of rain: a selection of poetry). Kabul, Government Printing Press, 1986. ABER-WA-AFTAAB (Collection of poems) California 1994. SHEKAST-E-SHAB (Collection of poems) California 1997. BAARAANA (Novel). Kabul, Government Printing Press, 1983. AMER-E-BA SALAHEYAT (Competent director: a collection of satire). Writers' Association of Afghanistan, Kabul, Afghanistan 1987. raziqfaani.com in English Afghan Poet Raziq Faani's Life and Works Celebrated, Embassy of Afghanistan in the United States of America: December 2006. Rariq Fani biography: afghanland.com. Celebrated Afghan poet Ustad Faani passes away. Lalit K. Jha, Pajhwok News, 25 April 2007."
   },
   {
    "name": "Qadria Yazdanparast",
    "id": "Q2215548",
    "text": "Qadriya Yazdanparast (in Persian: \u0642\u062f\u0631\u06cc\u0647 \u06cc\u0632\u062f\u0627\u0646\u200c\u067e\u0631\u0633\u062a) is an Afghan politician and a commissioner at the Afghanistan Independent Human Rights Commission. Before start working in the Afghanistan Independent Human Rights Commission she resigned from her leadership position of the Jamiat-e Islami Afghanistan (Islamic Society of Afghanistan) in order to fulfill the requirement of a commissioner to be non political. It is to be said that the Jamiat-e Islami is the biggest political party in the history of Afghanistan. She started her career during the Soviet\u2013Afghan War. She studied jurisprudence and political science at Kabul University. Yazdanparast speaks Pashto, Dari, Dutch and English. After the fall of the Communist regime, president Burhanuddin Rabbani appointed her to director of the Afghan Women High Association that preceded the Afghan Ministry of Women's Affairs. During the war against the Taliban, she fled to the northern part of the country, which was controlled by the United Islamic Front, also known as the 'Northern Alliance'. There she was able to keep her function and she continued her job and was the president of the law school in Mazar-i-Sharif. she organised an international conference on women's rights in Afghanistan. While being in Mazar e Sharif, she also organised different secret teaching groups for women under the control of the Taliban. After the fall of Mazar-i-Sharif, she asked for asylum in the Netherlands, where she settled in Rotterdam and started a study. After the fall of the Taliban regime in 2001 and upon the request of the former President of Afghanistan Burhanuddin Rabbani Qadriya Yazdanparast returned to Afghanistan and she could get a seat in the National Assembly of Afghanistan where she was elected as chairwomen of Human Rights commission. She became a known person in Afghan \"behind the doors\" politics, having relations with different political groups. During her time in Parliament she was known as being a bridge between different political rivals. She has brought in several law proposals. The law 'Elimination of Violence Against Women' was her initiative. The earlier mentioned law is also known as the EVAW law. Qadriya Yazdanparast used her political ties with strong political leaders and heavyweights in order to draft laws for protecting women right in Afghanistan. With her religious background she did not face any opposition from the strong religious scholars in the country. The records of the Afghan lower house (Wolesi Jirga) mentions that the EVAW law (Law on Elimination of Violence Against Women) was her initiative while she was a member of Parliament. Leadership position of The Jamiaat Party Leader of Afghan Women High Association Legal Advisor of former vice President Presidential Adviser Member of Afghan Parliament Law professor at the University of Kabul Yazdanparast has had several other positions: President of the 'Oldtown Kabul Committee': a committee that was founded by president Karzai to preserve the old city of Kabul Legal Advisor Writer and poet Currently Qadriya Yazdanparast is a commissioner in the Afghanistan Independent Human Right Commission. She is in charge of Women Rights in the commission. \"La afgana a la que su marido cort\u00f3 la nariz\u00a0: \"Necesito tratamiento urgente\"\". ELMUNDO (in Spanish). 2016-02-03. Retrieved 2020-12-29. Joya, Malalai (2009-10-20). A Woman Among Warlords: The Extraordinary Story of an Afghan Who Dared to Raise Her Voice. Simon and Schuster. ISBN\u00a0978-1-4391-3248-7. Official website of Qadriya Yazdanparast"
   },
   {
    "name": "Sandjar Ahmadi",
    "id": "Q2220835",
    "text": "Sandjar Ahmadi is an Afghan footballer who currently plays for Hamm United FC and Afghanistan national football team. He scored two goals against Sri Lanka in 2011 SAFF Championship which helped the national team to win 3\u20131. At 21 years of age, Ahmadi is one of the Afghanistan national football team's best players. He scored the winning goal against Laos in the AFC Challenge Cup qualifiers. He scored against Pakistan in a friendly on 20 August 2013. He scored The winning goal against Nepal in the 2013 SAFF Championship to take his nation to the finals. And then in the final he scored the winning goal against the Indian national football team to earn his country their first ever FIFA tournament win. The team was also granted $50,000 US Dollars for being the champions. In an interview with Afghanistan's captain Zohib Islam Amiri, Amiri said \"He is a great player, and we couldn't have won this without him.\" Sandjar Ahmadi was born in Kabul, Afghanistan and then with his family he moved to Germany and now lives in Hamburg. He was seven years only when he started playing football. Now he plays for both club and country on the international level. Ahmadi plays for SC Vier- und Marschlande in Oberliga Hamburg. He wears number 12. He is a winger but he also can play as a central forward. Sandjar Ahmadi has scored 2 goals in 9 matches for Mumbai FC in I-League. In an interview, he revealed that he was targeting highest position in I-League with Mumbai FC. Last update: 14 May 2013 Scores and results list Afghanistan's goal tally first. Sandjar Ahmadi in soccerway.com George, Joseph. \"Sandjar Ahmadi: \"Winning SAFF Cup Was Important For Afghanistan\"\". The Hard Tackle. Retrieved 13 January 2014. v t e"
   },
   {
    "name": "Sarban",
    "id": "Q2224651",
    "text": "Abdul-Rahim S\u0101rb\u0101n' (Persian: \u0639\u0628\u062f\u0627\u0644\u0631\u062d\u06cc\u0645 \u0633\u0627\u0631\u0628\u0627\u0646) (1930 \u2013 April 2, 1993), known as Sarban, was an Afghan singer who was born in Kabul. He is known as the Frank Sinatra of Afghanistan and was the first Afghan artist to break away from the prevalent musical forms in Afghanistan at the time, the Indian inspired pure classical tradition (epitomized by Ustad Sarahang, Rahim Bakhsh), and the 'Mohali' (regional & folk) musical traditions exemplified by the Dari music, logari, qataghani, qarsak. Sarban's music fused elements, rhythms and orchestration of the western musical traditions of Jazz and \"Belle Chanson\" with the prevalent Afghan musical tradition to create a unique style which became an inspiration for ensuing artists. Sarban gained popularity due to his music style, which was highly unconventional for its time, but it went on to become the gold standard of Afghan musical style. Sarban's popularity is mainly with the elite and educated classes in Afghanistan where appreciation of his music is considered the height of sophistication, learning, and elegance. Sarban's path to art and his immortality was purely accidental. Being born in a highly educated and accomplished family, Sarban was the only male family members who had not gone to university. Sarban's career in art began when the director and \"father\" of the Afghan National Theatre, Ustad Abdul Rashid Latifi overheard him hum a song in a hamaam (communal baths customary in Kabul at the time). Ustad Latifi, however, did not conceive of Sarban as a singer since singing, at that time in Afghanistan, was a profession chosen very early in life and required years of work and training. Instead, Latifi asked Sarban to join his theatre as an actor, mainly due to his elegant & erudite elucidation and accent in Dari. Sarban accepted the offer to work as an actor because, according to him, he had no prospects of employment and of feeding his young family. While acting in the theatre, Sarban was rediscovered by the composers Nainawaz and Taranasaz for his extraordinary and evocative baritone voice. Without any training in voice or singing, Sarban was offered the opportunity to become a singer. His first recorded song was \"Man Akher Az Ghamat Ay Mahro,\" and \"Tu Aftabi Wo Man.\" The songs, played in Kabul Radio, generated a great degree of interest and enthusiasm among the public in Sarban's voice. He had an acute ear for musical sound and a broad and profound understanding of Persian poetry. Because of his lack of training and background in the predominant musical traditions in Afghanistan, Sarban became the artist who has freed Afghan music from subservience to the Indian, Iranian, and folkloric musical traditions. In cooperation with composers Sarban managed to create a musical language that was unique to Afghanistan. Although his first few songs \"Tu Aftabi wo man,\" and \"Man akher az ghamat,\" were made strictly in the Indian classical model, his ensuing songs \"Rahm kon ram kon,\" \"Saqi dile ma,\" \"ya maula dilam tang amada,\" \"shod abro para para,\" and the hit songs, \"Az bas ke nazanini,\" \"Asare shikanje maujam,\" \"Man nainawaz am,\" and \"Harja ke safer karma,\" became models of a new sound that broke away from the traditional musical vocabulary in Afghanistan at the time. This new sound was made immortal by the creation of a slew of songs in later years (such as Ahesta Bero, Ay Sarban, Dar Damane Sahra, Khorsheede Man, Ay Shakhe Gul, Moshke Taza Mebarad, Dosh Az Masjid, Deshab ba khoda, Nameporsi Naame man, Sobhe Keshaare Maiwar, Take nabashad ham dame jani, Ta ba kai ay mah liqa, Een ghame be haya mara, haal ke deewana shodam merawi, Aye shake gul) which defined Afghan music (especially the Persian musical genre) for decades to come. Sarban sang in Dari as well as Pashto, possessing a comprehensive understanding of the Persian poetic tradition. Apart from his first few songs, Sarban chose the poems to his songs, based on his own personal knowledge of the Persian literary canon. During the early stages of his career, Sarban worked with many musicians and composers such as Nainawaz and Taranasaz. During the late stages of his career, he worked almost exclusively with the composer Salim Sarmast. Sarban's songs are ranked among the highest in the Afghan musical repertoire. Sarban's legacy permanently altered the Persian (Dari) musical tradition in Afghanistan. Almost every artist that came after him considered him their primary source of inspiration, and they ranked his musical repertoire as their main model of emulation. A national icon and celebrity in Afghanistan, Sarban is also widely admired in other Persian-speaking countries like Iran and Tajikistan, where he gave live performances at the height of his career. Sarban's artistic greatness due to his eccentric and mysticist temperament, did not translate into financial prosperity. He was famed for refusing to do home (majlisi) shows for pay, and for giving the proceeds from his highly successful concerts to the beggars, without regard for his own or his family's financial well-being. Sarban stopped producing songs in the 1960s. During the 1970s, he was mainly involved in concerts & in re-recording his earlier music for audio cassettes (his original recordings at Radio Kabul at the time could not be converted to audio cassette form due to lack of high quality sound equipment in Afghanistan. Sarban's greatest contribution to Afghan music was the creation of a unique Afghan sound\u2014distinct from the Indian, Iranian, regional (folkloric), western traditions. His songs set an example for all pursuing Afghan artists to compose & perform in a style that was distinctly identifiable as Afghan, as opposed to mere imitation of other musical traditions. His work with the legendary composer Salim Sarmast led to the creation of a rhythm, melody line, harmony, and texture which became the essence of the Dari (Persian) sound. This sound was a major influence on many later musicians including Nainawaz, Ahmad Zahir, Ustad Zaland, Ahmad Wali, & later Farhad Darya. Besides a unique and new musical sound, Sarban was the first artist to choose poems & lyrics for his songs which were not primarily about romantic love. The majority of songs in Afghanistan up to that point chose poems/lyrics about romance, love, longing, and the trials and tribulations related to love. Sarban considered this trend to be frivolous and glib. He made a sharp departure from this tradition, and chose social, political, economic, spiritual, and even religious matters as subject for his songs. An astute student of Dari/Persian literature, he personally picked poems which were considered to be not only unconventional but unsuitable for being turned into songs. For instance, Een Ghame Be Haya, Ay Sarban, and Dar Damane Sahra, Ay Shakhe Gul, Harja Ke Safar Kardam, Beya Ta Gal Beyafshanem, were considered too erudite, abstract, and gloomy to be composed into songs. Almost all composers declined to consider them for composition. If he did not get his way and was pressured by his employer (Kabul Radio) to sing more conventional love songs, he picked a completely unrelated verse or two from another poem & inserted it in the romantic song composed for him. For example, in his song \"Soraya chara Am kon,\" which contains a traditional romantic subject, he violently inserted a completely unrelated verse. Sarban was the first person to put lyrics to the iconic \"Ahesta Boro\" (Step slowy) anthem played for all brides on their wedding day. These lyrics, along with the composition, have become an expected and celebrated feature of Afghan weddings, with the composition also having been sung by many popular Afghan artists. Muslim singer Sami Yusuf used the tune of a Sarban composition, \"Beyake Berem Ba Mazaar\" (Come, Lets Go to Mazaar), in his song \"Hasbi Rasbi\". Many others have covered the song and composition within Afghanistan and in other Persian cultures. Sarban's \"Moshke Taza Mebarad\" became one of the models for patriotic and national songs, and is still one of the most evocative and emotionally stirring Patriotic songs of Afghanistan due to its original and moving composition and evocative singing. It is said that many composers laughed at Sarban when he suggested the poem for composition into a national song due to the poem's complex vocabulary and imagery, but his collaborator Salim Sarmast set the lyrics to a sublime composition which moves Afghans until now. In addition to the compositions and lyrics he contributed, Sarban was also arguably symbolic and typical of Afghanistan's culture in his day, reflected in his singing of the beautiful poetry of many famous poets from ages past, such as Hafiz Shirazi, to whom he paid tribute with the song \"Dozh as Masjid (Soye Maykhanaa Aamad Peer e Ma)\" (Last night, upon departing the Mosque, our Master headed towards the Tavern). Sarban's cover is a cut down version of the original poem, retaining 3 of the 10 verses composed by Shirazi. Sarban's compositions, like \"Dozh as Masjid\", feature various styles of Sufi or mystical poetry, which use the metaphorical language of romantic love, to describe the author's relationship with God. Often such poems use words such as \"beloved\" figuratively regarding God, and it could be argued that Sarban was part of a musical movement in Afghanistan which sought to enlighten the audience as much as it entertained them. In his own personal life, Sarban was highly influenced by the Sufi tradition of mysticism. This is evident not only in his choice of poetry, but also in his mannerisms, such as his constant raising of his forefinger when speaking or singing. Sarban's songs \"Ay Sarban\" (based on a poem by Saadi), Dar Damane Sahra are considered among the most accomplished examples of the Afghan musical repertoire. Almost all of Sarban's songs were recorded in the first decade of his career\u20141960s. The vast majority of his original repertoire, which was recorded with a full orchestra, is not available. Except for a few songs from the original recordings (Khorsheede Man, Asare Shikanje Maujam, Az Bas Ke Nazanini), the majority of Sarban's songs are re-recordings which were done in the late 1970s and released in audio cassettes. These later versions lack the full orchestra and chorus and rely on only a few instruments. Sarban's vocal gifts were past their prime at that point. Most originals recordings which were held at Kabul Radio, were destroyed by the Taliban in the late 1990s. Recently a few vintage and rare recordings of Sarban's records (for instance the original of his song Khorsheede Man, and Asare Shikanje Moujam) were uploaded on YouTube. Sarban's songs have been covered both live and in recording by a vast number of Persian singers. In Afghanistan, his song \"Ahesta Bero\" is played in every Persian wedding as the bride walks to the aisle, in the same manner as Wagner's Bridal Chorus is played each time a bride in the west walks the aisle. His song such as Ay Sarban is covered by hugely popular singers such as Googoosh (from Iran) and Ahmad Zahir from Afghanistan. Every successful musician cite him as one of their main influences. Sarban was born in Saragy, an old area of Kabul to the prominent and highly respected Mahmoody family. His father was a well-educated, highly respected, and prosperous rice merchant. The Mahmoody's were a family of illustrious doctors and surgeons highly respected among the educated elite of Kabul. However, The Mahmoody family had been leading social agitation and political activism for decades. As a result, his family was continuously persecuted by the monarchy at first, and then by successive governments which came after the monarchy. This persecution resulted in a huge diminishment of the family's wealth to the point that by the time Sarban was in his teens, they were virtually penniless. The majority of the most prominent and successful family members (including Sarban's only two brothers, and almost all of his first cousins) had been either executed or exiled by the time Sarban had begun his musical career. These conditions profoundly influenced his choice of poetry and his music. For example, he chose the poem \"Een Ghame Be Haya,\" for composition when his first cousin Latif Mahmoody had been arrested and executed. Sarban was shy and reclusive throughout his life. He seemed indifferent to fame, celebrity, and wealth for his entire life, even when through the prime of his career, which began peaking in the 1960s. At the peak of his celebrity, he polarized the Afghan intellectual class between those who loved and referred him for his art and those who criticized him for his personal life. Speculations said he had a constant problem with alcohol with claims he couldn't sing live on Kabul Radio without having a drink first. Sarban did fight with severe bouts of depression throughout his life. Many of his close relatives (including his younger brother) were arrested for their political activities and executed by the regime at the time, and many others were imprisoned or forced to flee in exile. This and the difficulties of raising a family without any reliable source of income were the main reasons for his depressive bouts. His close friends and family all dismiss this as urban legend. Sarban was indeed married to one of his cousins, and he has four children (three daughters and a son). His son Abdulrab Sarban recorded an album covering some of Sarban's famous songs. In 1984, Sarban suffered a stroke which left him paralysed and unable to speak. This ended his musical career. During political turmoil in Afghanistan in the 1990s, he and his family emigrated to Pakistan and became impoverished. He passed away in Pakistan and twelve years after his death, the Afghan Government made arrangements with his family to relocate his remains to Kabul. AFP / The Express Tribune: Afghans sing again -- of love and war Farhad Darya website: Bringing Sarban's remains from Pakistan to Afghanistan Archived November 2, 2013, at the Wayback Machine"
   },
   {
    "name": "Sidiq Walizada",
    "id": "Q2281878",
    "text": "Mohammad Sidiq Walizada (born 25 September 1993) is an Afghan footballer who currently plays for v.v. Zuidland in the Netherlands, and Afghanistan national football team. Sidiq began his football career since 2012 in the Netherlands. Currently he is playing for Rotterdam club v.v. Zuidland. Walizada also plays for F.C. Holland. It is a team where players from all over Holland participate. The team made it to the final of the Afghan Football Club World Championship in Dubai. The played against Brishna F.C. and won the title by a goal from Walizada. He played an outstanding match. They also won a cheque of $50,000 dollars. He scored a hat-trick in the 2nd, 36th and 80th minutes of the match, in India, where Afghanistan played against Bhutan in 2012 AFC Challenge Cup qualification. Scores and results list Afghanistan's goal tally first. In 2011, he and his family did go to the Netherlands because of their safety. He is now living in the Netherlands and is hoping to play again for the National Football Team of Afghanistan. http://www.the-afc.com/en/tournaments/men-a-youth/afc-challenge-cup/33990-bhutan-vs-afghanistan https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=AAupRjEvRz0 http://ahmadfaisalsidiqi.blogspot.com/2011/03/afghansistan-vs-bhutan-afghanistan-won.html https://www.facebook.com/AFCWorldChampionship v t e"
   },
   {
    "name": "Farshad Bashir",
    "id": "Q2377782",
    "text": "Farshad Bashir (born 14 January 1988 in Kabul) is a Dutch politician of Afghan descent. As a member of the Socialist Party (Socialistische Partij) he was an MP from 15 January 2008 to 23 March 2017. He focused on matters of taxation, traffic and water management. His father was a journalist in the daily Anis during the communist r\u00e9gime. After the take-over of the major part of Afghanistan by the Taliban in 1996, he fled with his family to Tajikistan and thereafter to the Netherlands in 1997, where they were granted asylum. He went to live in Mantgum, which is a village in the province of Friesland. On 10 July 2002, he became a member of the Socialist Party and of its youth organisation ROOD. On 16 March 2006 he was elected into the municipal council of Leeuwarden. He was a councillor until 28 January 2008. In the same month he became a member of the Dutch House of Representatives, succeeding Rosita van Gijlswijk, thus becoming the youngest Dutch MP ever. His term in the House ended on 23 March 2017. Bashir stated that he would refuse to swear an oath of loyalty to the soon-to-be-crowned Prince of Orange, Willem Alexander. Bashir is a republican and is against the Dutch monarchy. Bashir studied mathematics and physics at the University of Groningen (BSc) and tax law at Leiden University. \"F. (Farshad) Bashir\" (in Dutch). Parlement.com. Retrieved 7 April 2017. \"SP'ers weigeren eed troonswisseling\". telegraaf.nl. Archived from the original on 2017-01-02. Retrieved 2013-02-15. (in Dutch) Official website (in Dutch) House of Representatives biography (in Dutch) Parlement.com biography v t e"
   },
   {
    "name": "Qays Shayesteh",
    "id": "Q2515614",
    "text": "Qays Shayesteh (born 22 March 1988) is an Afghan former professional footballer who plays as a midfielder for GVV Eilermark. He has also played for Twente (youth club), Heracles Almelo, Veendam, Emmen, VV Glanerbrug and DETO. Shayesteh is a former youth international for the Netherlands. He represented the Afghanistan national team from 2011 until 2017, making five appearances. \"OnsOranje\". www.onsoranje.nl. \"Qays Shayesteh\". National Football Teams. Benjamin Strack-Zimmermann. Retrieved 5 March 2021. Media related to Qays Shayesteh at Wikimedia Commons Qays Shayesteh at WorldFootball.net Qays Shayesteh at Voetbal International v t e v t e"
   },
   {
    "name": "Youssof Kohzad",
    "id": "Q2601393",
    "text": "Youssof Kohzad (Persian: \u064a\u0648\u0633\u0641 \u0643\u0647\u0632\u0627\u062f; also spelled Youssef Kohzad) (born 1935) is an ethnic Tajik writer, painter, playwright, artist, poet, actor, and art consultant from Afghanistan. He has now taken residence in Tracy, California, United States since his emigration from Afghanistan. He is married to Zakia Kohzad. Youssef Kohzad was born in 1935 in the Chendawol district of Kabul, Afghanistan. During his high school years, he wrote plays and created artwork for Kabul Theater. Kohzad graduated from Nejat (Amani) High School in Kabul in 1953. He finished his formal art education from the Academy of Art in Rome, Italy in 1965. After returning from Italy, he traveled to the former Soviet Union, India and former Eastern Germany to exhibit his art along with other contemporary Afghan artists. Many of his works are showcased in the Middle Eastern Studies museums in Moscow. From 1966-1969 he held executive positions at the Ministry of Media and Culture, in which he was the head of the Fine Arts Department. In 1971 he became the art consultant of Kabul Theater. He wrote eight dramas and all were played on stage. In many of the plays, he played the lead role. In 1975 he returned to the Ministry of Media and Culture and held the position as the president of the ministry until 1992. In 1976, he founded the National Gallery in Kabul, which included 700 paintings, and some work dating back a hundred years. Unfortunately, out of the 700 works of art only 30 remain today. From 1992 until August 2000, Kohzad became a refugee along with his family and was forced to immigrate to India. In August 2000, he moved to the United States and has been residing in Northern California since then. His first art exhibit in the United States was held in August 2001 in Palo Alto. 1965: Academy of Art (Rome, Italy) Black Pearls [1] Aspects of Beauty in Art Kohzad: A collection of Poetry When God Created Beauty CBS Radio Network. Afghan Art in Exile. February 4, 2002. Youssef Kohzad Profile: [2]"
   },
   {
    "name": "Mustafa Nayyem",
    "id": "Q2690181",
    "text": "Mustafa Masi Nayyem (Ukrainian: \u041c\u0443\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0444\u0430 \u041d\u0430\u0439\u0454\u043c, Pashto: \u0645\u0635\u0637\u0641\u06cc \u0646\u0639\u06cc\u0645\u200e) is an Afghan-Ukrainian journalist, MP, and public figure who took part in Euromaidan in Ukraine. Formerly, he was a reporter for the newspaper \"Kommersant Ukraine\", the TVi channel, and the Internet newspaper Ukrayinska Pravda. He also participates in Ukrainian journalists' anti-censorship movement, \"Stop the censorship!\" (Ukrainian: \u0421\u0442\u043e\u043f \u0446\u0435\u043d\u0437\u0443\u0440\u0456!, Stop tsenzuri!), and Hromadske.TV. In the parliamentary elections on October 26, 2014, he was elected to the Ukrainian parliament on the list of Petro Poroshenko Bloc. He has been described as a reformist parliamentarian. Nayyem did not take part in the 2019 Ukrainian parliamentary election. Nayyem was born in Kabul in 1981 and lived in an elite district near Hafizullah Amin's palace. In 1984, ten days after his younger brother Masi Nayyem was born, their mother died. He has stated that he is a Pashtun and \"Muslim by birth\". His native tongue is Dari which is similar to Persian. In Afghanistan, his father, Muhammad Haim (Ukrainian: \u041c\u0443\u0445\u0430\u043c\u043c\u0430\u0434 \u041d\u0430\u0457\u043c), had been Minister of Education and was responsible for the construction of educational facilities before the USSR invasion of Afghanistan in December 1979. After the Soviet invasion, his father did not want to work for the Soviets and quit his post. In 1987 and because of the destruction of the ongoing Soviet Union's War in Afghanistan, his father went to Moscow to study and met Ukrainian Valentina Kolechko whom he later married in early 1989. Mustafa Nayyem became fluent in Russian and Ukrainian after he moved with his father to Moscow in August 1989 living near the Nakhimovsky Prospekt metro station and later to Kyiv in 1990 attending 61st school near the Lukyanivsky market. Nayyem graduated from the Technical Lyceum in Kyiv in 1998, and the Aerospace Systems Department of Kyiv Polytechnic Institute in 2004. He speaks fluent Ukrainian, Pashto, Russian, and English. He and Anastasia Ivanova who is from Lviv and was a photographer for Kommersant-Ukraine (Ukrainian: \u041a\u043e\u043c\u043c\u0435\u0440\u0441\u0430\u043d\u0442\u044a \u0423\u043a\u0440\u0430\u0438\u043d\u0430), have a son, Mark-Mikhei (born 13 January 2008), and both mother and son are Jewish. His brother Masi Nayem is a lawyer and, in April 2016, deployed as a Ukrainian paratrooper to the Donbass - Avdeevsky industrial zone which was the hottest point of war during the Russian invasion of Ukraine. Nayyem worked as a reporter for the Kommersant-Ukrainy newspaper from 2005 to 2007, and then for Shuster LIVE, a political talk show on Ukrainian television, from 2007 to 2011. In 2009, Nayyem received national attention following Ukrayina TV channel's live discussion with then-presidential candidate Viktor Yanukovych. During the discussion, he questioned Yanukovych about the latter's acquisition of the Mezhyhirya Residence. In 2010, Nayem was briefly detained by police officers, reportedly as a result of racial profiling for \"persons of Caucasian appearance\" (a common local term for people from the Caucasus). The following day, Nayem wrote an article in which described the events that led to his detention. He stated, \"Xenophobia should not become the face of Ukrainian nationality\" and requested the firing of one of the officers responsible. Nayyem frequently contributes news and articles to Ukrayinska Pravda. From September 2011 to late April 2013, he worked for the Ukrainian television channel TVi. After resigning due to a conflict with the channel's new management, he started a web project together with colleagues who also left the channel. Their project was named Hromadske.TV. Using Facebook, Nayem was one of the first activists to urge Ukrainians to gather on Maidan Nezalezhnosti (Independence Square) in Kyiv to protest Viktor Yanukovych's decision to \"pause\" preparations for signing the European Union\u2013Ukraine Association Agreement (with the European Union). His post on Facebook on November 21, 2013, was a summons to rally for the Euromaidan protests which led to the overthrow of the Yanukovych government, in the so-called Revolution of Dignity. Nayyem was included in the electoral list of Petro Poroshenko Bloc (PPB) and elected to the Verkhovna Rada (Ukraine's national parliament) on the parliamentary elections of October 26, 2014. He was one of dozens of Euromaidan activists who are trying to pivot from street politics into politics, where they hope to spearhead reform and turn Ukraine into a prosperous European state. Nayyem was a member of the Committee of the Verkhovna Rada on issues of European integration. At the Rada session of 2 December 2014 he was the only deputy who voted against the cabinet of Arseniy Yatsenyuk. Gradually he began to criticize the Petro Poroshenko Bloc (PPB) more and more and stopped voting in sync with it. According to deputy head of the PPB faction Oleksiy Honcharenko by February 2019 he had not attended PPB faction meetings for several years. In August 2016 Nayyem joined the (political party) Democratic Alliance. From Autumn 2015 until June 2016, he had been part of an attempt to form a political party around then Governor of Odessa Oblast Mikheil Saakashvili with members of the parliamentary group Interfactional Union \"Eurooptimists\", Democratic Alliance and possibly Self Reliance until this projection collapsed in June 2016. On 28 February 2019 Nayyem voluntarily left the BPP faction. On 21 June 2019 Nayyem announced that he would not take part in the 2019 Ukrainian parliamentary election. In November 2019 Nayyem was appointed Deputy Director General of Ukroboronprom. He was dismissed from this position on 29 April 2021 due to the position being abolished (which had not been communicated to him). Ukrainian entertaining group \"Kvartal 95\" mentioned Nayyem in their song about Ihor Kolomoyskyi (the name of latter omitted in the song) and their meeting in relation to the \"Ukrnafta issue\" that surfaced in the Ukrainian media soon after Euromaidan events. Later, his father brought his brother Masi to Moscow in 1990. He posted, \"\u0417\u0443\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0456\u0447\u0430\u0454\u043c\u043e\u0441\u044f \u043e 22:30 \u043f\u0456\u0434 \u043c\u043e\u043d\u0443\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0442\u043e\u043c \u041d\u0435\u0437\u0430\u043b\u0435\u0436\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0456. \u041e\u0434\u044f\u0433\u0430\u0439\u0442\u0435\u0441\u044f \u0442\u0435\u043f\u043b\u043e, \u0431\u0435\u0440\u0456\u0442\u044c \u043f\u0430\u0440\u0430\u0441\u043e\u043b\u044c\u043a\u0438, \u0447\u0430\u0439, \u043a\u0430\u0432\u0443, \u0433\u0430\u0440\u043d\u0438\u0439 \u043d\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0456\u0439 \u0456 \u0434\u0440\u0443\u0437\u0456\u0432. \u041f\u0435\u0440\u0435\u043f\u043e\u0441\u0442 \u0432\u0441\u0456\u043b\u044f\u043a\u043e \u0432\u0456\u0442\u0430\u0454\u0442\u044c\u0441\u044f!\" (\"Meet you at 10:30 pm under the Monument of Independence. Wear warmth, take umbrellas, tea, coffee, good mood and friends. Repost in every possible way Welcome!\") \"CEC registers 357 newly elected deputies of 422\". National Radio Company of Ukraine. 25 November 2014. Archived from the original on 4 December 2014. Retrieved 25 November 2014. \"Parliament to form leadership and coalition on November 27\". UNIAN. 26 November 2014. Archived from the original on 1 December 2014. Retrieved 26 November 2014. Quartz (28 October 2014). \"A crazy 36 hours with the man who started Ukraine's revolution\". Kyiv Post. Archived from the original on 28 October 2014. Retrieved 28 October 2014. \"\u041d\u0430\u0439\u0454\u043c \u041c\u0443\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0444\u0430-\u041c\u0430\u0441\u0456\" [Nayyem Mustafa-Masi]. \u041d\u0430\u0440\u043e\u0434\u043d\u0438\u0439 \u0434\u0435\u043f\u0443\u0442\u0430\u0442 \u0423\u043a\u0440\u0430\u0457\u043d\u0438 VIII \u0441\u043a\u043b\u0438\u043a\u0430\u043d\u043d\u044f (People's Deputy of Ukraine of the 8th convocation) (in Ukrainian). Archived from the original on 15 February 2015. \"Ukraine strips one of its president's rivals of his citizenship\". The Economist. 28 July 2017. Archived from the original on 29 July 2017. Retrieved 29 July 2017. \u041d\u0430\u0439\u0435\u043c, \u041c\u0443\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0444\u0430 (Mustafa, Nayyem) (21 June 2019). \"\u0423 \u041c\u0415\u041d\u042f \u0425\u041e\u0420\u041e\u0428\u0418\u0415 \u041d\u041e\u0412\u041e\u0421\u0422\u0418\" [I have good news]. Ukrayinska Pravda (in Russian). Archived from the original on 21 June 2019. Retrieved 21 June 2019. \u0413\u0440\u0438\u0433\u043e\u0440\u0430\u0448, \u0410\u043d\u043d\u0430 (Grigorash, Anna) (6 July 2015). \"I/am/from: \u041c\u0443\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0444\u0430 \u041d\u0430\u0439\u0435\u043c \u0440\u0430\u0441\u0441\u043a\u0430\u0437\u044b\u0432\u0430\u0435\u0442 \u043e \u041a\u0430\u0431\u0443\u043b\u0435\" [I / am / from: Mustafa Nayyem talks about Kabul]. \u0411\u0416 (BZH) (in Russian). Archived from the original on 4 September 2019. Retrieved 9 January 2020. \u0420\u0443\u043d\u0435\u0446, \u0412\u043b\u0430\u0434\u0438\u043c\u0438\u0440 (Runets, Vladimir); \u041b\u044e\u0431\u044b\u0448-\u041a\u0438\u0440\u0434\u0435\u0439, \u0418\u0432\u0430\u043d (Lyubysh-Kirdey, Ivan) (12 February 2019). \"\"\u0413\u0434\u0435 \u0432\u043e\u0439\u043d\u0430, \u0442\u0430\u043c \u0440\u043e\u0434\u0438\u043d\u0430\". \u0418\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u044f \u0431\u0440\u0430\u0442\u044c\u0435\u0432 \u041d\u0430\u0439\u0435\u043c, \u043a\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0440\u044b\u0445 \u0443\u0432\u0435\u0437\u043b\u0438 \u0432 \u0421\u0421\u0421\u0420 \u043e\u0442 \u0432\u043e\u0439\u043d\u044b \u0432 \u0410\u0444\u0433\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0430\u043d\u0435\" [\"Where there is war, there is homeland.\" The story of the Nayyem brothers who were taken to the USSR from the war in Afghanistan]. currenttime.tv (in Russian). Archived from the original on 13 February 2019. Retrieved 9 January 2020. \u041d\u0430\u0439\u0435\u043c, \u041c\u0443\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0444\u0430 (Mustafa, Nayyem) (17 December 2009). \"\u041c\u0443\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0444\u0430 \u041d\u0430\u0439\u0435\u043c: \u041c\u043e\u0439 \u0441\u044b\u043d - \u0435\u0432\u0440\u0435\u0439\" [Mustafa Nayyem: My son is Jewish]. From-UA.com (in Russian). Archived from the original on 8 December 2015. Retrieved 17 December 2009. \u0429\u0443\u0440, \u041c\u0430\u0439\u043a\u043b (Shchur, Michael) (16 November 2014). \"\u041c\u0443\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0444\u0430 \u041d\u0430\u0439\u0435\u043c \u0432 \u0433\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044f\u0445\" [Interview with Mustafa Nayem]. \u0422\u0435\u043b\u0435\u0431\u0430\u0447\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044f \u0422\u043e\u0440\u043e\u043d\u0442\u043e \u00ab\u0423\u0422-\u0422\u043e\u0440\u043e\u043d\u0442\u043e\u00bb \u00ab\u0423\u043a\u0440\u0430\u0457\u043d\u0441\u044c\u043a\u0435 \u0442\u0435\u043b\u0435\u0431\u0430\u0447\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044f \u0422\u043e\u0440\u043e\u043d\u0442\u043e\u00bb (\u0413\u041e \u00ab\u0423\u0422-\u0422\u043e\u0440\u043e\u043d\u0442\u043e\u00bb) (in Russian). \"\u041c\u0443\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0444\u0430 \u041d\u0430\u0439\u0454\u043c: \u0434\u0435 \u0439\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0434\u0440\u0443\u0436\u0438\u043d\u0430, \u0432\u0440\u0430\u0436\u0430\u044e\u0447\u0456 \u0444\u043e\u0442\u043e\" [Mustafa Nayem: where is his wife, amazing photos]. UAportal (in Ukrainian). 28 February 2019. Retrieved 9 January 2020. Leschchenko, Serhiy (13 January 2008). \"\u041c\u0443\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0444\u0430 \u041d\u0430\u0439\u0454\u043c. \u041f\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0437\u0430\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0442\u0430\u0436\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044f-1\" [Mustafa Nayem. Restart-1]. Leshchenko Blog. Retrieved 9 January 2020. Nayyem, Mustafa (2014). \"\u0430\u0432\u0442\u043e\u0431\u0456\u043e\u0433\u0440\u0430\u0444\u0456\u044f\" [Autobiography] (in Ukrainian). Archived from the original on 6 December 2014. Retrieved 17 February 2016. \"\u041d\u0430\u0439\u0454\u043c \u043e\u0433\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0441\u0438\u0432 \u043f\u0440\u043e \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0440\u0442 \u043d\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0435\u043a\u0442\u0443 \u043a\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0448\u043d\u0456\u0445 \u0436\u0443\u0440\u043d\u0430\u043b\u0456\u0441\u0442\u0456\u0432 \u0422\u0412\u0456\" [Nayem announced the launch of a new project of former journalists TBi]. Ukrayinska Pravda (in Ukrainian). 30 April 2013. Archived from the original on 30 April 2013. Retrieved 30 April 2013. \"\"\u0413\u0440\u043e\u043c\u0430\u0434\u0441\u044c\u043a\u0435 \u0422\u0411\": \"\u0412\u0441\u0435 \u0433\u0456\u0440\u0448\u0435, \u043d\u0456\u0436 \u0432\u0438 \u0434\u0443\u043c\u0430\u0454\u0442\u0435, \u0430\u043b\u0435 \u043d\u0430\u0434\u0456\u044f \u0454\"\" [Public TV: It is worse than you think, but there is hope]. \u0422\u0435\u043b\u0435\u043a\u0440\u0438\u0442\u0438\u043a\u0430 (in Ukrainian). 14 June 2013. Archived from the original on 18 June 2013. Retrieved 14 June 2013. Kotsyuba, Oleh (29 November 2013). \"Ukraine's Battle for Europe\". New York Times. Archived from the original on 30 November 2013. Retrieved 3 March 2014. \"\u041c\u0443\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0444\u0430 \u041d\u0430\u0439\u0454\u043c\" [Mustafa Nayem]. Obozrevatel (in Ukrainian). Retrieved 9 January 2020. \"Uprising in Ukraine: How It All Began\". Open Society Foundations: voices. 4 April 2014. Archived from the original on 18 April 2014. Retrieved 4 April 2014. The Streets To The Rada: Euromaidan Activists Enter Politics[permanent dead link], October 29, 2014 \"Committee on issues of European integration\". Official portal (in Ukrainian). Verkhovna Rada of Ukraine. Retrieved 10 December 2014. \u041f\u043e\u0456\u043c\u0435\u043d\u043d\u0435 \u0433\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0441\u0443\u0432\u0430\u043d\u043d\u044f \u043f\u0440\u043e \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0435\u043a\u0442 \u041f\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0430\u043d\u043e\u0432\u0438 \u043f\u0440\u043e \u0444\u043e\u0440\u043c\u0443\u0432\u0430\u043d\u043d\u044f \u0441\u043a\u043b\u0430\u0434\u0443 \u041a\u0430\u0431\u0456\u043d\u0435\u0442\u0443 \u041c\u0456\u043d\u0456\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0456\u0432 \u0423\u043a\u0440\u0430\u0457\u043d\u0438 (\u21161008) \"Roll-call vote on the draft Resolution on the formation of the Cabinet of Ministers of Ukraine\" \"\u041b\u0435\u0449\u0435\u043d\u043a\u043e, \u041d\u0430\u0439\u0454\u043c \u0456 \u0417\u0430\u043b\u0456\u0449\u0443\u043a \u043f\u043e\u043a\u0438\u0434\u0430\u044e\u0442\u044c \u0411\u041f\u041f. \u0427\u043e\u043c\u0443 \u0437\u0430\u0440\u0430\u0437 \u0456 \u0449\u043e \u0434\u0430\u043b\u0456?\" [Leshchenko, Naim and Zalishchuk leave the BPP. Why now and what's next?]. BBC Ukrainian (in Ukrainian). 28 February 2019. Archived from the original on 1 March 2019. Retrieved 28 February 2019. \"Three MPs intend to leave BPP parliamentary faction\". Ukrinform. 28 February 2019. Archived from the original on 1 March 2019. Retrieved 28 February 2019. \"A new party for Ukraine's euro-optimists?\". openDemocracy. 15 August 2016. Archived from the original on 26 March 2017. Retrieved 15 August 2016. \u0420\u043e\u043c\u0430\u043d\u044e\u043a, \u0420\u043e\u043c\u0430\u043d (Romaniuk, Roman); \u041a\u0440\u0430\u0432\u0435\u0446\u044c, \u0420\u043e\u043c\u0430\u043d (Kravets, Roman) (4 July 2016). \"\u0422\u0440\u0443\u0434\u043d\u043e\u0449\u0456 \u0430\u043c\u0431\u0456\u0446\u0456\u0439. \u0427\u043e\u043c\u0443 \u043c\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0434\u0456 \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0456\u0442\u0438\u043a\u0438 \u043d\u0435 \u043c\u043e\u0436\u0443\u0442\u044c \u0434\u043e\u043c\u043e\u0432\u0438\u0442\u0438\u0441\u044f \u043f\u0440\u043e \u0454\u0434\u0438\u043d\u0443 \u043f\u0430\u0440\u0442\u0456\u044e\" [Difficulties of ambition. Why young politicians can not agree on a single party]. Ukrayinska Pravda (in Ukrainian). Archived from the original on 4 July 2016. Retrieved 5 August 2017. \"Ex-MP Nayem appointed Deputy Director General of Ukroboronprom\". 112.international. 21 November 2019. Archived from the original on 22 November 2019. Retrieved 9 December 2019. (in Ukrainian) Nayem is leaving Ukroboronprom: his position has been reduced, Ukrayinska Pravda (29 April 2021) Live sharply and do not let anything drive you down! Glory to Ukraine! Song of Kolomoyskiy (\u0416\u0438\u0432\u0438\u0442\u0435 \u0447\u0435\u0442\u043a\u043e \u0438 \u043d\u0435 \u043a\u043e\u0441\u044f\u0447\u044c\u0442\u0435! \u0421\u043b\u0430\u0432\u0430 \u0423\u043a\u0440\u0430\u0438\u043d\u0435! | \u041f\u0435\u0441\u043d\u044f \u041a\u043e\u043b\u043e\u043c\u043e\u0439\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e). Vecherniy Kvartal at YouTube. 23.05.2015 Mustafa Nayem at LiveJournal Nayem's blog at Ukrayinska Pravda Mustafa Nayem: \"For a journalist it is silly to be proud of one's honesty; it is included in a set of his professional values\". Interview to the Telekritika portal. Mustafa-Masi Nayyem on the Verkhovna Rada website"
   },
   {
    "name": "Siyar Bahadurzada",
    "id": "Q2708944",
    "text": "Siyar Bahadurzada (born 17 April 1984) is a retired Dutch mixed martial artist who competed in the Welterweight division of the Ultimate Fighting Championship. A professional competitor since 2001, he has also competed for World Victory Road, Shooto, and RINGS. He is the former Shooto Middleweight Champion. Bahadurzada was born in Kabul, Afghanistan, to an ethnically Tajik Muslim family on 17 April 1984.His family experienced the Soviet\u2013Afghan War and the Taliban's oppression. His family moved to the Netherlands in 1999. Bahadurzada's grandfather gave him the name \"The Killer\" when Siyar beat up kids who were older than him at a young age. Siyar began to train under Martijn de Jong at the Tatsujin dojo. De Jong is well respected in the Dutch community as an MMA authority and quickly took Bahadurzada as a student. Bahadurzada trained under the Golden Glory association based in the Netherlands. A veteran of the Shooto organization, he is the longtime Shooto Middleweight Champion. Bahadurzada made the transition to Japanese MMA by fighting for World Victory Road on their Sengoku events. He advanced to the semifinals of their Middleweight tournament but lost to Jorge Santiago. On 27 August 2009 Siyar successfully defended his Shooto Middleweight Championship title against Leandro Silva in Shooto 13 by way of TKO (punches) in the first round. Siyar fought and defeated Derrick Noble via first round KO, who was replacing his original opponent Nick Thompson at the Ultimate Glory 2010 event on 16 October 2010. Siyar fought veteran Canadian fighter John Alessio on 19 March 2011 and won his second straight fight by KO. The fight had started out slow for the first minute, until Bahadurzada landed a right hook and followed with a flurry of punches and knees. He won the tournament on 28 May 2011 by defeating Tommy Depret via TKO in the final round. Siyar then signed a 4-fight contract with Strikeforce, but like many of the Golden Glory team signed to the organization, his promotional debut was delayed. Siyar gave an interview for Strikeforce, which can be heard on his Facebook profile. Bahadurzada waited for a fight from Strikeforce but never acquired a visa. He later commented in January 2011 on the scenario and expressed displeasure, saying he would never fight for the promotion. Scott Coker replied during an interview with Ariel Helwani by saying that Siyar had to first get a P1 visa. Bahadurzada left Golden Glory in 2012 citing trust issues with the management. He signed a contract with AMC management and joined the Blackzilians team. In April 2014 Bahadurzada announced that he leaves the Blackzilians. On 30 September 2011 Siyar announced he had signed with the UFC. He was expected to face Erick Silva on 14 January 2012 at UFC 142. However, Bahadurzada pulled out of the bout with an injury and was replaced by Carlo Prater. Bahadurzada fought Paulo Thiago on 14 April 2012 at UFC on Fuel TV 2 and won by KO at 42 seconds of the first round, earning him Knockout of the Night honors, he became the first man to knock out Thiago. Bahadurzada was expected to face Thiago Alves on 21 July 2012 at UFC 149, replacing an injured Yoshihiro Akiyama. However, on 1 June Alves pulled out of the bout citing an injury and was replaced by Chris Clements. Bahadurzada then himself had to withdrawal from the fight due to a hand injury, and was replaced with Matthew Riddle. Bahadurzada faced Dong Hyun Kim on 3 March 2013 at UFC on Fuel TV 8. He lost a lopsided decision after he was dominated by the grappling offense and ground and pound of Kim for all three rounds. Bahadurzada was expected to face Robbie Lawler on 27 July 2013 at UFC on Fox 8, replacing an injured Tarec Saffiedine. However, on 11 July it was announced that Bahadurzada also pulled out of the bout and was replaced by Bobby Voelker. Bahadurzada faced John Howard on 28 December 2013 at UFC 168. He lost the fight via unanimous decision. After over two years away from the sport, Bahadurzada returned to face Brandon Thatch on 5 March 2016 at UFC 196. He won the fight by submission in the third round. Bahadurzada was scheduled to face Cl\u00e1udio Silva on 30 July 2016 at UFC 201. However, Silva was forced out of the bout with an injury and replaced by Jorge Masvidal. In turn, Bahadurzada pulled out of the bout on 12 July, citing an illness. After another year away from competition Bahadurzada was expected to face Abu Azaitar on 2 September 2017 at UFC Fight Night: Struve vs. Volkov. However, Azaitar pulled out of the bout due to injury and was replaced by UFC newcomer Rob Wilkinson. Bahadurzada won the fight via TKO in the second round. Bahadurzada faced Luan Chagas on 21 April 2018 at UFC Fight Night 128. He won the fight via knockout in the second round. This win earned him the Performance of the Night bonus. Bahadurzada faced Curtis Millender on 29 December 2018 at UFC 232. He lost the fight via unanimous decision. Bahadurzada was scheduled to face Nordine Taleb on 4 May 2019 at UFC Fight Night: Iaquinta vs. Cowboy. However, it was reported on 24 April 2019 that Bahadurzada pulled out of the bout citing injury, and he is replaced by newcomer Kyle Prepolec. Bahadurzada faced Ismail Naurdiev on 28 September 2019 at UFC on ESPN+ 18. He lost the fight via unanimous decision. In June 2020, Siyar announced that he was retiring. On 13 January 2020 Singapore-based mixed martial arts team Evolve MMA announced that Bahadurzada had been appointed as the new head coach. Ultimate Fighting Championship Knockout of the Night (One time) vs. Paulo Thiago Performance of the Night (One time) vs. Luan Chagas Professional Shooto Japan Shooto Middleweight Championship (One time) Two successful title defenses United Glory 2010/2011 World Series Welterweight Tournament Winner Shooto Holland 2003 Light Heavyweight Tournament Winner List of male mixed martial artists MMA Siyar Bahadurzada joins Blackzilians 5thround.com (June 28, 2012) https://www.bloodyelbow.com/platform/amp/2016/8/8/12246316/siyar-bahadurzada-afghan-legacy-ufc-welterweight-warrior-poet-interview-art-mma Siyar Bahadurzada: The Diamond in the Rough snarkfights.com Archived March 17, 2011, at the Wayback Machine \"Archived copy\". Archived from the original on 2012-07-14. Retrieved 2012-07-14.CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link) \"Siyar Bahadurzada: I'm facing Erick Silva at UFC 142 in Brazil\". mmajunkie.com. November 14, 2011. Archived from the original on July 10, 2012. \"WEC vet Carlo Prater meets Erick Silva as injury replacement at UFC 142\". mmajunkie.com. December 16, 2011. Archived from the original on July 12, 2012. http://latestinfos.com/siyar-bahadurzada-kos-paulo-thiago-in-42-seconds/ \"Siyar Bahadurzada replaces Yoshihiro Akiyama at UFC 149, meets Thiago Alves\". mmajunkie.com. May 8, 2012. Archived from the original on May 11, 2012. Retrieved May 8, 2012. \"Thiago Alves Out of UFC 149\". mmafighting.com. Retrieved June 1, 2012. \"Clements faces Bahadurzada at UFC 149\". sportsnet.ca. Retrieved June 4, 2012. \"Siyar Bahadurzada Out of UFC 149 Bout With Chris Clements\". mmafighting.com. July 1, 2012. Retrieved July 7, 2012. \"Siyar Bahadurzada vs. Dong Hyun Kim Confirmed for UFC on Fuel 8\". mmaweekly.com. 13 December 2012. Staff (2013-06-04). \"Bahadurzada replaces injured Saffiedine, meets Lawler at UFC on FOX 8\". mmajunkie.com. Retrieved 2013-06-04. Staff (2013-07-11). \"Siyar Bahardurzada out at UFC on FOX 8, Bobby Voelker faces Robbie Lawler\". mmajunkie.com. Retrieved 2013-07-11. Staff (4 October 2013). \"Siyar Bahadruzada vs. John Howard added to December's UFC 168 event\". MMAjunkie.com. Retrieved October 4, 2013. Staff (2016-02-12). \"'Medication' clearance issue moves Siyar Bahadurzada vs. Brandon Thatch to UFC 196\". mmajunkie.com. Retrieved 2016-02-12. Brent Brookhouse (2016-03-05). \"UFC 196 results: Siyar Bahadurzada finishes overmatched Brandon Thatch with choke\". mmajunkie.com. Retrieved 2016-03-05. Staff (2016-05-13). \"UFC 201 additions include Siyar Bahadurzada vs. Claudio Silva\". mmajunkie.com. Retrieved 2016-05-13. Marc Raimondi (2016-06-16). \"Jorge Masvidal replaces Claudio Silva, faces Siyar Bahadurzada at UFC 201\". mmafighting.com. Retrieved 2016-06-16. Staff (2016-07-12). \"Illness forces Siyar Bahadurzada out of UFC 201, UFC seeks opponent for Jorge Masvidal\". mmajunkie.com. Retrieved 2016-07-12. \"Rob Wilkinson nowym rywalem Siyara Bahadurzada na UFC Fight Night w Rotterdamie - MMA PL\". MMA PL (in Polish). 2017-07-31. Retrieved 2017-09-01. C. Post (2017-07-30). \"Newly signed Rob Wilkinson to face Siyar Bahadurzada at UFC Fight Night 115\". fightnewsaustralia.com. Retrieved 2017-08-08. \"UFC-Rotterdam results: Siyar Bahadurzada hammers previously unbeaten Rob Wilkinson\". MMAjunkie. 2017-09-02. Retrieved 2017-09-03. DNA, MMA (February 2018). \"Siyar Bahadurzada treft Luan Chagas tijdens UFC Atlantic City\". mmadna.nl. Retrieved 2018-02-02. \"Video: Siyar Bahadurzada crushes Luan Chagas with body kick-uppercut KO\". MMAfighting. 2018-04-21. Retrieved 2018-04-21. \"UFC Fight Night 128 bonuses: That wacky Simon-Dvalishvili bout was 'Fight of Night'\". MMAjunkie. 2018-04-22. Retrieved 2018-04-22. MMAjunkie Staff (2018-10-29). \"Curtis Millender vs. Siyar Bahadurzada booked for UFC 232 in Las Vegas\". mmajunkie.com. Retrieved 2018-10-30. \"UFC 232 results: Curtis Millender's technique overcomes Siyar Bahadurzada's brute force\". MMAjunkie. 2018-12-30. Retrieved 2018-12-30. Marcel Dorff (2019-03-04). \"Nordine Taleb vs. Siyar Bahadurzada added to UFC Ottawa\" (in Dutch). mmadnanl.com. Retrieved 2019-03-04. Marcel Dorff (2019-04-24). \"Siyar Bahadurzada drops out for UFC on ESPN + 9\" (in Dutch). mmadna.nl. Retrieved 2019-04-29. Marcel Dorff (2019-04-28). \"Kyle Prepolec replaces Siyar Bahadurzada against Nordine Taleb during UFC Ottawa\" (in Dutch). mmadna.nl. Retrieved 2019-04-29. DNA, MMA (16 August 2019). \"Siyar Bahadurzada vs. Ismail Naurdiev toegevoegd aan UFC Kopenhagen\". Retrieved 2019-08-16. Anderson, Jay (2019-09-28). \"UFC Copenhagen Results: Ismail Naurdiev Cruises to Victory Over Siyar Bahadurzada\". Cageside Press. Retrieved 2019-09-28. Andrew, McNicol (2020-07-19). \"UFC's first Afghan fighter Siyar Bahadurzada on his path from wartime to coaching in coronavirus\". SCMP. Retrieved 2021-01-28. Evolve MMA instagram Sherdog.com. \"Siyar\". Sherdog. Retrieved 2019-08-16. Professional MMA record for Siyar Bahadurzada from Sherdog Siyar Bahadurzada at UFC"
   },
   {
    "name": "Ali Amiri",
    "id": "Q2836101",
    "text": "Ali Amiri (Persian: \u0639\u0644\u06cc \u0627\u0645\u06cc\u0631\u06cc\u200e) (born 23 September 1985 in Kabul) is a former German-Afghan footballer who lastly played for TSG Worsdorf. Amiri began his career with FSV Frankfurt and joined in summer 2000 to Eintracht Frankfurt. After two years in the youth side for Eintracht Frankfurt was 2002 promoted to the reserve team. He played four years for Eintracht Frankfurt II and signed than in July 2006 for TSG W\u00f6rsdorf. Amiri played only eight games and scored three goals for TSG W\u00f6rsdorf in the 2006/2007 season and retired on the end of the season. Last update: 15 June 2010 Ali Amiri at National-Football-Teams.com Page 1 Hinterg rundbilder: Photocase .com Volksbank Mittelhessen eG pr\u00e4sentiert FSV STEINBACH\u2013 TSG W\u00d6RSDORF Eintracht Frankfurt II 2005\u201306 www.kick-dieburg.de\u00a0\u2013 Alle Kader 2006/2007 Ali Amiri at WorldFootball.net v t e"
   },
   {
    "name": "Bashir Ahmad Saadat",
    "id": "Q2886765",
    "text": "Bashir Ahmad Saadat (born December 27, 1981) is an Afghan football player. He plays as a defender and has played football with Maiwand Kabul FC since 2000. Bashir is considered one of Afghanistan's best players[by whom?]. Saadat has made sixteen appearances for Afghanistan national football team, including two qualifying matches for the 2010 FIFA World Cup. Bashir Saadat \u2013 FIFA competition record (archived) Bashir Ahmad Saadat at National-Football-Teams.com v t e"
   },
   {
    "name": "Rafael Pinhasi",
    "id": "Q2906605",
    "text": "Rafael Pinhasi (Hebrew: \u05e8\u05e4\u05d0\u05dc \u05e4\u05e0\u05d7\u05e1\u05d9\u200e, born 1940) is a former Israeli politician who served as Minister of Communications between 1990 and 1992. Born in Kabul in Afghanistan, Pinhasi's family made aliyah in 1950. He was amongst the founders of Shas, and served as deputy mayor of Bnei Brak. In 1984, he was elected to the Knesset on Shas's list, and in December 1985, he was appointed Deputy Minister of Labor and Social Welfare. He retained his seat in the 1988 elections, and became a Deputy Speaker of the Knesset. In January 1990, he was appointed Deputy Internal Affairs Minister, and in June that year, he became Minister of Communications, serving until the 1992 elections. As communications minister, he was criticized for granting operating licenses to communications entities owned by his associates. However, he was also credited with opening the telephone market, previously dominated by Bezeq, to competition. Pinhasi granted new licenses for last-mile infrastructure, international calling, satellite communications, etc. He retained his seat in the election, and was appointed Deputy Minister of Finance in August, holding the post until he became Deputy Minister of Religious Affairs. He was forced to resign from the cabinet by the High Court of Justice in September 1993 after being convicted for making false declarations, a crime deemed to be of \"moral turpitude\". Re-elected in 1996, Pinhasi lost his seat in the 1999 elections. In 2008, he was appointed chairman of the Tel Aviv cemeteries council. List of Israeli public officials convicted of crimes or misdemeanors Efi Landau (29 June 1999). \"Ministry of Communications: Another Minister in the Style of Rafael Pinhasi?\". Globes. Retrieved 1 November 2015. \"Background: Olmert's exit is not so simple... or speedy\". The Jerusalem Post. 31 July 2008. Shahar Ilan (12 January 2003). \"The roar of the rabbi\". Haaretz. Retrieved 13 January 2014. Zvi Zrahiya (15 October 2007). \"Disgraced MKs still enjoy benefits\". Haaretz. Retrieved 13 January 2014. Nehemia Shtrasler (14 March 2008). \"Herzl is turning in his grave\". Haaretz. Retrieved 13 January 2014. Rafael Pinhasi on the Knesset website"
   },
   {
    "name": "Ch\u00e9k\u00e9ba Hachemi",
    "id": "Q2972025",
    "text": "Ch\u00e9k\u00e9ba Hachemi (Dari: \u0634\u06a9\u06cc\u0628\u0627 \u0647\u0627\u0634\u0645\u06cc\u200e), (born May 20, 1974) is an Afghan feminist and writer. She was the first Afghan woman to be named diplomat, in 2001. She is the President and founder of the NGO Afghanistan Libre. Ch\u00e9k\u00e9ba Hachemi was born in Kabul in 1974. She flew her home country during the Soviet invasion in 1986 and arrived in France at the age of 11. She completed her studies at an \u00c9cole sup\u00e9rieure de commerce business school in Paris. Hachemi founded the organization Afghanistan Libre in 1996 in response to the deterioration of Afghan girls' and women's rights under the Taliban regime. For more than 20 years, the objective of Afghanistan Libre has been to facilitate the access to education, health and vocational trainings for girls and women in rural areas of Afghanistan to enable them to gain independence and to inform the world about the living conditions of Afghan women. During 10 years, the organization also published the magazine Roz, the only women's publication in the country.[citation needed] In Europe and the United States, Ch\u00e9k\u00e9ba Hachemi has been running numerous actions for Afghanistan: press campaigns, lobbying with companies, political figures and institutions (work group with Kofi Annan, UN Secretary General at the time; guest of honour at the ILO, at the Woman's Day in Geneva and at the UNHCR).[citation needed] First female diplomat of the Afghan transitional government, she was appointed First Secretary of the Afghan embassy to the European Union in January 2002. In July 2005, she was appointed by the government in Kabul as Special Advisor of the Vice-President, in charge of national priority projects. In March 2007, she was appointed by President Hamid Karza\u00ef Minister-Advisor, based in Paris. In 2009, she resigned from her position, denouncing the corruption going on inside the government.[citation needed] In 2009, she founded the consulting company Epoke Conseil with Marie-Fran\u00e7oise Colombani\u00a0[fr] to promote equality between men and women in France and CH Consulting which is specialized in the study and design of social projects concerning the place of women in companies. As the Strategy Advisor of the Grand Duchess of Luxembourg, she was involved in the organisation of an international conference \"Stand, Speak, Rise Up\" to end sexual violence in fragile environments in Luxembourg in March 2019 in partnership with We are not weapons of war and the Denis Mukwege Foundation. Hachemi is the author of L'Insolente de Kaboul, a memoir, published in 2012. She is co-author of Pour l'Amour de Massoud with Sediqa Massoud, published in 2005, which received a Prix V\u00e9rit\u00e9, and of Visage vol\u00e9, avoir 20 ans \u00e0 Kaboul with Latifa.[citation needed] During her career, Chek\u00e9ba Hachemi has received numerous awards for her work for women and human rights: 2019\u00a0: International Prize \"Women, digital, entrepreneurship\" , La France s'engage Foundation 2017: The Positive Empowerment Award of Positive Planet Foundation 2016: RAJA Women's Award for education and social action 2014: Golden medal at the Human Rights Forum \"Crans Montana\" 2014: Knight of the French Order of National Merit 2012: Human Rights Prize of the French Republic 2012: Trof\u00e9mina, M\u00e9dias Prize 2008: \"Women for Education Prize\" Women's Economic Forum 2001: \"Femme en or\" prize \"STAND SPEAK RISE UP TO END SEXUAL VIOLENCE IN FRAGILE ENVIRONMENTS\". /www.womens-forum.com. 27 March 2019. Archived from the original on 2019-04-05. Retrieved 2018-12-20. \"R\u00e9union de travail \"Stand Speak Rise Up\" avec Dr Mukwege et C\u00e9line Bardet\". Maria Teresa, Grande-Duchesse de Luxembourg. Retrieved 2018-12-20. \"Accueil\". www.notaweaponofwar.org. \"Mukwege Foundation\". Hachemi, Ch\u00e9k\u00e9ba (2011). L'Insolente de Kaboul. Paris: Editions Anne Carri\u00e8re. ISBN\u00a0978-2-8433-7570-5. Massoud, Sediqa (2005). Pour l'amour de Massoud. XO \u00e9ditions. ISBN\u00a02845632436."
   },
   {
    "name": "Israfeel Kohistani",
    "id": "Q3066169",
    "text": "Mohammad Salim Israfeel Kohistani (born 5 June 1987) is an Afghan footballer who currently plays for Vejen Sports Forening. He is national team player of Afghanistan. He played in World Cup 2010 qualifiers, and 2014 FIFA World Cup Qualification. He is from north-eastern province of Kapisa and is one of the most capped Afghan players ever along with Zohib Islam Amiri and Faisal Sakhizada. When he was eight years old Kohistani picked up an unexploded grenade and lost four fingers on his left hand. In 2000, he started playing football at the Habibia high school team, until 2003. In 2004, he played in first league at the Habibiana football team and soon after he made a transfer to the Army FC, where he played for 3 years. In 2007, he was transferred from Army FC to Kabul Bank FC. In these 3 years the club became vice-champion of national ligue and champion of all Afghanistan cups. His ability in the ground spirit of the game Inspired many I-League teams to transfer him. Kingfisher East Bengal F.C. have asked him to play for them, But Kohistani denied their request. After that he transferred to Denmark club Vejen Sports Forening. Kohistani has represented Afghanistan in almost every youth team. He became a member of the senior team in 2005. He played 3 times in SAFF Cup, 2 times in AFC Challenge Cup and 2 times in South Asian Games. He also represented the Afghanistan national football team in the FIFA World Cup 2010 qualifiers, where they were eliminated by Syria, in 2007. He recently scored one goal for Afghanistan in Tau Devi Lal Stadium which led Afghanistan 2\u20130 victory over Bhutan in 2012 AFC Challenge Cup qualification, the second goal was scored by Waheed Nadeem. He assisted one goal against Palestine in 2014 FIFA World Cup Qualification which was scored by Bilal Arzou. [1] Montague, James (2014). Thirty-one nil\u00a0: on the road with football's outsiders\u00a0: a World Cup odyssey. Bloomsbury. p.\u00a025. ISBN\u00a09781408158845. [2] Israfeel Kohistani Official Blog Israfeel Kohistani at FIFA.Com Israfeel Kohistani at National-Football-Teams.com At Vejle FC"
   },
   {
    "name": "Hedayat Amin Arsala",
    "id": "Q3129316",
    "text": "Hedayat Amin Arsala (Pashto: \u0647\u062f\u0627\u064a\u062a \u0627\u0645\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0631\u0633\u0644\u0627\u200e) (born January 12, 1942), is an economist and a prominent politician in Afghanistan. Mr. Arsala is a former Vice President of Afghanistan, Finance Minister and Foreign Minister and until October 2013 was the Senior Minister of the Republic of Afghanistan, appointed by the President Hamid Karzai. He is an ethnic Pashtun. An ethnic Pashtun, Arsala grew up in Kabul, Afghanistan, where he attended high school. He completed his BA and MA in Economics, also focusing on international relations, at Southern Illinois University (SIU) in the United States of America. He also completed the course work and qualifying exams for a PhD in Economics at George Washington University, in Washington, D.C. In May 2008, SIU conferred an honorary doctorate on Arsala for his distinguished services to Afghanistan. In 1969, Arsala was the first Afghan to join the World Bank (WB) through the Young Professional Program. He served there for 18 years in several economic and senior operational posts. Active in the resistance against the Soviet occupation since 1979, he left the WB in 1987 to participate full-time in the Afghan struggle. He was a founding member of the National Islamic Front of Afghanistan (NIFA), led by Pir Sayed Ahmad Gailani, and a member of the Supreme Council of Mujahideen Unity (formed in February 1980). He served as the Finance Minister in the Afghan Interim Government (AIG) in exile from 1989 to 1992. When the Soviets withdrew and there was a subsequent regime change in Afghanistan, Arsala was appointed as the Foreign Minister of the newly formed Mujahideen coalition government in early 1993. He withdrew from that post in 1995 due to infighting and political disagreement amongst some Mujahideen groups. With the rise of the Taliban, Arsala- with some compatriots- launched a peace campaign which called for a broad-based interim Government through a Loya Jirga. This peace movement, later known as \u2018The Rome Group\u2019, and its key members, including Arsala, were key participants in the Bonn deliberations after 11 September 2001. The Bonn Conference resulted in the Bonn Agreement and the formation of the Interim Afghan Administration. Mr. Hamid Karzai was appointed Chairman and Mr. Arsala Vice Chairman and the first Minister of Finance in post-Taliban Afghanistan. The Bonn Conference also provided a roadmap for subsequent political developments. In June 2002, the Transitional Government of Afghanistan was formed. The Emergency Loya Jirga of Afghanistan elected Mr. Hamid Karzai as President, and Mr. Arsala was appointed as Vice President of Afghanistan. As Vice-President (VP), Arsala simultaneously headed the Independent Administrative Reform and Civil Service Commission. He also chaired the Economic Coordination Council and the National Census Committee. He was a member of the National Security Council, and at times, in Mr. Karzai's absence, Acting President. After 2.5 years as VP, Arsala was appointed Senior Advisor to the President as well as the Minister for Commerce and Industry. In 2006, he became the Senior Minister of the Islamic Republic of Afghanistan, and in the latter part of 2008, he simultaneously became the Chairman of the Government Coordination Committee (GCC) and served as the Co-Chair of the Joint Coordination and Monitoring Board. As the first Minister of Finance in the post-Taliban regime, Arsala: Introduced the first Afghan budget and enforced fiscal discipline by stopping the finance of Government expenditure through Central Bank borrowing Initiated the discussions with the International Monetary Fund (IMF) on introducing the new Afghan currency. Today, his signature appears on every Afghan banknote Led an increase in Government revenue by 60% above IMF projections In early 2002, Arsala also co-chaired the first international Afghanistan aid and development conference in Tokyo. Later in the same year, he led the first international aid conference in Afghanistan. He pioneered a number of innovative civil service initiatives aimed at improving the public sector and effective governance within Afghanistan, creating the first Independent Administration Reform and Civil Service Commission to reform government institutions and introducing a system of civil service appointments and promotion on the basis of merit rather than patronage or nepotism. A champion of public sector reform and private sector growth, as Minister of Commerce and Industry he introduced a number of important improvements to remove barriers to the private sector and champion increased investment: Bringing the majority of state revenue sources within the Ministry's remit \u2013 previously pilfered by officials and political groups \u2013 under Government control Drafting new laws on commerce, economic activities and institutions, signing numerous bilateral trade and investment guarantee agreements Accelerating the process of Afghanistan's accession to the World Trade Organisation, subsequently formalised Initiating reform of the Chamber of Commerce and Industries and creating an Export Promotion Agency Overseeing a 60% increase in annual exports to US$500 million. During Arsala's tenure, exports increased from US$300 million to US$500 million. He represented Afghanistan at several international conferences including those of Heads of State and Governments. Arsala is married, with three children and five grandchildren. PBS - Rebels Without A Cause, by MacNeil/Lehrer, NewsHour. August 29, 1989 PBS - Frontline, Filling The Vacuume: The Bonn Conference http://hedayatamin-arsala.com/images/uploads/FINAL_FINAL_Amin_Arsala_biography_ENG_110709.pdf[permanent dead link] https://web.archive.org/web/20060529031441/http://www.export.gov/afghanistan/pdf/minister_bios.pdf http://www.rpcv.org/pages/sitepage.cfm?id=929 http://www.rpcv.org/pages/sitepage.cfm?id=1015 http://www.rferl.org/featuresarticle/2005/10/9b3f9c9e-a057-4a42-ad87-7249e9c6ba92.html http://unpan1.un.org/intradoc/groups/public/documents/APCITY/UNPAN022679.pdf https://web.archive.org/web/20090801134050/http://www.icosgroup.net/modules/reports/power_to_the_people/electoral_dynamics"
   },
   {
    "name": "Zohib Islam Amiri",
    "id": "Q3131329",
    "text": "Zohib Islam Amiri (Dari: \u0630\u0647\u06cc\u0628 \u0627\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0645\u06cc\u0631\u06cc\u200e; born 15 February 1990), also known as Haroon Amiri, is an Afghan professional footballer who plays as a Midfielder and is currently playing for the Afghanistan national football team and Real Kashmir FC in the I-League. Zohib Islam was born on February 15, 1990 to ethnic Hazara family in Kabul, Afghanistan. Growing up Zohib Islam played football often, using a homemade ball consisting of rolled up fabric stitched together. During the Taliban rule he often witnessed executions at the national stadium. Zohib Islam started his career with Shoa F.C. in 2005. In 2007, he went to play for Kabul Bank F.C.. Zohib Islam joined Mumbai FC in 2011, and quickly became one of the star players at the club. Following his impressive performances during the 2012\u201313 I-League Zohib Islam received the award for the fan's players on the season. Despite reviving this prestigious award his contract with Mumbai FC was not renewed and Zohib Islam began thinking of moving to Bahrain or Oman to play club football, but ultimately decided to stay in India. On January 11, Zohib Islam along with Tolgay \u00d6zbey signed for Indian giant Dempo SC for a one-year contract, and received shirt number 18. He made his debut against Rangdajied United and scored. On the 7 of April Zohib Islam was involved in an ugly brawl in a match between Dempo SC and his former club Mumbai FC. On May 30 both he and \u00d6zbey signed extensions with Dempo. On April 4, 2015 Zohib Islam scored two goals, including one only one minute from time to salvage a 2\u00a0\u2013 2 draw with Sporting Goa. In January 2016, Amiri announced he signed a contract with Indian football club DSK Shivajians. He finished the season with DSK Shivajians last but did not relegate with his team because other clubs withdraw from the league. In January 2017, Amiri joined with Chennai City in the Indian I-League. He left after disagreement with the coach. On 2 November 2019, it was announced that Amiri joined with Gokulam for 2019 i league. Amiri made his debut in the 2005 SAFF Gold Cup against Maldives. Zohib Islam was part of the Afghanistan squad for the 2011 SAFF Championship, where they reached the final for the first time. Wearing number 3 Zohib Islam contributed many memorable performances, including scoring 1 of the goals in Afghanistan's biggest ever victory over Bhutan Two years later Zohib Islam served as captain for Afghanistan at the 2013 SAFF Championship, and was the rock of which the Afghan defense was built on. Zohib Islam scored goals in a 3\u20130 win over Bhutan and a 3\u20131 win over Sri Lanka. He played a crucial role as Afghanistan made it to the final for a second consecutive time an achieved a 2\u20130 victory against India. In May 2014 Zohib Islam captained the squad to the 2014 AFC Challenge Cup in the Maldives. On May 22 Zohib Islam scored the first goal of the game with a bullet header in Afghanistan's 3\u20131 victory over Turkmenistan at the 2014 AFC Challenge Cup. This was also Afghanistan's first every victory at the AFC Challenge Cup in eight attempts. Unfortunately after Afghanistan's 0\u20130 draw with Laos that confirmed their progression out of the group stage, an accident occurred while the Afghan players were being driven back to their hotel. Zohib Islam suffered minor injuries, along with Faisal Sakhizada, Ahmad Hatifi, Balal Arezou, and Mustafa Azadzoy, the latter of which will have to take three weeks off to recover. All five players are set to miss the semi finals against Palestine. Former coach Mohammad Yousef Kargar and current coach Erich Rutem\u00f6ller also suffered minor injuries. Scores and results list Afghanistan's goal tally first. \"Zohib ISLAM\". FIFA. Archived from the original on November 21, 2007. Retrieved 26 December 2012. \"Amiri, Zohib Islam\". National Football Teams. Benjamin Strack-Zimmermann. Retrieved 26 December 2012. \"Islam Amiri Hazara\u00a0\u2013 Afghan national football team captain and Fans \"player of the year\"\". Hazara.net. 24 September 2013. Retrieved May 25, 2014. Arunava Chaudhuri (13 June 2013). \"Interview with Zohib Islam Amiri (Afghanistan/ex-Mumbai FC)\". Retrieved May 25, 2014. \"Afghan footballer Amiri joins Dempo from Mumbai FC\". Rediff Sports. 11 January 2014. Retrieved May 25, 2014. \"Afghan footballer Zohib Islam Amiri joins Dempo Sports Club\". Zee News. 11 January 2014. Retrieved May 25, 2014. Atanu Mitra (30 May 2014). \"\u00d6zbey, Amiri extend contract with Dempo, Rowilson roped in\". Goal.com. Retrieved 1 June 2014. Arjun V Namboothiri and Atanu Mitra (7 April 2014). \"Fracas in the aftermath of Dempo-Mumbai game\". Goal.com. Retrieved May 25, 2014. Atanu Mitra (30 May 2014). \"\u00d6zbey, Amiri extend contract with Dempo, Rowilson roped in\". Goal.com. Retrieved June 1, 2014. Brendon Netto and Anselm Noronha (4 April 2015). \"A late effort from the Afghan to add to his earlier goal ensured that Dempo got a point out of the Goan derby\". Goal.com. Retrieved 4 April 2015. \"DSK Shivajians announces itself as ninth I-League team\". firstpost.com. 5 January 2016. Retrieved 11 April 2017. https://web.facebook.com/photo.phpfbid=352888461765264&set=a.104241199963326.1073741829.100011323381767&type=3&theater[author=Mustafa9127] \"Chennai City FC part ways with Amiri after controversy \u2022 Infootball\". infootball.co. 10 March 2017. Retrieved 11 April 2017. https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/football/i-league/gokulam-sign-ex-afghan-skipper-amiri/articleshow/71910495.cms Rahul Bali (7 December 2011). \"Bhutan 1\u20138 Afghanistan: Belal Arezou Inspires The Lions Of Khorasan To Thrash The Bhutanese\". Goal.com. Retrieved May 25, 2014. Ayush Srivastava (2 September 2013). \"Afghanistan 3\u20130 Bhutan: The Lions of Khorasan made to sweat for three points\". Goal.com. Retrieved 20 January 2014. Rahul Bali with Ayush Srivastava (2 September 2013). \"Sri Lanka 1\u20133 Afghanistan: The Lions of Khorasan seal a semi-final berth with a win over the Lankans\". Goal.com. Retrieved 20 January 2014. Rahul Bali with Ayush Srivastava (11 September 2013). \"Afghanistan 2\u20130 India: The Lions of Khorasan win their first ever SAFF Championship title\". Goal.com. Retrieved 20 January 2014. \"AFC Challenge Cup: Afghanistan 3\u20131 Turkmenistan\". AFC. 23 May 2014. Retrieved 23 May 2014. \"Afghan contingent suffers minor injuries in team bus accident\". AFC. 25 May 2014. Retrieved 25 May 2014. Shimaaz Ali (25 May 2014). \"Five Afghan players to miss semi\". Maldives Soccer. Retrieved 26 May 2014. Mohamed Sajid (25 May 2014). \"Afghanistan is all over worried\". Maldives Soccer. Retrieved 26 May 2014. Shimaaz Ali (24 May 2014). \"Afghan five players injured due to the accident\". Maldives Soccer. Retrieved 26 May 2014. Zohib Islam Amiri archives at Khel Now"
   },
   {
    "name": "Kader Khan",
    "id": "Q3191765",
    "text": "Kader Khan (22 October 1937 \u2013 31 December 2018) was an Indian film actor, screenwriter, comedian, and film director. As an actor, he appeared in over 300 Bollywood films after his debut film in the 1973 film Daag, starring Rajesh Khanna, in which he acted as a prosecuting attorney. He was also a prolific screenwriter for Bollywood films in the period 1970s to 1999 and wrote dialogues for 200 films. Khan graduated from Ismail Yusuf College affiliated to Bombay University. Before entering the film industry in the early 1970s, he taught at M. H. Saboo Siddik College of Engineering, Mumbai, as a professor of Civil engineering. Khan was born in Kabul, Afghanistan, on 22 October 1937. His father was Abdul Rahman Khan from Kandahar, Afghanistan while his mother was Iqbal Begum from Pishin, British India (now in Balochistan, Pakistan). Khan had three brothers, Shams ur Rehman, Fazal Rehman and Habib ur Rehman. He is an ethnic Pashtun of the Kakar tribe. Khan was raised in the Kamathipura neighbourhood of Mumbai after his family moved there from Kabul. He enrolled in a local municipal school and later in the Ismail Yusuf College after which he graduated in Engineering specializing in Civil engineering. Between 1970 and 1975, he taught at M. H. Saboo Siddik College of Engineering in Byculla as a professor of civil engineering. While performing in a play named Taash Ke Patey, he was noted by comedian Agha who then suggested actor Dilip Kumar to see the play. Dilip Kumar was impressed and signed him up for his next films, Sagina and Bairaag. During an interview to Rediff, Khan recalled this as the incident that started his film career. He used to write plays for theatres and was subsequently offered to write the script of Jawani Diwani, which started his career as a script writer. His career as a Hindi film writer began when Narinder Bedi saw the theatre play Khan had written and asked him to co-write the script for Jawani Diwani with Inder Raj Anand, for which Khan received 1500 rupees. Khan acted in over 300 films in Hindi and Urdu and wrote dialogue for over 250 Indian films, from the 1970s up to the turn of the 21st century. At the insistence of Rajesh Khanna, Manmohan Desai paid him the high amount of one lakh twenty-one thousand (121,000) for writing dialogue for the film Roti (1974), which was produced by Khanna himself. He was most popularly recognized for working with actors Amitabh Bachchan, Rajesh Khanna, Jeetendra, Feroz Khan, Mithun Chakraborty, Anil Kapoor, Govinda and in films directed by Tatineni Rama Rao, K. Raghavendra Rao, K. Bapaiah, Narayana Rao Dasari, David Dhawan. He has worked side by side with other comedians like Asrani, Shakti Kapoor and Johnny Lever. He has co-starred with Amrish Puri, Prem Chopra, Amjad Khan and Anupam Kher in many films. He has played a large variety of parts in different genre of films like comedy, action, romance, family, social and political. Khan made his debut with Daag, starring Rajesh Khanna in the main lead role, wherein Khan played the supporting role as an advocate. He subsequently starred as supporting artist with roles in Dil Diwana, Muqaddar Ka Sikandar and Mr. Natwarlal. He also started getting lengthy roles as supporting actor after 1984, with films like Masterji, Dharm Adhikari, Nasihat, Dosti Dushmani, Ghar Sansar, Loha, Insaniyat Ke Dushman, Insaf Ki Pukar, Khudgarz, Sherni, Khoon Bhari Maang, Sone Pe Suhaaga and Vardi. From 1988, there were films written with him in main lead, like Karz Chukana Hai, Jaisi Karni Waisi Bharnii, Biwi Ho To Aisi, Ghar Ho To Aisa, Hum Hain Kamaal Ke and Baap Numbri Beta Dus Numbri. His first attempt at comedy was with Himmatwala and Aaj Ka Daur. He started doing main comedy roles from 1989 onwards, with films like Sikka, Kishen Kanhaiya, Hum, Ghar Parivar, Bol Radha Bol and continued through the nineties with comedy roles in Aankhen, Taqdeerwala, Main Khiladi Tu Anari, Dulhe Raja, Coolie No. 1, Saajan Chale Sasural, Sooryavansham, Judaai, Aunty No. 1, Bade Miyan Chote Miyan, Raja Babu, Khuddar, Chhote Sarkar, Gharwali Baharwali, Hero Hindustani, Sirf Tum and Anari No. 1. Even in early 2000s, he attempted versatile roles with films like Akhiyon Se Goli Maare, Chalo Ishq Ladaaye, Suno Sasurjee, Yeh Hai Jalwa and Mujhse Shaadi Karogi. His work as a comedian was notable in Himmatwala, Aankhen and Coolie No. 1. He starred in his own comedy television series titled Hasna Mat (literally: Don't laugh), which aired on Star Plus in 2001. He made a comeback on Indian television with a comedy series Hi! Padosi... Kaun Hai Doshi? on Sahara One. He later appeared in Lucky: No Time for Love (2006) and Family: Ties of Blood (2006). It was Rajesh Khanna who gave him the break as dialogue writer in his film Roti and thereafter he wrote dialogues for films with Rajesh Khanna in the lead like Maha Chor, Chhailla Babu, Dharam Kanta, Fiffty Fiffty, Naya Kadam, Masterji, and Nasihat, all of which were hit films at the box office. Other successful films for which he has written or assisted in dialogues include films starring Jeetendra like Himmatwala, Jaani Dost, Sarfarosh, Justice Chaudhury, Farz Aur Kanoon, Jeeo Aur Jeene Do, Tohfa, Qaidi and Haisiyat. As a screenwriter, Kader Khan has worked with Manmohan Desai and Prakash Mehra for their films starring Amitabh Bachchan. Besides Amitabh, he was the only one to work in the rival camps of Mehra and Desai. His films with Desai include Dharam Veer, Gangaa Jamunaa Saraswati, Coolie, Desh Premee, Suhaag, Parvarish and Amar Akbar Anthony and films with Prakash Mehra include Jwalamukhi, Sharaabi, Lawaaris and Muqaddar Ka Sikandar. Some of Amitabh Bachchan's films with popular dialogues and script were written by Khan. Some notable examples of these movies are Mr. Natwarlal, Khoon Pasina, Do Aur Do Paanch, Satte Pe Satta, Inquilab, Giraftaar, Hum and Agneepath. For the film Agneepath for Bachchan, had received the National Film Awards. Khan was in demand by the South Indian film production houses such as Padmalaya. Major filmmakers of southern cinema such as Narayana Rao Dasari, K. Bapayya, K. Raghavendra Rao, Rama Rao Tatineni, Dasari Narayan Rao, D. Rama Naidu consulted Khan for doing the script and dialogue of the Hindi remakes of their southern language films. Some of these films included Himmatwala (1983), Justice Chaudhury (1983), Haisiyat (1984) and Singhasan (1986). As reported in The Hindu, \"He didn't just translate the original films into Hindi but transposed them into a new North setting, culture, context and language.\" He was preferred dialogue writer for the Hindi films directed by K. Raghavendra Rao, Narayana Dasari Rao, K. Bapaiah and for films produced by D. Rama Naidu and K. C. Bokadia. He also wrote dialogues in other successful films in the late '80s to the late '90s like Meri Aawaz Suno, Angaar, Jail Yatra, Satte Pe Satta, Katilon Ke Kaatil, Waqt Ki Awaz, Coolie No. 1, Main Khiladi Tu Anari, Kanoon Apna Apna, Karma, Sultanat, Baap Numbri Beta Dus Numbri, Humshakal, Saajan Chale Sasural, Hero Hindustani, Aunty No. 1, and Rajaji. He also wrote dialogues for films of Rakesh Roshan like Khoon Bhari Maang, Kala Bazaar and Khudgarz. Khan lived in Mumbai, until moving to Toronto due to health reasons. He had three sons: Sarfaraz Khan, Shahnawaz Khan, and a third son Quddus who lived in Canada, died in 2021. His son Sarfaraz Khan has also acted in several films. It was reported that Khan took the citizenship of Canada. In 2014, Khan visited Mecca to perform Hajj. Khan had been suffering from supranuclear palsy, a degenerative disease. He was hospitalized on 28 December 2018 complaining of \"breathlessness\" in Canada, where he stayed with his son and daughter-in-law while seeking treatment. On 31 December 2018 (EST), Khan's son, Sarfaraz Khan, confirmed that Khan had died. His funeral ceremony was held at ISNA mosque in Mississauga, and he was buried in Brampton's Meadowvale Cemetery. 2013: Sahitya Shiromani Award for his work and contributions to Hindi Film industry and Cinema. Khan was recognized twice by the AFMI (American Federation of Muslims from India) for his achievements and service to the Muslim community in India. On 26 January 2019 Government of India announced to posthumously award Kader Khan Padma Shri. \"An interview with Kader Khan in Pune\". February 2007. Archived from the original on 23 November 2011. Retrieved 1 October 2014. Basically, I belonged to a staunch Muslim family, born in Kabul. \"The Kader Khan interview you must read\". Rediff. Archived from the original on 2 January 2019. Retrieved 1 January 2019. \"Kader Khan Full Interview 2012 with Pashto - Shamshad Tv\". YouTube. Shamshad TV. Retrieved 26 November 2014. Tribune.com.pk (1 January 2019). \"Kader Khan: The Kakar from Balochistan who ruled Bollywood\". The Express Tribune. Archived from the original on 4 March 2019. Retrieved 4 April 2020. Joshi, Namrata (1 January 2019). \"Veteran actor-writer Kader Khan passes away at 81\". The Hindu. Archived from the original on 2 January 2019. Retrieved 1 January 2019. \"Writer-actor Kader Khan passes away at 81 - Times of India \u25ba\". The Times of India. Retrieved 5 January 2020. \"Kader Khan - Movies List\". Archived from the original on 29 January 2013. Retrieved 13 August 2013. \"Veteran actor Kader Khan passes away at 81\". 1 January 2019. Archived from the original on 19 June 2020. Retrieved 5 January 2020. \"List of Kader Khan & Shakti Kapoor movies together\". gomolo.com. Archived from the original on 26 November 2013. Retrieved 13 August 2013. \"Film Veteran Kader Khan, Who Engineered Some of the Biggest Hits Of 80s And 90s\". NDTV. 1 January 2019. Archived from the original on 1 January 2019. Retrieved 1 January 2019. \"Govinda: Kader Khan was a father figure to me\". Rediff. Archived from the original on 2 January 2019. Retrieved 2 January 2019. \"Kader Khan alive, death rumours a hoax\". The Indian Express. 3 April 2016. Archived from the original on 17 February 2018. Retrieved 1 January 2019. \"Archived copy\". Archived from the original on 28 September 2013. Retrieved 13 August 2013.CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link) \"Lucky: No Time for Love (2005) Cast - Actor, Actress, Director, Producer, Music Director\". Cinestaan. Archived from the original on 3 January 2019. Retrieved 2 January 2019. \"List of Mithun Chakraborty & Kader Khan movies together\". gomolo.com. Archived from the original on 2 February 2014. Retrieved 13 August 2013. \"Knee surgery gone wrong: Veteran actor Kader Khan rushed to Canada for treatment\". dnaindia.com. 28 February 2017. Archived from the original on 6 March 2017. Retrieved 1 January 2019. Interview (3 August 2012). \"\"Amitabh has always been a well wisher of mine\" - Kader Khan: Part 2\". Bollywood Hungama. Archived from the original on 2 January 2019. Retrieved 1 January 2019. Basu, Nilanjana (1 April 2021). \"Late Actor Kader Khan's Son Abdul Quddus Dies In Canada\". NDTV. Retrieved 2 April 2021. Indu Mirani (26 February 2012). \"Kader Khan turns educationist\". Times of India. Archived from the original on 23 May 2012. Retrieved 30 December 2018. Wahab, Siraj (30 September 2014). \"Kader Khan in Makkah for Haj\". Arab News. Archived from the original on 2 October 2014. Retrieved 3 October 2014. \"Bollywood veteran actor Kader Khan hospitalized, put on BiPAP ventilator\". Dunyanews. Archived from the original on 28 December 2018. Retrieved 30 December 2018. \"Actor Kader Khan passes away\". 1 January 2019. Archived from the original on 1 January 2019. Retrieved 1 January 2019. \"Veteran actor Kader Khan passes away at 81, confirms family\". 1 January 2019. Archived from the original on 1 January 2019. Retrieved 1 January 2019. \"Veteran actor-writer Kader Khan passes away at 81\". 1 January 2019. Archived from the original on 1 January 2019. Retrieved 1 January 2019. \"Actor-Writer Kader Khan Buried in a Canadian Cemetery\". The Quint. Archived from the original on 2 February 2019. Retrieved 28 May 2020. \"Kader Khan buried in Canadian cemetery\". The Indian Express. 3 January 2019. Archived from the original on 1 July 2019. Retrieved 5 January 2020. \"Kader Khan awarded the 'Sahitya Shiromani Award'\". Bollywood Hungama. Archived from the original on 3 January 2019. Retrieved 2 January 2019. \"Has veteran actor Kader Khan lost his memory?\". ARY News. 6 November 2017. Archived from the original on 2 January 2019. Retrieved 1 January 2019. \"\"Amitabh has always been a well wisher of mine\" - Kader Khan: Part 2\". Bollywood Hungama. 3 August 2012. Archived from the original on 2 January 2019. Retrieved 1 January 2019. \"Posthumous Padma Shri for Kader Khan, Manoj Bajpayee and Prabhudheva among awardees\". India Today. India Today. 26 January 2019. Archived from the original on 26 January 2019. Retrieved 26 January 2019. \"Kader Khan's Inspiring Rise From Rags To Riches Story - Must Read\". dailyhunt. 31 May 2018. Retrieved 5 January 2019. He was Nominated 9 times as Best Comedian in the Filmfare. Kader Khan at IMDb An interview with Kader Khan Kader Khan made Honorary Citizen of Houston"
   },
   {
    "name": "Lima Azimi",
    "id": "Q3367514",
    "text": "Lima Azimi, born in 1981 or 1982, is an Afghan track and field athlete. Azimi put up attention by representing her country at the 2003 World Championships in Athletics in Paris. She was the first woman to represent Afghanistan at an international sports event, following the fall of the Taliban. She competed in the 100 metre sprint, running \"in a grey T-shirt and a pair of navy-blue tracksuit bottoms\". She reportedly had no idea how to use the starting blocks, never having had the opportunity to train with them. Azimi finished last in her heat, with a time of 18.37 seconds - a national record, since she was the first Afghan to run such a race. At the time of the 2003 World Athletics Championships, Azimi was a student of English language and literature at Kabul University. She decided not to compete for a place at the 2004 Athens Olympics. Robina Muqimyar \"Athletisme - Paris 2003\", Eurosport, 23 August 2003 \"Saturday's Paris diary\", BBC, 23 August 2003 \"Life after the Taliban - 18.37sec of free running\", The Independent, 24 August 2003 \"First for an Afghan Woman, and Her Time Does Not Matter\", New York Times, 24 August 2003 \"Afghan woman makes history\", USA Today, 23 August 2003 \"A Run to The Future\", Time, 11 April 2004 v t e"
   },
   {
    "name": "Sabrina Saqeb",
    "id": "Q3460756",
    "text": "Sabrina Saqeb is an Afghan politician who served as a member of parliament from 2005 to 2010. She received media attention in 2009 when she participated in and helped organize protests against a law passed by Afghan president Hamid Karzai pertaining to Shiite personal law. Among other things, the law required women to have sex with their husbands at a certain frequency, and required women to get permission before leaving their house. After completing her tenure in parliament, Saqeb co-founded an organization called the \"Research Institute for Women, Peace and Security,\" and became an advocate for Women's rights. Bobin, Fr\u00e9d\u00e9ric (12 September 2009). \"Sabrina Saqeb, d\u00e9put\u00e9e \u00e0 la pointe du combat des femmes en Afghanistan\". Le Monde. Retrieved 14 November 2016. Najafizada, Shoib; Gebauer, Matthias (3 March 2009). \"Legalized Oppression of Women: Western Outrage over Discriminatory Afghan Law\". Spiegel. Retrieved 14 November 2016. Loshkin, Anna (25 May 2014). \"Afghanistan's Women Emerge\". The Diplomat. Retrieved 14 November 2016. \"Women protesting at 'pro-rape' law attacked by Afghan men\". The Independent. 16 April 2009. Retrieved 14 November 2016."
   },
   {
    "name": "Annet Mahendru",
    "id": "Q3464233",
    "text": "Anita Devi \"Annet\" Mahendru (born November 5, 1985) is an Afghan-American actress of Indian-Russian descent, known for her role as Nina Sergeevna Krilova on the FX period drama series The Americans (2013\u20132016), for which she garnered a nomination for the Critics' Choice Television Award for Best Supporting Actress in a Drama Series in 2014 and as Jennifer \"Huck\" Mallick in the AMC series The Walking Dead: World Beyond in 2020. Mahendru was born in Kabul, Afghanistan. Her mother, Olga, is from Russia and her father, Ghanshan \"Ken\" Mahendru, is a Hindu Indian educator and journalist from Delhi who moved to Afghanistan when his father moved there for business and completed his studies there. She had what she calls a \"gypsy\" childhood, spending her first seven years of her childhood between Afghanistan and St. Petersburg and regularly travelling between St. Petersburg and Frankfurt before moving with her father to East Meadow, New York at age 13 after her parents separated. Mahendru attended East Meadow High School, where she was active in competitive cheerleading and kick line teams; she graduated in 2004. She went on to earn an English degree from St. John's University in New York City. Mahendru is fluent in German, Russian and English, and also speaks Hindi, French and Persian. She initially wanted to use what she has called her \"ethnic ambiguity\" to work for the United Nations. She was enrolled at New York University for a master's degree in international relations, but dropped out to pursue acting. She then moved to Los Angeles and studied improv at The Groundlings. Mahendru began her acting career in 2006, appearing in an episode of the sitcom Love Monkey, an episode of the drama Conviction, a Law & Order spinoff, and the short film \"The Art of Love\". The following year, she appeared in an episode of the HBO comedy-drama Entourage. Her next significant roles came in 2011, in episodes of the sitcoms Big Time Rush and 2 Broke Girls. In 2012, she starred in an episode of the sitcom Mike & Molly. In 2013, Mahendru began playing the recurring character Nina Sergeevna Krilova on the FX drama The Americans, appeared in an episode of the crime series White Collar, and played Agent Rosen in two episodes of the crime drama The Blacklist. She also starred in her first film, the fantasy horror Escape from Tomorrow, which drew attention because most of it was filmed on location at both Walt Disney World and Disneyland without permission from The Walt Disney Company, owner and operator of both parks. In 2014, Mahendru was promoted to a series regular for the second season of The Americans. She also starred in the comedy-drama film Bridge and Tunnel, had a voice role in the 2014 animated film Penguins of Madagascar, and guest-starred in the 2016 X-Files miniseries as Sveta, a possible UFO abductee. She played Nafisa Al-Qadi on the FX series Tyrant. Mahendru stars in the title role of the independent feature film Sally Pacholok (2015), which premiered at and won Best Feature at the DC Independent Film Festival, in Washington, DC. Mahendru has also performed at theatre works at LATW. In 2017, she performed in Seven as an Afghan refugee and women's rights activist Farida Azizi at the LA Theatre Works. The play was a collaboration between 7 playwrights and female activists each from around the globe that portrays inspiring stories of overcoming adversities to bring about real change and improve the lives of women. Mahendru stars in the seventh episode of the anthology series The Romanoffs, which began streaming on Amazon Video on November 16, 2018. She plays a lead role as Jennifer \"Huck\" Mallick in the AMC series The Walking Dead: World Beyond, which premiered in 2020. Mahendru is married to Louie Gibson, an Australian writer and director and a son of Mel Gibson. The couple has a son born c.\u20092018. Rorke, Robert (March 15, 2014). \"'Americans' star a perfect fit as Russian double agent\". New York Post. Archived from the original on May 5, 2014. Retrieved December 2, 2019. Chen, Valerie (March 27, 2020). \"Elegant Enigma\". Venice: Fort Lauderdale's Magazine. Florida. Archived from the original on September 21, 2020. Retrieved November 19, 2020. ...and being a mom to her 2-year-old son. Lovece, Frank (May 4, 2014). \"Fast Chat: Annet Mahendru\". Newsday. New York City / Long Island. p.\u00a091. Retrieved May 5, 2014. ...dad Ghanshan 'Ken' Mahendru.... Currently in Baltimore shooting the title role of the fact-based medical drama 'Sally Pacholok'...\" \"Celebrity birthdays for the week of Nov. 1-7 [2020]\". ABC News. October 26, 2020. Archived from the original on October 27, 2020. Retrieved March 18, 2021. Actor Annet Mahendru ('The Americans') is 35 de Croisset, Phoebe (December 16, 2016). \"Multiple Identities\". SBJCT Journal. Retrieved March 5, 2021. I am an Indian-Russian-Afghan-American \"Annet Mahendru Talk Dead to Me Interview\". Talk Dead To Me Skybound. December 8, 2020. Event occurs at 05:46. YouTube. Retrieved March 5, 2021. My dad was an Afghan Hindu Masih, Archana (January 27, 2015). \"Nina! The 'spy' with designs on India\". Rediff.com. Retrieved March 5, 2021. Guy, Mike (April 8, 2015). \"Annet Mahendru on Playing 'The Americans'' Seductress\". Maxim. Archived from the original on January 10, 2016. Retrieved February 15, 2017. Goldman, Eric (April 16, 2013). \"Annet Mahendru Discusses Nina's Future on The Americans and Covertly Filming Escape From Tomorrow at Walt Disney World\". IGN.com. Archived from the original on May 13, 2016. \"DP/30 Emmy Watch: Annet Mahendru on The Americans\". DP/30: The Oral History Of Hollywood. June 11, 2014. Event occurs at 02:51. YouTube. Retrieved March 1, 2021. I spent my first seven years between Afghanistan and St. Petersburg Leeds, Sarene (April 2, 2014). \"Annet Mahendru: 'The Americans' International Woman of Mystery\". Rolling Stone. Archived from the original on May 3, 2014. Retrieved April 7, 2014. \"Graduation 2004\". Newsday. New York City / Long Island. June 19, 2004. Archived from the original on May 5, 2014. Retrieved May 5, 2014. (subscription required) Rorke, Robert (March 15, 2014). \"'Americans' star a perfect fit as Russian double agent\". New York Post. Archived from the original on March 4, 2016. Retrieved May 5, 2014. \"Annet Mahendru\". (Resume) Actors Access (Breakdown Services, Ltd.). Retrieved April 7, 2014. \"Annet Mahendru Interview\". Annet Mahendru. March 2, 2019. Event occurs at 06:57. YouTube. Retrieved March 1, 2021. It's Russian, German and English and Hindi, Farsi and French. \"Annet Mahendru: A Funny Joke from a Beautiful Woman\". Esquire. February 24, 2014. Archived from the original on January 12, 2016. Retrieved April 7, 2014. Fatima Elidrissi (April 4, 2015). \"Esp\u00edas entre la realidad y la ficci\u00f3n en 'The Americans'\". El Mundo. Retrieved March 30, 2021. Zeitchik, Steven (January 19, 2013). \"Sundance 2013: How did a newbie make an unapproved film in Disney parks?\". Los Angeles Times. Archived from the original on June 25, 2016. Retrieved January 21, 2013. Sarene Leeds (April 6, 2016). \"'The Americans' Star Annet Mahendru on Nina's Last Stand\". The Wall Street Journal. Retrieved March 30, 2021. Anne Easton (July 4, 2016). \"Annet Mahendru of 'The Americans' Talks This Week's Shocking Death\". The Observer. Retrieved March 30, 2021. Mitovich, Matt Webb (May 7, 2013). \"FX's The Americans Promotes Two for Season 2\". TVLine.com. Archived from the original on March 4, 2016. \"Sally Pacholok\". DC Independent Film Festival. 2015. Archived from the original on April 3, 2016. \"Chevy Chase filmmaker takes 'Best Feature'\". The Gazette. Maryland: Post Community Media, LLC. March 18, 2015. Archived from the original on May 18, 2015. Seven, 2017, retrieved February 14, 2021 Lauren Young (January 26, 2017), The Women of \"Seven\", Msmagazine, retrieved February 14, 2021 Alan Sepinwall (November 16, 2018). \"'The Romanoffs' Recap: From Russia With Love\". Rolling Stone. Katie Harden (January 8, 2021). \"Annet Mahendru is multi-faceted Huck in The Walking Dead: World Beyond\". FanSided. Retrieved March 5, 2021. Cynthia Vinney (November 30, 2020). \"The Walking Dead: World Beyond's Annet Mahendru Talks All Things Huck\". CBR. Retrieved March 5, 2021. Grant, Justin (January 2, 2019). \"\"The Romanoffs\" Actress Annet Mahendru Draws On Her Relationship To Her Character and More\". Cliche Mag. Archived from the original on September 27, 2020. Retrieved December 2, 2019. My husband, Louie Gibson, who is a writer and director. Menon, Nikitha (January 28, 2019). \"Toggling Between Two Cultures: An Interview with Annet Mahendru\". Brown Girl Magazine. Archived from the original on December 2, 2019. Retrieved December 2, 2019. I did Bharatanatyam for a while in LA and my son would love to watch. Annet Mahendru at IMDb Annet Mahendru Annet Mahendru on Instagram"
   },
   {
    "name": "Sharif Ghalib",
    "id": "Q3481492",
    "text": "Sharif Ghalib was serving as Chief Policy Advisor to the Minister of Foreign Affairs of Afghanistan. He formerly served as Deputy Chief of Mission (DCM) and Charg\u00e9 d'affaires of the Embassy of Afghanistan in Ottawa, Canada. Prior to the posting, he served as Deputy Permanent Representative (DPR) and Charg\u00e9 d'affaires to the United Nations Office at Geneva (UNOG) and Charg\u00e9 d'affaires at the Embassy of Afghanistan in Bern, Switzerland. Ghalib is the first Afghan diplomat to have represented Afghanistan in Canada. Sharif Ghalib received his B.A. in Law and Political Science from Kabul University. He earned a Master's degree in International Relations from Virginia Theological University (VTU) in 1997. Ghalib came to the United States under USIA Internship and Exchange Program in 1990, where he completed an international intensive career development Program in Broadcast Journalism conducted by the Center for Foreign Journalists in Reston, Virginia. Sharif Ghalib was a participant in the senior Afghan leadership workshop organized by the Geneva Center for Security Policy (GCSP) in November 2011. He was also awarded a certificate for completion of a special workshop on charisma and leadership conducted by the United Nations Institute for Training and Research (UNITAR) in Switzerland in February 2012. In the 1990s Ghalib established and hosted Free Afghanistan Broadcasting, a multi-featured community TV show in New York, and was its executive producer for the subsequent three years, during which he earned a certificate in production and editing from Queens Public Television. He was a broadcaster and news anchor on national radio and television network prior to leaving Afghanistan. Sharif Ghalib joined the Afghan Foreign Service in 1994 and his diplomatic career started at the United Nations. He served for three consecutive terms at the Permanent Mission of Afghanistan to the United Nations as Second Secretary, First Secretary and Counsellor from 1994 to 2002. Ghalib had been a member of UNGA Drafting Committee of the annual resolutions on Afghanistan until 2001. Ghalib has represented Afghanistan in numerous bilateral, regional and international meetings, conferences, and fora as head of delegation or as a member including the 50th UN Commemorative Meeting, the UN Millennium Summit, NAM Summit (Durban, South Africa), NAM Ministerial Conference (Cartagena-Colombia), FAO Summit (Rome-Italy), OIC Summit (Tehran, Iran), OIC Ministerial Conference (New York), ECO Ministerial Conference (Baku, Azerbaijan), G-77 Conference (Havana, Cuba), World Economic Forum Special Session (New York), and ICAO Ministerial Conference (Montreal, Canada), as well as seven UNGA regular sessions in New York. He was also a participant in the United Nations Human Rights Council considerations at its regular and special sessions, and a member of Afghanistan's delegation on the country's bid for accession to the World Trade Organization during service in Geneva. A member of the Intra-Afghan London Conference, Sharif Ghalib attended its successive deliberations on accentuating the national struggle through greater participation of Afghanistan's intelligentsia worldwide, convened in the United kingdom, and was a participant in the U.S. Senate Foreign Relations Committee hearing on Afghanistan in Washington, D.C. in 1996. He was also part of the UN-sponsored arrangements for transition to the post-Bonn Interim Authority in Afghanistan in 2001. In April 2002, Sharif Ghalib was appointed by the Afghan Interim Administration formed following the Bonn Agreement as Afghanistan's only representative and chief negotiator on the establishment of full bilateral diplomatic and consular relations between Afghanistan and Canada at resident-embassy level. The Embassy of Afghanistan was officially inaugurated on 29 October 2002 in Ottawa, where Ghalib served as charg\u00e9 d'affaires ad interim and later Deputy Chief of Mission and Minister-counsellor until 2005. In June 2003, Sharif Ghalib addressed the first Canadian military contingent at its Garrison Petawawa headquarters, to be deployed to Afghanistan as part of the International Security Assistance Force (ISAF). Drawing upon a successful initiative, the first of its kind, in late 2004 Sharif Ghalib signed an agreement with the Quebec-based Health Partners International of Canada and oversaw the shipment to Afghanistan of more than $2.1 million worth of medicine and medical supplies donated by 14 Canadian drug makers and medical supply manufacturers, which was later fostered as a multi-year program. Sharif Ghalib is a guest writer for the Asia Times Online and has written extensively on Afghanistan, the region and world affairs with particular reference to the situation in Afghanistan and its implications for global peace and security. Co-founded and served as the Honorary President of the Toronto-based Canadian Afghan Council (CAC), Ghalib is an Honored member of Strathmore's Who's Who 2009 - 2010. He and his wife have a daughter and a son. EMBASSY: Canada's Foreign Policy Newsweekly http://embassymag.ca/page/view/.2005.october.19.dip_circ https://web.archive.org/web/20080720000149/http://www.charityvillage.com/cv/archive/anew/anew04/anew0409.html http://www.afghan-bios.info/index.php?option=com_afghanbios&id=535&task=view&total=2234&start=605&Itemid=2 https://web.archive.org/web/20110925160751/http://www.strathmore-ltd.com/index.asp https://web.archive.org/web/20111117133030/http://www.afghan-web.com/bios/ghalib.html http://www.afghanemb-canada.net/embassy-afghanistan-embassy-canada-ottawa/about-the-embassy-afghanistan-embassy-canada-ottawa.html http://mission-afghanistan.ch/Mission/index.php Afghanistan\u2013Canada relations http://www.polishorphans.org/CharityBalls/2013.htm http://www.durhamregion.com/news-story/5599308-afghan-community-gathers-in-pickering-to-remember-murder-victim/ International News Media: https://web.archive.org/web/20141129050521/http://www.tolonews.com/en/purso-pal/16444-purso-pal-exclusive-interview-with-former-acting-afghan-ambassador-to-canada Asia Times Asia Times https://web.archive.org/web/20110710161456/http://www.e-ariana.com/ariana/eariana.nsf/allDocs/3BFFA0BEA48DCF4D8725742C006EB7C3?OpenDocument Asia Times Asia Times https://web.archive.org/web/20080907030002/http://www.aopnews.com/lotw/ghalib_lessons_learned.html https://web.archive.org/web/20071014044928/http://aopnews.com/lotw/ghalib_canada_avoid_precedent.html https://web.archive.org/web/20071013123045/http://aopnews.com/lotw/ghalib_surge_afghan_atten.html https://web.archive.org/web/20090228223237/http://www.aopnews.com/opinion/ghalib_canada_sp_envoy.shtml [1][permanent dead link] https://web.archive.org/web/20160304064018/http://www.unmultimedia.org/tv/webcast/2011/09/part-vi-3rd-plenary-meeting-18th-session-human-rights-council-2011.html https://web.archive.org/web/20160304051131/http://www.unmultimedia.org/tv/webcast/2011/09/observer-states-2nd-plenary-meeting-of-18th-session-human-rights-council-2011.html https://web.archive.org/web/20160304050418/http://www.unmultimedia.org/tv/webcast/2012/03/closing-statement-19th-session-human-rights-council.html [2][permanent dead link] https://web.archive.org/web/20160304084042/http://www.unmultimedia.org/tv/webcast/2011/10/afghanistan-upr-report-of-tajikistan-12th-universal-periodic-review.html https://web.archive.org/web/20160304001945/http://www.unmultimedia.org/tv/webcast/2011/10/afghanistanupr-report-of-iceland-12th-universal-periodic-review.html https://web.archive.org/web/20160304062724/http://www.unmultimedia.org/tv/webcast/2011/10/presidentadoption-of-upr-report-of-tajikistan-12th-universal-periodic-review.html https://web.archive.org/web/20160304084042/http://www.unmultimedia.org/tv/webcast/2011/10/afghanistan-upr-report-of-tajikistan-12th-universal-periodic-review.html https://web.archive.org/web/20160304001945/http://www.unmultimedia.org/tv/webcast/2011/10/afghanistanupr-report-of-iceland-12th-universal-periodic-review.html https://web.archive.org/web/20160304062724/http://www.unmultimedia.org/tv/webcast/2011/10/presidentadoption-of-upr-report-of-tajikistan-12th-universal-periodic-review.html"
   },
   {
    "name": "Zemaryalai Tarzi",
    "id": "Q3489649",
    "text": "Dr. Zemaryalai Tarzi (Pashto: \u0632\u0645\u0631\u06cc\u0627\u0644\u06cc \u0637\u0631\u0632\u06cc\u200e) (born 1939) is an archaeologist from Afghanistan. Born in Kabul in 1939, Professor Tarzi completed his studies under the supervision of Professor Daniel Schlumberger, in the process of obtaining three Ph.Ds. From 1973 to 1979, he was Director of Archaeology and Preservation of Historical Monuments of Afghanistan as well as the Director General of the Archaeology Institute of Kabul. Tarzi was exiled to France in 1979, where he assumed the post of Professor of Eastern Archaeology at the University of Strasbourg. He later directed the excavations in Bamiyan and Hadda on the sites of Tape Shotor and Tape Tope Kalan. He is currently Director for the French Archaeological Missions for the Surveys and Excavations of Bamiyan. Dr. Tarzi starred in Christian Frei's documentary The Giant Buddhas about the Taliban's destruction of the Buddhas of Bamyan. Professor Tarzi is the author of some sixty articles and books, and serves as president of the Association for the Protection of Afghan Archaeology (APAA), based in San Rafael, California. The Afghan Magazine, Biography of Zemaryalai Tarzi Association for the Protection of Afghan Archaeology, Inc. v t e"
   },
   {
    "name": "Sp\u00f4jma\u00ef Zari\u00e2b",
    "id": "Q3494402",
    "text": "Sp\u00f4jma\u00ef Raouf Zaryab (born 1949, some sources say 1952) is an Afghan-born short story writer. Her surname also appears as Zaryab. She was born in Kabul and was educated at Kabul University, at the \u00c9cole des Beaux-Arts in Kabul and at Besan\u00e7on in France. She married Rahnaward Zaryab, also a writer. During the Russian occupation of her country, she worked as a translator at the French embassy. In 1991, she left Afghanistan for exile at Montpellier in France. Her works appeared in newspapers and magazines in Afghanistan before the Afghan civil war and in Iran. Zari\u00e2b writes in Persian. Zari\u00e2b was one of the first modern Afghan writers to have her works translated into French. The following works have appeared in translation: Ces murs qui nous \u00e9coutent (2000) La plaine de Ca\u00efn (1988, 2001) Dessine-moi un coq (2003) Les demeures sans nom (2010) Some of her stories have appeared in translation in the UNESCO Courier: Babylon reconquered (2009) The man from Kabul (2008) \"La Plaine de Ca\u00efn\". Le Monde diplomatique (in French). November 1983. Miller, Jane Eldridge (2001). Who's who in Contemporary Women's Writing. p.\u00a0358. ISBN\u00a00415159806. \"Sp\u00f4jma\u00ef Zari\u00e2b: La litt\u00e9ra t u re contre le cauchemar afghan\" (PDF). Le Courier UNESCO (in French): 47\u201351. March 2001. \"Search result\". UNESCO Courier. v t e"
   },
   {
    "name": "Salim Durani",
    "id": "Q3535057",
    "text": "Salim Aziz Durani pronunciation\u00a0(help\u00b7info) (born 11 December 1934) is a former Indian cricketer who played in 29 Tests from 1960 to 1973. An all-rounder, Durani was a slow left-arm orthodox bowler and a left-handed batsman famous for his six-hitting prowess. He is the only Indian Test cricketer to have been born in Afghanistan. Durani was the hero of India's series victory against England in 1961\u201362. He took 8 and 10 wickets in their wins at Kolkata and Chennai, respectively. Also, a decade later, he would be instrumental in India's maiden victory against the West Indies at Port of Spain, taking the wickets of Clive Lloyd and Gary Sobers. In his 50 Test innings, he made just the one century, 104 against the West Indies in 1962. He played for Gujarat, Rajasthan and Saurashtra in first-class cricket. He made 14 hundreds in first-class cricket in which he managed 8545 runs at 33.37. He has the distinction of being the only cricketer that would respond to a demand from the crowd to hit a six. The crowd would cheer, \"We want a sixer!\" and Durani would hit one. Durani had a special rapport with the spectators, who once agitated when he was inexplicably dropped from the team for the Kanpur Test in 1973, with placards and slogans such as, \"No Durani, no test!\". As he is the only Afghanistan-born Indian test cricketer he was also present during the historic India vs Afghanistan test match on 14 June 2018. He appeared in the film Charitra with Parveen Babi in 1973. He was the first cricketer to win an Arjuna Award. He was awarded the C.K. Nayudu Lifetime Achievement Award by the BCCI in 2011. List of Test cricketers born in non-Test playing nations Ezekiel, Gulu (27 June 2017). \"Afghan cricket: The Indian connection\". Rediff.com. Retrieved 26 July 2017. \"Archived copy\". Archived from the original on 25 January 2007. Retrieved 25 January 2007.CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link) The Hindu, 6 May 2020, Kozhikode Edition, p. 14 http://www.espncricinfo.com/india/content/current/story/517352.html Team, DNA Web (14 June 2018). \"Kabul-born Indian cricketer present during toss of historic India vs Afghanistan Test\". Daily News and Analysis. Retrieved 15 June 2021. Parveen Babi \"C.K. Nayudu Lifetime Achievement Award for Durani\". The Hindu. 27 May 2011. Retrieved 27 May 2011. Salim Durani at ESPN Cricinfo"
   },
   {
    "name": "Azita Ghanizada",
    "id": "Q3631545",
    "text": "Azita Ghanizada (born November 17, 1979) is an American actress. Azita Ghanizada's life in America began as a political asylum seeker. Her father's relationships from working at the U.S. Embassy in Tehran, Iran afforded her family the opportunity to flee Afghanistan when she was a baby. She learned most of her English from watching American Television in the Virginia suburbs of Washington D.C; her fascination to learn from American T.V., combined with the family's regular trips to a local cinema that showed Bollywood movies, and her mother's passionate love of Indian and American film stars, inspired her to become an actress. She relocated to Los Angeles, California and began her on-camera career by working in television commercials and guest starring on popular television shows. Her multi-ethnic appearance has enabled her to remain a chameleon on film and TV. A few of her notable television guest-starring roles include How I Met Your Mother, Entourage, Veronica Mars, The Mentalist , Psych, Ghost Whisperer, Castle, and Up All Night. In 2016, she was named \"One of The 7 Sundance Break-out Actresses You Need to Know,\" for her work in \"Complete Unknown.\" Her first main role on television was in 2008, when Ghanizada joined the cast of the General Hospital prime-time spin-off General Hospital: Night Shift for season 2 as Dr. Saira Batra, a specialist in holistic medicine. The following year she joined the all-star cast of the television pilot Tough Trade starring opposite Sam Shepard and Cary Elwes, from Weeds creator Jenji Kohan, and executive producer T Bone Burnett. In 2010, she joined David Strathairn as a primary cast member of the American Syfy Channel series Alphas where she played Rachel Pirzad, a woman with enhanced sensory abilities. Alphas was picked up to series in 2011 but only lasted two seasons. She went on to film the comedy pilot Ellen More or Less in 2014 as a primary cast member for NBC directed by Peyton Reed, the television pilot was not picked up to series. In 2016, Azita appeared in the feature Complete Unknown opposite Rachel Weisz and Michael Shannon, in 2017 she began production on Kevin Smith's feature film Killroy Was Here. And in 2019, she began recurring roles on both Ballers and Good Trouble. Her latest slate of features include a small role in Gabriela Cowperthwaite's Our Friend, as well as the comedy feature We Broke Up. An outspoken advocate for representation and inclusion, in 2016, Azita founded the MENA Arts Advocacy Coalition, MAAC, and began to advocate on behalf of Middle Eastern North African (MENA) and South Asian (described as \"MENASA\" and defined as to include those who are from Afghanistan, Pakistan, and India, according to MAAC) performers. She and MAAC member, \"Assaf Cohen\", spent two years lobbying SAG-AFTRA to include Middle Eastern North African (MENA) as its own diverse category in the producers theatrical contracts. In 2017, their advocacy work proved successful and for the first time in 37 years, a new diversity category was introduced to the 2017 SAG-AFTRA - AMPTP TV/Theatrical contracts. In 2018, MAAC presented the first ever study on MENA performers on PrimeTime TV. MAAC, has had an incredible impact helping create awareness and visibility for the MENA and South Asian community of performers and creatives. She actively speaks on representation and inclusion issues in the media, on social media, in business environments and on industry panels, and in 2019 gave her first \"TedXTalk\". The Grundey, Adam (2011-05-01). \"Azita Ghanizada's Rise to Alpha Female\". Rolling Stone Middle East. Archived from the original on March 24, 2012. Retrieved 26 July 2011. \"The 7 Sundance Break-Out Actresses You Need to Know\". Krystal, Becky (2008-10-05). \"At This Hospital, Virginia Doctors Are In\". The Washington Post. Washington DC: WPC. ISSN\u00a00190-8286. Retrieved 26 July 2011. Ghanizada, 29 Radish, Christina (2011-07-08). \"Azita Ghanizada Interview ALPHAS\". Collider. Retrieved 26 July 2011. McNary, Dave (June 15, 2017). \"Kevin Smith Filming Horror Movie 'Killroy Was Here' at Florida College\". Variety. Retrieved September 7, 2019. \"How Azita Ghanizada has fought for recognition for Mena actors in Hollywood\". The National. Retrieved 15 June 2019. Ramos, Dino-Ray (10 September 2018). \"Study Shows Bleak Middle Eastern & North African Representation, Reinforced Stereotypes On Primetime TV\". Deadline.com. Retrieved 15 June 2019. https://www.menaartsadvocacy.com https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QGKp-G_YGoI&app=desktop Azita Ghanizada at IMDb"
   },
   {
    "name": "Sayed Makhdoom Raheen",
    "id": "Q3918301",
    "text": "Dr. Sayed Makhdoom Raheen (Persian: \u0633\u06cc\u062f \u0645\u062e\u062f\u0648\u0645 \u0631\u0647\u06cc\u0646) is a Persian author and an Afghan politician. He is an ethnic Tajik and is a dual citizen (holds American citizenship). He was born in 1946 in the Afghan capital of Kabul. He graduated from Habibia High School between the mid-1950s to the early-1960s. During the Soviet\u2013Afghan War form 1979-1989 and communist government of Kabul, he was head of Radio Kabul-e-Azad (Free Kabul). Until March 2015 he was the Afghan Minister of Information and Culture. He previously served Afghanistan's ambassador in India prior to holding the office of Minister of Information and Culture for second time. (in English)\"Biography of Doctor Sayed Makhdoom Raheen\". AfghanMania com. Archived from the original on 2006-05-09. Retrieved 2010-08-19."
   },
   {
    "name": "Nabil Miskinyar",
    "id": "Q3918326",
    "text": "Nabil Miskinyar (Persian: \u0646\u0628\u064a\u0644 \u0645\u0633\u0643\u064a\u0646\u200c\u064a\u0627\u0631\u200e, born 26 September 1948) is an Afghan TV host who currently runs a TV channel from United States called Ariana Afghanistan TV. His office is based out of Orange, California and has offices in San Francisco, Dubai and Hamburg. On September 11, 2011, Miskinyar was attending a business meeting when he was abducted and held at gunpoint for approximately seven hours. He posted a media statement later in the week detailing how he was \"interviewed\" in a propaganda video and forced to denounce his work and political beliefs. His abductors have yet to be brought to justice. Griffith, Stephanie (28 April 1992). \"DC Area Afghans Cite Pessimism; Hope for Liberation Soon Turned to \u2026\". The Washington Post Pay-per-view. Retrieved 5 May 2010. \"capitolmediapartners.com\". Ariana Afghanistan TV website OC Weekly CNN Radio Free Europe RAWA.org"
   },
   {
    "name": "Ahmad Shah Khan",
    "id": "Q3918429",
    "text": "Ahmad Shah, Crown Prince of Afghanistan (Dari: \u0627\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0634\u0627\u0647 \u062e\u0627\u0646, Pashto: \u0627\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0634\u0627\u0647 \u062e\u0627\u0646 born 23 September 1934) is the second son of Mohammed Zahir Shah, the former King of Afghanistan. He holds the title of Head of the House of Barakzai since his father's death in July 2007. At the time of his birth he was second in the line of succession to the throne after his older brother Muhammed Akbar Khan, Crown Prince of Afghanistan. However, following the death of his brother on 26 November 1942, he became first in the line of succession and the heir apparent and Crown Prince. He was educated first at Esteqlal High School, and College of Military Science, in Kabul. Later he attended the University of Oxford, the Institut d'\u00e9tudes politiques de Paris (IEP) and later spent time working at the Ministry of Foreign Affairs in Kabul. His father's reign ended on 17 July 1973, when he was ousted by a coup with Afghanistan being declared a republic by Mohammed Daoud Khan, a member of the royal family. The Crown Prince was one of fourteen members of the royal family arrested following the coup. He was allowed to leave the country for Rome on 26 July. Following the overthrow of the monarchy, the Crown Prince settled in the state of Virginia, United States, and took to writing poetry. He currently writes poetry in Alexandria, Virginia.[citation needed] Since the death of his father on 23 July 2007, he is the oldest surviving male heir of the last reigning King of Afghanistan. Unlike his father, he does not possess the official title Baba-e-Melat-e-Afghanistan (Father of the Nation of Afghanistan). He was married at Chilstoon Palace in Kabul on 22 November 1961 to Princess Khatul Begum (born 1940), daughter of Sardar Muhammad Umar Khan Zikeria, by his wife, Princess Sultana Begum, fourth daughter of Mohammed Nadir Shah, King of Afghanistan (d. 1933). He has two sons and one daughter: Prince Muhammad Zahir Khan (born 26 May 1962). He married Princess Oshila Begum (b. 1958). They have a daughter: Princess Roxanne Khanum (born 1988). Prince Muhammad Emel Khan (born 1969). Princess Hawa Khanum (born 27 October 1963). She married Sultan Muhammad Nawaz (b. 1963).[citation needed] Middle East Economic Digest, page 3 The head that wore the Crown v t e"
   },
   {
    "name": "Fatima Bhutto",
    "id": "Q4115693",
    "text": "Fatima Bhutto (Urdu: \u0641\u0627\u0637\u0645\u06c1 \u0628\u06be\u064f\u0679\u0651\u0648\u200e; born 29 May 1982) is a Pakistani writer and columnist. Born in Kabul, she is the daughter of politician Murtaza Bhutto, niece of former Pakistani Prime Minister Benazir Bhutto and granddaughter of former Prime Minister and President of Pakistan, Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto. She was raised in Syria and Karachi, and received her bachelor's degree from Barnard College, followed by a master's degree from the SOAS, University of London. Bhutto is a critic of her aunt Benazir Bhutto and her husband Asif Ali Zardari, whom she accused of being involved in her father's murder. Her non-fiction book, Songs Of Blood And Sword (2010), is about her family. Bhutto has written for The News and The Guardian among other publications. Bhutto was born on 29 May 1982 to Murtaza Bhutto and an Afghan mother, Fauzia Fasihudin Bhutto, the daughter of Afghanistan's former foreign affairs official in Kabul. Her father was in exile during the military regime of general Zia-ul-Haq. Her parents divorced when she was three years old and her father took Bhutto with him moving from country to country and she grew up effectively stateless. Her father met Ghinwa Bhutto, a Lebanese ballet teacher in 1989 during his exile in Syria and they married. Bhutto considers Ghinwa as her real mother. Her half-brother Zulfikar Ali Bhutto Jr. is an artist based in San Francisco. Bhutto is the granddaughter of Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto and Nusrat Bhutto, an Iranian Kurd, niece of Benazir Bhutto and her husband Asif Ali Zardari, and Shahnawaz Bhutto. Her father was killed by the police in 1996 in Karachi during the premiership of his sister, Benazir Bhutto. Her biological mother Fauzia Fasihudin unsuccessfully tried to gain parental custody of Bhutto. She lives with her stepmother in Old Clifton, Karachi. Bhutto received her secondary education at the Karachi American School. She received B.A. degree summa cum laude, majoring in Middle Eastern and Asian languages and cultures from Barnard College, an affiliated women's liberal arts college of Columbia University, in New York, U.S. in 2004. She received her M.A. in South Asian Studies from the SOAS, University of London in 2005, there she wrote her dissertation on the resistance movement in Pakistan. In 1998, at the age of 15, Bhutto published her first book named Whispers of The Desert. Her second book 8.50 a.m. 8 October 2005 marks the moment of the 2005 Kashmir earthquake; it records accounts of those affected. Bhutto's family memoir Songs of Blood and Sword was published in 2010. In the book Bhutto accuses her aunt Benazir and her husband Asif Zardari for killing her father Murtaza. The book got mixed to negative review from critics for being biased on history of her family. Several family members have accused her of falsifying information. In November 2013, her first fictional novel The Shadow Of The Crescent Moon published. The book had long-listed in 2014 for the Baileys Women's Prize for Fiction. In 2015 Bhutto's short story titled Democracy, an e-book, under Penguin Books was released. In 2019, her second novel,The Runaways was published. The book explore three young Muslim men's journey to radicalization. The novel received critical acclaim for its subject. In October of the same year , New Kings of the World: Dispatches from Bollywood, Dizi and K-Pop was published. Tash Aw in the Financial Times described it as a \"razor-sharp, intriguing introduction to the various pop phenomena emerging from Asia.\" Following the assassination of her aunt, Benazir Bhutto, there was speculation over her entrance into politics. In an interview, she has stated that for now she prefers to remain active through her activism and writing, rather than through elected office and that she has to \"rule a political career out entirely because of the effect of dynasties on Pakistan\", referring to the Bhutto family dynasty and its ties to Pakistani politics. Although Bhutto is politically active, she is not affiliated with any political party. About her religious faith, Bhutto said at an interview, that she is a cultural muslim and describes herself as a secularist. Bhutto has defended Islam on many occasions and supported Muslim women's right to wear burqa. She is fluent in Urdu, Persian, Arabic, and English. Whispers of The Desert Karachi\u00a0: Oxford University Press, 1998. ISBN\u00a09780195778441, OCLC\u00a0633338081 8.50 a.m. 8 October 2005 Oxford\u00a0: Oxford University Press, 2006. ISBN\u00a09780195474039, OCLC\u00a0225160670 Songs of Blood and Sword New York\u00a0: Nation Books, 2011. ISBN\u00a09781568586762, OCLC\u00a0720599400 The Shadow of the Crescent Moon New York\u00a0: Penguin Books, 2013. ISBN\u00a09780670922987, OCLC\u00a01062282246 Democracy (2015) The Runaways London\u00a0: Viking, 2018. ISBN\u00a09780241347003, OCLC\u00a0090206617 New Kings of the World: Dispatches from Bollywood, Dizi, and K-Pop New York\u00a0: Columbia Global Reports, 2019. ISBN\u00a09781733623704 Walsh, Declan (11 January 2008). \"The Broken Bloodline\". The Guardian. Retrieved 13 October 2010. \"SOAS on brand wagon\". www.telegraphindia.com. Retrieved 17 January 2017. Benazir covered up my father's murder, says Fatima Bhutto\u2013 The Hindu Benazir, the PM, was cruel: Fatima Bhutto\u2013 NDTV Walsh, Declan (29 April 2010). \"Bhutto memoir provokes angry reaction in Pakistan\". The Guardian. ISSN\u00a00261-3077. Retrieved 17 January 2017. \"Fatima launches her innings as Bhutto's struggle for political survival\". Pakistan: The Nation. 27 January 2006. Archived from the original on 11 March 2008. Retrieved 13 October 2010. Goodman, Amy (19 February 2008). \"Outspoken Niece of Benazir Bhutto Accuses Aunt's Party of Fraud in Pakistani Elections\". Democracy Now!. Retrieved 13 October 2010. Meet Faluda Islam, the Muslim Drag Queen From the Future Langley, William. (15 February 2009) Fatima Bhutto: A beauty to tame George Clooney \u2013 and even Pakistan?. Telegraph.co.uk. Retrieved on 2016-12-31. Fletcher, Hannah (28 December 2007). \"Who's who in the Bhutto dynasty\". The Times. London. Retrieved 13 October 2010. Resmovits, Joy (29 November 2007). \"Bhutto Sees Politics, Pakistan Firsthand\". Columbia Daily Spectator. New York. Retrieved 13 October 2010. Fatima Bhutto: living by the bullet -Telegraph Three Barnard alumnae nominated for Baileys Women\u2019s Prize for Fiction Barnard College \"Fatima Bhutto receives Masters Degree\". Pakistan Press International. 16 December 2005. Archived from the original on 2 January 2008. Retrieved 13 October 2010. A novel approach Archived 21 January 2018 at the Wayback Machine Telegraph India Daughter of dynasty\u2013TOI Zulfikar's daughter, nephew dispute claim in Fatima's book \u2013 The Hindu Fatima Bhutto nominated for fiction prize Dawn Zubair, Hamna (29 March 2015). \"Rehashing the predictable: Review of Democracy by Fatima Bhutto\". www.dawn.com. Retrieved 27 January 2016. The Runaways by Fatima Bhutto review \u2013 pathways to Islamist extremism The Guardian \u2018The Runaways\u2019 by Fatima Bhutto: She has the ear for the slightest details of the human condition The Hindu Pakistani author Fatima Bhutto to come out with new novel. Here's when you buy it Hindustan Times Aw, Tash (11 October 2019). \"New Kings of the World by Fatima Bhutto \u2013 pop goes east\". Financial Times. Retrieved 15 March 2020. SONGS OF CORRUPTION: Christian Parenti with Fatima Bhutto. The Brooklyn Rail. Retrieved on 31 December 2016. Fatima Bhutto's interview in Italy Youtube Fatima Bhutto: \u2018Everything is political, if you do it right\u2019 Asia Times Fatima Bhutto: \u201cThe Islam that I know gives women a lot of rights\u201d Vogue Fatima Bhutto: \u201cEveryone connects the burqa to oppression, but this isn\u2019t the full story\u201d Verdict https://tribune.com.pk/story/281684/the-death-of-an-icon http://niemanwatchdog.org/index.cfm?fuseaction=Background.view&backgroundid=228&fontsize=down Official Fatima Bhutto Website Fatima Bhutto: Living on the Edge by William Dalrymple for the Times Online, 18 May 2008 Fatima Bhutto on Her Memoir, Songs of Blood and Sword In Conversation: Songs of Corruption: Christian Parenti with Fatima Bhutto, The Brooklyn Rail"
   }
  ]
 },
 {
  "relation_id": "P19",
  "target_id": "Q71",
  "target_name": "Geneva",
  "samples": [
   {
    "name": "Thomas Jouannet",
    "id": "Q118780",
    "text": "Thomas Jouannet (born 30 September 1970 in Geneva) is Swiss actor. Jouannet started in a theatre class in Geneva, then he went to Paris and is trained by Jean P\u00e9rimony. He started his career in several French TV series and TV movies, such as The Dominici Case and Le Silence de la Mer. He also appeared as Antoine in Clara Sheller. In 2009, he played Don Pedro in La Reine morte which is an adaptation of the play by Henry de Montherlant. He was in a relationship with actress Alexandra Lamy from 1995 to 2003, with whom he had a daughter, Chlo\u00e9, born in October 1997.[citation needed] He married actress Armelle Deutsch in 2010, with whom he has two children. Television Film Short film C\u00e9cile Morana (2015-12-17). \"Thomas Jouannet\u00a0: qui sont les femmes de sa vie\u00a0?\". T\u00e9l\u00e9star (in French). Retrieved 2018-02-05. Visite Guid\u00e9e on Dailymotion Yukiko on Youtube (official) Thomas Jouannet at IMDb CV/Fiche artiste (French/English) CC.Communication - Book de Photos Interview of Thomas Jouannet (English) La Cit\u00e9 de Thomas Jouannet on La Cit\u00e9 des Artistes (French) Fan miniSite"
   },
   {
    "name": "Christiane Brunner",
    "id": "Q118808",
    "text": "Christiane Brunner (b. Geneva, 23 March 1947) is a Swiss politician and lawyer. Brunner has occupied the following positions: Deputy of the Great Council of the Canton of Geneva, 1981\u20131990 Member of the National Council, 1991\u20131995 Member of the Council of States, 1995\u20132007 President of the Swiss Socialist Party, 2000\u20132004 Brunner was the official candidate of the Socialist Party when Ren\u00e9 Felber retired from the Federal Council in 1993. On 3 March 1993 the Federal Assembly elected Francis Matthey, however he forfeited this position due to the opposition of his own party. On 10 March 1993 Ruth Dreifuss was elected to the Federal Council over Christiane Brunner. Brunner is very active in affairs dealing with trade unions (she is the president of the FTMH union), and was a member of Parliament who became very engaged when topics such as Social Security and labor laws were discussed. She is currently the president of the Committee for Social Security and Public Health in the Council of States (CSSS-CE). Biography of Christiane Brunner on the website of the Swiss Parliament. (French) Switzerland portal v t e"
   },
   {
    "name": "Fran\u00e7ois-Jules Pictet de la Rive",
    "id": "Q118957",
    "text": "Fran\u00e7ois Jules Pictet-De la Rive (27 September 1809\u00a0\u2013 15 March 1872) was a Swiss zoologist and palaeontologist. He was born in Geneva. He graduated B. Sc. at Geneva in 1829, and pursued his studies for a short time at Paris, where under the influence of Georges Cuvier, de Blainville and others, he worked at natural history and comparative anatomy. On his return to Geneva in 1830 he assisted A. P. de Candolle by giving demonstrations in comparative anatomy. Five years later, when de Candolle retired, Pictet was appointed professor of zoology and comparative anatomy. In 1846 his duties were restricted to certain branches of zoology, including geology and palaeontology, and these he continued to teach until 1859, when he retired to devote his energies to the museum of natural history and to special palaeontological work. He was rector of the Academy from 1847 to 1850, and again from 1866 to 1868. He was for many years a member of the \"Grand Conseil\", the parliament of the Canton of Geneva, serving as its president in 1863 and 1864. His earlier published work related chiefly to entomology, and included Recherches pour servir \u00e0 l'histoire et \u00e0 l'anatomie des Phryganides (1834) and two parts of Histoire naturelle, g\u00e9n\u00e9rale et particuli\u00e8re, des insectes n\u00e9vropt\u00e8res (1842\u20131845). He directed his attention to the fossils of his native country, more especially to those of the Cretaceous and Jurassic strata, and in 1854 he commenced the publication of his great work, Mat\u00e9riaux pour la pal\u00e9ontologie suisse, ou Recueil de monographies sur les fossiles du Jura et des Alpes..., a series of quarto memoirs, of which six were published (1854\u20131873). In this work Pictet was aided by Eug\u00e8ne Renevier, Gustave Campiche, Alois Humbert, Charles Louis Perceval de Loriol, Auguste Jaccard and Philippe de La Harpe. Pictet also brought out M\u00e9langes pal\u00e9ontologiques (1863\u20131868). He died in Geneva in 1872. A species of Malagasy snake, Elapotinus picteti, is named in his honor. He was the author of Trait\u00e9 \u00e9l\u00e9mentaire de pal\u00e9ontologie (4 vols. 1844-1846). In the first edition Pictet, while adopting the hypothesis of successive creations of species, admitted that some may have originated through the modification of pre-existing forms. In his second edition (1853\u20131857) he enters further into the probable transformation of some species, and discusses the independence of certain faunas, which did not appear to have originated from the types which locally preceded them. Pictet was an advocate of progressive creationism, the belief that species were created in successive stages. He acknowledged from the fossil record that some species had evolved from earlier ancestors but denied that entire groups of species had evolved through gradual transformation. He reviewed Charles Darwin's On the Origin of Species in a lengthy review. Darwin noted that \"Of all the opposed reviews I think this the only quite fair one, & I never expected to see one.\" Darwin predicted that Pictet would eventually support his theory but this was not the case. He never abandoned his view of successive species creation. He was elected to the American Philosophical Society in 1864. \u00a0One or more of the preceding sentences\u00a0incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain:\u00a0Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). \"Pictet de la Rive, Fran\u00e7ois Jules\". Encyclop\u00e6dia Britannica. 21 (11th\u00a0ed.). Cambridge University Press. p.\u00a0586. Endnotes: Obituary by W. S. Dallas, Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc. (1873), vol. xxix. Beolens, Bo; Watkins, Michael; Grayson, Michael (2011). The Eponym Dictionary of Reptiles. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press. xiii + 296 pp. ISBN\u00a0978-1-4214-0135-5. (\"Pictet\", p. 207). Joseph, John E. (2012). Saussure. Oxford University Press. p. 58. ISBN\u00a0978-0-19-969565-2 \"APS Member History\". search.amphilsoc.org. Retrieved 16 April 2021. David L. Hull. (1973). Darwin and His Critics: The Reception of Darwin's Theory of Evolution by the Scientific Community. Harvard University Press. (in French) Pictet Family Archives Pictures and texts of Nouvel itin\u00e9raire des vall\u00e9es autour du Mont-Blanc by Fran\u00e7ois Jules Pictet de La Rive can be found in the database VIATIMAGES."
   },
   {
    "name": "Nicolas Gisin",
    "id": "Q119133",
    "text": "Nicolas Gisin (born 1952) is a Swiss physicist and professor at the University of Geneva working on quantum information and communication, as well as on the foundations of quantum mechanics. His work includes both experimental and theoretical physics. He contributed significant work on the fields of experimental quantum cryptography and long distance quantum communication in standard telecom optical fibres. He co-founded ID Quantique, a spin-off company that provides quantum-based technologies. Nicolas Gisin was born in Geneva on 29 May 1952. He received a degree in mathematics and a masters in physics, before his Ph.D. degree in Physics from the University of Geneva in 1981 for his dissertation in quantum and statistical physics. After several years in the software and optical communication industries, he joined the Group of Applied Physics at the University of Geneva in 1994, where he started the activities in optics. Since 2000 he has been Director of the Department of Applied Physics, leading a research group in Quantum Information and Communication. Europe recognized his leadership by awarding him two successive ERC Advanced Grants. In 2009 he received the first biennial John Stewart Bell Prize. In 2011 he received the prize of the Geneva City. In 2014 Switzerland recognized his impact by awarding him the Swiss Science prize sponsored by the Foundation Marcel Benoist and delivered by the National Government. Gisin has published a popular book in which he explains without mathematics, but also without hiding the difficult concepts, modern quantum physics and some of its fascinating applications. His book, entitled Quantum Chance, has been translated from French into English, German, Chinese, Korean and Russian. His main hobby is field-hockey. He played at the top Swiss level and was president of Servette HC from 2000 to 2015, bringing his club to become the largest in Switzerland. In 2010 his club was awarded the title of the \u201cClub of the year\u201d by the European Hockey Federation. In 2014 the first team won the Swiss championship for the first time in the century long history of the club. The era of long distance quantum communication was effectively started by Nicolas Gisin\u2019s experiment of 1995. in which a quantum cryptographic signal was transmitted at a distance of 23\u00a0km over a commercial optical fibre under Lake Geneva. Next, he co-invented the so-called Plug-&-Play and Coherent One Way configurations for quantum key distribution thanks to which world records distances of 67\u00a0km and 307\u00a0km could be demonstrated. In 1997, Nicolas Gisin and his group demonstrated Bell inequality violations at a distance of over 10\u00a0km. This was the first time when quantum non-locality was demonstrated outside the lab; the distance was increased by about three orders of magnitude with respect to all previous experiments. This was followed by further experiments, ever strengthening the conclusion by excluding more and more sophisticated alternative models to quantum theory. In the early 2000s he was first in demonstrating quantum teleportation over long distances. In the latter experiment the receiving photon was already hundreds of meters away when the Bell state measurement that triggers the teleportation process was performed. The previous breakthroughs would not have been possible without single-photon detectors compatible with telecommunication optical fibres. When Gisin entered the field such detectors did not exist. Today, thanks to Gisin and his group at the University of Geneva, single-photon detectors at telecom wavelengths are commercially available. Nicolas Gisin\u2019s work pushed optical fibre quantum communication almost to its limits. To go further one needs quantum memories and repeaters. His group invented an original quantum memory protocol using rare earth doped crystals and used it to demonstrate the first solid state quantum memory. Recently they entangled, first a photon with such a crystal, next two such crystals and finally teleportated a photonic qubit into a solid-state quantum memory over a distance of 25\u00a0km. Schr\u00f6dinger\u2019s equation is a basic law of nature. Yet one may envisage that at a certain moment in the future novel discoveries may lead to its modification. The most natural such modification is introduction of non-linear terms. Another \u201cGisin theorem\u201d states however that all deterministic nonlinear modifications of the Schr\u00f6dinger equation necessarily activate quantum non-locality, leading to true violations of relativity. One of the most important characteristics of quantum information is the no-cloning theorem. Nicolas Gisin derived a bound on the fidelity of approximate quantum cloning from the relativistic no-signaling constraint. Nicolas Gisin contributed to relating non-locality to the security of quantum key distribution. This opened an entirely new field of research known as Device Independent Quantum Information Processing (DI-QIP). In 1984 Nicolas Gisin\u2019s proposed stochastic Schr\u00f6dinger equations and his subsequent work together with Ian C. Percival is now widely used in the study of the dynamics of open quantum systems. Before becoming a quantum engineer, Nicolas Gisin worked as a classical telecommunication engineer, first in industry, next at the University. In particular he invented a technique to measure Polarization Mode Dispersion (PDM) in optical fibers. This turned out to be an extremely important parameter of telecom fibers whose importance was initially underestimated. The technique was adopted as an international standard and was transferred to industry (first to a spin-off, next to the Canadian company EXFO). Still today it is the most used technique to characterize PMD. Being both a classical and quantum engineer, he applied the abstract concepts of quantum weak values to the field of classical telecommunication networks. Prize Dina Surdin, awarded by the Fondation Louis de Broglie, Paris, for his PhD thesis (1982) Product Performance Award, granted by Magazine PC Publishing for his work at the software company CPI (1988) Selected by the MIT Technology Review as representative of one of the 10 technologies that should \u201cchange the world\u201d! (2003) Descartes Prize for the European IST-QuCom project for \u201cexcellence in collaborative research\u201d awarded by the European Commission (2004) Doctor Honoris Causa, \u00c9cole Polytechnique F\u00e9d\u00e9rale de Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne (2004) Prix Science de la Ville de Gen\u00e8ve. Every 4 years the city of Geneva honours one Scientist living in Geneva. (2007) Fellow of the European Optical Society for \u201ccontribution to the foundation of quantum mechanics and its application\u201d (2008) ERC Advanced Grant on \u201cQuantum Correlations\u201d (2008) John Stewart Bell Prize for Research on Fundamental Issues in Quantum Mechanics and their Applications (2009) ERC Advanced Grant on \u201cMacroscopic Entanglement in Crystals\u201d (2013) Selected as a Thomson-Reuters Highly Cited Researcher (2014) Swiss Science Prize 2014 awarded by the foundation Marcel Benoist. This is the highest Swiss prize for all sciences, awarded once per year to a single person (2014) Quantum Communication, Measurement and Computing award, QCMC\u201914 (2014) Volta Medal from the University of Pavia, Italy (2015) Leader of the Group of Applied Physics ERC Quantum Correlations[permanent dead link] ERC Macroscopic Entanglement in Crystals[permanent dead link] First John Stewart Bell Prize ceremony \"Prix de la Ville de Gen\u00e8ve\". Archived from the original on 2016-03-04. Retrieved 2015-09-28. Video of the Marcel Benoist Prize Ceremony EuroHockey Club Of The Year Photos of the EuroHockey Club Of the Year Experimental demonstration of quantum cryptography using polarized photons in optical-fiber over more than 1 km, A. Muller, J. Br\u00e9guet and N. Gisin, Europhys. Lett. 23, 383 (1993). Underwater quantum coding, A. Muller, H. Zbinden and N. Gisin, Nature 378, 449 (1995). Quantum cryptography over 23 km in installed under-lake telecom fibre, A. Muller, H. Zbinden and N. Gisin, Europhys. Lett. 33, 335 (1996). Quantum Key Distribution over 67 km with a plug&play system, D. Stucki, N. Gisin, O. Guinnard, G. Ribordy and H. Zbinden, New Journal of Physics, 4, 41 (2002). Provably secure and practical quantum key distribution over 307 km of optical fibre, B. Korzh et al., Nature Photonics Letter, 9, 163-168 (2015). Violation of Bell inequalities by photons more than 10 km apart, W. Tittel, J. Brendel, H. Zbinden and N. Gisin, Physical Review Letters 81, 3563 (1998). Long-distance Bell-type tests using energy-time entangled photons, W. Tittel,* J. Brendel, N. Gisin, and H. Zbinden, Phys. Rev. A 59, 4150-4163 (1999). Bell inequality and the locality loophole: Active versus passive switches, N. Gisin ), H. Zbinden, Phys. Lett. A 264, 103-107 (1999). Experimental test of nonlocal quantum correlation in relativistic configurations, H. Zbinden, J. Brendel, N. Gisin and W. Tittel, Physical Review A 63, 022111 (2001). Quantum correlations with spacelike separated beam splitters in motion: Experimental test of multisimultaneity, A. Stefanov, H. Zbinden, N. Gisin and A. Suarez, Phys. Rev. Lett. 88, 120404 (2002). Testing the speed of 'spooky action at a distance', D. Salart, A. Baas, C. Branciard, Cyril, N. Gisin and H. Zbinden, Nature 454, 861-864 (2008). Long-distance teleportation of qubits at telecommunication wavelengths, I. Marcikic, H. de Riedmatten, W. Tittel, H. Zbinden and N. Gisin, Nature 421, 509-513 (2003). Quantum teleportation over the Swisscom telecommunication network, O. Landry, J.A.W. van Houwelingen, A. Beveratos, H. Zbinden and N. Gisin, J. Opt. Soc. Am. B 24, 398-403 (2007). Performance of InGaAsInP avalanche photodiodes as gated-mode photon counters, G. Ribordy, J.D. Gautier, H. Zbinden and N. Gisin, Applied Optics, 37, 2272 (1998). Multimode quantum memory based on atomic frequency combs, M. Afzelius, Ch. Simon, H. de Riedmatten and N. Gisin, Physical Review A 79, 052329 (2009). A solid-state light-matter interface at the single-photon level, H. de Riedmatten, M. Afzelius, M. Staudt, Ch. Simon and N. Gisin, Nature, 456, 773-777 (2008). Quantum storage of photonic entanglement in a crystal, Ch. Clausen, I. Usmani, F. Bussieres, N. Sangouard, M. Afzelius, H. de Riedmatten and N. Gisin, Nature, 469, 508-511 (2011). Heralded quantum entanglement between two crystals, I. Usmani, Ch. Clausen, F. Bussieres, N. Sangouard, M. Afzelius and N. Gisin, Nature Photonics 6, 234-237 (2012). Quantum teleportation from a telecom-wavelength photon to a solid-state quantum memory, F. Bussi\u00e8res, Ch. Clausen et al., Nature Photonics 8, 775-778 (2014). Stochastic quantum dynamics and relativity, N. Gisin, Helvetica Physica Acta 62, 363-371 (1989). Relevant and irrelevant nonlinear Schrodinger equations, N. Gisin and M. Rigo, Phys. A, 28, 7375- 7390 (1995). Quantum cloning without signalling, N. Gisin, Phys. Lett. A 242, 1 (1998). From Bell's theorem to secure quantum key distribution, A. Acin, N. Gisin and L. Masanes, Phys. Rev. Lett. 97, 120405 (2006). Device-independent security of quantum cryptography against collective attacks, A. Acin, N. Brunner, N. Gisin, S. Massar, S. Pironio and V. Scarani, Phys. Rev. Lett. 98, 230501 (2007). Device-independent quantum key distribution secure against collective attacks, S. Pironio, A. Acin, N. Brunner, N. Gisin, S. Massar and V. Scarani, New Journal of Physics, 11, 1-25 (2009). Quantum measurements and stochastic processes, N. Gisin, Phys. Rev. Lett. 52, 1657 (1984). The Quantum State Diffusion model applied to open systems, N. Gisin and I.C. Percival, J. Phys. A, 25, 5677-5691 (1992). Polarization mode dispersion of short and long single mode fibers, N. Gisin, J.P. Von Der Weid and J.P. Pellaux, IEEE J. Lightwave Technology, 9, 821-827 (1991). Polarization mode dispersion: Time domain versus Frequency domain, N. Gisin and J.P. Pellaux, Optics Commun., 89, 316-323 (1992). Optical Telecom Networks as Weak Quantum Measurements with Post-selection, N. Brunner, A. Acin, D.Collins, N. Gisin et V. Scarani, Physical Review Letters, 91, 180402 (2003). Group of Applied Physics, University of Geneva. IDQ, ID-Quantique Cie. Quantum Chance, non-locality, teleportation and other quantum marvels, Springer 2014. Servette Field Hockey Club"
   },
   {
    "name": "Maurice Turrettini",
    "id": "Q119204",
    "text": "Maurice Turrettini (24 July 1878, in Geneva \u2013 25 October 1932, in Boisy) was a Swiss architect, most notable for his design of Am R\u00f6merholz. (in French) Summary in Bulletin technique de la Suisse romande, 58(1932) (in German) Isabelle Rucki [et al.]: Architektenlexikon der Schweiz\u00a0: 19./20. Jahrhundert. Verlag Birkh\u00e4user, Basel 1998 ISBN\u00a03-7643-5261-2, pages 462/463 v t e"
   },
   {
    "name": "Ernest Henry",
    "id": "Q119481",
    "text": "Ernest Henry (1885 in Geneva, Switzerland \u2013 1950 in Paris, France) was a mechanical engineer. He developed auto racing engines, and is especially well known for his work for Peugeot and Ballot, who dominated Grand Prix auto racing from 1912 to 1921. His engine design directly influenced Sunbeam Racing cars as early as 1914; the 1921 Grand Prix Sunbeams owe much to his work with Ballot and the 1922 Grand Prix Sunbeams were designed by him. His engine operational architecture was the precursor of modern engines. One biographer called him \"perhaps the most brilliant engine designer ever\"; another described one of his designs as \"so technically advanced it could have landed from outer space\". Henry's \"theory, design and execution\" of twin-cam engines was to guide engine development in Europe and then around the world for the next century. After studying Applied Mechanics at Technicum (School of Engineering) in Geneva, Ernest Henry worked starting in 1906 on marine engines for Picker of Geneva, then moved to Paris in 1909, serving the Motos Labor manufacturing company (marine and aviation engines), before joining the ranks of Peugeot in 1911. Robert Peugeot integrate it shortly after the team called \"Les Charlatans\" (a name given to the team by technical managers at the Peugeot factory in Beaulieu and who were opposed to this conception of race car), then composed the official Peugeot drivers Jules Goux, Georges Boillot and Paul Zuccarelli, who had left Hispano-Suiza. This group had managed to convince Robert Peugeot, whose firm Lion-Peugeot had, in 1910, merged with institutions Peugeot of Audincourt, and this new leader of business, engage in the study and the financing of project race car, modern, for the Grand Prix of the Automobile Club de France (ACF) and the Coupe de l'Auto of 1912. Ernest Henry, who was then 27 years old, started from a drawing board and a blank page in the racing department, working in secret in Suresnes (in Rossel's former factory), with a budget allocated by the Peugeot factory Through skill and ingenuity Ernest Henry would materialize innovative ideas and sometimes a little iconoclastic team. He wanted to get high speeds through the use of double camshaft in head-driven shaft with a bevel at each end. The engine born in early 1912 featured inclined actuating four valves for each of the four cylinders, a very good four-cylinder twin camshaft cylinder head with hemispherical combustion chambers, 4 valves per cylinder arranged in V, and 7.6 liter capacity. As the chassis of this car was also much lighter and held the road better than the monsters of the early ages, the new Peugeot first grand prix car, quickly became the car to beat, with improved tires it could reach 190\u00a0km/h (120\u00a0mph). These cars would be entered at the French Grand Prix: the type L76 (L for Lion) unlimited class, with a displacement of 7.6 liters, and the type L3 for three-liter restricted Coupe de l'Auto competition. Peugeot L76 and L3 emerged as winners of the 1912 French Grand Prix in Dieppe, the Mont Ventoux Hill Climb (the record), the Coupe de l'Auto, Circuit of Ardennes, the meeting of Boulogne,[which?] and Coupe de la Sarthe. Thus the ideas of the team and the quality of work done by Ernest Henry achieved victory over everything before them. With these engines, Ernest Henry may claim the undisputed paternity landmark in the history of the automobile. They are not the first \"4 valves per cylinder\" or the first \"dual overhead cam head,\" but they are the first in the world to combine the two techniques. All the most powerful racing engines, to the current Formula 1 recapitulate this formula, which is now becoming universal in production automobiles. In 1913, the 5.6-liter and 3-liter engines were further developed with camshaft timing, previously carried by shaft and bevel, now carried out by a cascade of gears, and lubrication was amended by adding a dry sump. In 1914 Henry adapted his automobile engine design for a new 500\u00a0cc straight-twin engine racing motorcycle. The Peugeot 500 M racing motorcycle was the world's first motorcycle to use a double overhead camshaft cylinder head; the twin camshafts were driven by a cascade of gears between the cylinders, and used 4 valves per cylinder. The new machine was first raced in April 1914 on the Rambouillet circuit, and in June, during the Automobile Club de France's \u2018Records Day\u2019 in Fontainebleau, it exceeded 122kmh (75\u00a0mph) over a measured kilometer and 121kmh (74\u00a0mph) over the measured mile. The engine was incredibly sophisticated for the time. The Peugeot factory estimates that 3 of the 1914 500M racers were built, although none appear to have survived today. The original factory drawings for this motor were discovered in 1998 by Emile Jacquinot (a documentation specialist for the Peugeot Museum) at the Peugeot family home in Valentigny. Working in concert with the Peugeot Museum, engineer Jean Boulicot built a replica of the 1914 500M over 10 years, with the finished machine debuting at the Coupe Motos Legende event in 2010. 1913 would be a great year in the history of Peugeot and the French automobile. On May 30 Jules Goux driving a L76 (with engine displacement reduced to 7.3 L to respect the rules of the race), won the 1913 Indianapolis 500, 804.5\u00a0km to 122.155\u00a0km/h average. This was the first victory for the French auto manufacturer in the United States, and had an enormous impact on both sides of the Atlantic, especially this victory was acquired in front of the world's automotive \"who's who\". The new 5.6-liter took first and second place at the French Grand Prix won at Mont Ventoux, and a streamlined L76 set a new world record speed of 170.94\u00a0km/h at Brooklands Motor Circuit and won several other records on the same circuit in the hands of Goux and Boillot. In the 1914 Indianapolis 500, 2.5-liter and 4.5-liter engines were installed, while maintaining the same technical design. Results were not as bright as in 1913, due to technical problems (especially tires) rather than mechanical. Peugeot nevertheless took second and fourth place: Arthur Duray in the 3-liter class and Jules Goux in the 5.6-liter class. Georges Boillot lead the Mercedes armada with his 4.5-liter engine until the last lap of the historic 1914 French Grand Prix run July 4, 1914, a month before the First World War. He dropped out, after taking serious risks, due to the many stops caused by defective tires. In the 1915 Indianapolis 500, Peugeot placed second with the same type vehicle as that of 1914, with the 4.5 L engine, driven by Dario Resta and won the 1916 Indianapolis 500 at an average speed of 133.994\u00a0km/h. Peugeot's third victory at Indianapolis was won in 1919 when the glorious 4.5 (1914) by Howard Wilcox and Jules Goux took first and third place respectively. The L25 won the Targa Florio in 1919. The technical advances of Henry's engine designs allowed them to win races five years after their creation. These performances were not to remain without notice in the United States. Peugeot's engine design had a lasting influence U.S. engineers for many years. Cars from previous campaigns remained in the United States, and were sold to American drivers, among them Harry Arminius Miller who would soon copy this exceptional mechanical architecture to overcome its cleaner engines in 4 and 8 cylinder versions, then after the bankruptcy of Miller, Fred Offenhauser who was one of Miller's employees in the 1930s. This type of engine in 4 cylinders form was used until the end of the 1970s, with the final win at Indy by Offenhauser in 1976. Ernest Henry left Peugeot in February 1915, replaced by the engineer Marcel Gr\u00e9millon who developed a 1-liter, five valve per cylinder, triple overhead cam engine in 1920-1921. Looking back at Henry's time at Peugeot, a writer in 1921 said his cars \"won practically all races in which they were entered\". At the end of the World War I in December 1918, the driver Ren\u00e9 Thomas and Ernest Henry offered to Ernest Maurice Ballot the design of a race car that Ernest Henry had made during the war. The latter accepted and thus aimed to participate in the 1919 Indianapolis 500, the first post-war Indianapolis race. Ernest Henry had 101 days (it was in fact necessary to leave Paris no later than April 26, 1919 in order not to miss the boat) to finalize his study and create 4 complete cars for this event. These four Ballot cars, which were designed in the utmost secrecy, naturally resembled pre-war Peugeots, but Ernest Henry, who took the time during the war to improve his design before the war, resumed his sketch hemi engine with four valves per cylinder, inclined at 60\u00b0, controlled by a dual overhead cam head, to equip a straight-eight engine capable of 2900 RPM and giving 150\u00a0hp for a top speed of nearly 200 kilometres per hour (120\u00a0mph). The straight-eight engine architecture was quickly adopted in the world of motor sport (in 1921 more than half of Indianapolis contestants were straight-eights). However, during the race, repeated tire and wheel problems did not allow the high expectations set in testing. Albert Guyot finished in fourth place behind two Peugeots with Henry motors and a Stutz. The formula used for the 1920 Indianapolis 500 limited the displacement to 3 liters, so Ernest Henry conceived, according to the same technical architecture, a new straight-eight engine of 2.97 liters displacement. The maximum speed of the car was slightly reduced to 180 kilometres per hour (110\u00a0mph), but the usability further improved, and this time the Ballot entries finished second, fifth and seventh. The brand Ballot was the only one to represent France at the 1921 French Grand Prix at Le Mans in July, with three eight-cylinder cars and a new four-cylinder 2-liter engine designed by Ernest Henry also participated in the race. De Palma finished second behind the Duesenberg driven by the American Murphy, and the two came third with Jules Goux at over 110\u00a0km/h average! The British STD Combine was represented by two Talbot and two Talbot Darracq- all four were in fact, Sunbeam Grand Prix the design of which was largely Henry's. After this exploit Ballot, dubbed by Charles Faroux, the father of two liters, decided to build in series which was to be the LS type 2, with a 2-liter four-cylinder engine with a two-camshaft, 8-valve head, which he continued manufacturing until 1924, despite its high price due to its refined design and careful construction. Also in 1921, the 8-cylinders distinguished themselves at the Italian Grand Prix played at Brescia and won by Jules Goux on a 3 L. Ernest Henry left for Sunbeam-Talbot-Darracq in December 1921, following an offer of Louis Coatalen to design the Sunbeam 2-liter Grand Prix in 1922. He directed the racing team group, in Darracq Suresnes. He then moved to the automaker Omega, it appears he left in 1924. Henry's life following his career is less well known, mainly because of the very nature of his quiet character. He worked as a craftsman at home, and it seems that he did no more engine work after 1920. At the time of his death in 1950 at the age of sixty-five years, he worked in an engineering company Levallois near Paris. The Motor 1969, p.\u00a019. d'Orl\u00e9ans 2013 \"Peugeot designer Ernest Henry halved the engine of their 1913 Indy 500-winning 'L45' four-cylinder race car, and created the world's first 4-Valve, DOHC motorcycle (without the car's Desmo gear - which left Ducati something to boast about 40 years later), the '500M' racer of 1914, a parallel twin so technically advanced it could have landed from outer space.\" European Car 2002. Bourdache, Jean (1989). La Motocyclette en France 1894-1914. Edifree, Paris, 1989 Jardy, Alain (2013). 'Peugeot 500 GP 1914', RAD Magazine, Oct, 2013 Motor Age 1921, p.\u00a025. \"Henry leaves Ballot works to design faster Sunbeams\", Motor Age, 40, July 7, 1921 Alpha Auto Encyclop\u00e9die 1974-1975-1976. Paris: \u00c9ditions Grange Bateli\u00e8re. Flower, Raymond (1975). Histoire du Sport Automobile. \u00c9ditions E.P.A. ISBN\u00a02-85120-042-9. Borgeson, Griffith (1980). The Classic Twin Cam Engine. Dalton Watson. \"Peugeot en Comp\u00e9tition\", R\u00e9troviseur, \u00c9ditions LVA (241), January 2009 \"French Correction\", R\u00e9troviseur, \u00c9ditions LVA (253), February 2010 Moity, Christian (2000). Les Pr\u00e9curseurs de la Formule 1. \u00c9ditions E-T-A-I. ISBN\u00a02-7268-8479-2. \"Peugeot Racing Engineers (III): Ernest Henry\", The Automobile, 2012 \"Part 1: Peugeot\", The Motor, Temple Press, 135\u2013136 (Week ending July 26, 1969), 1969 \"Tech Analysis: An Echo of the Past \u2014 The history and evolution of twin-cam engines\", European Car, August 2, 2002, archived from the original on 2014-04-28 d'Orl\u00e9ans, Paul (August 31, 2013), \"Pebble Beach 2013: Pass the poupon\", The Vintagent \"Description of Peugeot racer, victor at Dieppe, Le Mans, Mont Ventoux and Boulogne \u2014 photographic reproductions disclosing details of design and construction \u2014 most consistent speed creation yet produced\", The Automobile, Chicago, 27 (15), September 26, 1912 \u2013 via The Old Motor e-Zine Dick, Robert (May 8, 2013), Auto Racing Comes of Age: A Transatlantic View of the Cars, Drivers and Speedways, 1900-1925, Jefferson, North Carolina: McFarland, pp.\u00a0121\u2013214, ISBN\u00a0978-0-7864-6670-2"
   },
   {
    "name": "Roland de Pury",
    "id": "Q119500",
    "text": "Baron Roland de Pury (15 November 1907 \u2013 24 January 1979) was a Swiss Protestant theologian, pastor, and writer. Living in France during World War II, he was a staunch opponent of Nazism and the Holocaust and publicly criticized and preached against the Vichy French government and German occupation of France. De Pury joined the French Resistance and organized an escape route for Jewish refugees to leave France and enter Switzerland, hiding them in his home before helping them to the French-Swiss Boarder. He collaborated with French Catholic leaders, including Pierre Chaillet, to rescue Jews. His operation was discovered by the Gestapo, leading to his arrest and imprisonment at Montluc prison. De Pury and his wife were honored as Righteous Among the Nations by Yad Vashem for their efforts to save Jews during the Holocaust. After the war ended, de Pury worked as a missionary in Africa, where he opposed French colonial rule and denounced torture and other violent practices used during the Algerian War. De Pury was born on 15 November 1907 in Geneva, the only child of Baron Jules de Pury, a military officer, and No\u00e9mi Perrot, a relative of the de Pourtal\u00e8s family. He belonged to a Huguenot family from the Principality of Neuch\u00e2tel that had been ennobled by Frederick II of Prussia in 1785. His grandfather, Baron \u00c9douard Fran\u00e7ois de Pury, served as the President of the Neuch\u00e2tel Town Council. He was a grandnephew of Baron Fr\u00e9d\u00e9ric Guillaume de Pury. De Pury studied literature at the University of Neuch\u00e2tel with the intention of becoming a writer. With Denis de Rougemont, Henry Corbin, Albert-Marie Schmidt, and Roger Breuil, he co-founded the Christian existentialist magazine Hic et Nunc. He later moved to Bonn and studied Reformed Protestant theology, becoming a student and follower of Karl Barth in 1932. Upon completing his theological studies, he moved to France and took up a post as a pastor at a Reformed parish church in Vend\u00e9e. De Pury married Jacqueline de Montmollin, a Swiss noblewoman and distant relative of his, on 27 March 1931. They had eight children. In 1937 de Pury moved to Lyon and worked as a minister at the Protestant Temple of Terreaux on Rue Lanterne in the 1st arrondissement. He and his family lived in La Croix-Rousse. In 1940, during German occupation of France, he led a spiritual resistance movement against Nazism and helped Jews, who were being persecuted during the Holocaust, leave France for Switzerland. On 14 July 1940 he preached against Nazism, Marshal Philippe P\u00e9tain, and the collaboration of Vichy France with Nazi Germany in a sermon titled You Will Not Steal. In 1941 he was one of the signatories of the Theses of Pomeyrol, a declaration of spiritual resistance in France. In November 1941 he and his wife, Jacqueline, collaborated with Fran\u00e7oise Seligmann, a social worker who had recently joined Combat, to create a chain of escape to Switzerland, passing through Archamps. They hid Jews in their home before assisting them to the French-Swiss Boarder. De Pury also collaborated with Germaine Ribi\u00e8re and Father Pierre Chaillet, a Jesuit priest and head of the rescue organization Amiti\u00e9s Chr\u00e9tiennes, to facilitate full cooperation among Catholics and Protestants to rescue Jews. The \u0152uvre de secours aux enfants connected de Pury with Paulette Mercier, a French pharmacist and member of the resistance movement, who contacted Ruth Jaccard Monney and her parents, Arthur and Whilhelmine Jaccard, as well as the Dupeyreix family in Switzerland, to establish a network of resistance members across the border. Through the network, de Pury, the Jaccards, and the Dupeyreix were able to hide Jewish women and girls at a Catholic estate in Labalme, between Lyon and Geneva, and use the estate as a transit point to Switzerland. After German forces occupied the Zone libre in November 1942, and the Gestapo was installed in Lyon, German officials discovered du Pury's operation to help Jewish refugees escape to Switzerland. On 13 May 1943, while presiding over a church service, de Pury was arrested by the Gestapo and was detained for several months at Montluc prison, despite the petitions made by Cardinal-Archbishop Pierre-Marie Gerlier and Marc Boegner. While he was imprisoned at Montluc, he authored the book Cell Diary. He was transferred to Bregenz in Austria, where he was turned over to local authorities and released in an exchange for German spies who had been arrested in Switzerland at the end of October 1943. After his release, he took refuge in Neuch\u00e2tel, his ancestral home, with his family, and then returned to Lyon. After the war, de Pury focused on writing. He authored the books What is Protestantism?, Your God Reigns, and Letters from Europe: A Young Intellectual in the Interwar Years. From 1957 to the 1970s, he worked as a missionary for the Paris Evangelical Missionary Society, serving in Cameroon and Madagascar. He protested against colonial rule in French Algeria and denounced torture practices used during the Algerian War. He also preached against the cultural practice of exchanging a bride price before marriage, which he witnessed in Cameroon. After his work in Africa, he visited Russia and became a critic of Communism. He moved back Southern France and became a university chaplain and led a reformed congregation in Aix-en-Provence. In 1976 Yad Vashem bestowed de Pury and his wife with the honor of Righteous Among the Nations for their work helping Jewish refugees during the Holocaust. He died on 24 January 1979 in Aix-en-Provence. \"Roland-de-Pury\". www.ajpn.org. Retrieved Jan 3, 2021. \"Roland de Pury, Juste et pasteur\". Retrieved Jan 3, 2021. \"Family tree of Rosalie Charlotte Henriette de POURTAL\u00c8S\". Geneanet. Retrieved Jan 3, 2021. \"THE MYSTERIOUS LIFE OF A SWISS WHO LIVED AND DIED IN PORTUGAL \u2026 \u2013 Seletiva\". Retrieved Jan 3, 2021. \"Family tree of Jules de PURY\". Geneanet. Retrieved Jan 3, 2021. \"Roland de Pury, un pasteur engag\u00e9\" (PDF). doc.rero.ch. 17 November 2007. Retrieved 2021-01-03. Pury, Roland de (Jan 3, 2010). Lettres d'Europe: un jeune intellectuel dans l'entre-deux-guerres, 1931-1934. Labor et Fides. ISBN\u00a09782830913729. Retrieved Jan 3, 2021 \u2013 via Google Books. Kirschleger, Pierre-Yves (Jan 3, 2008). Roland De Pury, 1907-1979: un th\u00e9ologien protestant non-conformiste en son si\u00e8cle. Editions Olivetan. ISBN\u00a09782354790295. Retrieved Jan 3, 2021 \u2013 via Google Books. \"The Righteous Among The Nations\". The Righteous Among The Nations. Retrieved Jan 3, 2021."
   },
   {
    "name": "Fran\u00e7ois \u00c9tienne Delaroche",
    "id": "Q120009",
    "text": "Switzerland portal Fran\u00e7ois-\u00c9tienne de La Roche (or Delaroche) (9 December 1781 \u2013 23 December 1813) was a Genevan physician, naturalist, chemist, botanist and ichthyologist. He was born in Geneva to Marie Castanet and Daniel de La Roche, and was the youngest of three children. His father was an Edinburgh-trained physician, botanist and medical translator from Geneva, who was friends with Louis Odier, the Swiss physician, medical translator and publisher. After working in Geneva, the family moved to Paris where de La Roche senior was physician to the Duke of Orl\u00e9ans, and later at the fr:Rue du Faubourg-Saint-Martin health centre. De La Roche studied at the Faculty of Medicine at the University of Paris where, in 1806, he completed his medical thesis on the effects of strong heat on animal husbandry. He became a physician at L'H\u00f4pital Necker. He collected and studied fish on an expedition to the Spanish Balearic islands between October 1807 and May 1808; he observed and described new or little-known species from that location and made a study of the swim bladders of fish. In 1811, he carried out work on the Specific Heat of Gases in collaboration with the French physicist and chemist Jacques \u00c9tienne B\u00e9rard, work which won a prize from the Paris Academy of Science in 1812. Also in 1812, he read a paper at the Institut de France entitled Dissertation on the effect that air temperature has on the phenomenon of respiration. As an original researcher, his name is attached (as de La Roche or Delaroche) to the plant genus Alepidea and a number of different marine species. The standard author abbreviation F.Delaroche is used to indicate this person as the author when citing a botanical name. De La Roche became infected with typhus bacteria and died in 1813, only just aged 32, during the same epidemic that his father also succumbed to. Both were interred in the family grave in the 25th division of P\u00e8re-Lachaise Cemetery in Paris. Category:Taxa named by Fran\u00e7ois-\u00c9tienne de La Roche Stafleu, Frans A.; Cowan, Richard S. (1988). Taxonomic literature\u00a0: a selective guide to botanical publications and collections with dates, commentaries and types (2\u00a0ed.). Utrecht: Bohn, Scheltema & Holkema. p.\u00a0613. \"Delaroche, Daniel (1743\u20131812), son \u00e9pouse Marie Castanet, leurs enfants Michel, Alphonsine et Etienne Fran\u00e7ois, et leurs proches\". correspondancefamiliale.ehess.fr. Retrieved 20 December 2017. \"Soci\u00e9t\u00e9 Genevoise de G\u00e9n\u00e9alogie\". www.gen-gen.ch. Retrieved 20 December 2017. Dezeimeris, Jean Eug\u00e8ne; Ollivier, Charles Prosper; Raige-Delorme, Jacques (1834). Dictionnaire historique de la m\u00e9decine ancienne et moderne, ou Pr\u00e9cis de l'histoire g\u00e9n\u00e9rale, technologique et litt\u00e9raire de la m\u00e9decine, suivi de la bibliographie m\u00e9dicale du dix-neuvi\u00e8me si\u00e8cle, et d'un r\u00e9pertoire bibliographique par ordre de mati\u00e8res. Paris. p.\u00a038. \"DE LA ROCHE Fran\u00e7ois Etienne (1781\u20131813)\". www.appl-lachaise.net. Retrieved 20 December 2017. Delaroche, F.E. (1809). \"Suite du m\u00e9moire sur les esp\u00e8ces de poissons observ\u00e9es \u00e0 Ivi\u00e7a [Ibiza]. Observations sur quelques-uns des poissons indiqu\u00e9s dans le pr\u00e9c\u00e9dent tableau et descriptions des esp\u00e8ces nouvelles ou peu connues\". Annales du Mus\u00e9um National d'Histoire Naturelle. Paris. 13: 313\u2013361. Delaroche, F.E. (1809). \"Observations sur des poissons recueillis dans un voyage aux \u00eeles Bal\u00e9ares et Pythiuses\". Annales du Mus\u00e9um National d'Histoire Naturelle. Paris. 13: 98\u2013122. Delaroche, F.E. (1809). \"Observations sur la vessie a\u00e9rienne des poissons\". Annales du Mus\u00e9um National d'Histoire Naturelle. Paris. 14: 184\u2013217, 245\u2013289. de La Roche, Fran\u00e7ois-\u00c9tienne; B\u00e9rard, Jacques Etienne (1813). \"M\u00e9moire sur la d\u00e9termination de la chaleur sp\u00e9cifique des diff\u00e9rents gaz\". Annales de chimie. Delaroche, Fran\u00e7ois-\u00c9tienne (1808). \"Eryngiorum nec non generis novi alepideae historia\". Paris: Chez Deterville: 70. Cite journal requires |journal= (help) \"Apiaceae Alepidea F.Delaroche\". www.ipni.org. Retrieved 20 December 2017. \"Eryngium comosum F. Delaroche\". www.gbif.org. Retrieved 20 December 2017. \"Eryngium comosum Delar\". www.gbif.org. Retrieved 20 December 2017. Delaroche, Fran\u00e7ois-\u00c9tienne (1807). \"Histoire du Genre Eryngium\". Nouveau Bulletin des Sciences par la Soci\u00e9t\u00e9 de Philomathique de Paris: 87\u201389. Delaroche, Fran\u00e7ois-\u00c9tienne (1809). \"Histoire du Genre Eryngium\". Nouveau Bulletin des Sciences par la Soci\u00e9t\u00e9 de Philomathique de Paris: 106\u2013110. \"World Register of Marine Species\". www.marinespecies.org. Retrieved 20 December 2017. IPNI. \u00a0F.Delaroche."
   },
   {
    "name": "Paul Lachenal",
    "id": "Q120093",
    "text": "Paul Lachenal (1884, Geneva \u2013 1955) was a Swiss politician and philanthropist. He was born in Geneva as son of the Jean-Fran\u00e7ois Lachenal and the Louise Marie born Gleckner. He studied law at the University of Geneva, which he completed in 1906 with the acquisition of the licentiate (lic. Iur.). As a result, he completed an internship at the law firm of his uncle (the president of the Confederation) Adrien Lachenal. From 1908 to 1911 he served as deputy to the Geneva prosecutor, and finally from 1912 as General attorney. 1907 he founded together with Eug\u00e8ne Borel (1862 -1955), the law firm Borel & Barbey. Paul Lachenal, who was married to Elisabeth Alice Lachenal Jenny, died on 10 March 1955, four months after his 70th birthday in Geneva. He was the father of, Ariane Garbade Lachenal and Editor and diplomat Fran\u00e7ois Lachenal, and grandfather of the artist Daniel Garbade. The political career of Paul Lachenal, began as member of the Liberation Democratic Party in 1914, and his election to the Geneva City Council, to which belonged till 1922. He represented his party at the cantonal level from 1916 to 1930 and 1936 to 1945 in the Geneva Grand Council, which he presided in 1924, and from 1930 to 1936 as head of the educational department in the State Council. In 1927,he was appointed president of the German-Polish Mixed Arbitral Tribunal by the Council of the League of Nations, a position which he holds for several years, until the close of the court's operations. Lachenal was a lover of music and the arts, he co-founded and presided the prestigious Orchestre de la Suisse Romande, and the Pro Helvetia Culture Foundation, which he presided from 1940 to 1952. At the end of the 1930s, he presided the foundation: Friends of the Museum of Art and History of Geneva. As a member and delegate of the International Committee for the Safeguarding of Spanish Art Treasures, created in January 1939, he played an important role in the safeguard operation of the Prado museum, during the Spanish Civil War, which paintings found refuge in Geneva. 174 of these paintings were exhibited in the halls of the Mus\u00e9e d'Art et d'Histoire (Geneva) in June, July and August 1939. The exhibition attracted more than 400'000 visitors. Paul Lachenal was the lawyer of Pablo Picasso, and godfather of his son Paul whom he sheltered during the Second World War in Geneva, Switzerland. Piguet, Martine. \"Lachenal, Paul\". HLS-DHS-DSS.CH (in French). Retrieved 15 September 2017. \"Histoire | Borel & Barbey\". www.borel-barbey.com (in French). Retrieved 15 September 2017. Report to the Eighth Ordinary Session. Geneva: League of nations. 1927. p.\u00a06. Bravo, Miguel Caba\u00f1as (2009). Arte en tiempos de guerra (in Spanish). Editorial CSIC \u2013 CSIC Press. ISBN\u00a09788400089429. Gateau, Jean-Charles (1983). \u00c9luard, Picasso et la peinture (1936\u20131952) (in French). Librairie Droz. p.\u00a094. ISBN\u00a09782600035941."
   },
   {
    "name": "Marcel Golay",
    "id": "Q121089",
    "text": "Marcel Golay (French:\u00a0[g\u0254l\u025b]; 6 September 1927 \u2013 9 April 2015) was a Swiss astronomer, professor at Geneva University and the eighth director of the Geneva Observatory from 1956 to 1992. Golay was a member of the International Astronomical Union and president of several of its commissions including \"Stellar Classification\" and \"Astronomical Photometry and Polarimetry\". In 1991, University of Basel awarded him an honorary professorship. Asteroid 3329 Golay is named after him. Asteroid 3329 Golay \u2013 an 18-kilometer-sized member of the Eos family, that was discovered by Paul Wild at Zimmerwald Observatory in 1985 \u2013 was named in his honor. The official naming citation was published by the Minor Planet Center on 1 September 1993 (M.P.C. 22497). \"Individual Members \u2013 Marcel Golay\". International Astronomical Union. Retrieved 1 July 2019. \"3329 Golay (1985 RT1)\". Minor Planet Center. Retrieved 1 July 2019. \"MPC/MPO/MPS Archive\". Minor Planet Center. Retrieved 1 July 2019. Golay, Marcel, in the Historical Dictionary of Switzerland Marcel Golay (1927\u20132015), Geneva University, Geneva Observatory v t e"
   },
   {
    "name": "Jean-Edme Romilly",
    "id": "Q121103",
    "text": "Jean-Edme Romilly (1739 or 1740 in Geneva \u2013 29 October 1779) was an 18th-century Genevan theologian and encyclop\u00e9diste. The son of the watchmaker, journalist and encyclopedist Jean Romilly, whom he predeceased, his mother was Elizabeth Adrienne Joly (born 1719) and his younger sister was Elisabeth Jeanne Pierrette Romilly (1742\u20131814). Jean-Edme studied theology until 1763 and was called to the ministry in 1763. Three years later, he was called as pastor of the Walloon church in London but his delicate health not accommodating to the climate, he returned to Geneva and was ordered to serve the church of Chancy. He married Fran\u00e7oise Doroth\u00e9e Argand (1748\u20131797), with whom he had a daughter, Marie Jos\u00e9phine Romilly (1770\u20131823). In 1770, the Council of State of Geneva granted him his resignation, \"retaining him his rank, given his distinguished talents.\" Charles Palissot de Montenoy, who knew him specifically, painted a man of gentle and regular manners, highly educated and endowed with the most amiable modesty. He left the reputation of a good preacher. His sermons were distinguished by a soft and persuasive unction rather than by a strong and male eloquence. In 1780, pastor Jean-Jacques Juventin published in Geneva a collection of his sermons in 2 vol. in-8\u00b0, putting ahead the \u00c9loge of the author. A friend of Rousseau, d'Alembert, Diderot and Voltaire, like his father Jean-Edme Romilly worked for the Encyclop\u00e9die to which he contributed the articles Tol\u00e9rance and Vertu. He also provided several articles about famous Genevois, among others Jean-Jacques Rousseau, to the M\u00e9moires de litt\u00e9rature by Palissot. He was Juliette Cavaignac's uncle. Eug\u00e8ne Haag, La France protestante, t. 8, Paris, Jo\u00ebl Cherbuliez, 1858, (p.\u00a0513). Jean-Edme Romilly on Wikisource Genealogy on Geneanet"
   },
   {
    "name": "Roberto Risso",
    "id": "Q121229",
    "text": "Roberto Risso (22 November 1925 \u2013 16 November 2010) was a Swiss-born Italian film actor. Born Pietro Roberto Strub in Geneva, Risso joined the cinema industry when he was still a university student of architecture, playing a minor role in Pietro Francisci's The Lion of Amalfi (1950). One year later he was chosen to play the seducer of Pier Angeli in Tomorrow Is Another Day, and the success of the film allowed him to play similar roles in a large number of films, mainly romantic comedies. In 1953 Risso touched the peak of his career with the role of the shy Carabiniere Pietro Stelluti madly in love with Gina Lollobrigida in Luigi Comencini's Bread, Love and Dreams, a role that he reprised in the film sequel Bread, Love and Jealousy. Later his career continued in many films in which he appeared mostly in character roles, until his retirement in 1968. The Lion of Amalfi (1950) Tomorrow Is Another Day (1951) - Paolo The Black Captain (1951) - Paolo Adinolfi Revenge of the Pirates (1951) - Miguel The Seven Dwarfs to the Rescue (1951) - Prince Charming Operation Mitra (1951) - Marco Fornari La voce del sangue (1952) - Sergio Scala Rosalba, la fanciulla di Pompei (1952) - Giorgio de Montera Three Forbidden Stories (1952) - Bernardo (First segment) Finishing School (1952) - Steve La figlia del diavolo (1952) - Roberto Nessuno ha tradito (1952) - Bruno I Piombi di Venezia (1953) - Il Tintoretto Francis the Smuggler (1953) - Davide La valigia dei sogni (1953) - Giorgio Astori Bread, Love and Dreams (1953) - Carabiniere Stelluti Tormento d'anime (1953) - Michele Sua altezza ha detto: no! (1953) - Giorgio Rovere Il bacio dell'Aurora (1953) Balocchi e profumi (1953) - Raimundo Muzzi Angels of Darkness (1954) - Bruno The Desperate Women (1954) - Jimmy Bread, Love and Jealousy (1954) - Carabiniere Stelluti One Step to Eternity (1954) - Mario Mirador, l'amant de V\u00e9ra Le signorine dello 04 (1955) - Carlo Conti La moglie \u00e8 uguale per tutti (1955) - Michele Il campanile d'oro (1955) - Pasquale Songs of Italy (1955) Accadde di notte (1956) Paris, Palace Hotel (1956) - G\u00e9rard Necker dit Brugnon The Rival (1956) - Tenente Ugo Perelli Una pelliccia di visone (1957) - Franco Si le roi savait \u00e7a (1958) - Pascal Adorabili e bugiarde (1958) - Gino Gorni Angel in a Taxi (1958) - Filippo Tuppe tuppe, Maresci\u00e0! (1958) - Maresciallo Pietro Stelluti Te doy mi vida (1958) Sergente d'ispezione (1958) - Bacci L'ultima canzone (1958) Caterina Sforza, la leonessa di Romagna (1959) - Giovanni de Medici dalle Bande Nere Il raccomandato di ferro (1959) A Breath of Scandal (1960) - Aide de camp I piaceri del sabato notte (1960) - Carlo Malpighi A Qualcuna Piace Calvo (1960) - Renato Salustri Cocagne (1961) - Vincente Un figlio d'oggi (1961) - Raul The Valiant (1962) - Emilio Bianchi Gladiator of Rome (1962) - Valerio jr. The Fury of Achilles (1962) - Paris The Captive City (1962) - Loveday Zorro and the Three Musketeers (1963) - Aramis The Shortest Day (1963) - Soldato austriaco (uncredited) Rocambole (1963) Revenge of the Musketeers (1963) - Aramis Hate Thy Neighbor (1968) - Duke (final film role) Ida Biondi. \"Biografia - Roberto Risso\". MyMovies. Retrieved 18 March 2014. Redazione (16 November 2010). \"Morto l'attore Roberto Risso\". Il Secolo XIX. Retrieved 18 March 2014. Roberto Risso at IMDb"
   },
   {
    "name": "Mathias Beche",
    "id": "Q121797",
    "text": "Mathias Beche (born 28 June 1986 in Geneva) is a Swiss professional racing driver. He finished eighth overall and second in the LMP2 class of the 2012 24 Hours of Le Mans and is the reigning champion of the European Le Mans Series in the LMP2 class. After starting in karting, Beche began racing in single-seaters in Asia in 2007 when he contested the Asian Formula Renault Challenge, finishing fifth overall with one win. The following year he took part in Formula Asia 2.0 where he ended up runner-up to Felix Rosenqvist. 2009 saw Beche switch to sportscar racing, finishing third in Formula Le Mans. In 2010 he contested four Le Mans Series rounds; three in the FLM class and one in GT1 in a Ford GT. He then entered the last two rounds of the FIA GT3 European Championship, also in a Ford. In 2011 Beche competed in the full Le Mans Series season in an LMP2 Oreca 03 for TDS Racing with Pierre Thiriet and Jody Firth. The trio won the rounds at Spa and Estoril and finished fourth in the final drivers' standings. Beche also drove in the FIA GT1 World Championship round at Zolder in a Ford. For 2012, LMP2 became the top class of the renamed European Le Mans Series. Partnering Thiriet at TDS, Beche won the opening round of the season at Paul Ricard and the season finale at Road Atlanta, securing his first major championship victory. For the 2012 24 Hours of Le Mans they were joined by Christophe Tinseau and the car finished eighth overall and second in LMP2. (key) (Races in bold indicate pole position) (Races in italics indicate fastest lap) (key) (Races in bold indicate pole position) (Races in italics indicate fastest lap) * Season still in progress. (key) (Races in bold indicate pole position) (Races in italics indicate fastest lap) (key) (Races in bold indicate pole position) (Races in italics indicate fastest lap) \"Mathias Beche career statistics\". driverdb.com. Driver Database. Retrieved 17 June 2012. Official website Mathias Beche career summary at DriverDB.com"
   },
   {
    "name": "Marie Colinet",
    "id": "Q121994",
    "text": "Marie Colinet (Fabry) (ca. 1560 - ca. 1640) was a midwife and female surgeon who introduced the use of heat for dilating and stimulating the uterus during labor. In addition, she performed caesarian sections successfully, and also was the first person to use a magnet to extract a piece of metal from a patient's eye. Marie Colinet was born in Geneva, Switzerland in 1560, the daughter of a Swiss printer. Her work spanned the late 16th and early 17th centuries. She was originally a midwife in Geneva. On July 25, 1587, at St. Gervais church in Geneva, she married a surgeon, Wilhelm Fabry (also William Fabry, Guilelmus Fabricius Hildanus, or Fabricius von Hilden, b. June 25, 1560, d. February 15, 1634, often called the \"Father of German surgery\"). Wilhelm Fabry became Germany's foremost 17th-century surgeon and a prolific author of medical treatises. Her husband taught Colinet surgery, but by his own admission she excelled him. Wilhelm Fabry remarked his wife to be \"a constant source of help and happiness.\" Documents of her whereabouts after the death of her husband have not yet been found. From 1602 to 1610, the Fabrys stationed in Payerne, CT. Vaud, after which they traveled through Switzerland, Holland and the Rhineland, finally in 1615, they settled in Bern, where both were recognized by the award of citizenship. She was the mother of eight children, only one of whom (Johannes, later a surgeon himself) outlived her. Colinet was a midwife and skillful surgeon, who treated many patients throughout Germany. She performed many medical procedures from minor surgeries to Caesarean section delivery. Colinet was regarded as the \"most famous midwife of Switzerland\" and performed the first successful caesarean section in 1603. By training, Colinet was a midwife-surgeon who improved the techniques in Germany of Caesarean section delivery. Aside from being a midwife, Colinet was also an obstetrician and ophthalmologist. In addition, she assisted her husband in his surgical practice and took care of his patients while he was traveling. She did everything from minor surgery to C-sections, as well as, treating fractures. The professional highlight of her career came when she encountered a patient whose sight was being threatened by a sliver of metal. In 1624, after her husband had attempted unsuccessfully to extract metal from a patient's eye, she came up with the idea to use a magnet\u2014a technique which worked then and still is in use today. Although her husband gave her full credit for this technique, he often receives full credit for the procedure. She used heat to expand and stimulate the uterus in childbirth, performed Caesarian sections, and successfully removed eye splinters. In one especially difficult case of a man with two shattered ribs, she had to open his chest and wire together the fragments of bone. On re-closing the wound, she covered it with a dressing of oil of roses and a plaster of barley flows, powdered roses, and wild pomegranate flowers, mixed with cypress nuts and raw eggs. Then bandaged it with padded splints. After that, she regulated his diet and stayed with him for ten days. The man was well after four weeks. Her complex herbal plasters prevented infection and promoted healing. Her husband wrote a detailed description of the procedure in his Centuriae, where he praised her skill as bonesetter and placed an effective dressing containing oil of dressing. He went on to explicitly mention his wife as inventing this specific procedure, however, it was he who was given credit for her work. Marie Colinet was extremely intelligent and educated. She went on to write two books. - The honorary Parisian citizenship, 1615 - The first to use a magnet to remove fragments of iron or steel from the eye - Mentioned by Judy Chicago in her art work The Dinner Party: Heritage Floor In 1993, a street in Hilden was named after Marie Colinet. In addition, a secondary school in Hilden (since 2016) has been named after her- Marie-Colinet-Sekundarschule Hilden. This school has been named after Colinet because of her admirable personality and strength as a woman. The schools states that Marie Colinet was a \"self-confident woman and a very good role model for students.\" Alic, Margaret (1986). Hypatia's Heritage: A History of Women in Science from Antiquity Through the Nineteenth Century. Beacon Press. p.\u00a057.[unreliable source?] Stanley, Autumn (1995). Mothers and Daughters of Invention: Notes for a Revised History of Technology. Rutgers University Press. p.\u00a0102. Schelbert, Leo (2007). Historical Dictionary of Switzerland. Scarecrow Press. p.\u00a0107. Hopkins, Patrick D. Sex/machine: Readings in Culture, Gender, and Technology. \"Fabricius Hildanus \u2013 father of German surgery | Hektoen International\". hekint.org. Retrieved 2017-12-03. Le\u00f3n, Vicki (1997). Uppity Women of Medieval Times. Conari Press. p.\u00a083. ISBN\u00a09781573240390. marie colinet of bern. Ernst, Marco. \"Marie-Colinet-Sekundarschule Hilden\". sekundarschule-hilden.de. Retrieved 2017-11-28. Le\u00f3n, Vicki (1997). Uppity Women of Medieval Times. Conari Press. p.\u00a083. \"The Medical Role of Women: Women as Patients and Practitioners - Dictionary definition of The Medical Role of Women: Women as Patients and Practitioners | Encyclopedia.com: FREE online dictionary\". www.encyclopedia.com. Retrieved 2017-11-28. Stanley, Autumn, \"Women Hold Up Two-Thirds of the Sky: Notes for a Revised History of Technology\". In Hopkins, Patrick D., ed. (1998). Sex/Machine: Readings in Culture, Gender, and Technology, p. 24. Indiana University Press. ONLINE, RP. \"Hilden: Sekundarschule Hilden hei\u00dft nach 'Marie Colinet'\". RP ONLINE. Retrieved 2017-11-30. \"Elizabeth A. Sackler Center for Feminist Art: The Dinner Party: Heritage Floor\". Brookyln Museum. Retrieved 5 December 2013."
   },
   {
    "name": "Am\u00e9 Pictet",
    "id": "Q122276",
    "text": "Am\u00e9 Pictet (July 12, 1857 \u2013 March 11, 1937) was a Swiss chemist. He discovered the Pictet\u2013Spengler reaction, and the related Pictet\u2013Hubert reaction and Pictet\u2013Gams reaction. Pictet was born in Geneva, studied with August Kekul\u00e9 at the University of Bonn where he received his Ph.D in 1879. From 1894 til 1932 he was professor at the University of Geneva. Pictet died in Geneva in 1937. Emile Cherbuliez (1937). \"Am\u00e9 Pictet\". Helvetica Chimica Acta. 20 (1): 828\u2013845. doi:10.1002/hlca.193702001118. (in French) Pictet Family Archives v t e v t e"
   },
   {
    "name": "\u00c9douard Clapar\u00e8de",
    "id": "Q122309",
    "text": "\u00c9douard Clapar\u00e8de (24 March 1873 \u2013 29 September 1940) was a Swiss neurologist, child psychologist, and educator. Clapar\u00e8de studied science and medicine, receiving in 1897 an MD from the University of Geneva, and working 1897\u201398 at La Salp\u00eatri\u00e8re hospital in Paris. In 1901 he founded the Archives de psychologie with his cousin, Th\u00e9odore Flournoy, which he edited until his death. He was based from 1904 onward at the University of Geneva, where he became director of the experimental psychology lab. Among the positions he held were: 1904 General Secretary at the Second International Congress of Psychology; 1909 General Secretary at the Sixth International Congress of Psychology; 1912 founder of the Rousseau Institute; Founder and President (1920-1940) of the Association Internationale de Psychotechnique (now the International Association of Applied Psychology); co-founder of the International Bureau of Education (IBE) in 1925; 1915-1940 professor of psychology at the University of Geneva in succession to Flournoy; Permanent Secretary at the International Congress of Psychology; Life President of the Comit\u00e9 de l'Association Internationale des Conferences de Psychotechnique. Clapar\u00e8de was married to H\u00e9l\u00e8ne Spir, daughter of the Russian philosopher African Spir. Clapar\u00e8de performed an influential experiment demonstrating how the trauma of a painful event could be retained even if short term memory was lost. His experiment involved a woman who suffered from a form of amnesia. She had all of her old memories as well as her basic reasoning skills, but the recent past was not remembered. Clapar\u00e8de had greeted her every day, each time she could not remember his face at all. Then during one session of the experiment, Clapar\u00e8de hid a pin in his hand and reached to shake the woman's hand, pricking her. The next day, sure enough, she did not remember him. But when Clapar\u00e8de went to shake her hand, he found that she hesitated, recognizing a threat when her memory had been severely damaged. Clapar\u00e8de was briefly a member of the Zurich Freud Group marshalled by C. G. Jung, but he shunned what he saw as the movement's dogmatism, and in 1909 joined Pierre Janet in differentiating the clinical concept of the subconscious from what was termed Freud's philosophical concept of the unconscious. However he retained an interest in psychoanalysis in general, and in 1926 provided an introduction to the first French translation of Freud's Five Lectures on Psycho-Analysis. Clapar\u00e8de wrote several books concerning the fields he studied including the following: L\u2019association des id\u00e9es (1903) Psychologie de l\u2019enfant et p\u00e9dagogie exp\u00e9rimentale (1909) L\u2019\u00e9ducation fonctionnelle (1931) La gen\u00e8se de l\u2019hypoth\u00e8se (1933) Cryptamnesia Operant conditioning R. Gregory ed., The Oxford Companion to the Mind (1987) p. 149 R. Gregory ed., The Oxford Companion to the Mind (1987) p. 149 Roland-L\u00e9vy, Christine (January 2020). \"The First Hundred Years of IAAP: Towards the Future\" (PDF). Applied Psychology Around the World. 2: 9\u201310. IBE (2015). IBE In Focus: 90 years of excellence in education (PDF). UNESCO. p.\u00a022. Claperede's Pinprick Experiment R. Gregory ed., The Oxford Companion to the Mind (1987) p. 21 Ernest Jones, The Life and Work of Sigmund Freud (1962) p. 331 F. McLynn, Carl Gustav Jung (1996) p. 154 E. Ewin ed., Freud Encyclopedia (2002) p. 471 Hameline, Daniel (2000). \"\u00c9DOUARD CLAPAR\u00c8DE (1873\u20131940)\" (PDF). www.ibe.unesco.org. Eustache, F.; Desgranges, B.; Messerli, P. (1996). \"Edouard Clapar\u00e8de and human memory\". Revue neurologique. 152 (10): 602\u2013610. PMID\u00a09033952. Boake, C. (2000). \"\u00c9douard Clapar\u00e8de and the Auditory Verbal Learning Test\". Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology (Neuropsychology, Development and Cognition: Section A). 22 (2): 286\u2013292. doi:10.1076/1380-3395(200004)22:2;1-1;FT286. PMID\u00a010779842. Short biography, bibliography, and links on digitized sources in the Virtual Laboratory of the Max Planck Institute for the History of Science"
   },
   {
    "name": "Gabriel Cramer",
    "id": "Q122331",
    "text": "Gabriel Cramer (French:\u00a0[k\u0281am\u025b\u0281]; 31 July 1704 \u2013 4 January 1752) was a Genevan mathematician. He was the son of physician Jean Cramer and Anne Mallet Cramer. Cramer showed promise in mathematics from an early age. At 18 he received his doctorate and at 20 he was co-chair of mathematics at the University of Geneva. In 1728 he proposed a solution to the St. Petersburg Paradox that came very close to the concept of expected utility theory given ten years later by Daniel Bernoulli. He published his best-known work in his forties. This included his treatise on algebraic curves (1750). It contains the earliest demonstration that a curve of the n-th degree is determined by n(n + 3)/2 points on it, in general position. (See Cramer's theorem (algebraic curves).) This led to the misconception that is Cramer's paradox, concerning the number of intersections of two curves compared to the number of points that determine a curve. He edited the works of the two elder Bernoullis, and wrote on the physical cause of the spheroidal shape of the planets and the motion of their apsides (1730), and on Newton's treatment of cubic curves (1746). In 1750 he published Cramer's rule, giving a general formula for the solution for any unknown in a linear equation system having a unique solution, in terms of determinants implied by the system. This rule is still standard. He did extensive travel throughout Europe in the late 1730s, which greatly influenced his works in mathematics. He died in 1752 at Bagnols-sur-C\u00e8ze while traveling in southern France to restore his health. Quelle est la cause de la figure elliptique des plan\u00e8tes et de la mobilit\u00e9 de leur aph\u00e9lies?, Geneva, 1730 Introduction \u00e0 l'analyse des lignes courbes alg\u00e9briques at Google Books. Geneva: Fr\u00e8res Cramer & Cl. Philibert, 1750 Cramer\u2013Castillon problem Devil's curve Jean-Louis Calandrini \"Gabriel Cramer\", in Rousseau et les savants genevois, p.\u00a029 (in French) W. W. Rouse Ball, A Short Account of the History of Mathematics, (4th Edition, 1908) Isaac Benguigui, Gabriel Cramer\u00a0: illustre math\u00e9maticien, 1704\u20131752, Gen\u00e8ve, Cramer & Cie, 1998 (in French) O'Connor, John J.; Robertson, Edmund F., \"Gabriel Cramer\", MacTutor History of Mathematics archive, University of St Andrews He did not get the chair of philosophy he had been a candidate for; but the University of Geneva was so impressed by him that it created a chair of mathematics for him and for his friend Jean-Louis Calandrini; the two alternated as chairs. (in German) Johann Christoph Strodtmann, \u00ab\u00a0Geschichte des Herrn Gabriel Cramer\u00a0\u00bb, in Das neue gelehrte Europa [\u2026], 4th part, Meissner, 1754 Also digitized by e-rara.ch Media related to Gabriel Cramer at Wikimedia Commons O'Connor, John J.; Robertson, Edmund F., \"Gabriel Cramer\", MacTutor History of Mathematics archive, University of St Andrews"
   },
   {
    "name": "\u00c9lie Ducommun",
    "id": "Q122368",
    "text": "\u00c9lie Ducommun (19 February 1833, Geneva \u2013 7 December 1906, Bern) was a Swiss peace activist. He was a Nobel laureate, awarded the 1902 Nobel Peace Prize, which he shared with Charles Albert Gobat. Born in Geneva, he worked as a tutor, language teacher, journalist and a translator for the Swiss federal Chancellery (1869\u20131873). In 1867 he helped to found the Ligue de la paix et de la libert\u00e9 (League of Peace and Freedom), though he continued working at other positions, including secretary for the Jura-Simplon Steel Company from 1873 to 1891. That year, he was appointed director of the newly formed Bureau international de la paix (International Peace Office), the first non-governmental international peace organization, based in Bern. He refused to accept a salary for the position, stating that he wished to serve in this capacity solely for reasons of idealism. His keen organizational skills ensured the group's success. He was awarded in the Nobel Peace Prize in 1902, and served as director of the organization until his death in 1906. List of peace activists \u00c9lie Ducommun on Nobelprize.org including the Nobel Lecture, May 16, 1904 The Futility of War Demonstrated by History"
   },
   {
    "name": "Alexander Marcet",
    "id": "Q122756",
    "text": "Alexander John Gaspard Marcet FRS (1 August 1770 \u2013 19 October 1822), was a Genevan-born physician who became a British citizen in 1800. His wife Jane Marcet was a prolific author, whose series of books entitled 'Conversations' treated topics such as chemistry, botany, religion and economics. Marcet was born at Geneva, and received his school education there. In 1794 he went to the University of Edinburgh, where he graduated with an MD on 24 June 1797. He wrote a thesis on diabetes, printed at Edinburgh in the same year. He then took a house in London, worked as assistant physician at Cary Street Dispensary, and was admitted a licentiate of the Royal College of Physicians on 25 June 1799. He then became a physician at Finsbury Dispensary, and at Guy's Hospital on 18 April 1804. He lectured there on chemistry between 1805 and 1819. Marcet took charge of the temporary military hospital at Portsmouth in 1809 for some months, when it contained invalids from Walcheren. He had married Jane Haldimand (see Jane Marcet), lived in Russell Square, and, as he grew wealthier, grew less and less inclined for medical practice. He retired from the staff of Guy's Hospital, 10 March 1819, and went to live in Geneva, where he was appointed honorary professor of chemistry. He visited England in 1821, and died in Great Coram Street, London, 19 October 1822. His grandson was William Marcet, FRS. In 1805, Marcet contributed an essay, A Chemical Account of the Brighton Chalybeate, to a new edition of the Treatise on Mineral Waters of his colleague, Dr William Saunders. This was also published in the same year as a pamphlet. He describes a variety of experiments of the rudimentary chemistry of that period made with the water of a chalybeate spring called the Wick, and shows that, unlike the Tonbridge spa, it might be drunk warm without any precipitation of iron. He was elected Fellow of the Royal Society in 1815, and published some chemical papers in the Philosophical Transactions. He published in 1817 An Essay on the Chemical History and Medical Treatment of Calculous Disorders. He complains that he was unable to give full statistics, as no major London hospital then kept any regular record of cases. He was probably the first to remark that the pain of a renal calculus is often due to its passage down a ureter, and that it may grow in the kidney without the patient suffering acutely at all. For Rees's Cyclop\u00e6dia he contributed articles on chemistry, but the topics are not known. Marcet, Alexandre, in the Historical Dictionary of Switzerland. Rosenfeld, Louis (2001). \"The Chemical Work of Alexander and Jane Marcet\" (PDF). Clinical Chemistry, 47:4, 784-792, (2001). 47 (4): 784\u201392. PMID\u00a011274044. Retrieved 7 April 2012. Louis Rosenfeld (1 April 2001). \"The Chemical Work of Alexander and Jane Marcet\". Clinical Chemistry. 47 (4): 784\u201392. doi:10.1093/clinchem/47.4.784. PMID\u00a011274044. Moore 1893. Attribution \u00a0This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain:\u00a0Moore, Norman (1893). \"Marcet, Alexander John Gaspard\". In Lee, Sidney (ed.). Dictionary of National Biography. 36. London: Smith, Elder & Co. Works written by or about Alexander Marcet at Wikisource"
   },
   {
    "name": "Tariq Ramadan",
    "id": "Q122988",
    "text": "Tariq Ramadan (Arabic: \u0637\u0627\u0631\u0642 \u0631\u0645\u0636\u0627\u0646\u200e; born 26 August 1962) is a Swiss Muslim academic, philosopher, and writer. He was a professor of contemporary Islamic studies at St Antony's College, Oxford and the Faculty of Theology and Religion, University of Oxford, but as of 2018[update] is taking an agreed leave of absence. He is a visiting professor at the Faculty of Islamic Studies at Hamad Bin Khalifa University in Qatar, and the Universit\u00e9 Mundiapolis in Morocco. He is also a senior research fellow at Doshisha University in Japan. He is the director of the Research Centre of Islamic Legislation and Ethics (CILE), based in Doha. He is a member of the UK Foreign Office Advisory Group on Freedom of Religion or Belief. He was elected by Time magazine in 2000 as one of the seven religious innovators of the 21st century and in 2004 as one of the 100 most influential people in the world and by Foreign Policy readers (2005, 2006, 2008\u20132010, 2012\u20132015) as one of the top 100 most influential thinkers in the world and Global Thinkers.[circular reference] Ramadan describes himself as a \"Salafi reformist\". In November 2017, Tariq Ramadan took leave of absence from Oxford to contest allegations of rape and sexual misconduct. The university's statement noted that an \"agreed leave of absence implies no acceptance or presumption of guilt\". In February 2018, he was formally charged with raping two women: a disabled woman in 2009 and a feminist activist in 2012. In September 2019, the French authorities have expanded the investigation against Ramadan, already charged with raping two women, to include evidence from two more alleged victims. On 5 December 2019, a Swiss woman who had accused him of rape in 2018, launched a new case against him for slander. In February 2020, Ramadan was formally charged with raping two more women and in October 2020, Ramadan was formally charged with raping a fifth woman. Tariq Ramadan was born in Geneva, Switzerland on 26 August 1962 to an Egyptian Muslim family. He is the son of Said Ramadan and Wafa al-Banna, who was the eldest daughter of Hassan al Banna, who in 1928 founded the Muslim Brotherhood in Egypt. Gamal al-Banna, the liberal Muslim reformer, was his great-uncle. His father was a prominent figure in the Muslim Brotherhood and was exiled by Gamal Abdel Nasser from Egypt to Switzerland, where Ramadan was born. Tariq Ramadan holds an M.A. in French literature and a Ph.D. in Arabic and Islamic studies at the University of Geneva. He also wrote a Ph.D. dissertation on Friedrich Nietzsche, titled Nietzsche as a Historian of Philosophy. In 1994, he addressed a French-speaking public audience, in Switzerland, with the help of Hassan Iquioussen and Malika Dif. He taught at the Coll\u00e8ge de Saussure, a high school in Lancy, Switzerland, and claims to have held a lectureship in Religion and Philosophy at the University of Fribourg from 1996 to 2003, something the University publicly denied in 2018. He was appointed a professor at the University of Notre Dame in the United States in 2004 before his visa had been revoked by the Bush administration because of the Patriot Act. In October 2005 he began teaching at St Antony's College, Oxford on a visiting fellowship. In 2005 he was a senior research fellow at the Lokahi Foundation. In 2007 he successfully applied for the professorship in Islamic studies at the University of Leiden. This led to severe criticism from both academics as well as politicians who deemed Ramadan a 'radical Islamist' and a 'wolf in sheep's clothing' Ramadan later turned down the appointment, stating that the criticism on his appointment played no role in this decision. He was also a guest professor of Identity and Citizenship at Erasmus University Rotterdam, until August 2009 when both the City of Rotterdam and Erasmus University dismissed him from his positions as \"integration adviser\" and professor, stating that the program he hosted on Iran's Press TV, Islam & Life, was \"irreconcilable\" with his duties in Rotterdam. Ramadan described this move as 'islamophobic' and 'politically charged'. The Court of Rotterdam District ruled in 2012 in a civil law case that the Erasmus University acted \"careless\" by dismissing Ramadan on short notice. The dismissal by the municipality of Rotterdam, however, was not careless according to the Court. Beginning September 2009, Ramadan was appointed to the chair in Contemporary Islamic Studies at Oxford University. Ramadan established the Mouvement des Musulmans Suisses (Movement of Swiss Muslims), which engages in various interfaith seminars. He is an advisor to the EU on religious issues and was sought for advice by the EU on a commission on \"Islam and Secularism\". In September 2005 he was invited to join a task force by the government of the United Kingdom. He is also the founder and President of the European Muslim Network, a Brussels-based think-tank that gathers European Muslim intellectuals and activists. As of 2009, Tariq Ramadan was persona non grata in Tunisia, Egypt, Saudi Arabia, Libya, and Syria, which he has said is because of his criticism of their \"undemocratic regimes\". He is also considered persona non grata in Israel. Tariq Ramadan married in 1986 and is the father of four children. His wife was born in Bretagne, France. She converted from Catholicism to Islam and adopted the name Iman. The couple live separately. In February 2004, Tariq Ramadan accepted the tenured position of Henry R. Luce Professor of Religion, Conflict and Peacebuilding at the Joan B. Kroc Institute for International Peace Studies, at the University of Notre Dame. He was granted a nonimmigrant visa on 5 May; however, on 28 July, his H-1B visa was revoked by the State Department. In August 2004, spokesman for U.S. Immigration and Customs Enforcement cited the \"ideological exclusion provision\" of the U.S. Patriot Act as the grounds for Ramadan's visa revocation. In October, the University of Notre Dame filed an H-1B petition on Ramadan's behalf. After hearing no response from the government by December, Ramadan resigned his position from the university. In September 2005, Ramadan filed an application for a B Visa to allow him to participate at speaking arrangements with various organizations and universities. The government did not issue a decision on Ramadan's visa application, so the American Civil Liberties Union and the New York Civil Liberties Union filed a lawsuit on 25 January 2006 against the United States government on behalf of the American Academy of Religion, the American Association of University Professors and the PEN American Center \u2013 three groups who had planned on meeting with Ramadan in the US \u2013 for revoking Ramadan's visa under the \"ideological exclusion provision\". The ACLU and NYCLU argued that the ideological exclusion provision was in violation of the First Amendment and Fifth Amendment rights of those three groups and that the government's actions violated the Administrative Procedures Act. After two months had passed without a decision being made, the plaintiffs filed a motion for a preliminary injunction. Pursuant to the injunction, the United States District Court for the Southern District of New York ordered the government on 23 June 2006 to issue its decision on Ramadan's pending B Visa application within 90 days. On 19 September 2006, the government formally denied Ramadan's visa application. A State Department statement said: \"A U.S. consular officer has denied Dr. Tariq Ramadan's visa application. The consular officer concluded that Dr. Ramadan was inadmissible based solely on his actions, which constituted providing material support to a terrorist organization.\" Between December 1998 and July 2002, Ramadan had given donations totalling $940 to two charity organizations, the Committee for Charity and Support for the Palestinians (CBSP) or Comit\u00e9 de Bienfaisance et de Secours aux Palestiniens and the Association de Secours Palestinien. The United States Treasury designated both the CBSP and ASP terrorist fundraising organizations for their alleged links to Hamas on 22 August 2003. The U.S. Embassy told Ramadan that he \"reasonably should have known\" that the charities provided money to Hamas. In an article in The Washington Post, Ramadan asked: \"How should I reasonably have known of their activities before the U.S. government itself knew?\" On 2 February 2007, the ACLU and NYCLU amended their complaint, arguing that the government's explanation for denying Ramadan's visa application was not \"facially legitimate and bona fide\" and that the ideological exclusion provision of the PATRIOT Act was in violation of the First and Fifth Amendments. They also argued that Ramadan's denial violated the First Amendment rights of those who wanted to hear him speak. In his decision on 20 December 2007, District Judge Paul A. Crotty ruled that the government's justification for denying Ramadan's visa was \"facially legitimate and bona fide\" and noted that the Court \"has no authority to override the Government's consular decision\". In January 2008, the ACLU appealed Crotty's ruling. Jameel Jaffer, Director of the ACLU National Security Project and lead attorney in the case, stated: \"The government's shifting positions only underscore why meaningful judicial review \u2013 the kind of oversight that the district court failed to provide\u00a0\u2013\u00a0is so important. In Professor Ramadan's case and many others, the government is using immigration laws to stigmatize and exclude its critics and to censor and control the ideas that Americans can hear. Censorship of this kind is completely inconsistent with the most basic principles of an open society.\" Ramadan himself remarked: \"The U.S. government's actions in my case seem, at least to me, to have been arbitrary and myopic. But I am encouraged by the unwavering support I have received from ordinary Americans, civic groups and particularly from scholars, academic organizations, and the ACLU. I am heartened by the emerging debate in the U.S. about what has been happening to our countries and ideals in the past six years. And I am hopeful that eventually I will be allowed to enter the country so that I may contribute to the debate and be enriched by dialogue.\" On 17 July 2009, the US federal appeals court reversed the ruling of the lower district court. The three-judge panel on the United States Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit \u2013 composed of Judges Jon O. Newman, Wilfred Feinberg and Reena Raggi \u2013 ruled that the Court had \"jurisdiction to consider the claim, despite the doctrine of consular nonreviewability\". They stated that government was required by law to \"confront Ramadan with the allegation against him and afford him the subsequent opportunity to demonstrate by clear and convincing evidence that he did not know, and reasonably should not have known, that the recipient of his contributions was a terrorist organization.\" Under the limited review permitted by the 1972 Supreme Court ruling in Kleindienst v. Mandel, the panel concluded that the \"record does not establish that the consular officer who denied the visa confronted Ramadan with the allegation that he had knowingly rendered material support to a terrorist organization, thereby precluding an adequate opportunity for Ramadan to attempt to satisfy the provision that exempts a visa applicant from exclusion under the 'material support' subsection if he 'can demonstrate by clear and convincing evidence that [he] did not know, and should not reasonably have known, that the organization was a terrorist organization.'\" Additionally, the panel agreed with the plaintiffs' contention that their First Amendment rights had been violated. The panel remanded the case to a lower court to determine if the consular officer had confronted Ramadan with the \"allegation that he knew that ASP provided funds to Hamas and then providing him with a reasonable opportunity to demonstrate, by clear and convincing evidence, that he did not know, and should not have reasonably known, of that fact.\" Following the ruling, Ramadan stated, \"I am very gratified with the court's decision. I am eager to engage once again with Americans in the kinds of face-to-face discussions that are central to academic exchange and crucial to bridging cultural divides.\" Melissa Goodman, staff attorney with the ACLU National Security Project, issued a statement saying, \"Given today's decision, we hope that the Obama administration will immediately end Professor Ramadan's exclusion. We also encourage the new administration to reconsider the exclusion of other foreign scholars, writers and artists who were barred from the country by the Bush administration on ideological grounds.\" On 8 April 2010, Ramadan spoke as part of a panel discussion at the Great Hall of Cooper Union in New York City, his first public appearance since the State Department lifted the ban. The group debated the lengths to which Western nations should go to accommodate their Muslim populations. Ramadan works primarily on Islamic theology and the position of Muslims in the West and within Muslim majority countries. Generally speaking, he prioritizes Qur'anic interpretation over simply reading the text, in order to understand its meaning and to practice the tenets of Islamic philosophy. Referring to himself, Ramadan has at times used the construction \"Salafi Reformist\" to illustrate his stance. He rejects a binary division of the world into dar al-Islam (the abode of Islam) and dar al-harb (the abode of war), on the grounds that such a division is not mentioned in the Qur'an. He has been also known to cite favourably the dar al-da\u2018wah (abode of preaching). For him the \"Islamic message\" to which Muslims are expected to bear witness is not primarily the particularist, socially conservative code of traditionalist jurists, but a commitment to universalism and the welfare of non-Muslims; it is also an injunction not merely to make demands on un-Islamic societies but to express solidarity with them. Ramadan has voiced his opposition to all forms of capital punishment but believes the Muslim world should remove such laws from within, without any Western pressure, as such would only further alienate Muslims, and instead bolster the position of those who support hudud punishments: \"Muslim populations are convincing themselves of the Islamic character of these practices through a rejection of the west, on the basis of a simplistic reasoning that stipulates that 'the less western, the more Islamic'\". He has condemned suicide bombing and violence as a tactic. Additionally, he contends that terrorism is never justifiable, even though it can be understandable (in the sense of having a legitimate cause of resistance behind it). Ramadan wrote that the Muslim response to Pope Benedict XVI's speech on Islam was disproportionate, and was encouraged by reactionary Islamic regimes in order to distract their populations, and that it did not improve the position of Islam in the world. Ramadan wrote an article, \"Critique des (nouveaux) intellectuels communautaires\", which French newspapers Le Monde and Le Figaro refused to publish. Oumma.com did eventually publish it. In the article he criticizes a number of French intellectuals and figures such as Alexandre Adler, Alain Finkielkraut, Bernard-Henri L\u00e9vy, Andr\u00e9 Glucksmann and Bernard Kouchner, for allegedly abandoning universal human rights, and giving special status to the defence of Israel. Ramadan was accused, in return, of having used inflammatory language. The underlying content of the essay was sharply criticized as well. In a French television debate in 2003 with Nicolas Sarkozy, Sarkozy accused Ramadan of defending the stoning of adulterers, a punishment supposedly warranted by a section of the Islamic penal code known as hudud. Ramadan replied that Sarkozy was wrong. He said that he opposed corporal punishments, stoning and the death penalty and that he is in favor of a moratorium on these practices to open the debate among Islamic scholars in Muslim-majority countries that enforce them. Many people, including Sarkozy, were outraged. Ramadan later defended his position arguing that, because it involved religious texts that Muslims take seriously, the law would have to be properly understood and contextualized. Ramadan argued that in Muslim countries, the simple act to \"condemn\" won't change anything, but with a moratorium, it could open the way for further debate. He thinks that such a debate can only lead to an abolition of these rules. In October 2007, Warraq participated in an Intelligence Squared debate \"We Should Not Be Reluctant to Assert the Superiority of Western Values,\" where he argued for the opposition viewpoint, together with William Dalrymple, and Charles Glass. On 16 July 2016, Ramadan was denied entry to Mauritania at Nouakchott International Airport. He had been invited to give lectures in the country. He claimed the decision \"came directly from the presidency\". Local police confirmed he \"was expelled\". This is the eighth time a Muslim country has denied him entry. Some academics have detected liberalising and rationalising tendencies. Paul Donnelly at the liberal online magazine Salon.com asked rhetorically: \"Tariq Ramadan: The Muslim Martin Luther?\" Similarly, an article at the self-described liberal The American Prospect praised Ramadan and his work in particular as an \"entire corpus consists of a steady and unyielding assault on Muslim insularity, self-righteousness, and self-pity.\" In her book, Fr\u00e8re Tariq, (Encounter Books), Caroline Fourest claimed to have analysed Tariq Ramadan's 15 books, 1,500 pages of interviews, and approximately 100 recordings, and concludes \"Ramadan is a war leader\", an \"islamist\" and the \"political heir of his grandfather\", Hassan al-Banna, stating that his discourse is \"often just a repetition of the discourse that Banna had at the beginning of the 20th century in Egypt\", and that he \"presents [al-Banna] as a model to be followed.\" She argues that \"Tariq Ramadan is slippery. He says one thing to his faithful Muslim followers and something else entirely to his Western audience. His choice of words, the formulations he uses \u2013 even his tone of voice \u2013 vary, chameleon-like, according to his audience.\" Ramadan claims that Fourest's book contains 200 errors, only three of which she has confirmed. The former head of the French antiracism organization SOS Racisme, Malek Boutih, has been quoted as saying to Ramadan, after talking with him at length: \"Mr. Ramadan, you are a fascist\". In an interview with Europe 1, Malek Boutih also likened Ramadan to \"a small Le Pen\"; in another interview he accused him of having crossed the line of racism and antisemitism, thus not genuinely belonging to the alter-globalization movement. Bertrand Delano\u00eb, mayor of Paris, declared Ramadan unfit to participate at the European Social Forum, as not even \"a slight suspicion of anti-Semitism\" would be tolerable. Talking to the Paris weekly Marianne, Fadela Amara, president of Ni Putes Ni Soumises (Neither Whores Nor Submissive, a French feminist movement), Aur\u00e9lie Filippetti, municipal counsellor for The Greens in Paris, Patrick Klugman, leading member of the Conseil Repr\u00e9sentatif des Institutions juives de France, and Dominique Sopo, head of SOS Racisme, accuse Ramadan of having misused the alter-globalization movement's ingenuousness to advance his \"radicalism and anti-Semitism.\" Egyptian intellectual Tarek Heggy has also charged Ramadan with saying different things to different audiences. Other criticisms have included claims that an essay attacking French intellectuals was antisemitic and that Ramadan has shown excessive generosity in his rationalization of the motives behind acts of terrorism, such as in the case of Mohammed Merah. Olivier Guitta, writing in The Weekly Standard, welcomed the U.S. decision to refuse Ramadan a visa, based on Ramadan's supposed links to terrorist organizations, and claiming that his father was the likely author of \"'The Project'... a roadmap for installing Islamic regimes in the West by propaganda, preaching, and if necessary war.\" Guitta also criticized Ramadan for his campaign against the performance of Voltaire's play Mahomet in Geneva. After the lifting of the visa revocation, an article in the National Review criticized the double standard of lifting the visa restriction on Ramadan, but not for Issam Abu Issa who was banned by the Bush Administration for being a whistleblower against the Palestinian Authority's corruption. Ramadan denies contacts with terrorists or other Islamic fundamentalists and the charges of antisemitism and double talk, attributing the charges to misinterpretation and an unfamiliarity with his writings. He stated: \"I have often been accused of this 'double discourse', and to those who say it, I say \u2013 bring the evidence. I am quite clear in what I say. The problem is that many people don't want to hear it, particularly in the media. Most of the stories about me are completely untrue: journalists simply repeat black propaganda from the internet without any corroboration, and it just confirms what they want to believe. Words are used out of context. There is double-talk, yes, but there is also double-hearing. That is what I want to challenge.\" In answer to criticism of his response to 11 September, Ramadan replied that two days after the attacks he had published an open letter, exhorting Muslims to condemn the attacks and the attackers, and not to \"hide behind conspiracy theories.\" and that less than two weeks after the attacks he had stated that \"The probability [of bin Laden's guilt] is large, but some questions remain unanswered. ... But whoever they are, Bin Laden or others, it is necessary to find them and that they be judged\", and that the interview had been conducted before any evidence was publicly available. In a free internet poll by Foreign Policy magazine, Ramadan was listed as one of the 100 top global thinkers in 2008, 2009, 2010 and 2012. In October 2017, secular activist Henda Ayari filed a complaint with the prosecutor's office of Rouen, stating that Ramadan had sexually assaulted her in a Paris hotel. Ayari had previously described the alleged incident in her 2016 book J\u2019ai choisi d\u2019\u00eatre libre (in English I Chose to be Free), but had not revealed the real name of her attacker. On 20 October 2017, she announced on her Facebook account: \"C'est une d\u00e9cision tr\u00e8s difficile, mais j'ai d\u00e9cid\u00e9 moi aussi qu'il est temps de d\u00e9noncer mon agresseur, c'est Tariq Ramadan.\" \"This is a very difficult decision, but I also have decided it is time to name my aggressor, it is Tariq Ramadan.\") Ramadan's lawyer, Yassine Bouzrou, has said he would file a counter-suit for defamation. Bouzrou told the French paper Le Parisien that he denied the allegations and would file a complaint for defamation to Rouen prosecutors. A few days after Ayari, a second woman filed a complaint stating that Ramadan raped her. The disabled 45-year-old French convert to Islam, known in media reports as Christelle, says Ramadan in 2009 lured her into his hotel room where he assaulted and raped her. A third woman claimed Ramadan had sent her \"pornographic\" messages and later tried to blackmail and manipulate her. Four other Swiss women subsequently came forth in early November 2017 with allegations that Ramadan molested them when they were teenagers. The claimants include one woman who says that Ramadan made advances when she was 14 years old, and another who claims she had sexual relations with Ramadan when she was 15. Ramadan has denied the accusations. On 4 November 2017, the satirical French newspaper Charlie Hebdo published a cover story on the Ramadan affair. On 7 November 2017, the University of Oxford announced that, \"by mutual agreement, and with immediate effect\" Ramadan \"has taken a leave of absence\". The statement noted that an \"agreed leave of absence implies no acceptance or presumption of guilt\". On 9 November 2017, the French weekly news magazine L'Obs published a cover story covering the allegations. In January 2018, Ramadan was denied entry to Qatar as a consequence of the scandal. On 31 January 2018, Ramadan was taken into custody by French police. After two days of questioning, he was formally charged with two counts of rape and ordered to remain in custody. He was held in the Fleury-M\u00e9rogis prison, Essonne. In March 2018, a third woman came forward alleging that she was raped by Ramadan on multiple occasions in France, Brussels and London between 2013 and 2014. Shortly thereafter, a fourth woman filed a police complaint alleging she had been raped by Ramadan. An American now living in Kuwait, she alleged that Ramadan had assaulted her in Washington DC in August 2013. No charges emerged from this complaint. In April 2018, the Belgian judiciary reported that Ramadan had paid \u20ac27,000 three years earlier to a Belgian-Moroccan woman in exchange for the deletion of online posts revealing their affair. In the posts, she had detailed Ramadan's alleged \"psychological grip\" on her. On 13 April 2018, the Swiss newspaper La Tribune de Gen\u00e8ve reported that a woman had come forward to the authorities in Geneva and accused Ramadan of a sexual assault involving aggravating cruelty in September 2008. The National reported that he allegedly \"raped her and held her against her will for several hours in a Geneva hotel room\". Later in April 2018, Ramadan admitted that he had been in a sexual relationship with the third rape complainant, who had presented to investigators a dress reportedly stained with his semen, but he insisted that it was always consensual. In May 2018, Ayari modified aspects of her account, according to her based on her diary records, saying that the encounter took place in March 2012 at the Crown Plaza hotel in Paris' Place de la Republique. In a newspaper blog, British journalist Peter Oborne criticized what he saw as failings in the French justice system and hypocrisy of prominent French public figures such as Manuel Valls pointing out that others accused of rape in France \"await their fate in freedom\". Regarding such sympathy for Ramadan over his detention, Henda Ayari, the first of his accusers, said that he is undeserving of sympathy. \"It is for the courts to decide,\" she said. \"Eventually, if French justice says he is guilty, those people may regret their support.\" In June, Ramadan admitted to having five extramarital affairs, saying that he sometimes acted in ways that were inconsistent with his principles. In that same month, the presiding judges also cleared him of the third accusation, because it had been a consensual extramarital affair, and he remains imprisoned for the first two. In July, it was revealed that the first accuser, Henda Ayari, was at her younger brother's wedding on the date when she was allegedly raped. In October, Ramadan admitted that he had consensual sex with Ayari and Christelle. In August 2019, Ramadan faced a new accusation of raping a woman in May 2014 in Lyon, France. In September 2019, Ramadan stated that the allegations from the women, the indictment for the rape, the jail custody, and the media coverage of the case against him were \"state racism\", and compared his own case with Dreyfus affair. He stated: \"Is there not a similarity between Dreyfus affair and Ramadan affair? Nobody can deny the anti-Muslim racism that has grown in this country [France] and which is sustained daily by the politicians and the journalists. Dreyfus who was Jew yesterday is Muslim today\". This comparison caused indignation among both French and also Muslim communities. Among other the editor Laurent Joffrin, in his Lib\u00e9ration, labelled Ramadan's comparison as \"ridiculous\" and pointed out: \"Dreyfus was innocently convicted by false evidence and sent to the prison house. Ramadan is prosecuted but not convicted, and if he gets convicted, then it would be because of the evidence, not because of his religion\". In February 2020, Ramadan was formally charged with raping two more women. Since his initial detention, Ramadan has been hospitalized several times for reported multiple sclerosis. His attorney reported that several doctors have said his condition is \"incompatible with detention\"; however, the court insisted on maintaining his detention after multiple hospital exams and medical consultations indicated that his condition was compatible with detention. In January 2014, Ramadan was nominated for the title of Religious Advocate of the Year at the British Muslim Awards. Ramadan has authored around 30 books as well \"several hundred articles\" in French and English, some of which have been translated into other languages. (1994, augmented in 1998) Les musulmans dans la la\u00efcit\u00e9\u00a0: responsabilit\u00e9s et droits des musulmans dans les soci\u00e9t\u00e9s occidentales. Lyon: Tawhid. ISBN\u00a0978-2-90-908737-5 (1995) Islam, le face \u00e0 face des civilisations\u00a0: quel projet pour quelle modernit\u00e9\u00a0?. Lyon: Tawhid. ISBN\u00a0978-2-90-908731-3 (1998) Aux sources du renouveau musulmans\u00a0: d'al-Afgh\u0101n\u012b \u00e0 \u1e24assan al-Bann\u0101 un si\u00e8cle de r\u00e9formisme islamique. Paris: Bayard \u00c9ditions/Centurion. ISBN\u00a0978-2-22-736314-4 (1999) Peut-on vivre avec l'islam (with Jacques Neirynck). Lausanne: Favre. ISBN\u00a0978-2-82-890626-9 (1999) \u00catre musulman europ\u00e9en\u00a0: \u00e9tude des sources islamiques \u00e0 la lumi\u00e8re du contexte europ\u00e9en (with Claude Dabbak). Lyon: Tawhid. ISBN\u00a0978-2-90-908743-6 (2000) L'islam et les musulmans, grandeur et d\u00e9cadence\u00a0: dans le quotidien de nos vies. Beirut: \u00c9ditions Al-Bouraq. ISBN\u00a0978-2-84-161008-2 (2000) L'Islam en questions (with Alain Gresh). Paris: Sindbad: Actes Sud. ISBN\u00a0978-2-74-272916-6 (2001) Entre l'homme et son c\u0153ur. Lyon: Tawhid. 978-2-90-908767-2 (2001) Le face \u00e0 face des civilisations\u00a0: quel projet pour quelle modernit\u00e9. Lyon: Tawhid. ISBN\u00a0978-2-90-908758-0 (2002) De l'islam. Lyon: Tawhid. ISBN\u00a0978-2-90-908780-1 (2002) Jih\u0101d, violence, guerre et paix en islam. Lyon: Tawhid. ISBN\u00a0978-2-90-908784-9 (2002) D\u0101r ash-shah\u0101da\u00a0: l'Occident, espace du t\u00e9moignage. Lyon: Tawhid. ISBN\u00a0978-2-90-908783-2 (2002) Musulmans d'occident\u00a0: construire et contribuer. Lyon: Tawhid. ISBN\u00a0978-2-90-908781-8 (2002) La foi, la voie et la r\u00e9sistance. Lyon: Tawhid. ISBN\u00a0978-2-90-908782-5 (2003) Le saint Coran, chapitre \u02bfAmma\u00a0: avec la traduction en langue fran\u00e7aise du sens de ses versets. Lyon: Tawhid. ISBN\u00a0978-2-84-862003-9 (2003) Arabes et musulmans face \u00e0 la mondialisation\u00a0: le d\u00e9fi du pluralisme. Lyon: Tawhid. ISBN\u00a0978-2-84-862017-6 (2003) Les musulmans d'Occident et l'avenir de l'islam. Paris: Sindbad: Actes Sud. ISBN\u00a0978-2-74-274005-5 (2005) Faut-il faire taire Tariq Ramadan\u00a0?\u00a0: suivi d'un entretien avec Tariq Ramadan (wiyh Aziz Zemouri). Paris: L'Archipel. ISBN\u00a0978-2-84-187647-1 (2006) Muhammad vie du proph\u00e8te\u00a0: les enseignements spirituels et contemporains. Paris: Presses du Ch\u00e2telet. ISBN\u00a0978-2-84-592201-3 (2008) Un chemin, une vision\u00a0: \u00eatre les sujets de notre histoire. Lyon: Tawhid. ISBN\u00a0978-2-84-862149-4 (2008) Face \u00e0 nos peurs\u00a0: le choix de la confiance. Lyon: Tawhid. ISBN\u00a0978-2-84-862148-7 (2008) Quelques lettres du c\u0153ur. Lyon: Tawhid. ISBN\u00a0978-2-84-862147-0 (2008) Faut-il avoir peur des religions\u00a0? (with \u00c9lie Barnavi and Jean-Michel Di Falco L\u00e9andri). Paris: \u00c9ditions Mordicus. ISBN\u00a0978-2-75-570403-7 (2008) Islam, la r\u00e9forme radicale\u00a0: \u00e9thique et lib\u00e9ration. Paris: Presses du Ch\u00e2telet. ISBN\u00a0978-2-84-592266-2 (2009) Mon intime conviction. Paris: Presses du Ch\u00e2telet. ISBN\u00a0978-2-84-592290-7 (2009) L'autre en nous\u00a0: pour une philosophie du pluralisme\u00a0: essai. Paris: Presses du Ch\u00e2telet. ISBN\u00a0978-2-84-592282-2 (2011) L'islam et le r\u00e9veil arabe. Paris: Presses du Ch\u00e2telet. ISBN\u00a0978-2-84-592329-4 (2014) Au p\u00e9ril des id\u00e9es\u00a0: les grandes questions de notre temps (with Edgar Morin). Paris: Presses du Ch\u00e2telet. ISBN\u00a0978-2-84-592551-9 (2014) De l'Islam et des musulmans\u00a0: r\u00e9flexions sur l'Homme, la r\u00e9forme, la guerre et l'Occident. Paris: Presses du Ch\u00e2telet. ISBN\u00a0978-2-84-592417-8 (2015) Introduction \u00e0 l'\u00e9thique islamique\u00a0: les sources juridiques, philosophiques, mystiques et les questions contemporaines. Paris:Presses du Ch\u00e2telet. ISBN\u00a0978-2-84-592607-3 (2016) Le g\u00e9nie de l'islam. Paris: Presses du Ch\u00e2telet. ISBN\u00a0978-2845926318 (1999) To Be a European Muslim: a Study of Islamic Sources in the European Context. Leicester, UK: Islamic Foundation. ISBN\u00a0978-0-86-037300-1 (1999) Muslims in France\u00a0: the way towards coexistence. Markfield, Leicester, U.K.: Islamic Foundation. ISBN\u00a0978-0-86-037299-8 (2001) Islam, the West and the Challenges of Modernity (with Sa\u00efd Amghar). Leicester, UK: Islamic Foundation. ISBN\u00a0978-0-86-037311-7 (2004) Globalisation\u00a0: Muslim resistances (multilingual: EN, FR, DE, IT, SP). Lyon: Tawhid. ISBN\u00a0978-2-84-862016-9 (2004) Western Muslims and the Future of Islam. Oxford; New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN\u00a0978-0-19-803820-7 (2007) In the Footsteps of the Prophet: Lessons from the Life of Muhammad. New York, NY: Oxford University Press. ISBN\u00a0978-0-19-530880-8 (2007) The Messenger: the Meanings of the Life of Muhammad. London: Allen Lane. ISBN\u00a0978-0-71-399960-0 ISBN\u00a0978-1-84-614025-9 (2008) Radical Reform\u00a0: Islamic Ethics and Liberation. Oxford; New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN\u00a0978-0-19-533171-4 (2009) What I Believe. New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN\u00a0978-0-19-538785-8 (2010) The Quest for Meaning: Developing a Philosophy of Pluralism. London: Allen Lane. ISBN\u00a0978-1-84-614152-2 ISBN\u00a0978-1-84-614151-5 (2011) On Super-Diversity (multilingual: EN, NL, AR). Rotterdam: Witte de With Publishers; Berlin: Sternberg Press. ISBN\u00a0978-1-93-410577-1 (2012) Islam and the Arab Awakening. Oxford; New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN\u00a0978-0-19-993373-0 (2012) The Arab Awakening: Islam and the New Middle East. London: Allen Lane. ISBN\u00a0978-1-84-614650-3 (2017) Islam: The Essentials. London: Pelican. ISBN\u00a0978-0141980508 (2017) Introduction to Islam. Oxford University Press. ISBN\u00a0978-0190467487 \"Tariq Ramdan's tribute to Muhammad Asad\". Archived from the original on 23 February 2014. \"Professor Tariq Ramadan MA PhD Geneva, Professor of Contemporary Islamic Studies\". St Antony's College, Oxford. Retrieved 23 October 2018. \"Professor Tariq Ramadan, Associate Faculty Member, Contemporary Islamic Studies\". Faculty of Theology and Religion, University of Oxford. Retrieved 23 October 2018. \"Statement: Professor Tariq Ramadan\". University of Oxford. 7 November 2017. Retrieved 7 November 2017. \"BIOGRAPHY\". \"Foreign Office Advisory Group on freedom of religion or belief\". \"Complete List - The 2004 TIME 100 - TIME\". TIME.com. FP Top 100 Global Thinkers Shatz, Adam. \"How the Tariq Ramadan Scandal Derailed the #Balancetonporc Movement in France\". The New Yorker. Retrieved 10 December 2017. Adams, Richard; Chrisafis, Angelique (7 November 2017). \"Oxford University places Tariq Ramadan on leave amid rape claims\". The Guardian. Retrieved 8 November 2017. Tominey, Camilla (8 November 2019). \"Former Oxford professor Tariq Ramadan accused of 'destroying' alleged rape victim's life\". The Telegraph. ISSN\u00a00307-1235. Retrieved 11 September 2020. Chrisafis, Angelique (2 February 2018). \"Oxford professor charged with raping two women\". The Guardian. Retrieved 3 February 2018. \"New evidence added to Tariq Ramadan rape case\". The National. Retrieved 11 September 2020. RTS/dos. \"New slander case brought against Tariq Ramadan\". SWI swissinfo.ch. Retrieved 11 September 2020. AFP, Le Figaro avec (13 February 2020). \"Tariq Ramadan mis en examen pour le viol de deux autres femmes\". Le Figaro.fr (in French). Retrieved 13 February 2020. \"Tariq Ramadan vis\u00e9 par une cinqui\u00e8me mise en examen pour viol\". Le Monde.fr (in French). 23 October 2020. Retrieved 24 October 2020. \"Ramadan, Tariq Said\". Tariq Ramadan. What I Believe. Oxford University Press. p. 12 Hamel, Ian (4 November 2017). \"\"La Tribune de Gen\u00e8ve\" accuse Tariq Ramadan d'avoir couch\u00e9 avec des mineures\". Retrieved 13 November 2017. Johnson, Alan (14 November 2013). \"George Orwell betrayed: Islamist Tariq Ramadan gives a lecture in his name\". The Telegraph. Archived from the original on 15 November 2013. Retrieved 18 March 2016. Ian Hamel. \"Tariq Ramadan aurait usurp\u00e9 ses titres universitaires\". Le Point. Retrieved 11 March 2018. \"Ramadan-Mondafrique, l'universit\u00e9 de Fribourg donne raison \u00e0 Mondafrique\". Mondafrique. Retrieved 11 March 2018. \"Tariq Ramadan, un faux professeur? Il aurait usurp\u00e9 ses titres universitaires\". Le Soir Belgium. Retrieved 11 March 2018. \"Tariq Ramadan - Site Officiel\". \"Islamic scholar gets Oxford job\". BBC. 27 August 2005. Tariq Ramadan komt niet naar Universiteit Leiden, Trouw, 29 November 2007 Islamcoryfee op Leidse leerstoel, De Volkskrant, 6 November 2007 [dead link]\"Omstreden moslimtheoloog op Leidse leerstoel\", Elsevier.nl 6 November 2007 (Dutch) \"Leiden: Tariq Ramadan turns down appointment\", Islam in Europe Blog, 28 November 2007. Retrieved 6 February 2016. Tariqramadan.com Tariq Ramadan's website How Muslims can be European too, article about Ramadan in The Christian Science Monitor A case for reform, New Statesman article Living together: an interview with Tariq Ramadan Archived 4 November 2005 at the Wayback Machine, Red Pepper Tariq Ramadan Has an Identity Issue, The New York Times profile. Trying to Bridge A Great Divide, Ramadan named as a \"Next Wave innovator\" by Time Magazine Andrew Hussey, Profile \u2013 Tariq Ramadan, New Statesman Interview: Tariq Ramadan, Prospect magazine interview by Ehsan Masood Secularism no problem for European Muslims, at Islamonline.net My fellow Muslims, we must fight anti-Semitism Archived 13 August 2004 at the Wayback Machine, Haaretz article Scholar says Muslims mistrust the West, interview at swissinfo Why exclude a Muslim voice?, Boston Globe article Why Tariq Ramadan? Archived 6 January 2009 at the Wayback Machine Islamica Magazine article Under suspicion, an article on Ramadan, at signandsight.com Islamic \"Reformism\" and Jihad: On the Discourse of Tariq Ramadan Archived 14 July 2006 at the Wayback Machine, Paul Landau, adapted from chapter 8 of Le Sabre et le Coran, translated from the French by Transatlantic Intelligencer, 2005 The State Department was right Mother Jones article on Muslim Brotherhood Archived 3 February 2009 at the Wayback Machine Bridging the Widening Gap between Islam & Christianity MSNBC Video Archived 29 August 2007 at the Wayback Machine Humphrys in Search of God with Tariq Ramadan (BBC) \"Reading the Koran\", by Tariq Ramadan, 6 January 2008 NYT Sunday Book Review cover article \"Dutch university fires Islamic scholar Ramadan\", The Guardian 18 August 2009 \"Tariq Ramadan sacked over Iran TV connections\", Swiss info website, 19 August 2009 An Open Letter to my Detractors in The Netherlands Archived 20 August 2013 at the Wayback Machine by Tariq Ramadan \"Plots 'ontslag' Tariq Ramadan was onterecht\". Nu.nl. 9 November 2012. Retrieved 27 June 2020. \"Islamic Studies Chair is appointed \u2013 University July 30, 2009\". Archived from the original on 3 December 2013. Retrieved 13 November 2017. \"Euro-Muslim Network > About us > Board of Trustees\". Archived from the original on 19 July 2010. Caldwell, Christopher. Reflections on the Revolution in Europe, Doubleday, 2009, p. 292. ISBN\u00a0978-0-385-51826-0 \"Tariq Ramadan answers his Dutch detractors\". Archived from the original on 25 August 2009. Rapha\u00eblle Bacqu\u00e9: \"Tariq Ramadan mis en examen pour viol\", in Le Monde, 4\u20135 February 2018. Lacking Visa, Islamic Scholar Resigns Post at Notre Dame \u2013 The Washington Post \u2013 15 December 2004 \"Tariq Ramadan\". American Civil Liberties Union. 24 January 2006. \"Am. Acad. of Religion v. Chertoff \u2013 Complaint for Declaratory and Injunctive Relief\" (PDF). 25 January 2006. Retrieved 18 July 2009. Am. Acad. of Religion v. Chertoff, 463 F. Supp. 2d 400, p. 58 (S.D.N.Y. 2006). Judge Orders U.S. to Decide if Muslim Scholar Can Enter \u2013 The New York Times, 24 June 2006 Oxford Professor Denied Visa Due to Alleged Hamas Links \u2013 New York Sun, 26 September 2006 Why I'm Banned in the USA, Tariq Ramadan, The Washington Post, 1 October 2006; p. B01 United States Treasury. Office of Terrorism and Financial Intelligence. Available UStreas.gov Archived 20 April 2010 at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved 13 March 2007. \"A Visa Revoked\", The Washington Post editorial \"US Inconsistent in Denying Tariq Ramadan Visa: Judge\". Islamonline.net. Archived from the original on 18 April 2006. Retrieved 13 November 2017. Tirman, John. \"Banned in America\". AlterNet. \"Am. Acad. of Religion v. Chertoff \u2013 Opinion and order\" (PDF). 20 December 2007. Retrieved 18 July 2009. \"ACLU Asks Federal Appeals Court to Lift Ban on Renowned Scholar\". American Civil Liberties Union. 23 January 2008. Archived from the original on 6 March 2008. Retrieved 18 July 2009. Am. Acad. of Religion v. Napolitano (2d Cir. 2009).UScourts.gov Text \"Federal Appeals Court Rules in Favor of U.S. Organizations That Challenged Exclusion of Prominent Muslim Scholar\". American Civil Liberties Union. 17 July 2009. Retrieved 18 July 2009. Tracy, Marc (9 April 2010). \"Live, From New York, It's Tariq Ramadan\". Retrieved 11 April 2010. Reading the Koran Archived 9 June 2011 at the Wayback Machine. Tariq RAMADAN (7 January 2008). Retrieved 30 January 2011. Macdonald, Matthew (September 2014). \"Tariq Ramadan and Sayyid Qutb in Conversation\". Political Theology. 15 (5): 385\u2013406. doi:10.1179/1462317X14Z.00000000083. Meijar, Wilna (2009). Tradition and Future of Islamic Education. Waxmann Verlag. p.\u00a0157. ISBN\u00a09783830971313. Retrieved 11 May 2015. Berman, Paul (2010). The Flight of the Intellectuals. Melville House. p.\u00a0124. ISBN\u00a09781933633510. Retrieved 11 May 2015. tariq ramadan salafi reformist. Laurence, Jonathan. (1 May 2007) The Prophet of Moderation: Tariq Ramadan's Quest to Reclaim Islam. Foreign Affairs. Retrieved 30 January 2011. Ramadan, Tariq \u2013 To Be a European Muslim \u2013 Publisher: Islamic Foundation p. 150 \"Reading Tariq Ramadan: Political Liberalism, Islam, and \"Overlapping Consensus\" [Full Text] Ethics & International Affairs, Volume 21.4 (Winter 2007)\". Archived from the original on 13 July 2009. Retrieved 13 November 2017. We must not accept this repression The Muslim conscience demands a halt to stonings and executions \u2013 The Guardian \u2013 Tariq Ramadan 30 March 2005 \"Not a Fanatic after all?\" Hussey, Andrew. New Statesman, 9 December 2005, Vol. 134 Issue 4757, pp. 16\u201317. Newstatesman.com Paulson, Steve (20 February 2007). \"The modern Muslim\". Salon. Ramadan, Tariq (20 September 2006). \"A struggle over Europe's religious identity\". International Herald Tribune. \"Tariq Ramadan, Hani Ramadan\". \"Tariq Ramadan Has an Identity Issue\". The New York Times. 4 February 2007. Berman, Paul (2010). The Flight of the Intellectuals: The Controversy Over Islamism and the Press. Melville House. pp.\u00a0157ff. Ian Buruma, The New York Times, 4 February 2007, Has an Identity Issue \"Intelligence Squared Debates on the topic \"We should not be reluctant to assert the superiority of Western values\"\". The Spectator. 9 October 2007. Archived from the original on 7 March 2009. Retrieved 5 January 2021. \"L'islamologo svizzero Tariq Ramadan respinto in Mauritania\". 16 July 2016. Retrieved 13 November 2017. For Example: Western Muslims and the Future of Islam, By: Brown, L. Carl, Foreign Affairs, Jan/Feb2005, Vol. 84, Issue 1 Martin, Patrick. \"Salon and the decay of American liberal journalism\". WSWS. Tariq Ramadan: The Muslim Martin Luther? Archived 12 December 2005 at the Wayback Machine, Paul Donnelly, Salon, 15 February 2002 \"American Prospect Online - About Us\". Archived from the original on 5 February 2007. March, Andrew. \"Who's Afraid of Tariq Ramadan?\". The American Prospect. \"Encounter Books\u00a0\u00bb Brother Tariq: The Doublespeak of Tariq Ramadan\". Archived from the original on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 13 November 2017. Extracts of the book here (in French) The State Dept. Was Right to deny Tariq Ramadan a visa, Olivier Guitta, Weekly Standard, 16 October 2006, Volume 012, Issue 05 Debate between Tariq Ramadan and Alain Gresh (chief ed. of Le Monde diplomatique), L'Islam en questions, Sindbad 2002, 1st ed., pp. 33\u201334, citation of Ramadan: \"I have studied Hassan al-Banna's ideas with great care and there is nothing in this heritage that I reject.\" \"Vraies pr\u00e9faces et petit tour de passe-passe\". Caroline Fourest. The State Dept. Was Right to deny Tariq Ramadan a visa, Olivier Guitta, Weekly Standard, 16 October 2006, Volume 012, Issue 05 Enqu\u00eate pr\u00e9liminaire sur des propos tenus par Tariq Ramadan, Conseil Repr\u00e9sentatif des Institutions juives de France, 5 January 2004. Malek Boutih: Tariq Ramadan est un petit Le Pen arabe (Tariq Ramadan is a small Le Pen) \"- Le Parisien\". 4 January 2004. Retrieved 13 November 2017. Delano\u00eb: Ramadan n'a pas sa place au FSE, Conseil Repr\u00e9sentatif des Institutions juives de France, 27 October 2003. Campus-watch.org, Tarek Versus Tariq (Comments on Tariq Ramadan), by Valentina Colombo, 23 November 2008 \"Philip Carmel, \"Muslim fundamentalist hero of anti-global crowd,\" JTA, November 30, 1999\". Archived from the original on 21 April 2012. Retrieved 13 November 2017. Paul Sheehan, \"It's wrong to make victim of child killer,\" Sydney Morning Herald, 29 March 2012 Rubin, Michael. \"Tariq Ramadan vs. Issam Abu Issa\". National Review. What you fear is not who I am Archived 3 February 2009 at the Wayback Machine, Tariq Ramadan, The Globe and Mail, 30 August 2004 \"Scholar under siege defends his record\". Archived from the original on 26 November 2006. Retrieved 13 November 2017. \"Islamica Magazine \u2013 Why Tariq Ramadan?\". Archived from the original on 6 January 2009. Retrieved 13 November 2017. \"The FP Top 100 Global Thinkers, December 2009\". Archived from the original on 14 May 2011. Retrieved 13 November 2017. \"The FP Top 100 Global Thinkers\". Foreign Policy. 28 November 2012. Archived from the original on 30 November 2012. Retrieved 28 November 2012. \"Prominent Muslim scholar Tariq Ramadan accused of rape, sexual assault in France\". France 24. 21 October 2017. C\u00e9cile Deffontaines (20 October 2017). \"Henda Ayari, ex-salafiste franco-tunisienne, porte plainte contre Tariq Ramadan pour viol\". L'Obs (in French). Retrieved 23 October 2017. Angelique Chrisafis (22 October 2017). \"Feminist campaigner accuses Oxford professor Tariq Ramadan\". The Guardian. Retrieved 23 October 2017. \"Islamic scholar Tariq Ramadan admits to 'consensual' sex with accusers\". France 24. 22 October 2018. Une deuxi\u00e8me plainte pour viol d\u00e9pos\u00e9e contre Tariq Ramadan En savoir plus sur http://www.lemonde.fr/societe/article/2017/10/27/une-deuxieme-plainte-pour-viol-deposee-contre-tariq-ramadan_5207056_3224.html, Le Monde, 28 October 2017 Une troisi\u00e8me victime pr\u00e9sum\u00e9e\u00a0: \u00abTariq Ramadan a abus\u00e9 de mes faiblesses\u00bb, La Parisien, 28 October 2017 Yorke, Harry; Lawford, Emily (7 November 2017). \"Oxford academic defends Tariq Ramadan amid claims he is being attacked for being a 'prominent Muslim'\". The Telegraph. London. Retrieved 7 November 2017. Huggler, Justin (5 November 2017). \"Oxford professor accused of sexual misconduct with Swiss minors\". The Telegraph. London. Retrieved 7 November 2017. Samuel, Henry (6 November 2017). \"Charlie Hebdo receives death threats over Tariq Ramadan front page\". The Daily Telegraph. Retrieved 19 November 2017. Anizon, Emmanuelle; Deffontaines, C\u00e9cile (8 November 2017). \"Tariq Ramadan, la chute d'un gourou\" [Tariq Ramadan, the fall of a guru]. L'Obs (in French). Retrieved 19 November 2017. Hamel, Ian (28 January 2018). \"Tariq Ramadan persona non grata au Qatar\". Mondafrique. Retrieved 30 January 2018. \"Le Qatar interdit de territoire Tariq Ramadan\". 20 Minutes. 30 January 2018. Retrieved 31 January 2018. Chrisafis, Angelique (31 January 2018). \"Oxford professor Tariq Ramadan taken into custody by French police\". The Guardian. Retrieved 31 January 2018. \"New evidence in rape case undermines Tariq Ramadan's alibi\". The National. 26 March 2018. Retrieved 27 March 2018. AFP. \"Third woman accuses Swiss Islamic scholar Tariq Ramadan of rape\". The Local Switzerland. Retrieved 11 March 2018. \"French-Moroccan Woman Files Another Rape Complaint Against Tariq Ramadan\". Morocco World News. Retrieved 11 March 2018. Noor Nanji. \"New sexual assault complaint against Tariq Ramadan in the US\". The National. Retrieved 11 March 2018. \"Tariq Ramadan faces fourth claim of rape\". Arab News. Retrieved 11 March 2018. Eman El-Shenawi. \"Rape-accused Tariq Ramadan faces US charges as 'Muslim victim comes forward'\". Al Arabiya English. Retrieved 11 March 2018. \"Rape-accused Islamic scholar Tariq Ramadan 'paid woman for silence' in 2015\". Al Arabiya. 5 April 2018. Retrieved 5 April 2018. \"Une plainte pour viol vise Tariq Ramadan \u00e0 Gen\u00e8ve\". La Tribune de Gen\u00e8ve. Retrieved 13 April 2018. \"Islamic scholar Tariq Ramadan faces new rape claim\". The National. Retrieved 15 April 2018. Noor Nanji. \"Tariq Ramadan admits relationship with rape complainant\". The National. Retrieved 23 April 2018. \"Tariq Ramadan's accuser changes details of rape account\". Al Jazeera Media Network. Al Jazeera English. 30 May 2018. Retrieved 2 June 2018. Oborne, Peter. \"Tariq Ramadan and the integrity of French justice\". The Spectator. Diane Greenberg. \"Tariq Ramadan accuser says academic must 'recognise the truth'\". The National. Retrieved 3 July 2018. Zoubida Senoussi. \"Tariq Ramadan Confesses to 5 Extramarital Affairs\". Morocco World News. Retrieved 19 June 2018. \"French judges dismiss third rape probe against Tariq Ramadan\". Channel NewsAsia. Mediacorp. Retrieved 30 June 2018. 2013 and 2014, lawyer Emmanuel Marsigny said. \"The magistrates considered, following explanations from Mr Ramadan and some documents that he was able to provide, that there was no need to investigate Mr Ramadan concerning\" the third woman, he added. \"He explained at length to the magistrates... that there had been sexual games, that there had been sexual relations as well, but that they were always freely consensual.\" \"Tariq Ramadan: la version de la premi\u00e8re plaignante affaiblie par l'enqu\u00eate\" (in French). M\u00e9diaQMI inc. TVA Nouvelles. 19 July 2018. Retrieved 20 July 2018. Millichronicle (23 October 2018). \"Adviser of Middle East Monitor \u2013 Tariq Ramadan justifies his Rape case as 'consensual sex'\". Retrieved 10 May 2021. Prentis, Jamie (11 September 2019). \"Tariq Ramadan book to be published despite pleas of rape accuser\". The National. https://www.kristeligt-dagblad.dk/debat/tariq-ramadan-om-sigtelser-voldtaegt-jeg-er-offer-statsracisme. \"Tariq Ramadan om sigtelser for voldt\u00e6gt: Jeg er offer for statsracisme\". Kristeligt Dagblad. Birthe Pedersen. 17. September 2019. AFP, Le Figaro avec (13 February 2020). \"Tariq Ramadan mis en examen pour le viol de deux autres femmes\". Le Figaro.fr (in French). Retrieved 13 February 2020. \"Tariq Ramadan \u00e0 nouveau hospitalis\u00e9\". Le Figaro (in French). 10 March 2018. Retrieved 18 July 2018. \"British Muslim Awards 2014 winners\". Asian Image. 31 January 2014. Retrieved 1 November 2015. \"Second rape allegation against famous Oxford Islamologist\" (31 October 2017), La Croix. 28 February 2020. \"AAR Sues to Prevent United States from Denying Foreigners Entry Based on Ideas, Viewpoints\" in Religious Studies News, March 2006, p. 6 Media related to Tariq Ramadan at Wikimedia Commons Publications by and about Tariq Ramadan in the catalogue Helveticat of the Swiss National Library Appearances on C-SPAN"
   },
   {
    "name": "Augustin-Pyramus de Candolle",
    "id": "Q123057",
    "text": "Augustin Pyramus (or Pyrame) de Candolle (UK: /k\u00e6n\u02c8d\u0252l/, US: /k\u0252\u0303\u02c8d\u0254\u02d0l/, French:\u00a0[k\u0251\u0303d\u0254l]; 4 February 1778\u00a0\u2013 9 September 1841) was a Swiss botanist. Ren\u00e9 Louiche Desfontaines launched de Candolle's botanical career by recommending him at a herbarium. Within a couple of years de Candolle had established a new genus, and he went on to document hundreds of plant families and create a new natural plant classification system. Although de Candolle's main focus was botany, he also contributed to related fields such as phytogeography, agronomy, paleontology, medical botany, and economic botany. De Candolle originated the idea of \"Nature's war\", which influenced Charles Darwin and the principle of natural selection. de Candolle recognized that multiple species may develop similar characteristics that did not appear in a common evolutionary ancestor; a phenomenon now known as convergent evolution. During his work with plants, de Candolle noticed that plant leaf movements follow a near-24-hour cycle in constant light, suggesting that an internal biological clock exists. Though many scientists doubted de Candolle's findings, experiments over a century later demonstrated that \u2033the internal biological clock\u2033 indeed exists. De Candolle's descendants continued his work on plant classification; son Alphonse and grandson Casimir de Candolle contributed to the Prodromus Systematis Naturalis Regni Vegetabilis, a catalog of plants begun by Augustin Pyramus de Candolle. Augustin Pyramus de Candolle was born on 4 February 1778 in Geneva, Republic of Geneva, to Augustin de Candolle, a former official, and his wife, Louise El\u00e9onore Bri\u00e8re. His family descended from one of the ancient families of Provence in France, but relocated to Geneva at the end of the 16th century to escape religious persecution. At age seven de Candolle contracted a severe case of hydrocephalus, which significantly affected his childhood. Nevertheless, he is said to have had great aptitude for learning, distinguishing himself in school with his rapid acquisition of knowledge in classical and general literature and his ability to write fine poetry. In 1794, he began his scientific studies at the Coll\u00e8ge de Gen\u00e8ve, where he studied under Jean Pierre \u00c9tienne Vaucher, who later inspired de Candolle to make botanical science the chief pursuit of his life. He spent four years at the Geneva Academy, studying science and law according to his father's wishes. In 1798, he moved to Paris after Geneva had been annexed to the French Republic. His botanical career formally began with the help of Ren\u00e9 Louiche Desfontaines, who recommended de Candolle for work in the herbarium of Charles Louis L'H\u00e9ritier de Brutelle during the summer of 1798. The position elevated de Candolle's reputation and also led to valuable instruction from Desfontaines himself. de Candolle established his first genus, Senebiera, in 1799. De Candolle's first books, Plantarum historia succulentarum (4 vols., 1799) and Astragalogia (1802), brought him to the notice of Georges Cuvier and Jean-Baptiste Lamarck. de Candolle, with Cuvier's approval, acted as deputy at the Coll\u00e8ge de France in 1802. Lamarck entrusted him with the publication of the third edition of the Flore fran\u00e7aise (1805\u20131815), and in the introduction entitled Principes \u00e9l\u00e9mentaires de botanique, de Candolle proposed a natural method of plant classification as opposed to the artificial Linnaean method. The premise of de Candolle's method is that taxa do not fall along a linear scale; they are discrete, not continuous. Lamarck had originally published this work in 1778, with a second edition in 1795. The third edition, which bears the name of both Lamarck and de Candolle, was in reality the work of the latter, the former having only lent his name and access to his collection. In 1804, de Candolle published his Essai sur les propri\u00e9t\u00e9s m\u00e9dicales des plantes and was granted a doctor of medicine degree by the medical faculty of Paris. Two years later, he published Synopsis plantarum in flora Gallica descriptarum. de Candolle then spent the next six summers making a botanical and agricultural survey of France at the request of the French government, which was published in 1813. In 1807 he was appointed professor of botany in the medical faculty of the University of Montpellier, where he would later become the first chair of botany in 1810. His teaching at the University of Montpellier consisted of field classes attended by 200\u2013300 students, starting at 5:00 am and finishing at 7:00 pm. During this period, de Candolle became a close acquaintance of the Portuguese polymath, Jos\u00e9 Correia da Serra, who was Portuguese ambassador to Paris and who circulated in an international network of thinkers ranging from the Briton Joseph Banks to the Americans Thomas Jefferson and William Bartram, and the French scholars Antoine Laurent de Jussieu and Georges Cuvier. Correia's endorsement of the idea of emphasizing similarity and symmetry in classifying plants influenced de Candolle, who acknowledged as much in his writing. While in Montpellier, de Candolle published his Th\u00e9orie \u00e9l\u00e9mentaire de la botanique (Elementary Theory of Botany, 1813), which introduced a new classification system and the word taxonomy. Candolle moved back to Geneva in 1816 and in the following year was invited by the government of the Canton of Geneva to fill the newly created chair of natural history. De Candolle spent the rest of his life in an attempt to elaborate and complete his natural system of botanical classification. de Candolle published initial work in his Regni vegetabillis systema naturale, but after two volumes he realized he could not complete the project on such a large scale. Consequently, he began his less extensive Prodromus Systematis Naturalis Regni Vegetabilis in 1824. However, he was able to finish only seven volumes, or two-thirds of the whole. Even so, he was able to characterize over one hundred families of plants, helping to lay the empirical basis of general botany. Although de Candolle's main focus was botany, throughout his career he also dabbled in fields related to botany, such as phytogeography, agronomy, paleontology, medical botany, and economic botany. In 1827 he was elected an associated member of the Royal Institute of the Netherlands. Augustin de Candolle was the first of four generations of botanists in the de Candolle dynasty. His son, Alphonse Pyramus de Candolle, whom he fathered with his wife, Mademoiselle Torras, eventually succeeded to his father's chair in botany and continued the Prodromus. Casimir de Candolle, Augustin de Candolle's grandson, also contributed to the Prodromus through his detailed, extensive research and characterization of the plant family Piperaceae. Augustin de Candolle's great-grandson, Richard \u00c9mile Augustin de Candolle, was also a botanist. Augustin de Candolle died on 9 September 1841 in Geneva, after being sick for many years. That same year, he was elected as a member of the American Philosophical Society. In 2017, a book was written in French about his life and one of his greatest contributions, the Botanical Garden of Geneva. He is remembered in the plant genera Candollea and Candolleodendron, several plant species like Eugenia candolleana or Diospyros candolleana and the mushroom Psathyrella candolleana. Candollea, a scientific journal that publishes papers on systematic botany and phylotaxonomy, was named after de Candolle and his descendants in honor of their contribution to the field of botany. He was a mentor to the French-Mexican botanist Jean-Louis Berlandier and is credited with encouraging Marie-Anne Libert to investigate cryptogamic flora. de Candolle also had the unexpected distinction of triggering the adoption of pre-paid postage in the Canton and City of Geneva, in a long address which he gave to the governing council in 1843. This led to them issuing Switzerland's second postage stamp, the famous Double Geneva later in that year (see also postage stamps and postal history of Switzerland). De Candolle was the first to put forward the idea of \"Nature's war\", writing of plants being \"at war one with another\" with the meaning of different species fighting each other for space and resources. Charles Darwin studied de Candolle's \"natural system\" of classification in 1826 when at the University of Edinburgh, and in the inception of Darwin's theory in 1838 he considered \"the warring of the species\", adding that it was even more strongly conveyed by Thomas Malthus, producing the pressures that Darwin later called natural selection. In 1839 de Candolle visited Britain and Darwin invited him to dinner, allowing the two scientists the opportunity to discuss the idea. De Candolle was also among the first to recognize the difference between the morphological and physiological characteristics of organs. He ascribed plant morphology as being related to the number of organs and their positions relative to each other rather than to their various physiological properties. Consequently, this made him the first to attempt to attribute specific reasons for structural and numerical relationships amongst organs, and thus to distinguish between major and minor aspects of plant symmetry. To account for modifications of symmetry in parts of different plants, an occurrence that could hinder the discovery of an evolutionary relationship, de Candolle introduced the concept of homology. De Candolle also made contributions to the field of chronobiology. Building upon earlier work on plant circadian leaf movements contributed by such scientists as Jean-Jacques d'Ortous de Mairan and Henri-Louis Duhamel du Monceau, de Candolle observed in 1832 that the plant Mimosa pudica had a free-running period of leaf opening and closing of approximately 22\u201323 hours in constant light, significantly less than the approximate 24-hour period of the Earth's light-dark cycles. Since the period was shorter than 24 hours, he hypothesized that a different clock had to be responsible for the rhythm; the shortened period was not entrained\u2014coordinated\u2014by environmental cues, thus the clock appeared to be endogenous. Despite these findings, a number of scientists continued to search for \"factor X\", an unknown exogenous factor associated with the earth's rotation that was driving circadian oscillations in the absence of a light dark schedule, until the mid-twentieth century. In the mid-1920s, Erwin Bunning repeated Candolle's findings and came to similar conclusions, and studies that showed the persistence of circadian rhythm in the South Pole and in a space lab further confirmed the existence of oscillations in the absence of environmental cues. Reticularia rosea (1798) Historia Plantarum Succulentarum (4 vols., 1799) Archived 2006-09-02 at the Wayback Machine Astragalogia (1802) de Lamarck, Jean-Baptiste; de Candolle, AP (1815) [1805]. Flore fran\u00e7aise ou descriptions succinctes de toutes les plantes qui croissent naturellement en France dispos\u00e9es selon une nouvelle m\u00e9thode d'analyse; et pr\u00e9c\u00e9d\u00e9es par un expos\u00e9 des principes \u00e9l\u00e9mentaires de la botanique (in French) (3rd\u00a0ed.). Paris: Desray. Introduction: Principes \u00e9l\u00e9mentaires de botanique p.\u00a061 also published separately as: \u2013 de Lamarck, Jean-Baptiste; de Candolle, Augustin Pyramus (1805). Principes \u00e9l\u00e9mentaires de botanique et de physique v\u00e9g\u00e9tale (extract) (3rd\u00a0ed.). Paris: Desray. vol. I vol. II vol. III vol. IV Part I Lamarck, Jean Baptiste Pierre Antoine de Monet de; Candolle, Augustin Pyramus de (1815). FLORE FRAN\u00c7AISE, OU, Descriptions succinctes de toutes les plantes qui croissent naturellement en France\u00a0: dispos\u00e2ees selon une nouvelle m\u00e2ethode d'analyse, et pr\u00e2ec\u00e2ed\u00e2ees par un expos\u00e2e des principes \u00e2el\u00e2ementaires de la botanique [SHORT DESCRIPTIONS OF ALL PLANTS WHICH ARE NATURALLY GROWING IN FRANCE, ARRANGED ACCORDING TO A NEW METHOD OF ANALYSIS, And preceded by a Statement of Elementary Principles of Botany] (in French). 1. Desray. vol. V Supplementary volume, volume index page 650 Les liliac\u00e9es vols. 1\u20134, (1805\u20131808) Archived 2011-05-19 at the Wayback Machine of 8 Essai sur les propri\u00e9t\u00e9s m\u00e9dicales des plantes compar\u00e9es avec leurs formes ext\u00e9rieures et leur classification naturelle (1804) Synopsis plantarum in flora Gallica descriptarum (1806) M\u00e9moire sur la G\u00e9ographie des Plantes de France, Consider\u00e9e dans Ses Rapports avec la Hauteur Absolue (1817) de Candolle, AP (1819) [1813]. Th\u00e9orie \u00e9l\u00e9mentaire de la botanique, ou exposition des principes de la classification naturelle et de l'art de d\u00e9crire et d'etudier les v\u00e9g\u00e9taux (2nd\u00a0ed.). D\u00e9terville. (2nd ed. 1819) Flore du Mexique (1819) transcribed in Herv\u00e9 M. Burdet, \"Le r\u00e9cit par Augustin Pyramus de Candolle de l'\u00e9laboration de la Flore du Mexique, dite aussi Flore des dames de Gen\u00e8ve,\" Anales del Jard\u00edn Bot\u00e1nico de Madrid, 54 (1996) 575\u201388. de Candolle, Augustin Pyramus (1818\u20131821). Regni vegetabilis systema naturale, sive Ordines, genera et species plantarum secundum methodi naturalis normas digestarum et descriptarum 2 vols. Paris: Treuttel et W\u00fcrtz. Essai \u00c9l\u00e9mentaire de G\u00e9ographie Botanique (1820) A. P. de Candolle and K. Sprengel. Elements of the philosophy of plants: containing the principles of scientific botany. W. Blackwood, Edinburgh,1821. de Candolle, A. P. (1824\u20131873). Prodromus systematis naturalis regni vegetabilis, sive, Enumeratio contracta ordinum generum specierumque plantarum huc usque cognitarium, juxta methodi naturalis, normas digesta 17 vols. Paris: Treuttel et W\u00fcrtz. First seven volumes 1824\u20131839, continued by Alphonse Pyramus de Candolle de Candolle system The standard author abbreviation DC. is used to indicate this person as the author when citing a botanical name. The Flore fran\u00e7aise (third edition) was published in 1805 in 5 volumes, and reissued in 1815 together with a sixth volume as a supplement Desmond & Moore 1991, p.\u00a0283. Chisholm 1911. Brewster et al. 1842, p.\u00a0253. Gray & Sargent 1889, pp.\u00a0292\u2013293. de Lamarck & de Candolle 1815. Williams & Knapp 2010, p.\u00a0181. Waggoner 2000. Stevens 1994, p.\u00a079. Martius 1843. de Candolle, Augustin-Pyramus; Candaux, Jean-Daniel; Drouin, Jean-Marc (Autumn 2004). \"Memoires et Souvenirs (1878\u20131841)\". Journal of the History of Biology. 37 (3): 603\u2013604. JSTOR\u00a04331909. Diogo, Maria Paula; Carneiro, Ana; Sim\u00f5es, Ana (2001-06-01). \"The Portuguese naturalist Correia da Serra (1751\u20131823) and his impact on early nineteenth-century botany\". Journal of the History of Biology. 34 (2): 353\u2013393. doi:10.1023/A:1010350218005. ISSN\u00a01573-0387. S2CID\u00a014138084. American Catholic Historical Researches (1905). \"Abbe Correa de Serra, the Priest Ambassador of Portugal to the United States, 'The Most Enlightened Foreigner That Ever Visited This Country,' 'The Most Extraordinary Man Living', and 'Claimed as One of the Fathers of Our Country\". The American Catholic Historical Researches. 1:1: 30\u201343. Singh 2004, p.\u00a020. Sachs, Balfour & Garsney 1890, pp.\u00a0127\u2013128. Emerson 1842, pp.\u00a0225\u2013226. \"Augustin Pyramus de Candolle (1778\u20131841)\". Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences. Retrieved 5 October 2016. Trelease 1924, p.\u00a055. Trelease 1924, p.\u00a060. Trelease 1924, p.\u00a061. \"APS Member History\". search.amphilsoc.org. Retrieved 2021-04-12. P. Bungener, P. Mattille & M.W. Callmander (2017). Augustin-Pyramus de Candolle: une passion, un Jardin. Lausanne, Gen\u00e8ve, \u00e9ditions Favre & CJBG http://www.editionsfavre.com/info.php?isbn=978-2-8289-1644-2 Isely 2002, p.\u00a0147. Evenson VS. (1997). Mushrooms of Colorado and the Southern Rocky Mountains. Big Earth Publishing. p.\u00a0136. ISBN\u00a0978-1-56579-192-3. Conservatoire et Jardin botaniques. Maroske, Sara; May, Tom W. (2018-03-01). \"Naming names: the first women taxonomists in mycology\". Studies in Mycology. Leading women in fungal biology. 89: 63\u201384. doi:10.1016/j.simyco.2017.12.001. ISSN\u00a00166-0616. PMC\u00a06002341. PMID\u00a029910514. P Mirabaud & A de Reuterskiold \"The postage stamps of Switzerland 1842-1862\" 1898; facsimile reprint 1975 Quarterman Publications, Laurence Massachusetts Desmond & Moore 1991, p.\u00a0265. Desmond & Moore 1991, p.\u00a043. Allaby 2010, p.\u00a087. McClung 2006. Eckardt 2005. Moore-Ede 1986, pp.\u00a0R741\u2013R742. Albrecht 2010, pp.\u00a03\u20134. IPNI. \u00a0DC. Books Albrecht, Urs (2010). \"A History of Chronobiological Concepts\". The Circadian Clock. Springer New York. pp.\u00a01\u201335. doi:10.1007/978-1-4419-1262-6_1. ISBN\u00a0978-1-4419-1262-6. Allaby, Michael (2010). Plants: Food, Medicine, and the Green Earth. Infobase Publishing. ISBN\u00a0978-0-8160-6102-0. Buek, H.W. (1840\u20131874). Genera, species et synonyma Candolleana: alphabetico ordine disposita, seu Index generalis et specialis ad A.P. Decandolle, Prodromum systematis naturalis regni vegetabilis. Berlin: Sumptibus librariae Nauckianae. Desmond, Adrian; Moore, James (1991). Darwin. London: Michael Joseph, Penguin Group. ISBN\u00a0978-0-7181-3430-3. Gray, Asa; Sargent, Charles (1889). Scientific papers of Asa Gray: Selected by Charles Sprague Sargent. Houghton Mifflin. p.\u00a0292. Retrieved 15 May 2011. Isely, Duane (2002). One Hundred and One Botanists. Purdue University Press. ISBN\u00a0978-1-55753-283-1. Retrieved 13 April 2011. Sachs, Julius; Balfour, Isaac Bayley; Garsney, Henry Edward Fowler (1890). History of Botany (1530\u20131860). Oxford: Clarendon Press. Retrieved 6 May 2011. Singh, Gurcharan (2004). Plant systematics: an integrated approach. Science Publishers. ISBN\u00a0978-1-57808-351-0. Retrieved 13 April 2011. Stevens, Peter Francis (1994). The development of biological systematics: Antoine-Laurent de Jussieu, nature, and the natural system. Columbia University Press. ISBN\u00a0978-0-231-06440-8. Retrieved 13 April 2011. Williams, D. M.; Knapp, Sandra, eds. (2010). Beyond Cladistics: The Branching of a Paradigm. University of California Press. ISBN\u00a0978-0-520-26772-5. Retrieved 15 February 2014. RJ Willis. Augustin Pyramus de Candolle, and His Era; in The History of Allelopathy. Springer 2007 Encyclopaedias \u00a0This article\u00a0incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain:\u00a0Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). \"Candolle, Augustin Pyrame de\". Encyclop\u00e6dia Britannica. 5 (11th\u00a0ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp.\u00a0180\u2013181. Articles Brewster, David; Taylor, Richard; Phillips, Richard; Kane, Robert (March 1842). \"Proceedings of Learned Societies: Royal Society Obituary Notice\". Philosophical Magazine and Journal of Science. 20. Eckardt, Nancy A. (2005). \"Temperature Entrainment of the Arabidopsis Circadian Clock\". The Plant Cell. 17 (3): 645\u2013647. doi:10.1105/tpc.104.031336. PMC\u00a01069688. Emerson, George B (1842). \"A Notice of Prof. Augustine Pyrame de Candolle\". The American Journal of Science and Arts. 42: 217\u2013226. Retrieved 16 May 2011. Martius, Carl Friedrich (July 1843). \"Notice of the Life and Labours of DeCandolle\". The Annals and Magazine of Natural History: Including Zoology, Botany, and Geology. 12 (74): 1\u201320. McClung, C. Robertson (2006). \"Plant Circadian Rhythms\". The Plant Cell. 18 (4): 792\u2013794. doi:10.1105/tpc.106.040980. PMC\u00a01425852. PMID\u00a016595397. Moore, Robert; Eichler, Victor (July 1972). \"Loss of a circadian adrenal corticosterone rhythm following suprachiasmatic lesions in the rat\". Brain Research. 42 (1): 201\u2013206. doi:10.1016/0006-8993(72)90054-6. PMID\u00a05047187. Moore-Ede, MC. (1986). \"Physiology of the circadian timing system: predictive versus reactive homeostasis\". American Journal of Physiology. Regulatory, Integrative and Comparative Physiology. 250 (5): R737\u2013R752. doi:10.1152/ajpregu.1986.250.5.r737. PMID\u00a03706563. Johnson, Maynard S (1926). \"Activity and distribution of certain wild mice in relation to biotic communities\". Journal of Mammalogy. 7 (2): 245\u2013277. doi:10.2307/1373575. JSTOR\u00a01373575. Stephan, Friedrich K; Zucker, Irving (1972). \"Circadian Rhythms in Drinking Behavior and Locomotor Activity of Rats Are Eliminated by Hypothalamic Lesions\". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 69 (6): 1583\u20131586. Bibcode:1972PNAS...69.1583S. doi:10.1073/pnas.69.6.1583. PMC\u00a0426753. PMID\u00a04556464. Trelease, William (July 1924). \"Four Generations of Memorable Botanists\". The Scientific Monthly. 19 (1): 53\u201362. Bibcode:1924SciMo..19...53T. JSTOR\u00a07220. Websites \"de Candolle, Augustin Pyramus (1778\u20131841)\". International Plant Names Index. 7 January 2009. Retrieved 6 May 2011. \"Candollea\". Conservatoire et Jardin botaniques. Ville de Gen\u00e8ve. Retrieved 6 May 2011. Waggoner, Ben (7 July 2000). \"Carl Linnaeus (1707\u20131778)\". University of California Museum of Paleontology. University of California. Archived from the original on 30 April 2011. Retrieved 6 May 2011. Linnaeus freely admitted that this produced an \"artificial classification\", not a natural one, which would take into account all the similarities and differences between organisms. Works by Augustin Pyramus de Candolle at Biodiversity Heritage Library Works by Augustin Pyramus de Candolle at Open Library Works by or about Augustin Pyramus de Candolle at Internet Archive Works by or about Augustin Pyramus de Candolle in libraries (WorldCat catalog)"
   },
   {
    "name": "Jacques Necker",
    "id": "Q123062",
    "text": "Jacques Necker (IPA:\u00a0[\u0292ak n\u025bk\u025b\u0281]; 30 September 1732 \u2013 9 April 1804) was a Genevan banker who served as finance minister for Louis XVI and a statesman. Necker held the finance post between July, 1777 and 1781, being \"remembered today for taking the unprecedented step in 1781 of making public the country\u2019s budget, a novelty in an absolute monarchy where the state of finances had always been kept a secret.\" Necker was dismissed within a few months. By 1788 the inexorable compounding of interest on the national debt brought France to a fiscal crisis. Necker was recalled to royal service. When he was dismissed on 11 July 1789, it was a factor in causing the Storming of the Bastille. Within two days Necker was recalled by the king and the assembly. Necker entered France in triumph and tried to accelerate the tax reform process. Faced with the opposition of the Constituent Assembly he resigned in September 1790 to a reaction of general indifference. Necker was a constitutional monarchist, a political economist, and a moralist, who wrote a severe critique of the new principle of equality before the law. Necker was born in Geneva in a Calvinist household. In 1747 Jacques became a clerk in the bank of Thellusson and Vernet. In 1750 he was sent to Paris and worked for the bank Girardot. Soon after he managed to learn Dutch and English. On one day, he replaced the first clerk in charge of trading on the stock exchange and through a sequence of trades, he made a quick profit of half a million. In 1762, Vernet retired and Necker became a partner in the bank with Peter Thellusson who managed the bank in London, while Necker served as his managing partner in Paris. In 1763, before the end of the Seven Years' War, he successfully speculated in British debentures or bonds, wheat, and possibly Canadian shares, which he sold at a good profit in the next few years. Necker had fallen in love with Madame de Verm\u00e9nou, the widow of a French officer. When she went to see Th\u00e9odore Tronchin, she became acquainted with Suzanne Curchod. In 1764, Madame de Verm\u00e9nou brought Suzanne to Paris as a companion for Thelusson's children. Suzanne was engaged to British writer Edward Gibbon, but he was forced to break the engagement. Necker transferred his love from the wealthy widow to the ambitious Swiss governess. They married before the end of the year. In 1766, they moved to Rue de Cl\u00e9ry and had a daughter, Anne Louise Germaine, later the famed author and salonni\u00e8re Madame de Sta\u00ebl. Madame Necker encouraged her husband to try to find himself a public position. He accordingly became a syndic (or director) of the French East India Company, around which a fierce political debate revolved in the 1760s between the company's directors and shareholders and the royal ministry over its administration and the company's autonomy. After showing his financial ability in its management, Necker defended the company's autonomy in an able memoir against the attacks of Morellet in 1769. As the company never made any profit during its existence, the monopoly ended. The era of free trade had begun. Necker bought up the company's ships and stock of unsold goods when it went bankrupt in 1769. From 1768 till 1776 he made loans to the French government in the form of life annuities and by lottery operations. His wife made him give up his share in the bank, which he transferred to his brother Louis Necker and Jean Girardot in 1772. In 1773, Necker won the prize of the Acad\u00e9mie Fran\u00e7aise for a defense of state corporatism framed as an eulogy in honor of Louis XIV's minister Jean-Baptiste Colbert. Necker's capital amounted to six or eight million livres, and he used Ch\u00e2teau de Madrid as a summer house. In 1775, in Essai sur la l\u00e9gislation et le commerce des grains, he attacked the physiocrats, like Ferdinando Galiani, and questioned the laissez-faire policies of Turgot, the Controller-General of Finances. Turgot had made too many enemies; in May 1776, he was dismissed. But his successor, Clugny de Nuis, died in October. Therefore, on 22 October 1776, on the recommendation of Maurepas, Necker was appointed \"Directeur du tr\u00e9sor royal\". (As a Protestant, Necker could not serve as Controller.) On 29 June 1777, according to his daughter in her \"Vie priv\u00e9e de Mr. Necker\" he was made director-general of the royal treasury and not Controller-General of Finance which was impossible because of his Protestant faith. Necker refused a salary, but he was not admitted to the Royal Council. He gained popularity through regulating the government's finances by attempting to divide the taille and the capitation tax more equally, abolishing a tax known as the vingti\u00e8me d'industrie, (a value-added tax) and establishing monts de pi\u00e9t\u00e9 (pawnshop-like establishments for loaning money on security). Necker tried through careful reforms (abolition of pensions, mortmain, droit de suite and more fair taxation) to rehabilitate the disorganized state budget. He abolished over five hundred sinecures and superfluous posts. Together with his wife, he visited and improved life in hospitals and prisons. In April 1778 he remitted 2.4 million livres from his own fortune to the royal treasury. Unlike Turgot - in his M\u00e9moire sur les municipalit\u00e9s - Necker tried to install provincial assemblies and hoped they could serve as an effective means of reforming the Ancien r\u00e9gime. Necker succeeded only in Berry and Haute-Guyenne installing assemblies with an equal number of members from the Third estate. His greatest financial measures were his use of loans to help fund the French debt and his use of high interest rates rather than raising taxes. The collection of indirect taxes was restored to the farmers-general (1780), but Necker reduced their number by a third and subjected them to sharper scrutiny and control. The American War of independence was popular with almost every Frenchman, except Necker. For the first time the king waged a war without raising the taxes. As France in the American Revolutionary War had financed its participation almost exclusively by municipal bonds, Necker warned of the consequences for the French national budget as the war continued. (The war had cost the state already ca. 1.5 billion livres.) The ministers of War and Navy were especially hostile towards him. In September 1780 Necker asked for his dismission, but the King refused to let him go. By 1781, France was suffering financially, and as director-general of the royal treasury he was blamed for the rather high debt accrued from the American Revolution. A series of pamphlets appeared. Jacques-Mathieu Augeard attacked him on his foreign origin, his faith, and economic choices. The main reason behind this was the action of Necker \"cooking the books\" or falsifying the records. He brightened the picture by excluding military outlays and other 'extraordinary' charges and ignoring the national debt. Both Necker and Calonne were deceived with the amount of pensions and gratifications. The king spent much more on his brothers than on public health. After Necker had shown Louis XVI his annual report, the king tried to keep its contents secret. Necker met the challenge aggressively by asking the King to bring him into the royal council. In revenge, Necker made the Compte rendu au roi public; in no time between 200,000 copies were sold. It was rapidly translated into Dutch, German, Danish, Italian and English. In his most influential work, which brought him instant fame, Necker summarized governmental income and expenditures to provide the first record of royal finances ever made public. The Account was meant to be an educational piece for the people, and in it, he expressed his desire to create a well-informed, interested populace. Before, the people had never considered governmental income and expenditure to be their concern, but the Compte rendu made them more proactive. Maurepas became jealous and Vergennes called him a revolutionist. Necker declared that he would resign unless given the full title and authority of a minister, with a seat on the Conseil du Roi. Both Maurepas and Vergennes replied that they would resign if this was done. When Necker was dismissed on 19 May 1781, people of all stations flocked to his home at St. Ouen. Joseph II sent his condolences and Catherine the Great invited him to Russia. In August 1781 Madame Necker went as far as Utrecht to buy the libels that appeared in the name of Turgot against her husband. She even tried to have the booksellers arrested. Did Necker and his brother receive annually 8 million livres as a pension? In any case Jacques bought an estate in Coppet and Louis in Cologny, both near Lake Geneva. In retirement, Necker, believing in \"credible policy\", occupied himself with law and economics, producing his famous Trait\u00e9 de l'administration des finances de la France (1784). Calonne tried to prevent the spread in Paris. Never had a work on such a serious a subject obtained such general success; 80.000 copies were sold. In 1781 Congress appointed Robert Morris (financier) as Superintendent of Finance after the US went bankrupt. In 1783 Morris cut off interest payments to France, its largest foreign creditor. Thomas Jefferson, who had succeeded Franklin as American minister to France and John Adams as head of American finance in Europe in 1785, learned about the meeting between the Van Staphorsts\u2019 representatives and the French Minister of Finance only in November 1786, when he received a redacted document describing the Dutch offer from \u00c9tienne Clavi\u00e8re, a Genevan banker and pro-America. The Necker family returned to the Paris region, supposing they were present at the wedding of their only daughter Germaine in January 1786. The impending national bankruptcy of France caused Calonne to convene an Assembly of notables under the elimination of parlements in order to enforce tax reforms. It had not met since 1626. One could not issue new loans without the Parlements' approval. In his speech Calonne expressed doubts about Necker's statistics in the Compte rendu. According to him they were false and misleading, as the state revenues had been revised upwards. For Calonne the French deficit was caused by Necker, who had not raised the taxes. However, Calonne got involved in several financial scandals regarding the \"Calonne Company\" and was dismissed by the king on 8 April 1787. On 11 April Necker replied on the charges made by Calonne. Two days later Louis XVI banished Necker by a lettre de cachet for his very public exchange of pamphlets. After two months Necker was allowed to return to Paris. Necker published his: Nouveaux \u00e9claircissement sur le compte rendu. Also Louis Philippe II, Duke of Orl\u00e9ans and his secretary Charles-Louis Ducrest came up with proposals. The next minister of finance Lom\u00e9nie de Brienne resigned within fifteen months, on 24 August 1788; the king allowed him an enormous pension. On September 7, 1788, Paris was looking at famine, and Necker suspended the exportation of corn, purchased seventy million livres of wheat, and publicly reposted the decree of the King's Council of April 23, 1789 allowing police to inspect granaries and private inventories of grain, but none of these efforts could solve the problem. In 1788 insurrections broke out in Brittany, Necker was sacked again, and in a letter to Florimond Claude, Comte de Mercy-Argenteau, Marie-Antoinette took personal credit for forcing the king's hand on this matter, believing that Necker would lessen the King's authority and saying \"the moment is pressing. It is very essential that Necker should accept.\" On 25 or 26 August Necker was called back to office accompanied by fireworks. According to John Hardman Marie-Antoinette helped to organise Necker's return to power. This time he insisted on the title of Controller-General of Finances and access to the royal council. Necker was appointed as Chief minister of France. He revoked the order of 16 August requiring bondholders to accept paper instead of money; government bonds rose 30% on the market. On 7 September Necker forbade the export of grain. Nicolaas van Staphorst told Necker that the entire French debt might be redeemed without any loss through the Amsterdam capital markets. Necker, however, was strapped for cash and was willing to listen to any offers. The Van Staphorsts repeated their initial offer for the American bonds. Necker warmed to the proposal but asked for collatoral and the sanction of a large investment bank. Necker decided that without collateral or the sanction of a major investment bank, the proposal was not acceptable. The bankers advanced the treasury sufficient funds to forestall a crisis over the next year. The winter of 1788-89 was one of the bitterest in history. In the summer of 1789 when the population suffered from famine Necker intervened personally and successfully at the Amsterdam bank Hope & Co. to supply the 'King of France' with grain. The 2.4 million in the royal treasury he used as a collateral. Necker's method sought a more limited monarchy along the English constitutional and financial model. According to Peter Kropotkin, Necker \"helped to shake down the system which was already tottering to its fall, but he was powerless to prevent the fall from becoming a revolution: probably he did not even perceive that it was impending.\" Necker succeeded in doubling the representation of the Third Estate to satisfy the nation's people. The Third Estate had as many deputies as the other two orders together. His address at the Estates-General on 5 May 1789 about the fundamental problems as financial health, constitutional monarchy, and institutional and political reforms lasted three hours. Necker suffered from a cold and after fifteen minutes he asked the secretary of the Agricultural Society to read the remainder. He invited the representatives to leave aside their factional interests and take into consideration the general, long-term interests of the nation. Personal rivalries and radical claims had to give way to a pragmatic spirit of moderation and conciliation. Necker's last sentence of the speech: \"Finally, gentlemen, you will not be envious of what only time can achieve, and you will leave something for it to do. For if you attempt to reform everything that seems imperfect, your work will lead to poor results.\" According to Simon Schama, he \"appeared to consider the Estates-General to be a facility designed to help the administration rather than to reform government\". Two weeks later Necker seems to have sought to persuade the king to adopt a constitution similar to that of England and advised him in the strongest possible terms to make the necessary concessions before it was too late. According to Fran\u00e7ois Mignet \"He hoped to reduce the number of orders, and bring about the adoption of the English form of government, by uniting the clergy and nobility in one chamber, and the third estate in another.\" Necker warned the king that unless the privileged orders yielded, the States-General would collapse, taxes would not be paid, and the government would be bankrupt. On 17 June 1789, the first act of the new National Assembly in revolutionary France declared all existing taxes illegal. Necker had legitimate reasons to be concerned about the implications of this unprecedented decision. On 23 June the king proposed to the royal council the dissolution of the Assembly. On 11 July, the king advised Necker to leave the country immediately. According to Jean Luzac they went for a walk in a parc and from there got into their carriage to drive to their estate in Saint-Ouen at seven in the evening. When the news became known the next day it enraged Camille Desmoulins. Wax heads of Necker and the duc d\u2019Orl\u00e9ans were taken through the streets to the Tuileries. The Royal Guard allegedly chose to open fire rather than salute the likenesses. The threat of a counter-revolution caused citizens to take up arms and storm the Bastille on 14 July. The king and the Assembly recalled the immensely popular Necker to a third ministry in a letter dated 16 July. Necker replied from Basle on the 23rd. He wrote to his brother that he was going back to the abyss. His successor, the 74-year-old Joseph Foullon de Dou\u00e9 was hanged from a lamppost on the 22nd. His entry into Versailles on the 29th was a festival day; he demanded a pardon for Baron de Besenval, who was imprisoned after given command of the troops concentrated in and around Paris early July. On August 4, 1789, the day when Feudalism was abolished by the National Assembly, Necker is quoted as saying, \"The collectors of the taille are at their last shift.\" Necker proved to be powerless as tax-revenue dropped quickly. Credit was wrecked, according to Talleyrand; for Mirabeau \"the deficit was the treasure of the nation\" as it had made many changes possible. In September the treasury was empty. According to Marat the whole famine was the work of one man, accusing Necker of buying up all the corn on every side, in order that Paris had none. Talleyrand, the bishop of Autun proposed \"national goods\" should be given back to the nation. In November 1789 ecclesiastical possessions were confiscated. Necker proposed to borrow from \"Caisse d'Escompte\", but his intention to change the private bank into a national bank as the Bank of England failed. A general bankruptcy seemed certain. Mirabeau proposed to LaFayette to overthrow Necker. On 21 December 1789 a first decree was voted through, ordering the issue (in April 1790) of 400 million assignats, certificates of indebtedness of 1,000 livres each, with an interest rate of 5%, secured and repayable based on the auctioning of the \"Biens nationaux\". Once the assignats were paid, they had to be destroyed or burnt. In January, 1790, Necker obtained an order of arrest against Jean-Paul Marat, for having \"had openly espoused the cause of the people, the poorest classes,\" according to Peter Kropotkin and Marat was forced to flee to London. On 10 March 1790, on the proposition P\u00e9tion, the administration of the church property was transferred to the municipalities. In the past few months \u00c9tienne Clavi\u00e8re lobbied for large issues of assignats representing national wealth and operating as legal tender. For daily life smaller denominations were needed and extended to the whole of France. On 17 April 1790, the new notes of 200 and 300 livres were declared legal tender but their interest was reduced to 3%. The assignats would compensate for the scarcity of coin and would revive industry and trade. In May 1790 the feudal and ecclesiastical properties were sold against assignats. Constitutional monarchists such as Maury, Cazal\u00e8s, Bergasse and d'Epr\u00e9mesnil opposed it. The deputies in the Convention prepared a surety for future issues of paper money (on 19 June, 29 July). Half of the taxes over the preceding year were still not received. People who earned more than 400 livres were invited to go to their municipality and fulfil their duty. As it was not the final cure he asked his friends, the Geneva \"banquiers\", to pay the arrears the Assembly turned it down. The political scene came to be dominated by \"clamorous spectators, passionate judges, and ungovernable agitators\". Necker was continuously attacked by Jean-Paul Marat in his pamphlets and by Jacques-Ren\u00e9 H\u00e9bert in his newspaper. Count Mirabeau, who played a decisive role in the Assembly, accused him of complete financial dictatorship. For Mirabeau, to express doubts in the assignats, was to express doubts in the revolution. At the end of August the government was again in distress; four months after the first issue the money was spent. Montesquiou-F\u00e9zensac, the teacher of Mirabeau, presented a report in the Assembly. Assignats should be used not only for payment of church property. Montesquiou had massively exaggerated the amount of the redeemable debt, probably to convince the Assembly. On 27 August 1790 the Assembly decided another issue of 1.9 billion assignats which would become legal tender before the end of the year. Necker endeavored to dissuade the Assembly from the proposed issue; suggesting that other means could be found for accomplishing the result, and he predicted terrible evils. Necker was not backed by Comte de Mirabeau, his strongest opponent who called for \"national money\" and won that day. A few crowds were sent to shout and threaten him. When all resources were exhausted, the Assembly created paper money, according to Necker. He handed in his resignation on 3 September. The massive and dangerous issue of 1.9 billion he succeeded to get down to 800 million, but the attacks influenced his resignation. Necker did not step down on the decision to make the assignat legal tender, but on the choice to issue the paper money for the full value of the land instead of one-quarter of it, and a foul campaign against his person, and the loss of confidence in parliament. The Assembly decreed that it would itself direct the public Treasury. Necker foretold that the paper money, with which the dividends were about to be paid, would soon be of no value. Du Pont de Nemours feared the emission of assignats would double the price of bread. Since no one had truly the right to make assignats, everyone would soon begin to do so. Montesquiou-F\u00e9zensac, charged with the issue of assignats, feared stockjobbing and greed. A declaration (14 Oct) suspending all interest payments turned the assignats into fiat paper money proper. Necker's efforts to keep the financial situation afloat were ineffective. His popularity vanished and he resigned with a damaged reputation. Necker left leaving two million livres in the public treasury; he took 1/5 of the amount with him. Necker, suspected of reactionary tendencies, traveled east to Arcis-sur-Aube and Vesoul, where he was arrested, but on 11 September he was allowed to leave the country. At Coppet Castle he occupied himself with political economy, and law. At the end of 1792, he published a brochure on the trial against Louis XVI. The Neckers were far from welcome in Geneva. Many of the French \u00e9migr\u00e9s considered them Jacobins, and many of the Swiss Jacobins thought them conservative. Initially living in Rolle, the Neckers moved to an apartment in Beaulieu Castle. (In 1793 Necker moved because of the installation of a revolutionary government in Geneva.) After being put on the list of \u00c9migr\u00e9s Necker was not paid any interest on the money he had left in the treasury. His house in Rue de la Chauss\u00e9e-d'Antin, his estate in Saint-Ouen s\u00fbr Seine and the two million livres were confiscated by the French government. Mme Necker, who had always seen herself as ill, sank into mental illness. Since the birth of Germaine she was correcting the most morbid clauses of her will and insisted to be embalmed by Samuel-Auguste Tissot, preserved and exhibited in a bedroom for four months. He continued to live under the care of his daughter. By 1794 France would be flooded by false assignats. But his time was past, and his books had except abroad no political influence.[citation needed] In 1795 Germaine moved to Paris with Benjamin Constant, but she came back, sometimes involuntary and founded the Cercle de Coppet. In March 1798 a momentary excitement was caused by the French invasion of Switzerland when the city of Bern was attacked. Necker was treated with respect, when the army passed his mansion. In July 1798 he was removed from the list of \u00c9migr\u00e9s. His house in the 9th arrondissement of Paris was sold to (or occupied by?) the husband of Juliette R\u00e9camier. Early June 1800 Necker met with Napoleon on his way to Marengo. In confidence, Napoleon told him about his plans to reestablish a monarchy in France. The publication of Necker's \"Last Views on Politics and Finance\" in 1802 upset the first consul. He threatened to exile Madame de Sta\u00ebl from Paris because of this book. Although Necker had never been a republican before, toward the end of his life, he engaged seriously with the project of creating and consolidating a republic \"one and indivisible\" in France. Necker then foretold the suppression of the Tribunat as it took place under the French Consulate. His claim of two million on the state treasury was not recognized by the French Senate. Necker was buried next to his wife in the garden of Coppet Castle; the mausoleum was sealed in 1817 after Germaine had been buried there too. The Charter of 1814 signed by Louis XVIII at Saint-Ouen s\u00fbr Seine contained almost all the articles in support of liberty proposed by Necker before the Revolution of 14 July 1789. Therefore, George Armstrong Kelly called him the \"grandfather of Restoration Liberalism.\" \"Posterity has not been fair to Necker\", according to Aurelian Craiutu. On 11 August 1792, the day after the Storming of the Tuileries, all the busts were removed from the town hall, including the one of Necker by Jean-Antoine Houdon and smashed. Like Mirabeau, the Marquis De Lafayette, Barnave and P\u00e9tion Necker was only temporarily supported by the people. His father, Karl Friedrich Necker, was a native of K\u00fcstrin in Neumark, Prussia (now Kostrzyn nad Odr\u0105, Poland). After publishing some works, Karl Friedrich was appointed in Geneva in 1724 as a professor in public law. He started a boarding school for young Englishmen, later assisted by his son Louis Necker, a mathematician and banker. In 1786 Necker's daughter Germaine married Erik Magnus Sta\u00ebl von Holstein; she was to become a prominent figure in her own right and a leading opponent of Napoleon Bonaparte. On 22 March 1814, she was promised 21 years of interest on her father's investment in the public treasury. After his death his daughter published \"Vie priv\u00e9e de Mr. Necker\". His grandson Auguste de Sta\u00ebl (1790 \u2013 1827) edited the Complete Oeuvres by Jacques Necker. His nephew Jacques Necker (1757-1825), a botanist, married Albertine Necker de Saussure. They took care of their uncle after his wife had died in 1794. Their son was the geologist and crystallographer Louis Albert Necker de Saussure. Necker Hospital for Children (Paris, France) Necker Island (Northwestern Hawaiian Islands) Necker middle school (Coppet, Switzerland) R\u00e9ponse au m\u00e9moire de M. l\u2019abb\u00e9 Morellet sur la Compagnie des Indes, 1769 \u00c9loge de Jean-Baptiste Colbert, 1773 Sur la L\u00e9gislation et le commerce des grains, 1775 M\u00e9moire au roi sur l\u2019\u00e9tablissement des administrations provinciales, 1776 Lettre au roi, 1777 Compte rendu au roi, 1781 De l\u2019Administration des finances de la France, 1784, 3 vol. in-8\u00b0 Correspondance de M. Necker avec M. de Calonne. (29 janvier-28 f\u00e9vrier 1787), 1787 De l\u2019importance des opinions religieuses, 1788 De la Morale naturelle, suivie du Bonheur des sots, 1788 Suppl\u00e9ment n\u00e9cessaire \u00e0 l\u2019importance des opinions religieuses, 1788 Sur le compte rendu au roi en 1781\u00a0: nouveaux \u00e9claircissements, 1788 Rapport fait au roi dans son conseil par le ministre des finances, 1789 Derniers conseils au roi, 1789 Hommage de M. Necker \u00e0 la nation fran\u00e7aise, 1789 Observations sur l\u2019avant-propos du \u00ab\u00a0Livre rouge\u00a0\u00bb, v. 1790 Opinion relativement au d\u00e9cret de l\u2019Assembl\u00e9e nationale, concernant les titres, les noms et les armoiries, v. 1790 Sur l\u2019administration de M. Necker, 1791 R\u00e9flexions pr\u00e9sent\u00e9es \u00e0 la nation fran\u00e7aise sur le proc\u00e8s intent\u00e9 \u00e0 Louis XVI, 1792 Du pouvoir ex\u00e9cutif dans les grands \u00c9tats, 1792. De la R\u00e9volution fran\u00e7aise, 1796. Tome 1 Tome 2 Cours de morale religieuse, 1800 Derni\u00e8res vues de politique et de finance, offertes \u00e0 la Nation fran\u00e7aise, 1802 Manuscrits de M. Necker, publi\u00e9s par sa fille (1804) Histoire de la R\u00e9volution fran\u00e7aise, depuis l\u2019Assembl\u00e9e des notables jusques et y compris la journ\u00e9e du 13 vend\u00e9miaire an IV (18 octobre 1795), 1821 Source: Oth\u00e9nin d\u2019Haussonville, p. 4 A Voice of Moderation in the Age of Revolutions: Jacques Necker\u2019s Reflections on Executive Power in Modern Society by Aurelian Craiutu Peter Kropotkin (1909). \"Chapter 5\". The Great French Revolution, 1789-1793. Translated by N. F. Dryhurst. New York: Vanguard Printings. Stael and the French Revolution Introduction by Aurelian Craiutu Macroeconomic Features of the French Revolution, by T.J. Sargent & F.R. Velde, p. 481 A Voice of Moderation in the Age of Revolutions: Jacques Necker\u2019s Reflections on Executive Power in Modern Society, p. 6 by Aurelian Craiutu Brewster, David. The Edinburgh Encyclop\u00e6dia, p. 316 Zeitgenossen. Biographieen und Charakteristiken p. 72 L\u00fcthy, Herbert. Necker et la Compagnie des Indes R\u00e9ponse au M\u00e9moire de M. l'Abb\u00e9 Morellet, sur la Compagnie des Indes Gordon, Daniel. Citizens without Sovereignty: Equality and Sociability in French Thought, p. 197 Keber, Martha L. Seas of Gold, Seas of Cotton: Christophe Poulain DuBignon of Jekyll Island p. 68 De Lapouge, Claude Vacher. Necker \u00e9conomiste, p.48 F. Aftalion, p. 23 Durant, Will and Ariel (1967) Rousseau and Revolution, p. 865 F. Aftalion, p. 22 NECKER\u2019S FIRST MINISTRY: 1776-81 Neckers Charakter und Privatleben: nebst seinen nachgelassenen ..., Band 1, p. 32 Simon Schama, Citizens: A Chronicle of the French Revolution (New York: Random House, 1989), p. 94. Will and Ariel Durant (1967) Rousseau and Revolution, p. 866-867 Oth\u00e9nin d\u2019Haussonville (2004) \"La liquidation du \u2018d\u00e9p\u00f4t\u2019 de Necker: entre concept et id\u00e9e-force,\", p. 154-155 Cahiers sta\u00ebliens, 55 Sur l\u2019administration de M. Necker, p. 365 Donald F. Swanson and Andrew P. Trout, \"Alexander Hamilton, 'the Celebrated Mr. Neckar,' and Public Credit,\" The William and Mary Quarterly 47, no. 3 (1990): 424. Will and Ariel Durant (1967) Rousseau and Revolution, p. 866-867 Will and Ariel Durant (1967) Rousseau and Revolution, p. 870 The French Revolution: An Economic Interpretation by Florin Aftalion, p. 23 F. Aftalion, p. 24 Jean-Denis Bredin (2004) \"Necker, La France et la Gloire,\", p. 15 Cahiers sta\u00ebliens, 55 George Taylor, review of Jacques Necker: Reform Statesman of the Ancien Regime, by Robert D. Harris, Journal of Economic History 40, no. 4 (1980): 878. Annie Duprat, \" Leonard Burnand, The pamphlet against Necker. Media and political imaginary to the xviiie century \", historical Record of the French Revolution [online], 361 | July\u2013September 2010, published online 22 March 2011, accessed 14 November 2018. URL\u00a0: http://journals.openedition.org/ahrf/11742 Annie Duprat, \" Leonard Burnand, The pamphlet against Necker. Media and political imaginary to the xviiie century \", historical Record of the French Revolution [online], 361 | July\u2013September 2010, published online 22 March 2011, accessed 14 November 2018. URL\u00a0: http://journals.openedition.org/ahrf/11742 F. Aftalion, p. 24-25 Taylor, Jacques Necker: Reform, p. 877f. Will and Ariel Durant (1967) Rousseau and Revolution, p. 870 S. Schama, p. 92-93 Francis Page (1797) Secret History of the French Revolution from the Convocation of the Notables ... p. 271-273 The Edinburgh Encyclop\u00e6dia; Conducted by David Brewster, p. 316 Schama, Citizens, 95. S. Schama, p. 93 Considerations on the principal events of the French Revolution Germaine de Sta\u00ebl Tweede briev van Jan van Utrecht, p. 54 Annie Duprat, \" Leonard Burnand, The pamphlet against Necker. Media and political imaginary to the xviiie century \", historical Record of the French Revolution [online], 361 | July\u2013September 2010, published online 22 March 2011, accessed 14 November 2018. URL\u00a0: http://journals.openedition.org/ahrf/11742 The End of the Old Regime in Europe, 1776-1789, Part I: The Great States of ... by Franco Venturi, p. 348 Oth\u00e9nin d\u2019Haussonville (2004) \"La liquidation du \u2018d\u00e9p\u00f4t\u2019 de Necker: entre concept et id\u00e9e-force,\", p. 204 Cahiers sta\u00ebliens, 55 Zeitgenossen: Biograhien und Charakteristiken, Ausgaben 1-4, p. 6 Considerations on the principal events of the French Revolution Germaine de Sta\u00ebl Veru, P. (2021). The French bonds: The little-known bidding war for France's holdings in American debt, 1786\u20131790. Financial History Review, 28(2), 259-280. doi:10.1017/S096856502100010X The French Revolution: An Economic Interpretation by Florin Aftalion, p. 25 The Problem with Necker\u2019s Compte Rendu au roi (1781) by Jo\u00ebl F\u00e9lix From Virtue to Surplus: Jacques Necker's Compte Rendu (1781) and the Origins of Modern Political Discourse by Jacob Soll The French East India Company John Hardman (2016) The life of Louis XVI Madame de Stael by Maria Fairweather \"Charles-Louis Ducrest (1747-1824)\". Peter Kropotkin (1909). \"Chapter 10\". The Great French Revolution, 1789-1793. Translated by N. F. Dryhurst. New York: Vanguard Printings. The distress in the city, however, increased from day to day. It is true that Necker had taken measures to avert the dangers of a famine. On September 7, 1788, he had suspended the exportation of corn, and he was protecting the importation by bounties; seventy million livres were expended in the purchase of foreign wheat. At the same time he gave widespread publicity to the decree of the King's Council of April 23, 1789, which empowered judges and officers of the police to visit private granaries to make an inventory of the grain, and in case of necessity to send the grain to market. But the carrying out of these orders was confided to the old authorities and-no more need be said! Peter Kropotkin (1909). \"Chapter 5\". The Great French Revolution, 1789-1793. Translated by N. F. Dryhurst. New York: Vanguard Printings. At Paris, after the dismissal of the Archbishop of Sens, there were numerous demonstrations. The Pont Neuf was guarded by troops, and several conflicts occurred between them and the people, of whom the leaders were, as Bertrand de Moleville remarks,9 \"those who later on took part in all the popular movements of the Revolution.\" Marie-Antoinette's letter to the Count de Mercy should also be read in this connection. It is dated August 24, 1788, and in it she tells him of her fears, and announces the retirement of the Archbishop of Sens and the steps she had taken to recall Necker; the effect produced on the Court by those riotous crowds can therefore be understood. The Queen foresaw that this recall of Necker would lessen the King's authority; she feared \"that they may be compelled to nominate a prime minister,\" but \"the moment is pressing. It is very essential that Necker should accept.\" Source: J. Feuillet de Conches, Lettres de Louis XVI, Marie-Antoinette et Madame Elisabeth (Paris, 1864), vol. i. pp. 214-216. Will and Ariel Durant (1967) Rousseau and Revolution, p. 948 Madame de Stael by Maria Fairweather Jacques Necker Will and Ariel Durant (1967) Rousseau and Revolution, p. 949 Veru, P. (2021). The French bonds: The little-known bidding war for France's holdings in American debt, 1786\u20131790. Financial History Review, 28(2), 259-280. doi:10.1017/S096856502100010X At Spes non Fracta: Hope & Co. 1770\u20131815, p. 46 by M.G. Buist Oth\u00e9nin d\u2019Haussonville (2004) \"La liquidation du \u2018d\u00e9p\u00f4t\u2019 de Necker: entre concept et id\u00e9e-force,\", p. 156 Cahiers sta\u00ebliens, 55 Neckers Charakter und Privatleben: nebst seinen nachgelassenen ..., Band 1, p. 83 Overture to Revolution: The 1787 Assembly of Notables and the Crisis of France's Old Regime. By John Hardman. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2010. Peter Kropotkin (1909). \"Chapter 6\". The Great French Revolution, 1789-1793. Translated by N. F. Dryhurst. New York: Vanguard Printings. Wikisource Aurelian Craiutu (2012) A Virtue for Courageous Minds: Moderation in French Political Thought, 1748-1830, p. 119-121 R.D. Harris (1986) Necker and the Revolution of 1789, p. 433-434 Schama, Citizens, 345\u201346. Aurelian Craiutu (2012) A Virtue for Courageous Minds: Moderation in French Political Thought, 1748-1830, p. 123 History of the French Revolution from 1789 to 1814 by M. Mignet Will and Ariel Durant (1967) Rousseau and Revolution, p. 958 Aurelian Craiutu (2012) A Virtue for Courageous Minds: Moderation in French Political Thought, 1748-1830, p. 124 Gazette de Leyde - Livraison n\u00b0 58 du 21 juillet 1789 Paris Amanda Spies-Gans, \"\u2018The Fullest Imitation of Life\u2019: Reconsidering Marie Tussaud, Artist-Historian of the French Revolution,\" Journal 18, Issue 3 Lifelike (Spring 2017), http://www.journal18.org/1438. DOI: 10.30610/3.2017.8 Godechot, Jacques. The Taking of the Bastille 14 July 1789. De la R\u00e9volution fran\u00e7aise, Band 2 by Jacques Necker, p. 13 Briefe und Urkunden von Ludwig XVI., Marie Antoinette und Madame Elisabeth, p. 410 Gazette de Leyde - Livraison n\u00b0 63 du 7 ao\u00fbt 1789 History of the French revolution of 1789, Band 1 , p. 568 Peter Kropotkin (1909). \"Chapter 15\". The Great French Revolution, 1789-1793. Translated by N. F. Dryhurst. New York: Vanguard Printings. History of the French Revolution from 1789 to 1814 by M. Mignet Fran\u00e7ois Crouzet (1993) La grande inflation\u00a0: La monnaie en France de Louis XVI \u00e0 Napol\u00e9on, p. 97-98 Historical View of the French Revolution: From Its Earliest Indications to ... by Jules Michelet, p. 248 Crouzet, F. (1993) La grande inflation, p. 101 Crouzet, F. (1993) La grande inflation, p. 104-105 F. Aftalion, p. 64 The French Revolution: An Economic Interpretation by Florin Aftalion, p. 59 Stuff and Money in the Time of the French Revolution by Rebecca L. Spang Historical View of the French Revolution: From Its Earliest Indications to ... by Jules Michelet, p. 288 THE FRENCH REVOLUTION, THE ASSIGNATS, AND THE COUNTERFEITERS Kropotkin, Peter (1909). \"Chapter 28\". The Great French Revolution, 1789\u20131793. Translated by Dryhurst, N. F. New York: Vanguard Printings. Walter, G\u00e9rard (19 September 2012). Marat. Albin Michel. pp.\u00a056\u201359. ISBN\u00a0978-2-226-26096-3. Crouzet, F. (1993) La grande inflation, p. 110 Whatmore, Richard (1996) \"Commerce, Constitutions, and the Manners of a Nation: Etienne Clavi\u00e8re's Revolutionary Political Economy, 1788\u20131793.\" History of European Ideas 22.5-6 (1996): 351\u2013368. Web. F. Aftalion, p. 95 The French Revolution: An Economic Interpretation by Florin Aftalion, p. xii The French Revolution: An Economic Interpretation by Florin Aftalion, p. 80, 95 The French Revolution: An Economic Interpretation by Florin Aftalion, p. 76 Crouzet, F. (1993) La grande inflation, p. 99 Aurelian Craiutu (2012) A Virtue for Courageous Minds: Moderation in French Political Thought, 1748-1830, p. 130 Simon Schama (1989) Citizens, p. 499, 536 E. Levasseur (1894) The Assignats: A Study in the Finances of the French Revolution, p. 183. In: Journal of Political Economy. Vol. 2, No. 2 F. Aftalion, p. 77 F. Aftalion, p. 78 A.D. White (1878) The Assignat|Ann Arbor Library Historical View of the French Revolution: From Its Earliest Indications to ... by Jules Michelet, p. 487 F. Aftalion, p. 84-85 Considerations on the principal events of the French Revolution Germaine de Sta\u00ebl, p. 256-258 Crouzet, F. (1993) La grande inflation, p. 115 Histoire de la r\u00e9volution fran\u00e7aise: depuis l'Assembl\u00e9e des notables ... by Jacques Necker, p. 35 Histoire de la R\u00e9volution fran\u00e7aise par Henri Martin, p. 214 Historical View of the French Revolution: From Its Earliest Indications to ... by Jules Michelet, p. 487 The Money and the Finances of the French Revolution of 1789: Assignats and Mandats: A True History: Including an Examination of Dr. Andrew D. White's Paper Money Inflation in France by Stephen Devalson Dillaye, p. 18 F. Aftalion, p. 81 Stuff and Money in the Time of the French Revolution by Rebecca L. Spang Opinion de M. de Montesquiou sur les assignats-monnoie..., p. 3 THE HISTORY OF ECONOMIC THOUGHT WEBSITE Furet and Ozuof, A Critical Dictionary,288. Doyle, William. The French Revolution. A Very Short Introduction. Histoire de la r\u00e9volution fran\u00e7aise: depuis l'Assembl\u00e9e des notables ... by Jacques Necker, p. 31 Historical Review of the Administration of Mr. Necker by Jacques Necker, p. 373 The Encyclopedists as individuals: a biographical dictionary of the authors of the Encyclop\u00e9die The Miscellaneous Works of Edward Gibbon: With Memoirs of His Life ..., Band 2 by Edward Gibbon, p. 460, 483 Oth\u00e9nin d\u2019Haussonville (2004) \"La liquidation du \u2018d\u00e9p\u00f4t\u2019 de Necker: entre concept et id\u00e9e-force,\", p. 156-158 Cahiers sta\u00ebliens, 55 Oth\u00e9nin d\u2019Haussonville, p. 162-163 Glory and Terror: Seven Deaths Under the French Revolution by Antoine de Baecque Oth\u00e9nin d\u2019Haussonville, p. 169 Considerations on the principal events of the French Revolution by Germaine de Sta\u00ebl, p. 418-420 Oth\u00e9nin d\u2019Haussonville, p. 169 by Madame de Sta\u00ebl, p. 35-36, 42 Considerations on the principal events of the French Revolution Germaine de Sta\u00ebl, p. 459 Aurelian Craiutu (2012) A Virtue for Courageous Minds: Moderation in French Political Thought, 1748-1830, p. 145 Oth\u00e9nin d\u2019Haussonville, p. 177 Oth\u00e9nin d\u2019Haussonville, p. 169 Considerations on the Principal Events of the French Revolution ..., Volume 2 by Madame de Sta\u00ebl, p. 148 Kelly, George A. (1965). \"Liberalism and Aristocracy in the French Restoration\". Journal of the History of Ideas. 26 (4): 510. doi:10.2307/2708497. JSTOR\u00a02708497. A Voice of Moderation in the Age of Revolutions: Jacques Necker\u2019s Reflections on Executive Power in Modern Society by Aurelian Craiutu Jean-Antoine Houdon: Sculptor of the Enlightenment by Anne L. Poulet, p. 351 Jonathan Israel (2015) Revolutionary Ideas, p.\u00a0? Positive principles of Mr. Neker, extracted from all his works Oth\u00e9nin d\u2019Haussonville, p. 195, 205 Biographical Index of Former Fellows of the Royal Society of Edinburgh 1783\u20132002 (PDF). The Royal Society of Edinburgh. July 2006. ISBN\u00a00-902-198-84-X. \"Jacques Necker (1732-1804) - \u0152uvres textuelles de cet auteur\". Biblioth\u00e8que nationale de France. Furet, Fran\u00e7ois, and Mona Ozuof. A Critical Dictionary of the French Revolution. (Belknap Press, 1989) pp 287\u201397 Harris, Robert D. Necker and the Revolution of 1789 (Lanham, MD, 1986) Lefebvre, Georges. The French Revolution: From its Origins to 1793. London: Routledge Classics, 2001. Schama, Simon. Citizens: A Chronicle of the French Revolution. New York: Random House, 1989, chapter Two, V: Last Best Hopes: The Banker Swanson, Donald F, and Andrew P. Trout. \"Alexander Hamilton, the Celebrated Mr. Neckar,\u2019 and Public Credit.\" The William and Mary Quarterly (1990) 47#3 pp 422\u2013430. in JSTOR Taylor, George. Review of Jacques Necker: Reform Statesman of the Ancien Regime, by Robert D. Harris. Journal of Economic History 40, no. 4 (1980): 877\u2013879. doi:10.1017/s0022050700100518 In French (in French) Bredin, Jean-Denis. Une singuli\u00e8re famille: Jacques Necker, Suzanne Necker et Germaine de Sta\u00ebl. Paris: Fayard, 1999 (ISBN\u00a02-213-60280-8). \"Necker, Jacques\"\u00a0. Encyclop\u00e6dia Britannica. 19 (11th\u00a0ed.). 1911. Jacques Necker. Bibliography of Necker's publications. Full text of Principes positifs de M. Neker \u2026 Positive principles of Mr. Neker, extracted from all his works"
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    "name": "William H. Seward",
    "id": "Q297308",
    "text": "William Henry Seward (May 16, 1801 \u2013 October 10, 1872) was United States Secretary of State from 1861 to 1869, and earlier served as governor of New York and as a United States Senator. A determined opponent of the spread of slavery in the years leading up to the American Civil War, he was a prominent figure in the Republican Party in its formative years, and was praised for his work on behalf of the Union as Secretary of State during the Civil War. Seward was born in 1801 in the village of Florida, in Orange County, New York, where his father was a farmer and owned slaves. He was educated as a lawyer and moved to the Central New York town of Auburn. Seward was elected to the New York State Senate in 1830 as an Anti-Mason. Four years later, he became the gubernatorial nominee of the Whig Party. Though he was not successful in that race, Seward was elected governor in 1838 and won a second two-year term in 1840. During this period, he signed several laws that advanced the rights of and opportunities for black residents, as well as guaranteeing fugitive slaves jury trials in the state. The legislation protected abolitionists, and he used his position to intervene in cases of freed black people who were enslaved in the South. After many years of practicing law in Auburn, he was elected by the state legislature to the U.S. Senate in 1849. Seward's strong stances and provocative words against slavery brought him hatred in the South. He was re-elected to the Senate in 1855, and soon joined the nascent Republican Party, becoming one of its leading figures. As the 1860 presidential election approached, he was regarded as the leading candidate for the Republican nomination. Several factors, including attitudes to his vocal opposition to slavery, his support for immigrants and Catholics, and his association with editor and political boss Thurlow Weed, worked against him, and Abraham Lincoln secured the presidential nomination. Although devastated by his loss, he campaigned for Lincoln, who appointed him Secretary of State after winning the election. Seward did his best to stop the southern states from seceding; once that failed, he devoted himself wholeheartedly to the Union cause. His firm stance against foreign intervention in the Civil War helped deter the United Kingdom and France from recognizing the independence of the Confederate States. He was one of the targets of the 1865 assassination plot that killed Lincoln and was seriously wounded by conspirator Lewis Powell. Seward remained in his post through the presidency of Andrew Johnson, during which he negotiated the Alaska Purchase in 1867 and supported Johnson during his impeachment. His contemporary Carl Schurz described Seward as \"one of those spirits who sometimes will go ahead of public opinion instead of tamely following its footprints\". Seward was born on May 16, 1801, in the small community of Florida, New York, in Orange County. He was the fourth son of Samuel Sweezy Seward and his wife Mary (Jennings) Seward. Samuel Seward was a wealthy landowner and slaveholder in New York State; slavery was not fully abolished in the state until 1827. Florida was located some 60 miles (100\u00a0km) north of New York City, west of the Hudson River, and was a small rural village of perhaps a dozen homes. Young Seward attended school there, and also in the nearby county seat of Goshen. He was a bright student who enjoyed his studies. In later years, one of the former family slaves would relate that instead of running away from school to go home, Seward would run away from home to go to school. At the age of 15, Henry\u2014he was known by his middle name as a boy\u2014was sent to Union College in Schenectady, New York. Admitted to the sophomore class, Seward was an outstanding student and was elected to Phi Beta Kappa. Seward's fellow students included Richard M. Blatchford, who became a lifelong legal and political associate. Samuel Seward kept his son short on cash, and in December 1818\u2014during the middle of Henry's final year at Union\u2014the two quarreled about money. The younger Seward returned to Schenectady but soon left school in company with a fellow student, Alvah Wilson. The two took a ship from New York to Georgia, where Wilson had been offered a job as rector, or principal, of a new academy in rural Putnam County. En route, Wilson took a job at another school, leaving Seward to continue on to Eatonton in Putnam County. The trustees interviewed the 17-year-old Seward, and found his qualifications acceptable. Seward enjoyed his time in Georgia, where he was accepted as an adult for the first time. He was treated hospitably, but also witnessed the ill-treatment of slaves. Seward was persuaded to return to New York by his family and did so in June 1819. As it was too late for him to graduate with his class, he studied law at an attorney's office in Goshen before returning to Union College, securing his degree with highest honors in June 1820. After graduation, Seward spent much of the following two years studying law in Goshen and New York City with attorneys John Duer, John Anthon and Ogden Hoffman. He passed the bar examination in late 1822. He could have practiced in Goshen, but he disliked the town and sought a practice in growing Western New York. Seward decided upon Auburn in Cayuga County, which was about 150 miles (200\u00a0km) west of Albany and 200 miles (300\u00a0km) northwest of Goshen. He joined the practice of retired judge Elijah Miller, whose daughter Frances Adeline Miller was a classmate of his sister Cornelia at Emma Willard's Troy Female Seminary. Seward married Frances Miller on October 20, 1824. In 1824, Seward was journeying with his wife to Niagara Falls when one of the wheels on his carriage was damaged while they passed through Rochester. Among those who came to their aid was local newspaper publisher Thurlow Weed. Seward and Weed would become closer in the years ahead as they found they shared a belief that government policies should promote infrastructure improvements, such as roads and canals. Weed, deemed by some to be one of the earliest political bosses, would become a major ally of Seward. Despite the benefits to Seward's career from Weed's support, perceptions that Seward was too much controlled by Weed became a factor in the former's defeat for the Republican nomination for president in 1860. Almost from the time he settled in Auburn, Seward involved himself in politics. At that time, the political system was in flux as new parties evolved. In New York State, there were generally two factions, which went by varying names, but were characterized by the fact that Martin Van Buren led one element, and the other opposed him. Van Buren, over a quarter century, held a series of senior posts, generally in the federal government. His allies were dubbed the Albany Regency, as they governed for Van Buren while he was away. Seward originally supported the Regency, but by 1824 had broken from it, concluding that it was corrupt. He became part of the Anti-Masonic Party, which became widespread in 1826 after the disappearance and death of William Morgan, a Mason in Upstate New York; he was most likely killed by fellow Masons for publishing a book revealing the order's secret rites. Since the leading candidate in opposition to President John Quincy Adams was General Andrew Jackson, a Mason who mocked opponents of the order, Anti-Masonry became closely associated with opposition to Jackson, and to his policies once he was elected president in 1828. Governor DeWitt Clinton had nominated Seward as Cayuga County Surrogate in late 1827 or early 1828, but as Seward was unwilling to support Jackson, he was not confirmed by the state Senate. During the 1828 campaign, Seward made speeches in support of President Adams's re-election. Seward was nominated for the federal House of Representatives by the Anti-Masons, but withdrew, deeming the fight hopeless. In 1829, Seward was offered the local nomination for New York State Assembly, but again felt there was no prospect of winning. In 1830, with Weed's aid, he gained the Anti-Masonic nomination for state senator for the local district. Seward had appeared in court throughout the district, and had spoken in favor of government support for infrastructure improvements, a position popular there. Weed had moved his operations to Albany, where his newspaper, the Albany Evening Journal, advocated for Seward, who was elected by about 2,000 votes. Seward was sworn in as state senator in January 1831. He left Frances and their children in Auburn and wrote to her of his experiences. These included meeting former vice president Aaron Burr, who had returned to practicing law in New York following a self-imposed exile in Europe after his duel with Alexander Hamilton and treason trial. The Regency (or the Democrats, as the national party led by Jackson and supported by Van Buren, was becoming known) controlled the Senate. Seward and his party allied with dissident Democrats and others to pass some legislation, including penal reform measures, for which Seward would become known. During his term as state senator, Seward traveled extensively, visiting other anti-Jackson leaders, including former president Adams. He also accompanied his father Samuel Seward on a trip to Europe, where they met the political men of the day. Seward hoped that the Anti-Masons would nominate Supreme Court Justice John McLean for president against Jackson's re-election bid in 1832, but the nomination fell to former Attorney General William Wirt. Kentucky Senator Henry Clay, an opponent of Jackson, was a Mason, and thus unacceptable as party standard-bearer. In the aftermath of Jackson's easy victory, many of those who opposed him believed that a united front was necessary to defeat the Democrats, and the Whig Party gradually came into being. The Whigs believed in legislative action to develop the country and opposed Jackson's unilateral actions as president, which they deemed imperial. Many Anti-Masons, including Seward and Weed, readily joined the new party. In preparation for the 1834 election, New York's Whigs met in Utica to determine a gubernatorial candidate. Democratic Governor William Marcy was heavily favored to be re-elected, and few prominent Whigs were anxious to run a campaign that would most likely be lost. Seward's wife and father wanted him to retire from politics to increase the income from his law practice, and Weed urged him to seek re-election to the state Senate. Nevertheless, the reluctance of others to run caused Seward to emerge as a major candidate. Weed procured Seward's triumph at the Utica convention. The election turned on national issues, most importantly President Jackson's policies. These were then popular, and in a strong year for Democrats, Seward was defeated by some 11,000 votes\u2014Weed wrote that the Whigs were overwhelmed by illegally cast ballots. Defeated for governor and with his term in the state Senate having expired, Seward returned to Auburn and the practice of law at the start of 1835. That year, Seward and his wife undertook a lengthy trip, going as far south as Virginia. Although they were hospitably received by southerners, the Sewards saw scenes of slavery which confirmed them as its opponents. The following year, Seward accepted a position as agent for the new owners of the Holland Land Company, which owned large tracts of land in Western New York, upon which many settlers were purchasing real estate on installment. The new owners were viewed as less forgiving landlords than the old, and when there was unrest, they hired Seward, popular in Western New York, in hopes of adjusting the matter. He was successful, and when the Panic of 1837 began, persuaded the owners to avoid foreclosures where possible. He also, in 1838, arranged the purchase of the company's holdings by a consortium that included himself. Van Buren had been elected president in 1836; even with his other activities, Seward had found time to campaign against him. The economic crisis came soon after the inauguration and threatened the Regency's control of New York politics. Seward had not run for governor in 1836, but with the Democrats unpopular, saw a path to victory in 1838 (the term was then two years). Other prominent Whigs also sought the nomination. Weed persuaded delegates to the convention that Seward had run ahead of other Whig candidates in 1834; Seward was nominated on the fourth ballot. Seward's opponent was again Marcy, and the economy the principal issue. The Whigs argued that the Democrats were responsible for the recession. As it was thought improper for candidates for major office to campaign in person, Seward left most of that to Weed. Seward was elected by a margin of about 10,000 votes out of 400,000 cast. The victory was the most significant for the Whig Party to that point, and eliminated the Regency from power in New York, permanently. William Seward was sworn in as governor of New York on January 1, 1839, and inaugurated in front of a crowd of jubilant Whigs. In that era, the annual message by the New York governor was published and discussed to the extent of that of a president. Seward biographer Walter Stahr wrote that his address \"brimmed with his youth, energy, ambition, and optimism.\" Seward took note of America's great unexploited resources and stated that immigration should be encouraged in order to take advantage of them. He urged that citizenship and religious liberty be granted to those who came to New York's shores. At the time, New York City's public schools were run by Protestants, and used Protestant texts, including the King James Bible. Seward believed the current system was a barrier to literacy for immigrants' children and proposed legislation to change it. Education, he stated, \"banishes the distinctions, old as time, of rich and poor, master and slave. It banishes ignorance and lays axe to the root of crime.\" Seward's stance was popular among immigrants, but was disliked by nativists; their opposition would eventually help defeat his bid for the Republican presidential nomination in 1860. Although the Assembly had a Whig majority at the start of Seward's first term as governor, the party had only 13 legislators out of 32 in the state Senate. The Democrats refused to co-operate with Governor Seward except on the most urgent matters, and he initially found himself unable to advance much of his agenda. Accordingly, the 1839 legislative elections were crucial to Seward's legislative hopes, and to advancing the nominations of many Whigs to state office whose posts required Senate confirmation. Both Seward and President Van Buren gave several speeches across New York State that summer. Henry Clay, one of the hopefuls for the Whig nomination for president, spent part of the summer in Upstate New York, and the two men met by chance on a ferry. Seward refused to formally visit Clay at his vacation home in Saratoga Springs in the interests of neutrality, beginning a difficult relationship between the two men. After the 1839 election, the Whigs had 19 seats, allowing the party full control of state government. Following the election, there was unrest near Albany among tenant farmers on the land owned by Dutch-descended patroons of the van Rensselaer family. These tenancies allowed the landlords privileges such as enlisting the unpaid labor of tenants, and any breach could result in termination of tenure without compensation for improvements. When sheriff's deputies in Albany County were obstructed from serving eviction writs, Seward was asked to call out the militia. After an all-night cabinet meeting, he did so, though quietly assuring the tenants that he would intervene with the legislature. This mollified the settlers, though Seward proved unable to get the legislature to pass reforming laws. This question of tenants' rights was not settled until after Seward had left office. In September 1839, a ship sailing from Norfolk, Virginia, to New York City was discovered to have an escaped slave on board. The slave was returned to his owner pursuant to the Fugitive Slave Clause of the Constitution, but Virginia also demanded that three free black sailors, said to have concealed the fugitive aboard ship, be surrendered to its custody. This Seward would not do, and the Virginia General Assembly passed legislation inhibiting trade with New York. With Seward's encouragement, the New York legislature passed acts in 1840 protecting the rights of blacks against Southern slave-catchers. One guaranteed alleged fugitive slaves the right of a jury trial in New York to establish whether they were slaves, and another pledged the aid of the state to recover free blacks kidnapped into slavery. Seward and Van Buren were both up for re-election in 1840. Seward did not attend the December 1839 Whig National Convention in Harrisburg, Pennsylvania, but Weed did on his behalf. They were determined to support General Winfield Scott for president, but when Weed concluded Scott could not win, he threw New York's support behind the eventual winner, General William Henry Harrison. This action outraged supporters of Senator Clay. These grievances would not be quickly forgotten\u2014one supporter of the Kentuckian wrote in 1847 that he was intent on seeing the \"punishment of Seward & Co. for defrauding the country of Mr. Clay in 1840\". Seward was renominated for a second term by the Whig convention against Democrat William Brock, a former state legislator. Seward did not campaign in person, but ran affairs behind the scenes with Weed and made his views known to voters through a Fourth of July speech and lengthy letters, declining invitations to speak, printed in the papers. In one, Seward expounded upon the importance of the log cabin\u2014a structure evoking the common man and a theme that the Whigs used heavily in Harrison's campaign\u2014where Seward had always found a far warmer welcome than in the marble palaces of the well-to-do (evoking Van Buren). Both Harrison and Seward were elected. Although Seward would serve another almost thirty years in public life, his name would never again pass before the voters. In his second term, Seward was involved with the trial of Alexander McLeod, who had boasted of involvement in the 1837 Caroline Affair, in which Canadians came across the Niagara River and sank the Caroline, a steamboat being used to supply William Lyon Mackenzie's fighters during the Upper Canada Rebellion. McLeod was arrested, but the British Foreign Minister, Lord Palmerston, demanded his release. McLeod, who was part of the Canadian colonial militia, could not be held responsible for actions taken under orders. Although the Van Buren administration had agreed with Seward that McLeod should be tried under state law, its successor did not and urged that charges against McLeod be dropped. A series of testy letters were exchanged between Governor Seward and Harrison's Secretary of State Daniel Webster, and also between the governor and the new president John Tyler, who succeeded on Harrison's death after a month in office. McLeod was tried and acquitted in late 1841. Stahr pointed out that Seward got his way in having McLeod tried in a state court, and the diplomatic experience served him well as Secretary of State. Seward continued his support of blacks, signing legislation in 1841 to repeal a \"nine-month law\" that allowed slaveholders to bring their slaves into the state for a period of nine months before they were considered free. After this, slaves brought to the state were immediately considered freed. Seward also signed legislation to establish public education for all children, leaving it up to local jurisdictions as to how that would be supplied (some had segregated schools). As governor, Seward incurred considerable personal debt not only because he had to live beyond his salary to maintain the lifestyle expected of the office, but also because he could not pay down his obligation from the land company purchase. At the time he left office, he owed $200,000. Returning to Auburn, he absorbed himself in a profitable law practice. He did not abandon politics and received former president Adams at the Seward family home in 1843. According to his biographer, John M. Taylor, Seward picked a good time to absent himself from electoral politics, as the Whig Party was in turmoil. President Tyler, a former Democrat, and Senator Clay each claimed leadership of the Whig Party and, as the two men differed over such issues as whether to re-establish the Bank of the United States, party support was divided. The abolitionist movement attracted those who did not want to be part of a party led by slavery-supporting southerners. In 1844, Seward was asked to run for president by members of the Liberty Party; he declined and reluctantly supported the Whig nominee, Clay. The Kentuckian was defeated by Democrat James K. Polk. The major event of Polk's administration was the Mexican\u2013American War; Seward did not support this, feeling that the price in blood was not worth the increase in territory, especially as southerners were promoting this acquisition to expand territory for slavery. In 1846, Seward became the center of controversy in Auburn when he defended, in separate cases, two felons accused of murder. Henry Wyatt, a white man, was charged with fatally stabbing a fellow inmate in prison; William Freeman, a black, was accused of breaking into a house after his release and stabbing four people to death. In both cases, the defendants were likely mentally ill and had been abused while in prison. Seward, having long been an advocate of prison reform and better treatment for the insane, sought to prevent each man from being executed by using the relatively new defense of insanity. Seward gained a hung jury in Wyatt's first trial, though he was subsequently convicted in a retrial and executed despite Seward's efforts to secure clemency. Freeman was convicted, though Seward gained a reversal on appeal. There was no second Freeman trial, as officials were convinced of his insanity. Freeman died in prison in late 1846. In the Freeman case, invoking mental illness and racial issues, Seward argued, \"he is still your brother, and mine, in form and color accepted and approved by his Father, and yours, and mine, and bears equally with us the proudest inheritance of our race\u2014the image of our Maker. Hold him then to be a Man.\" Although they were locally contentious, the trials boosted Seward's image across the North. He gained further publicity in association with Ohioan Salmon P. Chase when handling the unsuccessful appeal in the United States Supreme Court of John Van Zandt, an anti-slavery advocate sued by a slaveowner for assisting blacks in escaping on the Underground Railroad. Chase was impressed with Seward, writing that the former New York governor \"was one of the very first public men in our country. Who but himself would have done what he did for the poor wretch Freeman?\" The main Whig contenders in 1848 were Clay again, and two war hero generals with little political experience, Winfield Scott and Zachary Taylor. Seward supported General Taylor. The former governor was less enthusiastic about the vice-presidential candidate, New York State Comptroller Millard Fillmore, a rival of his from Buffalo. Nevertheless, he campaigned widely for the Whigs against the Democratic presidential candidate, former Michigan senator Lewis Cass. The two major parties did not make slavery an issue in the campaign. The Free Soil Party, mostly Liberty Party members and some Northern Democrats, nominated former president Van Buren. The Taylor/Fillmore ticket was elected, and the split in the New York Democratic Party allowed the Whigs to capture the legislature. State legislatures elected U.S. Senators until the ratification of the Seventeenth Amendment in 1913. One of New York's seats was up for election in 1849, and a Whig would likely be elected to replace John Adams Dix. Seward, with Weed's counsel, decided to seek the seat. When legislators convened in January 1849, he was spoken of as the favorite. Some opposed him as too extreme on slavery issues and intimated that he would not support the slaveholding President-elect Taylor, a Louisianan. Weed and Seward worked to dispel these concerns, and when the vote for the Senate seat took place, the former governor received five times the vote of the nearest other candidate, gaining election on the first ballot. William Seward was sworn in as senator from New York on March 5, 1849, during the brief special session called to confirm President Taylor's Cabinet nominees. Seward was seen as having influence over Taylor: taking advantage of an acquaintance with Taylor's brother. Seward met with the former general several times before Inauguration Day (March 4) and was friendly with Cabinet officers. Taylor hoped to gain the admission of California to the Union, and Seward worked to advance his agenda in the Senate. The regular session of Congress that began in December 1849 was dominated by the issue of slavery. Senator Clay advanced a series of resolutions, which became known as the Compromise of 1850, giving victories to both North and South. Seward opposed the pro-slavery elements of the Compromise, and in a speech on the Senate floor on March 11, 1850, invoked a \"higher law than the Constitution\". The speech was widely reprinted and made Seward the leading anti-slavery advocate in the Senate. President Taylor took a stance sympathetic to the North, but his death in July 1850 caused the accession of the pro-Compromise Fillmore and ended Seward's influence over patronage. The Compromise passed, and many Seward adherents in federal office in New York were replaced by Fillmore appointees. Although Clay had hoped the Compromise would be a final settlement on the matter of slavery that could unite the nation, it divided his Whig Party, especially when the 1852 Whig National Convention endorsed it to the anger of liberal northerners like Seward. The major candidates for the presidential nomination were President Fillmore, Senator Daniel Webster, and General Scott. Seward supported Scott, who he hoped would, like Harrison, unite enough voters behind a military hero to win the election. Scott gained the nomination, and Seward campaigned for him. The Whigs were unable to reconcile over slavery, whereas the Democrats could unite behind the Compromise; the Whigs won only four states, and former New Hampshire senator Franklin Pierce was elected president. Other events, such as the 1852 publication of Uncle Tom's Cabin and Northern anger over the enforcement of the Fugitive Slave Act (an element of the Compromise), widened the divide between North and South. Seward's wife Frances was deeply committed to the abolitionist movement. In the 1850s, the Seward family opened their Auburn home as a safehouse to fugitive slaves on the Underground Railroad. Seward's frequent travel and political work suggest that it was Frances who played the more active role in Auburn abolitionist activities. In the excitement following the rescue and safe transport of fugitive slave William \"Jerry\" Henry in Syracuse on October 1, 1851, Frances wrote to her husband, \"two fugitives have gone to Canada\u2014one of them our acquaintance John\". Another time she wrote, \"A man by the name of William Johnson will apply to you for assistance to purchase the freedom of his daughter. You will see that I have given him something by his book. I told him I thought you would give him more.\" In January 1854, Democratic Illinois Senator Stephen A. Douglas introduced his Kansas\u2013Nebraska Bill. This would permit territories to choose whether to join the Union as free or slave states, and effectively repeal the Missouri Compromise forbidding slavery in new states north of 36\u00b0 30\u2032 North latitude. Seward was determined to defeat what he called \"this infamous Nebraska Bill,\" and worked to ensure the final version of the bill would be unpalatable to enough senators, North and South, to defeat it. Seward spoke against the bill both on initial consideration in the Senate and when the bill returned after reconciliation with the House. The bill passed into law, but northerners had found a standard around which they could rally. Those in the South defended the new law, arguing that they should have an equal stake through slavery in the territories their blood and money had helped secure. The political turmoil engendered by the North\u2013South divide split both major parties and led to the founding of new ones. The American Party (known as the Know Nothings) contained many nativists and pursued an anti-immigrant agenda. The Know Nothings did not publicly discuss party deliberations (thus, they knew nothing). They disliked Seward, and an uncertain number of Know Nothings sought the Whig nomination to legislative seats. Some made clear their stance by pledging to vote against Seward's re-election, but others did not. Although the Whigs won a majority in both houses of the state legislature, the extent of their support for Seward as a US senator was unclear. When the election was held by the legislature in February 1855, Seward won a narrow majority in each house. The opposition was scattered, and a Know Nothing party organ denounced two dozen legislators as \"traitors\". The Republican Party had been founded in 1854, in reaction to the Kansas\u2013Nebraska Act. Its anti-slavery stance was attractive to Seward, but he needed the Whig structure in New York to get re-elected. In September 1855, the New York Whig and Republican parties held simultaneous conventions that quickly merged into one. Seward was the most prominent figure to join the new party and was spoken of as a possible presidential candidate in 1856. Weed, however, did not feel that the new party was strong enough on a national level to secure the presidency, and advised Seward to wait until 1860. When Seward's name was mentioned at the 1856 Republican National Convention, a huge ovation broke out. In the 1856 presidential election, the Democratic candidate, former Pennsylvania senator James Buchanan, defeated the Republican, former California senator John C. Fr\u00e9mont, and the Know Nothing candidate, former president Fillmore. The 1856 campaign played out against the backdrop of \"Bleeding Kansas\", the violent efforts of pro- and anti-slavery forces to control the government in Kansas Territory and determine whether it would be admitted as a slave or free state. This violence spilled over into the Senate chamber itself after Republican Massachusetts Senator Charles Sumner delivered an incendiary speech against slavery, making personal comments against South Carolina Senator Andrew P. Butler. Sumner had read a draft of the speech to Seward, who had advised him to omit the personal references. Two days after the speech, Butler's nephew, Congressman Preston Brooks entered the chamber and beat Sumner with a cane, injuring him severely. Although some southerners feared the propaganda value of the incident in the North, most lionized Brooks as a hero. Many northerners were outraged, though some, including Seward, felt that Sumner's words against Butler had unnecessarily provoked the attack. Some Southern newspapers felt that the Sumner precedent might usefully be applied to Seward; the Petersburg Intelligencer, a Virginia periodical, suggested that \"it will be very well to give Seward a double dose at least every other day\". In a message to Congress in December 1857, President Buchanan advocated the admission of Kansas as a slave state under the Lecompton Constitution, passed under dubious circumstances. This split the Democrats: the administration wanted Kansas admitted; Senator Douglas demanded a fair ratification vote. The Senate debated the matter through much of early 1858, though few Republicans spoke at first, content to watch the Democrats tear their party to shreds over the issue of slavery. The issue was complicated by the Supreme Court's ruling the previous year in Dred Scott v. Sandford that neither Congress nor a local government could ban slavery in the territories. In a speech on March 3 in the Senate, Seward \"delighted Republican ears and utterly appalled administration Democrats, especially the Southerners\". Discussing Dred Scott, Seward accused Buchanan and Chief Justice Roger B. Taney of conspiring to gain the result and threatened to reform the courts to eliminate Southern power. Taney later told a friend that if Seward had been elected in 1860, he would have refused to administer the oath of office. Buchanan reportedly denied the senator access to the White House. Seward predicted slavery was doomed: The interest of the white races demands the ultimate emancipation of all men. Whether that consummation shall be allowed to take effect, with needful and wise precautions against sudden change and disaster, or be hurried on by violence, is all that remains for you to decide. Southerners saw this as a threat, by the man deemed the likely Republican nominee in 1860, to force change on the South whether it liked it or not. Statehood for Kansas failed for the time being, but Seward's words were repeatedly cited by Southern senators as the secession crisis grew. Nevertheless, Seward remained on excellent personal terms with individual southerners such as Mississippi's Jefferson Davis. His dinner parties, where those from both sides of the sectional divide mingled, were a Washington legend. With an eye to a presidential bid in 1860, Seward tried to appear a statesman who could be trusted by both North and South. Seward did not believe the federal government could mandate emancipation but that it would develop by action of the slave states as the nation urbanized and slavery became uneconomical, as it had in New York. Southerners still believed that he was threatening the forcible ending of slavery. While campaigning for Republicans in the 1858 midterm elections, Seward gave a speech at Rochester that proved divisive and quotable, alleging that the U.S. had two \"antagonistic system [that] are continually coming into closer contact, and collision results\u00a0... It is an irrepressible conflict between opposing and enduring forces, and it means that the United States must and will, sooner or later, become entirely either a slave-holding nation, or entirely a free-labor nation.\" White southerners saw the \"irrepressible conflict\" speech as a declaration of war, and Seward's vehemence ultimately damaged his chances of gaining the presidential nomination. In 1859, Seward was advised by his political supporters that he would be better off avoiding additional controversial statements, and left the country for an eight-month tour of Europe and the Middle East. Seward spent two months in London, meeting with the Prime Minister, Lord Palmerston, and was presented at Court to Queen Victoria. Seward returned to Washington in January 1860 to find controversy: that some southerners blamed him for his rhetoric, which they believed had inspired John Brown to try to start a slave insurrection. Brown was captured and executed; nevertheless, Mississippi representatives Reuben Davis and Otho Singleton each stated that if Seward or another Radical Republican was elected, he would meet with the resistance of a united South. To rebut such allegations, and to set forth his views in the hope of receiving the nomination, Seward made a major speech in the Senate on February 29, 1860, which most praised, though white southerners were offended, and some abolitionists also objected because the senator, in his speech, said that Brown was justly punished. The Republican National Committee ordered 250,000 copies in pamphlet form, and eventually twice that many were printed. Weed sometimes expressed certainty that Seward would be nominated; at other times he expressed gloom at the thought of the convention fight. He had some reason for doubt, as word from Weed's agents across the country was mixed. Many in the Midwest did not want the issue of slavery to dominate the campaign, and with Seward as the nominee, it inevitably would. The Know Nothing Party was still alive in the Northeast, and was hostile to Seward for his pro-immigrant stance, creating doubts as to whether Seward could win Pennsylvania and New Jersey, where there were many nativists, in the general election. These states were crucial to a Republican nominee faced with a Solid South. Conservative factions in the evolving Republican Party opposed Seward. There were no primaries in 1860, no way to be certain how many delegates a candidate might receive. Nevertheless, going into the 1860 Republican National Convention in May in Chicago, Seward was seen as the overwhelming favorite. Others spoken of for the nomination included Ohio Governor Salmon P. Chase, former Missouri congressman Edward Bates, and former Illinois congressman Abraham Lincoln. Seward stayed in Auburn during the convention; Weed was present on his behalf and worked to shore up Seward's support. He was amply supplied with money: business owners had eagerly given, expecting Seward to be the next president. Weed's reputation was not entirely positive; he was believed corrupt by some, and his association both helped and hurt Seward. Enemies such as publisher and former Seward ally Horace Greeley cast doubts as to Seward's electability in the battleground states of Illinois, Indiana, Pennsylvania, and New Jersey. Lincoln had worked hard to gain a reputation as a moderate in the party and hoped to be seen as a consensus second choice, who might be successful in those critical states, of which the Republicans had to win three to secure the election. Lincoln's men, led by his friend David Davis, were active on his behalf. As Lincoln had not been seen as a major candidate, his supporters had been able to influence the decision to hold the convention in his home state, and surrounded the New York delegation, pro-Seward, with Lincoln loyalists. They were eventually successful in gaining the support of the delegations from the other battleground states, boosting delegates' perceptions of Lincoln's electability. Although Lincoln and Seward shared many views, Lincoln, out of office since 1849, had not excited opposition as Seward had in the South and among Know Nothings. Lincoln's views on nativism, which he opposed, were not public. On the first ballot, Seward had 173\u00bd votes to Lincoln's 102, with 233 needed to nominate. Pennsylvania shifted its vote to Lincoln on the second ballot, and Seward's lead was cut to 184\u00bd to 181. On the third, Lincoln had 231\u00bd to Seward's 180 after the roll call, but Ohio changed four votes from Chase to Lincoln, giving the Illinoian the nomination and starting a small stampede; the nomination was eventually made unanimous. By the accounts of witnesses, when word reached Seward by telegraph he calmly remarked that Lincoln had some of the attributes needed to be president, and would certainly be elected. Despite his public nonchalance, Seward was devastated by his convention loss, as were many of his supporters. The New Yorker was the best-known and most popular Republican, and his defeat shocked many in the North, who felt that Lincoln had been nominated through chicanery. Although Seward sent a letter stating Weed was not to blame, Seward's political manager took the defeat hard. Seward was initially inclined to retire from public life but received many letters from supporters: distrustful of Lincoln, they urged Seward to remain involved in politics. On his way to Washington to return to Senate duties, he stopped in Albany to confer with Weed, who had gone to Lincoln's home in Springfield, Illinois, to meet with the candidate, and had been very impressed at Lincoln's political understanding. At the Capitol, Seward received sympathy even from sectional foes such as Jefferson Davis. Lincoln faced three major opponents. A split in the Democratic Party had led northerners to nominate Senator Douglas, while southerners chose Vice President John C. Breckinridge. The Constitutional Union Party, a new party consisting mostly of former Southern Whigs, selected former Tennessee senator John Bell. As Lincoln would not even be on the ballot in ten southern states, he needed to win almost every northern state to take the presidency. Douglas was said to be strong in Illinois and Indiana, and if he took those, the election might be thrown into the House of Representatives. Seward was urged to undertake a campaign tour of the Midwest in support of Lincoln and did so for five weeks in September and October, attracting huge crowds. He journeyed by rail and boat as far north as Saint Paul, Minnesota, into the border state of Missouri at St. Louis, and even to Kansas Territory, though it had no electoral votes to cast in the election. When the train passed through Springfield, Seward and Lincoln were introduced, with Lincoln appearing \"embarrassed\" and Seward \"constrained\". In his oratory, Seward spoke of the U.S. as a \"tower of freedom\", a Union that might even come to include Canada, Latin America, and Russian America. New York was key to the election; a Lincoln loss there would deadlock the Electoral College. Soon after his return from his Midwest tour, Seward embarked on another, speaking to large crowds across the state of New York. At Weed's urging, he went to New York City and gave a patriotic speech before a large crowd on November 3, only three days before the election. On Election Day, Lincoln carried most Northern states, while Breckinridge took the Deep South, Bell three border states, and Douglas won Missouri\u2014the only state Seward campaigned in that Lincoln did not win. Lincoln was elected. Lincoln's election had been anticipated in Southern states, and South Carolina and other Deep South states began to call conventions for the purpose of secession. In the North, there was dissent over whether to offer concessions to the South to preserve the Union, and if conciliation failed, whether to allow the South to depart in peace. Seward favored compromise. He had hoped to remain at home until the New Year, but with the deepening crisis left for Washington in time for the new session of Congress in early December. The usual tradition was for the leading figure of the winning party to be offered the position of Secretary of State, the most senior Cabinet post. Seward was that person, and around December 12, the vice president-elect, Maine Senator Hannibal Hamlin, offered Seward the position on Lincoln's behalf. At Weed's advice, Seward was slow to formally accept, doing so on December 28, 1860, though well before Inauguration Day, March 4, 1861. Lincoln remained in Illinois until mid-February, and he and Seward communicated by letter. As states in the Deep South prepared to secede in late 1860, Seward met with important figures from both sides of the sectional divide. Seward introduced a proposed constitutional amendment preventing federal interference with slavery. This was done at Lincoln's private request; the president-elect hoped that the amendment, and a change to the Fugitive Slave Act to allow those captured a jury trial, would satisfy both sides. Congressmen introduced many such proposals, and Seward was appointed to a committee of 13 senators to consider them. Lincoln was willing to guarantee the security of slavery in the states that currently had it, but he rejected any proposal that would allow slavery to expand. It was increasingly clear that the deep South was committed to secession; the Republican hope was to provide compromises to keep the border slave states in the Union. Seward voted against the Crittenden Compromise on December 28, but quietly continued to seek a compromise that would keep the border states in the Union. Seward gave a major speech on January 12, 1861. By then, he was known to be Lincoln's choice as Secretary of State, and with Lincoln staying silent, it was widely expected that he would propound the new administration's plan to save the Union. Accordingly, he spoke to a crowded Senate, where even Jefferson Davis attended despite Mississippi's secession, and to packed galleries. He urged the preservation of the Union, and supported an amendment such as the one he had introduced, or a constitutional convention, once passions had cooled. He hinted that New Mexico Territory might be a slave state, and urged the construction of two transcontinental railroads, one northern, one southern. He suggested the passage of legislation to bar interstate invasions such as that by John Brown. Although Seward's speech was widely applauded, it gained a mixed reaction in the border states to which he had tried to appeal. Radical Republicans were not willing to make concessions to the South, and were angered by the speech. Pennsylvania Congressman Thaddeus Stevens, a radical, warned that if Lincoln, like Seward, ignored the Republican platform and tried to purchase peace through concessions, he would retire, as too old to bear the years of warfare in the Republican Party that would result. Lincoln applauded Seward's speech, which he read in Springfield, but refused to approve any compromise that could lead to a further expansion of slavery. Once Lincoln left Springfield on February 11, he gave speeches, stating in Indianapolis that it would not be coercing a state if the federal government insisted on retaining or retaking property that belonged to it. This came as the United States Army still held Fort Sumter; the president-elect's words upset moderate southerners. Virginia Congressman Sherrard Clemens wrote, Mr. Lincoln, by his speech in the North, has done vast harm. If he will not be guided by Mr. Seward but puts himself in the hands of Mr. Chase and the ultra [that is, Radical] Republicans, nothing can save the cause of the Union in the South. Lincoln arrived in Washington, unannounced and incognito, early on the morning of February 23, 1861. Seward had been advised by General Winfield Scott that there was a plot to assassinate Lincoln in Baltimore when he passed through the city. Senator Seward sent his son Frederick to warn Lincoln in Philadelphia, and the president-elect decided to travel alone but for well-armed bodyguards. Lincoln travelled without incident and came to regret his decision as he was widely mocked for it. Later that morning, Seward accompanied Lincoln to the White House, where he introduced the Illinoisan to President Buchanan. Seward and Lincoln differed over two issues in the days before the inauguration: the composition of Lincoln's cabinet, and his inaugural address. Given a draft of the address, Seward softened it to make it less confrontational toward the South; Lincoln accepted many of the changes, though he gave it, according to Seward biographer Glyndon G. Van Deusen, \"a simplicity and a poetic quality lacking in Seward's draft\". The differences regarding the Cabinet revolved around the inclusion of Salmon Chase, a radical. Lincoln wanted all elements of the party, as well as representation from outside it; Seward opposed Chase, as well as former Democrats such as Gideon Welles and Montgomery Blair. Seward did not get his way, and gave Lincoln a letter declining the post of Secretary of State. Lincoln felt, as he told his private secretary, John Nicolay, that he could not \"afford to let Seward take the first trick\". No reply or acknowledgment was made by Lincoln until after the inaugural ceremonies were over on March 4, when he asked Seward to remain. Seward did and was both nominated and confirmed by the Senate, with minimal debate, on March 5, 1861. Lincoln faced the question of what to do about Fort Sumter in Charleston harbor, held by the Army against the will of South Carolinians, who had blockaded it. The fort's commander, Major Robert Anderson, had sent word that he would run out of supplies. Seward, backed by most of the Cabinet, recommended to Lincoln that an attempt to resupply Sumter would be provocative to the border states, that Lincoln hoped to keep from seceding. Seward hinted to the commissioners who had come to Washington on behalf of the Confederacy that Sumter would be surrendered. Lincoln was loath to give up Sumter, feeling it would only encourage the South in its insurgency. With the Sumter issue unresolved, Seward sent Lincoln a memorandum on April 1, proposing various courses of action, including possibly declaring war on France and Spain if certain conditions were not met, and reinforcing the forts along the Gulf of Mexico. In any event, vigorous policies were needed and the president must either establish them himself or allow a Cabinet member to do so, with Seward making it clear he was willing to do it. Lincoln drafted a reply indicating that whatever policy was adopted, \"I must do it\", though he never sent it, but met with Seward instead, and what passed between them is not known. Seward's biographers make the point that the note was sent to a Lincoln who had not yet proved himself in office. Lincoln decided on expeditions to try to relieve Sumter and Florida's Fort Pickens. Meanwhile, Seward was assuring Justice John Archibald Campbell, the intermediary with the Confederate commissioners who had come to Washington in an attempt to secure recognition, that no hostile action would be taken. Lincoln sent a notification to South Carolina's governor of the expedition, and on April 12, Charleston's batteries began firing on Sumter, beginning the Civil War. When the war started, Seward turned his attention to making sure that foreign powers did not interfere in the conflict. When, in April 1861, the Confederacy announced that it would authorize privateers, Seward sent word to the American representatives abroad that the U.S. would become party to the Paris Declaration Respecting Maritime Law of 1856. This would outlaw such vessels, but Britain required that, if the U.S. were to become a party, the ratification would not require action to be taken against Confederate vessels. The Palmerston government considered recognizing the Confederacy as an independent nation. Seward was willing to wage war against Britain if it did and drafted a strong letter for the American Minister in London, Charles Francis Adams, to read to the Foreign Secretary, Lord Russell. Seward submitted it to Lincoln, who, realizing that the Union was in no position to battle both the South and Britain, toned it down considerably, and made it merely a memorandum for Adams's guidance. In May 1861, Britain and France declared the South to be belligerents by international law, and their ships were entitled to the same rights as U.S.-flagged vessels, including the right to remain 24 hours in neutral ports. Nevertheless, Seward was pleased that both nations would not meet with Confederate commissioners or recognize the South as a nation. Britain did not challenge the Union blockade of Confederate ports, and Seward wrote that if Britain continued to avoid interfering in the war, he would not be overly sensitive to what wording they used to describe their policies. In November 1861, the USS\u00a0San Jacinto, commanded by Captain Charles Wilkes, intercepted the British mail ship RMS Trent and removed two Confederate diplomats, James Mason and John Slidell. They were held in Boston amid jubilation in the North and outrage in Britain. The British minister in Washington, Lord Lyons, demanded their release, as the U.S. had no right to stop a British-flagged ship traveling between neutral ports. The British drew up war plans to attack New York and sent reinforcements to Canada. Seward worked to defuse the situation. He persuaded Lyons to postpone delivering an ultimatum and told Lincoln that the prisoners would have to be released. Lincoln did let them go, reluctantly, on technical grounds. Relations between the U.S. and Britain soon improved; in April 1862, Seward and Lyons signed a treaty they had negotiated allowing each nation to inspect the other's ships for contraband slaves. In November 1862, with America's image in Britain improved by the issuance of the preliminary Emancipation Proclamation, the British cabinet decided against recognition of the Confederacy as a nation. Confederate agents in Britain had arranged for the construction of Confederate ships; most notably the CSS Alabama, which ravaged Union shipping after her construction in 1862. With two more such vessels under construction the following year, supposedly for French interests, Seward pressed Palmerston not to allow them to leave port, and, nearly complete, they were seized by British officials in October 1863. From the start of the war until early 1862, when responsibility was passed to the War Department, Seward was in charge of determining who should be detained without charges or trial. Approximately 800 men and a few women, believed to be Southern sympathizers or spies, were detained, usually at the initiation of local officials. Once Seward was informed, he would often order that the prisoner be transferred to federal authorities. Seward was reported to have boasted to Lord Lyons that \"I can touch a bell on my right hand, and order the arrest of a citizen\u00a0... and no power on earth, except that of the President, can release them. Can the Queen of England do so much?\" In September 1861, Maryland legislators planned to vote to leave the Union. Seward took action against them: his son Frederick, the United States Assistant Secretary of State, reported to his father that the disloyal legislators were in prison. On the evidence provided by detective Allen Pinkerton, Seward in 1862 ordered the arrest of Rose Greenhow, a Washington socialite with Confederate sympathies. Greenhow had sent a stream of reports south, which continued even after she was placed under house arrest. From Washington's Old Capitol Prison, the \"Rebel Rose\" provided newspaper interviews until she was allowed to cross into Confederate territory. When Seward received allegations that former president Pierce was involved in a plot against the Union, he asked Pierce for an explanation. Pierce indignantly denied it. The matter proved to be a hoax, and the administration was embarrassed. On February 14, 1862, Lincoln ordered that responsibility for detentions be transferred to the War Department, ending Seward's part in them. Seward had mixed feelings about the man who had blocked him from the presidency. One story is that when Seward was told that to deny Carl Schurz an office would disappoint him, Seward angrily stated, \"Disappointment! You speak to me of disappointment! To me, who was justly entitled to the Republican nomination for the presidency, and who had to stand aside and see it given to a little Illinois lawyer!\" Despite his initial reservations about Lincoln's abilities, he came to admire Lincoln as the president grew more confident in his job. Seward wrote to his wife in June 1861, \"Executive skill and vigor are rare qualities. The President is the best of us, but he needs constant and assiduous cooperation.\" According to Goodwin, \"Seward would become his most faithful ally in the cabinet\u00a0... Seward's mortification at not having received his party's nomination never fully abated, but he no longer felt compelled to belittle Lincoln to ease his pain.\" Lincoln, a one-term congressman, was inexperienced in Washington ways and relied on Seward's advice on protocol and social etiquette. The two men built a close personal and professional relationship. Lincoln fell into the habit of entrusting Seward with tasks not within the remit of the State Department, for example asking him to examine a treaty with the Delaware Indians. Lincoln would come to Seward's house and the two lawyers would relax before the fire, chatting. Seward began to feature in the president's humorous stories. For example, Lincoln would tell of Seward remonstrating with the president, whom he found polishing his boots, \"In Washington, we do not blacken our own boots,\" with Lincoln's response, \"Indeed, then whose boots do you blacken, Mr. Secretary?\" Other cabinet members became resentful of Seward, who seemed to be always present when they discussed their departments' concerns with Lincoln, yet they were never allowed to be there when the two men discussed foreign affairs. Seward announced when cabinet meetings would be; his colleagues eventually persuaded Lincoln to set a regular date and time for those sessions. Seward's position on the Emancipation Proclamation when Lincoln read it to his cabinet in July 1862 is uncertain; Secretary of War Edwin Stanton wrote at the time that Seward opposed it in principle, feeling the slaves should simply be freed as Union armies advanced. Two later accounts indicate that Seward felt that it was not yet time to issue it, and Lincoln did wait until after the bloody stalemate at Antietam that ended Confederate General Robert E. Lee's incursion into the North to issue it. In the interim, Seward cautiously investigated how foreign powers might react to such a proclamation, and learned it would make them less likely to interfere in the conflict. Seward was not close to Lincoln's wife Mary, who by some accounts had opposed his appointment as Secretary of State. Mary Lincoln developed such a dislike for Seward that she instructed her coachman to avoid passing by the Seward residence. The Secretary of State enjoyed the company of the younger Lincoln boys, Willie and Tad, presenting them with two cats from his assortment of pets. Seward accompanied Lincoln to Gettysburg, Pennsylvania, in November 1863, where Lincoln was to deliver a short speech, that would become famous as the Gettysburg Address. The night before the speech, Lincoln met with Seward. There is no surviving evidence that Seward authored any changes: he stated after the address, when asked if had had any hand in it, that only Lincoln could have made that speech. Seward also proposed to Lincoln that he proclaim a day of national thanksgiving, and drafted a proclamation to that effect. Although post-harvest thanksgiving celebrations had long been held, this first formalized Thanksgiving Day as a national observance. It was far from certain that Lincoln would even be nominated in 1864, let alone re-elected, as the tide of war, though generally favoring the North, washed back and forth. Lincoln sought nomination by the National Union Party, composed of Republicans and War Democrats. No one proved willing to oppose Lincoln, who was nominated. Seward was by then unpopular among many Republicans and opponents sought to prompt his replacement by making Lincoln's running mate former New York Democratic senator Daniel S. Dickinson; under the political customs of the time, one state could not hold two positions as prestigious as vice president and Secretary of State. Administration forces turned back Dickinson's bid, nominating instead Military Governor of Tennessee Andrew Johnson, with whom Seward had served in the Senate. Lincoln was re-elected in November; Seward sat with Lincoln and the assistant presidential secretary, John Hay, as the returns came in. In January 1865, Francis Preston Blair, father of former Lincoln Postmaster General Montgomery Blair, went, with Lincoln's knowledge, to the Confederate capital of Richmond to propose to Davis that North and South unite to expel the French from their domination of Mexico. Davis appointed commissioners (Vice President Alexander Stephens, former U.S. Supreme Court justice Campbell, and former Confederate Secretary of State Robert M. T. Hunter) to negotiate. They met with Lincoln and Seward at the Hampton Roads Conference the following month. Lincoln would settle for nothing short of a cessation of resistance to the federal government and an end to slavery; the Confederates would not even concede that they and the Union were one nation. There was much friendly talk, as most of them had served together in Washington, but no agreement. After the conference broke up, Seward sent a bucket of champagne to the Confederates, conveyed by a black oarsman in a rowboat, and called to the southerners, \"keep the champagne, but return the Negro.\" John Wilkes Booth had originally planned to kidnap Lincoln, and recruited conspirators, including Lewis Powell, to help him. Having found no opportunity to abduct the president, on April 14, 1865, Booth assigned Powell to assassinate Seward, with George Atzerodt to kill Vice President Johnson and himself to kill Lincoln, which would slay the three senior members of the Executive Branch. Accordingly, another member of the conspiracy, David Herold, led Powell to the Seward home on horseback and was responsible for holding Powell's horse while he committed the attack. Seward had been hurt in an accident some days before, and Powell gained entry to the home on the excuse he was delivering medicine to the injured man, but was stopped at the top of the stairs by Seward's son Frederick, who insisted Powell give him the medicine. Powell instead attempted to fire on Frederick and beat him over the head with the barrel of his gun when it misfired. Powell burst through the door, threw Fanny Seward (Seward's daughter) to one side, jumped on the bed, and stabbed William Seward in the face and neck five times. A soldier assigned to guard and nurse the secretary, Private George F. Robinson, jumped on Powell, forcing him from the bed. Private Robinson and Augustus Henry Seward, another of Seward's sons, were also injured in their struggle with the would-be assassin. Ultimately, Powell fled, stabbing a messenger, Emerick Hansell, as he went, only to find that Herold, panicked by the screams from the house, had left with both horses. Seward was at first thought dead, but revived enough to instruct Robinson to send for the police and lock the house until they arrived. Almost simultaneously with the attack on Seward, Booth had mortally wounded Lincoln at Ford's Theatre. Atzerodt, however, decided not to go through with the attack on Johnson. When Secretary of War Edwin Stanton and Navy Secretary Gideon Welles hurried to Seward's home to find out what had happened, they found blood everywhere. All five men injured that night at the Seward home survived. Powell was captured the next day at the boarding house of Mary Surratt. He was hanged on July 7, 1865, along with Herold, Atzerodt, and Surratt, convicted as conspirators in the Lincoln assassination. Their deaths occurred only weeks after that of Seward's wife Frances, who never recovered from the shock of the assassination attempt. In the first months of the new Johnson administration, Seward did not work much with the president. Seward was at first recovering from his injuries, and Johnson was ill for a time in the summer of 1865. Seward was likely in accord with Johnson's relatively gentle terms for the South's re-entry to the Union, and with his pardon of all Confederates but those of high rank. Radical Republicans such as Stanton and Pennsylvania Representative Thaddeus Stevens proposed that the freed slaves be given the vote, but Seward was content to leave that to the states (few Northern states gave African-Americans the ballot), believing the priority should be reconciling the power-holding white populations of the North and South to each other. Unlike Lincoln, who had a close rapport with Seward, Johnson kept his own counsel and generally did not take advantage of Seward's political advice as Congress prepared to meet in December 1865. Johnson had issued proclamations allowing for the southern states to reform their state governments and hold elections; they mostly elected men who had served as prewar or wartime leaders. Seward advised Johnson to state, in his first annual message to Congress, that southern states meet three conditions for readmission to the Union: repeal of secession, repudiation of the war debt incurred by the rebel governments, and ratification of the Thirteenth Amendment. Johnson, hoping to appeal to both Republicans and Democrats, did not take the suggestion. Congress did not seat southerners but appointed a joint committee of both houses to make recommendations on the issue. Johnson opposed the committee; Seward was prepared to wait and see. In early 1866, Congress and president battled over the extension of the authorization of the Freedmen's Bureau. Both sides agreed that the bureau should end after the states were re-admitted, the question was whether that would be soon. With Seward's support, Johnson vetoed the bill. Republicans in Congress were angry with both men, and tried but failed to override Johnson's veto. Johnson vetoed the Civil Rights Bill, which was to grant citizenship to the freedmen. Seward advised a conciliatory veto message; Johnson ignored him, telling Congress it had no right to pass bills affecting the South until it seated the region's congressmen. This time Congress overrode his veto, gaining the necessary two-thirds majority of each house, the first time this had been done on a major piece of legislation in American history. Johnson hoped the public would elect congressmen who agreed with him in the 1866 midterm elections, and embarked on a trip, dubbed the Swing Around the Circle, giving speeches in a number of cities that summer. Seward was among the officials who went with him. The trip was a disaster for Johnson; he made a number of ill-considered statements about his opponents that were criticized in the press. The Radical Republicans were strengthened by the results of the elections. The Republican anger against Johnson extended to his Secretary of State\u2014Maine Senator William P. Fessenden said of Johnson, \"he began by meaning well, but I fear that Seward's evil counsels have carried him beyond the reach of salvation\". In February 1867, both houses of Congress passed the Tenure of Office Bill, purporting to restrict Johnson in the removal of presidential appointees. Johnson suspended, then fired, Stanton over Reconstruction policy differences, leading to the president's impeachment for allegedly violating the Tenure of Office Act. Seward recommended that Johnson hire the renowned attorney, William M. Evarts, and, with Weed, raised funds for the president's successful defense. Mexico was strife-torn in the early 1860s, as it often had been in the fifty years since its independence. There had been 36 changes of government and 73 presidents, and a refusal to pay foreign debts. France, Spain, and Great Britain joined together to intervene in 1861 on the pretext of protecting their nationals, and to secure repayment of debt. Spain and the British soon withdrew, but France remained. Seward realized that a challenge to France at this point might provoke its intervention on the Confederate side, so he stayed quiet. In 1864, French emperor Napoleon III set his cousin, Archduke Maximilian of Austria on the Mexican throne, with French military support. Seward used strident language publicly but was privately conciliatory toward the French. The Confederates had been supportive of France's actions. Upon returning to work after the assassination attempt, Seward warned France that the U.S. still wanted the French gone from Mexico. Napoleon feared that the large, battle-tested American army would be used against his troops. Seward remained conciliatory, and in January 1866, Napoleon agreed to withdraw his troops after a twelve- to eighteen-month period, during which time Maximilian could consolidate his position against the insurgency led by Benito Ju\u00e1rez. In December 1865, Seward bluntly told Napoleon that the United States desired friendship, but, \"this policy would be brought into imminent Jeopardy unless France could deem it consistent with her interest and honor to desist from the prosecution of armed intervention in Mexico.\" Napoleon tried to postpone the French departure, but the Americans had General Phil Sheridan and an experienced combat army on the north bank of the Rio Grande and Seward held firm. Napoleon suggested a new Mexican government that would exclude both Maximilian and Ju\u00e1rez. The Americans had recognized Ju\u00e1rez as the legitimate president and were not willing to consider this. In the meantime, Ju\u00e1rez, with the help of American military aid, was advancing through northeast Mexico. The French withdrew in early 1867. Maximilian stayed behind but was soon captured by Ju\u00e1rez's troops. Although both the U.S. and France urged Ju\u00e1rez against it, the deposed emperor was executed by firing squad on June 19, 1867. Although in speeches Seward had predicted all of North America joining the Union, he had, as a senator, opposed the Gadsden Purchase obtaining land from Mexico, and Buchanan's attempts to purchase Cuba from Spain. Those stands were because the land to be secured would become slave territory. After the Civil War, this was no longer an issue, and Seward became an ardent expansionist and even contemplated the purchase of Greenland and Iceland. The Union Navy had been hampered due to the lack of overseas bases during the war, and Seward also believed that American trade would be helped by the purchase of overseas territory. Believing, along with Lincoln, that the U.S. needed a naval base in the Caribbean, in January 1865, Seward offered to purchase the Danish West Indies (today the United States Virgin Islands). Late that year, Seward sailed for the Caribbean on a naval vessel. Among the ports of call was St. Thomas in the Danish West Indies, where Seward admired the large, easily defended harbor. Another stop was in the Dominican Republic, where he opened talks to obtain Saman\u00e1 Bay. When Congress reconvened in December 1866, Seward caused a sensation by entering the chamber of the House of Representatives and sitting down with the administration's enemy, Congressman Stevens, persuading him to support an appropriation for more money to expedite the purchase of Saman\u00e1, and sent his son Frederick to the Dominican Republic to negotiate a treaty. Both attempts fell through; the Senate, in the dying days of the Johnson administration, failed to ratify a treaty for the purchase of the Danish possessions, while negotiations with the Dominican Republic were not successful. Seward had been interested in whaling as a senator; his interest in Russian America was a byproduct of this. In his speech prior to the 1860 convention, he predicted the territory would become part of the U.S., and when he learned in 1864 that it might be for sale, he pressed the Russians for negotiations. Russian minister Baron Eduard de Stoeckl recommended the sale. The territory was a money loser, and the Russian-American Company itself allowed its charter to expire in 1861. Russia could use the money more efficiently for its expansion in Siberia or Central Asia. Keeping it ran the risk of it being captured in war by the British, or overrun by American settlers. Stoeckl was given the authority to make the sale and when he returned in March 1867, negotiated with the Secretary of State. Seward initially offered $5 million; the two men settled on $7 million and on March 15, Seward presented a draft treaty to the Cabinet. Stoeckl's superiors raised several concerns; to induce him to waive them, the final purchase price was increased to $7.2 million. The treaty was signed in the early morning of March 30, 1867, and ratified by the Senate on April 10. Stevens sent the secretary a note of congratulations, predicting that the Alaska Purchase would be seen as one of Seward's greatest accomplishments. Seward hoped that Johnson would be nominated at the 1868 Democratic National Convention, but the delegates chose former New York Governor Horatio Seymour. The Republicans chose General Ulysses S. Grant, who had a hostile relationship with Johnson. Seward gave a major speech on the eve of the election, endorsing Grant, who was easily elected. Seward met twice with Grant after the election, leading to speculation that he was seeking to remain as secretary for a third presidential term. However, the president-elect had no interest in retaining Seward, and the secretary resigned himself to retirement. Grant refused to have anything to do with Johnson, even declining to ride to his inauguration in the same carriage as the outgoing president, as was customary. Despite Seward's attempts to persuade him to attend Grant's swearing-in, Johnson and his Cabinet spent the morning of March 4, 1869, at the White House dealing with last-minute business, then left once the time for Grant to be sworn in had passed. Seward returned to Auburn. Restless in Auburn, Seward embarked on a trip across North America by the new transcontinental railroad. In Salt Lake City, Utah Territory, he met with Brigham Young, President of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints, who had worked as a carpenter on Seward's house (then belonging to Judge Miller) as a young man. On reaching the Pacific Coast, the Seward party sailed north on the steamer Active to visit Sitka, Department of Alaska, part of the vast wilderness Seward had acquired for the U.S. After spending time in Oregon and California, the party went to Mexico, where he was given a hero's welcome. After a visit to Cuba, he returned to the U.S., concluding his nine-month trip in March 1870. In August 1870, Seward embarked on another trip, this time westbound around the world. With him was Olive Risley, daughter of a Treasury Department official, to whom he became close in his final year in Washington. They visited Japan, then China, where they walked on the Great Wall. During the trip, they decided that Seward would adopt Olive, and he did so, thus putting an end to gossip and the fears of his sons that Seward would remarry late in life. They spent three months in India, then journeyed through the Middle East and Europe, not returning to Auburn until October 1871. Back in Auburn, Seward began his memoirs, but only reached his thirties before putting it aside to write of his travels. In these months he was steadily growing weaker. On October 10, 1872, he worked at his desk in the morning as usual, then complained of trouble breathing. Seward grew worse during the day, as his family gathered around him. Asked if he had any final words, he said, \"Love one another\". Seward died that afternoon. His funeral a few days later was preceded by the people of Auburn and nearby filing past his open casket for four hours. Thurlow Weed was there for the burial of his friend, and Harriet Tubman, a former slave whom the Sewards had aided, sent flowers. President Grant sent his regrets he could not be there. William Seward rests with his wife Frances and daughter Fanny (1844\u20131866), in Fort Hill Cemetery in Auburn. Seward's reputation, controversial in life, remained so in death, dividing his contemporaries. Former Navy Secretary Gideon Welles argued that not only did Seward lack principles, Welles was unable to understand how Seward had fooled Lincoln into thinking that he did, gaining entry to the Cabinet thereby. Charles Francis Adams, minister in London during Seward's tenure as secretary, deemed him \"more of a politician than a statesman\", but Charles Anderson Dana, former Assistant Secretary of War, disagreed, writing that Seward had \"the most cultivated and comprehensive intellect in the administration\" and \"what is very rare in a lawyer, a politician, or a statesman\u2014imagination\". Scholars of history have generally praised Seward for his work as Secretary of State; in 1973, Ernest N. Paolino deemed him \"the one outstanding Secretary of State after John Quincy Adams\". Seward has been given high marks by historians both for his achievements in office, and for his foresight in anticipating the future needs of the U.S. According to his biographer Van Deusen, \"his foreign policy built for the future. He wished to prepare America for the great era which lay ahead. So he sought bases, naval stations and, peacefully, additional territory.\" Seward's biographers suggested that there are two faces to Seward. One, \"John Quincy Adams Seward\", dreamed big dreams and tried to convey them in speeches, working to achieve education for all, a fair deal for immigrants, an end to slavery, and an expanded America. The other, \"Thurlow Weed Seward\", cut backroom deals over cigars and a bottle, and was a pragmatist who often settled for half a loaf when the whole was not achievable. Daniel S. Crofts, in Seward's entry in the American National Biography argued, \"Each Seward was, of course, a caricature, and both tendencies, at once symbiotic and contradictory, existed in tandem.\" The praise Seward has received extends to his work during the Civil War. Stahr wrote that Seward \"skillfully managed the nation's foreign affairs, avoiding the foreign intervention that would have ensured that the Confederacy would become a separate nation\". Nevertheless, historians, focusing on the battlefields of the Civil War, have given him relatively little attention. Seward has a dozen biographers, while thousands of books focus on Lincoln. According to Crofts, \"Seward and Lincoln were the two most important leaders spawned by the intersection of antebellum idealism and partisan politics. Lincoln, of course, will always overshadow Seward. Before 1860, however, Seward eclipsed Lincoln.\" Lincoln's assassination helped to seal his greatness, and according to Seward biographer John M. Taylor, to relegate \"his associates\u00a0... to the status of bit players.\" Dozens of biographies extolling Lincoln as the quintessential American were written in the decades after the president's death, placing Lincoln on a pedestal of public esteem Seward could not climb. Seward realized this even in life; by one account, when asked to show his scars from the attempt on his life, Seward regretted he had not been martyred along with Lincoln, \"I think I deserved the reward of dying there\". Despite his being an ardent supporter of American expansionism during his time in the Cabinet, only Alaska was added to U.S. territory during Seward's service as Secretary of State. (It should be remembered that the purchase of Alaska from Russia was not inevitable; the land had the same latitude as Siberia and was very difficult to farm, while neither gold nor oil nor any other important mineral was discovered there until years after Seward's death.) Nevertheless, his influence extended to later American acquisitions. One of his friends, Hamilton Fish, in 1875 signed the trade reciprocity treaty with the Kingdom of Hawaii that eventually led to the American annexation of the islands. William Everts, another Seward friend, in 1877 signed a treaty of friendship with the Samoan Islands, laying the groundwork for another American acquisition. A young friend and protege of Seward, Lincoln's assistant private secretary, John Hay, served as a successor to Seward from 1898 to 1905, during which time the U.S. acquired Puerto Rico, Guam, American Samoa, the Philippines, and the Panama Canal Zone. Stahr believes that Seward's influence is still felt today: Seward believed not only in territorial expansion but in a commercial and diplomatic empire. He encouraged immigration to the United States, always seeing immigration as a source of strength; he\u00a0... was prepared to back up words with arms; and he believed that Washington was the natural center for inter-American and international discussion. If he were alive today, he would not be surprised to learn\u00a0... that many of the most famous Americans are first- or second-generation immigrants, or that New York City is the world's financial center, or that the headquarters of the World Bank and the Organization of American States are both in Washington. Seward would not be surprised by these developments: he would be pleased. Sites and works regarding William H. Seward Stevens was then 68 years old. Whether Seward said this is questionable; it first appeared in anti-administration newspapers in 1863. It does not appear in Lyon's reports to Lord Russell, and Lyons denied it in 1864. See Stahr, p.\u00a0285. Although there is a legend that the Alaska Purchase was widely decried as \"Seward's Folly\", this is something of a myth. Most newspapers supported it, though the New-York Tribune called the treaty \"insensate folly\". In 1874, The Nation alleged that \"Mr. Seward was much laughed at for his folly\" and in 1880, an Alaska pioneer, Sheldon Jackson, wrote in a book that the purchase was viewed as \"Secretary Seward's folly\". In his 1891 biography of his father, Frederick Seward wrote that the treaty had been denounced as \"Seward's folly\" and Alaska dubbed \"Johnson's polar bear garden\". See Stahr, pp.\u00a0487\u2013488. Goodwin, p.\u00a014. Hale, pp.\u00a09, 13. Taylor, pp.\u00a012\u201314. Hale, p.\u00a09. Stahr, p.\u00a09. Connecticut Biographical Dictionary, pp.\u00a0125\u2013125. Stahr, pp.\u00a012\u201313. Taylor, p.\u00a014. Seward, William H. (1891). William H. Seward: An Autobiography; Volume 1 (1801\u20131834). Derby and Miller. pp.\u00a047\u201348. Retrieved September 7, 2014. Stahr, pp.\u00a016\u201319. Taylor, p.\u00a018. Taylor, pp.\u00a023\u201324. Goodwin, p.\u00a070. Taylor, p.\u00a05. Stahr, pp.\u00a020\u201321. Stahr, p.\u00a022. Taylor, pp.\u00a020\u201321. Brodie, pp.\u00a038\u201339. Stahr, pp.\u00a024\u201326. Taylor, p.\u00a023. Stahr, pp.\u00a028\u201330. Taylor, p.\u00a026. Stahr, pp.\u00a032\u201333. Taylor, pp.\u00a033\u201334. Hale, pp.\u00a099\u2013101. Stahr, p.\u00a041. Taylor, pp.\u00a034\u201335. Goodwin, pp.\u00a077\u201378. Taylor, pp.\u00a039\u201340. Stahr, pp.\u00a049\u201350. Goodwin, pp.\u00a080\u201381. Stahr, pp.\u00a054\u201357. Goodwin, p.\u00a081. Stahr, p.\u00a057. Taylor, p.\u00a042. Hale, pp.\u00a0137\u2013138. Taylor, pp.\u00a044\u201345. Stahr, p.\u00a060. Stahr, pp.\u00a068\u201370. Goodwin, p.\u00a083. Hale, p.\u00a0141. Stahr, pp.\u00a064\u201365. Stahr, pp.\u00a065\u201366. Goodwin, pp.\u00a083\u201384. Finkelman, pp.\u00a0212\u2013213. Stahr, pp.\u00a066\u201367. Stahr, pp.\u00a049\u201351. Taylor, pp.\u00a049\u201351. Stahr, pp.\u00a076\u201380. Van Deusen, pp.\u00a087\u201390. Taylor, pp.\u00a055\u201362, 70\u201372. Stahr, pp.\u00a099\u2013104. Taylor, p.\u00a067. Taylor, p.\u00a070. Van Deusen, pp.\u00a0107\u2013111. Van Deusen, pp.\u00a0114\u2013116. Taylor, pp.\u00a083\u201386. Stahr, pp.\u00a0127\u2013132. Taylor, pp.\u00a091\u201393. Frances Seward to William Seward Oct 16, [1851] University of Rochester Rush Rhees Library Special Collections Frances Seward to William Seward July 1, 1852. University of Rochester Rush Rhees Library Special Collections. Stahr, pp.\u00a0141\u2013143. Goodwin, pp.\u00a0160\u2013163. Stahr, pp.\u00a0149\u2013152. Taylor, pp.\u00a098\u201399. Goodwin, pp.\u00a0182\u2013183, 187. Denton, p.\u00a053. Goodwin, p.\u00a0188. Denton, p.\u00a052. Taylor, pp.\u00a0100\u2013103. Stahr, p.\u00a0162. Stegmaier, p.\u00a0198. Stegmaier, p.\u00a0199. Stegmaier, p.\u00a0200. Stegmaier, p.\u00a0203. Stahr, p.\u00a0172. Stegmaier, pp.\u00a0204\u2013205. Stegmaier, pp.\u00a0205\u2013206. Stegmaier, pp.\u00a0217\u2013218. Stegmaier, p.\u00a0220. Goodwin, p.\u00a0193. Van Deusen, p.\u00a0188. Goodwin, p.\u00a0192. Stahr, p.\u00a0174. Stegmaier, pp.\u00a0218\u2013219. Stahr, pp.\u00a0177\u2013181. Stahr, p.\u00a0182. Van Deusen, pp.\u00a0216\u2013220. Van Deusen, p.\u00a0216. Van Deusen, pp.\u00a0220\u2013221. Stahr, p.\u00a0184. Goodwin, p.\u00a0250. Denton, pp.\u00a013\u201319. Stahr, pp.\u00a0190\u2013192. Taylor, pp.\u00a08\u20139. Denton, pp.\u00a018\u201320. Taylor, pp.\u00a0119\u2013120. Stahr, p.\u00a0195. Taylor, p.\u00a0120. Stahr, p.\u00a0201. Stahr, pp.\u00a0201\u2013205. Stahr, pp.\u00a0203\u2013204. Van Deusen, pp.\u00a0234\u2013235. Stahr, pp.\u00a0208\u2013209. Stahr, pp.\u00a0210\u2013212. Stahr, pp.\u00a0213\u2013215, 220. Donald, pp.\u00a0148\u2013149. Goodwin, p.\u00a0306. Denton, p.\u00a063. Taylor, pp.\u00a0128\u2013129. Denton, pp.\u00a063, 97. Stahr, pp.\u00a0224\u2013227. Goodwin, p.\u00a0302. Goodwin, pp.\u00a0304\u2013308. Denton, p.\u00a093. Stahr, pp.\u00a0237\u2013238. Van Deusen, pp.\u00a0250\u2013251. Van Deusen, pp.\u00a0251, 253. Donald, p.\u00a0249. Donald, pp.\u00a0249\u2013250. Stahr, p.\u00a0248. Stahr, pp.\u00a0259\u2013264. Van Deusen, pp.\u00a0282\u2013283. Taylor, p.\u00a0151. Van Deusen, p.\u00a0283. Taylor, pp.\u00a0151\u2013152. Taylor, pp.\u00a0157\u2013158. Taylor, p.\u00a0161. Stahr, p.\u00a0289. Goodwin, pp.\u00a0363\u2013364. Stahr, p.\u00a0293. Stahr, pp.\u00a0294\u2013295. Stahr, p.\u00a0307\u2013323. Stahr, pp.\u00a0336\u2013337. Taylor, p.\u00a0198. Taylor, pp.\u00a0217\u2013219. Stahr, p.\u00a0285. Stahr, p.\u00a0287. Taylor, pp.\u00a0169\u2013170. Taylor, pp.\u00a0170\u2013171. Van Deusen, p.\u00a0336. Goodwin, p.\u00a0364. Goodwin, pp.\u00a0364\u2013365. Van Deusen, pp.\u00a0336\u2013337. Taylor, pp.\u00a0188\u2013189. Taylor, p.\u00a0192. Stahr, pp.\u00a0341\u2013347. Taylor, pp.\u00a0187\u2013188. Taylor, pp.\u00a0223\u2013224. Taylor, pp.\u00a0231\u2013234. Van Deusen, pp.\u00a0381\u2013386. Taylor, p.\u00a0236. Taylor, pp.\u00a0241\u2013245. Goodwin, pp.\u00a0739\u2013740. Taylor, pp.\u00a0247\u2013250. Taylor, pp.\u00a0253\u2013255. Taylor, p.\u00a0257. Stahr, pp.\u00a0450\u2013451. Stahr, pp.\u00a0457\u2013461. Van Deusen, pp.\u00a0452\u2013464. Taylor, p.\u00a0267. Taylor, p.\u00a0272. Taylor, pp.\u00a0271\u2013273, 283\u2013285. Van Deusen, pp.\u00a0365\u2013369. Taylor, pp.\u00a0198\u2013199. Temple (1928) pp. 106\u2013108 Taylor, pp.\u00a0251\u2013253. Temple (1928) pp The American Annual Cyclopedia and Register of Important Events of the Year 1865... D. Appleton. 1869. p.\u00a0321. Taylor, pp.\u00a0269\u2013270. Andersen, Anna (April 20, 2015). \"That Time The United States Was Thinking Of Buying Iceland\". The Reykjav\u00edk Grapevine. Archived from the original on May 25, 2015. Retrieved December 4, 2016. Stahr, pp.\u00a0453\u2013454. Stahr, pp.\u00a0453\u2013457. Taylor, p.\u00a0275. James R. Gibson, \"Why the Russians Sold Alaska.\" Wilson Quarterly 3.3 (1979): 179\u2013188 online. Stahr, pp.\u00a0482\u2013491. Thomas A. Bailey, \"Why the United States Purchased Alaska.\" Pacific Historical Review 3.1 (1934): 39\u201349. online Van Deusen, pp.\u00a0550\u2013552. \"Movements Of Distinguished Visitors\". Daily Alta California. July 14, 1869. Taylor, pp.\u00a0290\u2013291. Van Deusen, pp.\u00a0555\u2013556. Van Deusen, pp.\u00a0558\u2013561. Taylor, pp.\u00a0295\u2013296. Stahr, pp.\u00a0543\u2013544. Taylor, p.\u00a0296. Stahr, p.\u00a0544. Stahr, pp.\u00a0544\u2013545. Valone, p.\u00a0583. Van Deusen, p.\u00a0566. Crofts. Stahr, p.\u00a03. Taylor, p.\u00a0ix. Taylor, p.\u00a0299. Taylor, p.\u00a0297. Stahr, p.\u00a0504. Stahr, pp.\u00a0504\u2013505. Brodie, Fawn (1966) [1959]. Thaddeus Stevens: Scourge of the South (Norton Library\u00a0ed.). New York: W.W. Norton & Co., Inc. ISBN\u00a0978-0-393-00331-4. Crofts, Daniel S. (2000). \"Seward, William Henry\". American National Biography Online. Denton, Lawrence M. (2009). William Henry Seward and the Secession Crisis: The Effort to Prevent Civil War. Jefferson, NC: McFarland & Company, Inc. ISBN\u00a0978-0-7864-4428-1.CS1 maint: ignored ISBN errors (link) Donald, David Herbert (2003). We Are Lincoln Men: Abraham Lincoln and His Friends. New York: Simon & Schuster. ISBN\u00a0978-0-7432-5468-7. Finkelman, Paul (September 1988). \"The Protection of Black Rights in Seward's New York\" (PDF). Civil War History. 34 (3): 211\u2013234. doi:10.1353/cwh.1988.0057.(subscription required) Goodwin, Doris Kearns (2005). Team of Rivals: The Political Genius of Abraham Lincoln. New York: Simon & Schuster. ISBN\u00a0978-0-684-82490-1. Hale, Edward Everett (1910). William Henry Seward. American Crisis Biographies. Philadelphia: George W. Jacobs & Co. OCLC\u00a0823767. Hannan, Caryn (2008). Connecticut Biographical Dictionary. 1, A\u2013G. Hamburg, MI: State History Publications, LLC. ISBN\u00a0978-1-878592-72-9. Stahr, Walter (2012). Seward: Lincoln's Indispensable Man. Simon & Schuster. ISBN\u00a0978-1-4391-2118-4. Stegmaier, Mark J. (September 1985). \"Intensifying the Sectional Conflict: William Seward versus James Hammond in the Lecompton Debate of 1858\". Civil War History. 31 (3): 197\u2013221. doi:10.1353/cwh.1985.0038. Taylor, John M. (1991). William Henry Seward: Lincoln's Right Hand. Washington, DC: Brassey's. ISBN\u00a09781574881196. Temple, William H. \"William H. Seward: Secretary of State March 5, 1861, to March 4, 1869 \" in Samuel Flagg Bemis, ed. The American Secretaries of State and their Diplomacy (1928) vol VII pp 3\u2013115. Valone, Stephen J. (Fall 1995). \"\"Weakness offers temptation\": William H. Seward and the reassertion of the Monroe Doctrine\". Diplomatic History. 19 (4): 583\u2013599. doi:10.1111/j.1467-7709.1995.tb00666.x. ISSN\u00a00145-2096. Van Deusen, Glyndon (1967). William Henry Seward. New York: Oxford University Press. OCLC\u00a0426046. William H. Sewardat Wikipedia's sister projects Media from Wikimedia Commons Quotations from Wikiquote Texts from Wikisource Frances Seward, Wife Of Secretary Of State William Seward United States Congress. \"William H. Seward (id: S000261)\". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. Retrieved on 2009-04-30 Works by William H. Seward at Project Gutenberg Works by or about William H. Seward at Internet Archive Joseph Gerald Whelan, William Seward as Expansionist (Ph.D. Thesis, University of Rochester, 1959) Works by William H. Seward at LibriVox (public domain audiobooks) Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). \"Seward, William Henry\"\u00a0. Encyclop\u00e6dia Britannica (11th\u00a0ed.). Cambridge University Press. William H. Seward Letter, W. S. Hoole Special Collections Library, The University of Alabama Finding Aid to the William Henry Seward Collection, 1828\u20131936 (bulk 1828\u20131873), New York State Library American Abolitionists and Antislavery Activists, comprehensive website featuring abolitionist and anti-slavery activists in the United States, including political leaders; also provides list of antislavery organizations. Seward Family Digital Archive Letters and photographs by and about members of the Seward family."
   },
   {
    "name": "Philip S. Post",
    "id": "Q2086427",
    "text": "Philip Sidney Post (March 19, 1833 \u2013 January 6, 1895) was an American diplomat, politician, and decorated Army officer. He served as a United States Representative from Illinois for eight years, from 1887 to 1895. During the American Civil War, he was a Union Army officer and earned the Medal of Honor. Born in Florida, New York, P. Sidney Post pursued classical studies and graduated from Union College, Schenectady, New York, in 1855. He studied at the Poughkeepsie Law School and was admitted to the bar in Illinois in 1856. He then traveled through the northwest and took up his abode in Kansas, where he practiced law and also established and edited a newspaper. At the beginning of the American Civil War, he entered the Union Army and served with the 59th Illinois Volunteer Infantry Regiment as a 2nd lieutenant. He was promoted through the ranks to colonel in 1862. He was severely wounded at the Battle of Pea Ridge, and made his way with much suffering, and under many difficulties, to St. Louis, Missouri. Before fully recovering, he joined his regiment in front of Corinth, Mississippi, and was assigned to the command of a brigade. From May 1862 until the close of the war, he was constantly at the front. In the Army of the Cumberland, as first organized, he commanded the 1st Brigade, 1st Division, of the 20th Army Corps from its formation to its dissolution. He began the Battle of Stones River, drove back the enemy several miles, and captured Leetown. During the Atlanta campaign, he was transferred to Thomas J. Wood's division of the 4th Army Corps, and when that general was wounded at the Battle of Lovejoy's Station, Post took charge of the division, and with it opposed the progress of the Confederates toward the north. On December 16, 1864, in a charge on Overton Hill, during the Battle of Nashville, a grapeshot crushed through his hip, making what was for some days thought to be a mortal wound. On March 11, 1865, President Abraham Lincoln nominated, and the U.S. Senate confirmed, Post for appointment to the brevet grade of brigadier general of volunteers, to rank from December 16, 1864. After the surrender at Appomattox Court House, he was appointed to the command of the western district of Texas, where there was then a concentration of troops on the Mexican border. He remained there until near the start of 1866 when the withdrawal of the French from Mexico removed all danger of military complications. He was then earnestly recommended by Gen. George H. Thomas and others, under whom he had served, for the appointment of colonel in the regular army. But he did not wish to remain in the army, and he resigned and returned to Illinois. He was mustered out of the volunteers on December 8, 1865. Post received the Medal of Honor on March 8, 1893, for his actions at the Battle of Nashville. He was appointed consul to Vienna in 1866, and promoted to consul general to Austria-Hungary in 1874, where he served until his resignation in 1879. He was the commander of the Grand Army of the Republic's Department of Illinois in 1886. He was also a Companion of the Illinois Commandery of the Military Order of the Loyal Legion of the United States. Post was elected as a Republican to the Fiftieth and to the four succeeding Congresses and served from March 4, 1887, until his death before the close of the Fifty-third Congress, in Washington, D.C., on January 6, 1895. He was an early member of the Sons of the American Revolution. He was interred in Hope Cemetery, Galesburg, Illinois. Biography portal American Civil War portal List of American Civil War brevet generals (Union) List of United States Congress members who died in office (1790\u20131899) Wilson, J. G.; Fiske, J., eds. (1900). \"Post, Philip Sidney\"\u00a0. Appletons' Cyclop\u00e6dia of American Biography. New York: D. Appleton. Appleton's Universal Cyclopaedia has the date as November 16, 1864, which is clearly wrong. The Battle of Nashville took place December 15\u201316, 1864 and Post's charge on Overton Hill and wounding was on December 16. Appleton's also has the date of rank of Post's brevet wrong, although this may be a typographical error that shows December 10 rather than December 16. Eicher, John H., and David J. Eicher, Civil War High Commands. Stanford: Stanford University Press, 2001. ISBN\u00a00-8047-3641-3. p. 755 Eicher, 2001, p. 436 \"Funeral of P. S. Post\". Rock Island Argus. XLIII (69). Rock Island, Illinois. January 10, 1895 \u2013 via Chronicling America (Library of Congress). Eicher, John H., and David J. Eicher, Civil War High Commands. Stanford: Stanford University Press, 2001. ISBN\u00a00-8047-3641-3. United States Congress. \"Philip S. Post (id: P000457)\". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. Retrieved on 2008-02-12 \"Philip S. Post\". Claim to Fame: Medal of Honor recipients. Find a Grave. Retrieved 2008-02-12. \u00a0This article incorporates\u00a0public domain material from the Biographical Directory of the United States Congress website http://bioguide.congress.gov."
   },
   {
    "name": "George Seward",
    "id": "Q5544443",
    "text": "George Frederick Seward (November 8, 1840 \u2013 November 28, 1910) was a United States diplomat in China during the mid and late 19th century. He served as \"Envoy Extraordinary and Minister Plenipotentiary\" to China from 1876 until 1880. He later was an insurance executive with the Fidelity and Casualty Company. Seward was a native of Florida, New York, and was educated at the S. S. Seward Institute. He attended Union College; he later served as a trustee of the school and was awarded the honorary degree of LL.D. In 1861, he was appointed to the position of U.S. Consul in Shanghai, an appointment secured through his uncle William H. Seward, who was serving as United States Secretary of State. He was appointed United States Consul General in Shanghai in 1863, and U.S. Minister to China on January 7, 1876. During his service, Seward played a key role in early treaty negotiations that would eventually become known as the Chinese Exclusion Act. Seward opposed restricting Chinese immigration. His successor at Shanghai, John C. Myers of Reading, Pennsylvania, had reported to State Department superiors that Seward and his vice-counsul Oliver Bradford had been engaging in private land and capital speculation in China that seemed to violate the noninterference provisions of the Burlingame Treaty of 1868. However, Myers had been suspended for his efforts, as had his successor Wiley Wells, ex-Congressman from Mississippi. Wells and Myers then sought redress from Congress, and a committee considered impeaching George Seward. Meanwhile, the Hayes administration nominated John Singleton Mosby as consul at Hong Kong. Mosby's predecessor, David H. Bailey, had been nominated as Seward's successor in Shanghai and had traveled to Washington to defend his cronies. Upon arriving at his post, Mosby heard many reports about a network of embezzlement and shady speculation masterminded by Seward, and which also included Bailey and Loring in Hong Kong, missionary Chester Holcombe, David Sickels and Torrey in Bangkok and Adolph Studer in Singapore. Mosby's initial report to his immediate supervisor, Frederick W. Seward (George's cousin), mentioned only Bailey's improprieties, but received no reply and Bailey was confirmed. In March 1879, Mosby wrote to President Hayes' confidante, General Thomas C. H. Smith, about an embezzlement scheme operated by David B. Sickels (U.S. Consul at Bangkok) and his vice-counsel Torrey (a Hong Kong native whose correspondence with Loring whom Mosby had fired had accepted and read by Mosby). President Grant heard similar reports on his around-the-world cruise after his presidency ended, and encouraged Mosby to follow up, as well as spoke with President Hayes upon his return. By October 1879, Frederick Seward had resigned under fire, and before the 1880 elections (which Republican James Garfield won), Secretary of State William M. Evarts cleaned house in the far East. George Seward was replaced as Minister to China during the summer of 1880. Seward became an executive with the Fidelity and Casualty Company; he was appointed vice president in 1887 and president in 1893. Seward served as the company's president until his death. His other business interests included service as president of the Virginia Electrolytic Company, and a director of the Virginia Laboratory Company and the Tin Products Company. In addition to his business interests, Seward's civic and professional affiliations included member of the American Geographical Society, Academy of Political and Social Science and Institute of Civics, Municipal League for Civic Reform, Philippine Progress Commission, New Jersey Historical Society, and New York City's Author's Club, Reform Club, and Lawyer's Club. In addition, Seward was chairman of the executive committee for New York City's Chamber of Commerce. In addition to his LL.D. from Union College, Seward received the Order of the Dannebrog Third Class from the government of Denmark and the Order of the Dragon of Annam from the French colonial government of Indochina to recognize services he performed on behalf of each country during his consular service. Seward died in New York City on November 28, 1910. His funeral was held at Madison Square Presbyterian Church. He was buried at Woodlawn Cemetery in The Bronx. In 1870, Seward married Kate Sherman of California. They were the parents of four children -- George, Marian, Annie, and Emma. \"Geo. F. Seward Dead, Insurance Head; President of Fidelity and Casualty Company Dies at City Home In His 70th Year\" (PDF). The New York Times. November 29, 1910. p.\u00a011. Retrieved November 25, 2007. \"China,\" Chiefs of Mission by State, U.S. Department of State. Retrieved May 8, 2007. \"From the Stacks\" at New-York Historical Society Kevin H. Siepel, Rebel: The Life and Times of John Singleton Mosby (New York, St. Martin's Press, 1983) at pp. 207-210 New Jersey Court of Chancery (1935). \"Kate S. Seward v. Kaufman, 119 N.J. Eq. 44, Sept. 16, 1935\". Case Law Access Project. Cambridge, MA: Harvard Law School. Retrieved September 22, 2019. I give and bequeath to Woodlawn Cemetery, a New York corporation, out of the property of my late husband, over which I have power of appointment and disposal under Article II of his Last Will and Testament, the sum of One Thousand ($1,000) Dollars in trust, to use the income derived therefrom for the perpetual care and maintenance of the plot in the cemetery owned and maintained by said Woodlawn Cemetery where my husband\u2019s remains are buried, and where I wish my remains likewise to be buried. George Frederick Seward and the Chinese Exclusion Act | \"From the Stacks\" at New-York Historical Society George Frederick Seward Papers, MS 557, The New-York Historical Society Works by or about George Seward at Internet Archive \"George Seward,\" Index to Politicians, The Political Graveyard. Retrieved May 8, 2007. George Seward at Find a Grave"
   },
   {
    "name": "Theodore Frelinghuysen Seward",
    "id": "Q7781788",
    "text": "Theodore Frelinghuysen Seward (January 25, 1835 \u2013 August 30, 1902) was the Founder of the Brotherhood of Christian Unity and the Don't Worry Club. He was born in Florida, Orange County, New York. He left his father's farm at the age of eighteen to study music under Lowell Mason and Thomas Hastings, became organist of a church in New London, Connecticut, in 1857, and in Rochester, New York, in 1859, moved to New York City in 1867, and conducted the \"Musical Pioneer,\" and afterward the New York \"Musical Gazette.\" He first became interested in the tonic sol-fa system during a visit to England in 1869, and on his return worked to introduce the method without adopting the notation. He then took charge of the performances of the Fisk Jubilee Singers, wrote down more than one hundred of their plantation melodies, and, while making the tour of Europe with them, in 1875\u20131876. became more impressed with the advantages of the new system of musical instruction. After a course of study at the Tonic sol-fa college in London, he returned to the United States in 1877, to establish the system. Besides writing on the subject for many religious and educational journals, and lecturing before gatherings of teachers, he has edited the \"Tonic Sol-Fa Advocate\" and the \"Musical Reform,\" taught the system in classes and public schools, and prepared a series of textbooks. He was the founder of the American tonic sol-fa Association, and of the American vocal music association. He died in East Orange, New Jersey. William H. Seward was his second cousin. \"The Pestalozzian Music-Teacher\" (New York, 1871) with Lowell Mason \"The Sunnyside Glee-Book\" (New York, 1866) \"Temple Choir\" (1867) with Lowell Mason \"Coronation\" (1872) \"The Don't Worry Movement. Its Father, Theodore Frelinghuysen Seward, Speaks of Its Principles\". New York Times. February 27, 1898. Retrieved 2008-05-17. Shaw, Albert (1893). \"AS TO MR. SEWARD HIMSELF\". The Review of Reviews. 6: 304. \"Theodore F. Seward Dead. Musical Composer and Founder of Brotherhood of Christian Unity and Don't Worry Club\". New York Times. September 1, 1902. Retrieved 2008-05-17. Theodore Frelinghuysen Seward, musical composer and President of the Brotherhood of Christian Unity, died on Saturday at the residence of his daughter, Mrs. Thomas J. Bolles, 14 New England Terrace, Orange, N.J. He was sixty-seven years old. Theodore Frelinghuysen Seward 1835\u20131902, hymntime.com"
   }
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    "name": "Boori Monty Pryor",
    "id": "Q16145660",
    "text": "Boori Monty Pryor (born 1950) is an Aboriginal Australian author best known as a storyteller and as the inaugural Australian Children's Laureate (2012\u20132013). Pryor is descended from the Birri Gubba nation of the Bowen region and the Kunggandji people from Yarrabah, near Cairns. His father was Monty Prior. Pryor had a long career communicating Aboriginal Australian culture to schools in Australia, performing dances, playing didgeridoo, and storytelling, before turning to writing books. He has worked in film and television, sport, and music. In 1986, Boori had an acting role alongside his brother Paul Pryor in \u201cWomen of the Sun\u201d. In his keynote address for the 2013 Come Out Festival in Adelaide, Pryor spoke about the importance of storytelling, performance, and dance in engaging children with literacy, literature, and Indigenous cultures. Pryor was an ambassador for the National Year of Reading (Australia) in 2012. In 2018, ABC iView released the web/television series Wrong Kind of Black, narrated by and based on Pryor\u2019s life. In September 2019, the web series was nominated for an International Emmy. As of 2021[update], a documentary film about Boori is being made, using crowdfunding. In 1990, Pryor received the National Aboriginal and Islander Day Observance Committee (NAIDOC) Award as a result of his \"outstanding contribution to the promotion of Indigenous culture\". In 2011, Shake a Leg won the Prime Minister's Literary Award for Children\u2019s Fiction. In 2012, Pryor and Alison Lester were named the first inaugural Australian Children's Laureates. Pryor's works, including those in collaboration with Meme McDonald, have also won the Victorian Premier's Literary Award and the New South Wales Premier's Literary Award. Maybe Tomorrow (1998) won a Special Commendation from the Human Rights Awards and My Girragundji (1998), won a Children's Book Council of Australia Award, while The Binna Binna Man (1999), won several awards. Picture Books Shake a Leg, illustrated by Jan Ormerod (2010), winner of the Prime Minister's Literary Award for Children's Fiction in 2011 Story Doctors, illustrated by Rita Sinclair (2021) Young adult novels My Girragundji, co-authored with Meme McDonald (1998), winner of a Children's Book Council of Australia Award The Binna Binna Man, co-authored with Meme McDonald (1999), won an Ethnic Affairs Commission Award in 2000 Njunjul the Sun, co-authored with Meme McDonald (2002) Flytrap, co-authored with Meme McDonald (2002) Non-fiction Maybe Tomorrow, co-authored with Meme McDonald (1998) Austlit (17 September 2019). \"Boori Pryor\". AustLit: Discover Australian Stories. Retrieved 18 October 2020. Sheahan-Bright, Robyn (May 2013). \"The Inaugural Australian Children's Laureate: 'First Term' Report 2012-2013\". Magpies: Talking About Books for Children. Magpies Magazine Pty Ltd. 28 (2): 18\u201321. Retrieved 17 May 2014. Stewart, Lucy (April\u2013May 2012). \"Meet the Laureates\". Bookseller+Publisher Magazine. Bookseller+Publisher. 91 (8): 8. Osborne, Marj (September 2012). \"Australian Children's Laureates\u2014an invitation to join the story circle\". Access. Australian School Library Association (ASLA). 26 (3): 26\u201327. \"Boori Monty Pryor\". Allen & Unwin. Retrieved 3 February 2017. Pryor, Boori Monty (27 May 2013). keynote address (Speech). Come Out Festival 2013. Dunstan Playhouse, Adelaide Festival Centre, Adelaide, Australia. Retrieved 17 May 2014. \"Boori Monty Pryor at the National Year of Reading Launch, Canberra\". Australian Children's Laureate. 5 March 2012. Retrieved 25 May 2019. Latimore, Jack (5 August 2018). \"Wrong Kind of Black: Boori Monty Pryor's quirky web series a return to 70s Australia\". the Guardian. Retrieved 18 October 2020. Apostolou, Natalie (19 September 2019). \"'Safe Harbour', 'Wrong Kind of Black' and 'The Cry' up for International Emmy Awards\". IF Magazine. Retrieved 18 October 2020. \"Storykeepers\". Documentary Australia Foundation. 7 May 2019. Retrieved 29 June 2021."
   },
   {
    "name": "Benjamin Law",
    "id": "Q16204323",
    "text": "Benjamin Law (born 16 September 1982) is an Australian author and journalist. He is best known for his books The Family Law, a family memoir published in 2010, and Gaysia: Adventures in the Queer East, a journalistic exploration of LGBT life in Asia. Born in Nambour, Queensland to immigrant parents from Hong Kong and Malaysia, he is currently based in Sydney. He is openly gay. He was educated at Immanuel Lutheran College, Buderim on the Sunshine Coast. The Family Law was a shortlisted nominee for Book of the Year at the 2011 Australian Book Industry Awards, and was adapted by Matchbox Pictures into a six-part television series for the SBS network in 2016, which Law created and co-wrote with Marieke Hardy (Series 1) and Kirsty Fisher and Lawrence Leung (Series 2). It won the Screen Producers Awards for Best Comedy (2016) and was nominated for two AACTA Awards. At the 2012 Sydney Writers' Festival, he presented on the topic of bullying, for a panel with Wendy Harmer and Paul Capsis. In November 2015, he advocated for gay people in a public discussion hosted by Mildura Pride (a Mildura Rural City Council Initiative). The social inclusion initiative focused on making Mildura more welcoming for LGBTIQ communities. In April 2018, Law became an ambassador for the National Library of Australia. As a journalist, he has contributed to publications including Frankie, The Australian Financial Review, The Saturday Paper, The Monthly (including a 2014 supplement on the Museum of Old and New Art), The Courier-Mail and its Qweekend supplement, Griffith Review, New Matilda, Fairfax Media's Good Weekend magazine, The Big Issue and Crikey. On 12 September 2017, The Australian newspaper criticised Law's tweet of 30 August 2017, \"Sometimes find myself wondering if I\u2019d hate-fuck all the anti-gay MPs in parliament if it meant they got the homophobia out of their system\". The newspaper also highlighted Law's responding tweet to Rob Stott, \"[sighs heavily, unzips pants]\". The article highlighted that both tweets were posted during the Australian Marriage Law Postal Survey. Law subsequently stated that Googling the term \"hate-fucking\" shows that it is \"not a sexual assault\", and that The Australian's report coincided with the release of Law's investigative Quarterly Essay which examined that newspaper's coverage of the Safe Schools program. Law later publicly thanked the newspaper for the free publicity. The Family Law (2010, ISBN\u00a09781863954785) Gaysia: Adventures in the Queer East (2012, ISBN\u00a09781863955768) Sh*t Asian mothers say, Collingwood, Vic.\u00a0: Black Inc. (2014, ISBN\u00a09781863956635) Law School\u00a0: sex and relationship advice from Benjamin Law and his mum Jenny Phang, Melbourne, Vic. Brow Books (2017, ISBN\u00a09780994606853) \"Tourism\", pp.\u00a0147\u2013152, and \"Towards manhood\", pp.\u00a0195\u2013203, in: Growing up Asian in Australia, Melbourne, Black Inc. (2008, ISBN\u00a09781863951913) In: Voracious: best new Australian food writing, edited by Paul McNally, Prahran, Vic.\u00a0: Hardie Grant Books (2011, ISBN\u00a09781742701202) In: I'm not racist but ... forty years of the Racial Discrimination Act, by Tim Soutphommasane, Sydney, N.S.W. NewSouth Publishing (2015, ISBN\u00a09781742242057) In: The book that made me, edited by Judith Ridge, Newtown, NSW Walker Books Australia (2016, ISBN\u00a09781922244888) \"Beijing\", pp. [43]-49, in: Best Australian comedy writing, edited by Luke Ryan, Affirm Press, South Melbourne, Victoria (2016, ISBN\u00a09781925475265) In: Me and Mr Booker, by Cory Taylor, Melbourne, Victoria\u00a0: The Text Publishing Company (2017, ISBN\u00a09781925498271) Law, Benjamin (2017). Moral Panic 101 - Equality, Acceptance and the Safe Schools Scandal. Quarterly Essay. 67. Black Inc. ISBN\u00a09781863959513. Law, Benjamin (24 July 2019). Chinese-Australian history predates the first fleet \u2013 and my family helped me find out how. The Guardian The women who shaped my life (August 2010). Cleo, pp.\u00a0100\u2013102. Morris, Linda (21 December 2012). Benjamin Law. The Sydney Morning Herald, p.\u00a06. Tabart, Sally (July 2019). A Day In The Life Of Benjamin Law, Writer. The Design Files. Tabart, Sally (April 2020). Times Like These... With Writer Ben Law. The Design Files. Growing Up Queer in Australia (2019, ISBN\u00a09781760640866) \"Law unto himself: The Family Law author Benjamin Law\". Meld, 27 March 2012. Robert Dessaix, \"Queer and Loathing\". The Monthly, September 2012. Law, Benjamin (11 September 2014). \"Benjamin Law\". Retrieved 24 April 2016. \"Jenny Phang\". The Wheeler Centre. Retrieved 4 February 2019. http://benjamin-law.com/ \"Over the rainbow\". The Hindu, 20 December 2013. \"Gay, lesbian or queer writing\". The Book Show, 7 February 2011. \"Benjamin Law Comedy in Production at Matchbox Pictures\". Pedestrian Daily, 16 October 2013. \"Screen Producers Awards 2016: Winners | TV Tonight\". \"Archived copy\". Archived from the original on 20 December 2016. Retrieved 3 October 2017.CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link) Harmer, Wendy & Law, Benjamin & Capsis, Paul (2012), Bully for you, ABC1, Sydney, N.S.W. \"Benjamin Law visits Mildura to challenge homophobia\". ABC News. 16 November 2015. Retrieved 16 November 2017. Doherty, Megan (6 April 2018). \"Kaz Cooke, Benjamin Law among National Library's 50th anniversary ambassadors\". The Sydney Morning Herald. Retrieved 8 April 2018. \"Benjamin Law\" The Saturday Paper, 20 December 2014 \"Benjamin Law Talks Dysfunctional Families and Anthropomorphic Genitals\". 7 June 2010. Law, Benjamin (30 August 2017). \"Sometimes find myself wondering if I'd hate-fuck all the anti-gay MPs in parliament if it meant they got the homophobia out of their system\". @mrbenjaminlaw. Retrieved 16 November 2017. Law, Benjamin (30 August 2017). \"[sighs heavily, unzips pants]\". @mrbenjaminlaw. Retrieved 16 November 2017. \"Gay rights activist slammed for lewd tweets\". Sky News. 11 September 2017. Retrieved 12 September 2017. \"Coalition MPs lash out at 'vile' tweet by same-sex marriage advocate\". News Ltd. 11 September 2017. Retrieved 12 September 2017. Meade, Amanda (15 September 2017). \"Benjamin Law thanks News Corp's 'unholy alliance' for free publicity\". The Guardian. Retrieved 16 November 2017. \"Freudian slip web series premiere\". \"Nassim | Theatre in Melbourne\". \"Double Delicious review | Theatre in Sydney\". \"Benjamin Law's First Play is a Painful Family Drama That Twists into an Irresistible Comedy\". Official website Austlit profile IMDb page Interview for No Filter The Kids are Alright speech for Victorian Equal Opportunity and Human Rights Commission Work for The Sydney Morning Herald Work for The Age"
   },
   {
    "name": "Kenny Habul",
    "id": "Q16214434",
    "text": "Kenny Charles Edward Habul (born 24 May 1973) is an Australian professional race car driver and businessman. Born in Sydney, Australia, a former resident of Etobicoke, Ontario, Greenwich, CT, and a current resident of Mooresville, North Carolina, he is the president and CEO of SunEnergy1. He has competed in the IMSA WeatherTech SportsCar Championship, the V8 Supercar Development Series, the Australian Formula 3 Championship, the CASCAR Super Series, and the NASCAR Xfinity Series. In 2018 he won the inaugural Intercontinental GT Challenge Bronze Drivers' title. Habul started his racing career in karting at the age of six. His following career included racing in Formula Ford, Formula 3, V8 Supercars, CASCAR, NASCAR Trucks, NASCAR Xfinity Series and the IMSA WeatherTech SportsCar Championship. He also competed in the 2018 Bathurst 12-hour where he finished second outright. That race was the first in four endurance events for the year that made up the Intercontinental GT Challenge. After Bathurst he headed to the 24 Hours of Spa-Francorchamps where he claimed another podium in the Bronze Driver class, before sealing a second Bronze driver win at the Suzuka 10 Hours in Japan in August. Habul wrapped up the inaugural Bronze driver title at the final round at Laguna Seca in California in October. In 1998, after spending several years establishing his business career, Habul returned to racing in the Australian Formula Ford championship. The following year Habul scored his first category podium in a qualifying sprint support race at the Gold Coast Indy 300 on the streets of Surfers Paradise in Queensland. He finished third behind 2014 IndyCar Champion and 2018 Indy 500 winner, Will Power and Bathurst 1000 podium-getter, Steve Owen. In 2002, Habul moved to Formula 3 and competed in support races at the Gold Coast Indy 300. The following season Habul contested most of the championship rounds, finishing ninth outright in the national championship. After moving to Ontario, Habul began racing stock cars, competing in the CASCAR Super Series. In 2005, Habul contested three rounds of the series recording a best result of 10th. Before the series was purchased by NASCAR in 2007, Habul recorded a career best of third. After making six starts in the Nationwide Series in 2012 and 2013, in June 2014 Habul announced that he had signed with Joe Gibbs Racing to drive a SunEnergy1-sponsored car in the series' events at Road America and the Mid-Ohio Sports Car Course that year. Habul joined JR Motorsports in 2016 to compete in the road course races. Additionally, SunEnergy1 sponsored him and Josh Berry in the No. 88 Chevrolet Camaro, while also sponsoring Chase Elliott in the Sprint Cup Series. On April 6, 2013, Habul made his Camping World Truck Series debut with RSS Racing, driving the No. 93 Chevrolet Silverado at Martinsville.[citation needed] In 2016, Habul started his own team in the IMSA WeatherTech SportsCar Championship. Driving in the GTD series, Habul started 2017 by winning the pole in his class for the 12 Hours of Sebring. In 2018, Kabul continued his IMSA campaign by competing in the Rolex 24hr Daytona in January, finishing 8th.[citation needed] For the Belle Isle race, Habul teamed up with Bernd Schneider. The pair finished the weekend in 8th. In 2018 Habul entered the Intercontinental GT Challenge in the Bronze category, starting the season at the Liqui Moly Bathurst 12 Hour in February, where he finished on the podium with co-drivers Jamie Whincup, Vautier, and Raffaele Marciello.[citation needed] At the 24 Hours of Spa he finished 20th overall and 3rd in the Pro-Am class with co-drivers Bernd Schneider, Thomas Jaeger, and Martin Konrad.[citation needed] He then won his class in the Suzuka 10 Hours, finishing 10th overall with co-drivers Mika\u00ebl Grenier and Luca Stolz for the 10 hour race;[citation needed] the same co-drivers joined Habul for the season finale 8-hour event at Laguna Seca Raceway, where after spending two hours repairing damage in the pits Habul clinched the Bronze Driver Championship title with a 27th place overall finish, fourth in class Habul attended Merrimac High School, and then received a law degree from Bond University.[citation needed] In 2011, North Carolina State House Representative Ruth Samuelson awarded Habul with recognition on behalf of the NC Solar Center. He was also presented with the Energy Leadership Award in 2012 by the Charlotte Business Journal. On December 18, 2010, Habul was commissioned a Palmetto Patriot by the Lieutenant Governor of South Carolina, Andre Bauer. At the same ceremony Darlington Raceway President Chris Browning and NASCAR Legends David Parsons, Bud Moore, Cale Yarborough and Cotton Owners, all South Carolina natives, were also honoured. Habul is credited as a co-composer, along with Zac Brown, Niko Moon and Ben Simonetti for the song Your Majesty, which appears as the eighth track on the Zac Brown Band's 2017 album, Welcome Home. Habul and SunEnergy1 started a relationship with the Feed the Children in 2015 in a drive to provide 1,000 Elizabeth City-area families with food and essentials through the Albemarle Food Pantry. The SunEnergy1 Mercedes Benz at Rolex 24 at Daytona. The SunEnergy1 Mercedes Benz at COTA. 2016 Xfinity Series car at Road America NASCAR driver Kenny Habul at the 2013 Johnsonville Sausage 200 Nationwide race at Road America. The SunEnergy1 Mercedes-AMG in action (key) (Bold\u00a0\u2013 Pole position awarded by qualifying time. Italics\u00a0\u2013 Pole position earned by points standings or practice time. *\u00a0\u2013 Most laps led.) * Season still in progress 1 Ineligible for series points (key) (Races in bold indicate pole position) (Races in italics indicate fastest lap) *Season still in progress. Brown, Dominic. \"Solar Energy Promises New Jobs In The East\". 30 January 2012. New Bern, NC: WCTI-TV. Accessed 11 August 2013. Stabley, Susan. \"Mooresville mansion with a green mission\". 14 September 2009. Charlotte, NC: Charlotte Business Journal. Accessed 11 August 2013. \"Habul seals Intercontinental GT Challenge title - Speedcafe\". Speedcafe. 29 October 2018. Retrieved 29 October 2018. \"Switched On | Ocean Road Magazine | Home Page\". Ocean Road Magazine | Home Page. Retrieved 5 July 2018. \"NatSoft\". NatSoft. \"Kenny Habul | Racing career profile | Driver Database\". driverdb.com. Retrieved 5 July 2018. \"Formula 3 Australia - The Official Site\". 2 December 2003. Archived from the original on 2 December 2003. Retrieved 5 July 2018. \"CASCAR Super Series Results for 2005 - Racing-Reference.info\". racing-reference.info. Retrieved 5 July 2018. \"CASCAR Super Series Results for 2006 - Racing-Reference.info\". racing-reference.info. Retrieved 5 July 2018. \"SunEnergy1 sponsors Nationwide races for Joe Gibbs Racing\". Comox Valley Echo. Courtenay, British Columbia. 6 June 2014. Archived from the original on 14 July 2014. Retrieved 7 June 2014. \"SunEnergy1 to Sponsor JR Motorsports' No. 88 Entry in Five NXS Events\". JR Motorsports. 17 February 2016. Retrieved 18 February 2016. \"SunEnergy1 to Sponsor Elliott\". Motor Racing Network. 3 February 2016. Retrieved 18 February 2016. \"No. 75 SunEnergy1 Racing\". motorsportsnewswire.com. Retrieved 28 March 2017. \"Mercedes great Schneider 'felt like a rookie' in IMSA cameo\". RACER. 5 June 2018. Retrieved 18 June 2018. \"WORLD WRAP: Campbell heads GTE-Am field in Le Mans test - Speedcafe\". speedcafe.com. Retrieved 18 June 2018. \"Audi, Aussie on top at Laguna Seca - Liqui-Moly Bathurst 12 Hour\". Liqui-Moly Bathurst 12 Hour. Retrieved 29 October 2018. \"CBJ Energy Leadership Award nominations close next week\". bizjournals.com. Retrieved 31 July 2018. \"NASCAR Legends Honored with Prestigious Palmetto Patriot Award - Darlington Raceway\". darlingtonraceway.com. Retrieved 10 September 2018. \"Welcome Home - Zac Brown Band, Zac Brown | Songs, Reviews, Credits | AllMusic\". AllMusic. Retrieved 31 July 2018. Children, Feed the. \"Kenny Habul Partners with Feed the Children to Bring Hope to Elizabeth City Residents\". Feed the Children. Retrieved 30 July 2018. Kenny Habul driver statistics at Racing-Reference"
   },
   {
    "name": "Damian Humbley",
    "id": "Q16218538",
    "text": "Damian Humbley (born 13 February 1979) is an Australian singer and actor. Born in Queensland, he trained at the Western Australian Academy of Performing Arts. He is best known for his work on the stage in the UK, notable credits including acclaimed productions of Stephen Sondheim musicals such as Company at the Sheffield Crucible and Merrily We Roll Along at the Menier Chocolate Factory. In 2013 he played the role of Charley Kringas in the Harold Pinter Theatre's filmed production of Merrily We Roll Along. \"Whatsonstage.com\". Archived from the original on 14 November 2013. Retrieved 28 July 2013. Damian Humbley at IMDb"
   },
   {
    "name": "Remy Hii",
    "id": "Q16225873",
    "text": "Remy Hii (born 1986/1987) is an Australian actor. Hii attended the National Institute of Dramatic Art for three years, and appeared in various theatre productions, before being cast in his first television role. Hii starred as Van Tuong Nguyen in the four-part miniseries Better Man and was cast as Hudson Walsh in the soap opera Neighbours in 2013. He is also known as Prince Jingim from the Netflix original series Marco Polo. From 2018 to 2019, Hii played Simon Van Reyk in the Australian television crime drama Harrow. Hii has also appeared in the series Sisters, the romantic comedy film Crazy Rich Asians, and Marvel\u2019s Spider-Man: Far From Home. Hii was born in Malaysia to a Chinese-Malaysian father and a British mother from Manchester. His father's family left China during the Cultural Revolution and settled in Malaysia like many others. He moved with his parents to Townsville, Queensland when he was eight. He attended the Queensland University of Technology. His early theatre work was with The Emerge Project, an arm of Switchboard Arts. There he performed in a number of original productions in Brisbane by local playwrights between 2005 and 2007. From 2009 to 2011 he attended the National Institute of Dramatic Art (NIDA) in Sydney where he graduated in 2011. During his time at NIDA, Hii played in the Sydney indie-rock group RAPIDS, alongside Will Shepherd, and fellow actors Angus McLaren and Jamie Timony. The band released a self-titled EP in 2010. Hii's professional theatre debut was with the Queensland Theatre Company's production of The Estimator in 2007, after he was noticed by its playwright David Brown performing in a play reading with The Emerge Project. He was later cast in guest roles in the television series East of Everything and H2O: Just Add Water. In 2011, Hii appeared as Tom in the short film Kiss. Hii appeared in the lead role of Van Tuong Nguyen in SBS's four-part miniseries Better Man, which began airing from 25 July 2013. The series is based on a true story. The role led to Hii receiving a nomination for Best Lead Actor in a Television Drama at the 2014 AACTA Awards and the Most Outstanding Newcomer accolade the 2014 Logie Awards. On 12 June 2013, Hii joined the cast of Neighbours as Hudson Walsh. Hudson was introduced as a love interest for established character Chris Pappas (James Mason). On 20 June, Hii told Daniel Kilkelly from Digital Spy that he had been asked back to continue filming the following month. After leaving Neighbours, Hii was cast as Prince Jingim in the Netflix drama Marco Polo. The series was cancelled after two seasons in 2016. Hii went on to appear in Paul Currie's 2017 thriller film 2:22, and he has a recurring role as Sam in the Australian television drama Sisters. Hii portrays Alistair Cheng in the 2018 romantic comedy film Crazy Rich Asians, based on the novel of the same name by Kevin Kwan. As of 2018, he plays Simon Van Reyk, a forensic pathologist, on the crime drama Harrow, and appears in every episode of the first series. In 2019, he played Brad Davis in Spider-Man: Far From Home. Hii was set to have the lead role of Luen in Jane the Novela, a spin-off from Jane the Virgin that was later not picked up by The CW. Hii plays Ben Zhao in the ABC comedy-drama series Aftertaste, which began airing in February 2021. Shearer, Geoff (8 September 2018). \"Crazy Rich Asians star Remy Hii calls his suitcase home\". The Courier-Mail. Knox, David (23 July 2013). \"Raw emotion the key for Remy Hii\". TV Tonight. Retrieved 22 July 2013. http://www.switchboardarts.com.au/[dead link] Devlyn, Darren (24 July 2013). \"Remy Hii delivers performance of the year in SBS miniseries Better Man\". news.com.au. Retrieved 8 September 2013. Kilkelly, Daniel (21 June 2013). \"'Neighbours' newcomer Remy Hii talks Hudson role, Chris plot\". Digital Spy. Retrieved 21 June 2013. \"Rapids\". Triple J Unearthed. Archived from the original on 21 May 2011. Retrieved 11 June 2018. White, Erin (15 June 2007). \"The Estimator \u2013 Queensland Theatre Company\". Australian Stage. Retrieved 11 June 2018. \"Cast & Crew\". Azure Productions. Retrieved 21 June 2013. \"Better Man\". Special Broadcasting Service. Retrieved 21 June 2013. Knox, David (4 December 2013). \"AACTA Awards 2014: nominations\". TV Tonight. Retrieved 3 December 2013. Cooper, Amy (20 April 2014). \"All hail supermum Emilia Clarke\". The Age. Retrieved 20 April 2014. Kilkelly, Daniel (12 June 2013). \"'Neighbours': Remy Hii to play new love interest for Chris Pappas\". Digital Spy. Retrieved 21 June 2013. Goldberg, Lesley (8 April 2014). \"Netflix's 'Marco Polo' Sets Its Cast\". The Hollywood Reporter. Retrieved 9 April 2014. Koblin, John (13 December 2016). \"Netflix, in Rare Cancellation, Is Ending 'Marco Polo'\". The New York Times. Retrieved 11 June 2018. Groves, Don (29 January 2018). \"Actor Remy Hii hails progress towards on-screen diversity\". If Magazine. Retrieved 11 June 2018. Li, Shirley (7 November 2017). \"Meet the cast and characters of Crazy Rich Asians\". Entertainment Weekly. Retrieved 11 June 2018. Gonzalez, Umberto (14 August 2018). \"'Crazy Rich Asian' Star Remy Hii Joins 'Spider-Man: Far From Home' Cast (Exclusive)\". TheWrap. Retrieved 14 August 2018. Hullender, Tatiana (8 May 2019). \"Remy Hii's Spider-Man: Far From Home Character Revealed\". Screen Rant. Retrieved 8 May 2019. Knox, David (20 March 2019). \"Remy Hii lands US lead role\". TV Tonight. Retrieved 19 March 2019. Knox, David (3 February 2021). \"Aftertaste\". TV Tonight. Retrieved 7 February 2021. Remy Hii at IMDb\u00a0"
   },
   {
    "name": "Meica Christensen",
    "id": "Q16232552",
    "text": "Meica Horsburgh (n\u00e9e Christensen; born 24 February 1989) is an Australian goalball player. She began playing the sport in 2004, the same year she made her national team debut. After the national team took a three-year break, she was named the captain in 2010 and played in the Goalball World Championships. She represented Australia at the 2012 Summer Paralympics and was at the 2016 Summer Paralympics and 2020 Summer Paralympics. Horsburgh was born in Wynnum North, Queensland, on 24 February 1989. She has a visual disability, with partial sight. She attended Cavendish Road State High School, and played in a goalball demonstration game there in 2004. Other sports she participates in include skiing. In 2005, she lived in Birkdale, Queensland, but was living in Wellington Point again by 2011. In 2011, she worked at Royal Brisbane and Women's Hospital as an administrator. She is married to Australian goalball player Jon Horsburgh. Horsburgh is a goalball player, and is classified as a B3 competitor. She started playing the sport in 2004, when she was 15-years-old. In 2005, she played in the New Zealand Goalball Nationals for the Queensland women's goalball team. Horsburgh made her national team debut in 2004, the same year she started playing the sport, when she played in a game against Sweden women's national goalball team in Malm\u00f6, Sweden, as part of a ten-team Malm\u00f6 Women's International Cup that included seven teams that had qualified for the 2004 Summer Paralympics. She was coached in the competition by Robyn Stephens. In late 2004, she had a goal of making the Paralympic team for the 2008 Summer Paralympics, but the Australian team did not qualify. She was named the national team captain in 2010. In her role as captain, she plays the song \"The Final Countdown\" before competitions. Going into the 2010 Goalball World Championships with the national team not having played a match in three years, her team finished eighth. She was the national team captain again in 2011, and was with the team during the 2011 IBSA Africa Oceania Goalball Regional Champions, which served as the Paralympic qualifying tournament. In her first game against New Zealand, her team won 11-4 after leading 7\u20131 at the half. She scored seven goals in the team's victory. She also played in the final match against New Zealand women's national goalball team. Australia won the game against New Zealand by a score of 6\u20132, Horsburgh scored three goals, the second one from a penalty shot. She finished the competition as the fifth highest scorer, and her team finished sixth overall. Horsburgh was named to the Aussie Belles team going to the 2012 Summer Paralympics. She was the team's longest serving member going into the Games, and the team's captain. That the team qualified for the Games came as a surprise, as the Australian Paralympic Committee had been working on player development with an idea of the team qualifying for the 2016 Summer Paralympics, and an Australian team had not participated since the 2000 Summer Paralympics, when they earned an automatic selection as hosts, and the team finished last in the competition. The country has not medalled in the event since 1976. Going into the Paralympic Games, her team was ranked eighth in the world. In the 2012 Summer Paralympics tournament, the Belles played games against Japan, Canada, the United States and Sweden. They lost every game, and did not advance to the finals. She scored three goals. The Belles originally failed to qualify for the 2016 Paralympic Games after finishing third at the IBSA Goalball Asia Pacific Championships in Hangzhou, China. They were displaced to allow for an African team, Algeria as it turned out, to compete in goalball for the first time. But following the re-allocation of Russia's spot, the Belles found themselves getting a last-minute invite to Rio de Janeiro. They entered the tournament ranked ninth in the world. They performed better this time, fighting Uzbekistan to a draw, but they needed a win or draw in their final game against Canada to progress to the quarter finals, but lost 6\u20130, ending their second Paralympic campaign. At the 2020 Summer Paralympics, the Belles won two group stage games and lost to Turkey in the quarter finals. Australia women's national goalball team Sports portal \"2016 Australian Paralympic Team receives nine extra spots\". Australian Paralympic Committee News, 29 August 2016. Retrieved 29 August 2016. \"'No Excuses' For Tokyo-Bound Aussie Belles\". Paralympics Australia. 18 June 2021. Retrieved 20 June 2021. \"Meica Christensen\". Australia: Australian Paralympic Committee. 2012. Archived from the original on 12 July 2012. Retrieved 13 July 2012. Uhlmann, Lyn (27 February 2012). \"Goalballer hopes high for London\". Bayside Bulletin / The Redland Times. Retrieved 9 July 2012.[permanent dead link] Tilley, Andrew (22 May 2012). \"News\". The University of Sydney. Retrieved 15 July 2012. \"Mark hits target for London\". Bayside Bulletin / The Redland Times. 22 May 2012. Retrieved 15 July 2012.[permanent dead link] \"AAP News: OLY:Australian goalballers London bound\". Australia: AAP News. 8 May 2012. WAAP97280181. Retrieved 15 July 2012. \"Facing world at nationals\". Wynnum Herald. Brisbane, Australia. 14 September 2005. p.\u00a077. Retrieved 15 July 2012. \"Kim shows passion for chosen sport\". South East Advertiser. Brisbane, Australia. 27 October 2004. p.\u00a091. Retrieved 15 July 2012. \"The wait is over for Australian goalballers\". Australian Paralympic Committee website. Archived from the original on 29 August 2012. Retrieved 26 August 2016. \"Aus goalballers play for London 2012 spots\". Nine MSN. Archived from the original on 8 December 2012. Retrieved 9 July 2012. Gault, Ian (26 May 2004). \"International cup\". South East Advertiser. Brisbane, Australia. p.\u00a086. Retrieved 15 July 2012. \"Australia names Paralympic goalball team\". Australian Paralympic Committee. 8 May 2012. Archived from the original on 16 July 2012. Retrieved 15 July 2012. Fife, Janet (14 June 2012). \"Pride of Australia nominee Georgina Kenaghan is giving her team that ring of confidence\". The Daily Telegraph. Sydney, Australia. Retrieved 9 July 2012. \"Australian London 2012 athletes receive extra funding | London 2012 Paralympic news\". insideworldparasport.biz. 29 June 2012. Archived from the original on 29 June 2012. Retrieved 9 July 2012. Sword, Stephanie. \"Mt Kuring-gai goalball player Tyan Taylor taking on the world\". Hornsby & Upper North Shore Advocate. Retrieved 9 July 2012. \"Bittersweet victory for Aussie goalballers\". Nine MSN. Archived from the original on 30 December 2012. Retrieved 9 July 2012. \"AAP News: SPO:Aus goalballers play for London 2012 spots\". Australia: AAP News. 16 November 2011. WAAP92597477. Retrieved 15 July 2012. \"Australian women win opening goalball game\". Australian Paralympic Committee. Archived from the original on 12 July 2012. Retrieved 15 July 2012. \"News\". International Blind Sports Federation. 15 November 2011. Retrieved 15 July 2012. \"PARALYMPICS\". The Advertiser. Adelaide, Australia. 18 November 2011. p.\u00a076. Retrieved 15 July 2012. \"Bittersweet day for Australian goalball\". Australian Paralympic Committee. 17 November 2011. Archived from the original on 12 July 2012. Retrieved 15 July 2012. FitzGerald, Deborah (24 November 2011). \"London here we come\". Inner West Courier. Retrieved 9 July 2012. FitzGerald, Deborah (24 November 2011). \"London here we come\u00a0\u2014 AUSSIE WOMEN BOOK SPOT AT PARALYMPICS\". Inner West Courier\u00a0\u2014 Inner West Edition. Sydney, Australia. p.\u00a031. Retrieved 15 July 2012. Fife-Yeomans, Janet (14 June 2012). \"Giving team that ring of confidence - - PRIDE OF AUSTRALIA\". The Daily Telegraph. Sydney, Australia. p.\u00a012. Retrieved 15 July 2012. \"Meica, Nicole pack their bags for London\". Sporting Wheelies. Archived from the original on 23 March 2015. Retrieved 15 July 2012. \"Women's Goalball\". Official site of the London 2012 Olympic and Paralympic Games. Archived from the original on 15 September 2012. Retrieved 16 September 2012. \"Match Results - Match No. 29 - AUS vs CAN\" (PDF). Official site of the London 2012 Olympic and Paralympic Games. Archived from the original (PDF) on 10 September 2012. Retrieved 16 September 2012. \"Match Results - Match No. 46 - SWE vs AUS\" (PDF). Official site of the London 2012 Olympic and Paralympic Games. Archived from the original (PDF) on 6 September 2012. Retrieved 16 September 2012. \"Curtain draw on Rio 2016 as Australian Belles claim bronze\". Australian Paralympic Committee News. 13 November 2015. Archived from the original on 17 November 2015. Retrieved 16 November 2015. Spits, Scott (14 September 2016). \"Rio Paralympics 2016: Silence please! Brazilian fans get their taste of goalball at the Paralympics\". The Sydney Morning Herald. McDonald, Margie (25 August 2016). \"Rio Paralympics Paralympic team grows by nine after Russian ban upheld\". The Australian. Retrieved 25 August 2016. SYGALL, David (18 June 2021). \"'No Excuses' For Tokyo-Bound Aussie Belles\". Paralympics Australia. Retrieved 18 June 2021. Paralympics Australia Profile"
   },
   {
    "name": "Steve Meehan",
    "id": "Q16732418",
    "text": "Stephen Meehan is an Australian professional rugby union football coach. He is currently an assistant coach at Toulon in the Top 14 competition in France, and was formerly in charge of Bath Rugby in the English Premiership. He was head coach of the Queensland Country team for the inaugural season of Australia's National Rugby Championship in 2014. Stephen Meehan grew up in Brisbane, the second youngest of six. He attended Marist College Ashgrove in the 1980s, along with brothers Bryan, Kevin and David. The college, which also produced John Eales and Matthew Hayden, was a hothouse of ideas on running rugby. The first team was coached by former Wallaby centre Barry Honan and his mantra \u2013 \"running and passing as opposed to kicking\" \u2013 was a major influence on Meehan's ideas about rugby. Meehan began his coaching career in Queensland in 1999, working variously as Queensland Reds Under 19 selector, head coach of the Brisbane representative team, Combined States Under 19 backs coach, and head coach of the Brisbane Cyclone team when they became the East Coast Series champions. From July 2002 he worked as Assistant Coach (Backs and Skills) at Stade Fran\u00e7ais, first under Head Coach Nick Mallett and from 2004/05 with Fabien Galthi\u00e9. During his tenure, Stade reached the Final of the French Championship three years running, winning in 2002/03 and 2003/04, and losing in extra time to Biarritz Olympique in 2004/05. Stade Fran\u00e7ais were also finalists in the 2005 Heineken Cup. Meehan joined Bath as the new backs coach in June 2006, before being temporarily promoted to head coach in August 2006. His role was made permanent in December 2006 and he went on to lead the club to their first silverware in 10 years, when Bath won the European Challenge Cup in 2008. In October 2009, Meehan signed a contract extension, to keep him at Bath until 2012. However, following the appointment of Sir Ian McGeechan as director of rugby at the club in 2010, and his subsequent assumption of responsibility for coaching, Meehan and the club reached an agreement whereby he would leave at the end of the 2010/11 season Returning to Australia, Meehan joined the Western Force on a one-year deal for the 2013 Super Rugby season as attack coach under Michael Foley. At the end of 2013, Meehan signed with the Queensland Reds as attack coach for the 2014 Super Rugby season. He was appointed as head coach of the Queensland Country team for the inaugural season of Australia's National Rugby Championship in 2014. Meehan joined Toulon as an assistant coach for the 2015\u201316 season of the Top 14 in France. Meehan joined Japanese Top League side, the Kintetsu Liners, as Backs Coach under Head Coach Akira Tsuboi in April 2017. \"Head coach Steve Meehan to leave Bath at end of season\". BBC News. 29 March 2011. Archived from the original on 1 April 2011. Retrieved 4 April 2012. Kitson, Robert (21 February 2009). \"Meehan's pass masters give Bath style and substance\". The Guardian. Archived from the original on 6 August 2014. Retrieved 6 August 2014. \"Bath set to sign Bulls star Hape\". Bath Rugby. 26 May 2008. Archived from the original on 29 May 2008. Retrieved 26 May 2008. \"Meehan joins Bath coaching team\". BBC News. 27 June 2006. Archived from the original on 24 October 2007. Retrieved 10 October 2009. \"Bath promote Meehan to head coach\". BBC News. 2 August 2006. Archived from the original on 29 April 2011. Retrieved 10 October 2009. Mairs, Gavin (12 October 2009). \"Steve Meehan signs two-deal Bath contract extension\". London: Telegraph. Archived from the original on 12 November 2012. Retrieved 12 October 2009. Hamilton, Tom (25 July 2013). \"Meehan and Force go separate ways\". ESPN SCrum. Archived from the original on 23 August 2013. Retrieved 6 August 2014. \"Queensland Reds appoint Steve Meehan as attack coach\". ABC. 1 October 2013. Retrieved 6 August 2014. \"NRC update part 1: Queensland, Perth, Melbourne and Canberra\". The Roar. 8 July 2014. Archived from the original on 8 July 2014. Retrieved 8 July 2014. Hamilton, Tom (11 May 2015). \"Former Bath coach Steve Meehan to join Toulon\". ESPN SCrum. Archived from the original on 13 June 2015. Retrieved 6 August 2014. http://en.rugby-japan.jp/2017/07/29/top-league-profiles-2017-18-kintetsu-liners/ Profile, ESPN Scrum"
   },
   {
    "name": "David E Woodley",
    "id": "Q17020503",
    "text": "David Edwin Woodley is an Australian theatre, television and film actor, director and writer. He began his career as a stage actor in Brisbane, Australia performing under the direction of renown Shakespearean director Bryan Nason AM. Woodley toured with local theatre company Grin and Tonic. before again performing under the direction of Bryan Nason in dual roles as Ea and Utnapishtim, in The Royal Queensland Theatre Company's production of Gilgamesh. Believing the UK produced most exceptional actors, Woodley moved to England to undertake drama studies at St Catherine's Drama Studio in Guildford, Surrey, UK under the direction of June and Adrian Cooper. Whilst living in the UK, he also undertook private voice studies with Alan Woodhouse at Guildhall School of Music and Drama, London. Being an avid and competent horseman, on Woodley's return to Australia he trained in stunts with Canadian born stunt co-coordinator Ric Anderson in 'Horses and Heroes' a live western stunt show on the Gold Coast. He relocated to Sydney in 1995 after gaining the role of series regular, Hopper Hadley in the Network 10 television drama Echo Point, along with fellow actors, Rose Byrne (28 Weeks Later) and Martin Henderson (The Ring). Woodley went on to become a series regular with the long running series, Home and Away as Joel Nash from 1998\u20132000. Woodley has performed roles in many Australian drama series including the award-winning ABC TV series Rake as well as US productions of Spartacus - Gods of the Arena and Legend of the Seeker Woodley plays Mike Evans in the first installment of the Science Fiction Trilogy The Three-Body Problem adapted from the novel of the same name written by acclaimed Chinese author and winner of the 2015 Hugo Awards, Liu Cixin. The film is due to be released in July 2017. Woodley holds a Degree in Film Production from SAE Institute Sydney. \"http://www.grinandtonictheatre.com.au/about.html\", retrieved 7/10/15."
   },
   {
    "name": "Damien Miller",
    "id": "Q17308071",
    "text": "Damien Patrick Miller is an Australian career diplomat and the first Indigenous Australian to head an Australian diplomatic mission. Miller belongs to the Gangulu people from the area of Mount Morgan, near Rockhampton in Central Queensland. In an interview with ABC News Breakfast, Miller said that his grandmother was subjected to the Aboriginals Protection and Restriction of the Sale of Opium Act 1897 and she and many family members moved from the outskirts into Rockhampton, or later moved to Brisbane. Miller was brought up in Brisbane and has strong ties to the traditional country of his people. In 1993, Miller was recognised as Aboriginal Scholar of the Year by the national NAIDOC committee. He graduated from the University of New South Wales in 1998 with a Bachelor of Arts and Bachelor of Laws. Miller also holds a Diploma in Foreign Affairs and Trade from Monash University. Whilst studying for his law degree at the University of New South Wales, Miller worked in a commercial law firm in Sydney. In 1995, he joined the Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade (DFAT) as an Indigenous Cadet and worked part-time at the Department during the summer holidays. After graduating from the University of New South Wales, in 1999 Miller joined DFAT full-time. As a career diplomat Miller was first posted to the High Commission of Australia to Malaysia, where he served from 2000\u20132003. Returning to Australia, Miller then served as a desk officer in DFAT's South-East Asia Division from 2003\u20132006, and then as Director of DFAT Corporate Planning from 2007\u20132009. In 2009, Miller was then moved to the position of Director in DFAT's Afghanistan Section. In 2010 Miller was appointed as Counsellor and Deputy Head of Mission at the Embassy of Australia to Germany, where he served under Peter Tesch. On 1 April 2013 Australian Foreign Minister Bob Carr appointed Miller as the new Ambassador of Australia to Denmark, with concurrent accreditation to Iceland and Norway, replacing James Choi. With this appointment, Miller became the first Indigenous Australian to become an Australian head of mission. Miller took up his appointment in May 2013 and presented his credentials to Queen Margrethe II on 14 June 2013. He later presented his credentials to Norwegian King Harald V on 17 October 2013 and to Icelandic President \u00d3lafur Ragnar Gr\u00edmsson on 7 December 2013. On his Ambassadorial appointment, Miller noted that the Department employs 49 Indigenous staff with 12 of those employees posted at various Australian diplomatic missions around the world, and that it is \"great honour not only for me, but for my family and for Indigenous Australians.\" Miller is in a same-sex relationship with Neill Seeto. \"Diplomatic List 2014\". Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Denmark). 2014. p.\u00a013. Retrieved 3 July 2014. \"Damien Miller to be first Aboriginal Ambassador\". Koori Mail. Archived from the original on 3 July 2014. Retrieved 3 July 2014. \"First indigenous Australian appointed head of an overseas mission\". ABC News Breakfast. Australian Broadcasting Corporation. 11 April 2013. Archived from the original on 3 July 2014. Retrieved 3 July 2014. \"In Profile: Damien Miller (BA LLB 98)\". University of New South Wales. 7 May 2013. Archived from the original on 3 July 2014. Retrieved 3 July 2014. \"Australiens Ambassad\u00f8r i Danmark / Australia's Ambassador in Denmark\" (PDF). Down Under (in Danish and English) (6). Friendship Society of Australia, New Zealand and Denmark. August 2013. p.\u00a019. Archived from the original (PDF) on 3 July 2014. Retrieved 3 July 2014. Woodley, Naomi (2 April 2013). \"Damien Miller to become first Indigenous Head of Mission\". The World Today. Australian Broadcasting Corporation. Archived from the original on 3 July 2014. Retrieved 3 July 2014. \"Arctic Shipping Routes & Economic Developments\". Folketinget. 25 November 2013. Archived from the original on 3 July 2014. Retrieved 3 July 2014. \"Ambassador to Denmark\". Foreign Minister of Australia. 1 April 2013. Archived from the original on 29 June 2014. Retrieved 29 June 2014. \"Indigenous Aussie is ambassador to Denmark\". The Advertiser. Australian Associated Press. 1 April 2013. Archived from the original on 3 July 2014. Retrieved 3 July 2014. \"List of Ambassadors presenting their credentials 14 June 2013\". Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Denmark). 24 June 2013. Archived from the original on 14 July 2014. Retrieved 29 June 2014. \"Oslo Diplomatic List\" (PDF). Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Norway). 13 May 2014. p.\u00a09. Archived from the original (PDF) on 3 July 2014. Retrieved 3 July 2014. \"Diplomatic and consular list\" (PDF). Reykjav\u00edk: Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Iceland). p.\u00a010. Archived from the original (PDF) on 3 July 2014. Retrieved 3 July 2014. Profile"
   },
   {
    "name": "Sinead Burgess",
    "id": "Q18022190",
    "text": "Sinead Burgess (born 10 November 1990) is a Sydney-based singer-songwriter signed to ABC Music and Island Records Australia, which is part of Universal Music Australia. Burgess first began her singing career in 2007 and subsequently released a 5-track EP titled 'You Get Me'; featuring the title track and \"Butterflies\" which were released as singles and in many compilation albums across Australia. Burgess's single \"Goodnight America\" was co-written with UK pop producer Stuart Crichton who has worked with Kylie Minogue, Pet Shop Boys, Bond and The Sugababes. Burgess supported Irish band The Script at a one-off show in Sydney in 2012. Burgess released her single \"Rearview Mirrow\" digitally in 2013 and then worked on a 6-Track EP titled \"Wolf\", released as a digital download in 2016. Burgess since toured with The Shires (duo) on their Accidentally On Purpose tour as a supported act. Burgess released the album \"Damaged Goods\" on August 17, 2018. \"Beachmere singer-songwriter Sinead Burgess to launch new single\". The Courier Mail. 15 July 2012. Retrieved 30 July 2014. \"Sinead Burgess Video Premiere\". V Music. 2012. Retrieved 30 July 2014. \"Sinead mirrors cool Katy\". Sunshine Coast Daily. 30 March 2013. Retrieved 4 August 2014. v t e"
   },
   {
    "name": "Marelyn Wintour-Coghlan",
    "id": "Q18166808",
    "text": "Elvie Marelyn Wintour-Coghlan AO FAA is an Australian physiologist who has focused her career on the endocrinology of the pregnant mother and foetus. She has developed techniques enabling her to follow development of foetal organs, showing that concentration of foetal urine can be used as an indicator of stress in the foetus. The important focus of her work was the discovery that foetal stressful conditions can be translated into adult health. Professor Wintour-Coghlan was born in Queensland as one of six children and grew up in Brisbane where she attended All Hallows Catholic Girls School. She studied physiology and biochemistry at the University of Queensland, after which she moved to University of Melbourne in 1960, taking up a position in the Department of Physiology where she obtained her MsC in 1964 and PhD in 1972. She has also received her DSc in 1988 at the same institution. In 1990 she became an NHMRC Senior Research Fellow at the Howard Florey Institute. She moved to Monash University, Department in Physiology in 2003, where she became an honorary Professor until 2007, when she moved to the Department of Anatomy and Developmental Biology as an honorary professor. She has published more than 230 scientific publications and supervised 40 PhD students in her career. In 2002 she was elected to Life Membership of the Endocrine society of Australia. In 2004 she was elected to the Australian Academy of Science, being one of only 2 women to receive such an honour in the first 50 years of the Academy. In 2014 she was inducted in the Victorian Honour Roll of Women. She is a member of ARC/HMRC Research network in genes and environment in Development. She has also served on the Council of the International Union of Physiological Sciences. She was particularly influential in promoting physiological sciences in Africa and South America. with particular focus on Chile, which she adopted as her second home country, where she also did some work on llamas. In 2007, as part of the 5th World Congress of Developmental Origins of Health and Disease (DOHaD), a satellite meeting was held in honour of her career, called \"Healthy start for a healthy life: The Wintour's Tale\", recognizing her contribution in being one of the first scientists to establish a link between adult health with early development. For that occasion, Tim Thwaites has written an excellent article, presenting this scientist in a different light She has raised four children, and her passion for work and science was evident in the fact that all children were born during her holidays so she did not have to take time off work. Together with her husband, an esteemed scientist John Coghlan, she was instrumental in establishing a childcare centre at University of Melbourne. Her other passions in life are her family, swimming and history. \"The Endocrine Society of Australia - Life Members\". www.endocrinesociety.org.au. \"StackPath\" (PDF).[permanent dead link] \"Archived copy\" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2014-08-14. Retrieved 2014-08-15.CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link) \"Archived copy\". Archived from the original on 2014-08-14. Retrieved 2014-08-14.CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link) \"Home - DHHS Service Providers\". Dhs.vic.gov.au. Retrieved 2020-06-09. http://www.nged.adelaide.edu.au/member_profiles/Wintour_Marelyn.html?template=print Archived 2014-08-14 at the Wayback Machine \"Archived copy\". Archived from the original on 2014-08-14. Retrieved 2014-08-14.CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)"
   },
   {
    "name": "Ivan Jones",
    "id": "Q18206784",
    "text": "Ivan Jones (10 November 1942 \u2013 22 February 2015) was an Australian rugby league footballer who played in the 1960s and 1970s. Jones was a premiership winning halfback with South Sydney. Originally from Brisbane, Jones was a Souths junior who played four first grade seasons with the South Sydney Rabbitohs between 1965 and 1969. He won a premiership with South Sydney Rabbitohs, playing half-back in the winning 1967 Grand Final team that defeated Canterbury-Bankstown 12\u201310. Ivan Jones also played for Souths in the 1965 Grand Final loss to St. George 12\u20138. He lost his place in the stellar South Sydney first grade team to Bob Grant in 1968, and he finished his career at Western Suburbs Magpies in 1970. He was awarded Life Membership of Souths in 2002. Press reports in 2014 suggested that Ivan Jones was not in good health, but it was reported that he was able to watch his beloved South Sydney Rabbitohs win the 2014 premiership on television in the comfort of his home. It was reported in the Sydney media that Ivan Jones died on 22 February 2015. \"Ivan Jones \u2013 Career Stats & Summary \u2013 Rugby League Project\". Rugbyleagueproject.org. Alan Whiticker/Glen Hudson: Encyclopedia of Rugby League Players. 1995. (ISBN\u00a01875169571) \"Western Suburbs Magpies First Grade Players\". Wests Magpies. Daily Telegraph (article) by Paul Kent 29/09/04 \"South Sydney Premiership winner Ivan Jones hanging on for another Rabbitohs Title\". Daily Telegraph: \"Former South Sydney Rabbitohs Premiership Winning Halfback Ivan Jones puts off Death for Glory\" by PAUL KENT 8 October 2014 Daily Telegraph (Death & Funeral Notice) Page 61, 25 February 2015"
   },
   {
    "name": "Reginald Parker",
    "id": "Q19518446",
    "text": "Reginald Parker (born 1916, date of death unknown) was an Australian sports shooter. He competed in the 300 m rifle event at the 1948 Summer Olympics. \"Reginald Parker\". Sports Reference. Archived from the original on 18 April 2020. Retrieved 7 February 2015. v t e"
   },
   {
    "name": "Trevor Bailey",
    "id": "Q20090200",
    "text": "Trevor Bailey (born 28 September 1961) is an Australian former professional rugby league footballer who played in the 1980s. He played in the Brisbane Rugby League Premiership for the Brothers club and in the New South Wales Rugby League Premiership for the St. George Dragons. He played in the Brisbane Rugby League Premiership as the hooker and captain on the Brothers club Trevor Bailey in the 1987 Grand Final, before signing on to play in Sydney. He went on to play three seasons with the St. George Dragons between 1988-90 under the coaching of Ted Glossop and Craig Young. Bailey was a member of the first grade team during those seasons and was hooker in the victorious St. George Dragons team that won the 1988 Panasonic Cup. Rugby League Project Alan Whiticker/Glen Hudson: Encyclopedia of Rugby League Players (ISBN\u00a01875169571) v t e"
   },
   {
    "name": "George Beacham",
    "id": "Q20739600",
    "text": "George Beacham (27 October 1867 \u2013 11 January 1925) was an Australian cricketer. He played one first-class cricket match for Victoria in 1898. List of Victoria first-class cricketers \"George Beacham\". ESPN Cricinfo. Retrieved 27 July 2015. George Beacham\u00a0at ESPNcricinfo v t e"
   },
   {
    "name": "Christine Envall",
    "id": "Q21005745",
    "text": "Christine Envall (born 28 November 1972) is an Australian professional bodybuilder and nutritionist. Christine Envall was born in 1972 in Queensland, Australia. Her hometown is Bendigo, Victoria. She attended Castlemaine High School. In 1991, she started attending RMIT University, where she studied for food science and nutrition. She graduated RMIT University in 1994. Envall is one of the few female bodybuilders with a career that spans more than two decades. In 1991 she first took part in the NPC-A/IFBB Bendigo City where she placed 3rd. Between 1991 and 1995, Christine Envall participated in six NABBA Australasian Championships. Inn 1995, during the NPCA/IFBB Australian Nationals, she was awarded her IFBB pro status without being judged. Also in 1995, during the NPC-A/IFBB Australasian Championships Envall was ranked 3rd, simply because her very lean profile did not set a good example for the other women. Reason being that her physique didn't warrant her to compete in the same category as amateur bodybuilders. Between 1996 and 2001, Christine focused most of her energy in trying out for various NABBA World Championships. In 2001, Envall competed in her first IFBB pro show, the Jan Tana Classic, where she placed 6th in the heavyweight class. In 2015, at the Toronto Pro Supershow she won her first ever IFBB pro competition. It is documented that Christine Envall is the only active IFBB female bodybuilder from Australia. 1991 NPC-A/IFBB Bendigo City \u2013 3rd 1991 NPC-A/IFBB Outback Classic \u2013 1st (LW) 1991 NABBA Victorian Championships \u2013 1st (Short Class) 1992 NABBA Australasian Championships \u2013 5th 1994 NPC-A/IFBB Bendigo City \u2013 1st (Open) 1994 NPC-A/IFBB Southern States \u2013 1st (MW) 1995 NPC-A/IFBB Australasian Championships \u2013 3rd (HW) 1995 NPC-A/IFBB Southern States \u2013 2nd (HW) 1995 NPC-A/IFBB Victorian Championships \u2013 1st (HW and overall) 1995 NPC-A/IFBB Australia's Most Muscular Woman \u2013 1st 1997 NABBA Victorian Championships \u2013 1st 1997 NABBA Night of Australia's Best \u2013 1st 1997 NABBA Australian Championships \u2013 2nd 1997 NABBA World Championships \u2013 1st (Overall) 1997 NABBA Australasian Championships \u2013 1st (Overall) 1997 NABBA Universe \u2013 2nd (Short Class) 1998 NABBA Australian Championships \u2013 1st (Overall) 1998 NABBA World Championships \u2013 1st (Overall) 1999 NABBA Australian Championships \u2013 1st (Overall) 1999 NABBA World Championships \u2013 3rd 2000 NABBA World Championships \u2013 1st (Overall) 2001 NPC-A/IFBB Southern States \u2013 1st (HW) 2001 IFBB Jan Tana Classic \u2013 6th (HW) 2001 IFBB Pro Extravaganza \u2013 6th (HW) 2002 IFBB South West Pro \u2013 3rd (HW) 2002 IFBB Jan Tana Classic \u2013 8th (HW) 2003 IFBB Night of Champions \u2013 7th (HW) 2003 IFBB Jan Tana Classic \u2013 5th (MW) 2005 NABBA Southern Hemisphere \u2013 1st 2013 IFBB Chicago Pro Championships \u2013 7th 2013 IFBB Tampa Pro Championships \u2013 14th 2013 IFBB Toronto Pro \u2013 11th 2014 IFBB Chicago Pro Championships \u2013 3rd 2014 IFBB Ms. Olympia \u2013 11th 2014 IFBB Omaha Pro \u2013 3rd 2014 IFBB Toronto Pro \u2013 6th 2015 IFBB Omaha Pro \u2013 3rd 2015 IFBB Toronto Pro \u2013 1st 2015 IFBB Wings of Strength Rising Phoenix World Championships \u2013 10th Envall currently lives Gold Coast, Queensland. She has been very active in the supplements and nutrition. She is one of the owners of one of the largest nutrition powerhouses, International Protein, in Australia. She was born in a family of two and has five half brothers and sisters, including sister Zoe Hauser and brother Michael Envall. Christine Envall General Overview Vital Statistics Christine Envall Muscle Memory Facebook About Contest History Official website"
   },
   {
    "name": "Grace Harris",
    "id": "Q21064534",
    "text": "Grace Margaret Harris (born 18 September 1993) is an Australian cricketer who made her international debut for the Australia women's cricket team in August 2015. An all-rounder, she is a right-handed batter and right-arm off break bowler. She plays for Queensland Fire in the Women's National Cricket League (WNCL) and Brisbane Heat in the Women's Big Bash League (WBBL). Harris's older sister is fellow Brisbane Heat cricketer Laura Kimmince. In June 2015, she was named as replacement for Delissa Kimmince in the T20I squad who was unable to recover from a lower back issue and made her T20I debut against the Ireland Women as the part of Australian women's cricket team in England and Ireland in 2015. In December 2015, she made 103 runs from 55 balls, and also took four wickets, for Brisbane Heat against Sydney Sixers, thus drawing much early attention to the first season of the WBBL. In January 2016, she was named in national squad for WODI and T20I against India Women. Later this month she made her WODI debut against the India Women as the part of Indian women's cricket team in Australia in 2015\u201316. In November 2018, she was named in Brisbane Heat's squad for the 2018\u201319 Women's Big Bash League season. On 19 December 2018, she scored the fastest innings of 100 runs in the WBBL, off 42 balls. In December 2020, Harris scored two centuries in two days for Western Suburbs in the Queensland Premier Cricket league. \"Player Profile: Grace Harris\". Cricinfo. Retrieved 23 August 2015. \"Queensland Fire\". Queensland Fire. Retrieved 19 March 2021. \"Players\". Brisbane Heat. Retrieved 19 March 2021. Heslehurst, Brayden (5 January 2016). \"Laura Harris looks to show her skills in cricket with the Brisbane Heat in the Big Bash\". The Courier-Mail. Retrieved 27 January 2019. \"Delissa Kimmince out of Women's Ashes T20s\". Cricket World. 12 August 2015. Retrieved 25 August 2015. Haigh, Gideon (18 January 2017). \"Grace Harris tells of struggles in being a female professional\". The Australian. Retrieved 18 May 2018. \"Cheatle, Stalenberg in line for Australia debuts\". ESPNCricinfo. 12 January 2016. Retrieved 25 October 2020. \"WBBL04: All you need to know guide\". Cricket Australia. Retrieved 30 November 2018. \"The full squads for the WBBL\". ESPN Cricinfo. Retrieved 30 November 2018. \"Grace Harris creates WBBL history with 42-ball century\". ESPN Cricinfo. Retrieved 19 December 2018. \"Grace Harris smashes WBBL records with 42-ball century\". International Cricket Council. Retrieved 19 December 2018. \"Harris hits two tons in two days to lift QLD Premier trophy\". Cricket Australia. Retrieved 22 December 2020. Grace Harris\u00a0at ESPNcricinfo Grace Harris\u00a0at CricketArchive (subscription required) Grace Harris at Cricket Australia"
   },
   {
    "name": "Glen Blaker",
    "id": "Q21663521",
    "text": "Glen George Baker (9 August 1915 \u2013 15 December 1943) was an Australian cricketer. He was a right-handed batsman and right-arm medium bowler. He played 29 first-class cricket matches, all but one for Queensland, between 1936 and 1942, scoring 1531 runs and taking 13 wickets. \"Glen Baker\". ESPNcricinfo. Retrieved 5 December 2015. Glen Baker\u00a0at ESPNcricinfo v t e"
   },
   {
    "name": "Fergus Yeates",
    "id": "Q21857351",
    "text": "Sidney Fergus Macrae Yeates (20 August 1912 \u2013 19 March 1992) was an Australian cricketer. He was a right-handed batsman and leg-break, googly bowler. He played 3 first-class cricket matches for Queensland between 1933 and 1934, scoring 46 runs and taking 6 wickets. \"Fergus Yeates\". ESPNcricinfo. Retrieved 8 December 2015. Fergus Yeates\u00a0at ESPNcricinfo v t e"
   },
   {
    "name": "Barry Downs",
    "id": "Q22004109",
    "text": "Barry Geoffrey Downs (24 May 1930 \u2013 5 April 2020) was an Australian sports shooter. He competed in the 50 metre pistol event at the 1968 Summer Olympics. Specifically, he participated in the 25m Rapid Fire Pistol - Men event. Downs died in 2020, aged 89. \"Barry Downs\". Sports Reference. Archived from the original on 18 April 2020. Retrieved 26 December 2015. \"Shooting\". Australian Olympic Committee. Archived from the original on 26 July 2018. Retrieved 13 July 2020. Vale Barry Downs, Pistol Australia - \"Barry Geoffrey DOWNS\", The Weekly Times, 8 April 2020 v t e"
   },
   {
    "name": "Keith Ziebell",
    "id": "Q23020697",
    "text": "Keith Percy Ziebell (born 26 July 1942) is a former Australian cricketer. He was a right-handed batsman and right-arm medium bowler. He played 9 first-class cricket matches for Queensland between 1965 and 1967, scoring 506 runs and taking 2 wickets. \"Keith Ziebell\". ESPNcricinfo. Retrieved 6 December 2015. Keith Ziebell\u00a0at ESPNcricinfo v t e"
   },
   {
    "name": "Jeffrey Walker",
    "id": "Q23304648",
    "text": "Jeffrey Milton Walker (born 11 September 1960) is a former Australian cricketer. He was a right-handed batsman. He played 2 first-class cricket matches for Queensland between 1988 and 1989, scoring 87 runs. \"Jeffrey Walker\". ESPNcricinfo. Retrieved 15 December 2015. Jeffrey Walker\u00a0at ESPNcricinfo v t e"
   },
   {
    "name": "Malcolm Macgregor Summers",
    "id": "Q23618637",
    "text": "Malcolm Macgregor Summers CBE (1924\u00a0\u2013 September 1987) was a senior Australian public servant. He is best known for his time as Secretary of the Department of Shipping and Transport from 1969 to 1972. Summers was born in Queensland in 1925. He joined the Commonwealth Public Service in 1941 and moved to Canberra in the early 1950s to work for the Burueau of Census and Statistics. In March\u00a01969, Summers was appointed Secretary of the Department of Shipping and Transport, a promotion from his position as deputy secretary of the Department of Trade and Industry. In the role, he worked to set up the Bureau of Transport Economics and brought in new funding arrangements for national highways, rail, urban transport, shipping and road safety. The department's involvement in policy issues increased substantially during the time that Summers was its secretary. In December 1972, the department was reformed as the Department of Transport and Summers was Secretary until late 1973 when then Prime Minister Gough Whitlam announced he was to become the sole Commissioner of a Commonwealth Inquiry into the maritime industry. Summers retired in 1976 due to ill health. Summers died in 1987, his wife Betty had died in 1972. Summers was made a Commander of the Order of the British Empire in June\u00a01976 for his public service. \"Obituary: Mr Malcolm Macgregor Summers: Head of former Shipping and Transport\". The Canberra Times. ACT. 1 October 1987. p.\u00a06. \"Secretary appointed\". The Canberra Times. ACT. 5 March 1969. p.\u00a08. Juddery, Bruce (29 April 1971). \"New position in transport\". The Canberra Times. ACT. p.\u00a08. Davidson, Gay (26 September 1973). \"Canadian to head amalgam of DCA, Transport\". The Canberra Times. ACT. p.\u00a01. \"Search Australian Honours: SUMMERS, Malcolm Macgregor, The Order of the British Empire - Commander (Civil)\", itsanhonour.gov.au, Australian Government, archived from the original on 20 January 2016 \"Four Knights among fifty awards in A.C.T.\" The Canberra Times. ACT. 12 June 1976. p.\u00a08."
   },
   {
    "name": "Allan Young",
    "id": "Q23621913",
    "text": "Allan Stanley Young (7 July 1920 \u2013 23 December 1974) was an Australian cricketer. He was a right-handed batsman and leg-break, googly bowler. He played 23 first-class cricket matches for Queensland between 1945 and 1950, scoring 553 runs and taking 26 wickets. \"Allan Young\". ESPNcricinfo. Retrieved 8 December 2015. Allan Young\u00a0at ESPNcricinfo v t e"
   },
   {
    "name": "Watty Wallace",
    "id": "Q24191311",
    "text": "George Walter Gordon Wallace (16 January 1900 - 12 October 1964) was a member of the Queensland Legislative Assembly. Wallace was born in Queensland, the son of Charles Wallace and his wife Minnie (n\u00e9e Collins). He was educated at the Mareeba and Chillagoe primary schools before joining the First Australian Imperial Force in 1916. He had put his age up by two years in order to enlist and saw action in France and Belgium with the 7th and 21st Machine Gun Companies. On his return to Australia he joined the meat industry, working in both Cairns and Gordonvale as a slaughterman and butcher. On 7 December 1920 Wallace married Lillian May Clark and together had one son, Walter Gordon Wallace. Lillian died in 1936 and the next year Wallace married Alice May Kiefel (died 1977). He died in October 1964 and was buried in the Martyn Street Cemetery in Cairns. Wallace started out in politics as an alderman on the Cairns City Council from 1949 to 1956 and a member of the Cairns Harbour Board from 1952 until 1956. At the 1956 Queensland state election he won the seat of Cairns for the Labor Party, taking over the seat from the retiring member, Thomas Crowley. He represented the electorate until his death in 1964. \"Former Members\". Parliament of Queensland. 2015. Archived from the original on 1 July 2016. Retrieved 14 May 2016. Family history research Archived 17 December 2013 at the Wayback Machine \u2014 Queensland Government births, deaths, marriages, and divorces. Retrieved 21 April 2016."
   },
   {
    "name": "James Clark",
    "id": "Q24845655",
    "text": "James Clark (14 March 1871 \u2013 6 June 1941) was an Australian cricketer. He played two first-class matches for Queensland between 1898 and 1900. \"James Clark\". ESPN Cricinfo. Retrieved 7 May 2016. James Clark\u00a0at ESPNcricinfo v t e"
   },
   {
    "name": "Jordan Zamora",
    "id": "Q26702612",
    "text": "Jordan Zamora is an Australian motorcycle racer. In 2010, he participated for the first time in a 125cc World Championship event, as a wild-card rider in the Australian round at Phillip Island, but failed to qualify for the race. (key) (Races in bold indicate pole position) http://www.motogp.com/en/riders/Jordan+Zamora http://www.ma.org.au/index.php?id=1329"
   },
   {
    "name": "Raissa Martin",
    "id": "Q26775241",
    "text": "Raissa Martin (born 3 March 1991) is an Australian goalball player who represented Australia at the 2016 Rio Paralympics and the 2020 Summer Paralympics. Martin was born on 3 March 1991 in Hervey Bay, Queensland. She has been legally blind since birth with rod monochromatism. She grew up in Hervey Bay but moved to Brisbane to attend Queensland Institute of Technology where she completed a Bachelor of Business. In 2015, she undertook a Graduate Diploma of Education at the University of Queensland. in 2021, Raissa works as Middle School Officer - Vision Impairment, Ambrose Treacy College. Martin made her debut for Australia at the 2014 Japan Goalball Championships as part of the development squad. She is classified as a B3 competitor. In May 2015, she was a member of the Australian Women\u2019s Goalball team which came fourth at the IBSA World Games in Seoul. She was a member of the Australian team that finished third at the 2015 IBSA Goalball Asia/Pacific Qualifying Tournament in Hangzhou, China. The Belles therefore failed to qualify for the 2016 Paralympics. They were displaced to allow for an African team, Algeria as it turned out, to compete in goalball for the first time. But following the re-allocation of Russia's spot, the Belles found themselves getting a last minute invite to Rio.They entered the tournament ranked ninth in the world. They performed better this time, fighting Uzbekistan to a draw, but they needed a win or draw in their final game against Canada to progress to the quarter finals, but lost 6-0, ending their second Paralympic campaign. At the 2020 Summer Paralympics, the Belles won two group stage games and lost to Turkey in the quarter finals. Australia women's national goalball team Sports portal \"2016 Australian Paralympic Team receives nine extra spots\". Australian Paralympic Committee News, 29 August 2016. Retrieved 29 August 2016. \"'No Excuses' For Tokyo-Bound Aussie Belles\". Paralympics Australia. 18 June 2021. Retrieved 20 June 2021. \"Raissa Martin\". Australian Paralympic Committee website. Retrieved 29 August 2016. \"Our Community \u2013 Raissa Martin\". Link Vision website. Retrieved 26 August 2016. \"Goalball - Results\" (PDF). IBSA website. Retrieved 26 August 2016. \"Curtain draw on Rio 2016 as Australian Belles claim bronze\". Australian Paralympic Committee News. 13 November 2015. Archived from the original on 17 November 2015. Retrieved 16 November 2015. Spits, Scott (14 September 2016). \"Rio Paralympics 2016: Silence please! Brazilian fans get their taste of goalball at the Paralympics\". Sydney Morning Herald. McDonald, Margie (25 August 2016). \"Rio Paralympics Paralympic team grows by nine after Russian ban upheld\". The Australian. Retrieved 25 August 2016. Paralympics Australia Profile"
   },
   {
    "name": "Russell Phegan",
    "id": "Q27680964",
    "text": "Russell Phegan (born 15 February 1947) is an Australian former swimmer. He competed in two events at the 1964 Summer Olympics. Evans, Hilary; Gjerde, Arild; Heijmans, Jeroen; Mallon, Bill; et\u00a0al. \"Russell Phegan Olympic Results\". Olympics at Sports-Reference.com. Sports Reference LLC. Archived from the original on 18 April 2020. Retrieved 26 October 2016. Russell Phegan at the Australian Olympic Committee Russell Phegan at Olympedia Russell Phegan at Olympics at Sports-Reference.com (archived) v t e"
   },
   {
    "name": "Jo-Anne Barnes",
    "id": "Q27881139",
    "text": "Jo-Anne Barnes (born 24 December 1954) is an Australian former breaststroke swimmer. She competed in two events at the 1968 Summer Olympics. Evans, Hilary; Gjerde, Arild; Heijmans, Jeroen; Mallon, Bill; et\u00a0al. \"Jo-Anne Barnes Olympic Results\". Olympics at Sports-Reference.com. Sports Reference LLC. Archived from the original on 18 April 2020. Retrieved 17 November 2016. Jo-Anne Barnes at SwimRankings.net Jo-Anne Barnes at Olympics.com Jo-Anne Barnes at Olympic.org (archived) Jo-Anne Barnes at the Australian Olympic Committee Jo-Anne Barnes at Olympedia Jo-Anne Barnes at Olympics at Sports-Reference.com (archived) v t e"
   },
   {
    "name": "Henry Stone",
    "id": "Q27915010",
    "text": "Henry Stone (born 21 May 1988) is an Australian comedian, writer, and director. Originating from Queensland, Stone began performing live comedy in Brisbane in 2009, the same year he also formed sketch comedy group, Skills in Time, with friends Greg Larsen & Sam Campbell. In 2015 Skills in Time produced a pilot for SBS, titled 'Looking Back\u2019. In 2011, as a stand up comedian Henry performed as part of the Melbourne International Comedy Festival\u2019s 'Comedy Zone', alongside Luke Heggie, Jennifer Wong, Ronny Chieng and Daniel Connell. In 2014 Stone and his new sketch group, Fancy Boy, wrote and performed 'Variety Show' which went on to win the Golden Gibbo award at the Melbourne International Comedy Festival. In 2016, Fancy Boy were commissioned to create a TV sketch show for ABC TV and Seeso. Stone commenced work as a screenwriter & director for his online produced material including the webseries Dirty Bird and moved into short film & television work for various programs on the ABC, SBS, Comedy Central, Seeso, Channel 10 & Adult Swim. Melbourne International Comedy Festival Golden Gibbo Award 2014 \u2013 Fancy Boy Variety Show AWG Award for Best Sketch Comedy 2017 - Fancy Boy Australian Directors Guild Award Nomination for Best Online Comedy Direction 2019 - Be Your Own Boss Dirty Bird (Series) \u2013 2014 Fully Furnished (Series) \u2013 2014 Ad Nauseam (Feature Film)- 2014 Crazy Bastards (Series) \u2013 2014 Heidi Fires Everyone (Short) \u2013 2014 Looking Back (Series) \u2013 2015 The Tail Job (Feature Film) \u2013 2015 Fancy Boy (TV Series) \u2013 2016 Wham Bam Thank You Ma'am (TV Series) \u2013 2016 The Letdown (TV Series) \u2013 2016 1800 Success (Series) - 2017 No Experience Necessary (Series) - 2017 The Checkout (Series) Tonightly With Tom Ballard (Series) - 2018 Celebrity Name Game (TV series) \u2013 2019 At Home Alone Together (TV Series) - 2020 A Life In Questions: Wisdom School with Aaron Chen (Special) - 2020 \"Henry Stone Comedian\". The Sit Down Comedy Club. Retrieved 10 October 2010. \"SBS Comedy Runway: Looking Back \u2013 Dack Attack\". SBS. Retrieved 29 October 2015. \"Henry Stone Biography\". The Wheeler Center. Retrieved 27 April 2015. \"Leaving no stone unturned\". Couriemail. Retrieved 21 April 2011. \"The Comedy Zone \u2013 Henry Stone\". Beat. Retrieved 28 March 2011. \"Melbourne International Comedy Festival Awards Till 2017\". Melbourne International Comedy Festival. Retrieved 10 October 2016. \"Fancy Boy Variety Show: the secret late-night comedy show that's winning prestigious awards\". The Sydney Morning Herald. Retrieved 8 September 2014. \"Fancy Boy on ABC TV\". ABC. Retrieved 30 December 2016. \"Seeso New Series Fancy Boy\". Deadline. Retrieved 29 October 2016. \"Dirty Bird\". Youtube. Retrieved 9 September 2014. \"Ad Nauseam Film\". Ad Nauseam. Retrieved 21 November 2014. \"Looking Back\". Imdb. Retrieved 27 October 2015. \"DECEMBER MEDIA IN PRODUCTION WITH NEW SKETCH COMEDY SHOW\". December Media. Retrieved 26 May 2016. https://www.screenaustralia.gov.au/sa/newsroom/news/2017/mr-170328-fresh-blood Henry Stone at IMDb Official website"
   },
   {
    "name": "Bonnie Hart",
    "id": "Q28457307",
    "text": "Bonnie Hart is an Australian artist, film maker, and intersex human rights activist, born with androgen insensitivity syndrome and president of Intersex Peer Support Australia. Hart performs nationally and internationally, and speaks on intersex issues nationally and internationally. In 2016, Australia's Gay News Network included her in their \"25 LGBTI people to watch in 2017\". Hart describes how she was told she experienced \"heteronormative sexual training from a really early age\", through multiple intersex medical interventions. Despite giving consent as a child, she felt unaware of the lifelong implications. Hart describes how stigma \"sets the scene\" for such interventions, \"There\u2019s a fear that people will be maladjusted because their bodies are different, and that fear teamed with the ignorance of the realities of what it\u2019s like to live as an adult with those bodies without surgery, kind of perpetuates a surgical intervention process\". Growing up, Hart did not know that her sister, Phoebe Hart, also had androgen insensitivity syndrome. Hart is a \"high-energy avant-garde performer\" and multidisciplinary artist, assembling digital and analog filmmaking, music, and visual art. She is a cofounder of Venting Gallery and the Foundation for Contemporary Music and Culture in Brisbane, Queensland, and performs with bands including X-wave and the Unaustralians. In the autobiographical documentary Orchids, My Intersex Adventure, Hart and her sister face the traumatic emotional scars from early operations and the secrecy associated with them. Hart is president of Intersex Peer Support Australia. She has appeared in numerous short videos, including for QLife and the National LGBTI Health Alliance, and SBS. and is widely interviewed, including on national television. Jones, Tiffany; Hart, Bonnie; Carpenter, Morgan; Ansara, Gavi; Leonard, William; Lucke, Jayne (2016). Intersex: Stories and Statistics from Australia (PDF). Cambridge, UK: Open Book Publishers. ISBN\u00a0978-1-78374-208-0. Archived from the original (PDF) on 14 September 2016. Retrieved 2 February 2016. In 2016, Australia's Gay News Network included Hart in their \"LGBTI people to watch in 2017\". Domingo, Reg (9 December 2016). \"25 LGBTI people to watch in 2017\". Gay News Network. Retrieved 19 January 2017. \"Intersex inclusion in the 2014 Sydney Mardi Gras Parade\". Organisation Intersex International Australia. 3 March 2014. Copland, Simon (15 December 2016). \"The medical community's approach to intersex people is still primarily focused on 'normalising' surgeries\". SBS. Retrieved 19 January 2017. Graham, Liz (2 February 2012). \"I'm proud to be a hermaphrodite\". body+soul. \"Bonnie Hart Bio\". Venting Gallery. Archived from the original on 31 January 2017. Retrieved 19 January 2017. http://fcmc.org.au/ \"The Audio Pollen Social Club @ 199 Boundary Street, West End, Brisbane, 10.02.13\". Collapse Board. 26 February 2013. \"First Hand Films 'Interview with Phoebe Hart\". ATOM Awards. Melbourne, Australia. Retrieved 26 October 2010. \"Film Synopsis\". Orchids, My Intersex Adventure. 3 October 2010. Retrieved 26 October 2010. \"What's new with the AISSG Australia?\". Androgen Insensitivity Syndrome Support Group Australia. \"Bonnie Hart talks about intersex\". Organisation Intersex International Australia. 27 May 2015. Chaleyer, Rani (10 March 2015). \"Intersex: the I in LGBTI\". SBS The Feed. Carpenter, Morgan (16 March 2015). \"Comment: 'Curing' intersex is damaging and common\". SBS The Feed. Busby, Cec (28 October 2013). \"Intersex advocates address findings of Senate Committee into involuntary sterilisation\". Gay News Network. Archived from the original on 15 January 2016. Retrieved 20 January 2017. \"Senate Committee wants end to intersex sterilisation\". Star Observer. 29 October 2013. Retrieved 16 May 2016. Skinner, Anthea (24 June 2011). \"Intersex conditions; a social paradox\". Australian Broadcasting Corporation Ramp Up. Official website"
   },
   {
    "name": "Sharon Pincott",
    "id": "Q28490028",
    "text": "Sharon Pincott is an Australian author and specialist in the field of African elephant behavior. She has studied the social structure and population dynamics of a single clan of wild elephants extensively and is an advocate for ending ivory trade and promoting conservation. Pincott grew up in the small town of Grantham, Queensland in the Lockyer Valley Region in Australia's east. She originally worked in the field of Information Technology (IT) and progressed to the position of National Director of IT for Ernst & Young Australia based in Sydney. Pincott worked alone, on a full-time voluntary basis, for 13 years (2001-2014) with the clan of wild, free-roaming, elephants known as the Presidential Elephants of Zimbabwe on land bordering the Main Camp entrance to Hwange National Park. She acquired a reputation for being able to \"talk to the elephants\". In 2009, eight years after arriving in Zimbabwe, Pincott was appointed South Africa Getaway magazine's 'Elephant Ambassador in Africa' \"in recognition of her courageous work with wildlife in Hwange\". Pincott subsequently came to the attention of Natural History Unit Africa and became the subject of the documentary titled All the President's Elephants. This All the President's Elephants documentary was filmed with Pincott in Hwange in 2011. It is the story of Pincott's life, work and intimate relationship with the Presidential Elephants of Zimbabwe, showcasing these Hwange elephants and some of the problems they face. It includes her wire snare removal work with colleagues called in to dart injured elephants using a tranquillizer gun. It also features Pincott's work successfully recommending and encouraging President Robert Mugabe to reaffirm his commitment to this clan of elephants, in an effort to secure their future. From December 2017 Pincott was active in voicing widespread opposition to scores more young elephants being captured, forcibly taken from their mothers and families inside Hwange National Park and transported to Chinese zoos, appealing to Zimbabwe's new President Emmerson Mnangagwa for an immediate review of policy and ultimately delivering a petition that attracted 287,509 signatures. Her elephant conservation work has been profiled in National Geographic, BBC Wildlife and Africa Geographic. She has been interviewed by writers for Intrepid Explorer magazine, South Africa The Zimbabwean newspaper, The Sydney Morning Herald, and Travel Africa magazine. She has published three books: The Elephants and I (Jacana Media, South Africa 2009), Battle for the President's Elephants (Jacana Media, South Africa 2012) and Elephant Dawn (first published by Allen & Unwin, Australia 2016, and then by Jacana Media, South Africa 2016). She is also the author of two earlier elephant works self-published in Zimbabwe, In An Elephant's Rumble (2004, ISBN\u00a0079742864X) and A Year Less Ordinary (2006, ISBN\u00a00797431667). For World Wildlife Day 2017 Pincott collaborated with the International Fund for Animal Welfare in an attempt to help bring an end to the Ivory trade. On International Women's Day 2017 Pincott was acknowledged by associates of the Wildlife Preservation Society of Queensland, Australia, as \"blazing a trail for elephants as well as women working in conservation\". In late March 2017, almost 3 years after leaving her Hwange elephant work, Pincott was still being acknowledged by the Zimbabwe press for her \"profound dedication to the Presidential Elephants\", in a country increasingly known for hostility towards conservationists who speak out against wildlife-related corruption. In May 2017, after a male big-game hunter was crushed to death in Hwange when an adult female elephant, felled by gunfire, landed on him, Pincott reasoned in an interview that it was \"likely\" to be a known Presidential Elephant female that was shot in this hunting party incident, and highlighted the ongoing ineffectuality of Mugabe's Presidential Decree. In 2017 Pincott revealed that she was suffering from rare, incurable, autoimmune connective tissue disease believed by medical researchers to be both environment- and stress-related. Threadingham, Tom. \"Grantham's wildlife warrior\". Baron, Nick. \"Elephant Dawn by Sharon Pincott, (Allen and Unwin) Reviewed by John Asquith\". \"New Book: \"The Elephant and I\" by Sharon Pincott\". 4 April 2009. \"Mabhena, Sunday News (7 August 2011) Zimbabwe\". Editor (November 2009), Introducing Getaway's 'Elephant Ambassador in Africa'; A life in love with elephants, Getaway magazine, South Africa p.43 Off the Fence Production Company (2012) All the President's Elephants, 60 minute, South Africa \"Sharon Pincott's All the President's Elephants documentary online\". The Zimbabwean. 29 June 2018. South Africa Triosphere Filmmakers, Documentaries, All the President's Elephants NHU Africa (April 2012) All the President's Elephants trailer, South Africa \"WATCH: Zimbabwean ellie with fashion envy?\". \"Another Disgrace Zimbabwe; another 'Elephant' Disgrace - The Zimbabwean\". 29 December 2017. \"Zim Elephant Capture Petition attracts over a Quarter-of-a-Million - The Zimbabwean\". 19 January 2018. \"Dear Mr President - Re Zimbabwe Elephant Captures - The Zimbabwean\". 7 February 2018. \"Open Letter to Zimbabwe President Mnangagwa on behalf of 287,509 concerned would-be tourists around the globe - The Zimbabwean\". 14 May 2018. Russo, Christina. \"The Fate of the Presidential Elephants of Zimbabwe\u2014A Conversation With Sharon Pincott \u2013 National Geographic Society (blogs)\". voices.nationalgeographic.com. Mark Stratton, Discover Wildlife, Wildlife and photography at its best from BBC Wildlife Magazine (24 May 2011) All the President's Elephants UK \"Zimbabwe's Presidential Elephants in peril - Africa Geographic\". 22 May 2014. \"Magnificent Obsession \u2039\u00a0The Intrepid Explorer\". www.intrepidexplorer.co.za. Staff Reporter, The Zimbabwean (23 November 2016) Zimbabwe Mitchell-Whittington, Amy (11 June 2016). \"Queensland woman ditches corporate life for 13-year battle to save elephants\" \u2013 via The Sydney Morning Herald. Clark, Mike. \"Elephant ambassador\". www.cfuzim.org. \"Ending ivory trade this World Wildlife Day - IFAW - International Fund for Animal Welfare\". www.ifaw.org. \"The Queensland woman who spent 13 years with a single clan of African elephants\". 4 March 2017. \"Zimbabwe hostile to conservationists - The Standard\". 31 March 2017. \"Did a shot 'Presidential' elephant fall on hunter Theunis Botha in Hwange? - The Zimbabwean\". 25 May 2017. \"From rare experiences with wild elephants in Hwange, zimbabwe, Sharon Pincott is now living with \"rare diseases\" - The Zimbabwean\". 28 February 2017. Official website"
   },
   {
    "name": "Kelly Layne",
    "id": "Q28967994",
    "text": "Kelly Layne (born 14 May 1975) is an Australian Dressage rider and trainer. She planned on qualifying to represent her country at the 2016 Summer Olympics in Rio de Janeiro. However, Layne was unable to compete in the final qualifying event due to an injury suffered by her horse, Udon P, forcing her to withdraw. While born in Australia, Layne is currently based in Wellington, Florida. Layne also helped found her own riding team, \"Dream Team Dressage\". Throughout her career, Layne has scored an average of 67.491 (150 classes) per competition with her highest score being a 76.613. In dressage, above a 60 is considered satisfactory. In addition to riding Layne also helps to advise clients with finding horses and one of Layne's horses represented Japan in the 2008 Summer Olympics. Layne grew up in Queensland, Australia. As the daughter of a Helen Antsee, a Grand Prix rider and FEI judge, Layne was exposed to riding from a young age. Layne had decided that she wanted to be a dressage rider by the time she was 11 years old, a decision influenced by her mother's experience with dressage. By the age of 12, Layne was twice crowned the Under 12 National Dressage Champion. At 16, she finished 9th in the Open Prix St Georges at the Australian National Dressage Championships. By 18, Layne competed in her first Grand Prix, the highest level of competition, riding her mother's horse, Adonis. The same year, Layne became an Australian National Coaching Accreditation Scheme Level 1 Coach in dressage, show jumping and eventing. She attended Marymount College before moving with her parents to the Sunshine Coast. In December 2004, Kelly became a NCAS Level 2 dressage specialist. Layne has performed and represented Australia at the highest level for over ten years. She competed for Australia in the 2006 World Equestrian Games held in Aachen, Germany with her horse, Amoucher - placing ninth in the competition. Layne has also represented Australia as a Young Rider in New Zealand and Hong Kong. In 2013, Layne competed in and won the Hermes\u2019 Cup for the Small Tour championship at the Tokyo CDI3* (international competition). In 2014, she won the Wellington CDI3* Grand Prix Freestyle. Leading up to the 2016 Olympics, Layne scored her personal best with Udon-P in at the Grand Prix Special at the Wellington CDI-W in February 2016, placing 3rd with a score of 70.157%. Layne was chosen to compete in the Olympic Games and would have made her Olympic debut, but had to withdraw from the final qualifying event due to complications stemming from a reoccurring injury with her horse Udon-P. As a result, fellow countrywoman Sue Hearn competed in the qualifying event in her stead, as Layne did not want to jeopardize the team's chances at the Rio Games. As of March 2017, she is ranked 280th out of 816 dressage riders worldwide with her horse Udon P and ranked 358th with Von Primaire. Layne is coached by previous World Cup Champion and Olympian Ulla Salzburger. On 24 March 2017, Layne placed Second in the FEI Grand Prix Freestyle CDI3* in Wellington, Florida along with her horse, Udon-P. Ranked 87th in the world with her horse Amoucheur (2005) Member of the Australian team at the 2006 FEI World Equestrian Games (2006) Won the Grand Prix Special at the CDN Gold Coast Finale (2011) Won the Hermes\u2019 Cup for the Small Tour championship at the Tokyo CDI3* (2013) [1] Won the Wellington CDI3* Grand Prix Freestyle (2014)[2] Personal Best: Scored a 76.613 with Don Santiago at a First Level Test qualifying for USEF Adonis (1992) Abbey Hill (1993) Neversfelde Feuer (2007) Amoucher (2003-2008) Raja (2008-2012) Starnberg (2013) Don Santiago (2014) Don Royal (2012-2014) Heineking (2015-2016) Furst Amante (2016) Von Primaire (2012 \u2013 present) Udon-P (2013 \u2013 present) Samhitas Layne's mother started breeding horses for Kelly to ride even before she was even born. Layne came to the United States in 2007 with her husband, an ex F-16 Fighter pilot in the Air Force who works in the aviation industry. She relocated to Wellington, Florida, which is known for as the \"dressage capital of the US\". Dressage Dressage World Championship Dressage at the Summer Olympics Equestrianism \"Kelly Layne Pulls Udon P From Australian Olympic Selection Event in Rotterdam\". Dressage-News. Retrieved 20 March 2017. Anonymous (17 May 2008). \"Who's That Girl? It's Australian Kelly Layne\". HorsesDaily. Retrieved 20 March 2017. \"Dressage Detective\". www.dressagedetective.com. Retrieved 28 March 2017. \"Dressage Scores and Their Meaning\". www.dressage-academy.com. Retrieved 28 March 2017. \"Aussie WEG Team Rider Kelly Layne Moving to Florida\". Dressage-News. Retrieved 3 April 2017. Mayhew, Tracy. \"Cyberhorse Virtual Equestrian | Cyberhorse Virtual Equestrian - Profile: Queensland GP Rider, Kelly Layne\". Cyberhorse Virtual Equestrian. Retrieved 21 March 2017. \"Kelly Layne - N2 Saddlery\". N2 Saddlery. Retrieved 21 March 2017. \"Late bloomer in Rio debut\". Gold Coast Bulletin. Retrieved 28 March 2017. \"Kelly LAYNE\". www.fei.org. Retrieved 28 March 2017. \"Kelly Layne & Udon P Post Personal Best to Place in Top 3 at Florida World Cup Grand Prix Special\". Dressage-News. Retrieved 21 March 2017. \"Layne withdraws to give Hearn Olympic debut at 60 | Dressage International\". www.dressage-international.com. Retrieved 28 March 2017. \"Rankings / Standings Search\". data.fei.org. Retrieved 20 March 2017. \"Kelly LAYNE\". www.fei.org. Retrieved 28 March 2017. Mayhew, Tracy. \"Cyberhorse Virtual Equestrian | Cyberhorse Virtual Equestrian - Profile: Queensland GP Rider, Kelly Layne\". Cyberhorse Virtual Equestrian. Retrieved 28 March 2017. \"The Virtual Equestrian - Kelly Layne places at 2006 Munich...\" www.cyberhorse.net.au. Retrieved 28 March 2017. \"Kelly Layne (10012143)\". FEI.org. Retrieved 3 April 2017. \"Australian Kelly Layne Makes her Mark at Gold Coast Finale in Florida | eurodressage\". www.eurodressage.com. Retrieved 3 April 2017. \"Dressage horse back in international competition after successful treatment at UF\u00a0\u00bb The Veterinary Page - College of Veterinary Medicine - University of Florida\". Retrieved 28 March 2017. \"Kelly Layne\". Australian Olympic Committee. Retrieved 25 June 2021. Kelly Layne FEI Profile Australia Dressage Homepage Kelly Layne Warming up for the Grand Prix Selection Process for Australian Dressage team for Rio Olympics Informational Page about Dressage"
   },
   {
    "name": "Alan Gore",
    "id": "Q32106125",
    "text": "Alan Gore (27 September 1926 \u2013 5 April 2006) was an Australian-born British architectural designer and garden historian. As a partner in Gore, Gibberd & Saunders, he restored many historic houses in Britain and France. He was the author of several books, lectured in North America and Australia, and led tours of historic houses in England. He became known as \"the king of the kitchen\" for his role as \"a pioneer of the designer kitchen.\" Alan Gore was born on 27 September 1926 in Queensland, Australia. His father, Francis Gore, was a tea planter in Assam in India before World War I; he subsequently owned a large farm in Queensland and eventually retired in Drinkstone, Suffolk, where he raised polo ponies on his farm. His mother, Kirstine, was a painter. He had a brother, Bobby, who later worked for the National Trust. Their father died when Gore was eleven. Gore was educated at Wellington College. During World War II, he was a Bevin Boy in The Dukeries. He subsequently served in the Royal Army Educational Corps, and he taught at the Knightsbridge Barracks. He studied at the Architectural Association School of Architecture, but never graduated. Gore became an architectural designer, having grown fond of historic houses in Nottinghamshire during the war. In 1956, he started his own practice with Harry Spencer. By 1964, it became known as Gore, Gibberd & Saunders. The trio restored historic houses in Britain and France. He re-designed the facade of the Ch\u00e2teau de la Croix des Gardes in Cannes in the Palladian architectural style as well as the swimming-pool, under the guidance of architect Andre\u00ef Svetchine. Gore also worked with interior designer John Beresford Fowler until 1977. While working with John Prizeman, Gore became interested in the design of modern kitchens. He became known as \"the king of the kitchen\" for his role as \"a pioneer of the designer kitchen.\" Gore wrote The English Garden and The English House, two documentary series for Thames Television in the 1980s. He was also an advisor to several television programs, including one about Petworth House. He was the author of several books, lectured in North America and Australia, and conducted tours of historic houses in England. Gore had a wife, Ann, who worked as a cooking instructor and fashion writer, and two sons. He died on 5 April 2006. The English Garden (1979) The History of English Interiors (1991) English Interiors: An Illustrated History (1985) The English House (1985) \"Alan Gore\". The Times. 10 May 2006. Retrieved 6 July 2017. \"Alan Gore\". The Daily Telegraph. 18 April 2006. Retrieved 6 July 2017. \"MAGNIFICENT CASTLE SET IN THE LEGENDARY AREA OF 'LA CROIX DES GARDES'\". Sotheby's International Realty. Archived from the original on 7 November 2017. Retrieved 6 July 2017. \"Alan Gore\". British Film Institute. Retrieved 6 July 2017."
   },
   {
    "name": "George Corones",
    "id": "Q50375161",
    "text": "George Corones (6 April 1918 \u2013 28 March 2020) was an Australian senior swimmer who broke the world 50 and 100 metres freestyle records for his age group in February/March 2018. Born in Charleville, Queensland, of Greek descent, and whose residence is in Albany Creek, Corones gave up swimming before the Second World War, made his career as a medical practitioner, then resumed swimming only after his 80th birthday. Corones competed at the 2012 World Championships in Italy, with top three finishes in various 90-94 age group events. In February 2013, Corones smashed two world 95-99 class freestyle records at the Masters Swimming Queensland Meet held on the Gold Coast, Queensland. At the Commonwealth Games trials held at the Gold Coast Aquatic Centre, Queensland, Australia, on 28 February 2018, Corones swam 50 metres in 56.12 seconds, breaking the previous record for 100- to 104-year-olds by 35 seconds, taking the record from Britain's John Harrison who had set a 1:31.19 mark in 2014. He also set the world record 100 metre mark at 2:24.21 at the same swim meet, on 3 March 2018. He entered the trials as National and Queensland state record holder for five events - the 25, 50 and 100 metres freestyle and 25 and 50 metres breaststroke - having set those records the previous January. Corones trained at the Albany Creek Swim Club. He turned 100 in April 2018 and died in March 2020 at the age of 101. Masters swimming At 99, George Corones swam his way to two world records Sykes, Emma; Begley, Terri (19 February 2013). \"95-year-old swimmer: breaking records not hips\". ABC Radio Brisbane. Retrieved 8 March 2018. Zhou, Naaman (8 March 2018). \"'In the water you're weightless': the 99-year-old swimmer breaking records\". The Guardian. Martin, Amy-Clare (2 March 2018). \"That's swimpressive: 99-year-old smashes world record for 50m freestyle in the pool\". Mirror. Retrieved 8 March 2018. \"George Corones did IT - twice!\". Masters Swimming Australia. Missing or empty |url= (help) Roberts, Glenn (30 January 2018). \"Special races at Commonwealth Games swimming trials to give man, 99, chance to set world records\". news.com. Retrieved 8 March 2018. Yosufzai, Rashida. \"Australian 99-year-old swimmer 'delighted' after smashing world record\". SBS News. Retrieved 8 March 2018. 101 YEAR OLD MASTERS WR HOLDER GEORGE CORONES DIES OF NATURAL CAUSES AT 101"
   },
   {
    "name": "Mitchell Davey",
    "id": "Q50807341",
    "text": "Mitchell James Ryan Davey (born 22 March 1990) in Ayr, Queensland, Australia is an Australian speedway rider. In 2018 he was made captain of Birmingham Brummies in the SGB National League 2016: National League Winner (Guested for Birmingham in Grand Final) 2016: Knock Out Cup Finalist (Guested for Glasgow) 2016: 1st Maximum, Stoke (Guest) vs Buxton 15/10/16 2016: 1st Paid Maximum, Birmingham (Guest) vs Isle of Wight 31/8/16 2009: Queensland U/21 Title \u2013 2nd 2009: Queensland Title \u2013 4th 2008: Queensland Title \u2013 4th 2008: Queensland U/21 Title \u2013 4th 2008: Australian U/21 Title \u2013 6th 2007: Australian U/21 Solo Title \u2013 14th 2007: Queensland 500cc Solo Titles \u2013 2nd place 2005: Queensland 125cc Solo Titles \u2013 3rd place 2004: Queensland 125cc Solo Titles \u2013 4th place 2006: Queensland Long Track Titles \u2013 1st (250cc) 3rd (125cc) 4th (450cc) 2005: Australian Long Track Titles \u2013 2nd (85cc) 2nd (100cc) 4th (250cc) 5th (125cc) 2005: Queensland Long Track Titles \u2013 1st (100cc) 2004: Australian Long Track Titles \u2013 4th (85cc) 2004: Queensland Long Track Titles \u2013 1st (85cc) 3rd (100cc) 2003: Australian Long Track Titles \u2013 3rd (85cc) 4th (100cc) 2003: Queensland Long Track Titles \u2013 1st (85cc) 2002: Queensland Long Track Titles \u2013 1st (85cc) 2nd (100cc) 1998: Queensland Long Track Titles - 1st (50cc) 2005 North Queensland Dirt Track Series \u2013 2nd (250cc) 2005 Queensland Dirt Track Titles \u2013 1st (85cc) 3rd (100cc) 2004 North Queensland Dirt Track Series \u2013 1st (85cc) 1st (125cc) 2003 Queensland Dirt Track Titles - 1st (85cc) 2003 North Queensland Dirt Track Series \u2013 1st (85cc) \"DAVEY IS BRUMMIES SKIPPER\". Birmingham Brummies. 25 February 2018. v t e"
   },
   {
    "name": "Thomas Bolger",
    "id": "Q55367971",
    "text": "Thomas Patrick Bolger (18 July 1904 \u2013 16 June 1995) was a wrestler who represent Australia at the 1928 Summer Olympics. Bolger competed in the freestyle middleweight contest at the 1928 Summer Olympics held in Amsterdam, Bolger lost in his first round contest against Swiss wrestler Ernst Kyburz and this was followed by another defeat against Anton Praeg from South Africa. \"Tom Bolger\". Olympics at Sports-Reference.com. Archived from the original on 18 April 2020. Retrieved 1 April 2018. \"Wrestling at the 1928 Amsterdam Summer Games: Men's Middleweight, Freestyle Round One\". Olympics at Sports-Reference.com. Archived from the original on 17 April 2020. Retrieved 1 April 2018. \"Wrestling at the 1928 Amsterdam Summer Games: Men's Middleweight, Freestyle 2nd-Place Tournament\". Olympics at Sports-Reference.com. Archived from the original on 18 April 2020. Retrieved 1 April 2018. v t e"
   },
   {
    "name": "Lew Platz",
    "id": "Q55616793",
    "text": "Lew Platz (born 2 October 1952) is an Australian former professional rugby league footballer who played in the 1970s and 1980s. In his career he played for and the Penrith Panthers and the Parramatta Eels clubs and also represented Australia and Queensland on several occasions. Platz's position for the majority of his career was at second-row but he also played at hooker. Platz initially played in the Brisbane competition with Wynnum-Manly and while at the club represented Queensland and also played for Australia in the 1975 rugby league world cup. In 1978, Platz made the move to Sydney and played with Parramatta. In 1979, he was a member of the Parramatta side which made it to the preliminary final but were defeated by eventual premiers St George. At the end of 1980, Platz was told to find a new club by the newly appointed coach Jack Gibson. In 2017, Platz recalled being told the news he was no longer wanted at Parramatta saying \u201cI played all the pre-season, including the last trial against Manly, when I had conjunctivitis, something I had never had before and have not had since,\u201d Platz said. \u201cI got a phone call at midnight after the game. \u2018Jack here\u2019. I thought it was captain Steve Edge [playing a trick]. \u201cHe said, \"No, it\u2019s Jack\". I was an import, and you were only allowed 12. Jack said: \"I thought I should ring you before you get tomorrow\u2019s paper. I never graded you. I regard you as a first grader, but I\u2019ve got a couple of blokes here I\u2019m going to use more than you and I don\u2019t think you want to play reserve grade. \u201cI said \"Jack, what a thing to do when I\u2019m an import!\". \"He said, \"I\u2019ve been sacked by plenty of places and I\u2019ve always come back, and you will. Somebody will find you\", and he hung up. In 1981, Platz signed with Penrith and played there for three years before retiring at the end of the 1983 season. \"Lew Platz\". Allora Advertiser. 24 April 2014. p.\u00a04. Ferguson, Shawn Dollin and Andrew. \"Lew Platz - Career Stats & Summary - Rugby League Project\". www.rugbyleagueproject.org. \"Official Player Numbers\". Parramatta Eels. \"Platz a cracker from the Downs - Men of League Foundation\". Menofleague.com. 19 January 2018. Retrieved 20 November 2018."
   },
   {
    "name": "Jean Calder",
    "id": "Q55761261",
    "text": "Jean Elizabeth Calder AC (born about 1937) is an Australian rehabilitation specialist and humanitarian worker who has spent more than 25 years working with the Palestinian Red Crescent Society (PRCS) in refugee camps and with disabled people in Lebanon, Gaza and Egypt. Following being made a Companion of the Order of Australia (Australia's highest honour) in 2005, SBS broadcast a half-hour documentary, Doctor of Hope, on Calder's humanitarian work with the disabled and disadvantaged in the Middle East. It was presented by George Negus and reported by Elizabeth Tadic. Calder's autobiography, Where the Road Leads: An Australian Woman\u2019s Journey of Love and Determination, was published by Hachette Australia in 2007. Reviewer Heather Pavitt admired her \"absolute dedication\" to her work with \"underprivileged, disabled Palestinians\". Calder was made a Companion of the Order of Australia (AC) in the 2005 Australia Day Honours for \"humanitarian service in the Middle East, particularly to people with disabilities living in refugee camps in Lebanon and Gaza and disadvantaged areas in Cairo, to international relations, and to academic and professional training in the fields of education and rehabilitation.\" Awarded Doctor of Science honoris causa, University of Queensland, 2012 University of Queensland Alumnus of the Year, 2012 Calder, Jean E; University of Queensland. Dept. of Human Movement Studies (1976), Motor Activity Ideas Manual for Teachers, University of Queensland, Dept. of Human Movement Studies, retrieved 12 July 2018 Calder, Jean E (1977), Participant Observation Study of a Group of Mentally Retarded Adults \u2014 March 19 to May 18, 1977, Pennsylvania State University, retrieved 12 July 2018 Calder, Jean E; University of Queensland. Department of Human Movement Studies (1979), The Queensland Motor Performance Screening Test for Young Children, University of Queensland, Dept. of Human Movement Studies, ISBN\u00a0978-0-86776-027-9 Calder, Jean E (2007), Where the Road Leads: An Australian woman's journey of love and determination, Hachette Australia, ISBN\u00a0978-0-7336-2037-9 Jean Calder\u00a0: doctor of hope, SBS, 2005, retrieved 12 July 2018 Calder, Jean E (2007), Where the road leads\u00a0: an Australian woman's journey of love and determination, Hachette Australia, ISBN\u00a0978-0-7336-2037-9 Pavitt, Heather (2009). \"Where the Road Leads\". Social Alternatives. 28 (3): 65\u201366. Retrieved 26 July 2018. \"CALDER, Jean Elizabeth\". Australian Honours Search Facility, Dept of Prime Minister & Cabinet. Retrieved 2018-07-26. \"Dr Jean Calder AC\". Alumni & Community. 2016-01-08. Retrieved 2018-07-26."
   },
   {
    "name": "Jacinta Edmunds",
    "id": "Q56704413",
    "text": "Jacinta Edmunds (born 5 October 1994) is an Australian national representative rower. She is twice an Australian champion and was a medallist at the 2018 and 2019 World Rowing Championships. She is also one of three St Margarets Anglican Girls School 2nd VIII coaches with rowers Elton, Dale, Lucas, Greg, Joseph, Cedric, Edward-William, Isaac and Gabe, alongside coaches Miller and Tyler Ferris Raised in Brisbane, Edmunds' is the daughter of 1984 Olympic bronze medal winning rower Ian Edmunds and the sister of Olympian rower Madeleine Edmunds. Jacinta was educated at St Margaret\u2019s Anglican Girls School at Ascot and her senior rowing has been from the Commercial Rowing Club in Brisbane. Her state representative debut for Queensland came in the 2012 youth eight which contested the Bicentennial Cup at the Interstate Regatta within the Australian Rowing Championships. Senior state honours came for Edmunds in 2018 when she rowed behind her sister Maddie in Queensland's women's eight contesting the Queen's Cup at the 2018 Interstate Regatta. In 2019 she stroked the Queensland women's eight who placed fourth in the Queen's Cup. In 2018 she crewed a composite Australian selection eight who won the open women's coxed eight title at the Australian Rowing Championships and in a composite Australian selection four she won the 2018 open women's coxless four national title. Edmunds made her Australian representative debut in a junior quad scull at the 2012 Junior World Rowing Championships in Plovdiv. That quad placed tenth overall. From 2014 to 2016 she represented Australia at World Rowing U23 Championships. She was in the Australian U23 eight at Varese 2014 and at Rotterdam 2016. At the 2015 U23 World Championships in Plovdiv she rowed in the Australian coxless four. All of those crews made the A finals but finished outside the medals. Edmunds made the Australian senior squad and into the seven seat of the senior women's eight when they started their 2018 international campaign with a bronze medal win at the World Rowing Cup II in Linz, Austria. She was not in the crew for the WRC III nor for their victory at Henley but she was back in the eight for 2018 World Rowing Championships in Plovdiv where the Australian women's eight with Edmunds in the seven seat, won their heat and placed third in the final winning the bronze medal. In 2019 Edmunds was again picked in Australian women's sweep squad for the international season. She rowed in the two seat of the Australian women's eight to a gold medal win at Rowing World Cup II in Poznan and to a silver medal at WRC III in Rotterdam. Edmunds was selected to race in Australia's women's eight at the 2019 World Rowing Championships in Linz, Austria. The eight were looking for a top five finish at the 2019 World Championships to qualify for the Tokyo Olympics. They placed second in their heat, came through the repechage and led in the final from the start and at all three 500m marks till they were overrun by New Zealand by 2.7secs. The Australian eight took the silver medal and qualified for Tokyo 2020. In 2021 Edmunds was in the Australian senior squad and vying for a seat in one of the sweep-oared boats in the lead-up to the delayed Tokyo Olympics. When the final crews were announced six weeks out from the event, Edmunds was selected as a travelling reserve. Edmunds Courier-Mail profile \"2012 Interstate Regatta\". Archived from the original on 21 September 2018. Retrieved 23 September 2018. \"2018 Interstate Regatta results\". Archived from the original on 22 September 2018. Retrieved 23 September 2018. 2019 Interstate Regatta Results Austn C'ships 2018 Austn Championships 2018 Edmunds at World Rowing 2019 WRC entry list 2019 World C'ship selections 2021 Aust Olympic Crews Firmed Aust 2021 crews Jacinta Edmunds at World Rowing"
   },
   {
    "name": "Raymond Maguire",
    "id": "Q59656382",
    "text": "Raymond Maguire (born 1 December 1944) is an Australian boxer. He competed in the men's light welterweight event at the 1968 Summer Olympics. Evans, Hilary; Gjerde, Arild; Heijmans, Jeroen; Mallon, Bill; et\u00a0al. \"Raymond Maguire Olympic Results\". Olympics at Sports-Reference.com. Sports Reference LLC. Archived from the original on 18 April 2020. Retrieved 10 December 2018. v t e"
   }
  ]
 },
 {
  "relation_id": "P19",
  "target_id": "Q1754",
  "target_name": "Stockholm",
  "samples": [
   {
    "name": "G\u00f6ran Claeson",
    "id": "Q491086",
    "text": "Rolf G\u00f6ran Claeson (born 4 March 1945) is a former speed skater from Sweden. Claeson participated in the 1,500\u00a0m at the 1968 Winter Olympics of Grenoble, but finished only 20th. In 1969, at the first European Allround Championships in which Claeson participated, he won bronze. Three weeks later, at the first World Allround Championships in which he participated, he won silver. More international medals followed during the next few years, but none of them were gold. Then, after the 1971\u20131972 season, two of the world's top skaters, Ard Schenk and Kees Verkerk, joined a newly formed professional league. Another top skater, Dag Forn\u00e6ss, retired from speed skating. The following season, Claeson promptly became both European and World Allround Champion. Claeson won several more medals, including a bronze medal on the 1,500\u00a0m at the 1972 Winter Olympics of Sapporo. In 1975, he entered the European Allround Championships as the reigning European Champion, but he finished only 11th. He retired from speed skating that same year. Play media An overview of medals won by Claeson at important championships he participated in, listing the years in which he won each: In addition, Claeson won a total of 25 Swedish National Championships titles: Swedish Championships 1,500\u00a0m: 1969, 1970, 1971, 1973, 1974, and 1975. Swedish Championships 5,000\u00a0m: 1969, 1970, 1971, 1972, 1973, 1974, and 1975. Swedish Championships 10,000\u00a0m: 1970, 1971, 1972, 1973, and 1974. Swedish Championships Allround: 1969, 1970, 1971, 1972, 1973, 1974, and 1975. Over the course of his career, Claeson skated one world record: Source: SpeedSkatingStats.com To put these personal records in perspective, the column WR lists the official world records on the dates that Claeson skated his personal records. Claeson has an Adelskalender score of 168.868 points. His highest ranking on the Adelskalender was a second place. G\u00f6ran Claeson. sports-reference.com \"G\u00f6ran Claeson\". SpeedSkatingStats.com. Retrieved 29 August 2012. G\u00f6ran Claeson at SpeedSkatingStats.com G\u00f6ran Claeson from Deutsche Eisschnelllauf Gemeinschaft e.V. (the German Skating Association) Personal records from Jakub Majerski's Speedskating Database Evert Stenlund's Adelskalender pages Historical World Records from the International Skating Union National Champions from Svenska Skridskof\u00f6rbundet (the Swedish Skating Association)"
   },
   {
    "name": "Anders Kraupp",
    "id": "Q491120",
    "text": "Anders Kraupp (born 3 September 1959 in Stockholm, Sweden) is a Swedish curler and curling coach. He competed at two Winter Olympics (2002, 2006). In 2013 he was inducted into the Swedish Curling Hall of Fame. Anders is from a curling family; his son Sebastian (born in 1985) won the world men's championship in 2013 and his daughter Sabina (born in 1986) is a European mixed bronze medallist from 2008. He started playing curling in 1978 when he was 19 years old. \"SM Mixed\" (in Swedish). Svenska Curlingf\u00f6rbundet. Archived from the original on 2010-08-12. (web-archive; results from 1967\u20141968 to 2006\u20142007) \"\u0427\u0435\u043c\u043f\u0438\u043e\u043d\u0430\u0442 \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0438 \u043f\u043e \u043a\u0451\u0440\u043b\u0438\u043d\u0433\u0443 \u0441\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0438 \u0441\u043c\u0435\u0448\u0430\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u043a\u043e\u043c\u0430\u043d\u0434 2013 \u2014 \u041a\u0435\u0440\u043b\u0438\u043d\u0433 \u0432 \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0438\". Archived from the original on 2016-10-26.(in Russian) \"\u0410\u0440\u0445\u0438\u0432\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u043d\u0430\u044f \u043a\u043e\u043f\u0438\u044f\". Retrieved 2012-02-05.[dead link] \"Anders Kraupp | Lag Peja Lindholm, \u00d6stersunds CK\" (in Swedish). Archived from the original on April 28, 2005. \"Landslagsspelare genom tiderna \u2013 Herrar - Svenska Curlingf\u00f6rbundet (Swedish male national curlers)\" (in Swedish). Retrieved July 29, 2019. (look for \"Kraupp, Anders\") Anders Kraupp at World Curling Federation Anders Kraupp at CurlingZone Anders Kraupp at Olympics.com Anders Kraupp at Olympic.org (archived) Anders Kraupp at the Swedish Olympic Committee (in Swedish) \"\"Jag kallar curlingen min f\u00f6rsta fru\" - HD\" (in Swedish). September 2, 2014. v t e"
   },
   {
    "name": "Anders Lundin",
    "id": "Q491177",
    "text": "Anders Erik Lundin (born 8 September 1958 in Stockholm) is a Swedish television host, comedian and lyricist. Lundin was one of the first hosts in the world to host the show Expedition Robinson, also known as Survivor. Lundin co-hosted the Eurovision Song Contest 2000 along with Kattis Ahlstr\u00f6m and, 2003\u201310, was every summer host for the successful song show Alls\u00e5ng p\u00e5 Skansen. He has also hosted the show Allt f\u00f6r Sverige which takes Americans to Sweden to learn more about their Swedish ancestry. List of Eurovision Song Contest presenters \"Anders Lundin visar annan sida\". 4 October 2018. Retrieved 28 April 2019. \"Tittarrekord f\u00f6r Eurovision song contest\". Aftonbladet. Retrieved 28 April 2019. \"\"Allt f\u00f6r Sverige\"-deltagaren bryter ihop \u2013 efter Lundins ord\". www.expressen.se. Retrieved 28 April 2019. Official website Info on Anders Lundin Anders Lundin at the Swedish Film Database Anders Lundin at IMDb"
   },
   {
    "name": "Fredrik Hynning",
    "id": "Q495666",
    "text": "Fredrik Hynning (born May 15, 1983, in Stockholm, Sweden) is a forward playing for the AIK hockey team in the Swedish Elitserien (SEL) league. Biographical information and career statistics from Eliteprospects.com, or\u00a0Eurohockey.com, or\u00a0The Internet Hockey Database \"Fredrik Hynning - player profile and career stats\". European Hockey.Net. Retrieved March 31, 2007. \"Fredrik Hynning\". Elite Prospects. Retrieved March 31, 2007. \"Hynning f\u00f6rst in av de nya\" (in Swedish). Timr\u00e5 IK. 2007-03-28. Archived from the original on September 27, 2007. Retrieved March 31, 2007. v t e"
   },
   {
    "name": "Andreas Andersson",
    "id": "Q495810",
    "text": "Andreas Claes Andersson (born 10 April 1974) is a Swedish former professional footballer who played as a striker. He was the Allsvenskan top scorer with IFK G\u00f6teborg when they won the 1996 Allsvenskan, and went on to represent Milan, Newcastle United, and AIK before retiring in 2005. A full international between 1996 and 2003, he scored 8 goals in 43 caps for the Sweden national team, and represented them at the 2002 FIFA World Cup. Andreas Andersson was signed by the Division 2 club Tidaholms G&IF before the 1994 season from the Division 5 club Hova IF. He scored 6 goals in 9 games for Tidaholm before being signed by the Allsvenskan outfit Degerfors IF during the same year. He spent a season and a half at Degerfors, scoring 16 Allsvenskan goals in 40 games. Prior to the 1996 Allsvenskan season, Andersson signed for the reigning Allsvenskan champions IFK G\u00f6teborg. During his first season with G\u00f6teborg, Andersson finished as the Allsvenskan top scorer with 19 goals as IFK G\u00f6teborg won the league. In the 1996\u201397 UEFA Champions League, Andersson scored against A.C. Milan in a 2\u20134 group stage loss at San Siro. During the 1997 season, Andersson scored 13 goals in 13 games during the first half of the season, before leaving the club during the summer. Andersson was signed by Milan ahead of the 1997\u201398 Serie A season. He scored his only Serie A goal for Milan in a 1\u20130 win against Empoli F.C. on 5 October 1997. Andersson signed for Newcastle United in the English Premier League in January 1998. He played in the 1998 FA Cup Final, which Newcastle lost to Arsenal. Andersson returned to Sweden in the summer of 1999, as AIK's most expensive signing ever ahead of their 1999\u20132000 UEFA Champions League campaign. He scored two goals against Arsenal during that Champions League season in a 2\u20133 group stage loss at R\u00e5sunda Stadium in Solna, Sweden. Injury problems caused him to retire on 1 August 2005, with Andersson looking to remain in football as a coach. Andersson made his full international debut for the Sweden national team on 25 February 1996 in a friendly game against Australia in Brisbane, in which he scored two goals. He scored his first competitive international goal in a 2\u20131 win against England in a UEFA Euro 2000 qualifying match, which ultimately helped Sweden qualify for UEFA Euro 2000. However, an injury to his cruciate ligament caused him to miss the tournament. On 5 September 2001, Andersson scored the decisive goal away against Turkey in a 2\u20131 victory, which meant that Sweden qualified for the 2002 FIFA World Cup the following summer. Andersson was used as a substitute in the tournament and nearly scored against Argentina, but his shot hit the cross bar. He played in all four games as Sweden was eliminated by Senegal in the second round. His last ever international appearance came in a UEFA Euro 2004 qualifying game against San Marino on 7 June 2003, before another knee injury ruled Andersson out of playing for Sweden at Euro 2004 and ultimately ended his international career. In total Andersson won 43 caps for Sweden, scoring 8 goals. Scores and results list Sweden's goal tally first, score column indicates score after each Andersson goal. IFK G\u00f6teborg Allsvenskan: 1996 AIK Superettan: 2005 Individual Allsvenskan top scorer: 1996 Stor Grabb: 1997 \"Hova-Expressen Andreas Andersson g\u00e4st i Giffpodden\". Tidaholms GoIF. Retrieved 2020-07-07. \"Andreas Andersson\". Elite Football. Retrieved 2020-07-07. Pea Nilsson (12 November 1996). \"Gissa vem som blev \u00e5rets tr\u00e4nare\" (in Swedish). Dagens nyheter. Retrieved 30 March 2017. \"Flest m\u00e5l i samma match mot AC Milan | ifkdb.se\". ifkdb.se. Retrieved 2020-07-07. \"Andreas Andersson - Un peso piuma: una zanzara avrebbe punto molto meglio\". www.calciobidoni.it. Retrieved 2020-07-07. \"Ex-frontman Andersson remembers his time at United\". Newcastle United Football Club. Retrieved 2020-07-07. \"Arsenal vs Newcastle. FA Cup Final 16/05/98\". www.arseweb.com. Retrieved 2020-07-07. \"500 AIK:are - Andreas Andersson\". www.aik.se. Retrieved 2020-07-07. \"AIK Statistikdatabas (Herrar)\". www.aik.se. Retrieved 2020-07-07. \"Andreas Andersson slutar med fotbollen\". Sveriges Radio (in Swedish). Retrieved 2020-07-07. \"Australien - Sverige - Matchfakta - Svensk fotboll\". www.svenskfotboll.se (in Swedish). Retrieved 2020-07-07. \"Andreas Andersson - Spelarstatistik - Svensk fotboll\". www.svenskfotboll.se. (in Swedish). Retrieved 2020-07-07. \"Football: Ince off as England suffer in Sweden\". The Independent. 1998-09-06. Retrieved 2020-07-07. \"AIK-stj\u00e4rnor utan l\u00f6n. Of\u00f6rs\u00e4krade. Pontus K\u00e5mark och Andreas Andersson f\u00e5r leva p\u00e5 F\u00f6rs\u00e4kringskassan\". DN.SE (in Swedish). 2000-05-31. Retrieved 2020-07-07. \"Miraklet i Turkiet - ett stycke idrottshistoria\". Aftonbladet (in Swedish). Retrieved 2020-07-07. \"Andreas n\u00e4rmar sig startelvan\". DN.SE (in Swedish). 2002-06-13. Retrieved 2020-07-07. \"Sverige utslaget p\u00e5 \u00f6vertid\". Aftonbladet (in Swedish). Retrieved 2020-07-07. \"EM-dr\u00f6mmen sprack f\u00f6r Andreas Andersson\". DN.SE (in Swedish). 2004-04-22. Retrieved 2020-07-07. \"Andreas Andersson - Spelarstatistik - Svensk fotboll\". www.svenskfotboll.se. (in Swedish). Retrieved 2021-01-04. \"Stora Grabbars M\u00e4rke - Svensk fotboll\". www.svenskfotboll.se (in Swedish). Retrieved 2021-02-24. Andreas Andersson at Soccerbase"
   },
   {
    "name": "Jenny Hasselquist",
    "id": "Q496081",
    "text": "Jenny Matilda Elisabet Hasselquist, also spelled Hasselqvist (31 July 1894 \u2013 8 June 1978), was a Swedish prima ballerina, film actress, and ballet teacher. Jenny Matilda Elisabet Hasselquist was born in Stockholm on 31 July 1894 to Johannes Johansson Hasselquist and Sofia Katarina Hasselquist. She had two older brothers, Wilhelm (1887\u20131959), and Gerhard (1889\u20131950). She attended the Swedish Opera's ballet school from 1906 and performed with the Royal Ballet from 1910. In 1913, Michel Fokine noticed her talents and ensured she obtained solo roles in La Sylphide and Cleopatra. She became a prima ballerina at the Royal Ballet in 1915. In 1920, Hasselquist starred in Rolf de Mar\u00e9's Ballets su\u00e9dois in Paris. A talented dancer, she had a flair for the modern idiom. However she left de Mar\u00e9 after just one season, apparently dissatisfied with her potential there. She went on to play leading roles in many Swedish and some German silent films including Johan (1921), Vem d\u00f6mer (1922), The Hell Ship (1923), and Aftermath (1927). She also appeared as a guest dancer in many of Europe's leading theatres including the Coliseum in London, the Th\u00e9\u00e2tre des Champs-\u00c9lys\u00e9es in Paris and the Deutsches Theater in Berlin. She had her own school in Stockholm, and from the mid-1930s, she taught at the Stockholm Opera's ballet school. She died on 8 June 1978 in T\u00e4by, Sweden. The Burning Secret (1923) The Wig (1925) Ingmar's Inheritance (1925) The Girl Without a Homeland (1927) Guilty (1928) \"Jenny Hasselquist\" (in Swedish). Teater Sargasso. Retrieved 3 March 2014. \"Jenny Hasselquist\". \"Jenny Hasselquist\". Nationalencyklopedin (in Swedish). Retrieved 3 March 2014. \"Hasselqvist, Jenny Matilda Elisabet\" (in Swedish). Svensk uppslagsbok, Vol. 12. 1949. p.\u00a01152. Archived from the original on 19 August 2015. Retrieved 3 March 2014. \"Jenny Hasselquist\". Store Norske Leksikon (in Swedish). Retrieved 3 March 2014. Baer, Nancy Van Norman; Museum, Fashion Institute of Technology (New York, N.Y.). (1995). Paris modern: the Swedish Ballet, 1920\u20131925. San Francisco: Fine Arts Museums of San Francisco. p.\u00a075. ISBN\u00a0978-0-88401-081-4. Toepfer, Karl Eric (1997). Empire of Ecstasy: Nudity and Movement in German Body Culture, 1910\u20131935. Berkeley: University of California Press. p.\u00a0153. ISBN\u00a0978-0-520-91827-6. \"Jenny Mathilda Elisabeth Hasselquist, premi\u00e4rdans\u00f6s, sk\u00e5despelare\" (in Swedish). Gultarp Genealogy. Retrieved 3 March 2014. Jenny Hasselquist at Svenskt kvinnobiografiskt lexikon Media related to Jenny Hasselquist at Wikimedia Commons Jenny Hasselquist at IMDb"
   },
   {
    "name": "Andreas Engqvist",
    "id": "Q497045",
    "text": "Andreas Gustaf Engqvist (born December 23, 1987) is a Swedish former professional ice hockey centre who last played with Djurg\u00e5rdens IF of the SHL, his second tenure with the club. He recently played for the Salavat Yulaev Ufa of the KHL. Bj\u00f6rn Ericsson, general manager of J\u00e4rf\u00e4lla HC, recommended Djurg\u00e5rden to have a look at Engqvist, mentioning that Engqvist reminded him of Mats Sundin. On July 13, 2009, Engqvist signed a three-year contract with the Montreal Canadiens in the NHL. During the 2009\u201310 season he played on loan for Djurg\u00e5rdens IF in the Swedish Elitserien. On January 21, 2011, he played his first NHL game with the Montreal Canadiens, a 7\u20131 away win against the Ottawa Senators. On June 17, 2012, Engvist signed a one-year deal with Atlant Moscow Oblast of the KHL. Having signed as a restricted free agent, the Montreal Canadiens retained his rights. After three seasons in the KHL with Moscow Oblast and HC CSKA Moscow, Engqvist opted to continue with his third KHL club, following a trade to Salavat Yulaev Ufa on June 18, 2015. In the midst of his second season with Salavat in 2016\u201317, Engqvist appeared in 12 games for 11 points before suffering a season-ending injury on September 22, 2016. Opting to continue his rehabilitation in his native Sweden, he mutually agreed to terminate his contract with the club on December 19, 2016. During the 2017\u201318 SHL season, Enqvist signed with Djurg\u00e5rdens IF. Engqvist has played 9 games for Sweden's national ice hockey team at the 2010 World Championships, helping claim the bronze medal. Player of tournament 2009 \"Andreas Engqvist avslutar sin hockeykarri\u00e4r\". Bengtsson, Jan (March 16, 2010). \"Ung satsning bakom Dif-lyft\". Svenska Dagbladet (in Swedish). Retrieved April 25, 2010. \"Salavat confirm Engqvist acquisition\". rsport.ru (in Russian). 2015-06-18. Retrieved 2015-06-18. \"Thank you, Andreas!\" (in Russian). Salavat Yulaev Ufa. 2016-12-19. Archived from the original on 2016-12-21. Retrieved 2016-12-19. Biographical information and career statistics from NHL.com, or\u00a0Eliteprospects.com, or\u00a0Eurohockey.com, or\u00a0Hockey-Reference.com, or\u00a0The Internet Hockey Database v t e"
   },
   {
    "name": "Andreas Holmqvist",
    "id": "Q498193",
    "text": "Per Robert Andreas Holmqvist Pedersen (born July 23, 1981) is a Swedish ice hockey coach and former professional ice hockey defenceman. He won gold at the 2006 World Championships. Holmqvist made his debut in men's ice hockey in Sweden's second-division with Hammarby IF in 2000\u201301. He played for Link\u00f6pings HC, Fr\u00f6lunda HC and Djurg\u00e5rdens IF in the Swedish Elitserien, interrupted by stints in the AHL and ECHL: From 2003 to 2005, he played for the Hamilton Bulldogs, Pensacola Ice Pilots and Springfield Falcons. In 2007 and 2010, Holmqvist made it to the SHL finals with Link\u00f6ping and Djurg\u00e5rdens IF respectively. He signed with K\u00f6lner Haie in the Deutsche Eishockey Liga (DEL) in 2012. He reached the DEL finals with K\u00f6ln in 2013 and 2014 and was named 2013 DEL Player of the Year. He announced his retirement towards the end of the 2014\u201315 season. Holmqvist played nine games during the 2006 World Championships en route to winning gold. He also played for Sweden at the 2005\u201306, 2006\u201307 and 2007\u201308 Euro Hockey Tour. In September 2015, he was named assistant coach of Djurg\u00e5rdens IF's women's team. He is the younger brother of fellow hockey player Michael Holmqvist. Link\u00f6pings HC club record for goals in a playoff season, defenceman (4), 2006\u201307 \"Holmqvist \"Spieler des Jahres\", Krupp \"Trainer des Jahres\" \u2013 Haie mit vielen DEL-Auszeichnungen! | K\u00f6lner Haie\". www.haie.de. Retrieved 2016-03-17. \"Andreas Holmqvist ends his career after the season\" (in German). K\u00f6lner Haie. 2015-02-22. Retrieved 2015-02-22. \"Andreas Holmqvist tillbaka i Djurg\u00e5rden\". Djurg\u00e5rden Hockey. Retrieved 2016-03-17. Biographical information and career statistics from Eliteprospects.com, or\u00a0Eurohockey.com, or\u00a0The Internet Hockey Database v t e"
   },
   {
    "name": "Andreas J\u00e4mtin",
    "id": "Q498630",
    "text": "Andreas J\u00e4mtin (born May 4, 1983) is a Swedish professional ice hockey player. J\u00e4mtin is a winger who, despite his size, is very aggressive and plays with lot of intensity. Detroit Red Wings' assistant general manager Jim Nill commented on J\u00e4mtin's playing style as \"he's a pest on the ice\". J\u00e4mtin was drafted in the 2001 NHL Entry Draft by the Detroit Red Wings with their 5th round pick, in the 157th overall selection. For season 2006\u201307 J\u00e4mtin waited for contract offers from NHL but due to not receiving any offers signed a one-year contract with the Swedish club HV71. After the 2006\u201307 season, he extended the contract with another three years. On 16 June 2008 it was reported that J\u00e4mtin signed with the New York Rangers as a free agent. After only having played four games in the AHL with Hartford Wolf Pack and five games with Charlotte Checkers in the ECHL, J\u00e4mtin chose to move back to Sweden and signed a two-year deal with the Swedish Elitserien team Link\u00f6pings HC. Winner of TV-pucken with Stockholm A in 1999. Swedish Champion with HV71 in 2004 and 2008. \"Andreas J\u00e4mtin\". Elite Prospects. Retrieved April 21, 2008. \"Red Wings Central Andreas Jamtin\". RedWingsCentral.com. Archived from the original on May 4, 2006. Retrieved 2006-04-25. \"Andreas J\u00e4mtin forts\u00e4tter i HV71\" (in Swedish). HV71.se. May 24, 2006. Retrieved August 11, 2006.[dead link] \"Andreas J\u00e4mtin forts\u00e4tter i HV71\" (in Swedish). HV71.se. April 11, 2007. Retrieved April 11, 2007.[dead link] \"J\u00e4mtin klar f\u00f6r Rangers\" (in Swedish). HV71. June 16, 2008. Archived from the original on June 19, 2008. Retrieved June 19, 2008. \"FOX Sports on MSN Fantasy Report\". FOX. June 16, 2008. Archived from the original on November 30, 2007. Retrieved June 19, 2008. \"Memo to Avery: Rangers ink Swedish winger/agitator\". Newsday. June 16, 2008. Archived from the original on June 26, 2008. Retrieved June 19, 2008. M\u00e4ki, Anders (November 14, 2008). \"Andreas J\u00e4mtin till LHC\" (in Swedish). Link\u00f6pings Hockey Club. Archived from the original on June 15, 2011. Retrieved 2008-11-14. Biographical information and career statistics from Eliteprospects.com, or\u00a0Eurohockey.com, or\u00a0The Internet Hockey Database"
   },
   {
    "name": "Andreas Moe",
    "id": "Q499622",
    "text": "Andreas Moe (born 2 October 1988) is a Swedish singer, songwriter, record producer and multi-instrumentalist. Moe was born and raised in Stockholm and aspired to be a singer and songwriter from an early age. He grew up listening to the likes of Stevie Ray Vaughan and Michael Jackson, and in later years developed an interest in the acoustic guitar driven sounds of Jeff Buckley. Having played his early writings in virtually every youth centre and bar in Stockholm, Moe earned his place as session guitarist with Bosson and Ulrik Munther. He continued to develop as a producer and artist, and in January 2011 signed a UK publishing deal with Phrased Differently, followed swiftly by a management deal with Hiten Bharadia and Luke Williams. He just signed a record deal with Sony for Scandinavia and continues to self release throughout the rest of the globe. In July 2011, Moe recorded his first feature on the Avicii track \"Fade into Darkness\". The song reached number 4 in the Swedish Singles Chart (Sverigetopplistan) - and achieved further success in Poland & Netherlands. The song was also destined for UK release - before it became wrapped up in controversy - after Leona Lewis released a similar version of the track's instrumental under the name Collide. Avicii later claimed that Lewis's record label, Syco, had \"stolen\" his idea without his permission. Lewis and Avicii eventually settled in court, coming to an amicable mutual agreement to release the song as a collaboration between Lewis and Avicii - meaning that Fade into Darkness was dropped as a UK release. In December 2011, Moe co-wrote and featured on the platinum selling John De Sohn track 'Long Time'. The song, which charted at number 36 in the Swedish Singles Chart (Sverigetopplistan), was released again in April 2012 on Tiesto's compilation album Club Life: Volume Two Miami - which charted worldwide, reaching Number 1 in the US Billboard Dance/Electronic Albums, Number 6 in the UK Album Chart, and Number 3 in the Swiss Album Chart - as well as charting high in many other territories. Soon after, it was revealed that 'Long Time' had been picked up by LA Reid at Epic Records US as a single and was to be serviced to radio on 20 May 2012. The song was released as a single in the US later on in the year. In May 2012, Moe announced via his Facebook page that his first EP Collecting Sunlight was scheduled for digital release on the UK iTunes Store, and also Spotify, on 25 June 2012. He has since received glowing reviews of the EP from around the world, including articles from famous American blogs Arjan Writes, and Music Is My Kingsize Bed. The EP was also released throughout Scandinavia through Sony Music Sweden - dropping in Sweden and Norway on 29 June 2012, and Finland and Denmark on 2 July 2012. Due to the success of Avicii's \"Fade into Darkness\", Moe teamed up with Avicii again to make a vocal edit of \"Last Dance\". However, the vocal edit was unreleased. Moe also had four songs, sung and co-written by himself, featured in the Noel Clarke film The Knot. The film was released in the UK through Universal Pictures on 5 October 2012. He has worked with Tiesto, Hardwell, Fedde Le Grande and Avicii, Eddie Thoneick and Norman Doray. In 2013, in addition to recording his debut album in Scandinavia & the UK, Moe supported both Gabrille Aplin & Lucy Spraggan as main support on their UK tours, playing to over 40,000 fans. On 9 June 2014 he was the opening act for John Mayer's solitary UK concert at the O2 Arena that year. In 2014 Moe signed a 2 album deal with Sony Scandinavia and will release an album in Sweden in October 2014. In the UK he will release a series of UK Eps starting with \"Ocean\" in June 2014. He also featured on Tiesto's album and a Hardwell & Tiesto collaboration in October 2014. Moe also enjoys a successful songwriting career in and around Europe. He co-wrote the first single 'Won't You Stay' for runner-up of The Voice of Holland, Chris Hordijk which peaked at number 6 in the Dutch Top 40., as well as his follow up single 'Jump From A Waterfall'. He also co-wrote the first single 'Awake' for runner up of The Voice of Belgium, Silke Mastbooms - which reached number 2 in the Belgian Top 50 charts (Ultratop 50). In August 2012, Moe received his first number 1 as a songwriter with Dutch duo Nick En Simon with the song 'Alles Overwinnen' in the Dutch Singles charts, as well as his first Platinum record for his co-write and feature with John De Sohn, 'Long Time'. In 2013, Moe wrote a song called \"Who We Are\" with Lawson's Andy Brown, which was recorded by Boyzone on the BZ20 album released on 22 November 2013. The album reached No. 6 in the UK and has been certified Gold. \"Who We Are\" was scheduled to be the third single. He is also known to have written with various rising stars including British pop rock group Lawson, multi-platinum selling producer Jake Gosling, The Voice of Holland Season 1 winner Ben Saunders, and pop rock band Rixton. He also opened John Mayer's concerts in Amsterdam on 2 and 3 May 2017, Stockholm on 7 May 2017, Copenhagen on 9 May 2017 and London on 11 and 12 May 2017. Before the Rumble Comes (2015) Collecting Sunlight (2012) This Year (2013) Ocean (2014) Borderline (2015) Maybe It's All We Dreamed Of (2017) All Our Worries Are Poems \u2013 Pt. 1 (2021) As lead artist As featured artist \"Andreas Moe | Biography, Albums, Streaming Links\". AllMusic. Retrieved 2020-03-23. \"Phraseddifferently.com - Andreas Moe Profile\". Phrasedifferently.com. Retrieved 2020-03-23. \"On Controversy and Club Smashes: Leona Lewis to \"COLLIDE\" with the US in September\". Muumuse.com. 3 August 2011. Retrieved 3 August 2011. \"John De Sohn & Andreas Moe - LongTime - Chart Positions\". Acharts.us. Retrieved 29 May 2011. \"Dogstarr Radio US Playlist\". Dogstarradio.com. Retrieved 30 May 2011. \"Hot New Talent: Andreas Moe - Collecting Sunlight Exclusive Premier\". Arjanwrites.com. Retrieved May 1, 2012. \"Music Is My Kingsize Bed - Ones To Watch: Andreas Moe\". Musicallyinclinedfool.blogspot.com. Retrieved May 21, 2012. \"The Knot\". IMDb.com. Retrieved 5 January 2012. \"Norman Doray feat. Andreas Moe \u2013 Leo (Cracks)\". Archived from the original on July 13, 2012. Retrieved May 2, 2012. \"John Mayer at The O2 Arena (09 Jun 14) with Andreas Moe\". Songkick.com. Retrieved 2016-08-23. \"'Won't You Stay - Single' van Chris Hordijk\". Itunes.apple.com (in Dutch). 16 March 2012. Retrieved 2018-12-27. \"Chris Hordijk - Won't You Stay - Chart Positions\". Dutchcharts.nl. Retrieved 29 May 2011. \"Silke Mastbooms - Awake - Chart Positions\". Acharts.us. Retrieved 29 May 2011. \"Andreas Moe sl\u00e4pper efterl\u00e4ngtad EP - 'All Our Worries Are Poems - Pt.1' ute nu\" [Andreas Moe released long-awaited EP - All Our Worries Are Poems \u2013 Pt. 1 out now] (Press release) (in Swedish). Cosmos Music Group. Mynewsdesk. 28 May 2021. Retrieved 29 May 2021. SwedishCharts.com Andreas Moe discography \"All On Me (& Brennan Heart feat. Andreas Moe) - Single by Armin van Buuren & Brennan Heart featuring Andreas Moe on Apple Music\". Apple Music. 24 April 2020. Retrieved April 24, 2020. Official website Andreas Moe's Phrased Differently Writer's Page"
   },
   {
    "name": "Andreas Siljestr\u00f6m",
    "id": "Q500710",
    "text": "Andreas Siljestr\u00f6m (born 21 July 1981) is a Swedish professional tennis player who specializes in doubles. He has a career doubles high-ranking of 57 (achieved on May 14, 2012). He is among the tallest male players on the tour; only Reilly Opelka at 2.13 metres (7\u00a0ft 0\u00a0in), Ivo Karlovi\u0107 at 2.11 metres (6\u00a0ft 11\u00a0in), and John Isner at 2.08 metres (6\u00a0ft 10\u00a0in) are taller than he. (W) Won; (F) finalist; (SF) semifinalist; (QF) quarterfinalist; (#R) rounds 4, 3, 2, 1; (RR) round-robin stage; (Q#) qualification round; (DNQ) did not qualify; (A) absent; (NH) not held. SR=strike rate (events won/competed) To avoid confusion and double counting, these charts are updated at the conclusion of a tournament or when the player's participation has ended. Andreas Siljestr\u00f6m at the Association of Tennis Professionals Andreas Siljestr\u00f6m at the International Tennis Federation v t e"
   },
   {
    "name": "Andreas Wilson",
    "id": "Q501260",
    "text": "Andreas Axel Janota Wilson (born 7 March 1981) is a Swedish actor who played the leading role in the Oscar-nominated (for best foreign movie) Evil. He has also starred in Kill Your Darlings, Babas bilar and Den utvalde. He was named as one of European films' \"Shooting Stars\" by the European Film Promotion in 2004. He has been modeling for the clothing store Abercrombie & Fitch. The Veil of Twilight (2014) Real Humans (TV-series, 2012) Sebastians Verden (2010) Bicycle Bride (2010) Stone's War (2008) Colorado Avenue (2007) Kill Your Darlings (2006) Babas bilar (2006) Animal (2005) Den utvalde (2005) Evil (2003) \"Andreas Wilson har gift sig\". Norra Sk\u00e5ne (in Swedish). 14 September 2010. Archived from the original on 5 October 2013. Retrieved 5 October 2013. Andreas Wilson at IMDb v t e"
   },
   {
    "name": "Andreas \u00d6berg",
    "id": "Q501496",
    "text": "Andreas \u00d6berg (born 6 August 1978) is a Swedish guitarist, songwriter, and music producer. \u00d6berg was born in Stockholm on 6 August 1978. When he was seven, he took classical guitar lessons at school. He played electric guitar when he was twelve years old under the influence of a teacher who played blues and jazz fusion. He studied at the Royal College of Music in Stockholm. He began his professional career at eighteen when he worked with Viktoria Tolstoy and Svante Thuresson. In 2006, he signed with Resonance Records. He described his music at this time as a combination of jazz, funk, soul, Latin, and Brazilian music. He recorded with the Resonance Big Band on an album that received a Grammy Award nomination for Best Instrumental Arrangement. In 2009 he started a web site, Andreas' Guitar Universe, where he teaches online classes. He has worked with Barbara Hendricks, Hank Jones, Les Paul, Eros Ramazzotti, and Toots Thielemans. \u00d6berg was hired to write a song for a commercial that appeared on Swedish television. Since then he has composed for Universal Music. He wrote a song with Andreas Carlsson, who encouraged him to write lyrics in addition to music. As a songwriter \u00d6berg has collaborated with Melanie Fontana and Ludwig G\u00f6ransson. He has written and produced pop music for the Swedish, American, and Japanese markets. In 2015 SHINee's album, Odd (including \"Romance\", co-written by \u00d6berg), topped the Korean Gaon album chart for two consecutive weeks and the Billboard World Albums chart at the end of May 2015. In May 2016, Namie Amuro released her single \"Mint\" where both the A- and B-sides (\"Mint\" and \"Chit Chat\") were co-written and co-produced by \u00d6berg. The song sold more the 250,000 digital copies in Japan and was certified Platinum. In June 2016, EXO released their album EX'ACT, which included \"Stronger\", cowritten by \u00d6berg. The album was the most sold in the world according to Global Album chart and has sold more than one million physical copies. \u00d6berg won the Hagstr\u00f6m Guitar Award and the Gevalia Music Prize in 2004 and the International Guitar Competition Prize in Montreux in 2006. He taught classes at the Musicians Institute in Hollywood. Andreas Invites Yorgui & Ritary (Hot Club, 2004) Young Jazz Guitarist (Hot Club, 2005) Solo (Hot Club, 2006) Live in Concert (2006) (DVD) My Favorite Guitars (Resonance, 2008) Six String Evolution (Resonance, 2010) Live (Hot Club, 2013) \"Andreas \u00d6berg Interview\". Soundgraphics (in Japanese). September 2012. Archived from the original on 1 December 2017. Retrieved 26 November 2017. Jeff Benjamin (28 May 2015). \"SHINee Earn Second No. 1 on World Albums With 'Odd'\". Billboard. Retrieved 5 May 2016. \"global album chart\". allkpop.com. Retrieved 5 May 2016. \"million seller\". soompi.com. Retrieved 5 May 2016. \"Gevalias musikpris till jazzgitarristen Andreas \u00d6berg - Kraft Foods\". News.cision.com (in Swedish). 19 November 2004. Retrieved 5 May 2016. \"What's Hot With Jazz Guitar: Andreas Oberg\". Guitar Site. Retrieved 11 December 2012. Gold, Jude (June 2011). \"Andreas Oberg Harnesses the Hypnotic Harmonies of the Whole-Tone Scale\". Guitar Player. 45 (7): 108. Official website"
   },
   {
    "name": "Marcus Schenkenberg",
    "id": "Q503962",
    "text": "Marcus Lodewijk Schenkenberg van Mierop (born 4 August 1968), better known as Marcus Schenkenberg, is a Swedish model, actor, singer, writer, and television personality. Schenkenberg was born in Stockholm to Dutch parents. He has Dutch citizenship but has lived in New York City since 1991. Schenkenberg is best known for his Calvin Klein advertisements. He has also modelled for Versace, Giorgio Armani, Donna Karan and Iceberg.[citation needed] In the past he has been signed to Storm Model Management in London, Wilhelmina Models, Success Models in Paris, Boss Models, and D' Management Group in Milan. His present agency is Ford Models and Soul Artist Management in New York. Marcus Schenkenberg has also appeared\u2014mostly as himself\u2014in many episodes of different international TV shows including the Pamela Anderson vehicle V.I.P. (2001), American soap opera As the World Turns, Stacked (2005), on VH1's fourth season of The Surreal Life or One Life to Live. In Italy these were The Corlucci Cald Show, La Grande Notte del Luned\u00ec Sera, and Never Mind the Buzzcocks (2002) as well as La Talpa (2004), the Italian version of Celebrity Mole. Further he was guest host of an Italian soccer TV program and appeared on VH1's fourth season of The Surreal Life. Schenkenberg has guested in several German TV shows such as the Bambi (2003), Heidi Klum's Germany's Next Topmodel (2006) and took part at Stefan Raab's Wok racing (2010).[citation needed] In 1997, he published a book, Marcus Schenkenberg: New Rules, which featured numerous photos and personal notes and comments on his modeling career, as well as contributions from colleagues, family members and people in the fashion and modeling business. In 1999, he was asked by a friend to record a song, which was meant for fun but was followed by a contract with EMI. \"La Chica Marita\" was produced by Tony Catania and was also released on the soundtrack of the movie Flawless with Robert De Niro. Schenkenberg described the work on the song and video as good experience, but he remained more interested in acting. Schenkenberg lives in New York and Los Angeles and also has an apartment in Stockholm. He is fluent in five languages: Swedish, English, Dutch, French and Italian and understands German. During the early nineties he had relationships with the models Maureen Gallegher, Catherine Hardenborg and Rosemarie Wetzel. Schenkenberg dated various prominent women during the following years, including Mariah Carey, Nicky Hilton, Niki K\u00f6hler, Victoria Silvstedt and Jessica Simpson. His relationship with Pamela Anderson between 2000 and 2001 made him more well-known to the public aside from his modelling. For the 25th anniversary of the Bodenseeklinik, Schenkenberg publicly got a \"Vampire-Lifting\" procedure done. Schenkenberg, Marcus (1997). Marcus Schenkenberg: New Rules. New York: Universe Publishing. ISBN\u00a00-7893-0097-4. Schenkenberg, Marcus (2010). Body Secrets \u2013 Sexy Shape in Just 2 Weeks (DVD). M\u00fcnchen: Riva. \"Interview on Spiegel-Online, August 30th, 2000 (German)\" \"Tony Catania zu \u201eLa Chica Marita\u201c auf Catania Music Archived 2010-11-16 at the Wayback Machine\" \"Interview with Andrew Davis on January 15th, 2003\" \"Interview on Australia's current affairs show\" \"Leona Lewis und Marcus Schenkenberg bei \"LR\", M\u00fcnsterl\u00e4ndische Volkszeitung, July 4th, 2009 Archived 2011-07-19 at the Wayback Machine (German)\" \"Introducing...Marcus Schenkenberg - The Local\". Thelocal.se. 11 September 2001. Retrieved 17 September 2011. Schenkenberg, Marcus (1997). Marcus Schenkenberg: New Rules. New York: Universe Publishing. pp.\u00a0128\u20139. ISBN\u00a00-7893-0097-4. Fink, Mitchell (6 November 1998). \"Jeter Gives Mariah Championship Zing\". New York Daily News. Retrieved 17 September 2011. \"Biography on Gala.de (German)\" \"Zur Beauty-Party: Vampir-Lifting an Marcus Schenkenberg\" (in German). Retrieved 25 August 2015. Official website Marcus Schenkenberg at IMDb"
   },
   {
    "name": "Per \"Dead\" Ohlin",
    "id": "Q504434",
    "text": "Per Yngve Ohlin (16 January 1969 \u2013 8 April 1991), better known by his stage name Dead and nickname Pelle, was a Swedish metal musician, best known as the lead vocalist and lyricist of the Norwegian black metal band Mayhem from 1988 until his death in 1991. Prior to Mayhem, he also performed as vocalist in the Swedish death metal band Morbid. Dead was a popular figure of the Norwegian black metal scene, and his legacy remains prominent in the genre to this day. Roadrunner Records ranked him No. 48 out of 50 of The Greatest Metal Front-Men of All Time. Dead was known for his morbid personality and obsession with death, which was a direct inspiration for his stage name. He hoarded dead birds, wore shirts with funeral announcements printed on them, and wore corpse paint\u2014being one of the first in black metal to do so by some accounts. Acquaintances and peers described Ohlin as difficult to befriend or understand. Already intensely introverted and depressed, Dead's personality and demeanor would only become more withdrawn leading up to his death, a progression marked by such patterns as harming himself offstage among friends and isolating himself for long periods in his bedroom. Dead committed suicide in April 1991 at the age of 22. Controversially, an image from the aftermath was used as the cover of the bootleg live album The Dawn of the Black Hearts. His death marked a turning point in the history of the Norwegian black metal scene, leading to a wave of erratic behavior by the scene's members. Per Ohlin (sometimes called \"Pelle\") was born in 1969 in V\u00e4sterhaninge, Sweden to parents Anita Forsberg and Lars Ohlin, who divorced soon after his birth. As a young child he suffered from sleep apnea. At the age of ten he suffered internal bleeding when his spleen ruptured after what he claimed was an ice skating accident. However, in the Swedish metal book Blod eld d\u00f6d (English: \"Blood Fire Death\"), his brother Anders Ohlin confessed in an exclusive interview that Dead was frequently bullied in school, and one day he succumbed to a ruptured spleen which was a direct result of a severe beating by bullies. Because of the injury he had to be rushed to a hospital, where he was, for a time, declared clinically dead. After a few years the incident resulted in a fascination with death, and later inspired his stage name. As a teenager he developed a taste for heavy metal and rock music, citing bands like Black Sabbath, Kiss, Iron Maiden, Judas Priest, AC/DC, Mot\u00f6rhead, Venom, Metallica, Bathory, Sodom and Mercyful Fate as his favorites. Despite his love for Bathory, he was very displeased after their change in musical style, and consequently referred to Quorthon as \"a wimp\". In early 1986, he founded the Swedish thrash/death metal group Morbid, with which he recorded a demo tape called December Moon. Disappointed that the band wasn't \"going anywhere\", he decided to contact members of Mayhem as he was aware the group were in need of a new frontman following vocalist Maniac's departure. According to Mayhem bassist J\u00f8rn \"Necrobutcher\" Stubberud, Dead initially sent the band members a small parcel containing a demo tape, a letter detailing his ideas for the future, and a crucified mouse. Although Necrobutcher lost the package itself, he kept the tape which had Dead's contact details. At that point, Dead moved to Norway in early 1988 and became the new official vocalist for Mayhem. For concerts, Dead went to great lengths to achieve the image and atmosphere he wished. From the beginning of his career, he was known to wear \"corpse paint\", which involved covering his face with black and white makeup. According to Necrobutcher, \"[i]t wasn't anything to do with the way Kiss and Alice Cooper used makeup. Dead actually wanted to look like a corpse. He didn't do it to look cool\". Hellhammer claimed that Dead \"was the first black metal musician to use corpse paint\", although Euronymous can be seen wearing corpse paint in footage from a 1985 concert in Ski. To complete his corpse-like image, Dead would bury his stage clothes and dig them up again to wear on the night of a concert. According to Hellhammer: Before the shows, Dead used to bury his clothes into the ground so that they could start to rot and get that grave scent. He was a corpse on a stage. Once he even asked us to bury him in the ground \u2014 he wanted his skin to become pale. During one tour with Mayhem, he found a dead crow and kept it in a plastic bag. He often carried it about with him and would smell the bird before going onstage, to sing \"with the stench of death in his nostrils.\" He would also collect dead geese, and keep them underneath his bed. Dead would cut himself while singing onstage. During a gig in 1990, he slashed his arm with a broken bottle. Faust claims that Dead had to be taken to hospital after the gig, but arrived too late and so \"it was no use to give him stitches\". In an interview conducted by Marduk guitarist Morgan H\u00e5kansson, and published in the fanzine Slayer, Dead explained how he and the rest of Mayhem would expel poseurs at their concerts. Reciting the events of one particular show, he claimed \"Before we began to play there was a crowd of about 300 in there, but in the second song 'Necrolust' we began to throw around those pig heads. Only 50 were left.\" He and the other members enjoyed this sort of practice; he concluded with \"If someone doesn't like blood and rotten flesh thrown in their face they can FUCK OFF, and that's exactly what they do.\" Dead also makes a brief appearance in the Candlemass music video \"Bewitched\". In interviews, fellow musicians often described Dead as odd and introverted. Mayhem drummer Jan Axel \"Hellhammer\" Blomberg described Dead as \"a very strange personality [\u2026] depressed, melancholic, and dark\". Likewise, Mayhem guitarist \u00d8ystein \"Euronymous\" Aarseth once said, \"I honestly think Dead is mentally insane. Which other way can you describe a guy who does not eat, in order to get starving wounds? Or who has a T-shirt with funeral announcements on it?\" Former Mayhem drummer Kjetil Manheim later likened Dead's personality to that of Marvin the Paranoid Android. Some authors have speculated that Dead may have had Cotard delusion, a very rare condition that manifests in believing one's body is not that of a living human but instead a corpse; this theory is supported by a variety of statements from Dead on the subject of his blood and body. According to Emperor drummer B\u00e5rd \"Faust\" Eithun: [Dead] wasn't a guy you could know very well. I think even the other guys in Mayhem didn't know him very well. He was hard to get close to. I met him two weeks before he died. I'd met him maybe six to eight times, in all. He had lots of weird ideas. I remember Aarseth was talking about him and said he did not have any humor. He did, but it was very obscure. Honestly, I don't think he was enjoying living in this world, which of course resulted in the suicide. Stian \"Occultus\" Johannsen, who briefly took over as vocalist after Dead's suicide, remarked that Dead did not even possess a normal perception of himself: He [Dead] didn't see himself as human; he saw himself as a creature from another world. He said he had many visions that his blood has frozen in his veins, that he was dead. That is the reason he took that name. He knew he would die. According to a longtime pen pal of Ohlin known as \"Old Nick\", Ohlin disliked technology. He would only ever write letters to himself or others using longhand style, and would never resort to the use of a PC. Old Nick concluded \"technology in general made him [feel] uncomfortable. He just rejected it altogether, finding refuge [instead] in a world made of forests and woodlands.\" He also had an unusual interest with porphyria due to its connection to the mythology of vampirism. Excuse the blood, but I have slit my wrists and neck. It was the intention that I would die in the woods so that it would take a few days before I was possibly found. I belong in the woods and have always done so. No one will understand the reason for this anyway. To give some semblance of an explanation I'm not a human, this is just a dream and soon I will wake. It was too cold and the blood kept clotting, plus my new knife is too dull. If I don't succeed dying to the knife I will blow all the shit out of my skull. Yet I do not know. I left all my lyrics by \"Let the good times roll\"\u2014plus the rest of the money. Whoever finds it gets the fucking thing. As a last salutation may I present \"Life Eternal\". Do whatever you want with the fucking thing. / Pelle. I didn't come up with this now, but seventeen years ago. \u2014 Dead's suicide note (translated to English from Swedish) In time, Dead's social situation and his fascination with death caused his mental state to worsen greatly. He would casually cut himself while in the presence of his friends, who would have to subdue him and patch him up. Although this upset many of his friends, Euronymous grew fascinated with Dead's suicidal ideologies because he felt extreme negativity fit Mayhem's image\u2014and according to them, he encouraged Dead to kill himself. Manheim said: \"I don't know if \u00d8ystein did it out of pure evil or if he was just fooling around.\" By 1991, Dead, Euronymous and Hellhammer were living in a house in the woods near Kr\u00e5kstad, which was used as a place for the band to rehearse. According to Hellhammer, Dead spent much of his time writing letters and drawing. He \"just sat in his room and became more and more depressed\". Mayhem bassist Necrobutcher said that, after living together for a while, Dead and Euronymous \"got on each other's nerves a lot\". Hellhammer recalls an anecdote where Dead once retreated outside to sleep in the woods because Euronymous was playing synth music that Dead hated. Euronymous followed and began shooting into the air with a shotgun to further antagonize him. Varg Vikernes of Burzum claims that Dead once stabbed Euronymous with a knife during an altercation. Vikernes also claims to have sent Mayhem ammunition, including shotgun shells, as a Christmas gift, although he claimed those were not the shells Dead used to kill himself, and that he instead saved a \"special shell\" particularly to be used for his suicide. On 8 April 1991, while left alone in the house, Dead used a hunting knife to slit his wrists and throat, and afterward, shot himself in the forehead with a shotgun. He left a brief suicide note which started by saying, \"Excuse the blood...\". His body was found by Euronymous, who had to climb through an open window as the doors were locked and there were no other keys to the house. Instead of calling the police immediately, he visited a nearby shop to purchase a disposable camera with which he photographed the body; after re-arranging some items for his pictures, he proceeded to call emergency services. Dead's suicide caused a rift between Euronymous and some of his friends, who were disgusted by his attitude towards Dead before the suicide, and his behavior about Dead's death afterwards. Necrobutcher ended his friendship with Euronymous and left Mayhem. Manheim later speculated that Euronymous had willfully left Dead alone in the house so that he would have a chance to kill himself. Dead's suicide was said to cause \"a change in mentality\" in the black metal scene and was the first in a string of infamous events carried out by its members. An obituary in a Swedish newspaper stated that Dead's funeral was held at \u00d6sterhaninge kyrka (Eastern Haninge Church) on Friday 26 April 1991. He was buried at \u00d6sterhaninge begravningsplats (Eastern Haninge graveyard), located in Stockholm. Euronymous used Dead's suicide to foster Mayhem's \"evil\" image and claimed Dead had killed himself because black metal had become \"trendy\" and commercialized. Necrobutcher speculated that taking the pictures and forcing others to see them was a way for Euronymous to cope with the shock of seeing his friend's body. After Hellhammer developed the photos, Euronymous initially promised to destroy them, but ultimately did not. He stored them in an envelope at his record shop Helvete and sent one to the owner of Warmaster Records which resulted in its use as cover art for the bootleg live album The Dawn of the Black Hearts, which was released in 1995. The cover of Mayhem's Live in Leipzig contains part of Dead's suicide note: Jag \u00e4r inte en m\u00e4nniska. Det h\u00e4r \u00e4r bara en dr\u00f6m, och snart vaknar jag. (Roughly translated: I am not a human being. This is just a dream, and soon I will wake.) In time, rumors spread that Euronymous had made a stew with bits of Dead's brain and had made necklaces with bits of his skull. The band later denied the former rumor, but confirmed that the latter was true. Moreover, Euronymous claimed to have given these necklaces to musicians he deemed worthy, which was confirmed by several other members of the scene, like B\u00e5rd \"Faust\" Eithun, Metalion, and Morgan H\u00e5kansson. Necrobutcher noted that \"people became more aware of the black metal scene after Dead had shot himself ... I think it was Dead's suicide that really changed the scene\". Ohlin contributed vocals to all of the following: As a part of Morbid Morbid Rehearsal (1987) (Demo album) December Moon (1987) (Demo album) Live in Stockholm (2000) (Live album) Year of the Goat (2011) (Compilation album) As a part of Mayhem Live in Leipzig (1993) (Live album) The Dawn of the Black Hearts (1995) (bootleg live album) Freezing Moon/Carnage (1996) (Single) Out from the Dark (1996) (Demo album) Live in Zeitz (2016) (Live album) Live in Jessheim (2017) (Live album) De Mysteriis Dom Sathanas: The Dead Files (2017) (Compilation album) Deathcrush: The Dead Version (2018) (Compilation album) Live in Sarpsborg (2019) (Live album) Split albums A Tribute to the Black Emperors (1994) (Morbid & Mayhem Compilation album) Rosen, Jeremy (12 July 2011). \"The Greatest Metal Front-Men of All Time\". Roadrunner Records. Archived from the original on 5 March 2013. Aaron Aites (director, producer), Audrey Ewell (director, producer) (2009). Until the Light Takes Us (motion picture). Variance Films. Stefan Rydehed (director) (2008). Pure Fucking Mayhem (motion picture). Index Verlag. Lords of Chaos, p. 62. Freyja (19 March 2010). \"The 'True' History of Black Metal \u2013 2 of 4\". Raginpit Magazine. Archived from the original on 2 January 2011. Retrieved 3 April 2010. \"Biographie\". PerYngveOhlin.com. Archived from the original on 31 March 2012. Retrieved 2 April 2013. Johannesson, Ika; Klingberg, Jon (2011). Blod Eld D\u00f6d [Blood Fire Death] (in Swedish). Alfabeta. ISBN\u00a09789150113341. Martin Ledang (director), P\u00e5l Aasdal (director) (2007). Once Upon a Time in Norway (motion picture). Another World Entertainment. \"Interview with Dead\". Deadfrommayhem.ru. Archived from the original on 26 September 2016. Retrieved 17 October 2014. Letters From the Dead: In Memory of Pelle Ohlin (1969-1991) (Page 9) Hammer, Jonathan Selzer2017-10-25T13:58:00 297Z Metal. \"Ex-Mayhem/Skitliv frontman Maniac resurrects his seminal Damage Inc fanzine\". Metal Hammer Magazine. Retrieved 23 May 2019. Campion, Chris (20 February 2005). \"In the Face of Death\". The Observer. Guardian Unlimited. Retrieved 6 October 2007. \"Hellhammer interviewed by Dmitry Basik (June 1998)\". Archived from the original on 19 February 2008. Lords of Chaos, p. 53. Evil: Mayhem. In: Jon Kristiansen: Metalion: The Slayer Mag Diaries. Brooklyn, NY: Bazillion Points Books 2011, p. 290. \"Candlemass \u2013 Bewitched\" (music video). YouTube. Retrieved 2 April 2013. \"Lords of Chaos (1998): Hellhammer interview\". TheTrueMayhem.com. Archived from the original on 9 March 2009. Retrieved 2 April 2013. \"Morbid Magazine No. 8: Euronymous interview\". TheTrueMayhem.com. Archived from the original on 9 March 2009. Retrieved 2 April 2013. Lords of Chaos, p. 54. Moynihan & S\u00f8derlind 2003, p.\u00a059 \"Mayhem Vocalist Dead Is Brought Back to Life Through a New Collection of His Letters\". Vice. Lords of Chaos, p. 52. Lords of Chaos, p. 57. Lords of Chaos, p. 58. Lords of Chaos, p.49 \"Dead's gallery\" (image). PerYngveOhlin.com. Archived from the original on 10 March 2012. Retrieved 2 April 2013. Lords of Chaos, pp. 59\u201360. Dome, Michael (2007). Murder Music: Black Metal (motion picture). Rockworld TV. Sam Dunn (director) (2005). Metal: A Headbanger's Journey (motion picture). Seville Pictures. Lords of Chaos, p. 55. Kristiansen, p. 219. Enrico Ahlig: Marduk-Gitarrist besitzt Leichenteile von Dead. Hirn und Knochen an einem sicheren Ort, 5 June 2012, accessed on 10 September 2013. Bromley, Adrian \"The Energizer\". \"Mayhem: To Hell and Back\". Unrestrained (15). Archived from the original on 23 August 2007. Retrieved 7 September 2012. The original pressing has \"The\" in the title. Moynihan, Michael; S\u00f8derlind, Didrik (2003) [1998]. Lords of Chaos: The Bloody Rise of the Satanic Metal Underground (revised and expanded\u00a0ed.). Feral House. Dead at IMDb Dead at Find a Grave Dead at AllMusic"
   },
   {
    "name": "Avicii",
    "id": "Q505476",
    "text": "Tim Bergling (Swedish:\u00a0[\u02c8t\u026am\u02d0 \u02c8b\u00e6\u0302rjl\u026a\u014b] (listen); 8 September 1989 \u2013 20 April 2018), known professionally as Avicii (/\u0259\u02c8vi\u02d0t\u0283i/ \u0259-VEE-chee, Swedish:\u00a0[a\u02c8v\u026a\u030ct\u02d0\u0255\u026a]), was a Swedish DJ, remixer, record producer, musician, and songwriter. At the age of 16, Bergling began posting his remixes on electronic music forums, which led to his first record deal. He rose to prominence in 2011 with his single \"Levels\". His debut studio album, True (2013), blended electronic music with elements of multiple genres and received generally positive reviews. It peaked in the top ten in more than fifteen countries and topped international charts; the lead single, \"Wake Me Up\", topped most music markets in Europe and reached number four in the United States. In 2015, Bergling released his second studio album, Stories, and in 2017 he released an EP, Av\u012bci (01). His catalog also included the singles \"I Could Be the One\" with Nicky Romero, \"You Make Me\", \"X You\", \"Hey Brother\", \"Addicted to You\", \"The Days\", \"The Nights\", \"Waiting for Love\", \"Without You\" and \"Lonely Together\". Bergling was nominated for a Grammy Award for his work on \"Sunshine\" with David Guetta in 2012 and \"Levels\" in 2013. Several music publications credit Bergling as among the DJs who ushered electronic music into Top 40 radio in the early 2010s. Bergling retired from touring in 2016, having suffered from stress and poor mental health problems for several years. On 20 April 2018, he committed suicide while on holiday in Muscat, Oman. In 2019 his third and final album, Tim, was released posthumously. Tim Bergling was born in Stockholm on 8 September 1989, the son of Klas Bergling and actress Anki Lid\u00e9n. He started mixing in his bedroom at the age of eight. He had three siblings: David Bergling, Linda Sterner, and actor Anton K\u00f6rberg. Inspired by his brother, who was also a DJ, he began making music at the age of 16. In May 2007, Bergling signed on with the Dejfitts Plays label. He was a member of the Laidback Luke Forums, where he refined his craft and, at times, demonstrated his distinct deep house style. By 2009 to 2010, Bergling was a prolific producer and was releasing music incredibly quickly. His remixes during this period were \"Sound of Now\", \"Muja\", \"Ryu\" and \"Even\". Bergling explained that the name Avicii means \"the lowest level of Buddhist hell\" and he chose the moniker because his real name was already used upon creating his Myspace page. Then, in 2010, Bergling released the hit song \"Seek Bromance\", which reached the top 20 in several countries, including Belgium, France, the Netherlands, United Kingdom, and Sweden. He also remixed Nadia Ali's classic single \"Rapture\" for her album Queen of Clubs Trilogy: Onyx Edition. In October 2010, Bergling signed with the European A&R team with EMI Music Publishing. In 2011, Bergling's track \"Fade into Darkness\" was sampled by Leona Lewis on her single \"Collide\". The sampling was not accredited and led to controversy as Bergling attempted to block the single's release. The matter was resolved out of court, with \"Collide\" being made a joint release between Lewis and Bergling. In October 2011, Bergling released \"Levels\", which launched him into the mainstream. \"Levels\" reached the top ten in Austria, Belgium, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Croatia, Denmark, Finland, Germany, Greece, Ireland, Italy, the Netherlands, Slovenia and the United Kingdom, whilst topping the charts in Hungary, Norway and Sweden. In 2012, his collaboration track \"Sunshine\" with David Guetta was nominated for a Grammy award under the category for Best Dance Recording. On 23 March 2012, Bergling's unsigned single \"Last Dance\" was previewed on Pete Tong's show on BBC Radio 1. The song was later released on 27 August 2012. At Ultra Music Festival 2012 in Miami, he premiered two tracks, \"Girl Gone Wild\" (Avicii's UMF Remix) with Madonna and \"Superlove\" with Lenny Kravitz. Bergling's UMF Remix of \"Girl Gone Wild\" was released on 20 April 2012, and \"Superlove\" with Kravitz was released on 29 May 2012. After reaching two million followers on Facebook, Bergling released a new song titled \"Two Million\". It was put out as a free download on his official SoundCloud page. On 27 April 2012, Bergling released \"Silhouettes\". The song featured vocals from Salem Al Fakir and peaked at number 5 on the UK Dance charts and number 4 on the Billboard Hot Dance Club Songs. Bergling was a featured performer on 4 August 2012 at Lollapalooza festival in Chicago's Grant Park. On 12 August 2012, he released \"Dancing in My Head\" (Avicii's 'Been Cursed' Mix) on Beatport. The track features vocals from Eric Turner. A radio edit of the track, titled \"Dancing in My Head\" (Tom Hangs Mix) was released on 14 August 2012 on iTunes, and a remix EP was later released on 30 October 2012 featuring remixes from Charlie Bernardo and Michael Woods. On 26 September 2012, Bergling made history as the first DJ to headline the world-famous Radio City Music Hall in New York City. He performed two sold-out shows on 26 and 27 September. He was supported by Matt Goldman and Cazzette at the two shows. At his Radio City Music Hall shows, he played a preview of his new track with Mike Posner titled \"Stay with You\". On 29 December 2012, Bergling premiered many new songs at Lights All Night, Dallas Convention Center, some of which made it on to his first album, True. These unreleased songs included \"I'll Be Gone\" and \"Let It Go\". The instrumental of \"Let It Go\" was mixed with the a cappella of \"Addicted to You\" to become \"Addicted to You (Avicii by Avicii)\". On the same day, Bergling released \"I Could Be the One\" with Nicky Romero. After first being debuted at his shows almost a year earlier, the track finally got released via Bergling's record label Levels. The new vocal version was released along with an instrumental version, a radio edit, and remixes from Audrio and Didrick. On 9 January 2013, Bergling launched the Avicii X You project, a partnership with Ericsson designed to create the world's first \"crowdsourced\" hit song. The project enabled fans to send in basslines, effects, melodies, rhythms and vocals to Bergling as sound files over the Internet. The song features sequences from Kian Sang (melody), Naxsy (bassline), Martin Kupilas (beat), Vanya Khaksi (break), Jonathan Madray, Mateusz Kolata, and Christian Westphalen (effects). Bergling acted as executive producer and created the finished song officially titled X You, which was released on 26 February 2013. On 30 January 2013, Bergling released \"Three Million\" featuring Negin to celebrate three million fans on his Facebook page. Bergling was nominated for a Grammy for Best Dance Recording with \"Levels\" at the 2013 Grammy Awards. He was nominated alongside Calvin Harris and Ne-Yo, Skrillex, Swedish House Mafia and John Martin, and Al Walser. The award show took place on 10 February 2013. From late February to early March 2013, Bergling toured Australia as one of the headline acts in the Future Music Festival alongside The Prodigy and The Stone Roses. In late February 2013, Bergling made his first South American tour, with concerts in Venezuela, Argentina, Colombia, Brazil and Chile. In March 2013, Bergling announced and premiered new tracks from his forthcoming new album True\u2014which was released in September that year\u2014during his Main Stage set at Ultra Music Festival in Miami. The new tracks were experimental in nature. For example, Bergling brought out a stomping band to play through the new bluegrass-tinged song \"Wake Me Up\". Many of these new songs received mixed critical reviews after the concert. On 11 April 2013, Bergling released his new album promo mix on SoundCloud. It contained some songs from True and some of his non-album singles. It also contained some of his IDs such as \"Black and Blue\" and \"Enough is Enough (Don't Give Up On Us)\". The EBU and SVT announced on 15 April that Bergling, along with ex-ABBA members Bj\u00f6rn Ulvaeus and Benny Andersson, had composed the anthem for the Eurovision Song Contest 2013. The song was performed for the first time in the Final on 18 May. On 14 June 2013, the world premiere of Bergling's new single, \"Wake Me Up\", was previewed by Pete Tong on BBC Radio 1, featuring vocals from Aloe Blacc. The song was later released on iTunes and radio on 25 June 2013. It is the first single from Bergling's album True, which was released on 16 September 2013. \"Wake Me Up\" was number 1 on the Spotify Global Chart and Bergling was at 2 in most streamed artist worldwide. \"Wake Me Up\" later went on to set a then record of 14 weeks as the number one hit on Billboard's Dance/Electronic Songs list. The Official Charts Company announced on 21 July that \"Wake Me Up\" had become the UK's fastest selling single of 2013 after overtaking Robin Thicke's \"Blurred Lines\", having sold 267,000 copies in its first week on sale in the UK. \"Wake Me Up\" subsequently became a major hit, topping the charts in over 20 countries including Australia, Germany, Ireland, Italy, Sweden, the Netherlands, and New Zealand. On 19 October 2013, the DJ Mag 2013 Top 100 DJs List was announced, with Bergling ranking number 3 on the list. Hardwell became the new World No.1 displacing Armin Van Buuren. On 28 October 2013, Bergling released the single \"Hey Brother\" with vocals by Dan Tyminski. On 10 November, Bergling won his first award \"Best Electronic\" at the MTV EMA's. On 24 November 2013 he won the American Music Award for favorite Electronic Dance Music Artist. In December 2013, Bergling released his fourth single off the album, \"Addicted to You\", which reached number 5 in Australia, with vocals from Audra Mae, who also sings on \"Shame on Me\" and \"Long Road to Hell\", both tracks on the album. Bergling also released the single \"Lay Me Down\", featuring vocals from Adam Lambert and guitar from Nile Rodgers. On 29 December 2013, Bergling debuted his new track \"Dreaming of Me\", featuring vocals from Audra Mae, via episode 19 of his LE7ELS podcast. It is unknown whether it will be released in the future. On 8 March 2014, Bergling's Instagram account confirmed a collaboration with Madonna, and he is credited for co-writing and co-producing some of the tracks on her Rebel Heart album, released in 2015. On 21 March 2014, Bergling released a remixed edition of his album True titled True: Avicii By Avicii containing remixes by himself of all the tracks, excluding \"Heart Upon My Sleeve\" for unknown reasons. The promotion of this album was supposed to begin at the 2014 Ultra Music Festival, but Bergling announced he had been hospitalised on 28 March, and was unable to play his closing set at the festival. On 28 March 2014, FIFA and Sony Music Entertainment announced that Bergling would be collaborating with Carlos Santana, Wyclef Jean and Alexandre Pires for the official FIFA World Cup Anthem titled \"Dar um Jeito (We Will Find a Way)\". The anthem was performed at the FIFA World Cup closing ceremony on 13 July 2014. In July 2014, Bergling released his single \"Lay Me Down\". He also produced and collaborated with Chris Martin from Coldplay, co-writing and co-producing the track \"A Sky Full of Stars\" from the band's sixth studio album Ghost Stories, released on 19 May 2014. He also played and recorded the piano parts on the track. \"A Sky Full of Stars\" was released on 3 May as the second single from Ghost Stories. \"Lovers on the Sun\", a track Bergling co-produced with David Guetta, was released on 30 June 2014. In July 2014, Bergling told Rolling Stone that he had worked on 70 songs for his next album Stories, which would include collaborations with Jon Bon Jovi, Serj Tankian of System of a Down, Chris Martin, Wyclef Jean and Matisyahu. Describing the album, Bergling said that \"it's going to be a lot more song-oriented\". During his tour for True, he also performed his upcoming single \"No Pleasing a Woman\" with vocals from Billie Joe Armstrong of the American rock band Green Day. It has a similar instrumental to \"Wake Me Up\" albeit different chord progressions, along with \"No Pleasing a Woman\". Bergling also performed other upcoming songs like \"In Love with Your Ghost\" with Daniel \"Danne\" Adams-Ray, \"Love to Fall\" with Tom Odell and \"Million Miles\" with LP, which is the demo version of \"Trouble\", a song from Stories with vocals from Wayne Hector. \"Lose Myself\", a collaboration between Bergling and Chinese singer Wang Leehom, was released on 1 September 2014. On 8 September 2014, his 25th birthday, Bergling decided to cancel all of his remaining performances of 2014 due to health concerns. The following day, he announced through Denim & Supply that he would release his new single \"The Days\" later in 2014; a video was also featured with a preview of the track. \"The Days\" is a collaboration between Bergling and Robbie Williams, and was released on 3 October 2014 via PRMD. On 16 September 2014, it was announced through EA Sports that Bergling was debuting a new track called \"The Nights\" exclusively on FIFA 15. On 17 November 2014, it was officially announced that the track is to be released as a part of an EP together with \"The Days\". On 17 November 2014, Wyclef Jean released a track titled \"Divine Sorrow\" featuring Avicii, which was part of Product Red's \"Share the Sound of an AIDS-Free Generation\" campaign. On 2 March 2015, Bergling performed live at Australia's Future Music Festival his upcoming single \"Heaven\", a collaboration with Coldplay frontman Chris Martin on vocals. The vocals were later resung by singer Simon Aldred from Cherry Ghost, who sang the track at the Avicii Tribute Concert in 2019. However, the version with Martin on vocals was finalized in 2018/2019 after Bergling's death and was released on the posthumous third album Tim, which credits Martin for co-writing \"Heaven\". On 27 March that year, during his live performance at Ultra Music Festival in Miami, Bergling premiered new tracks from Stories, and a month later he released three full sets on the internet, which included \"Heaven\", \"Waiting for Love\", and some of his IDs \"For a Better Day\", \"City Lights\", \"Can't Catch Me\", \"True Believer\", \"What Would I Change It To\", \"Can't Love You Again\" (previously leaked on the internet under the name \"Don't Call\") and \"Attack\". On 25 April 2015, Bergling announced on episode 35 of his LE7ELS podcast that he would be playing some of his unreleased songs on his show. He also previewed his bootleg of Kings of Tomorrow's song \"Finally\" and one of his old songs that he did with ASH, titled \"Papa Was a Rolling Stone\". On 6 May 2015, Bergling released his rework of Nina Simone's version of \"Feeling Good\", composed in 1964 by the English songwriters Anthony Newley and Leslie Bricusse. On 8 May 2015, Bergling previewed his song \"I'll Be Gone\" via episode 422 of Ti\u00ebsto's Club Life Podcast which has a very similar instrumental to Liar Liar (Avicii by Avicii) albeit different vocals and chord progressions. It was leaked into the internet between 2013 and 2014 via the name \"Stars\" and is yet to be released. It also shares a similar drop to one of Bergling's ID's \"Black and Blue\". On 22 May 2015, Bergling premiered another single from Stories, \"Waiting for Love\". The track was co-produced by fellow DJ and producer Martin Garrix, and featured vocals from Simon Aldred of Cherry Ghost. On 25 May 2015, Bergling previewed three old tracks on episode 36 of his LE7ELS podcast: \"Tracks of My Tears\", \"Sorry Mr. Atari\" and \"Time to Get lll\", all of which are songs that Bergling had made years ago. \"Tracks of My Tears\" is the original version of Bergling's \"All You Need is Love\". On 27 May 2015, it was confirmed by a Swedish newspaper through an interview with Bergling that his second album Stories would be released in late 2015. On 3 July 2015, Bergling previewed two tracks from his album Stories on episode 37 of his LE7ELS podcast: \"Broken Arrows\" featuring Zac Brown Band and \"Can't Catch Me\" featuring Wyclef Jean and Matisyahu. He also played a full version of his track \"Heaven\" and said that he was doing another track with Chris Martin on vocals called \"True Believer\". Later, Bergling said that he is also singing on that track. On 18 July 2015, it was announced by Bergling that he had finally finished production on Stories after 2 years of work. A couple of weeks later, on 4 August 2015, it was announced that the final singles before the release of Stories would be \"For a Better Day\" featuring American singer Alex Ebert and \"Pure Grinding\" featuring vocals from Kristoffer Fogelmark and Earl St. Clair. On 27 August, Bergling released a teaser video on Instagram with the song \"Pure Grinding\" playing. The tracks \"For a Better Day\" and \"Pure Grinding\" were released the following day through Spotify and iTunes. On 26 September, Bergling announced \"Stories \u2013 Megamix\" on Spotify. Stories was released on 2 October 2015 alongside 3 promotional singles: \"Broken Arrows\" with Zac Brown, \"Ten More Days\" with Zak Abel and \"Gonna Love Ya\" with Sandro Cavazza. On 15 January 2016, Bergling released his remix of Morten's \"Beautiful Heartbeat\". Coca-Cola had partnered with Bergling for a global campaign anthem \"Taste the Feeling\" featuring Conrad Sewell. The song was released on 19 January. On 25 January, Bergling once again teamed up with Coldplay to co-produce the band's single \"Hymn for the Weekend\", which was released as the second single from their album A Head Full of Dreams. In 2016, according to a report by Inc. magazine, Avicii Music AB was the 6th fastest-growing company in Europe, with a revenue of \u20ac7.7 million in 2014. On 19 March 2016 at Ultra Music Festival, Bergling debuted new demos featuring Sandro Cavazza such as \"We Burn (Faster Than Light), \"Lord\", \"Our Love\", & \"Unbreakable\", as well as a collaboration with Australian pop star Sia called \"All I Need\"; they remain unreleased to this day. On 29 March, Bergling announced via his Facebook page that he would be retiring from performing later that year, citing health concerns. On 7 April 2016, Bergling announced that he was working on a third studio album. On 3 June 2016, Bergling released a collaboration with Otto Knows titled \"Back Where I Belong\". On 15 July 2016, Bergling released a remix of his own song, \"Feeling Good\". The remix was titled \"Feeling Good (Avicii by Avicii)\". This track was only released on Bergling's official YouTube channel. On 1 August, the track was pulled from YouTube with the video being made private. On 28 August 2016, Bergling performed his final show at Ushua\u00efa Ibiza Beach Hotel. On 22 December 2016, a representative of Avicii Music AB announced that Bergling had parted ways with long-time manager Ash Pournouri and At Night Management along with Pournouri's record label PRMD. The representative also announced that Bergling had signed on to Universal Music Sweden and was expected to release his third studio album in 2017. In June 2017, British singer Rita Ora debuted a semi-acoustic version of \"Lonely Together\" at a private event at Annabel's in London. \"Lonely Together\" was later released as the second single from Av\u012bci (01). From 13 July to 2 August, Bergling shared one-minute snippets on Instagram, captioned \"New music coming very very (very) soon!\", with track titles as hashtags. Bergling uploaded teasers of each track from the EP online upon release. On 10 August 2017, Bergling released the six-track EP Av\u012bci (01). Bergling said of the release: \"I'm really excited to be back with music once again. It has been a long time since I released anything and a long time since I was this excited over new music! My focus on this first EP of the album was to get a mix of new and old songs: some that fans have been asking about and waiting for mixed with brand new songs that they haven't heard before!\" In an interview with Pete Tong on BBC Radio 1, Bergling stated that the EP is one of three parts of his third studio album. On 11 September 2017, Bergling announced a documentary directed by his close and long time collaborator Levan Tsikurishvili, titled Avicii: True Stories. The documentary chronicles the artist's retirement from touring and features interviews from his colleagues David Guetta, Ti\u00ebsto, Wyclef Jean, Nile Rodgers and Chris Martin of Coldplay. On 10 February 2018, Bergling released \"Ghost\", a collaboration with Swedish singer-songwriter Daniel Adams-Ray, who was credited as HUMAN. The song, which was leaked on the internet in 2014/2015 under the title \"(I'm Still) In Love With Your Ghost\", marks the second collaboration with the two Swedes following \"Somewhere In Stockholm\" from Bergling's album Stories. In March 2018, Bergling posted previews of him working with collaborators such as Bonn, Carl Falk, Joe Janiak, Abin Nedler, and more. The songs previewed during these clips ended up being the tracks that were finished and released as part of the posthumous Tim album. Following Bergling's death that April, news outlets reported that at the time of his death, he had over 200 unreleased songs, some finished and others still in development; it was suggested that his unreleased material comprised some of his best work. In August 2018, producer Carl Falk, who co-produced some of the songs on Stories in 2015 and Av\u012bci (01) in 2017, stated that he was putting the finishing touches on the Chris Martin collaboration \"Heaven\" (originally written during the Stories sessions) and that it might be posthumously released in a few months along with the third album. In April 2019, it was announced that the album Tim, which Bergling was working on before his death, would be released on 6 June 2019, with the first single, \"SOS\", released on 10 April. All proceeds from the sale of the album went towards the Tim Bergling Foundation. Later that month, it was announced that an official biography of Bergling, written by M\u00e5ns Mosesson, would be released in 2020, with the proceeds also going to the Tim Bergling Foundation. A second single from the album, titled \"Tough Love\", was released on 9 May 2019. The music video for \"Tough Love\" was released on 14 May 2019 on YouTube. \"Heaven\" was the last single to be released from the album, on 6 June 2019. The track was co-written by Coldplay's lead singer Chris Martin. Martin spoke about the collaboration on his social media, stating that he co-wrote the song with Bergling back in 2014, but it was completed by Bergling in 2016. The music video used old clips of Bergling on vacation in Madagascar after his retirement from touring in 2016 and was released on 24 June 2019. On 28 June, Billboard cited \"Heaven\" as one of the best dance songs of the first half of 2019. \"Fades Away\" featuring MishCatt was also released in December after being performed in Stockholm at the Avicii Tribute Concert for Mental Health. On 24 January 2020, another posthumous single by Avicii was released: \"Forever Yours\", which is a collaboration with Kygo and Sandro Cavazza. The song was previously performed by Bergling during his final tour in 2016, starting with Ultra Music Festival. Kygo and Sandro Cavazza performed the song together live at the Avicii Tribute Concert, held in Stockholm's Friends Arena in December 2019. On 15 February, Ti\u00ebsto premiered three unreleased Avicii singles on the latest episode of his radio show Ti\u00ebsto's Club Life: a fifth collaboration with Aloe Blacc called \"I Wanna Be Free\", a fifth collaboration with Sandro Cavazza called \"We Burn\" and a fifth collaboration with Wyclef Jean called \"Now That We Found Love\". On 6 April 2021, it was announced that the biography would be titled Tim \u2013 The Official Biography of Avicii and was set for release in the UK and North America on 16 November of the same year. On 23 September 2021, it was announced that a second documentary about Bergling would be released in 2023. On 12 October 2021, it was announced that a second tribute concert would be held at Avicii Arena, on 1 December 2021. Bergling's influences included Basshunter, Daft Punk, Swedish House Mafia, and Eric Prydz. He described his introduction to electronic music as \"listening to a lot of Daft Punk, way before I knew what house music was\". Bergling's early work was deep house and progressive house, usually based on a four-chord structure, sub-bass and a simple synth melody. His debut studio album True featured a blending of music genres, including folktronica. While making the album, Bergling wanted to fuse the electronic music genre with soul, funk, blues, folk and country, as he felt that EDM had become too focused on \"dirty drops\". Its first single, \"Wake Me Up\", is a folk music crossover, which, as noted by The Observer writer, \"tapped into the market potential of mixing EDM and country, a template many artists have since recreated\". A Variety editor commented that Bergling's \"distinct sound\" was comprised by \"soaring synths and keening melodies\". Musicians such as Kygo, Skrillex, Diplo, Gryffin, Martin Garrix and Cheat Codes have cited him as a source of inspiration. After achieving widespread commercial success, Bergling began working with his manager and executive producer Ash Pournouri to start House for Hunger in 2011, a charity dedicated to alleviating global hunger. The pair wanted to showcase the giving spirit fostered by the house music community. Bergling explained, \"You have to give something back. I am so fortunate to be in the position where I can actually do that. I feel lucky every day when I wake up and am able to do what I love and make a living.\" In addition to donating $1 million to Feeding America, a charity founded by John van Hengel, House for Hunger has helped fund the efforts of The Feed Foundation, started by Laura Bush, allowing it to distribute over 2 million school meals throughout Africa. He also supported campaigns against human trafficking and gang violence when he directed the videos for his tracks \"For a Better Day\" and \"Pure Grinding\". In January 2012, Bergling was hospitalised for 11 days in New York City with acute pancreatitis caused by excessive alcohol use. In 2014, Bergling underwent surgery and had both his appendix and gallbladder removed. In 2016, Bergling's health deteriorated, and he retired from performing live. In the 2017 documentary Avicii: True Stories, directed by his close and longtime collaborator Levan Tsikurishvili, Bergling spoke about his physical and mental health struggles. The documentary depicts the pressure from his management to continue performing live in spite of his objections. High pressure from management and fans to continue touring and maintaining his public persona were cited as key reasons for his suicide, according to GQ. In a statement from the article, \"Bergling feared upsetting fans. He was sensitive to the 'flood of hate mail' after cancelled gigs.\" His manager, Arash Pournouri, admitted that he knew of Bergling's anxieties but refused to label them a problem of mental health. Furthermore, his management team only became aware of his painkiller addiction in November 2014. They staged two interventions for him, neither of which were successful. Pournouri rescheduled many shows in order for Bergling to recover in Stockholm. Having discovered his client's alcohol issues earlier, Pournouri set out to forbid his promoters from offering him alcohol, clearing out his minibar and focusing on his recovery. Problems worsened, however, when there were no crew to \"keep tabs\" on Bergling during his recuperation. Against his client's wishes, Pournouri claimed to have cancelled two more world tours, which would have added up to approximately US$2.9 million in profits. Bergling died on 20 April 2018 in Muscat, where he was on holiday, at the age of 28. No cause of death was immediately given. On 21 April, the Omani police stated that there was \"no criminal suspicion\" or evidence of foul play in Bergling's death; TMZ later reported that he committed suicide using a glass shard to cut himself. On 26 April, his family released an open letter stating: Our beloved Tim was a seeker, a fragile artistic soul searching for answers to existential questions. An over-achieving perfectionist who travelled and worked hard at a pace that led to extreme stress. When he stopped touring, he wanted to find a balance in life to be able to be happy and to do what he loved most \u2013 music. He really struggled with thoughts about Meaning, Life, Happiness. He could now not go on any longer. He wanted to find peace. Tim was not made for the business machine he found himself in; he was a sensitive guy who loved his fans but shunned the spotlight. Tim, you will forever be loved and sadly missed. The person you were and your music will keep your memory alive. We love you, The Family On 22 May, Bergling's family announced plans for a private funeral with \"the people who were closest to him\". A funeral service was held on 8 June at the Skogskyrkog\u00e5rden cemetery in Stockholm. He was buried at Hedvig Eleonora Church in June 2018. On 22 April 2018, American band OneRepublic paid tribute to Bergling by performing his hit single \"Wake Me Up\" during their show in Mumbai. On 20 May 2018, American DJ duo The Chainsmokers and American singer-songwriter Halsey paid tribute to Bergling at the 2018 Billboard Music Awards before presenting the winner of the Top Hot 100 Song. The Chainsmokers' Drew Taggart said, \"His passing was a great loss for the music world and for us. He was an artist who inspired so many in so many ways, and simply put, he meant so much to us and everyone in the EDM community.\" Halsey then delivered an emotional discussion about mental health and emphasized the need for people to love and support each other. On 21 May 2018, Ti\u00ebsto played a medley of Bergling's songs at EDC Las Vegas. Aloe Blacc joined him on stage to perform \"Wake Me Up\". On 27 May, at BBC Radio 1's Big Weekend, Rita Ora, Bergling's most recent collaborator, paid tribute to the late DJ, describing him as \"a really good friend\" who \"changed [her] life\". A similar tribute was also paid by Ora during King's Day and Capital's Summertime Ball. The 2018 edition of Tomorrowland saw several tributes to Bergling from Axwell \u039b Ingrosso, Don Diablo, Nicky Romero, Dimitri Vegas & Like Mike, Zedd and Kygo, the latter mentioning that Bergling was his big influence in EDM. All DJs honoured his memory by playing his music in their sets during the festival which Michael Thivaios (Like Mike) described as Bergling's home. Thivaios continued calling Bergling \"one of [his] best friends\" and \"a great inspiration\". Avicii's songs \"Levels\" and \"Wake Me Up\" came second and eighth respectively in Tomorrowland 2018's most played songs. On 27 July, Russian DJ and producer Arty released a song called \"Tim\" as a tribute to Bergling. \"I made a track for my friend\", he stated. \"I just want to honor his memory. I want to do something right, and in my opinion it's the right thing to do.\" During the 2018 version of Creamfields, Kaleidoscope Orchestra performed a special tribute performance, where they played out Bergling's greatest dance hits. On 12 October, Vicetone released a song called \"South Beach\", which they stated was influenced by Bergling's music and was one of the first songs they created, and that they decided to finish and release it as a tribute. In addition to the live tributes, many other artists including Eric Prydz, Imagine Dragons, Skrillex, Calvin Harris, Hardwell, Deadmau5, Marshmello, Zedd and Robbie Williams also paid tribute to Bergling on Twitter. One year after his death, tributes on social media continued to be paid by Nicky Romero, DJ Snake, Nile Rodgers, and the organisers of Tomorrowland amongst others. On 21 April 2018, a collection of Avicii's songs were played on the carillon within Dom Tower of Utrecht, performed by Malgosia Fiebig. On 21 May 2018, during the first night of the finale of the fourteenth season of reality television singing competition show The Voice, coach Alicia Keys performed Avicii's \"Wake Me Up\" as part of her coach duet with the last remaining artist on her team, Britton Buchanan. During the performance, Keys made a verbal tribute to Avicii. On 16 November 2018, Bergling's family organised a public memorial service at the Hedvig Eleonora Church in Stockholm. The service saw a huge turn-out, with hundreds of fans filling the church to mourn and pay their respects. The service featured an orchestral choir which played music linking to events in Bergling's life and ended with a version of his 2013 number one hit \"Wake Me Up\". One fan described it as a \"very moving\" service and \"a great tribute to Bergling\". On 30 April 2019, the Mounted Royal Guards and the Life Guards' Dragoon Music Corps of the Swedish Army paid tribute to Avicii during a ceremony at Stockholm Palace, where brass renditions of his songs \"Without You\", \"Hey Brother\", and \"Wake Me Up\" were played. The 2019 edition of the music festival Tomorrowland included a tribute in the decoration of the Main stage of the festival. In September 2019, it was announced that a tribute concert would be held in Stockholm on 5 December 2019 in memory of Avicii. The concert saw David Guetta, Kygo, Dimitri Vegas & Like Mike, Nicky Romero, and Laidback Luke headlining, along with a number of vocalists that Tim had worked with playing alongside a 30-piece orchestra, fulfilling one of Avicii's dreams for his music in a live setting. All profits went to the Tim Bergling Foundation. Following the start of ticket sales, the concert sold out in 30 minutes. In October of the same year, Avicii was honoured with a waxwork statue at the Madame Tussauds museum in New York City. The same month it was announced that the video game AVICII Invector would be released. Gameplay includes single and multiplayer versions where players would use the game to recreate 25 of his hits throughout the years. A portion of the profits are set to be donated to the Tim Bergling Foundation. Rebecca May of The Guardian rated the game 4 stars, describing it as \"an immersive musical tribute\". On 9 June 2020, it was announced that an Avicii Tribute Museum would open in Stockholm in the summer of 2021. On 19 May 2021, Stockholm's Ericsson Globe was renamed the Avicii Arena. To celebrate the new name, the Royal Stockholm Philharmonic Orchestra recorded a performance of the Avicii song \"For a Better Day\", with vocals provided by 14-year-old Swedish singer Ella Tiritiello. On 8 September 2021, Google Doodle celebrated what would have been Bergling's 32nd birthday with an animated video featuring \"Wake Me Up\", in support of National Suicide Prevention Week. On 26 March 2019, Bergling's family launched a mental illness and suicide prevention foundation, named after the late DJ, the Tim Bergling Foundation. The foundation works internationally and aims to educate people and businesses on the issues surrounding suicide and mental health. The foundation also works to tackle climate change, manage business development, and conserve endangered species. Since 2019 people in the music industry are claiming Avicii's death has raised awareness of mental health in the industry. Avicii inspired many artists in the EDM genre, many of whom paid tribute to him after his death. Norwegian DJ Kygo cited Avicii as \"[his] biggest inspiration and the reason why [he] started making electronic music.\" In addition, artists like Alan Walker and DubVision described him as an \"icon\" in EDM. Other artists such as Diplo, Sebastian Ingrosso, Felix Jaehn, and Martin Garrix, the last of whom collaborated with Avicii on his 2015 single \"Waiting for Love\", have also cited him as a source of inspiration, with the songs \"Levels\" and \"Seek Bromance\" being specifically mentioned as points of inspiration. On the day of his death, The Washington Post wrote an article citing Avicii as a pioneer artist in the attempt to bridge the gap between country and electronic music, crediting his 2013 hits \"Wake Me Up\" and \"Hey Brother\" as good examples of this movement. Avicii is also credited for influencing other attempts at continuing this genre crossover, including songs such as Zedd's \"The Middle\" and Hailee Steinfeld's \"Let Me Go\". Avicii also influenced a number of mainstream artists outside electronic music. Nile Rodgers said that in terms of melody writing, Avicii was \"maybe one of the best, if not the best I've ever worked with.\" Mike Einziger of Incubus said \"Some of the work we did together is some of the music I'm most proud of in my whole life.\" Dan Reynolds of Imagine Dragons said \"working with [Avicii] was one of my favorite collaborative moments.\" Charlie Puth said that Avicii was \"The man who really opened my eyes as to what my productions could one day sound like.\" Eric Clapton, who never publicly worked with Avicii, said he was \"Inspired by Avicii\", and dedicated a song off his Christmas album, Happy Xmas, to him. On 21 November 2019, Billboard named Avicii's 2011 hit \"Levels\" as one of the one hundred songs which defined the 2010s, whereas his 2013 hit \"Wake Me Up\" came 13th (and was the highest charting EDM song) on the Official Charts Company's chart of the decade. 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   },
   {
    "name": "Kristofer Ottosson",
    "id": "Q506392",
    "text": "Jan Kristofer Ottosson (born January 9, 1976) is a Swedish former professional ice hockey player. Ottosson began playing hockey in Djurg\u00e5rden's youth organization and was later promoted to the J20-team. He made his Elitserien debut on 22 September 1994, and has since then been a regular member of the senior team, with the exception of a two-season stint at Huddinge IK. He was also on loan to Haninge HF in the 1994\u201395 season and Arlanda Wings in the 1996\u201397 season. He took a break from hockey in 2005, missing the first 18 regular season games due to family issues. He scored his 300th regular season point in Elitserien on 5 October 2010, when he made an assist to Andreas Holmqvist's goal. After the 2012/2013 season, Ottosson announced his retirement from hockey. Fransson, Malin (13 November 2005). \"Ottoson g\u00f6r comeback i Djurg\u00e5rden\". Dagens Nyheter (in Swedish). Retrieved 23 November 2010. Dammbro, Jerker. \"\u00c5h, en s\u00e5dan h\u00e4rlig dag!\". difhockey.se (in Swedish). Djurg\u00e5rdens IF Hockey. Archived from the original on 24 November 2010. Retrieved 23 November 2010. Ottosson retires (Swedish) Biographical information and career statistics from Eliteprospects.com, or\u00a0Eurohockey.com, or\u00a0The Internet Hockey Database v t e"
   },
   {
    "name": "Pia Lindstr\u00f6m",
    "id": "Q508325",
    "text": "Friedel Pia Lindstr\u00f6m (born 20 September 1938) is a Swedish-American television journalist, and the first child of actress Ingrid Bergman. Lindstr\u00f6m is the only child born to Ingrid Bergman and her first husband, Swedish neurosurgeon Petter Lindstr\u00f6m. She was greatly affected by her mother's abandonment when her mother left her father for Italian director Roberto Rossellini. Petter Lindstr\u00f6m sued for desertion and waged a custody battle with Bergman for their daughter, and Pia did not reunite with her mother until 1957. Her half-brother, Roberto Ingmar Rossellini, was born on 7 February 1950, and her mother married Roberto Rossellini on 24 May 1950. On 18 June 1952, Lindstr\u00f6m's twin half-sisters Isabella Rossellini and Isotta Rossellini were born. Lindstr\u00f6m began her broadcasting career as a reporter at KGO-TV in San Francisco in 1966 and in 1971 went to WCBS-TV in New York City. From 1973 to 1997, she was a news anchorwoman and also a theater and arts critic for WNBC-TV in New York City, and made television appearances and did some acting (in mostly Italian films) before she became a news correspondent. Her Italian films include Marriage Italian Style (1964), The Possessed (1965) and The Queens (1966). She received two Emmy Awards for news coverage and on-screen performance, as well as the Associated Press Broadcaster's Award. She is now retired.[citation needed] Married three times, Lindstr\u00f6m has two sons, Justin and Nicholas Daly, from her second marriage, to Joseph Daly. They married on December 28, 1971. She is currently married to attorney Jack H. Carley. \"Petter Lindstrom, 93, Surgeon and Bergman's Spouse in '50 Scandal\". New York Times. June 9, 2000. Profile of Pia Lindstr\u00f6m #1 Profile of Pia Lindstr\u00f6m #2, \"Pia Lindstrom Is Wed Here to Joseph Daly\". New York Times. December 29, 1971. \"Pia Lindstr\u00f6m\". Pia Lindstr\u00f6m at IMDb American Theatre Wing Biography MODA Biodata at the Wayback Machine (archived May 15, 2006)"
   },
   {
    "name": "Gustaf Skarsg\u00e5rd",
    "id": "Q508722",
    "text": "Gustaf Caspar Orm Skarsg\u00e5rd (born 12 November 1980) is a Swedish actor with roles in Evil (2003), The Way Back (2010), Kon-Tiki (2012), He also appeared in the HBO TV series Westworld (2018), as Merlin in the Netflix TV series Cursed (2020), and as Floki the boat builder in the History Channel series Vikings (2013\u20132020). Gustaf Skarsg\u00e5rd was born in Stockholm, Sweden, to Swedish actor Stellan Skarsg\u00e5rd and his first wife, My, a physician. He has five siblings: Alexander, Sam, Bill, Eija and Valter, and two half-brothers Ossian and Kolbj\u00f6rn by his father's second marriage, to Megan Everett. Alexander, Bill, and Valter are also actors. His godfather is Swedish actor Peter Stormare. Gustaf decided to follow in his father's footsteps as an actor at the age of six and attended drama school. Skarsg\u00e5rd film debut in 1989 in the short film Prima Ballerina, where he played ballet pupil. The same year, Skarsg\u00e5rd starred in the Swedish Film Codename Coq Rouge. Gustaf Skarsg\u00e5rd continued with several children's and youth roles, for example, Min v\u00e4n Percys magiska gymnastikskor (1994) and Skuggornas hus (1996).[citation needed] After attending the Swedish National Academy of Mime and Acting in Stockholm (Teaterh\u00f6gskolan) from 1998 to 2003, before joining the Royal Dramatic Theatre, Stockholm. He played in several of Shakespeare\u2019s, Chekhov's and S\u00f6derberg\u2019s works both on the Royal Dramatic Theatre and on Stockholm City Theatre. In 2003 he performed in Evil and 2008 in Patrik 1,5. For both roles he was nominated for the Guldbagge Award as Best Supporting Actor and as Best Leading Actor. The same year he was awarded the Shooting Star at the Berlin International Film Festival. He finally won the Guldbagge as Best Leading Actor for his performance in F\u00f6rortsungar. In 2012, Skarsg\u00e5rd joined the History Channel's series Vikings in the main role of Floki, the shipbuilder. In 2018, he joined the cast of Westworld as Karl Strand for five episodes. In March 2020, Skarsg\u00e5rd starred in a main role as Merlin, in Cursed, a Netflix original television series based on a re-imaging of the Arthurian legend. Gustaf Skarsg\u00e5rd was in a long term relationship with actress Hanna Alstr\u00f6m from 1999 to 2005. Skarsg\u00e5rd won a Guldbagge Awards for Kidz In da Hood. He won the European Film Academy\u2019s Shooting Stars Award in 2007. Swedish pronunciation:\u00a0[\u02c8\u0261\u0275\u0302s\u02d0tav \u02c8sk\u0251\u030c\u02d0\u0282\u0261o\u02d0\u0256] (listen) Abramovitch, Seth (24 August 2012). \"Stellan Skarsgard, 61, Welcomes Baby Number 8\". The Hollywood Reporter. Retrieved 21 September 2012. \"interview - Gustaf Skarsg\u00e5rd\". schonmagazine.com. 15 April 2018. \"Swedish National Academy of Mime and Acting (NAMA)\". combster.tv. 2020. \"Dramatens arkiv Rollboken Gustaf Skarsg\u00e5rd\" (in Swedish). Archived from the original on 1 March 2021. Retrieved 13 April 2018. \"Stockholms stadsteater Arkiv Medverkande\" (in Swedish). Retrieved 13 April 2018. \"Gustaf Skarsg\u00e5rd \u00e4r Guldbaggarnas herre\". Expressen (in Swedish). Retrieved 24 March 2017. \"Comic-Con: George Blagden and Gustaf Skarsgard Talk VIKINGS, Favorite Moments from Season 1, and Tease Season 2\". Collider. 21 July 2013. Retrieved 24 March 2017. Ramos, Dino-Ray (4 March 2019). \"'Cursed': Devon Terrell, Gustaf Skarsgard, Lily Newmark & More Join Arthurian Netflix Series\". Deadline Hollywood. Retrieved 7 March 2019. \"De \u00e4r ett par i tv - och p\u00e5 riktigt\" [They're a couple on TV - and for real]. aftonbladet (in Swedish). 28 March 2002. \"Hanna Alstr\u00f6m \u00e4r \u00f6ppen f\u00f6r allt: \"Hittills har jag tr\u00e4ffat m\u00e4n \u2013 men man kan aldrig veta\"\" [Hanna Alstr\u00f6m is open to everything: \"So far I have met men - but you can never know\"]. H\u00e4nt (in Swedish). Archived from the original on 4 September 2019. Retrieved 3 April 2018. \"Floki (Gustaf Skarsgard)\". Vikings. Archived from the original on 18 September 2016. Retrieved 9 May 2016. Weir, Peter (21 January 2011), The Way Back, retrieved 9 May 2016 Mitchell, Wendy (28 March 2018). \"Jesper Ganslandt to direct story of imprisoned Swedish journalists for SF Studios\". Screen Daily. Retrieved 8 December 2019. Art portal Biography portal Film portal Sweden portal Television portal Gustaf Skarsg\u00e5rd at IMDb Gustaf Skarsg\u00e5rd at the Swedish Film Database Gustaf Skarsg\u00e5rd in The Big Leap"
   },
   {
    "name": "Alexandra Zazzi",
    "id": "Q509894",
    "text": "Maria Alexandra Paula Louise Jademyr Zazzi, known as Alexandra Zazzi (born 7 June 1966 in Rapallo, Italy) is a Swedish chef, journalist and television host. In 1998, Zazzi gained fame after winning reality show Expedition Robinson 1998 also known as Survivor in its second season becoming also the first female winner of the reality show. After her victory, she became a television host for cooking shows like K\u00f6ket on TV4 and Meny on Swedish Radio P1. She has also been a reporter for Sp\u00e5rl\u00f6st f\u00f6rsvunnen on TV3 and also been a guest on many radio and television programs since 1998. Zazzi is also a journalist writing about food for several Swedish magazines. She is a columnist on the G\u00f6teborgs-Posten newspaper and also in Matmagasinet. She is the owner of a restaurant. Sunt med Zazzi (2005). ISBN\u00a091-27-35633-7 Torsdagarna med Zazzi: filosofi, k\u00e4nsla och k\u00e4rlek till mat (2008). ISBN\u00a0978-91-85617-07-4 Zazzis pasta (2003). ISBN\u00a091-27-35506-3 Zazzis mat: med smak av Italien (2005) ISBN\u00a091-27-35642-6 Grytboken: fyrtiofem recept av k\u00e4nda och ok\u00e4nda svenska matkonstn\u00e4rer (1999). ISBN\u00a091-630-8804-5 Winner of Expedition Robinson 1998 Winner of Riksm\u00e4sterskapet i matlagning 2006 \"Alexandra Zazzi lagar ekologiskt - Mattips Inspiration Festmat | Recept Middagstips p\u00e5 Allt om mat\". Alltommat.se. 2010-04-23. Archived from the original on April 26, 2010. Retrieved 2010-12-21. \"Aftonbladet n\u00f6je: Expedition Robinson\". .aftonbladet.se. 1998-12-06. Retrieved 2010-12-21. \"\"Expedition Robinson\" genom \u00e5ren\". DN.SE. 2010-12-15. Archived from the original on June 25, 2009. Retrieved 2010-12-21. \"Dotter bossar pappa i k\u00f6ket - Nyheter\". helagotland.se. 2010-03-08. Archived from the original on 2011-10-06. Retrieved 2010-12-21. Official website Livsformen.se"
   },
   {
    "name": "Lizzy Lind af Hageby",
    "id": "Q510439",
    "text": "Emilie Augusta Louise \"Lizzy\" Lind af Hageby (20 September 1878\u00a0\u2013 26 December 1963) was a Swedish-British feminist and animal rights advocate who became a prominent anti-vivisection activist in England in the early 20th century. Born to a distinguished Swedish family, Lind af Hageby and another Swedish activist enrolled at the London School of Medicine for Women in 1902 to advance their anti-vivisectionist education. The women attended vivisections at University College London, and in 1903 published their diary, The Shambles of Science: Extracts from the Diary of Two Students of Physiology, which accused researchers of having vivisected a dog without adequate anaesthesia. The ensuing scandal, known as the Brown Dog affair, included a libel trial, damages for one of the researchers, and rioting in London by medical students. In 1906 Lind af Hageby co-founded the Animal Defence and Anti-Vivisection Society and later ran an animal sanctuary at Ferne House in Dorset with the Duchess of Hamilton. She became a British citizen in 1912, and spent the rest of her life writing and speaking about animal protection and the link between that and feminism. A skilled orator, she broke a record in 1913 for the number of words uttered during a trial, when she delivered 210,000 words and asked 20,000 questions during an unsuccessful libel suit she brought against the Pall Mall Gazette, which had criticized her campaigns. The Nation called her testimony \"the most brilliant piece of advocacy that the Bar has known since the day of Russell, though it was entirely conducted by a woman.\" Born into a wealthy and noble Swedish family, Lind af Hageby was the granddaughter of the chamberlain to the King of Sweden, and the daughter of Emil Lind af Hageby, a prominent lawyer. She was educated at Cheltenham Ladies College in England, which gave her access to the kind of education unavailable to most women at that time. This, combined with a private income from her family, enabled her to pursue her political activism, writing and travelling around the world to deliver lectures, first in opposition to child labour and prostitution, then in support of women's emancipation, and later animal rights. Lisa G\u00e5lmark writes that Lind af Hageby took to the streets, organizing rallies and speeches, when women of her class were expected to stay at home embroidering. When Lind af Hageby spoke to the Glasgow Vegetarian Society in 1914, a Daily Mail journalist reported that he had expected to find a \"square jawed, high browed, slightly angular, and severely and intellectually frugal looking\" woman, but instead found \"a pretty, little, plump woman, with kind brown eyes, eyes that twinkle\u00a0... She was not even dowdy and undecorative. Her blue dress was\u00a0... pretty as anyone could wish.\" He wrote that he was \"almost converted to vegetarianism\" by her \"straight, hard logic.\" After college Lind af Hageby spent time in Paris in 1900, where she and a Swedish friend, Leisa Katherine Schartau, visited the Pasteur Institute. They were distressed by the vivisection they saw there, and when they returned to Sweden joined the Nordiska samfundet till bek\u00e4mpande av det vetenskapliga djurpl\u00e5geriet (the Nordic Anti-Vivisection Society). Lind af Hageby became its honorary chair in 1901. In 1902 the women decided to enrol at the London School of Medicine for Women to gain the medical education they needed to train themselves as anti-vivisection activists. Lind af Hageby and Schartau began their studies at the London School of Medicine for Women in late 1902. The women's college did not perform vivisection, but its students had visiting rights at other London colleges, so Lind af Hageby and Schartau attended demonstrations at King's College and University College, the latter a centre of animal experimentation. The women kept a diary and in April 1903 showed it to Stephen Coleridge, secretary of the British National Anti-Vivisection Society. The 200-page manuscript contained one allegation, in a chapter called \"Fun,\" that caught his eye, namely that a brown terrier dog had been operated on multiple times over a two-month period by several researchers, then dissected \u2013 without anaesthesia, according to the diary \u2013 in front of an audience of laughing medical students: A large dog, stretched on its back on an operation board, is carried into the lecture-room by the demonstrator and the laboratory attendant. Its legs are fixed to the board, its head is firmly held in the usual manner, and it is tightly muzzled. There is a large incision in the side of the neck, exposing the gland. The animal exhibits all signs of intense suffering; in his struggles, he again and again lifts his body from the board, and makes powerful attempts to get free. If true, the allegations meant that the experiment had violated the Cruelty to Animals Act 1876, which required for that kind of procedure that the animal be anaesthetized and used once before being euthanized. (Other licences permitted the vivisection of conscious animals.) Coleridge accused Bayliss in public of having broken the law. Bayliss responded with a lawsuit. The trial opened in November 1903, by which time the diary had been published by Ernest Bell of Covent Garden, first as Eye-Witnesses, later as The Shambles of Science: Extracts from the Diary of Two Students of Physiology. Lind af Hageby and Schartau testified that they had watched as the dog was brought into the lecture theatre, said they had not smelled or seen any apparatus that would deliver the A.C.E. mixture normally used as an anaesthetic. They testified that the dog had made movements they regarded as \"violent and purposeful.\" Bayliss testified that the dog had been anaesthetized and was suffering from chorea, a disease that caused involuntary spasms. The jury accepted Bayliss's account and awarded him \u00a32,000 with \u00a33,000 costs. The publisher withdrew the diary and handed all remaining copies to Bayliss's lawyer. Lind af Hageby later republished it without the chapter called \"Fun,\" and with a new chapter about the trial, printing a fifth edition by 1913. The protracted scandal prompted the government to set up the Second Royal Commission on Vivisection in 1907; it appointed vivisectors to the commission and allowed it to sit in private. Lind af Hageby co-founded the Animal Defence and Anti-Vivisection Society (ADAVS) in 1906 with the Duchess of Hamilton, with a shop and office at 170 Piccadilly, London. As part of the society's work, Lind af Hageby drafted a petition in or around 1906, An Anti-Vivisection Declaration, which was distributed around the world, translated into several languages, and signed by prominent anti-vivisectionists. In July 1909 she organized the first international anti-vivisection conference in London; Mary Ann Elston writes that the conference promoted gradualism in the fight to end vivisection. In 1911 she was living with Margaret Damer Dawson Commandant & founder of the Women Police Service who also helped organise the International Congress of Animal Protection Societies in London in 1906. Lind af Hageby became known as a distinguished orator, particularly after a second libel trial in 1913, when she sued Dr. Caleb Saleeby, a physician, the Pall Mall Gazette, its owner William Waldorf Astor, its editor James Louis Garvin, and its printer D. C. Forrester. The suit was in response to two articles by Saleeby in May 1912, prompted by a graphic vivisection display ADAVS had run in its Piccadilly shop, which Helen Rappaport writes attracted crowds of horrified onlookers. Saleeby accused Lind af Hageby in the Gazette of \"a systematic campaign of falsehood.\" Lind Af Hageby represented herself; this was at a time when women could not be admitted as lawyers in the UK, because they were not regarded as \"persons\" within the terms of the 1843 Solicitors Act. The trial lasted from 1\u201323 April 1913. Lind af Hageby's opening statement lasted nine-and-a-half hours, her evidence nine hours, her cross-examination eight-and-a-half hours, and her closing statement three-and-a-half hours. The New York Times reported that she had uttered 210,000 words and had asked 20,000 questions of 34 witnesses. The case apparently broke records for the number of words. The judge, Mr. Justice Bucknill, said Lind af Hageby had cross-examined as well as any barrister could have done. \"Her final speech was a very fine one,\" he said. \"She is a woman of marvellous power. Day after day she showed no sign of fatigue and did not lose her temper.\" Lind af Hageby lost the case, but it attracted welcome publicity for her work. The long trial revealed the most brilliant piece of advocacy that the Bar has known since the day of Russell, though it was entirely conducted by a woman. Women, it appears, may sway courts and judges, but they may not even elect to the High Court of Parliament.\" A vegetarian dinner was held in her honour when the trial ended. One after-dinner speaker, Colonel Sir Frederick Cardew, spoke about the importance of women to the anti-vivisectionist cause, wrongly predicting that: \"The day that women get the vote will be the day on which the death-knell of vivisection will be sounded.\" In 1913, Lizzy Lind af Hageby published a biography of the author and playwright August Strindberg. She praised his work, but did not abstain from criticising his views on women. The book was widely acclaimed. During World War I Lind af Hageby joined the International Committee of Women for Permanent Peace, set up veterinary hospitals for horses hurt on the battlefield, and with the co-operation of the French government created the Purple Cross Service for wounded horses. She also opened a sanatorium in France for soldiers wounded at Carqueiranne, and wrote anti-war pamphlets, including one that appealed to women: \"Be Peacemakers. An Appeal to Women of the Twentieth Century to Remove the Causes of War\" (1924). Rappaport writes that she became involved after the war in protesting against cruel sports, including the hunting of pregnant hares, supported the Our Dumb Friends' League, and opposed the sale of old horses to slaughterhouses. Lind af Hageby was opposed to vivisection both for the sake of the animals and because she regarded it as bad science, though she told a Royal Commission on Vivisection that she had \"no objection to vivisection, provided that the vivisectors experiment on themselves.\" She argued that it was not enough to vilify vivisection; activists had to educate themselves so that they understood the science well enough to be able to argue their case. She continued throughout her life to advocate social reform and economic equality as the main way to overcome human disease, living as a strict vegetarian and becoming a board member of the London Vegetarian Society. She was also active in Henry Stephens Salt's Humanitarian League. Leah Leneman writes that Lind af Hageby saw Darwin's theory of natural selection\u00a0\u2013 the Origin of Species had been published in 1859\u00a0\u2013 as essential to the cause of animals, because it \"brought about the decay of the old anthropocentric idea of man ... It taught that if there is this kinship physically between all living creatures, surely a responsibility rests upon us to see that these creatures, who have nerves as we have, who are made of the same flesh and blood as we are, who have minds differing from ours not in kind but in degree, should be protected ...\" She was also active in several women's organizations, including the Women's Freedom League, arguing that the kinship she felt between humans and non-humans had implications for the enfranchisement and education of women, and that support for animals and women was connected to a \"general undercurrent of rising humanity.\" Indeed, the connection between rights for women and animals, neither of them regarded as persons during Lind af Hageby's lifetime, had been starkly illustrated a century earlier when Mary Wollstonecraft's Vindication of the Rights of Women (1792) was swiftly followed by a parody and reductio ad absurdum, Vindication of the Rights of Brutes, written anonymously by a Cambridge philosopher. Following the lead of Frances Power Cobbe, Lind af Hageby regarded feminism and animal rights (and, in particular, vegetarianism), as strongly linked, seeing the advance of women as essential to civilization, and the tension between women and male scientists as a battle between feminism and machismo. Craig Buettinger writes that feminism and anti-vivisection were strongly linked in the UK, where the comparison between the treatment of woman and animals at the hands of male scientists (and, indeed, their husbands) dominated the discourse. But in the United States, the antivisectionists based their need to protect animals on their duties as mothers and Christians, and did not see advancing women's rights as part of that. Lind af Hageby saw the spirituality and Christianity of the American anti-vivisectionists as directly tied to women's rights and progress in general. \"[W]hat is called effeminacy by some ...,\" she wrote, \"is really greater spirituality ... and identical with the process of civilization itself.\" Leneman writes that this view accounted for the involvement of feminists in the theosophy and other spiritual movements. Lind af Hageby was herself involved with the London Spiritualist Alliance from 1935 until 1943. In 1950, at the age of 73, she attended The Hague World Congress for the Protection of Animals. From 1954 she ran a 237-acre animal sanctuary at Ferne House near Shaftesbury, Dorset, an estate left to the Animal Defence and Anti-Vivisection Society by the Duchess of Hamilton on the latter's death in 1951; the Duchess, a friend of Lind af Hageby, had been using the estate as an animal sanctuary since the Second World War. Lind af Hageby died at her home in London at 7 St Edmunds Terrace, St John's Wood, on 26 December 1963, leaving \u00a391,739 in her will. The society's assets were transferred to the Animal Defence Trust, which as of 2012 continues to offer grants for animal-protection issues. List of animal rights advocates Books (1903). with Leisa Katherine Schartau, The Shambles of Science: Extracts from the Diary of Two Students of Physiology, Ernest Bell. (1917). Mountain Meditations, George Allen & Unwin Ltd. (1913). August Strindberg: The Spirit of Revolt, Stanley Paul & Co.. (1922). On Immortality: A Letter to a Dog. (1938). The Great Fox-Trot: A Satire, A.K. Press, with sketches by Madge Graham. Other (1908). \"Blue book lessons, a brief survey of the first three volumes of minutes of evidence given before the Royal commission on vivisection,\" pamphlet. (1909) onwards (ed.). The Anti-Vivisection Review. The Journal of Constructive Anti-Vivisection, St. Clements Press. (1909). \"Address of Miss Lind-af-Hageby at the public meeting of the American Anti-Vivisection Society\", American Anti-Vivisection Society, 5 February. (1909). (ed). \"The Animals' Cause\", selection of papers contributed to the International Anti-Vivisection and Animal Protection Congress, London, 6\u201310 July 1909. (1910). \"Fallacies & failures of serum-therapy\", pamphlet, Animal Defence and Anti-Vivisection Society, 1910. (1911). \"The new morality: An inquiry into the ethics of anti-vivisection\", pamphlet, Animal Defence and Anti-Vivisection Society. (1912). \"Vivisection and medical students: the cause of growing distrust of the hospitals and the remedy\", pamphlet, Animal Defence and Anti-Vivisection Society. (1913). \"The constructive side of the anti-vivisection movement\", delivered to the International Anti-Vivisection and Animal Protection Congress, Washington, D.C., 9 December. (1922). with Ernest Lohy, \"La Fonction de la femme dans l'\u00e9volution sociale\", Conflans-Saint-Honorine (Seine-et-Oise), pamphlet. (1924). \"Be peacemakers\u00a0: an appeal to women of the twentieth century to remove the causes of war\", pamphlet, A.K. Press. (1927). \"Cruel experiments on dogs and cats performed in British laboratories\", pamphlet, Animal Defence and Anti-Vivisection Society, printed in The Anti-Vivisection & Humanitarian Review. (1929). \"Ecrasez l'inf\u00e2me: An exposure of the mind, methods, pretences and failure of the modern inquisition\", pamphlet, Animal Defence and Anti-Vivisection Society. (1929). \"Tyranny of an ancient superstition: vaccination causes disease and death\", pamphlet, Animal Defence and Anti-Vivisection Society. (1930). \"Vivisection and medical students\u00a0: a public scandal and a disgrace\", pamphlet, Animal Defence and Anti-Vivisection Society. (1930). \"The new search for health: medical theories and the dangers of their enforcement\", Animal Defence & Anti-Vivisection Society, lecture given at Konserthuset, Stockholm, 25 April, published in Progress Today. (1931). \"Progress\", pamphlet, Animal Defence and Anti-Vivisection Society. (1940). \"Foreword\" in Sylvia Barbanell (ed.), When your animal dies, Spiritualist Press. (1947). \"The Pleasure of Killing\", pamphlet, National Society for the Abolition of Cruel Sports. \"Around [1912] ... Gwyneth Bebb's application to be registered as a solicitor was rejected by the Law Society and her appeal was rejected similarly on the grounds that she was not a \"person\" within the terms of the Solicitors Act 1843. ... By 1919, the passing of the Sex Discrimination (Removal) Act achieved success, stating that women were persons and that they could hold public office. However, the persistence and resistance of traditions and customs remained very strong and this act did not mean that women were accepted into the legal profession. The first woman solicitor, Madge Easton Anderson, was admitted in Scotland in 1920; England and Wales followed with three women admitted in December 1922. They were only allowed to practise in restricted areas such as family law, matrimonial and probate work.\" The Irish feminist, Charlotte Despard (1844\u20131939)\u00a0\u2013 one of Lind af Hageby's supporters during the Brown Dog affair\u00a0\u2013 argued that the \"awakened instinct which feels the call of the sub-human, which says: \u2013 'I am the voice of the voiceless. Through me the dumb shall speak,' works itself out through food reform on the one hand, and on the other, in a strong protest against the cruel methods of experimental research. Both of these are in close unison with the demands being made by women.\" Hilda Kean, \"The 'Smooth Cool Men of Science': The Feminist and Socialist Response to Vivisection\", History Workshop Journal, 40, 1995 (pp. 16\u201338), p. 20. PMID\u00a011608961 Coral Lansbury, The Old Brown Dog: Women, Workers, and Vivisection in Edwardian England, University of Wisconsin Press, 1985, pp. 9\u201311. Leah Leneman, \"The awakened instinct: vegetarianism and the women's suffrage movement in Britain\", Women's History Review, 6(2), 1997, p. 227. doi:10.1080/09612029700200144 Helen Rappaport, \"Lind-af-Hageby, Louise,\" Encyclopedia of Women Social Reformers, Volume 1, ABC-CLIO, 2001, p. 393. \"Woman lawyer praised: Miss Lind-af-Hageby loses case, but makes court record\", The New York Times, 11 May 1913. Lisa G\u00e5lmark, Shambles of Science, Lizzy Lind af Hageby & Leisa Schartau, anti-vivisektionister 1903-1913/14, History Department, Stockholm University, 1996, published by Federativ Publ., 1997, pp. 45-47. The Nation and Athen\u00e6um, Volume 13, 1913, p. 127. Mike Roscher, \"Louise Lind-af-Hageby, die kosmopolitische Tierrechtlerin\", www.tier-im-fokus.ch, 19 December 2010. Lisa G\u00e5lmark, \"Women Antivivisectionists, The Story of Lizzy Lind af Hageby and Leisa Schartau,\" in Animal Issues, 4(2), 2000 (pp.\u00a01\u201332), p. 2.; Lisa G\u00e5lmark, Shambles of Science, Lizzy Lind af Hageby & Leisa Schartau, anti-vivisektionister 1903-1913/14, History Department, Stockholm University, 1996, published by Federativ Publ., 1997. Summary: http://lisagalmark.se/sumlindafhageby.htm Leneman 1997, p. 286, n. 49. Peter Mason, The Brown Dog Affair: The Story of a Monument that Divided a Nation, Two Sevens Publishing, 1997, p. 8. Lansbury 1985, pp. 126\u2013127, citing The Shambles of Science, pp. 19\u201320, 29. Mason 1997, p. 15. \"Vivisectionist exculpated\", The New York Times, 19 November 1903. Frederic S. Lee, \"Miss Lind and her views\", The New York Times, letter to the editor, 3 February 1909. Lansbury 1985, pp. 13\u201314. Rod Preece, Awe for the Tiger, Love for the Lamb: A Chronicle of Sensibility to Animals, Routledge, 2002, p. 363. Mary Ann Elston, \"Lind-af-Hageby, (Emilie Augusta) Louise (1878\u20131963),\" Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, 2004. Alexandrine Guyard-Nedelec, \"Discrimination Against Women Lawyers in England and Wales: An Overview\", Gender Forum: An Internet Journal for Gender Studies, 17, 2007, p. 1. \"Solicitors (Qualification of Women Bill)\", House of Lords, 18 March 1918. \"1912.-L.-No. 928\", writ issued 8 May 1912, between Emelie Augusta Louise Lind-Af-Hageby and William Walford Astor, and others; and \"1912.-L.-No. 1113\", writ issued 6 June 1912, High Court of Justice, King's Bench Division. \"Lind-af-Hageby Libel Case\", Wellcome Collection, accessed 23 April 2012. \"In the High Court of Justice Kings Bench Division, Before: Mr Justice Bucknill and a Special Jury Lind-af-Hageby v Astor and others, Wellcome Collection, accessed 23 April 2012. Leneman 1997, p. 280. Lisa G\u00e5lmark, The Spirit of Revolt, Lizzy Lind af Hageby, Emma Goldman and August Strindberg, in Strindbergiana, ed. Per Stam, David Gedin, Anna Cavallin, vol. 29, 2014, pp 37-58. Hilda Kean, \"Aspects of the history of anti-vivisection\" Archived 15 June 2012 at the Wayback Machine, Voice for Ethical Research at Oxford, 16 January 2007. G\u00e5lmark 2000, p. 1. Leneman 1997, pp. 227, 280\u2013281. Mary Ann Elston, \"Women and Anti-vivisection in Victorian England, 1870\u20131900,\" in Nicolaas A. Rupke (ed.), Vivisection in Historical Perspective, Routledge, 1987, p. 259ff. Lynda Birke, \"Supporting the underdog: Feminism, animal rights and citizenship in the work of Alice Morgan Wright and Edith Goode\", Women's History Review, 9(4), 2000, p. 701. PMID\u00a019526659 Craig Buettinger, \"Women and antivivisection in late nineteenth century America\", Journal of Social History, 30(4), Summer 1997, pp.\u00a0857\u2013872. Leneman 1997, p. 281. Mercy Phillimore, \"Emilie Augusta Louise Lind-af-Hageby\", obituary, Light, LXXXIV(3), 1964, p. 456. Kean 1995, pp. 16\u201338; Andy McSmith, \"Press dynasty is coming home from exile to a '\u00a36m' mansion\", The Observer, 13 June 1999. Animal Defence Trust, \"History\" Archived 9 February 2012 at the Wayback Machine, accessed 23 April 2012. Works by Lizzy Lind-af-Hageby at Project Gutenberg Works by or about Lizzy Lind af Hageby at Internet Archive Adams, Carol J. and Donovan, Josephine (eds.) Animals and Women: Feminist Theoretical Explorations, Duke University Press Books, 1995. Birke, Linda. Feminism, Animals and Science: The Naming of the Shrew, Open University Press, 1994. Boyd, Nina. Animal Rights and Public Wrongs: A Biography of Lizzy Lind af Hageby, CreateSpace Independent Publishing Platform, 2014. Ferguson, Moira. Animal Advocacy and Englishwomen, 1780\u20131900: Patriots, Nation, and Empire. University of Michigan Press, 1998. G\u00e5lmark, Lisa. \"The Spirit of Revolt, Lizzy Lind af Hageby, Emma Goldman, and August Strindberg ed. Per Stam, David Gedin, Anna Cavallin, Strindbergiana, vol. 29, Stockholm: Atlantis, 2014, pp 37-58. G\u00e5lmark, Elisabeth.Lizzy Lind af Hageby at Svenskt kvinnobiografiskt lexikon Hamilton, Susan. Animal Welfare and Anti-Vivisection 1870\u20131910: Nineteenth-Century Women's Mission. Routledge, 2004. Kean, Hilda. Animal Rights: Political and Social Change in Britain since 1800, Reaktion Books, 1998. Kean, Hilda. \"An Exploration of the Sculptures of Greyfriars Bobby, Edinburgh, Scotland, and the Brown Dog, Battersea, South London, England\", Society and Animals, 1(4), December 2003, pp.\u00a0353\u2013373. Murray, Lorraine. \"The Brown Dog Affair\", Encyclop\u00e6dia Britannica Adovocacy for Animals, 19 January 2010. Ritvo, Harriet. The Animal Estate: The English and Other Creatures in the Victorian Age, Harvard University Press, 1987. Vyvyan, John. The Dark Face of Science, Joseph, 1971."
   },
   {
    "name": "Katarina Ewerl\u00f6f",
    "id": "Q512721",
    "text": "Annette Elsa Katarina Ewerl\u00f6f (born 28 December 1959) is a Swedish actress. She was educated at the theater university at the Stockholm Scene School (Scenskolan i Stockholm), and has worked at the Royal Dramatic Theatre. Ewerl\u00f6f worked for many years in the 1970s and 1980s away from public attention in theatres, and had her first big hit as a major part in the TV series Pappas flicka in 1997. She has recorded some audiobooks. 2003 - Paradiset (Paradise), Anne Snapphane 2000 - Livet \u00e4r en schlager (Once in a Lifetime), Studio hostess 1999 - Tomten \u00e4r far till alla barnen (In Bed With Santa), Sara 1998 - Beck \u2013 Vita n\u00e4tter (Beck \u2013 White Nights), Jeanette Bolin 1979 - Kristoffers hus (Kristoffer's house), Party guest 2016\u20132017 - Black Widows 2013 - Fj\u00e4llbackamorden \u2013 Havet ger, havet tar, Anette 2008 - Irene Huss \u2013 Glasdj\u00e4vulen, Eva M\u00f6ller 2005 - Kommissionen (The Commission), Lena Lagerfelt 2002 - Talismanen (The Talisman), Ann-Britt H\u00f6glund 2001 - \u00c5terkomsten (The Return), Pathologist 1997 - Pelle Svansl\u00f6s, Mirjam 1997 - Pappas flicka (Daddy's Girl), Mona Kollberg 1997 - Sk\u00e4rg\u00e5rdsdoktorn, Maria Lindelius 1996 - Zonen (The Zone), Cecilia Lagerl\u00f6f 1996 - Nudlar & 08:or (Noodles and Stockholmers), Laila 1989 - Husbonden (The Master), Karolin \"Katarina Ewerl\u00f6f\" (in Swedish). Swedish Film Institute. Retrieved 2010-01-25. \"Katarina Ewerl\u00f6f\" (in Swedish). Stockholm City Theatre. Retrieved 2010-01-25. \"Aftonbladet n\u00f6je: Grattis Katarina Ewerl\u00f6f, 40 \u00e5r\". Retrieved 7 February 2016. \"Katarina st\u00e4rktes av sorgen\". Archived from the original on 11 March 2016. Retrieved 7 February 2016. Katarina Ewerl\u00f6f at IMDb"
   },
   {
    "name": "Klara Lid\u00e9n",
    "id": "Q513343",
    "text": "Klara Lid\u00e9n (born 1979) is a contemporary artist. She currently lives and works in Berlin and New York City. Lid\u00e9n is known for her installations and videos that respond to specific architectural environments. The younger of two sisters, Lid\u00e9n grew up in suburban Stockholm. Her mother is a doctor, her father a biologist. She attended the School of Architecture, Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm (2000\u20132004), the Berlin University of the Arts, Berlin (2003) and the University College of Arts Crafts and Design, Konstfack, Stockholm (2004\u20132007). Lid\u00e9n has, in past projects, built a house with discarded materials on the banks of a river, set up an alternative free postal system and fly-posted blank white posters over street advertisements. For her 2005 solo show at Reena Spaulings Fine Art in New York, she built, from scavenged cardboard boxes and thin iron pipes, a small tower with an elevated room in the storefront gallery; a combination playhouse, retreat and gallery within a gallery, the tower was made of the same material that the neighborhood\u2019s homeless people used for protection and bedding. In her 2007 exhibition at the Moderna Museet, she moved the entire contents of her apartment into a museum. At the Nordic pavilion at the 2009 Venice Biennale, assembled by fellow artists Elmgreen and Dragset, she created a fictional teenager's bedroom that offered an unusual form of escape \u2013 an emergency axe as well as a hole in the wall. For a 2012 at Reena Spaulings, she erected a blue wall across the gallery space with a door admitting visitors into a room filled with 80 used Christmas trees taken from the streets of the city. Her Poster Paintings series, which she began in the late 2000s, consists of four-inch wads of advertisement posters glued together. These poster sediments come from Berlin, where they are a typical feature in the urban landscape; Lid\u00e9n\u2019s sole addition is a white top sheet on this multilayered work. Her short films capture the improvised performative actions that she undertakes in public urban spaces. In the final year at the Royal Institute of Technology in Stockholm, she was asked to give a lecture there about urban planning. Instead, she showed Paralyzed (2003), in which she danced provocatively to a musical soundtrack full of shrieking and hooting on a Stockholm commuter train. In her iconic The Myth of Progress (Moonwalk) (2008), the artist is seen moonwalking through the streets of Manhattan at night. Techno Battle (2012) is a collaborative video by Klara Lid\u00e9n and her sister and fellow artist Hanna, in which the two women \u2014 one wearing what looks like a fencing uniform, and the other in a ghoulish mask, T-shirt, and jeans \u2014 face off and hurl bits of technology at each other, like a laptop computer, which shatters, and whose broken fragments they then stuff into a bonfire. In 2005, both sisters appeared on a new version of The Velvet Underground's album White Light/White Heat, recorded by artists recruited by artists collective Bernadette Corporation, among them Brian Degraw, Lizzi Bougatsos, Rita Ackermann, Jutta Koether, and Seth Price. Lid\u00e9n\u2019s photographic works also explore the urban space by placing the artist in direct contact with the fabrics of the city: she climbs down a manhole in Untitled (Down) (2011) and stands nonchalantly on a wooden post in a city port in Untitled (Pier) (2013). Lid\u00e9n has exhibited her work and performed extensively worldwide since 2003. Venues for group exhibitions include the Urban Gallery, Berlin (2003), Art in General, New York, Stockholm Art-Fair (2004) and Outfest, Los Angeles (2005). Single exhibitions have since been held at Moderna Museet, Stockholm, Reena Spaulings Fine Art, New York, the Serpentine Galleries, London (2010), Galerie Neu, Berlin (2015), and WIELS, Brussels (2015). The artist made her solo U.S. museum debut in the Museum of Modern Art\u2019s Elaine Dannheisser Projects Series in 2009, where she created Project 89. In 2009, Lid\u00e9n\u2019s work was presented as part of an exhibition in the Danish and Nordic Pavilions at the 53rd International Art Exhibition of the Venice Biennale and she received a special mention from the jury of the 54th Venice Biennale. Lid\u00e9n's work resides in the collections of the Museum of Modern Art, New York; Moderna Museet, Stockholm; and the Astrup Fearnley Museet for Moderne Kunst, Oslo, Norway; among others. 2008 International Artist Studio Program in Stockholm (IASPIS) 2009 Foundation for Contemporary Arts Grants to Artists award 2010 blauorange Award 2010 International Artist-In-Residency programme, Artpace, San Antonio 2011 Special Mention, 54th Venice Biennale 2011 Preis der Nationalgalerie f\u00fcr junge Kunst Sophie O'Brien (ed.), Klara Lid\u00e9n (Ill.) et al.: Klara Lid\u00e9n. Serpentine Gallery: Moderna Museet. Buchhandlung Walther Konig GmbH & Co. KG. Abt. Verlag, Cologne 2010, ISBN\u00a0978-3-86560-915-1. Christiane Rekade (ed.), Klara Lid\u00e9n (Ill.) et al.: Klara Liden - Rumpffl\u00e4chen und Pl\u00fcndererbanden. Kerber Christof Verlag, Bielefeld 2011, ISBN\u00a0978-3-86678-510-6. Heartney, Eleanor; Posner; Princenthal; Scott (2013) The Reckoning: Women Artists of the New Millennium, published by Prestel Verlag, pp.\u00a0142\u2013147, ISBN\u00a0978-3-7913-4759-2 Klara Lid\u00e9n: Bodies of Society, May 6 - July 1, 2012 New Museum, New York. \"Klara Liden\" (PDF). Reena Spaulings Fine Art. Curriculum Vitae Leslie Camhi (April 27, 2012), Mutual Inspiration: The Lid\u00e9n Sisters\u2019 To Unveil Solo Shows in New York Archived 2012-06-29 at the Wayback Machine Vogue. Roberta Smith (January 14, 2005), Art in Review; Klara Liden New York Times. Holland Cotter (March 19, 2009), Cutting Modernism\u2019s Big Cube Down to Size New York Times. Klara Lid\u00e9n, 7 October \u2013 7 November 2010 Serpentine Gallery, London. Skye Sherwin (October 27, 2010), Artist of the week 111: Klara Lid\u00e9n The Guardian. Ken Johnson (February 9, 2012), Klara Liden\u2019s \u2018Pretty Vacant\u2019 at Reena Spaulings Fine Art New York Times. Jerry Saltz (February 5, 2012), After-Christmas Inventory - Klara Liden channels the poignancy of discarded streetside trees New York Magazine. David Everitt Howe, Klara Lid\u00e9n Frieze, Issue 147, May 2012. Klara Lid\u00e9n Moderna Museet, Stockholm. Dorothy Spears (May 31, 2012), Women on the Verge of Everything New York Times. Holland Cotter (February 4, 2005), Art in Review; Reena Spaulings New York Times. Paik, Sherry (2020). \"Klara Lid\u00e9n|Artist Profile\". Ocula. \"Klara Lid\u00e9n\". monopol. Das Magazin f\u00fcr Kunst und Leben (in German). 8 April 2009. Klara Lid\u00e9n exhibition at the Serpentine Galleries 2010 Klara Lid\u00e9n at Galerie Neu 2015 Klara Lid\u00e9n at WIELS, Brussels, 2015 Holland Cotter (March 19, 2009), Cutting Modernism\u2019s Big Cube Down to Size New York Times. Foundation for Contemporary Arts \"Klara Liden erh\u00e4lt Kunstpreis blauorange\". Archived from the original on 2016-03-03. Retrieved 2019-09-24. Preis2011 \"Artist Klara Lid\u00e9n Creates Sculptural Installation and New Video for Momas Elaine Dannheisser Projects Series\". ArtDaily. \"Klara Lid\u00e9n\". frieze (116). June\u2013August 2008. Archived from the original on 2010-04-11. New York Times review, 2005"
   },
   {
    "name": "Ann Zacharias",
    "id": "Q513385",
    "text": "Ann Zacharias (born 19 September 1956) is a Swedish actress. She appeared in fifteen films and television shows between 1971 and 1988. She is the mother of Swedish actress Sascha Zacharias. The Last Adventure (1974) The Wing or the Thigh (1976) At Night All Cats Are Crazy (1977) \"Ann Zacharias\". The Swedish Film Database. Retrieved 5 March 2014. Ann Zacharias at IMDb Ann Zacharias at the Swedish Film Database v t e"
   },
   {
    "name": "Yvonne Hirdman",
    "id": "Q514152",
    "text": "Yvonne Hirdman (born 18 January 1943) is a Swedish historian and gender researcher. She has received many awards for her work including the August Prize. Yvonne Hirdman is the daughter of the language teacher Einar Hirdman (1916\u20131999) and Charlotte Hirdman, born Schledt (1906\u20131966), and granddaughter of Gunnar and Maj Hirdman. She is the mother of Anja Hirdman and sister of Sven Hirdman. She grew up in H\u00f6kar\u00e4ngen, Malmberget. and Oskarshamn. She received a bachelor's degree in 1968 and PhD in 1974 at Stockholm University with the thesis of Sveriges Kommunistiska Parti 1939\u20131945 (\"Swedish Communist Party 1939\u20131945\"). She has, among other things, conducted gender-oriented research and is particularly known for having in Sweden launched the concept of \"gender\", which was already established in the English language in 1988. Her theories came first to have an impact on the state power investigation, where she was one of the members. She has been a professor of history at the University of Gothenburg, working at the Institute for Working Life; professor of contemporary history at S\u00f6dert\u00f6rn University; and professor of history at Stockholm University, where, as of 2017, she is professor emerita in the history department. Hirdman has done a lot of research on gender and is also the person who launched the word \"gender\" in the Swedish language in the 1980s. The concept of gender became helpful when talking about the \"female\" or the \"male\" in a context of cultural and social rather than biological. In 1988, Hirdman published a report at the University of Gothenburg in book form entitled: The Genus System: theoretical considerations about women's social subordination, the Power Investigation. It was in this report that Hirdman wrote about the concept of gender in its importance in the Swedish language and then the concept was launched in the Swedish language. In 2004 she wrote a book by the title: The Genus System - Reflections on Women's Social Subordination. In 2001, Hirdman published her first edition of the book Genus, about the changing forms of stability. A newer edition was published in 2003 with the same title. In all these books and reports, the common component is that everyone is concerned and touches on the subject gender both as a subject and as a concept. Therefore, Hirdman can be viewed as a protagonist in this area and a person who made a major impression on this topic in Sweden's history. In 2015, her autobiography was published, Medan jag var ung (\"While I was young\"). Sveriges kommunistiska parti 1939-1945. Sverige under andra v\u00e4rldskriget. Stockholm: Allm\u00e4nna f\u00f6rl. 1974. Libris 7257729 Vi bygger landet: den svenska arbetarr\u00f6relsens historia fr\u00e5n Per G\u00f6trek till Olof Palme. Solna: Pogo press. 1979. Libris 7639436 Mat som vetenskap, utopi och ideologi. 1980. Libris 3172972 Magfr\u00e5gan: mat som m\u00e5l och medel\u00a0: Stockholm 1870-1920. Tema nova. Stockholm: Rab\u00e9n & Sj\u00f6gren. 1983. Libris 8349157 Olof Petersson och Yvonne Hirdman (1985). Tv\u00e5 f\u00f6redrag om maktutredningen: TAMs, TBVs och TCOs tematr\u00e4ff om den politiska makten och folkstyret den 5 december 1985. Uppsala: Maktutredningen. Libris 556019 Om makt. Uppsala: Maktutredningen. 1986. Libris 556040 Genussystemet: teoretiska funderingar kring kvinnors sociala underordning. Uppsala: Maktutredningen. 1988. Libris 753181 Att l\u00e4gga livet till r\u00e4tta: studier i svensk folkhemspolitik. Stockholm: Carlsson. 1989. Libris 7665869 The gender system: theoretical reflections on the social subordination of women. Uppsala: Maktutredningen. 1990. Libris 883049 Den socialistiska hemmafrun och andra kvinnohistorier. Stockholm: Carlsson. 1992. Libris 8376656 Utopia in the home: an essay. International journal of political economy\u00a0; Vol. 22:2. Armonk, N.Y.: Sharpe. 1992. Libris 12000263 Folkhemstanken och kvinnorna: historiens andra sida. Samtal om r\u00e4ttvisa, 1103-2146\u00a0; 9. Stockholm: Brevskolan. 1993. Libris 7431356 Narratives of subordination?. Reprint - Institutet f\u00f6r arbetslivsforskning, 1400-2027:19. Stockholm: Institutet f\u00f6r arbetslivsforskning. 1994. Libris 1975578 Social engineering and the woman question: Sweden in the thirties. Reprint - Institutet f\u00f6r arbetslivsforskning, 1400-2027:7. Stockholm: Institutet f\u00f6r arbetslivsforskning. 1994. Libris 1956049 Women - from possibility to problem?: gender conflict in the welfare state - the Swedish model. Research report series / Arbetslivscentrum, 1103-2499:3. Stockholm: Arbetslivscentrum. 1994. Libris 1777349 Genusanalys av v\u00e4lf\u00e4rdsstaten: en utmaning av dikotomierna. Reprint - Institutet f\u00f6r arbetslivsforskning, 1400-2027:5. Stockholm: Institutet f\u00f6r arbetslivsforskning. 1994. Libris 1947234 P\u00e5minnelser: om kvinnors liv i Sverige. Stockholm: Carlsson. 1995. Libris 7666498 Med kluven tunga: LO och genusordningen. Stockholm: Atlas. 1998. Libris 7777514 Genus: om det stabilas f\u00f6r\u00e4nderliga former. Malm\u00f6: Liber. 2001. Libris 8354469 Key concepts in feminist theory: analysing gender and welfare. Freia 0907-2179 34. Aalborg: Freia, Feminist Research Centre in Aalborg, Department of Development and Planning, Aalborg University. 2001. Libris 8954150 Det t\u00e4nkande hj\u00e4rtat: boken om Alva Myrdal. Stockholm: Ordfront. 2006. Libris 10141468 G\u00f6sta och genusordningen: feministiska betraktelser. Stockholm: Ordfront. 2007. Libris 10425277 Den r\u00f6da grevinnan: en europeisk historia. Stockholm: Ordfront. 2010. Libris 11744243 Vad b\u00f6r g\u00f6ras?\u00a0: j\u00e4mst\u00e4lldhet och politik under femtio \u00e5r. Stockholm: Ordfront. 2014. Libris 15122351 Medan jag var ung\u00a0: ego-historia fr\u00e5n 1900-talet. Stockholm: Ordfront. 2015. Libris 17048945 2003 \u2013 \u00c5rets v\u00e4ckarklocka 2005 \u2013 Kellgrenpriset 2010 \u2013 Hertig Karls prize 2010 \u2013 August Prize 2016 \u2013 Moa Award Yvonne Hirdman: Genussystemet - reflexioner kring kvinnors sociala underordning, p\u00e5 G\u00f6teborgs universitets webbplats \"Recension av Medan jag var ung, Yvonne Hirdman: Egohistoria fr\u00e5n en orolig sj\u00e4l - LitteraturMagazinet\". Retrieved 2015-05-25. Lundgren, Kjell. \"Det nordiska v\u00e4lf\u00e4rdssamh\u00e4llet under 1900-talet\". www.historia.su.se. Retrieved 2017-03-13. \"Genus/k\u00f6n | Nationella sekretariatet f\u00f6r genusforskning\". www.genus.se (in Swedish). Retrieved 2017-03-13. \"LIBRIS - Genussystemet\". libris.kb.se (in Swedish). Retrieved 2017-03-13. Bolin, Eva (2004). Yvonne Hirdman- Professor i Historia. \"LIBRIS - Genussystemet - reflexioner k...\" libris.kb.se (in Swedish). Retrieved 2017-03-13. \"LIBRIS - Genus\". libris.kb.se (in Swedish). Retrieved 2017-03-13. \"LIBRIS - Genus\". libris.kb.se (in Swedish). Retrieved 2017-03-13. Yvonne Hirdman at historia,su.se Yvonne Hirdman at libris.kb.se"
   },
   {
    "name": "Inger Segelstr\u00f6m",
    "id": "Q514593",
    "text": "Inger Agneta Segelstr\u00f6m (born 25 February 1952 in Stockholm) is a Swedish politician and former Member of the European Parliament. She is a member of the Swedish Social Democratic Party, part of the Socialist Group. She sat on the European Parliament's Committee on Civil Liberties, Justice and Home Affairs. She is also a substitute for the Committee on Foreign Affairs and the Delegation to the EU-Russia Parliamentary Cooperation Committee. 1979: Law degree, Stockholm University 1977-1978: Employed by AFS International Education 1979-1984: Research assistant, principal executive officer, Labour Market Board 1984-1987: Commissioner's assistant secretary, finance department Stockholm City Hall 1987-1990: Head of administration, Stockholm University students' union 1990-1994: Environment secretary, association of local authorities, Stockholm County 1995-2003: Chairwoman of the Swedish Social Democratic Women's Federation since 2003: Chairwoman of the Council on Media Violence 1988: Substitute member of Stockholm County Council 1989-1991: Member of the staff committee, Stockholm County Council 1992-1994: Member of the Stockholm County Administrative Board 1994-2004: Member of the Swedish Parliament 1980-1984: Chairwoman of the foundation/association Alla Kvinnors Hus (All Women's House) 2004 European Parliament election in Sweden Personal profile of Inger Segelstr\u00f6m in the European Parliament's database of members Declaration (PDF) of financial interests (in Swedish) (in Swedish) [1] v t e"
   },
   {
    "name": "Lina Nyberg",
    "id": "Q515172",
    "text": "Lina Nyberg (born 27 February 1970) is a Swedish jazz singer and composer. She has composed works for string quartet, big band, and symphony orchestra. She is married to the Swedish jazz clarinettist and saxophonist Fredrik Ljungkvist. In 1990 Nyberg put together her own band, the Lina Nyberg Quintet, comprising Per \"Texas\" Johansson, Esbj\u00f6rn Svensson, Dan Berglund, and Mikel Ulfberg. After her graduation at the Stockholm Royal College of Music as a Master of Fine Arts in 1993, Nyberg released her debut solo album Close (1993), a duo recording with late pianist Esbj\u00f6rn Svensson from the well known Swedish trio EST, and it became an instant success and Swedish jazz classic. This was also the beginning of a fruitful cooperation with the producer and owner of Prophone Records, Erland Bo\u00ebthius. In 1995 the Lina Nyberg Quintet was awarded a Swedish Grammy Award for the album When the Smile Shines Through. Nyberg has released over fourteen albums as a solo artist, filling the roles of composer, record producer, and singer. In September 2011 she released Palaver (Moserobie Records). Her music is a mixture of Brazilian tropicalia, European free form, contemporary classical, the Great American Songbook, and traditional jazz. In 2013 the Lina Nyberg Band made its first tour in the U.S. and Canada. During her career, she has collaborated with Bernt Rosengren, Nisse Sandstr\u00f6m, and the Fredrik Nor\u00e9n Band. Since 2013 Lina has been working on a trilogy of albums, composing new music about the world and the elements for different kind of settings, exploring the art of instrumentation. Part 1, \"Sirenades\" (music for big band and her quintet), was released in 2014, part 2, \"Aerials\" (music for string quartet and her quintet) in 2016, and in autumn 2017 the final part, \"Terrestrial\" (Hoob records) was released. This time Lina has created music for symphony orchestra (and her band) on commission from the NorrlandsOpera Symphony Orchestra in Ume\u00e5. Swedish Grammy, Jazz Album of the Year, 1994 Jazz Musician of the Year, Swedish Radio, 2011 Guest of Honour, Ume\u00e5 International Jazz Festival, 2011 Jazz Prize, Royal Swedish Academy of Music, 2016 Jazz Album of the Year, Terrestrial, Orkesterjournalen magazine, 2018 Close with Esbjorn Svensson (Prophone, 1993) When the Smile Shines Through (Prophone, 1994) So Many Stars (Prophone, 1996) Temper with Jacob Karlzon (Prophone, 1997) Open (Prophone, 1998) Smile (Prophone, 2000) Brasilien (Prophone, 2001) Time (Prophone, 2003) A Song Book (Spice of Life, 2003) Saragasso (Moserobie, 2004) Tellus (Moserobie, 2006) Brasil Big Bom with Magnus Lindgren (Caprice, 2007) The Show (Moserobie, 2009) West Side Story (Hoob, 2010) Palaver (Moserobie, 2011) The Sirenades (Hoob, 2014) The Clouds (Hoob, 2020) Sweden portal Jazz portal \"Lina Nyberg\". Biography. MyMusicBase.ru. Retrieved 2014-11-09. Buchmann, Anja (2009-03-16). \"Lina Nyberg \"Pling\"\" (in German). Deutschlandfunk. Retrieved 2013-04-25. \"Lina Nyberg Band\". Ottawa Jazz Festival. 23 June 2013. Archived from the original on 30 June 2013. Retrieved 25 April 2013. \"Lina Nyberg tilldelas Jazzpriset 2016 - Kungliga Musikaliska Akademien\" (25 October 2016). www.musikaliskaakademien.se (in Swedish). Retrieved 9 May 2020. Millroth, Thomas (26 April 2018). \"Lina Nyberg f\u00e5r Gyllene Skivan\". OrkesterJournalen (in Swedish). Retrieved 9 May 2020. \"Lina Nyberg - Saragasso\" (in Swedish). Svenska Dagbladet. 8 October 2004. Retrieved 25 April 2013. Hareuveni, Eyal (2014-04-02). \"Lina Nyberg: The Sirenades\". Musical reviews. All About Jazz. Retrieved 2014-11-09. \"Lina Nyberg\". Discography. All Music. Retrieved 2014-11-09. Official website"
   },
   {
    "name": "Tobias Ludvigsson",
    "id": "Q516151",
    "text": "Tobias Ludvigsson (born 22 February 1991) is a Swedish cyclist who currently rides for UCI WorldTeam Groupama\u2013FDJ. As a junior Ludvigsson won several national titles, both on the road and in mountain biking. In 2009, he was eighth in the junior world road race championship. In mid-2011 he was offered a training contract at the Skil\u2013Shimano team. Soon after, Ludvigsson was offered a professional contract with the team for two years. He is the older brother of Fredrik Ludvigsson. He was named in the start list for the 2016 Giro d'Italia, where he were able to hold the white jersey in the Young rider classification for three stages. In July 2018, he was named in the start list for the 2018 Tour de France. 2008 National Junior Mountain Bike Championships 1st Time trial 1st Cross country 1st Team relay 1st Time trial, National Junior Road Championships 2009 1st Time trial, National Junior Road Championships 1st Junior Kinnekulleloppet 5th Overall Junior Tour de Himmelfart 8th Road race, UCI Juniors World Championships 2010 2nd Overall Tour of Jamtland 3rd Overall Hammar\u00f6 3-dagars 1st Stage 2 2011 1st Overall Hammar\u00f6 3-dagars 1st Stages 1 & 3 1st Prologue Tour de Normandie 1st Stage 4 Th\u00fcringen Rundfahrt der U23 4th Overall Olympia's Tour 5th La C\u00f4te Picarde 6th Himmerland Rundt 2012 2nd Time trial, National Road Championships 3rd Overall Tour of Hainan 4th V\u00e4stboloppet 2013 1st V\u00e4stboloppet 2nd Time trial, National Road Championships 2nd Overall Driedaagse van West-Vlaanderen 1st Young rider classification 3rd Overall Circuit de la Sarthe 1st Young rider classification 2014 1st Overall \u00c9toile de Bess\u00e8ges 1st Young rider classification 1st Stage 5 (ITT) 5th Overall Tour M\u00e9diterran\u00e9en 2015 National Road Championships 3rd Road race 5th Time trial 2016 2nd Time trial, National Road Championships Giro d'Italia Held after Stages 1\u20133 2017 1st Time trial, National Road Championships 2018 National Road Championships 1st Time trial 2nd Road race 2019 National Road Championships 1st Time trial 2nd Road race 2nd Overall \u00c9toile de Bess\u00e8ges 9th Overall Tour de Wallonie 2020 2nd Time trial, National Road Championships 2021 National Road Championships 3rd Time trial 5th Road race ProCyclingStats (1991-02-22). \"Tobias Ludvigsson\". ProCyclingStats. Retrieved 2013-09-07. \"Groupama-FDJ confirm 28 riders for 2019\". Cyclingnews.com. Immediate Media Company. 15 November 2018. Retrieved 3 January 2019. \"Groupama - FDJ\". UCI.org. Union Cycliste Internationale. Archived from the original on 2 January 2020. Retrieved 2 January 2020. \"Groupama - FDJ\". UCI.org. Union Cycliste Internationale. Archived from the original on 1 January 2021. Retrieved 1 January 2021. \"99th Giro d'Italia Startlist\". Pro Cycling Stats. Retrieved 6 May 2016. \"2018: 105th Tour de France: Start List\". Pro Cycling Stats. Retrieved 5 July 2017. Tobias Ludvigsson at ProCyclingStats Tobias Ludvigsson at Cycling Archives v t e"
   },
   {
    "name": "Magnus Bromelius",
    "id": "Q516406",
    "text": "Magnus Bromelius, ennobled Von Bromell, born in Stockholm in 1679, died in 1731, was a Swedish physician and paleontologist. He was the son of the physician and botanist Olof Bromelius and Agnes Svinhufvud af Qvalstad. Bromelius became a doctor of medicine in 1703 in Reims, and was appointed a member of the Collegium medicum in 1705. At the same time he inherited a considerable fortune, which allowed him to devote his time to enlarge the collections of natural objects, coins and medals, he inherited from his father. He was appointed Professor of Anatomy in Stockholm in 1716, but soon left for a position at Collegium medicum, where he became president in 1724. He was elevated in 1726 to nobility. Bromelius wrote many papers in numismatics, medicine and science. Some of them are contained in the \"Acta Literaria et Scientiarum Sveci\u00e6\", including \"Introduction to essential knowledge to recognize and order all sorts of rocks, metals and fossils, etc.\" (1730). According to Elias Fries he was the first Swede to describe plant fossils. In Lithographia Suecana (1727) Bromelius discusses fossil trilobites, corals and shells from Gotland, graptolites, and plant fossils. The mineral bromellite was named in his honour. Meijer, Bernhard (ed.). \"Bromelius\". Nordisk familjebok [Nordic Family Book] (1905\u00a0ed.). pp.\u00a0241\u2013242. This article or an earlier version is (partially) translated from the Swedish Wikipedia, which parts fall under the Creative Commons Attribution. See this page for editing history."
   },
   {
    "name": "Lotta Hedstr\u00f6m",
    "id": "Q517960",
    "text": "(Char-)Lotta Hedstr\u00f6m, earlier Nilsson Hedstr\u00f6m, (born 13 September 1955 in Stockholm) is a Swedish Green Party politician. She was a member of the Riksdag 2002\u201306. Lotta Hedstr\u00f6m at the Riksdag website v t e"
   },
   {
    "name": "Karl Staaf",
    "id": "Q518099",
    "text": "Karl Gustaf Staaf (April 6, 1881 \u2013 February 15, 1953) was a Swedish track and field athlete and tug of war competitor who competed at the 1900 Summer Olympics. He was born in Stockholm. He finished seventh in the pole vault competition and fifth in the hammer throw event. In the triple jump event and in the standing triple jump event his exact results are unknown. He also participated on the Dano-Swedish tug of war team which won the gold medal against opponents France. These were the first Olympic gold medals for Sweden. Dual sport and multi-sport Olympians \"Karl Staaf\". Olympedia. Retrieved 24 December 2020. Karl Staaf at Olympics at Sports-Reference.com (archived) profile v t e v t e v t e"
   },
   {
    "name": "Anna Hasselborg",
    "id": "Q518841",
    "text": "Anna Ellinor Hasselborg (born May 5, 1989) is a Swedish curler who is the 2018 Olympic Champion in women's curling, and a former World Junior Champion skip. In November 2019, she became the first curler in history to reign as the simultaneous holder of the European Curling Championship gold medal, the World Mixed Doubles Curling Championship gold medal, and the Olympic gold medal. Hasselborg made her international debut at the 2008 European Mixed Curling Championship, playing third for Niklas Edin, winning a bronze medal. In 2009, Hasselborg played in her first World Juniors, skipping Sweden to a 6th-place finish. At the 2010 World Junior Curling Championships, Hasselborg upset the Canadian rink skipped by Rachel Homan in the final by a score of 8\u20133. Hasselborg skipped Sweden at the 2013 Winter Universiade, leading her country to a 5th-place finish. Hasselborg graduated from the junior level in 2010, beginning to skip a team on the World Curling Tour. In her first season after juniors, her team won the 2011 Glynhill Ladies International. Hasselborg skipped the Swedish national women's team at the 2014 European Curling Championships, leading her team to a 5th-place finish. This would be her first European Championship appearance. In 2015, Hasselborg's current team of Sara McManus, Agnes Knochenhauer and Sofia Mabergs came together. The following season, the team won two Tour titles, the 2016 Oakville OCT Fall Classic, and the 2016 Stockholm Ladies Curling Cup. That season, the team also represented Sweden at the 2016 European Curling Championships, where they won a silver medal, losing to Russia's Viktoriia Moiseeva in the final. Later in the season, they represented Sweden at the 2017 World Women's Curling Championship, where they placed fourth. Hasselborg's rink was selected to represent Sweden at the 2018 Winter Olympics. In the lead up to the games, the team took home another silver medal at the European Championships, losing in the final of the 2017 European Curling Championships to Eve Muirhead's team from Scotland. A few months later at the Olympics, Hasselborg led her team to a 7-2 round robin record, in second place behind the host Korean \"garlic girls\" team, skipped by Kim Eun-jung. In the playoffs, Hasselborg knocked off the Muirhead-led British rink in the semi-final, before beating South Korea in the final to win the gold medal. A month later, Hasselborg skipped the Swedish national women's team at the 2018 World Women's Curling Championship, falling to the Canadian team in an extra end in the final, to take home the silver medal. Hasselborg won her first Grand Slam in the lone women's Elite 10 in 2018, going undefeated through the tournament and defeating Silvana Tirinzoni in the final. A few weeks later, she won her second career Stockholm Ladies Cup. Then, at the 2018 Masters, Hasselborg won her second straight slam, defeating Rachel Homan in the final. The following month, Hasselborg and her team took home the gold medal at the 2018 European Curling Championships, her first gold medal at the Euros, defeating Swtizerland's Tirinzoni rink in the final. Hasselborg lost the world final once again at the 2019 World Women's Curling Championship, this time losing to Tirinzoni. She was however victorious at the 2019 World Mixed Doubles Curling Championship with partner Oskar Eriksson. The team secured the number one spot in the playoffs en route to defeating the Canadian pair of Jocelyn Peterman and Brett Gallant in the final. Team Hasselborg began the 2019\u201320 season at the Stu Sells Oakville Tankard where they defeated Anna Sidorova in the final. They missed the playoffs at the 2019 AMJ Campbell Shorty Jenkins Classic after going 2\u20132 in the round robin. They defended their title at the 2019 European Curling Championships. Down 4\u20133 in the tenth end of the final to Scotland's Eve Muirhead, Hasselborg made a runback on her final stone to score two and win. In Grand Slam play, Team Hasselborg were the most dominant team on the women's side, winning them the 2019\u201320 Pinty's Cup. They lost in the semifinal of the Masters to Tracy Fleury before winning the next three Slams, the Tour Challenge, National and the Canadian Open. The team was set to represent Sweden at the 2020 World Women's Curling Championship before the event got cancelled due to the COVID-19 pandemic. The Canadian Open would be their last event of the season as both the Players' Championship and the Champions Cup Grand Slam events were also cancelled due to the pandemic. Hasselborg and her team won the first event of the abbreviated 2020\u201321 season, defeating Raphaela Keiser in the final of the 2020 Women's Masters Basel. Next, they played Team Wran\u00e5 in the Sweden National Challenge in December 2020, where they lost 17\u201312. A \"curling bubble\" was set up in Calgary, Canada in the spring, which hosted a number of events, including the 2021 World Women's Curling Championship and two slams. Team Hasselborg competed in both the 2021 Champions Cup and the 2021 Players' Championship, finishing 0\u20134 at the Champions Cup and reaching the semifinals of the Players'. The next week, the team represented Sweden at the World's. Through the round robin, Hasselborg led her team to a 10\u20133 record, qualifying them for the playoffs. After defeating Canada's Kerri Einarson 8\u20133 in the qualification round, they lost a narrow 8\u20137 semifinal against the RCF, skipped by Alina Kovaleva. This put them in the bronze medal game, which they lost 9\u20135 to the Tabitha Peterson rink of the United States. On June 4, 2021, Hasselborg and her teammates were selected as the Olympic Team for the 2022 Winter Olympics. Hasselborg is married to Mathias Hasselborg (n\u00e9 Eriksson), and has one daughter. She comes from a family of curlers including father Mikael, uncle Stefan, brother Marcus and cousin Mio. 2018 Ford World Women's Curling Championship Media Guide https://www.curlingzone.com/event.php?eventid=4192&eventtypeid=82&view=Main#1 http://www.worldcurling.org/owg2018/team-sweden-profile CurlingZone \"Hasselborg makes GSOC history winning 1st Elite 10 women's title\". www.thegrandslamofcurling.com. Archived from the original on 2018-12-03. Retrieved 2018-09-30. The Canadian Press (March 12, 2020). \"World Women's Curling Championship Cancelled\". The Sports Network. Retrieved March 20, 2020. \"World Women's Curling Championship 2020 cancelled in Prince George, Canada\". World Curling Federation. March 12, 2020. Retrieved March 20, 2020. \"GSOC cancels remaining events of 2019\u201320 season\". Grand Slam of Curling. Grand Slam of Curling. March 13, 2020. Retrieved March 20, 2020. Video (full game): 2020 Women's Masters Basel - Final - Raphaela Keiser (Switzerland) vs Anna Hasselborg (Sweden) on YouTube \"Winners of the Sweden National Challenge!\". Facebook. Team Panthera. December 13, 2020. Retrieved June 6, 2021. \"Women's Worlds added to bubble\". Curling Canada. March 5, 2021. Retrieved June 6, 2021. Jackie Spiegel (May 9, 2021). \"World Women's Curling Championship 2021: Results, standings, schedule and TV channel\". Sporting News. Retrieved June 6, 2021. \"SOK tar ut fler idrottare till vinter-OS\" (in Swedish). SVT Sport. June 4, 2021. Retrieved June 6, 2021. \"Mathias Hasselborg\". Facebook. Retrieved May 2, 2021. \"2020 Continental Cup Media Guide\" (PDF). Curling Canada. Retrieved May 2, 2021. \"2021 World Women's Curling Championship Media Guide\" (PDF). Curling Canada. Retrieved April 30, 2021. \"2020 World Women's Curling Championship Media Guide\" (PDF). Curling Canada. Retrieved 2020-03-09. \"Anna Hasselborg Past Teams\". CurlingZone. Retrieved August 20, 2019. Anna Hasselborg at World Curling Federation Anna Hasselborg at CurlingZone Anna Hasselborg at Olympics.com Anna Hasselborg at Olympic.org (archived) Anna Hasselborg at the Swedish Olympic Committee (in Swedish) Anna Hasselborg at Olympedia"
   },
   {
    "name": "Inger Alfv\u00e9n",
    "id": "Q522079",
    "text": "Inger Maria Alfv\u00e9n, born February 24, 1940 in Solna parish in Stockholm county, is a Swedish author and socionom. Alfv\u00e9n became a sociologist in 1964 and has, among other things, worked as a curator. Alfv\u00e9n's books depict existential and moral conflicts such as inherited gender roles, love, lifelong friendship, and loneliness. She had her big breakthrough with the novel S / Y Gl\u00e4djen in 1979. In 2002, Alfv\u00e9n made his debut as a playwright with the play The Rainbow's Root (Regnb\u00e5gens rot), which is about three sisters' lives and development during the last decades of the last century. Alfv\u00e9n's books consists often of what moves through human consciousness.[citation needed] Inger Alfv\u00e9n was married for the first time in 1962\u20131980 to medical licentiate Mikael von Heijne (born 1941), the second time in 1985\u20131991 to the author Lars-Olof Franz\u00e9n (born 1936), and the third time since 1993 to the psychiatrist Johan Cullberg (born 1934).[citation needed] She is a daughter of physics professor and Nobel laureate Hannes Alfv\u00e9n and a grandniece of composer Hugo Alfv\u00e9n. \u00a0 1964 \u2013 Vinbergssn\u00e4ckan 1969 \u2013 Tusentals \u00e4pplen 1971 \u2013 Lena-Bell 1972 \u2013 Ta ner m\u00e5nen 1976 \u2013 St\u00e4dpatrullen 1977 \u2013 Dotter till en dotter 1979 \u2013 S/Y Gl\u00e4djen (filmed in 1989) 1981 \u2013 Arvedelen 1984 \u2013 Ur kackerlackors levnad 1986 \u2013 Lyckans galosch 1989 \u2013 Judiths teater (also filmed as a TV series, Judith) 1992 \u2013 Elefantens \u00f6ga 1992 \u2013 Kvinnornas svarta bok 1992 \u2013 Sex kvinnors lusta 1994 \u2013 En moder har fyra d\u00f6ttrar 1997 \u2013 Berget dit fj\u00e4rilarna flyger f\u00f6r att d\u00f6 1998 \u2013 N\u00e4r jag t\u00e4nker p\u00e5 pengar 1999 \u2013 Det bl\u00e5 sk\u00e5pet 2002 \u2013 N\u00e5gon kom i b\u00e5ten (written and filmed in 2002 as Vier T\u00f6chter) 2004 \u2013 Livets vatten 2006 \u2013 Mandelk\u00e4rnan 2009 \u2013 N\u00e4r f\u00f6rnuftet sover 2012 \u2013 Allt vi aldrig gjorde med varandra 2015 \u2013 Ber\u00f6r mig inte, ber\u00f6r mig 2019 \u2013 Tvilling 2011 - When God Is Watching Us 1978 - TCO Culture Prize 2001 - Signe Ekblad-Eldh Prize 2006 - The Nine Special Prize Society 2012 - Moa Prize 2012 - Eric and Ingrid Lillieh\u00f6\u00f6k's scholarship Sveriges befolkning 1990. Arkivinformation (Ramsele). Stockholm: Riksarkivet. 2011. ISBN\u00a0978-91-88366-91-7. OCLC\u00a0918526402.CS1 maint: others (link) \"Inger Alfv\u00e9n\". Albert Bonniers F\u00f6rlag. Retrieved 2020-10-06. \"Inger Alfv\u00e9n\". Albert Bonniers F\u00f6rlag. Retrieved 2020-10-06. \"Inger Alfv\u00e9n\". IMDb. Retrieved 2020-10-06. Riddarhusets stamtavlor (Version 3.0\u00a0ed.). 2002. \"LIBRIS - s\u00f6kning: f\u00f6rf:(Alfv\u00e9n, Inger, 1940-)\". libris.kb.se (in Swedish). Retrieved 2020-10-06."
   },
   {
    "name": "Gunilla Gerland",
    "id": "Q522720",
    "text": "Gunilla Gerland (born 13 July 1963) is a Swedish author, lecturer and debater on the topic of Asperger syndrome. Gunilla Gerland was born in Stockholm, Sweden, 13 July 1963. Her father left the family, and her mother became a mentally-ill alcoholic. Her 1996 autobiography entitled A Real Person: Life on the Outside (original Swedish title: En Riktig M\u00e4nniska), describes growing up with Asperger syndrome in an unsympathetic environment. She has continued to write and also lecture and debate on Asperger syndrome and the autism spectrum. She works as a counsellor and educator in the field in Stockholm. Her writings have been cited in work concerning the autism spectrum and autism-related problems such as prosopagnosia, in addition to ways in which autism is analysed and discussed. 1996 - A Real Person: Life on the Outside. Tr. Joan Tate. ISBN\u00a09780285636620 1997 - It is good to ask ... A book about Asperger's syndrome and high-functioning autism 1998 - On where warranted - for humanity, \"biologism\" and autism (ed.) 2000 - How to understand and treat aggressive and self-injurious behavior in autism? An overview of treatment models and related factors 2000 - Finding Out About Asperger's Syndrome, High-Functioning Autism and PDD. ISBN\u00a09781853028403 2002 - Autism - problems and opportunities (with G\u00f6ran Hartman and Solveig Larsson) 2003 - Asperger's syndrome - and then? 2004 - Autism: relationships and sexuality 2010 - Working with Asperger's Syndrome - The craftsmanship and the professional role 2010 - Children who raises concerns: see, understand and help preschoolers with a different development (with Ulrika Aspeflo) 2013 - Secrets to Success for Professionals in the Autism Field: An Insider's Guide to Understanding the Autism Sprectrum, the Environment and Your Role. ISBN\u00a09781849053709 Sainsbury, Clare; Gerland, Gunilla (1999). \"An autistic perspective on live company\". Journal of Child Psychotherapy. 25: 153\u2013161. doi:10.1080/00754179908260286. Barnbaum, Deborah R. (2008). The Ethics of Autism: Among Them, But Not of Them. Indiana University Press. pp.\u00a0106\u2013. ISBN\u00a0978-0-253-22013-4. Deborah R. Barnbaum, Indiana University Press, 2008 The Ethics of Autism: Among Them, But Not of Them, (see \"Voices of Autism\" section) Retrieved August 12, 2014 Suzanne Zeedyk (editor), 2008, Jessica Kingsley Publishers, Promoting Social Interaction for Individuals with Communicative Impairments ..., (see page 180), Retrieved August 12, 2014 Allen Shawn, 2011, Viking Publishers, Twin: A Memoir, (see last page of Chapter 2), Retrieved August 12, 2014 Gerland, Gunilla (12 October 1997). \"The Human Condition: My family and other strangers\". The Independent. Tucker, Nicholas (18 May 1998). \"Prisoner in an inner world\". Times Higher Education Supplement. \"Publications\". TES. 14 July 2000. Archived from the original on 3 December 2013. Retrieved 25 November 2013. Gerland, Gunilla (1999). \"Living with an autistic disability\". xoomer.virgilio.it. Retrieved 16 November 2013. Bogdashina, Ol'ga (2003). Sensory Perceptual Issues in Autism and Asperger syndrome: Different Sensory Experiences, Different Perceptual Worlds. London/New York: Jessica Kingsley. p.\u00a014. ISBN\u00a09780585471112. For our audience her conference on sensory problems really was an eye-opener. \"Gunilla Gerland\". Jessica Kingsley Publishers. Retrieved 12 August 2014. Rhode, Maria (2004). \"What Does It Feel Like? Two First-Person Accounts by Adults with Asperger's Syndrome\". In Rhode, Maria; Klauber, Trudy (eds.). The Many Faces of Asperger's Syndrome. Tavistock Clinic series. London/New York: Karnac. pp.\u00a070\u201385. ISBN\u00a09781849404495. Sharp, Sonia (1999). \"Preventing and managing specific learning difficulties in the classroom\". In Whitmore, Kingsley; Hart, Hilary; Willems, Guy (eds.). A Neurodevelopmental Approach to Specific Learning Disorders. Clinics in developmental medicine. 145. London: Mac Keith. pp.\u00a0259\u2013279. ISBN\u00a09781898683117. Hagstr\u00f6m, Torbj\u00f6rg (2004). \"Att inte k\u00e4nna igen ansikten \u2013 ingen bagatell f\u00f6r den drabbade\" (PDF). L\u00e4kartidningen (in Swedish). 101 (41): 3191. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2016-03-04. Retrieved 2014-08-12. Stubblefield, Anna (2013). \"Knowing Other Minds: Ethics and Autism\". In Anderson, Jami L.; Cushing, Simon (eds.). The Philosophy of Autism. Lanham, Maryland: Rowman & Littlefield. pp.\u00a0158, 159. ISBN\u00a09781442217072."
   },
   {
    "name": "Miles Simon",
    "id": "Q523017",
    "text": "Miles Julian Simon (born November 21, 1975) is an American basketball coach and former player who is the head coach for the South Bay Lakers of the NBA G League. Simon was born in Stockholm to an American father and a Norwegian mother. He played guard for the University of Arizona Wildcats men's basketball team, where he formed a formidable backcourt duo with future NBA point guard Mike Bibby. He was named the Most Outstanding Player in the 1997 NCAA Tournament in which Arizona defeated three #1 ranked teams University of Kansas, University of North Carolina, and University of Kentucky in overtime to win the national championship. After college, Simon played five games with the Orlando Magic during the 1999 NBA season. He played for two seasons for the Dakota Wizards of the CBA, whom he led to a CBA championship in 2002. Simon earned enough awards and honors in 2001\u20132002 to make him the most decorated player in CBA history. He received honors as Player of the Week four times. He was named the CBA Newcomer of the Year, the CBA MVP, and the Playoff MVP. He also holds the CBA record for most free throws made in a row at 60. In 2005, Simon was announced as an assistant coach under his collegiate head coach Lute Olson at his alma mater winning the conference championship and reaching the Elite Eight in March 2005. He remained an assistant coach until May 2008, when it was announced by the Arizona athletics department that his coaching contract would not be renewed. Simon worked with ESPN as an analyst. On June 27, 2017, he joined the Los Angeles Lakers as an assistant coach. In 2021, he was named the head coach of the Los Angeles Lakers' development team, the South Bay Lakers, in the NBA G League. Detroit\u2019s Mr. Do-It-All. SLAM Online. Retrieved on December 16, 2009. \"Miles Simon: Assistant Coach\". arizonaathletics.com. August 17, 2006. Archived from the original on October 27, 2007. Retrieved May 10, 2008. \"Final Four Most Outstanding Players\". cbs.sportsline.com. Archived from the original on September 7, 2008. Retrieved May 10, 2008. \"Miles Simon Interview 2012\". Archived from the original on May 12, 2013. Retrieved November 28, 2012. http://www.nba.com/playerfile/miles_simon/ NBA Player Profile Rivera, Steve (May 2, 2008). \"Simon out as UA hoops assistant\". Tucson Citizen. Retrieved May 10, 2008. \"Lakers Add Miles Simon to Coaching Staff\". NBA.com. June 27, 2017. Retrieved November 12, 2017. \"South Bay Lakers Name Miles Simon as Head Coach\". OurSports Central. September 1, 2021. Career statistics and player information from NBA.com\u00a0\u00a0and\u00a0Basketball-Reference.com v t e"
   },
   {
    "name": "Jonatan Johansson",
    "id": "Q523543",
    "text": "Jonatan Lillebror Johansson (born 16 August 1975) is a Finnish football coach and former player. His main position was a striker, playing most notably for Rangers and Charlton Athletic. Johansson was also a regular in the Finnish national team, earning a total of 106 caps. Currently, Johansson is the manager of the Finnish professional football club TPS. Johansson was born in Stockholm, Sweden, and started his career in Finland in his hometown club Pargas IF. In 1995, he moved on to the Veikkausliiga club TPS Turku. He went on to score six goals in 32 league appearances in his first season and was chosen to play in the Finland Under-21 team. In 1997, he transferred to FC Flora Tallinn, becoming the first Finnish player to move to an Estonian club. During this time he broke into the senior Finland team \u2013 his blond, curly locks earned him the nickname 'Tintti' (Tintin) with national team supporters. In 1997 he moved to Scotland to join Rangers for a transfer fee of \u00a3500,000. Under manager Walter Smith he was rarely selected to play. In 1998 Dick Advocaat became the manager of the club and Johansson became a regular to appear for the team. He scored 17 goals in the 1998-1999 season in the squad that won the domestic treble, including eight goals in the Scottish Premier League and five in the UEFA Cup. In the following season Rangers won the domestic double, with Jonatan Johansson scoring seven goals. His overall tally at the club was 24 goals in 37 starts, plus 38 appearances as a substitute. Johansson signed for English Premier League club Charlton in the summer of 2000 as Alan Curbishley sought to strengthen his forward-line for the club's return to the Premier League. Charlton paid \u00a33.25 million for the striker with a further \u00a3250,000 owed if Johansson made 25 appearances and Charlton avoided relegation. Johansson enjoyed six excellent seasons at Charlton playing most games for the Addicks although he never scored as many goals as in his first season when he notched 14, even with an injury toward the end of the season. Johansson moved to Norwich on loan for the rest of the season in the January 2006 transfer window wanting more chances for first team football and was officially released by Charlton at the end of the season. He started his tenure at Norwich promisingly, netting against Ipswich, Derby and Stoke. In July 2006 he signed with Swedish club Malm\u00f6 FF for a transfer fee of \u20ac1.1 million, where he played alongside fellow Finn Jari Litmanen. He proved to be an instant success at the Swedish club. During his first season he scored 11 goals in 14 matches, creating a dangerous offensive line with teammate J\u00fanior. On 13 November 2008, Johansson signed a pre-contract agreement with Scottish Premier League side Hibernian. He agreed an 18-month contract with Hibs, after his contract with Malm\u00f6 FF expired at the end of the 2008 summer season in Sweden. Johansson was unable to sign for Hibs until 1 January due to the transfer window rules, but he began training with the Hibs squad in December 2008. He made his debut on 3 January 2009 against Hearts in the Edinburgh derby. Johansson scored his first goal for Hibs seven months after signing at East End Park against Dunfermline in a 4\u20130 friendly win, but he was expected to leave Hibernian due to the increased competition for places. His departure was confirmed on 1 September 2009. It only became apparent that Johansson had signed for St Johnstone on 27 October 2009 when he was named in the starting line-up for their Scottish League Cup quarter-final tie at home to Dundee United. He had previously been training with the club to maintain his fitness ahead of Finland's international matches earlier in the month. Johansson signed a short-term contract which runs until January 2010. Johansson scored a winning goal for St Johnstone against Hearts on 21 November 2009, which was his first competitive goal in Scotland for ten years, when he was with Rangers. St Johnstone did not renew his short-term contract and Johansson left the club. Greenock Morton and an unnamed German club made Johansson contract offers, but Johansson rejected Morton's offer. It was announced on 8 February 2010 that Johansson would return to his former club after spending 14 years abroad. He scored his first goal (a penalty kick) for TPS in a Veikkausliga game against VPS Vaasa on 7 May. He also scored twice in the next match, against Inter, in the local derby of Turku. He also won the 2010 Finnish Cup, as TPS won 2\u20130 against HJK in the final. He finished the season with 10 goals, being the club's second best goalscorer, only two goals behind Roope Riski. Johansson announced his retirement from professional football on 23 March 2011. Johansson made his debut for the Finnish national team on 16 March 1996 against Kuwait, scoring the game's only goal. He was a regular member of the Finland squad and earned his 100th cap in October 2009. Johansson made a total of 106 appearances for Finland and scored 22 goals. Only Jari Litmanen has made more appearances for Finland than Johansson. Johansson is third in goals scored for Finland, after Litmanen and Mikael Forssell. After scoring the opening goal in a 2010 FIFA World Cup Qualifying match against Wales, Johansson was the subject of verbal criticism by Craig Bellamy. Johansson worked for Greenock Morton as their reserve team coach in 2012. He moved to Motherwell in August 2012 to coach their under-20 team. Johansson left Motherwell in July 2015 and was replaced by Stephen Craigan. In December 2016, he was appointed as an assistant coach to Markku Kanerva for the Finland national team. On 9 April 2017, he was announced as an assistant coach to Rangers manager Pedro Caixinha. After starting work with Rangers, Johansson left his position with the Finland national team. Johansson was appointed on a two-year contract as manager of Scottish Championship club Greenock Morton on 6 September 2018. His first match in charge ended in a 1\u20131 draw at Tannadice Park against Dundee United. Johansson left Morton at the end of the 2018\u201319 season, as the club decided not to exercise the option of retaining him for the second year of his contract. Johansson was appointed as new manager at TPS. On 24th July 2020. He has signed an initial two-year contract with the option of another year. Johansson married Jean Anderson, a Scottish television presenter who is from Port Glasgow, in June 2008. Source: Finland's score first. As of match played 27 April 2019 List of men's footballers with 100 or more international caps Jonatan Johansson at National-Football-Teams.com \"Former Rangers striker lands new manager's job in Europe\". Johansson agrees Hibernian switch , BBC Sport, 13 November 2008. Johnstone, Darren.Hibs hope to have Johansson fit in time for Tynecastle trip, Edinburgh Evening News, 17 December 2008. Hughes keen to keep Nish but warns of player exits, scotsman.com, 24 August 2009. Player update Archived 7 September 2009 at the Wayback Machine, Hibernian FC official site, 1 September 2009. \"Jonatan Johansson signs short-term deal with St Johnstone\". STV Sport. 27 October 2009. Archived from the original on 13 January 2016. Retrieved 27 October 2009. \"Hearts 1 \u2013 2 St Johnstone\". BBC. 21 November 2009. Retrieved 17 February 2010. [1] \"Search for new striker goes on\". Greenock Telegraph. 29 January 2010. \"JONATAN JOHANSSON TEKEE PALUUN TPS-PAITAAN\". 8 February 2010. Archived from the original on 11 February 2010. Retrieved 8 February 2010.Jonatan Johansson returns to TPS (in Finnish) Tintti retires Archived 18 July 2011 at the Wayback Machine (in Finnish) \"Bellamy writes off Wales chances\". BBC Sport. BBC. 28 March 2009. \"TV: Johansson confirmed as U20s coach\". Motherwell F.C. 31 August 2012. Retrieved 31 August 2012. Jonatan Johansson Archived 9 November 2013 at the Wayback Machine, motherwellfc.co.uk, 31 July 2013. McGarry, Graeme (10 July 2015). \"Former Rangers star Johansson quits Motherwell post and Craigan takes over\". The Herald. Herald & Times Group. Retrieved 11 July 2015. \"Johansson Confirmed As Assistant Coach\". Rangers.co.uk. Rangers Football Club. 9 April 2017. \"Rangers: Jonatan Johansson to become assistant coach to Pedro Caixinha\". BBC Sport. BBC. 9 April 2017. \"New Rangers coach Jonatan Johansson says leaving job with Finland was difficult but he couldn't turn down chance to return to Ibrox\". Daily Record. 11 April 2017. \"Morton: Former Rangers assistant Jonatan Johansson named as manager\". BBC Sport. 6 September 2018. Retrieved 6 September 2018. Jonathan Mitchell (15 September 2018). \"Match report: Dundee United 1-1 Morton\". gmfc.net. Greenock Morton F.C. Retrieved 29 November 2018. Crawford, Kenny (4 May 2019). \"Morton manager Jonatan Johansson leaves Greenock club\". BBC Sport. Retrieved 4 May 2019. \"Former Rangers striker lands new manager's job in Europe\". Hibs target former Rangers striker Jonatan Johansson, Daily Record. \"Archived copy\" (in Finnish). Archived from the original on 25 May 2011. Retrieved 25 May 2011.CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link) Jonatan Johansson at Soccerbase Jonatan Johansson at National-Football-Teams.com TPS profile at the Wayback Machine (archived 7 July 2010) (in Finnish)"
   },
   {
    "name": "Jacob Bjerknes",
    "id": "Q524217",
    "text": "Jacob Aall Bonnevie Bjerknes (/\u02c8j\u0251\u02d0k\u0259b \u02c8bj\u025c\u02d0rkn\u026as/ YAH-k\u0259b BYURK-niss, Norwegian:\u00a0[\u02c8j\u0251\u0300\u02d0k\u0254b \u02c8bj\u00e6\u0302rkne\u02d0s]; 2 November 1897 \u2013 7 July 1975) was a meteorologist. He is known for his key paper in which he pointed the dynamics of the polar front, mechanism for north-south heat transport and for which he was also awarded with a doctorate degree from University of Oslo. Jacob Aall Bonnevie Bjerknes was born in Stockholm, Sweden. His father was the Norwegian meteorologist Vilhelm Bjerknes, one of the pioneers of modern weather forecasting. His paternal grandfather was Norwegian mathematician and physicist Carl Anton Bjerknes. His maternal grandfather was Norwegian politician Jacob Aall Bonnevie, after whom he was named. Bjerknes was part of a group of meteorologists led by his father, Vilhelm Bjerknes, at the University of Leipzig. Together they developed the model that explains the generation, intensification and ultimate decay (the life cycle) of mid-latitude cyclones, introducing the idea of fronts, that is, sharply defined boundaries between air masses. This concept is known as the Norwegian cyclone model. Bjerknes returned to Norway in 1917, where his father founded the Geophysical Institute, University of Bergen in Bergen. They organized an analysis and forecasting branch which would evolve into a weather bureau by 1919. The scientific team at Bergen also included the Swedish meteorologists Carl-Gustaf Rossby and Tor Bergeron. As pointed out in a key paper by Jacob Bjerknes and Halvor Solberg (1895-1974) in 1922, the dynamics of the polar front, integrated with the cyclone model, provided the major mechanism for north-south heat transport in the atmosphere. For this and other research, Jacob Bjerknes was awarded the Ph.D. from the University of Oslo in 1924. In 1926, Jacob Bjerknes was a support meteorologist when Roald Amundsen made the first crossing of the Arctic in the airship Norge. In 1931, he left his position as head of the National weather service at Bergen to become professor of meteorology at the Geophysical Institute at the University of Bergen. Jacob Bjerknes lectured at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology during the 1933-1934 school year and emigrated to the United States in 1940 where he headed a government-sponsored meteorology annex for weather forecasting, at the department of physics of the University of California, Los Angeles. During the second world war Bjerknes served the US armed forces and serving as a colonel in the US Air Force he helped find the best dates for the Atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki. Bjerknes founded the UCLA Department of Meteorology (now the Department of Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences). As a professor at the University of California, he was the first to see a connection between unusually warm sea-surface temperatures and the weak easterlies and heavy rainfall that accompany low-index conditions. At UCLA, Bjerknes and fellow Norwegian-American meteorologist, Jorgen Holmboe, further developed the pressure tendency and the extratropical cyclone theories. In 1969, Jacob Bjerknes helped toward an understanding of El Ni\u00f1o Southern Oscillation, by suggesting that an anomalously warm spot in the eastern Pacific can weaken the east-west temperature difference, disrupting trade winds, which push warm water to the west. The result is increasingly warm water toward the east. In 1928, he married Hedvig Borthen (1904-1998). They were the parents of two children. He died on 7 July 1975 in Los Angeles, California. He was made an Honorary Member of the Royal Meteorological Society in 1932 and a member of both the Norwegian Academy of Science and Letters and the Royal Swedish Academy of Science in 1933. Royal Meteorological Society - Symons Gold Medal (1940) American Geophysical Union - William Bowie Medal (1945) Knight 1st Class of the Royal Norwegian Order of St. Olav (1947). Swedish Society for Anthropology and Geography - Vega medal (1958) World Meteorological Organization - International Meteorological Organization Prize (1959). American Meteorological Society - Carl-Gustaf Rossby Research Medal (1960) National Medal of Science (1966) Jacob Bjerknes - the Synthesizer Archived 15 April 2011 at the Wayback Machine (University of Washington) Jacob Bjerknes (Norsk biografisk leksikon) Halvor Solberg (Store norske leksikon) The Life and Science of Jacob Bjerknes (Creighton University Department of Atmospheric Sciences) Carl Anton Bjerknes (Norsk biografisk leksikon) Jacob Aall Bonnevie Bjerknes (1897\u20131975) Archived 19 August 2011 at the Wayback Machine (American Geophysical Union) Magasinet, supplement to Dagbladet, 11 February 2014. pp 14-24 Nova (1998). \"1969\". Public Broadcasting Service. Retrieved 24 July 2009. \"Winners of the IMO Prize\". World Meteorological Organization. Archived from the original on 22 November 2015. Retrieved 9 December 2015. Biographie de Jacob Bjerknes by Arnt Eliassen Tribute to J. Bjerknes on the 100th anniversary of his birth Jacob Bjerknes photograph National Academy of Sciences Biographical Memoir"
   },
   {
    "name": "Gunnar Bj\u00f6rnstrand",
    "id": "Q524529",
    "text": "Knut Gunnar Johanson (13 November 1909 \u2013 26 May 1986) was a Swedish actor known for his frequent work with writer and director Ingmar Bergman. Bj\u00f6rnstrand was born Knut Gunnar Johanson in Stockholm as son of actor Oscar Johanson and Ella Maul\u00e9on. After his education at the Royal Dramatic Theatre's acting school, he made several appearances in theatre, film and radio. Bj\u00f6rnstrand's first collaboration with Ingmar Bergman was the 1941 theatre production of August Strindberg's The Ghost Sonata. His first major film role was in Hampe Faustman's Natt i hamn in 1943. After signing a contract with Svensk Filmindustri, he was offered mainly parts in comedies, including Bergman's Smiles of a Summer Night (1955). In 1957, however, he appeared in two dramatic roles for Bergman, in The Seventh Seal and Wild Strawberries. He regularly starred in other films by Bergman until 1968, when his work for the director became infrequent. He also played major roles at the Stockholm Stadsteater and in private theaters. In later years, due to the consequences of a stroke, Bj\u00f6rnstrand avoided long-term contracts, and focused on theatre and television work. His last film was Bergman's Fanny and Alexander (1982): since he was suffering from memory loss at the time, the production was a difficult one for him. Bj\u00f6rnstrand died in Stockholm in 1986. In 1983 he won the Ingmar Bergman Award at the 19th Guldbagge Awards ceremony. Bj\u00f6rnstrand was married to actress and writer Lillie Bj\u00f6rnstrand. They had three daughters, Kristina, Gabrielle and Veronica Bj\u00f6rnstrand. Veronica has also acted on stage and TV. Bj\u00f6rnstrand was also politically active and participated in protests against the Vietnam War. He was a Roman Catholic and is buried in the Northern Cemetery of Solna. Falska miljon\u00e4ren (1931) as Member of the choir (uncredited) Mon coeur et ses millions (1931) as Un choriste (uncredited) Skepp ohoj! (1931) as Young man (uncredited) His Life's Match (1932) as Student carrying 'Nicken' (uncredited) Landskamp (1932) as Young student watching competition (uncredited) Uppsagd (1934) as Kirre Skoglund (uncredited) Bergslagsfolk (1937) as Birthday guest (uncredited) Vi som g\u00e5r scenv\u00e4gen (1938) as A Man (uncredited) Panik (1939) as Bank Manager Ryder Vi tv\u00e5 (1939) as Doctor (uncredited) Mot nya tider (1939) as August Palm's Associate (uncredited) Hj\u00e4ltar i gult och bl\u00e5tt (1940) as Sgt. Kristian (uncredited) June Night (1940) as Journalist (uncredited) Karl f\u00f6r sin hatt (1940) as Clerk (uncredited) Hennes melodi (1940) as Miss Lindenstj\u00e4rnas fiance (uncredited) Alle man p\u00e5 post (1940) as Military Doctor Sp\u00f6kreportern (1940) as Sausage Factory Engineer (uncredited) Snapphanar (1941) as Soldier (uncredited) En \u00e4ventyrare (1942) as Count Conti General von D\u00f6beln (1942) as L\u00f6jtnant B\u00e4ckstr\u00f6m Natt i hamn (1943) as Sven Eriksson Jag dr\u00e4pte (1943) as Lind\u00e9n Appassionata (1944) as Svensson, Editor of Vecko-Bilden (uncredited) Lev farligt (1944) as Hahn Mitt folk \u00e4r icke ditt (1944) as Major Rolf von Ritter Torment (1944, dir. Alf Sj\u00f6berg) as Teacher (uncredited) Nyordning p\u00e5 Sj\u00f6g\u00e5rda (1944) as Felix Palmer Vad vet ni om Sussie (1945) as Harry Hellberg I som h\u00e4r intr\u00e4den... (1945) as Hagman Peggy p\u00e5 vift (1946) as Harald Haraldsson Kristin Commands (1946) as Dr. Westman Senior / Vilhelm Westman R\u00f6t\u00e4gg (1946) as Dr. Bertil Langenfeldt It Rains on Our Love (1946) as Mr. Purman While the Door Was Locked (1946) as Erik Sahlen Bruden kom genom taket (1947) as Sune Eriksson Pappa s\u00f6kes (1947) as Shoe-shiner Tom, 'Plutten' Krigsmans erinran (1947) as Sgt. L\u00f6fgren One Swallow Does Not Make a Summer (1947) as 40-talisten H\u00e4r kommer vi... (1947) as Actor Bob Hill, aka Robert Berg Two Women (1947) as Bengt Larsson Music in Darkness (1948) as Klasson Each to His Own Way (1948) as Sture Widman En svensk tiger (1948) as Hans Wolff Lilla M\u00e4rta kommer tillbaka (1948) as Kaptenen Soldat Bom (1948) as Korpral Berglund Skolka skolan (1949) as Bertil Kronberg The Girl from the Third Row (1949) as Dr. Edvin Burelius Pappa Bom (1949) as Sportsman Fritjof Krafft My Sister and I (1950) as Architect Gunnar Stenwall F\u00e4stm\u00f6 uthyres (1950) as Actor Julius Brumse Kyssen p\u00e5 kryssen (1950) as Film Director Lasse Brenner Kvartetten som spr\u00e4ngdes (1950) as Engineer Planertz The White Cat (1950) as Jarl Eksell Customs Officer Bom (1951) as Frans Melin, aka Hamn-Casanova The Nuthouse (1951) as Arm\u00e9kapten Livat p\u00e5 luckan (1951) as Conscript S\u00e4g det med blommor (1952) as Oskar Blomkvist M\u00f6te med livet (1952) as Narrator (voice) En f\u00e4stman i taget (1952) as Valentin Fredriksson-Frisk Secrets of Women (1952) as Fredrik Lobelius Flyg-Bom (1952) as Sgt. Niklas Slevbrink Opp\u00e5t med gr\u00f6na hissen (1952) as Malte L\u00f6vman Dansa, min docka... (1953) as Zdenko Zapatil Vi tre debutera (1953) as Director Brummer Sawdust and Tinsel (1953) as Mr. Sjuberg Glasberget (1953) as Dr. Dalander Flottans glada gossar (1954) as Shipowner Ludvig Ekman Seger i m\u00f6rker (1954) as Henrik Kugelstr\u00f6m A Lesson in Love (1954) as David Erneman Gabrielle (1954) as Robert Holm\u00e9n Stampen (1955) as Acke Kullerstedt Dreams (1955) as Otto S\u00f6nderby, Consul Smiles of a Summer Night (1955) as Fredrik Egerman Det \u00e4r aldrig f\u00f6r sent (1956) as Professor Rocke Seventh Heaven (1956) as Ernst C:son Kruuse, major Skorpan (1956) as Freddie Braxenhjelm The Seventh Seal (1957) as J\u00f6ns, squire Night Light (1957, dir. Lars-Eric Kjellgren) as Mr. Purman Summer Place Wanted (1957) as Lawyer Gustaf Dahlstr\u00f6m Wild Strawberries (1957) as Dr. Evald Borg You Are My Adventure (1958) as Tore Hall Miss April (1958) as Marcus Arwidson The Magician (1958) as Dr. Vergerus, Minister of Health Swinging at the Castle (1959) as Agne C:son Stressberg Brott i paradiset (1959) as Adam 'A.P.' Palmquist Himmel och pannkaka (1959) as Ernst C:son Kruuse Pirates on the Malonen (1959) as 'Greven' The Devil's Eye (1960) as Actor Through a Glass Darkly (1961) as David The Pleasure Garden (1961, dir. Alf Kjellin) as David Samuel Franz\u00e9n Winter Light (1962) as Tomas Ericsson Lyckodr\u00f6mmen (1963) as Sebastian Min k\u00e4ra \u00e4r en ros (1963) as Georg Ehnstr\u00f6m Kl\u00e4nningen (1964) as Helmer Berg \u00c4ktenskapsbrottaren (1964) as Herr Fotograf F\u00e4ger Loving Couples (1964) as Dr. Jacob Lewin My Sister, My Love (1966) as Count Schwartz Tr\u00e4fracken (1966) as Dr. Rune Wester Persona (1966) as Mr. Vogler Here Is Your Life (1966) as Lundgren Hagbard and Signe (1967) as King Sigvor Stimulantia (1967) as Paul Hartman Tofflan (1967) as Engineer Morgan Alm The Girls (1968) as Hugo Shame (1968) as \u00f6verste Jacobi, borgm\u00e4stare Pappa varf\u00f6r \u00e4r du arg? Du gjorde likadant sj\u00e4lv n\u00e4r du var ung (1968) as Adm. Carl The Rite (1969, TV Movie) as Hans Winkelmann Blow Hot, Blow Cold (1969) as Prof. Gunnar Lindmark Lockf\u00e5geln (1971) as Maj. Swedenhielm Pistol (1973) as Alisia's Friend Face to Face (1976) as The Grandfather Tabu (1977) as R\u00e5dmanskan Autumn Sonata (1978) as Paul Charlotte L\u00f6wensk\u00f6ld (1979) as Rural Dean Forsius Avskedet (1982) as Morfadern Fanny and Alexander (1982) as Filip Landahl - Teatern \"Gunnar Bj\u00f6rnstrand\". Swedish Film Institute. 9 March 2014. Gunnar Bj\u00f6rnstrand at the website of the Ingmar Bergman Foundation. Gunnar Bj\u00f6rnstrand at IMDb Gunnar Bj\u00f6rnstrand page at Bergmanorama v t e"
   },
   {
    "name": "Lena Anderson",
    "id": "Q525821",
    "text": "Lena Anderson is a Swedish children's book illustrator and author. Anderson was born in Stockholm, Sweden in 1939. She first gained international success for her illustrations in the 1985 picture book Linnea in Monet's Garden, which was translated into English in 1987. The book, which she made with Christina Bj\u00f6rk, took five years to finish. She has worked on multiple other books with writer Christina Bj\u00f6rk, including a series of children's stories with the character Linnea. Anderson's nature-based drawings continue the tradition of Swedish picture book styles, similar to that of Elsa Beskow's work. Linnea Planterar (\"Linnea's Windowsill Garden\") (1978; English trans., 1988), by Christina Bj\u00f6rk Linnea in Monet's Garden (1985; English trans., 1987) Linnea's Almanac (1985; English trans., 1989), by Christina Bj\u00f6rk Majas alfabet (\"Maja's Alphabet\") (1984) Stina (1988; English trans., 1989) Bunny Party (1989) Stina's Visit (1989; English trans., 1991) ABC, sa lilla t (\"ABC, Said Little T\") (1994) Tea for Ten (1998; English trans., 2000) Tick-Tock (1998) In 1984, Anderson won the Elsa Beskow-plaketten\u00a0[sv]. She received the Rab\u00e9n & Sj\u00f6gren's illustrator scholarship\u00a0[sv] in 1984. In 1988, Anderson won the Astrid Lindgren Prize along with Christina Bj\u00f6rk. Also in 1988, Linnea in Monet's Garden received the Deutscher Jugendliteraturpreis (German Children's Literature Award) in the children's book category. \"Barnboksillustrat\u00f6ren Lena Anderson st\u00e4ller ut p\u00e5 Millesg\u00e5rden\" (in Swedish). Boktugg. 17 June 2019. Retrieved 30 April 2020. Nikolajeva, Maria (2006). \"Anderson, Lena\". The Oxford Encyclopedia of Children's Literature. Oxford University Press. ISBN\u00a0978-0-19-514656-1. Westin, Boel (1996). Children's Literature in Sweden. Swedish Institute. p.\u00a058. ISBN\u00a091-520-0384-1. Retrieved 30 April 2020. Graeber, Laurel (20 March 1998). \"Family Fare: Linnea's Day With Monet\". The New York Times. p.\u00a0E43. Retrieved 30 April 2020. Westin 1996, pg. 60 \"Swedish children's Literature\". sweden.se. 22 October 2019. Retrieved 6 May 2020. Holton, Barbara (1993). From Loraxes to Thoraxes: Science Programs for Children in Libraries. ERIC (Education Resources Information Center). pp.\u00a041\u201342. Bereiter, Carl (1995). Collections for Young Scholars. Open Court Publishing Company. pp.\u00a05, 7. ISBN\u00a00-8126-3248-6. Retrieved 30 April 2020. \"Bunny Party\". Publishers Weekly. 27 February 1989. Retrieved 1 May 2020. \"Tick-Tock\". Publishers Weekly. 1 June 1998. Retrieved 1 May 2020. \"ANNONS: Lena Anderson st\u00e4ller ut p\u00e5 Millesg\u00e5rden \u2013 k\u00f6p hennes \u00e4lskade motiv h\u00e4r\". www.expressen.se (in Swedish). Retrieved 2020-05-10. \"Priser i Astrids namn\". astridlindgren.com (in Swedish). Retrieved 6 May 2020. \"Linn\u00e9a im Garten des Malers\". jugendliteratur.org (in German). Retrieved 6 May 2020. Examples of Lena Anderson's illustrations from Cultivating Home"
   },
   {
    "name": "Louise Fors",
    "id": "Q526363",
    "text": "Louise Anneli Schillgard (n\u00e9e Fors; born 23 October 1989) is a Swedish football midfielder, who last played for Boston Breakers of the American National Women's Soccer League (NWSL) in 2016. She did not play in 2015 but spent part of 2014 with \u00c4lta IF of the Elitettan, on loan from Liverpool of the English FA WSL. At club level she also played for Link\u00f6ping FC in Sweden's Damallsvenskan, Hammarby IF, AIK, Western Sydney Wanderers FC in Australia's W-League, and RCD Espanyol in Spain's Superliga Femenina. Schillgard won 23 caps for the Sweden women's national football team and represented her country at UEFA Women's Euro 2009 in Finland. Nicknamed Lollo, she signed a two-year extension to her Link\u00f6pings contract in October 2011. On 12 December 2012 it was announced that Schillgard had signed a contract with Liverpool. On 29 September 2013, in the end-of-season decider 2\u20130 win against Bristol, Schillgard scored Liverpool's first goal from the penalty spot and helped Liverpool clinch their first FA WSL title. Schillgard departed Liverpool on loan in January 2014, to play for \u00c4lta IF of the Elitettan. The decision was related to the planning of her wedding. She intended to return to the Reds for their UEFA Women's Champions League campaign in 2014\u201315. On 30 June 2014, twenty-four-year-old Schillgard announced her sudden retirement from all football. Having played at the top level since the age of 14, she wanted to prioritise her family life, but did not rule out a return to professional soccer in future. In January 2016 she was tempted out of retirement by her former Liverpool coach Matt Beard, who signed her for his new club, Boston Breakers of the National Women's Soccer League (NWSL). On 10 November 2016, after one season at Boston Breakers, the club announced Schillgard was not returning for the 2017 season due to personal reasons. Schillgard was a member of the Swedish national team from her debut against Romania in September 2008, and played at the 2009 European Championship. She subsequently took part in the 2011 World Cup qualifying campaign, but was not selected for the final tournament. She was also overlooked for the 2012 Olympic football tournament in London and UEFA Women's Euro 2013, which Sweden hosted. Disappointed Schillgard suspected that she was excluded on grounds of her character rather than her ability. Liverpool FA WSL (1): 2013 Foreign players in the FA WSL List of foreign W-League (Australia) players List of foreign NWSL players List of Western Sydney Wanderers Women players Women's association football portal English football portal Sports portal Sweden portal \"Association player list\" (PDF). UEFA. Retrieved 15 November 2011. \"Damlandslagets spelare 2011\" (in Swedish). Svensk Fotboll. Retrieved 20 September 2011. Statistics in Svenksfotboll.se Profile in Link\u00f6pings' website Espanyol 2009\u201310 squad in the club's website Louise Fors till Espanyol Archived 24 August 2010 at the Wayback Machine AIK Fotboll \"Lollo Fors f\u00f6rl\u00e4nger med LFC\" (in Swedish). Corren.se. 31 October 2011. Retrieved 15 November 2011. Snowdon, Paul. \"Liverpool Ladies lift the trophy after winning the FA Women's Super League\". Liverpool Echo. Liverpool Echo. Retrieved 7 October 2013. Nilsson, Alva (21 January 2014). \"Fors byter m\u00e4starna mot \u00c4lta\" (in Swedish). Damfotboll.com. Retrieved 2 January 2014. Wahlberg, Malin (30 June 2014). \"Stj\u00e4rnan slutar \u2013 och kritiserar Sundhage\". Aftonbladet (in Swedish). Retrieved 12 August 2014. \"Ex-landslagsspelare till Boston\" (in Swedish). Svenska Dagbladet. 22 January 2016. Retrieved 25 January 2016. Kassouf, Jeff (21 January 2016). \"Beard brings ex-Liverpool player Schillgard to Boston\". The Equalizer. Retrieved 25 January 2016. \"Breakers midfielder Louise Schillgard departs club\". Boston Breakers. 10 November 2016. Sujay Dutt (27 September 2008). \"Romania fail to halt Swedish charge\". UEFA. Retrieved 15 November 2011. Profile in UEFA's 2009 Euro archive Statistics in UEFA.com Louise Schillgard \u2013 UEFA competition record (archive) Swedish National Team profile (in Swedish) Louise Schillgard at SvFF (in Swedish) (archived) Louise Schillgard on Twitter"
   },
   {
    "name": "Suzanne Osten",
    "id": "Q526431",
    "text": "Carlota Suzanne Osten (born 20 June 1944) is a Swedish film director stage director and screenwriter. She won the award for Best Director at the 22nd Guldbagge Awards for the film The Mozart Brothers. Suzanne Osten was born in Stockholm. She is the daughter of toolmaker Karl Otto Osten (1912\u20131970) and film critic Gerd Osten (born Ekbom), whose frustrating efforts to direct a film in a male-dominated film industry are the subject matter of her daughter Suzanne\u2019s debut film Mamma (1982). Osten's father was a social democrat and resistance man who came to Sweden when he fled from the Nazi regime in Germany. Her parents were married in 1941 but divorced when Suzanne Osten was little. In 1963, Osten graduated from Viggbyholmsskolan, a high school with a curriculum focused on language and creative subjects, and, after this, she studied art, literature and history at Lund University where she began directing at the university theater. Osten formed one of Sweden\u2019s first fringe theatrical companies, Fickteatern, and began her career as a stage director there in the late 1960s. In 1971, she continued to Stockholm City Theatre, which would be her fixed point for many decades. At that venue, she became a leader in developing the political theater of that time. Together with Margareta Garpe, she wrote the play Tjejsnack [Girl talk] (1971), intended for teenaged girls. Some of the songs from that play, such as the feminist anthem Vi m\u00e5ste h\u00f6ja v\u00e5ra r\u00f6ster [We have to raise our voices] are on the record S\u00e5nger f\u00f6r kvinnor och m\u00e4n [Songs for women and men] from 1972. After this, Osten and Garpe wrote the plays K\u00e4rleksf\u00f6rest\u00e4llningen [The love notion] (1973), J\u00f6sses flickor! Befrielsen \u00e4r n\u00e4ra [Gee girls! Liberation is close] (1974) and Fabriksflickorna, makten och h\u00e4rligheten [Factory girls, the power and the glory] (1980). All of these plays have a distinct connection to the Swedish feminist organization Grupp 8. Suzanne Osten is a pioneer in developing theater for children. Throughout her career, she has advocated for art and culture for children and youth. She asserts that the child perspective is a question of power, about describing power relationships, and about seeing power from the perspective of the powerless, i.e., from an underdog perspective. A child is always more dependent on the adult since children are powerless in relation to adults. Osten has remained true to this standpoint in her writing, directing, and even casting of plays and films. In 1975, she formed Unga Klara, a branch of Stockholm City Theater for the purpose of producing theatrical performances for children and youth. Osten worked there as both stage director and artistic director until the summer of 2014 and developed a process for creating a performance. The playscript Babydrama (2006) was written by psychoanalyst and dramatist Ann-Sofie B\u00e1r\u00e1ny following a period of improvisation and research. This production was controversial because the intended audience was infants aged from six months. Osten had been cautioned that children this young could not comprehend a drama, but she defied critics, and, during this performance, infants, without previous theater-going knowledge, sat as a theatre audience collectively watching the play for one hour. Baby Drama is a cabaret with six actors. The narrative suggests the lived experience of the audience from conception, the time in the womb, birth, meeting with its family, and then on to a life of its own. Osten documented the reaction of the young audience in Baby Drama: A documentary film with the baby as the lens where the viewer sees infants' faces watching the performance. Osten finds this to be proof of adult significance as performers, as art distributors, and of human love for communication. She interprets the reaction of the audience as an innate need in a child for gestures, facial expressions, emotions, language, and bodies from which to learn communication. Osten\u2019s process involves the entire theatrical company; writers, actors, technicians, mask makers, based on research and extended collaboration with audience groups. This process is influenced by Keith Johnstone\u2019s improvisational theater. Experts outside the theater world, artists, and academic researchers are invited by Osten to contribute with their expertise to the evolutionary and improvisational process of a stage production. Osten put this method of working to the test in Baby Drama when she wanted to investigate how early an audience can be receptive to theatrical performance. Osten has been a guest director at theaters other than Unga Klara and in genres other than children's theater. These productions include the operetta Glada \u00c4nkan (The Merry Widow) at Folkoperan in 2008, and popular productions at Gothenburg City Theatre, such as Publiken [The Public] by Federico Garc\u00eda Lorca and I Annas Garderob [In Anna\u2019s closet] by Ann-Sofie B\u00e1r\u00e1ny, inspired by the life and work of Anna Freud. In 2014, Osten directed a major Nordic theatrical collaboration involving artists from Iceland, Finland, and Sweden. Magnus Maria: An opera about the right gender is about Mary Johansdotter / Magnus Johansson, whose destiny begins in the late 17th century in F\u00f6gl\u00f6 in \u00c5land and ends a few decades later in Stockholm. The opera premiered in Mariestad, \u00c5land, and toured the Nordic countries. Osten went from the stage to film with two films made for television; Moa, \u00d6sten och Stella [Moa \u00d6sten and Stella] (screenplay;1974) and Barn i Afrika [Children in Africa] (director; 1978), before she debuted with the full-length feature film Mamma (1982). Like her stage productions, her films also deal with political issues, for instance Skydds\u00e4ngeln (The Guardian Angel) (1990) which focuses on political terrorism, although based on riots and demands for democracy in early 20th century Sweden. Tala! Det \u00e4r s\u00e5 m\u00f6rkt, (Speak up! It\u2019s so dark) is about the wave of neo-Nazism that swept through Sweden in the 1980s and 90s and its link to unemployment among Swedish young people. For Br\u00f6derna Mozart (The Mozart brothers) (1986), Osten was awarded a Guldbagge in 1987 for Best Director. Outside of Sweden, The Guardian Angel, was selected for Un Certain Regard at the Cannes Film Festival in 1990. In November, 2014, Osten was appointed Sweden\u2019s first Children\u2019s Film Ambassador by the Swedish Film Institute. In this role, Osten is to work for the development of film for children in the country. This position began in 2015. The film The Girl, the Mother and the Demons (2016) was written and directed by Osten based on her fictionalized autobiography, Flickan, mamman och soporna [The Girl, the mother and the rubbish] (1998), which was revised for the stage by Erik Uddenberg with the same title. The film, with the release date April 2016, was shot for the age of 11 years and up. However, the Swedish censor rated it from 15 years and up in March 2016. The film had already been screened for selected families in Sweden and marketing was in progress when this decision was made. Osten's colleagues initiated a protest, and the rating decision was appealed successfully. In an article in Svenska Dagbladet, the authors maintained that by denying children the right to see the movie, the Swedish censor demonstrates contempt for children and manifests the conservative winds blowing in Sweden in 2016. Mamma (1982) The Mozart Brothers (1986) Lethal Film (1988) The Guardian Angel (1990) Speak Up! It's So Dark (1993) The Girl, the Mother and the Demons (2016) Papperspappan [The paper dad] 1994 Flickan, mamman och soporna [The Girl, the mother and the rubbish] (1998) Mina meningar [In my opinion] (2002) Babydrama \u2013 En konstn\u00e4rlig forskningsrapport [Baby Drama: An artistic research report] (2009) Det allra viktigaste [What's most important] (2013) 2015 Stig Dagerman Prize \"Suzanne Osten\". The Swedish Film Database. Retrieved 14 March 2014. \"Br\u00f6derna Mozart (1986)\". The Swedish Film Database. Retrieved 15 March 2014. Johansson, Birgitta (2006). Befrielsen \u00e4r n\u00e4ra Feminism och teaterpraktik i Margareta Garpes och Suzanne Ostens 1970tals-teater (1\u00a0ed.). Stockholm: Symposion. ISBN\u00a091-7139-759-0. Osten, Suzanne. \"Baby Drama: A documentary Film with the baby as the lens\". YouTube. Unga Klara. Osten, Suzanne (2009). Babydrama En konstn\u00e4rlig forskningsrapport. Stockholm: Dramatiska Institutet. B\u00e1r\u00e1ny, Ann-Sofie (2008). Babydrama (1\u00a0ed.). G\u00f6teborg: Kabusa. ISBN\u00a0978-91-7355-037-6. \"Magnus Maria An Opera About the Right Gender by Kar\u00f3l\u00edna Eir\u00edksd\u00f3ttir\". mic.is. Retrieved 29 January 2016. Jensen, Jorn Rossing. \"Suzanne Osten becomes Sweden's first film ambassador\". cineuropa.org. Retrieved 29 January 2016. Uddenberg, Erik. \"Flickan, mamman och sopporna\". columbine.se. Columbine F\u00f6rlag. Retrieved 19 March 2016. Deinoff, Gustav. \"Barnf\u00f6rakt att f\u00f6rbjuda Suzanne Ostens film\". Ingela \u00d6stlund (30 March 2015). \"Stig Dagermanpriset till Suzanne Osten\". svt.se (in Swedish). Retrieved 3 December 2015. Suzanne Osten at IMDb Suzanne Osten at the Swedish Film Database Baby Drama at Unga Klara Unga Klara Our History"
   },
   {
    "name": "Pehr Victor Edman",
    "id": "Q526942",
    "text": "Pehr Victor Edman (April 14, 1916 \u2014 March 19, 1977) was a Swedish biochemist. He developed a method for sequencing proteins; the Edman degradation. Edman was born in Stockholm, Sweden. In 1935 he started studying medicine at Karolinska Institutet, where he became interested in basic research and received a bachelor in medicine in 1938. His research was interrupted by the outbreak of World War II, where he was drafted to serve in the Swedish army. He returned to the Karolinska Institutet where he earned his doctoral degree under advice from Professor Erik Jorpes in 1946. At the time Edman started working on Angiotensin, it was just being recognized that proteins are distinct entities with a defined molecular mass, electric charge and structure. This inspired Edman to develop a method, that could be used to determine the sequence of amino acids in the protein. In 1947, he was awarded a travel stipend to go to Rockefeller Institute of Medical Research. When he returned to Sweden in 1950 to be an Assistant Professor at the University of Lund, he published his first paper using the method later known as Edman degradation, to determine the sequence of a protein. To his death, he continued to work to improve the method to be able to determine longer stretches with smaller amounts of sample. In 1957, he moved to Australia to be the director of St. Vincent's School of Medical Research. In 1967, he successfully developed an automated protein sequencer, called the sequenator, with his assistant Geoffrey Begg. In 1972, he moved to the Max-Planck-Institut of Biochemistry, Martinsried near Munich. He worked with his second wife, Agnes Henschen, and she used Edman's method to sequence fibrinogen. In 1977, Edman died of a brain tumor after a short coma. Partridge, S. M.; Blomback, Birger (1979). \"Pehr Victor Edman 14 April 1916-19 March 1977\". Biographical Memoirs of Fellows of the Royal Society. 25: 241\u2013265. doi:10.1098/rsbm.1979.0008. PMID\u00a011615794. Australian Dictionary of Biography Encyclopedia of Australian Science Australian Academy of Science Biographical memoirs"
   },
   {
    "name": "Mattias Mostr\u00f6m",
    "id": "Q531977",
    "text": "Mattias Kent Mostr\u00f6m (born 25 February 1983) is a former Swedish professional footballer who last played for Norwegian Eliteserien club Molde, as a midfielder. He started his career with AIK, before he made his first-team debut with FC Caf\u00e9 Opera. He later returned to AIK before he moved to his last club Molde in 2007. Mostr\u00f6m was born in Stockholm and started to play football at AIK at the age of six and was selected for the club's development squad during his youth. He transferred to FC Caf\u00e9 Opera ahead of the 2001 season, where he made his senior debut. He played three seasons for the club. In 2004, Mostr\u00f6m returned to his old club AIK, where he signed a contract till the end of the 2007 season. Mostr\u00f6m made his debut in Allsvenskan when he came on as a substitute in the opening match of the 2004 season against Sundsvall. He started his first match for AIK against Halmstad in the fifth round, and soon became a regular in AIK's starting line-up. Mostr\u00f6m scored his first goal in Allsvenskan when he scored the match-winning goal against Landskrona on 23 May 2004. After the 2006 season, AIK's new head coach Rikard Norling told Mostr\u00f6m that he wasn't a part of his future plans and that he was free to find himself a new club. Mostr\u00f6m who had played for AIK for a total of 14 seasons, then stated that he wanted to move abroad so that he did not have to meet AIK in a match. Mattias Mostr\u00f6m signed a three-year contract with the Norwegian First Division club Molde in January 2007, despite being wanted by the Tippeligaen club Aalesund. He made his Molde debut on 9 April 2007 in the 2\u20133 win on away ground against Sogndal. Mostr\u00f6m signed a pre-contract with the Swedish club Kalmar FF in July 2011, and was going to join the club when his contract with Molde expired after the 2011 season. Mostr\u00f6m did however change his mind, and asked Kalmar FF if they could destroy the contract, and instead he signed a new contract with Molde lasting till the end of the 2014 season. He made 27 appearances and scored three goals in the 2011 Tippeligaen season where Molde won the first top-flight title in club history. In 2012, after six seasons with Molde, Mostr\u00f6m became the foreign player with the most matches for Molde. Mostr\u00f6m played 28 games and scored five goals in the 2012 league season, where Molde succeeded in defending the league title. Molde won the Norwegian Cup in 2013, where Mostr\u00f6m contributed in all games from the third round to the final. In July 2014, Mostr\u00f6m and Molde agreed on a two-year contract extension that kept him at the club till the end of the 2016 season. In August 2016, his contract with Molde was extended to last till the end of the 2018 season. On 5 May 2019, Mostr\u00f6m got his 250th appearance in Eliteserien, in the club's 2\u20131 win away against Haugesund. As of 1 December 2019, Mostr\u00f6m has made 357 appearances for Molde, the fifth-highest number of appearances by any player for the club. Alongside Trond Strande and Vegard Forren, he is the only player to have appearances for Molde in 12 consecutive Eliteserien seasons. Mostr\u00f6m's younger half-brother, Marcus West, is also a professional footballer. Ahead of the 2014 season, the two played against each other for the first time when Molde met AIK in a pre-season friendly match. As of 19 December 2020 Molde Tippeligaen/Eliteserien: 2011, 2012, 2014, 2019 Norwegian Cup: 2013, 2014 \"Mattias Mostr\u00f6m\". altomfotball.no (in Norwegian). TV 2. Retrieved 18 February 2014. Bennani, Youssef (28 November 2003). \"AIK h\u00e4mtar hem Mattias Mostr\u00f6m\". Svenska Fans (in Swedish). Retrieved 18 February 2014. Wahlund, Lasse (24 May 2004). \"Mattias Mostr\u00f6m fick \u00e4ntligen jubla\". Aftonbladet (in Swedish). Retrieved 18 February 2014. Karlsson, Emil (19 December 2006). \"AIK ger Mostr\u00f6m sparken\". Expressen (in Swedish). Retrieved 18 February 2014. \"Mattias Mostr\u00f6m klar f\u00f6r Molde\". Expressen (in Swedish). 31 January 2007. Retrieved 18 February 2014. \"Mattias Mostr\u00f6m\". altomfotball.no (in Norwegian). Retrieved 4 May 2018. Holden, Lillian (26 July 2011). \"Molde-Mostr\u00f6m solgt til svensk klubb: - Utrolig moro!\". Verdens Gang (in Norwegian). Retrieved 23 February 2014. Brunvoll, \u00d8yvind (12 June 2013). \"Mostr\u00f6m avviser ryktene om AIK\". Romsdals Budstikke (in Norwegian). Archived from the original on 27 February 2014. Retrieved 23 February 2014. \"Mathias m\u00f8ter broren\". Molde FK (in Norwegian). 28 January 2014. Archived from the original on 30 January 2014. Retrieved 23 February 2014. \"Mostr\u00f6m blir i Molde\". F\u00e6drelandsvennen (in Norwegian). 4 July 2014. Retrieved 24 July 2019. Br\u00f8ste, Martin (26 August 2016). \"Molde-veteranen: - Det har v\u00e6rt en rar sesong\". www.framtidinord.no (in Norwegian). Retrieved 24 July 2019. Player profile on official club website (in Norwegian)"
   },
   {
    "name": "Maud Hansson",
    "id": "Q532441",
    "text": "Maud Hansson (5 December 1937 \u2013 1 October 2020) was a Swedish film actress. She appeared in 20 films between 1956 and 1991. Her filmography includes supporting roles in the Ingmar Bergman films The Seventh Seal and Wild Strawberries (both 1957) as well as her portrayal of the slightly naive maid Lina in the Emil of L\u00f6nneberga films (1971\u20131973) based on Astrid Lindgren's books. \"\"Emil i L\u00f6nneberga\"-stj\u00e4rnan Maud Hansson Fissoun \u00e4r d\u00f6d\". aftonbladet. Retrieved 19 October 2020. \"Maud Hansson\". Svensk Filmdatabas. Retrieved 7 September 2020. Maud Hansson at IMDb Maud Hansson at the Swedish Film Database Maud Hansson at Svenskt kvinnobiografiskt lexikon v t e"
   },
   {
    "name": "Natanael Berg",
    "id": "Q532510",
    "text": "Carl Natanael Rexroth-Berg (9 February 1879, Stockholm \u2013 14 October 1957, Stockholm) was a Swedish composer. Berg trained in veterinary medicine and began learning music by teaching himself. He later studied at the Stockholm Conservatory as the pupil of Johan Lindegren. Until 1939, he served as a veterinarian in the Swedish Army and afterwards he became a freelance composer. His output included five operas, three ballets, five symphonies as well as several symphonic poems, a piano concerto, a violin concerto, a serenade for violin and orchestra, a piano quintet, ballades, lieder, and pieces for piano. Saul och David, 1907 Eros vrede, 1907 Traumgewalten, symphonic poem, 1910 Leila, opera, 1910 Mannen och kvinnan, 1911 Predikaren, 1911 Symphony No. 1 Alles endet was entstehet, 1913 Varde Ljus, symphonic poem, 1914 \u00c4lvorna, ballet, 1914 Israels lovs\u00e5ng, 1915 Symphony No. 2 \u00c5rstiderna, 1916 Symphony No. 3 Makter, 1917 Piano Quintet, 1917 Die badenden Kinder, 1918 Violin Concerto, 1918 Symphony No. 4 Pezzo Sinfonico, 1918 Sensitiva, ballet, 1919 String Quartet, 1919 Hertiginnans friare, ballet, 1920 Serenade for Violin and Orchester, 1923 Symphony No. 5 Trilogia delle passioni, 1924 H\u00f6ga Visan, 1925 Engelbrekt, opera, 1928 (Engelbrecht, Braunschweig, 1933) Piano Concerto, 1931 Judith, opera, 1935 Birgitta, opera, 1942 Genoveva, opera, 1944\u201346 Tre konungar, Part 1, opera (incomplete), 1950\u20131954, orchestrated up to 1957 Storm Bull: Index to biographies of contemporary composers. Vol. II. Scarecrow Press, Metuchen, N.J. 1974. Hans-Gunnar Peterson, Stig Jacobsson: Swedish composers of the 20th century. Svensk musik, Stockholm 1988. Stanley Sadie: The new Grove dictionary of music and musicians. Macmillan, London 1980. Free scores by Natanael Berg at the International Music Score Library Project (IMSLP) v t e v t e"
   },
   {
    "name": "Anna-Clara Tidholm",
    "id": "Q532545",
    "text": "Anna-Clara Beatrice Tidholm, born Tjerneld on 7 January 1946 in Stockholm, Sweden is a Swedish children's writer and illustrator. She grew up on Djurg\u00e5rden in Stockholm. Since 1970, she lives at a small farm in Arbr\u00e5. Tillbaks till naturen - 1970 Bolaget, pluttarna och moskrogafolket - 1970 (together with Mats Arvidsson) Vad Bosse fick se - 1971 (together with Thomas Tidholm) J\u00e4tten och ekorren - 1980 Korven - 1981 Sagan om osten - 1981 Pojken och hans ulliga f\u00e5r - 1983 \u00c5ke-boken - 1983 (together with Thomas Tidholm) Sp\u00e5rl\u00f6st borta - 1984 (together with Ulf Nilsson) Gl\u00f6m inte jordn\u00f6tterna - 1985 (together with Thomas Tidholm) Kanin med nedh\u00e4ngande \u00f6ron - 1985 Barnens svenska historia - 1986 (together with Sonja Hulth) Arbete, arbetstider och tidsanv\u00e4ndning i tre svenska kommuner - 1987 (together with Ola Sabel) Ett jobb f\u00f6r Jacko - 1987 (together with Thomas Tidholm) Resan till Ugri La Brek - 1987 (together with Thomas Tidholm) Jims vinter - 1988 (together with Thomas Tidholm) Ett fall f\u00f6r Nalle - 1988 Se upp f\u00f6r elefanterna - 1989 (together with Ulf Nilsson) Balladen om Marjan och Rolf - 1989 (together with Thomas Tidholm) Vill ha syster - 1991 (together with Thomas Tidholm) Pojken och stj\u00e4rnan - 1991 (together with Barbro Lindgren) Sova \u00f6ver - 1992 (together with Siv Widerberg) Knacka p\u00e5 - 1992 F\u00f6rr i tiden i skogen - 1993 (together with Thomas Tidholm) Allihop - 1993 Hitta p\u00e5 - 1993 Ut och g\u00e5 - 1993 Kaspers alla dagar - 1994 (together with Thomas Tidholm) Varf\u00f6r d\u00e5? - 1994 De \u00e4lskade film - 1995 (together with Thomas Tidholm) Ture kokar soppa - 1995 Ture bl\u00e5ser bort - 1995 Lanas land - 1996 (together with Thomas Tidholm) Ture skr\u00e4par ner - 1996 En svart hund - 1997 (together with Thomas Tidholm) Ture sitter och tittar - 1997 Nalle hej - 1997 Ture blir bl\u00f6t - 1997 Ture skottar sn\u00f6 - 1997 Flickornas historia - 1997 (together with Kristina Lindstr\u00f6m) Ture borstar t\u00e4nderna - 1998 Ture f\u00e5r bes\u00f6k - 1998 Alla djuren - 1998 Se ut - 1999 (together with Lisa Berg Ortman) L\u00e5nga ben - 1999 (together with Thomas Tidholm) L\u00e4sa bok - 1999 Apan fin - 1999 Kaninen som l\u00e4ngtade hem - 1999 (together with Lilian Edvall) Flickan som bara ville l\u00e4sa - 2000 (together with Sonja Hulth) Lilla grodan - 2000 Mera mat - 2000 Adj\u00f6, herr Muffin - 2002 (together with Ulf Nilsson) Jolanta - 2002 (together with Thomas Tidholm) Hela natten - 2002 Lite sjuk - 2002 Jag beh\u00f6ver lillbrorsan - 2002 (together with Solja Krapu) Flickornas historia, Europa - 2002 (together with Kristina Lindstr\u00f6m) Pappan som f\u00f6rsvann - 2003 Alla f\u00e5r \u00e5ka med - 2004 Hanna, huset, hunden - 2004 V\u00e4ck inte den bj\u00f6rn som sover - 2004 (together with Per Gustavsson\u00a0[sv]) N\u00e4r vi fick Felix - 2005 (together with Thomas Tidholm) En liten stund - 2006 Det var en g\u00e5ng en r\u00e4v som sprang i m\u00f6rkret - 2014 (together with Thomas Tidholm) Elsa Beskow Plaque 1986 (for \u201dher entire production\u201d) Expressen Heffalump 1987 Deutscher Jugendliteraturpreis 1992 (for Resan till Ugri La Brek) Wettergren's Children's Book Column 1993 Astrid Lindgren Prize 1997 Countryside's Writer's Scholarship 1998 ABF's Literature Prize 2001 August Prize 2002 (for Adj\u00f6, herr Muffin) BMF Plaque 2002 Book Jury (category 0\u20136 \u00e5r) 2002 Carl von Linn\u00e9 Plaque 2003 (for Flickornas historia, Europa) \"Biografiskt\" (in Swedish). Thomas Tidholm's website. Archived from the original on 31 October 2014. Retrieved 4 November 2013. v t e"
   },
   {
    "name": "Stina Wirs\u00e9n",
    "id": "Q532720",
    "text": "Stina Wirs\u00e9n Hedengren, Swedish author and illustrator, born 1968 in \u00c4lvsj\u00f6, a suburb of Stockholm, Sweden. Stina Wirs\u00e9n, educated at Konstfack in Stockholm 1985\u20131992, was the in-house illustrator at Dagens Nyheter between 1990\u20132010. During this period she was the head of the papers illustration department for several years. After 2010 she\u2019s been working as a freelance illustrator and author. Over the years she has received several awards for her illustrations. With her illustrations, Stina Wirs\u00e9n often switches between different genres. That also applies to her children\u2019s books; they vary in target group, genre, style and method. She\u2019s been illustrating ABC-books for the youngest, anthologies, text- and picture books. She is married to Swedish graphic designer and art director Pompe Hedengren. Since 2000 Stina Wirs\u00e9n holds lectures and workshops internationally. The focus is on children between the ages of 2-6 years. She\u2019s been working with children and pictures/images in for instance Abu Dhabi, Tokyo, Bologna, Ume\u00e5, Stockholm etc. \u00c5hl\u00e9ns City - A 25 meter wide, hand drawn, fashion illustration for the beauty section at the department store in central Stockholm. The illustration was drawn straight on to the Swedish handmade tiles at the tile factory in Askersund. Stamps for the Swedish Post Office - A series of 8 stamps picturing creations by different Swedish fashion designers. UN Human Rights - A series of graphic illustrations of UN\u2019s Human Rights applied on 14 miljon copies of the Swedish telephone directory. The series was also exhibited at the UN headquarters in New York during the 50-year anniversary of the Human Rights. Save the Children, Sweden - both non-profit and commissioned work, e.g. illustrations to articles in their quarterly magazine BARN (CHILDREN). Google \u201ddoodle\u201d illustration on the theme diversity published/applied on Google first page worldwide on the Swedish National Day 2015. Sven-Harrys konstmuseum 2014 - Around the turn of this millennium there was an explosive progress on the Swedish fashion scene. The exhibition \u201dSvenskt Mode: 2000 \u2013 2015\u201d at Sven-Harrys Konstmuseum in Stockholm depicts the fast, esthetic and conceptual change during this eventful period of time with a big collection of key garments from Swedish fashion designers and fashion illustrations by Stina Wirs\u00e9n and Liselotte Watkins. Bror Hjorts Hus 2013 - Solo exhibition with the main focus on illustrations from children\u2019s books, but also several fashion- and portrait illustration. Svenska Ambassaden i Tokyo 2012 - A big Swedish design exhibition during Tokyo Design Week. A collaboration between the Swedish Institute, Svensk Form and the Swedish Embassy in Tokyo. Nationalmuseum 2010 - The exhibition \u201dHandgjort\u201d (hand made). An exhibition with focus on the hand drawn line. A dialog between Stina Wirs\u00e9n\u2019s illustrations and illustrations from the Swedish National Galley\u2019s own collection, for instance work by Rafaell, Angelica Kauffmann, John Bauer, Antoine Watteau and Matthias Gr\u00fcnewald. Konstn\u00e4rshuset 2009 - Solo exhibition of reportage illustrations from Stockholm\u2019s bar- and restaurant life. Dunkers Kulturhus 2015 - Picture book and fashion sketches in connection with Swedish fashion designer Bea Szenfeld\u2019s solo exhibition. (Author Stina Wirs\u00e9n unless otherwise stated) Jag har f\u00e5tt en klocka! 1991 Sakboken 1995 Djurboken 1995 Liten och stor 1995 Tussas Kalas 1996 (author Martin V\u00e5rdstedt and Anna H\u00f6rling) Siffror och Nuffror 1997 (author Anna H\u00f6rling) Hedvig! (author Frida Nilsson) Hedvig och sommaren med steken (author Frida Nilsson) Hedvig och Hardemos prinsessa (author Frida Nilsson) Hall\u00e5 d\u00e4rinne! 2010 (author Ulf Stark) En stj\u00e4rna vid namn Ajax (author Ulf Stark) Systern fr\u00e5n havet (author Ulf Stark) Full cirkus p\u00e5 Sockerbullen 2012 (together with Carin Wirs\u00e9n) Jag 2012 Liten - a book about children\u2019s vulnerability and the responsibility of the grownups. Commissioned by the Swedish Crime Victim Compensation and Support Authority (Brottsoffermyndigheten) 2015 (author Carin Wirs\u00e9n) Rut och Knut lagar mat Rut och Knut st\u00e4ller ut Rut och Knut gr\u00e4ver ut Rut och Knut kl\u00e4r ut sig Rut och Knut b\u00f6rjar tr\u00e4na Rut och Knut och lilla Tjut ABC med Rut och Knut Lilla ABC med Rut och Knut Supershow med Rut och Knut Vems byxor? 2005 Vem \u00e4r arg? 2005 Vem best\u00e4mmer? 2006 Vem bl\u00f6der? 2006 Vems mormor? 2007 Vem \u00e4r ensam? 2007 Vem \u00e4r s\u00f6t? 2008 Vem \u00e4r borta? 2008 Vem \u00e4r b\u00e4st? 2009 Vem sover inte? 2009 Vem \u00e4r d\u00f6d? 2010 Vems kompis? 2010 Vems bebis? 2011 Vem st\u00e4dar inte? 2011 Vem kommer nu? 2012 Vem \u00e4r sjuk? 2012 Vem \u00e4r var? 2012 Vems hus? 2015 Vem \u00e4r stor? 2016 Vems syskon? 2016 The \"Vem?\" books were made into an animated series in 2010 and are regularly broadcast on Sveriges Television. En liten sk\u00e4r och m\u00e5nga sm\u00e5 brokiga (author Carin Wirs\u00e9n) Dela! 2013 Titta! 2014 Bygga! 2014 Nej! 2015 Rita! 2015 En liten sk\u00e4r och alla br\u00e5kiga brokiga (author Carin Wirs\u00e9n, Anna H\u00f6rling and Stina Wirs\u00e9n) The Society of Newspaper Design 1997 The Society of Scandinavian Illustrators 2001 Stockholms Stads Kulturpris Nordiska Tecknares Pris - Guld, Silver Award of Excellence by Society of Newspaper Design Elsa Beskow-plaketten 2000 for \u201dRut och Knut st\u00e4ller ut\u201d Expressens Heffaklump 2007 for \u201dSupershow med Rut och Knut\u201d KOLLA! Svenska Tecknares Pris Stina Wirs\u00e9n website Brokiga website Japanese Brokiga website"
   },
   {
    "name": "Jenny Lindqvist",
    "id": "Q533057",
    "text": "Jenny Elisabeth Lindqvist (born July 21, 1978 in Stockholm, Sweden) is a Swedish ice hockey player. She won a silver medal at the 2006 Winter Olympics. \"Archived copy\" (in Swedish). Archived from the original on 2007-10-05. Retrieved 2007-10-05.CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link) v t e v t e"
   }
  ]
 },
 {
  "relation_id": "P19",
  "target_id": "Q1794",
  "target_name": "Frankfurt",
  "samples": [
   {
    "name": "Ludwig Fulda",
    "id": "Q72283",
    "text": "Ludwig Anton Salomon Fulda (July 7, 1862 \u2013 March 7, 1939) was a German playwright and poet, with a strong social commitment. He lived with Moritz Moszkowski's first wife Henriette, n\u00e9e Chaminade, younger sister of pianist and composer C\u00e9cile Chaminade. He was born in Frankfurt. He was a member of the Prussian Academy of Arts and the first president of the PEN of Germany (1925\u20131932). He visited the United States in 1906 on the invitation of the Germanistic Society. A Jew, he was removed from his work by the Nazis in 1933. Fulda committed suicide in Berlin in 1939 when he was denied entry into the United States. His creations used the relationships of his characters to develop the social and political issues of his time. Fulda's works include Das verlorene Paradies (1892; translated as The Lost Paradise, 1897), Der Talisman (1892), Jugendfreunde (1897) and Maskerade (1904). His novel Der Seer\u00e4uber was later freely adapted into the play The Pirate by S. N. Behrman. Inspired by the story of Aladdin, he wrote Aladdin und die Wunderlampe. He also made numerous translations. Lazaros C. Triarhou, Moritz Moszkowski, Vol. 67 No. 6 (2012), European Neurology. Accessdate: 10 June 2012 Mencken, Henry L. \"Biographies\". Mencken.org. Retrieved 10 June 2012. Lester, David (2005). Suicide and the Holocaust. Nova Publishers. p.\u00a073. ISBN\u00a0978-1-59454-427-9. Fulda, Ludwig (1892). Das verlorene Paradies. Stuttgart: J. G. Cotta'schen Buchhandlung. Fulda, Ludwig (1897). The Lost Paradise. Translated by De Mille, Henry C. New York and London: Samuel French. S. N. Behrman (1943-02-07). \"A Tribute to Fulda\". The New York Times. Retrieved 2010-04-28. Works by Ludwig Fulda at Project Gutenberg Works by or about Ludwig Fulda at Internet Archive Works by Ludwig Fulda at LibriVox (public domain audiobooks)"
   },
   {
    "name": "Richard Kauffmann",
    "id": "Q72604",
    "text": "Richard Kauffmann (1887\u20131958) was a German-Jewish architect who migrated to Palestine in 1920. His architecture was influenced by Ludwig Mies van der Rohe, a proponent of the International Style, and was applied to the local landscape, laying the architectural groundwork for the nascent State of Israel and the White City, as Tel Aviv's International Style architecture became known. Richard Kauffmann was born in 1887 in Frankfurt, Germany. In 1907, he began to study art at the St\u00e4delschule, but transferred to architecture studies in Amsterdam the following year. In 1909, he moved to the Technical University of Munich, graduating in 1912. In 1914, he opened an office in Frankfurt.[citation needed] During the First World War Kauffmann fought on the Eastern Front, where he became aware of the persecutions directed against East European Jews. In 1919, Kauffmann met Arthur Ruppin, who invited him to design new Jewish settlements in Palestine as leading physical planner of the Zionist enterprise. At that point, Kauffmann was already government town planner in Christiania, now Oslo, the capital of Norway. In 1920, he migrated to Eretz Yisrael, at that point a British-controlled territory. Between 1920 and 1932, Kauffmann was the chief architect of the Palestine Land Development Company (Hachsharat HaYishuv) of the Zionist movement. Kauffmann designed and initiated, almost alone, a full architectural master plan for the new rural villages of many kibutzim and moshavim in the northern valleys (Jezreel Valley), most notably Ein Harod, Kfar Yehoshua, Degania Alef, Kfar Yehezkel and Nahalal. Nahalal, the first moshav ovdim, was designed in a circular shape, where public buildings were located in the middle surrounded by a circular road, then the agricultural farm buildings about 20 metres (66\u00a0ft) from each other, and then the farms and fields 45 metres (148\u00a0ft) wide and hundreds meters long, forming a whole shape of sunshine rays. His designs for the children's house, kindergarten and school in Degania Alef embodied the social and educational principles of the kibbutz movement. Kauffmann was asked to design the northern neighborhoods of Tel Aviv, based on the urban plans of Patrick Geddes. In 1927, he was appointed a member of the British Mandate town planning committee. He built private residences all over the country and participated in design competitions. He was one of the architects of the Levant Fair (Hebrew Yarid HaMizrah) in 1932\u20131934. He planned the layout of the pavilions. Kauffmann designed some new Israeli cities, such as Afula and Herzliya, and neighborhoods in major Israeli cities such as Rehavia, Beit Hakerem, Talpiyot and Kiryat Moshe in Jerusalem, and Hadar HaCarmel, Neve Sha'anan, Bat Galim and Central Carmel in the city of Haifa. The main idea in his urban planning was the incorporation of Ebenezer Howard's idea of Garden suburbs as a manifestation of the social ideals with the ideals of agricultural-Zionist communities and with the pragmatical needs of the inhabitants of those communities and the settling organizations requests. He was influenced by the Neoclassicist architecture, but his urban and agricultural community planning also addressed the specific environmental and climate conditions. Architecture in Israel Zach, Elizabeth (2012-03-15). \"The Influence of Bauhaus on Architecture in Early Palestine and Israel\". The New York Times. ISSN\u00a00362-4331. Retrieved 2016-06-08. \"Richard Kaufmann\". ArtLog. Retrieved 2018-08-13. Esther Kauffmann Forsen (ed.), Richard Kauffmann \u2013 Architect and Town Planner: A daughter's perspective on his life and work, accessed 13 August 2018 \"Degania & Nahalal\". UNESCO World Heritage Centre. Retrieved 2016-06-08. \"The Orient Fair\". ArtLog. Retrieved 2016-06-08. The personal papers of Richard Kauffmann are kept at the Central Zionist Archives in Jerusalem. The notation of the record group is A175."
   },
   {
    "name": "Joseph Maria von Radowitz",
    "id": "Q72838",
    "text": "Joseph Maria Friedrich von Radowitz (19 May 1839 \u2013 15 January 1912) was a German diplomat who served as acting Foreign Secretary and head of the Foreign Office from 6 November 1879 until 17 April 1880. Radowitz was born in Frankfurt am Main, the son of Prussian statesman Joseph von Radowitz. He joined the diplomatic service of Prussia in 1860, and was stationed in Constantinople, China and Japan until 1865. Upon his return to Europe, he was stationed in Paris. During the Austro-Prussian War, he served as aide-de-camp to Prince Frederick Charles of Prussia, and was subsequently attached to the Prussian diplomatic mission in Munich (Kingdom of Bavaria). He became Consul General of the North German Confederation to Bucharest in 1870 and a member of the European Donau Commission. In 1872, he was appointed as charg\u00e9 d'affaires to Constantinople, before he became Director for Oriental Affairs at the Foreign Office. He was appointed as Envoy to Athens in 1874, but remained in Berlin. In 1875, he became acting Ambassador to St. Petersburg, where he offered Russia German support for Russian interests in the Balkans in exchange for Russian support for German interests in Western Europe. In 1878 he took part at the Congress of Berlin. After the death of Bernhard Ernst von B\u00fclow, Radowitz was appointed as acting Foreign Secretary, until he was succeeded by Chlodwig, Prince of Hohenlohe-Schillingsf\u00fcrst. He became Ambassador to Constantinople in October 1882 and Ambassador to Madrid in 1892. He died in Berlin. Hajo Holborn (ed.): Aufzeichnungen und Erinnerungen aus dem Leben des Botschafters Joseph Maria von Radowitz. Deutsche Verlagsanstalt, Stuttgart/Berlin/Leipzig 1925. Media related to Joseph Maria von Radowitz at Wikimedia Commons Joseph Maria von Radowitz Jr. in the German National Library catalogue"
   },
   {
    "name": "Camilla Horn",
    "id": "Q72890",
    "text": "Camilla Martha Horn (25 April 1903 \u2013 14 August 1996) was a German dancer and a film star of the silent and sound era. She starred in several Hollywood films of the late 1920s and in a few British and Italian productions. The daughter of a civil servant, Horn was educated as a dressmaker and worked at Erfurt. In 1925, together with Marlene Dietrich, she worked as an extra in the German film Madame Wants No Children, and later she was seen in a musical review by director Alexander Korda. She made her great breakthrough in 1926, when she replaced Lillian Gish as \"Gretchen\" in F. W. Murnau's UFA production of Faust. In 1928 she sailed for Hollywood, where she played opposite John Barrymore in Tempest and Eternal Love. She returned to Europe, and in the 1930s refused to follow the official line of the Nazis and was prosecuted for a monetary offense. After the war the British tribunal at Delmenhorst convicted her for minor offenses (among them travelling without permission) and she was imprisoned for three months at the women's prison in Vechta. From 1930 until her retirement in 1953, she remained a screen favorite in German, British, and Italian films, and late in life, she was invited to make her screen comeback, in the 1987's Schloss Konigswald. She spent her old age at Herrsching, and died at Gilching near Starnberg, where she had lived during the last year of her life. Between April 1972 and February 1973 a song was written about her by the then-unsigned Bruce Springsteen. This still-unreleased song surfaced in the 1990s on a bootleg, \"Early Years\". 1987 Bavarian Film Awards, Best Actress [1] Kean (1921) Ways to Strength and Beauty (1925) - (uncredited) Tartuffe (1925) Faust (1926) - Gretchen / Marguerite Madame Wants No Children (1926) - Dancer The Bordellos of Algiers (1927) - Adrienne Brisson Eva and the Grasshopper (1927) - Camille de Saxe The Merry Vineyard (1927) - Cl\u00e4rchen Gunderloch The Tempest (1928) - Princess Tamara Eternal Love (1929) - Ciglia Three Around Edith (1929) - Lady Edith Trent The Royal Box (1929) - Alice Doren You'll Be in My Heart (1930) - Diane D'Artois Fundvogel (1930) - Esther Morals at Midnight (1930) - Nelly Wendt The Great Longing (1930) - Eva von Loe Hans in Every Street (1930) - Elisabeth, seine Braut Sunday of Life (1931) - Ellen Hobart The Song of the Nations (1931) I Go Out and You Stay Here (1931) - Gaby, Mannequin Reckless Youth (1931) - Lydia Thorne The Night Without Pause (1931) - Letta Larbo The Five Accursed Gentlemen (1932) - Camilla The Cheeky Devil (1932) - Alice M\u00e9nard The Return of Raffles (1932) - Elga Moral und Liebe (1933) - Vera Rund um eine Million (1933) - Lilly The Rakoczi March (1933) - Vilma The Love Nest (1933) - Fifi Matinee Idol (1933) - Sonia Vance If I Were King (1934) - Inge Winkler The Double (1934) - Jenny Miller The Big Chance (1934) - Helga, seine Tochter The Luck of a Sailor (1934) - Louise Ein Walzer f\u00fcr dich\u00a0[de] (1934) - F\u00fcrstin Stefanie The Last Waltz (1934) - Vera, ihre Nichte Ich sehne mich nach dir (1934) - Ivonne Brandt The Red Rider (1935) - Hasia Nowrowska White Slaves (1937) - Manja - seine Tochter Sein letztes Modell (1937) - Maria V\u00e1rady Crooks in Tails (1937) - Vera Dalmatoff Travelling People (1938) - Pepita Red Orchids (1938) - Baronin Ogolenska In geheimer Mission (1938) - Marion Roman eines Arztes (1939) - K\u00e4the \u00dcding - seine Frau Central Rio (1939) - Diane Mercier Polterabend (1940) - Lissi Herz ohne Heimat (1940) - Dina Horster Die letzte Runde (1940) - Lilly Die keusche Geliebte\u00a0[it] (1940) - Ren\u00e9e Lemonier Friedemann Bach (1941) - Mariella Fiorini Vertigine (1942) - Corinna Dellys, l'amante di Alberto Paura d'amare (1942) - Barberina / Zia Barbara Angelo del crepuscolo (1942) - Anna Seine beste Rolle (1944) - Elise Sander Intimit\u00e4ten (1948) - Helene Search for Majora (1949) - Gritt Faller Queen of the Arena (1952) - Diana Bianca, Dompteuse Father Is Being Stupid (1953) - Baronin von Baran Appointment in Beirut (1969) - Mrs. Evelyn Brown Wer weint denn schon im Freudenhaus? (1970) - Paula Immer bei Vollmond (1970) - Wegelins Mutter Der Unsichtbare (1987) - Olga Benjamin Schlo\u00df K\u00f6nigswald (1988) - F\u00fcrstinGro\u00dfmutter Statham, Craig (2013). Springsteen: Saint in the City: 1949\u20131974. Soundcheck Books. p.\u00a0141. ISBN\u00a0978-0-9571442-3-1. Biography portal Camilla Horn at IMDb Camilla Horn at Find a Grave Photographs and literature Brief biography"
   },
   {
    "name": "Georg-August Zinn",
    "id": "Q72955",
    "text": "Georg August Zinn (27 May 1901 \u2013 27 March 1976) was a German lawyer and a politician of the SPD. He was a member of the Bundestag from 1949 to 1951 representing Kassel, the 2nd Minister-President of Hesse from 1950 to 1969 and served as the 5th and 16th President of the Bundesrat in 1953/54 and 1964/65. While he was at the helm of Hesse government he played an important role, although quite discretely, in the capture of Nazi criminal Adolf Eichmann. In Isser Harel book's introduction by Shlomo J. Shpiro, added to the 1997 expanded edition, it is revealed for the first time that then Hesse prosecutor-general Fritz Bauer did not act alone, in the attempt to apprehend Eichmann while he was hiding in Argentina, but was discretely helped by Zinn. Zinn was two times married. His second wife was Dr. Christa Zinn (1927\u20132002). Three sons are still living, Karl Georg Zinn (born 1939, economist), Dr. Georg-Christian Zinn and Dr. Philip-Andr\u00e9 Zinn. He was born in Frankfurt and died in Frankfurt. Harel, Isser (1997). The House on Garibaldi Street. London: Routledge. ISBN\u00a09781315036687. \"Das haus in der Garibaldi Stra\u00dfe (The house on Garibaldi Street)\". Der Spiegel (in German). 6 July 1975. Retrieved 28 August 2021. In this article there was just a hint to Zinn (\"Eine hochstehende Pers\u00f6nlichkeit von gro\u00dfer Integrit\u00e4t\" - a very important person of great integrity), whose name and role were not clearly revealed before the aforementioned 1997 Shpiro's introduction. Georg August Zinn in the German National Library catalogue v t e"
   },
   {
    "name": "Karl Hessenberg",
    "id": "Q72996",
    "text": "Karl Adolf Hessenberg (September 8, 1904 \u2013 February 22, 1959) was a German mathematician and engineer. The Hessenberg matrix form is named after him. From 1925 to 1930 he studied electrical engineering at the Technische Hochschule Darmstadt (today Technische Universit\u00e4t Darmstadt) and graduated with a diploma. From 1931 to 1932 he was an assistant to Alwin Walther at the Technische Hochschule Darmstadt, afterwards he worked at the power station in Worms, Germany. From 1936 he worked as an engineer at AEG, first in Berlin and later in Frankfurt. In 1940 he received his PhD from Alwin Walther at the Technische Hochschule in Darmstadt. Hessenberg was also the brother of composer Kurt Hessenberg, and the great-grandson of doctor and author Heinrich Hoffmann. The Hessenberg sum and product of ordinals are named after Gerhard Hessenberg, another mathematician and near relative of Karl Hessenberg. His father was Eduard Hessenberg, and his mother was Emma Kugler Hessenberg. \"Karl Hessenberg\". www.hessenberg.de. Retrieved 2019-09-16. \"Karl Hessenberg\". www.hessenberg.de. Retrieved 2018-07-12. Biography of Hessenberg by his daughter, Brigitte Bossert Karl Hessenberg at the Mathematics Genealogy Project v t e"
   },
   {
    "name": "Paul Epstein",
    "id": "Q72999",
    "text": "Paul Epstein (July 24, 1871 \u2013 August 11, 1939) was a German mathematician. He was known for his contributions to number theory, in particular the Epstein zeta function. Epstein was born and brought up in Frankfurt, where his father was a professor. He received his PhD in 1895 from the University of Strasbourg. From 1895 to 1918 he was a Privatdozent at the University in Strasbourg, which at that time was part of the German Empire. At the end of World War I the city of Strasbourg reverted to France, and Epstein, being German, had to return to Frankfurt. Epstein was appointed to a non-tenured post at the university and he lectured in Frankfurt from 1919. Later he was appointed professor at Frankfurt. However, after the Nazis came to power in Germany he lost his university position. Because of his age he was unable to find a new position abroad, and finally committed suicide by barbital overdose at Dornbusch, fearing Gestapo torture because he was a Jew. O'Connor, John J.; Robertson, Edmund F., \"Paul Epstein\", MacTutor History of Mathematics archive, University of St Andrews Paul Epstein at the Mathematics Genealogy Project v t e"
   },
   {
    "name": "Otto Bayer",
    "id": "Q73038",
    "text": "Otto Bayer (November 4, 1902 in Frankfurt \u2013 August 1, 1982 in Burscheid) was a German industrial chemist at IG Farben who was head of the research group that in 1937 discovered the polyaddition for the synthesis of polyurethanes out of poly-isocyanate and polyol. Dr. Bayer was not related to the founding family of Bayer Corp. Today polyurethanes are ubiquitous throughout modern life. He was a member of the board of directors and of the supervisory board of Bayer, and was also vice chairman of the supervisory board of Cassella in the 1950s. Bayer was the 1975 recipient of the Charles Goodyear Medal. \"Deutsches Kunststoff Museum: Otto Bayer\". German Plastic Museum. Retrieved February 16, 2016. Bayer, Otto (1947). \"Das Di-Isocyanat-Polyadditionsverfahren (Polyurethane)\". Angewandte Chemie. 59 (9): 257\u2013272. doi:10.1002/ange.19470590901.; See also German Patent 728.981 (1937) I.G. Farben \"Charles Goodyear Medalists\" (PDF). American Chemical Society Rubber Division. Archived from the original (PDF) on March 9, 2016. Retrieved February 16, 2016. v t e"
   },
   {
    "name": "Oskar Boettger",
    "id": "Q73241",
    "text": "Oskar Boettger (German: B\u00f6ttger; 31 March 1844 \u2013 25 September 1910) was a German zoologist who was a native of Frankfurt am Main. He was an uncle of the noted malacologist Caesar Rudolf Boettger (1888\u20131976). From 1863 to 1866 he studied at the Bergakademie Freiberg, then worked for a year in a chemical factory in Frankfurt am Main. In 1869 he received his doctorate from the University of W\u00fcrzburg. The following year (1870), he became a paleontologist at the Senckenberg Museum in Frankfurt, where in 1875 he became the curator of the museum's department of herpetology. He is credited for making Senckenberg's herpetological collection among the best in Europe. Boettger had agoraphobia and rarely left home, never setting foot in a museum from 1876 to 1894. Thus he relied on assistants to bring specimens he needed for his research. He was editor of Katalog der Batrachier-Sammlung im Museum der Senckenbergischen naturforschenden Gesellschaft in Frankfurt am Main as well as Katalog der Reptilien-Sammlung im Museum der Senckenbergischen naturforschenden Gesellschaft in Frankfurt am Main, both catalogs being issued by the Senckenberg Museum. Also, he was co-author of the herpetology volume for the third edition of Alfred Brehm's Tierleben. During the latter stages of his career he taught classes at the W\u00f6hler-Realgymnasium in Frankfurt and also engaged in some foreign travel. Boettger was married, and he honored his wife, Hermine Boettger, by naming a species of snake after her, Ptyas herminae. As a taxonomist he described many species of amphibians and reptiles new to science. A number of herpetological species/subspecies are named in his honor, including: Atractus boettgeri, Boettger's ground snake (synonym of Atractus emmeli) Calumma boettgeri, Boettger's chameleon, described by Boulenger in 1888 Cacosternum boettgeri, Boettger's dainty frog Emoia boettgeri, Boettger's emo skink Hymenochirus boettgeri, African dwarf frog Micrelaps boettgeri, Boettger's two-headed snake Scincella boettgeri, Boettger's ground skink Tarentola boettgeri, Boettger's wall gecko Testudo hermanni boettgeri, eastern Hermann's tortoise Trachylepis boettgeri, Boettger's mabuya Xenophrys boettgeri, a species of Asian toad Zonosaurus boettgeri, Boettger's girdled lizard Boettger was also a conchologist or malacologist, and an entomologist who specialized in Coleoptera (beetles). Argonauta boettgeri and Sarcophyton boettgeri are named after him. He named and described some gastropod taxa, including: Lampedusa Boettger, 1877, a land snail genus Megalophaedusa Boettger, 1877, a land snail genus. \"Boettger, Oskar\" p. 410. In: (1955). Neue Deutsche Biographie (NDB). Band 2. Berlin: Duncker & Humblot. ISBN\u00a03-428-00183-4. (in German). WorldCat Search (publications). SSARHerps Archived 2008-07-05 at the Wayback Machine (biography). Beolens, Bo; Watkins, Michael; Grayson, Michael (2011). The Eponym Dictionary of Reptiles. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press. xiii + 296 pp. ISBN\u00a0978-1-4214-0135-5. (\"Boettger, O.\", pp. 29\u201330; \"Hermina\", p. 122). Reptile Database Calumma boettgeri Boulenger, 1888. Reptile Database Tarentola boettgeri Steindachner, 1891. Note: This article incorporates translated text from the French Wikipedia, sources listed as: Adler, Kraig (1989). Contributions to the History of Herpetology. Society for the Study of Amphibians and Reptiles. 202 pp. ISBN\u00a0978-0-916984-19-9. Lescure, Jean; Le Garff, Bernard (2006). L'\u00e9tymologie des noms d'amphibiens et de reptiles d'Europe. Paris: \u00c9ditions Belin. 207 pp. ISBN\u00a02-7011-4142-7. (in French)."
   },
   {
    "name": "Johann David Passavant",
    "id": "Q73347",
    "text": "Johann David Passavant (18 September 1787 \u2013 17 August 1861) was a German painter, curator and artist. Passavant was born in 1787 in Frankfurt am Main, Germany. His interest in the arts was evident by an early correspondence with the artist Franz Pforr (1788\u20131812). He moved to Paris in 1809 to further his business interests. He returned to Frankfurt in 1824 where art history evermore occupied his interest. His Tour of a German artist in England (1833 in German; 1836 translated into English by Lady Eastlake) remains a significant source for art historians, as do his catalogues of old master prints, whose numbering is still followed by some collections. In the year 1839 he became Inspektor (curator) of the St\u00e4delsches Kunstinstitut in Frankfurt. There he acquired important works in the prints and drawing area, mounted exhibitions, and taught. Passavant developed the three principal genres of art writing important for the next two centuries: the scholarly artistic biography, the aesthetic travelogue, and the reference survey. As a historian, he followed the romantic tradition. His paintings include Holy Family with Elizabeth and John 1819, Staadtische Galerie im Staadelschen Kunstinstitut, Frankfurt and A Visitation, Christ and the Samaritan c. 1820, Neue Nationalgalerie, Berlin. He died in 1861 in Frankfurt am Main. Dictionary of art Short biography and bibliography Art as Existence Gabriele Guercio - The MIT Press, 2006"
   },
   {
    "name": "Felix Schlag",
    "id": "Q73458",
    "text": "Felix Oscar Schlag (September 4, 1891 \u2013 March 9, 1974) was a German born American sculptor who was the designer of the United States five cent coin in use from 1938 to 2004. He was born to Karl and Teresa Schlag in Frankfurt, Germany where as a young man, he served in the German army of World War I. Schlag studied sculpture at the Academy of Fine Arts, Munich. He moved to the United States in 1929. On April 21, 1938, Schlag's design for the Jefferson nickel was selected by Nellie Tayloe Ross, Director of the United States Mint. Schlag won $1,000 for his winning design of the coin; he had been an award-winning artist in Europe. His prize money was spent on his wife's funeral. In the 1930s, Felix won several sculptural commissions and art prizes including some New Deal commissions to produce work at several post offices, including ones in White Hall, Illinois and schools in Champaign, Illinois and Bloom Township. Schlag accepted the offer of the American government to place his initials, FS, on the nickel beginning in 1966. The designer relocated to Owosso, Michigan, where he died and is buried. He and his wife Anna, whom he married in 1920, had three children: Feliza (1920), Leo (1921), and Hilda (1929). A memorial was placed by the Michigan State Numismatic Society on September 14, 2008. Michigan Coin Club, Felix Schlag Archived 2011-04-07 at the Wayback Machine Opitz, Glenn B, Editor, Mantle Fielding's Dictionary of American Painters, Sculptors & Engravers, Apollo Book, Poughkeepsie NY, 1986 p. 821 Opitz, p.821 Felix Schlag at Find a Grave v t e"
   },
   {
    "name": "Werner Grothmann",
    "id": "Q73616",
    "text": "Werner Grothmann (23 August 1915 \u2013 26 February 2002) was a mid-ranking commander in the Waffen-SS of Nazi Germany and aide-de-camp to the head of the SS, Heinrich Himmler, from 1940 until Himmler's death in 1945. Grothmann was born in Frankfurt am Main in 1915. In his youth he studied economics and carved out a career as an accountant at a bank. In 1933 he joined the SS at 18 years old, and was trained the Junkerschule SS. At the beginning of the Second World War, he was given command of SS-Sturmbann N\u00ba 13, a unit of the SS Standarte Deutschland. He took part in the Battle of France and was wounded in combat in June 1940. At the suggestion of Joachim Peiper, Grothmann was appointed second assistant to Heinrich Himmler until July 1942, when he was promoted to aide-de-camp to Himmler. As Himmler's aide, Grothmann accompanied him on all field visits. During the last few days of the war in Europe, Himmler, Grothmann and Heinz Macher traveled from L\u00fcbeck to Flensburg, where Himmler offered his services as second-in-command to the Flensburg government led by Karl D\u00f6nitz, successor to Adolf Hitler. D\u00f6nitz repeatedly rejected Himmler's overtures and initiated peace negotiations with the Allies. Himmler was formally dismissed from all his posts. Unwanted by his former colleagues and hunted by the Allies, Himmler attempted to go into hiding. Himmler had not made extensive preparations for this, but he had equipped himself with a forged paybook under the name of Sergeant Heinrich Hitzinger of the Geheime Feldpolizei (Secret Field Police), which was a mistake since members of this organization were sought after by the occupation forces. Grothmann and Macher were both dressed as army privates. Grothmann, Himmler, and Macher were stopped at a checkpoint, which had been set up by former Soviet POWs, on 21 May and detained. The three men were taken to an Allied barracks in L\u00fcneburg on 23 May. During a routine interrogation, Himmler admitted who he was, and was then taken to the headquarters of the Second British Army. During an attempted medical examination, Himmler bit into a hidden cyanide pill and died. After Himmler's suicide, Grothmann and Macher were arrested. Grothmann was taken to a barracks at L\u00fcbeck, where he was extensively questioned. He denied any knowledge of Operation Reinhard. Then he was taken to an SS prison camp. Grothmann served as a prosecution witness against several SS officials between 1946 and 1948, but during the trial of Karl Wolff he denied having any knowledge of the Final Solution. After release from Allied internment, Grothmann was denazified, considered part of category III (Lesser Offenders), by a court in Freising in March 1949. Grothmann remade his life as a businessman and granted a few interviews in the 1970s in which he disparaged Himmler's character. He also gave a eulogy at the funeral of Richard Schulze-Kossens. Grothmann died in 2002. Longerich 2012, pp.\u00a0733\u2013734. Manvell & Fraenkel 2007, pp.\u00a0239, 243. Weale 2010, p.\u00a0410. Weale 2010, pp.\u00a0410, 411. Records of the United States Nuernberg War Crimes trials Interrogations 1946\u20131949 (PDF; 186\u00a0kB), published 1977 Institut f\u00fcr Zeitgeschichte: Werner Grothmann \u2013 Zeugenschrifttum (PDF; 1,8\u00a0MB) Longerich, Peter (2012). Heinrich Himmler: A Life. Oxford; New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN\u00a0978-0-19-959232-6. Manvell, Roger; Fraenkel, Heinrich (2007) [1965]. Heinrich Himmler: The Sinister Life of the Head of the SS and Gestapo. London; New York: Greenhill; Skyhorse. ISBN\u00a0978-1-60239-178-9. Weale, Adrian (2010). The SS: A New History. London: Little, Brown. ISBN\u00a0978-1408703045."
   },
   {
    "name": "Karl von Roques",
    "id": "Q73640",
    "text": "Karl von Roques (7 May 1880 \u2013 24 December 1949) was a German general and war criminal during the Second World War, who commanded the Army Group Rear Area behind Army Group South. Following the war, Roques was sentenced to 20 years imprisonment in the High Command Trial. He died in 1949 while serving his sentence. Karl von Roques was born in a German noble family of Huguenot descent. He entered the German Imperial Army in 1899. During the First World War, Roques served in staff roles in several divisions. By the end of the war he was promoted to major. After the armistice, Roques remained in the Reichswehr, serving in the Ministry of War, and then in staff and command roles in the army. Starting in 1934, Roques served as chief of staff and then the president of the Reichsluftschutzbund. In October 1938 he was recalled to active duty and in the Luftwaffe with the rank of lieutenant-general. In June 1939, Roques left the Luftwaffe with the rank of general. During the Second World War, Roques served as an active officer in the Wehrmacht. In December 1939, he was given command of the new 143rd Infantry Division. From 15 March 1941 to October 1941, he was commander of the rear areas of Army Group South. On 1 July 1941, Roques was promoted to General der Infanterie. As commander of the rear areas, Roques carried out extermination policies against the Soviet partisans, Slavic and Jewish population. In October 1941, Roques was transferred to the F\u00fchrerreserve. In June 1942 he assumed command of the rear areas of Army Group South, and after the dividing of the army group in Army Group A and Army Group B, he commanded the rear areas of the former. On 1 January 1943, Roques was again placed in the F\u00fchrerreserve and on 31 March 1943 he was again pensioned off. In August 1943 he went to Warsaw as a representative of the German Red Cross. After the German capitulation, Roques was arrested and tried in the High Command Trial. He was sentenced to 20 years imprisonment. Moved for reasons of bad health from the Landsberg prison to a hospital in N\u00fcrnberg, he died there on 24 December 1949. Hebert, Valerie (2010). Hitler's Generals on Trial: The Last War Crimes Tribunal at Nuremberg. Lawrence, Kansas: University Press of Kansas. ISBN\u00a0978-0-7006-1698-5. Hasenclever, J\u00f6rn: Wehrmacht und Besatzungspolitik in der Sowjetunion: Die Befehlshaber der r\u00fcckw\u00e4rtigen Heeresgebiete 1941\u20131943. Sch\u00f6ningh, Paderborn 2010. ISBN\u00a0978-3-506-76709-7. US Military Tribunal Nuremberg (1948). \"High Command Trial, Judgment of 27 October 1948\" (PDF). Retrieved 30 May 2016."
   },
   {
    "name": "Lis Verhoeven",
    "id": "Q73737",
    "text": "Lis Verhoeven (also spelled Liz Verhoeven) (11 March 1931 in Frankfurt am Main, Germany \u2013 2 July 2019) was a German actress and theatre director. Verhoeven was the daughter of Paul Verhoeven; she was the first wife of Mario Adorf, by whom she had a daughter, Stella Maria Adorf, also an actress. \"Schauspielerin Lis Verhoeven gestorben\". Die Welt. 5 July 2019. Lis Verhoeven at IMDb Doris Mattes Agency Munich (in German) v t e"
   },
   {
    "name": "Marijana Markovi\u0107",
    "id": "Q73834",
    "text": "Marijana Markovi\u0107 (born 3 February 1982 in Frankfurt am Main) is a German \u00e9p\u00e9e fencer. Markovi\u0107 won the bronze medal in the \u00e9p\u00e9e team event at the 2006 World Fencing Championships after beating Romania in the bronze medal match. She accomplished this with her teammates Imke Duplitzer, Claudia Bokel and Britta Heidemann. 2006 World Fencing Championships, team \u00e9p\u00e9e Leverkusen who's who v t e"
   },
   {
    "name": "Heinz Riesenhuber",
    "id": "Q73951",
    "text": "Heinz Friedrich Ruppert Riesenhuber (born 1 December 1935) is a German politician (CDU) who served as Minister of Scientific Research under Chancellor Helmut Kohl from 1982 to 1993. Riesenhuber received his high school diploma (Abitur) in 1955 in Frankfurt am Main. He studied economics and chemistry until 1961. He had a scholarship of the catholic Cusanuswerk. From 1962 he worked for four years as a researcher in the department of chemistry at the Johann Wolfgang Goethe-Universit\u00e4t and earned a Doctorate degree in chemistry in 1965. From 1966 to 1982 he worked for Metallgesellschaft AG, Frankfurt am Main. Within the Metallgesellschaft Group, he was CEO for the subsidiary \"Erzgesellschaft mbH\" (from 1968), and from 1971 to 1982 Chief technical officer of \"Synthomer Chemie GmbH\", another subsidiary. He was co-president of the German-Japanese Cooperation Council for High-technology and Environmental Technology DJR in Bonn. Snce 1995 he is honorary professor at the University of Frankfurt and president of the German Parliamentary Union (Deutsche Parlamentarischen Gesellschaft) since 2006. Riesenhuber is a member of several governing boards and advisory committees of German and foreign companies and institutes. He lives in Frankfurt-Unterliederbach, is married and has four children. Riesenhuber became a member of the Christian Democratic Union (CDU) in 1961. Between 1965 and 1969 he was head of the youth organization of CDU (Junge Union) in Hessen. He was chairman of CDU Frankfurt from 1973 to 1978. In 1979 he was elected as a chairman of CDU district Untermain (now FrankfurtRheinMain). From 1976 to 2017, he served as a member of the federal German legislature, the Bundestag. At first he was elected via the Landesliste (\"state list\"), then from 1980 he represented the electoral district Frankfurt am Main I - Main-Taunus and since 2002 the district Main-Taunus. This period of over 40 years has made him the third-longest member, after Wolfgang Sch\u00e4uble and Richard St\u00fccklen. In the elections of 2009 he attained 47,5\u00a0% of the votes, in 2013 52,5\u00a0%. On 4 October 1982 he was appointed Minister of Scientific Research by chancellor Helmut Kohl. He served as such until 21 January 1993. During this time he supported the Transrapid and the wind turbine Growian. In 2009 he became the 17th Alterspr\u00e4sident (Father of the House) of the Bundestag due to his status as the oldest member of the legislature. He continued to hold this post in the following legislature. In 2017 he did not run for parliament again. Riesenhuber earned an Honorary degree Dr. h.c. from Weizmann Institute of Science in Rehovot (Israel) University of Krakau (Poland) University of Surrey (England), 1993 University of G\u00f6ttingen, 1997 He was given a number of awards, including Order of Merit of the Federal Republic of Germany Grand Officer of the Legion of Honour (France) Decoration of Honour for Services to the Republic of Austria Order of the Sacred Treasure (Japan) His personal brand is his Bow tie. He always wears such a tie. In his political campaigns for the Bundestag he used a poster showing only a bow tie in the national colours of Germany: Black, red and gold. Neither his name nor his party was mentioned but everybody in his constituency recognized Riesenhuber. European University Institute. \"Riesenhuber, Heinz\". Retrieved 2018-04-15. HBM Healthcare Investments. \"Prof. Dr Dr h.c. mult. Heinz Riesenhuber\". Retrieved 2018-04-15. \"Wolfgang Sch\u00e4uble elected new President of the Bundestag\". Retrieved 2018-04-15. dw.com (2017-03-24). \"Predicted AfD success sees Bundestag rethink 'Father of the House' rules\". Retrieved 2018-04-15. Biography on the Website of the German Bundestag (in German)"
   },
   {
    "name": "Sonya Kraus",
    "id": "Q74065",
    "text": "Sonya Kraus (born 22 June 1973) is a German television presenter and former model. Aged 4, Kraus started ballet school which eventually led her to music school in Frankfurt. She ended her ballet career in 1987 when she grew too tall, reaching 1.77\u00a0m (5\u00a0ft 10\u00a0in) at the time. In 1992, she finished her Abitur (university-entrance diploma) and started working as a professional model until 1994. Kraus's brother died when she was six years old. Her father, a book publisher, hanged himself when she was 11. Her mother lost five children during pregnancies and Sonya became her mother's only surviving child. In 1998, she became publicly known as part of the staff in the television show Gl\u00fccksrad (the German equivalent of Wheel of Fortune) on Kabel 1, hosted by Frederic Meisner. Since 2000, she has hosted Talk talk talk on ProSieben, a summary of the highlights from talk shows all over the world. Throughout 2000, she co-hosted Fort Boyard \u2013 Stars auf Schatzsuche with Steven G\u00e4tjen and Alexander Mazza. Other shows Kraus has hosted with Mazza include Desert Forges \u2013 Stars an ihren Grenzen and Clip Mix. She was very active in the ProSieben campaign Red Nose Day. Since 2003, she has presented the show Do it Yourself \u2013 S.O.S., re-modeling rooms, houses and gardens all over Germany. In July 2004, she co-hosted Die Alm with Elton on ProSieben. Between January and February 2005, she and Elton hosted Die Burg. Kraus has written three books: Baustelle Mann \u2013 Der ultimative Love-Guide (2007) Baustelle Body: Sonya's Secrets (2009) Wenn das Leben dir eine Zitrone gibt, frag nach Salz und Tequila: Die Sonya-Strategie f\u00fcr Lebensgl\u00fcck, Erfolg und jede Menge Spa\u00df (2011) In her shows, Kraus likes to play with her image as a \"silly blonde\", however, having achieved a straight-A in her Abitur (final exams) along with more eloquent appearances in talk shows and interviews proves this image to be an act for the benefit of mild entertainment. Kraus also presents some of her shows barefoot. \"Kluge Sonya \u2013 Abi mit 1,6\". bild.de (in German). 2007-02-08. Retrieved 2021-05-29. Sonya Kraus at IMDb"
   },
   {
    "name": "Ernst Ludwig von Leutsch",
    "id": "Q74282",
    "text": "Ernst Ludwig von Leutsch (August 16, 1808 \u2013 July 28, 1887) was a German classical philologist born in Frankfurt am Main. He studied classical philology at the University of G\u00f6ttingen, where he had as instructors Georg Ludolf Dissen, Christoph Wilhelm Mitscherlich and Karl Otfried M\u00fcller. It was during this time period that he became lifelong friends with Friedrich Wilhelm Schneidewin. In 1830 he received his doctorate, and moved to Berlin for a year, where he continued his education under August Boeckh. In 1831 he returned to G\u00f6ttingen, where in 1837 he was appointed an associate professor. From 1842 to 1883 he was a full professor of classical philology at the University of G\u00f6ttingen. Following his retirement, he was replaced at G\u00f6ttingen by Ulrich von Wilamowitz-Moellendorff. Following the death of Schneidewin in 1856, Leutsch took over editorship of the Philologus, a journal on classical studies. He remained editor of the journal until his death in 1887. In 1868 he founded the philological gazette, Philologischen Anzeiger. Not a prolific author of books, Leutsch's focus was primarily on his academic teaching, with his favorite subjects being Pindar, Aristophanes, Thucydides, Livy and Tacitus. Leutsch died in G\u00f6ttingen. The Classical review (Volume 3) by Classical Association (Great Britain) (Google Book) by D. Nutt, 1889."
   },
   {
    "name": "Karl Otto Weber",
    "id": "Q74291",
    "text": "Karl Otto Weber (29 December 1827 \u2013 11 June 1867) was a German surgeon and pathologist born in Frankfurt am Main. He received his early education in the gymnasium at Bremen which his father directed. There Weber showed a special interest in the natural sciences, and in 1846, when he went on to the University of Bonn, he studied botany, geology and mineralogy with an emphasis on paleontological botany. As a student at Bonn, he was a member of the Burschenschaft Franconia, which at that time also included Carl Schurz, Johannes Overbeck, Julius Schmidt, Friedrich Spielhagen, Ludwig Meyer and Adolf Strodtmann. In 1851, he received a degree of doctor of medicine and surgery from Bonn. After passing his state exam in 1852, he left for a study trip, most of which was spent in Paris. In the winter of 1852/53, he became an assistant doctor in the Bonn surgery clinic of Karl Wilhelm Wutzer. Weber remained there for a full four years. During the last part of his stay, he enjoyed a large degree of independence due to the failing eyesight of Wutzer. By 1853, Weber was a Privatdocent in surgery, and zealously pursuing studies in pathological anatomy. After Wutzer retired in 1855, Wutzer's place was taken by Busch in 1856 and Weber assisted him for a year. The faculty of Bonn recommended that Weber devote himself to a specialization in pathological anatomy which at that point was not represented among their specialties, and in 1857 he was named extraordinary professor in that specialty, becoming an ordinary professor in 1862. In 1865, Weber became professor of surgery at the University of Heidelberg. There he vigorously involved himself in the construction of a hospital in Heidelberg-Bergheim. He died in Heidelberg at the age of 39 from diphtheria. As a pathological anatomist, Weber specialized in the fields of histology and histogenesis. Weber was diligent about writing up the results of his studies. He was also a good draftsman and did his own drawings, also taking care of their transfer to the lithographic stone. Many of his medical articles were published in Pitha and Bilroth's Handbuch der allgemeinen und speciellen Chirurgie. He was the author of the following books: Die Knochengeschw\u00fclste in anatomischer und praktischer Beziehung (1856) Chirurgische Erfahrungen und Untersuchungen (1859) Weber also published in the areas of history and biography. In the Preu\u00dfischen Jahrb\u00fcchern he published the essays: \u201cJohannes M\u00fcller,\u201d \u201cAlexander von Humboldt und sein Einflu\u00df auf die Naturwissenschaft\u201d (Alexander von Humboldt and his influence on natural science), an obituary for Karl Wilhelm Wutzer, and also \u201cUeber die Anf\u00e4nge der pathologische Anatomie\u201d (On the beginnings of pathological anatomy) and \u201cDie Bedeutung der pathologische Anatomie f\u00fcr die medicinische Wissenschaft und Praxis\u201d (The significance of pathological anatomy for the theory and practice of medicine). Carl Schurz, Reminiscences (3 vols.), New York: McClure Publ. Co., 1907, v. 1, ch. 4, p. 94. Some of this article is based on a translation of the corresponding article from the German Wikipedia. Ernst Gurlt (1896), \"Weber, Karl Otto\", Allgemeine Deutsche Biographie (ADB) (in German), 41, Leipzig: Duncker & Humblot, pp.\u00a0343\u2013345"
   },
   {
    "name": "Heinrich Bernhard Oppenheim",
    "id": "Q75220",
    "text": "Heinrich Bernhard Oppenheim (July 20, 1819 in Frankfurt \u2013 March 29, 1880 in Berlin) was a German publicist and philosopher concerned with the ideas of liberalism, free trade and international law. Oppenheim was son of a Jewish family of bankers in Frankfurt and studied law in G\u00f6ttingen, Heidelberg and Berlin. In Berlin he could not reach a postdoctoral lecturer qualification because of his Jewish origin, so he became a private lecturer (Privatdozent) for political science and international law in Heidelberg. But his inclinations to journalism soon won the upper hand, and, his living assured by his family, he gave up teaching. He was very much taken by the questions surrounding the movements of 1848. His feeble attempts at practical politics nevertheless foundered and left him more and more to make himself known through his pen and his theories. He spoke at the agitated mass meeting at Unter den Zelten where the legislature's petition to the king regarding the wishes of the people was discussed. He became one of the chief editors, with Arnold Ruge and Eduard Meyen, of \u201cDie Reform\u201d (The Reform) which soon came under the oversight of several democratic groups. Among his other co-workers on this paper were Mikhail Bakunin, Karl Heinzen and Georg Herwegh. Oppenheim sought a seat in the National Assembly. He thought it sufficient to refer to his writings in \u201cDie Reform\u201d where he developed his premise \u201cthat only with freedom did the people become mature enough for freedom,\u201d but the people of Berlin had no patience with a candidate who campaigned only with his pen. This experience convinced him even more he that he was suited to a writing career, as he did not seem suited to speaking. He went to Baden and, looking for secrets, broke into the private files of the departed archduke. Lorenzo Brentano, the leader of the provisional government, put him in charge of the government newspaper, the \u201cKarlsruher Zeitung\u201d. When a schism broke out between Brentano's moderates and Gustav Struve's terrorists, Oppenheim worked for the latter, and was dismissed from the newspaper when they failed. He then traveled to Switzerland, France, the Netherlands and England. He returned in 1850 and continued to publish works on democratic ideas. He denounced the democrats for the victories of the Reaction, but thought the latter were ultimately to blame because they turned to raw despotic power rather than continuing with their phony constitutionalism. In 1861 Oppenheim joined the German Progress Party and edited the Yearbook for Politics and Literature which was banned soon afterwards. He also became a member of the Congress of German Economists, as he was known as an excellent economist and supporter of free trade. He also paid attention to social matters. The occurrences of 1866 worked a great transformation in Oppenheim. He greeted the new order with joy while other liberals were more skeptical. Oppenheim joined the National Liberals and supported Bismarck's strategy for national unification. He wrote two flyers for the elections, one of which only saw limited distribution since the leaders saw it as too radical. After 1870, for the first time he directly discussed practical questions, writing on poor laws and economics. He was also critical of \u201cfanciful thinkers about the future among the teachers in the universities.\u201d In 1874, he was elected Member of the Reichstag representing Reu\u00df \u00e4. L. and took his seat as an expert on the 1869 changes to commercial regulations. In 1877 he lost his seat to a social democrat. In reaction to Bismarck\u2019s protectionist policy he split with his party in 1880. Oppenheim\u2019s philosophical work is concentrated on parliamentarism the idea of common welfare. He coined the phrase \u201clectern socialism\u201d (German \"Kathedersozialismus\"). Right Hegelians Allgemeine Deutsche Biographie. Karl Wipperman (1887), \"Oppenheim, Heinrich Bernhard\", Allgemeine Deutsche Biographie (ADB) (in German), 24, Leipzig: Duncker & Humblot, pp.\u00a0396\u2013399 Carl Schurz. Reminiscences (3 volumes). New York: The McClure Company, 1907. In Chapter XIV of Volume One, Schurz mentions Oppenheim as a member of the salon of German refugees organized by the Russian (of German descent) Baroness von Br\u00fcning in St. John's Wood in London. Hermann L\u00fcbbe (ed.). Die Hegelsche Rechte. Texte aus den Werken von F. W. Carov\u00e9, J. E. Erdmann, K. Fischer, E. Gans, H. F. W. Hinrichs, C. L. Michelet, H. B. Oppenheim, K. Rosenkranz und C. R\u00f6\u00dfler [The Hegelian Right]. Friedrich Frommann Verlag. 1962. Heinrich Bernhard Oppenheim in the German National Library catalogue"
   },
   {
    "name": "Ferdinand Lindheimer",
    "id": "Q75237",
    "text": "Ferdinand Jacob Lindheimer (May 21, 1801 \u2013 December 2, 1879) was a German Texan botanist who spent his working life on the American frontier. In 1936, Recorded Texas Historic Landmark number 1590 was placed on Lindheimer's grave. Ferdinand Jacob Lindheimer was born to merchant Johann Hartmann and Jahnette Magdeline Reisser Lindheimer on May 21, 1801 in Frankfurt, Germany. Lindheimer was educated at the Frankfurt Gymnasium, a Berlin preparatory school, the University of Wiesbaden and the University of Jena. He received a scholarship in Philology at the University of Bonn. In 1827 Lindheimer became a teacher at the Bunsen Institute in Frankfurt, where he became an active proponent of governmental reform of Germany. He became one of the Dreissiger refugees who left Germany after participation in the failed Frankfurt Putsch insurrection in 1833. In 1834, Lindheimer arrived in Belleville, Illinois, whence he traveled by boat to New Orleans. Lindheimer and several companions began traveling to Texas, but were diverted to Mexico where he lived and worked for more than a year. Here he lived in the German colony in Veracruz where he learned about Mexican botany. The german colony in \"El Mirador\" was founded by Karl Sartorius near a large Italian colony in Huatusco. He spent over a year here with the German migrants in Mexico learning as much about the bountiful Mexican flora. Late in 1835 he departed Mexico as the Texas Revolution was beginning and was shipwrecked on the coast near Mobile, Alabama. Lindheimer headed to Texas and arrived at the San Jacinto battlefield the day after the final battle of the Texas Revolution. In 1844 he met Prince Carl of Solms-Braunfels, Germany, who was making final arrangements for the settlement of a German colony in Texas, which would be known as New Braunfels, Texas. Lindheimer lived the remainder of his life in New Braunfels, Texas. Meusebach and Hermann Spiess of the Darmstadt Society of Forty chose the location for Bettina in 1847 on the banks of the Llano River. Lindheimer was a botanist residing in this colony. The Fisher\u2013Miller Land Grant commune was named in honor of Bettina von Arnim, an early feminist activist and a personal friend of the Meusebach family. The standard author abbreviation Lindh. is used to indicate this person as the author when citing a botanical name. During the late 1830s and early 1840s, Lindheimer collected botanic specimens in Texas, part of this time for Dr. Asa Gray of Harvard University. Lindheimer persuaded Wilhelm Bruckisch of the Silesian Beekeepers Society to bring black Italian bees to Texas for pollination of the fruit trees in the Guadalupe River valley. Lindheimer collected fifteen hundred species in the south Texas area, over a period of thirteen years. In New Braunfels, Lindheimer began a friendship with fellow botanical enthusiast John O. Meusebach, who appointed him director of a New Braunfels botanical garden. After resigning as Commissioner-General of the Adelsverein, Meusebach moved from New Braunfels to some acreage he had bought at Comanche Springs in Bexar County, believed to be in the vicinity of current-day Camp Bullis. Lindheimer and Meusebach made botanical collections at Comanche Spring, with Lindheimer's 1849 collections bearing the Comanche Spring place tag. After Meusebach retired to Loyal Valley, Lindheimer was a frequent visitor who exchanged botanical specimens for evaluation with Meusebach. In 1852, Lindheimer was hired as an editor, and along with Adolph Douai, helped found the German-language newspaper known as the Die Neu-Braunfelser Zeitung. Lindheimer died December 2, 1879 in New Braunfels. He is known as the Father of Texas Botany, with over 20 species and one genus bearing his name. The Lindheimer House in New Braunfels is preserved as a public museum and operated by the New Braunfels Conservation Society. The house was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1970. A subspecies of snake, Pantherophis obsoletus lindheimeri, is named in his honor. List of Darmstadt Society of Forty Ragsdale, Crystal Sasse. \"Ferdinand Jacob Lindheimer\". Handbook of Texas Online. Texas State Historical Association. Retrieved 1 January 2011. Lich, Glen E. \"Dreissiger\". Handbook of Texas Online. Texas State Historical Association. Retrieved 1 January 2011. Morgenthaler, Jefferson (2009). Promised Land: Solms, Castro, and Sam Houston's Colonization Contracts. TAMU Press. p.\u00a0107. ISBN\u00a0978-1-60344-119-3. King (1967) p.121 IPNI. \u00a0Lindh. Silverthorne, Elizabeth (2002). Legends and Lore of Texas Wildflowers. TAMU Press. p.\u00a0xiii. ISBN\u00a0978-1-58544-230-0. \"The Roar of the Crowd-Drone On\". Texas Monthly: 8. October 1977. Tveten, John and Gloria (1997). Wildflowers of Houston and Southeast Texas. University of Texas Press. p.\u00a073. ISBN\u00a0978-0-292-78151-1. King (1967) p.93 Morgenthaler (2007) p.99 King (1967) p.141 King (1967) p.162 Marjorie, Cook. \"New Braunfels Herald-Zeitung\". Handbook of Texas Online. Texas State Historical Association. Retrieved 1 January 2011. \"Lindheimer Home\". New Braunfels Conservation Society. Archived from the original on 27 July 2011. Retrieved 1 January 2011. Echols, Gordon (2000). Early Texas Architecture. Texas Christian University Press. p.\u00a0131. ISBN\u00a0978-0-87565-223-8. \"National Register Information System\". National Register of Historic Places. National Park Service. July 9, 2010. Beolens, Bo; Watkins, Michael; Grayson, Michael (2011). The Eponym Dictionary of Reptiles. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press. xiii + 296 pp. ISBN\u00a0978-1-4214-0135-5. (\"Lindheimer\", p. 158). Rudolph Leopold Biesele, The History of the German Settlements in Texas, 1831-1861. Austin, TX: Press of Von Boeckmann-Jones Co., 1930. Oscar Haas, History of New Braunfels and Comal County, Texas, 1844-1946. Austin, TX: Steck Company, 1968. Irene Marschall King, John O. Meusebach: German Colonizer in Texas. Austin, TX: University of Texas Press, 1967. Glen E. Lich, The German Texans. Austin, TX: University of Texas Press, 1996. George J. Morgenthaler, The German Settlement of the Texas Hill Country. Boerne, TX: Mockingbird Books, 2007. John E. Williams, The Writings of Ferdinand Lindheimer. Texas Botanist, Texas Philosopher, Texas A & M University Press, 2020, ISBN\u00a0978-1-62349-876-4. A biography Biography in the Handbook of Texas"
   },
   {
    "name": "Peter Konwitschny",
    "id": "Q75310",
    "text": "Peter Konwitschny (born 21 January 1945 in Frankfurt am Main) is a German opera and theatre director. Peter Konwitschny grew up in Leipzig, where his father Franz Konwitschny was principal conductor of the Leipzig Gewandhaus Orchestra. After an aborted study of physics, he studied theatre direction from 1965 until 1970 in Berlin. In the 1970s, Konwitschny worked as an assistant director with Ruth Berghaus at the Berliner Ensemble. From 1980 onwards he chiefly worked as a free-lance director. During this period he directed both opera and theatre productions in Berlin, Halle, Greifswald and Rostock. From 1986 until 1990 he was chief director of the Landestheater Halle. His Handel productions Rinaldo, Aci, Galatea e Polifemo and Tamerlano, as well as Rigoletto and Carmen received high acclaim. Even though Konwitschny had already directed operas in West Germany (Bluebeard's Castle, Kassel, 1987, and Fidelio, Basel, 1989), it was only after the fall of the Berlin Wall, that his international career took off. After Puccini and Rossini operas in Graz, Leipzig and Basel, Konwitschny turned to Wagner: Parsifal (1995, Bavarian State Opera), Tannh\u00e4user (1997, Dresden Semperoper), Lohengrin (1998, Hamburg State Opera), Tristan und Isolde (1998, Bavarian State Opera), and a highly acclaimed G\u00f6tterd\u00e4mmerung (2000, Staatsoper Stuttgart). After Lohengrin, Konwitschny returned to Hamburg to cooperate with the conductor Ingo Metzmacher on Alban Berg's Lulu, Richard Wagner's Die Meistersinger von N\u00fcrnberg, and Arnold Schoenberg's Moses und Aron. In 2004 he directed Wagner's The Flying Dutchman at the Bolshoi Theatre in Moscow, in 2005 Richard Strauss' Elektra in Copenhagen and in 2009 Strauss' Salome in Amsterdam. Since August 2008, Konwitschny is principal director of productions at the Leipzig Opera. In 2018, Konwitschny, was fired from the Gothenburg Opera due to a conflict between Peter Konwitschny and co-workers around the stage, during the rehearsals of Boris Godunov. The Gothenburg Opera CEO stated in a press release that This is a house where one is allowed to be angry, have conflicts and to make mistakes. But there is a limit to where a behavior towards co-workers becomes unacceptable. In this case, we could not afterwards reach a mutual understanding concerning the gravity of the situation. Therefore, we chose to terminate the cooperation. Konwitschny later issued a statement to the press, comparing the response to the Spanish Inquisition and vowing not to return to the opera house. 1988: Art Prize of the German Democratic Republic 1992: Konrad Wolf Prize of the Akademie der K\u00fcnste in Berlin 1997: Order of Merit of the Federal Republic of Germany (Bundesverdienstkreuz) 1998: Director of the Year, Opernwelt magazine 1999: Director of the Year, Opernwelt magazine 2000: Director of the Year, Opernwelt magazine 2005: Theaterpreis Berlin Konwitschny is an honorary professor at the Hochschule f\u00fcr Musik \"Hanns Eisler\" in Berlin and a member of the Akademie der K\u00fcnste in Berlin. Some of Konwitschny's polarizing interpretations are far removed from the composer's or playwright's original idea. His 2000 production in Dresden of Die Cs\u00e1rd\u00e1sf\u00fcrstin, an operetta by Emmerich K\u00e1lm\u00e1n, set by Konwitschny in World War I trenches, turned into a scandal and a lawsuit when the director of the Semperoper cancelled two scenes of Konwitschny's production. Breiholz, Jochen (December 2002). \"Sense and Nonsense in Two Meistersingers\". Andante. Archived from the original on 29 January 2006. Retrieved 9 April 2010. \"Stj\u00e4rnregiss\u00f6ren Peter Konwitschny sparkas fr\u00e5n G\u00f6teborgsoperan \u2013 efter vredesutbrott p\u00e5 scen\" (in Swedish). Retrieved 21 April 2018. \"Regarding our collaboration with director Peter Konwitschny - Press | The G\u00f6teborg Opera\". en.opera.se. Retrieved 21 April 2018. Interview: \"I do not consider myself a representative of the Regietheater\" by Per-Erik Skarmstad and Mostly Opera, at wagneropera.net"
   },
   {
    "name": "Lazarus Geiger",
    "id": "Q75350",
    "text": "Lazarus Geiger (21 May 1829 \u2013 29 August 1870) was a German-Jewish philosopher and philologist. He was born at Frankfurt-on-Main, was destined to commerce, but soon gave himself up to scholarship and studied at Marburg, Bonn and Heidelberg. From 1861 till his sudden death in 1870 he was professor in the Jewish high school at Frankfurt. His chief aim was to prove that the evolution of human reason is closely bound up with that of language. He further maintained that the origin of the Indo-Germanic language is to be sought not in Asia but in central (Germany). He was a convinced opponent of rationalism in religion. It was Lazarus Geiger, ... who first detected universal sequence in the acquisition of basic colour terms. Lazarus Geiger's chief work was Ursprung und Entwickelung der menschlichen Sprache und Vernunft (vol. i., Stuttgart, 1868), the principal results of which appeared in a more popular form as Der Ursprung der Sprache (Stuttgart, 1869 and 1878). The second volume of the former was published in an incomplete form (1872, 2nd ed. 1899) after his death by his brother Alfred Geiger. Alfred Geiger also published a number of Lazarus Geiger's scattered papers as Zur Entwickelung der Menschheit (1871, and ed. 1878; Eng. trans. D. Asher, Hist. of the Development of the Human Race, London, 1880). Chisholm 1911, p.\u00a0551. Berlin & Kay 1991, p.\u00a0135. Berlin, Brent; Kay, Paul (1991). Basic Color Terms: Their Universality and Evolution. University of California Press. p.\u00a0135. ISBN\u00a0978-0-520-07635-8. Attribition \u00a0This article\u00a0incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain:\u00a0Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). \"Geiger, Abraham\". Encyclop\u00e6dia Britannica. 11 (11th\u00a0ed.). Cambridge University Press. p.\u00a0551. \u2013 See towards the end of his uncle's article. Endnots: Keller, J. (1883). L. Geiger und der Kritik der Vernunft. Wertheim. Keller, J. (1883). Der Ursprung der Vernunft. Heidelberg. Peschier, E. (1871) L. Geiger, sein Leben und Denken. Rosenthal, L.A. (1883). Lazarus Geiger: seine Lehre vom Ursprung d. Sprache und Vernunft und sein Leben.Stuttgart. Geiger, Lazarus (1880). Contributions to the History of the Development of the Human Race. Tr\u00fcbner & Company. \u2013 full translated text. \"Handwritten copies of letters from Geiger to his family\". The Central Archives for the History of the Jewish People Jerusalem (CAHJP). Retrieved May 2016. Check date values in: |access-date= (help)"
   },
   {
    "name": "Hermann Hoffmann",
    "id": "Q75367",
    "text": "Heinrich Karl (or Carl) Hermann Hoffmann\u00a0(help\u00b7info) (22 April 1819 \u2013 26 October 1891) was a German botanist and mycologist born in R\u00f6delheim. He studied medicine at the University of Giessen, and in 1839 furthered his education in Berlin as a student of physiologist Johannes Peter M\u00fcller (1801\u20131858). In 1842 he earned his habilitation at Giessen, where he worked as a private lecturer. During this time his focus turned exclusively to botany, and in 1853 he became a professor of botany and director of the botanical gardens at Giessen. He maintained these positions until his death in 1891. Hoffmann was a pioneer of botanical phenology (plant climatology). He also did important studies in the fields of plant physiology and phytogeography. He conducted research involving the biological aspects of fungi in relation to fermentation, putrefaction and disease, and also performed early investigations in the field of bacteriology. In 1869, Hoffmann wrote a book on species and varieties that included a long excerpt from Gregor Mendel's genetics paper of 1865. The book attempted to refute Charles Darwin's theory of evolution. Darwin had an annotated copy of the book. Schilderung der deutschen Pflanzenfamilien vom botanisch-deskriptiven u. physiologisch-chemischen Standpunkt (Portrayal of German plant families from a botanical-descriptive and physiological-chemical standpoint), (Gie\u00dfen 1846). Untersuchungen \u00fcber den Pflanzenschlaf (Investigations involving \"plant sleep\"), (Gie\u00dfen 1851). Pflanzenverbreitung u. Pflanzenwanderung (Plant spread and migration), (Darmstadt 1852). Witterung und Wachstum, oder Grundz\u00fcge der Pflanzenklimatalogie (Weather and growth, main features of plant climatology), (Leipzig 1857). Lehrbuch der Botanik (Textbook of botany), (Darmstadt 1857). \"Icones analyticae fungorum\" (Gie\u00dfen 1861-65). \"Index fungorum\" (Leipzig 1863). Untersuchungen zur Bestimmung des Werthes von Species und Variet\u00e4t. Ein Beitrag zur Kritik der Darwin'schen Hypothese (Researches on the determination of the value of species and variety. A Contribution to the Critique of the Darwinian Hypothesis, 1869) Mykologische Berichte (Mycological reports), (1870\u201373, three parts). Pharmakologische Studien \u00fcber die Alkaloide der Quebrachorinde . [s.l.] 1884 Digital edition by the University and State Library D\u00fcsseldorf Resultate der wichtigsten pflanzenph\u00e4nologischen Beobachtungen in Europa (1885). The standard author abbreviation H.Hoffm. is used to indicate this person as the author when citing a botanical name. Wilhelm Olbers Focke Keynes, Milo. (2002). Mendel\u2014both ignored and forgotten. Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine 95 (11): 576\u2013577. Keynes, Milo; Edwards, A. W. F; Peel, Robert. (2004). A Century of Mendelism in Human Genetics. The Galton Institute. pp. 4-5. ISBN\u00a00-415-32960-4 Galton, David. (2009). Did Darwin read Mendel?. QJM: An International Journal of Medicine 102 (8): 587\u2013589. IPNI. \u00a0H.Hoffm. \"Parts of this article are based on a translation of an equivalent article at the German Wikipedia\", source listed as Allgemeine Deutsche Biographie The English Mechanic and World of Science (biographical information)."
   },
   {
    "name": "Senna Guemmour",
    "id": "Q75431",
    "text": "Senna Gammour (n\u00e9e Guemmour; born 28 December 1979), also known mononymously as Senna, is a German singer, television personality and presenter. She was a member of the girl group Monrose. Gammour was born in Frankfurt to a Moroccan mother and Algerian father. She grew up in the housing estate of Frankfurt-Nordweststadt. Gammour's father died in 1992. Shaped by her life in the urban area, Gammour became interested in hip hop culture and music; she also worked as a waitress and started a commercial training in the wholesale and export trades. In 2003, Gammour auditioned for the television show Popstars \u2013 Das Duell, but was eliminated during the callback. In 2006, she auditioned again, this time for Popstars \u2013 Neue Engel braucht das Land, where she made it throughout the entire competition and became a member of the girl group Monrose. The group turned out to be very popular, attaining two number-one singles on the German Singles Charts (\"Shame\" and \"Hot Summer\") and landing a total of seven top 10 hits, of which six of them were attained before 2008. In 2007, Gammour collaborated with German musician Dieter Falk on the track \"Kein sch\u00f6ner Land\", from his album Volkslieder. The following year, she was featured on German rapper Kool Savas' single \"Melodie\", which reached a peak position of 68 on the Official German Charts. On 9 September 2008, she, along with Oliver Petszokat, began hosting the German edition of The Singing Bee on television channel ProSieben; the program ran until early 2009. Furthermore, she served as a judge on the German talent show Mascerade. On 25 November 2010, Monrose announced that they would disband in early 2011. Gammour would later continue her career as a television presenter by co-hosting the German version of Deal With It (known as Iss oder Quizz) with Lutz van der Horst; the program aired on ZDFneo for 56 episodes between March 2011 and March 2012. Gammour served as a judge on the tenth season of Popstars, which aired on ProSieben in the summer of 2012. During 2012 and 2018, Gammour participated in many TV shows like Promi Shopping Queen, Wild Girls \u2013 Auf High Heels durch Afrika, Grill den Hessler or Genial daneben \u2013 Das Quiz. In 2017, she started her own comedy tour Liebeskummer ist ein Arschloch!, which became successful. One year later, she began touring her second show called No More Fuckboys! and performed in Germany, Austria and Switzerland. During the next three years, she published two books (Liebeskummer ist ein Arschloch \u2013 Nie wieder Fuckboys and In dein Gesicht \u2013 Erfolg ist die beste Rache!) and released her singles \"Fuckboy\", \"Anders Real\" and \"Wahnsinnig\". Liebeskummer ist ein Arschloch \u2013 Nie wieder Fuckboys (ISBN\u00a0978-3-548-06051-4) [2019] In dein Gesicht \u2013 Erfolg ist die beste Rache! (ISBN\u00a0978-3-548-06224-2) [2020] 2017\u20132018: Liebeskummer ist ein Arschloch! 2019: No More Fuckboys! 2020: No More Fuckboys! 2.0 (some dates cancelled due COVID-19 pandemic) \"Pro 7 Star Datenbank\". ProSieben. 2006. Hollersen, Wiebke (7 July 2009). \"Der demokratische Star\". Spiegel.de. Retrieved 24 February 2021. \"Monrose-Senna singt fremd\". T-Online. 2008. \"RESTAURANT-QUIZ \u2013 \"Iss oder quizz\": ZDFneo mit neuer Vorabend-Show\". DWDL.de. 2011. www.apload.ch, apload GmbH-Internet Agentur. \"Comedy Award -\". Comedy Award - (in German). Retrieved 6 October 2020. \"Media Control [Spitzenfeder Awards 2019 | Kategorie \"Taschenbuch/Ratgeber\"]\". Senna Gammour's channel on YouTube Senna Gammour at IMDb"
   },
   {
    "name": "Moritz Schiff",
    "id": "Q75503",
    "text": "Moritz Schiff (28 January 1823, Frankfurt am Main \u2013 6 October 1896, Geneva) was a German physiologist. While working in Bern, he showed that removing the thyroid gland from dogs was fatal, and later showed that animal thyroid extract could prevent the death. Subsequently he successfully used thyroid extract to treat humans. He made other major contributions to human physiology, including studies of the circulatory system and the action of the vagus nerve. Julius Richard Ewald (1908), \"Schiff, Moritz\", Allgemeine Deutsche Biographie (ADB) (in German), 54, Leipzig: Duncker & Humblot, pp.\u00a08\u201311 (in German) Short biography and bibliography Short Biography in the Jewish Encyclopedia Biographies Enciclopedia Moritz Schiff Zuckerbildund in der Leber und den Einfluss des Nervensystems auf die Diabetes, 1859, W\u00fcrzburg. Moritz Schiff Untersuchungen zur Physiologie des Nervensystems mit Ber\u00fccksichtigung der Pathologie, 1855, Frankfurt-am-Main, 228 p. Moritz Schiff Ueber die Rolle des pankratischen Saftes und der Galle bei Auf nahme der Fette, 1857, Frankfurt a. M., Meidinger Sohn & Comp. Moritz Schiff Lehrbuch der Physiologie des Menschen - Teil I. Muskel- und Nervenphysiologie, 1858-1859, Lahr, Schauenburg & C. 357 p. Schweizerische Zeitschrift f\u00fcr Heilkunde, 1862, Bern. Maurice Schiff Le\u00e7ons sur la physiologie de la digestion faites au Mus\u00e9um d'histoire Naturelle de Florence r\u00e9dig\u00e9es par le Dr Emile L\u00e9vier, 1867, Florence & Turin, Herman Loescher. Recueil des m\u00e9moires physiologiques par Maurice Schiff 1894, Premier volume, Lausanne Recueil des m\u00e9moires physiologiques par Maurice Schiff 1894, Deuxi\u00e8me volume, Lausanne Recueil des m\u00e9moires physiologiques par Maurice Schiff 1896, Troisi\u00e8me volume, Lausanne Recueil des m\u00e9moires physiologiques par Maurice Schiff 1898, Quatri\u00e8me volume, publi\u00e9 par A. Herzen & E. Levier, Lausanne More references in French fr:Moritz Schiff (in French) A. Loucif\u00a0: \"Moritz Schiff: la vie et les carnets de laboratoire d'un physiologiste du XIX\u00e8me si\u00e8cle\". Th\u00e8se de M\u00e9decine, N\u00b0 206. Universit\u00e9 Louis Pasteur. Strasbourg, 2003. H. Friedenwald: \"Notes on Moritz Schiff (1823\u20131896)\". Chapter XXXVI. in The Jews and medicine. 1944, Baltimore, Johns Hopkins Press. W. Haymaker, Schiller F., ed.: The founders of neurology, One hundred and forty-six biographical sketches by eighty-eight authors, 1970, Springfield (Ill.) (in French) Jean Starobinski: \"Le concept de c\u00e9nesth\u00e9sie et les id\u00e9es neuropsychologiques de Moritz Schiff\", in Gesnerus, n\u00b0 34, 2-20, 1977. Anonyme: \"Moritz Schiff (1823\u20131896). Experimental physiologist\", JAMA. 1968 Mar. 25;203(13):1133-4. J.R. Ewald: \"Schiff, Moritz\". In: Allgemeine Deutsche Biographie. Band 54, Duncker & Humblot, Leipzig 1908, S. 8\u201311. (in French) Br\u00e8ve histoire de la conscience du corps, in Revue fran\u00e7aise de psychanalyse, n\u00b0 2, 1981. H. Heintel: \"Moritz Schiffs gescheiterter Habilitationsversuch an der Universit\u00e4t G\u00f6ttingen im Jahre 1855\". Medizinhist J. 1980;15(4): 378\u201384. (in French) Georges Canguilhem: \u00c9tudes d'histoire et de philosophie des sciences, 2002, Paris, Vrin, 288\u201393. (in German) P. Riedo: Der Physiologe Moritz Schiff (1823\u20131896) und die Innervation des Herzens. Universit\u00e9 de Z\u00fcrich, 1971. A. Reuben: \"The biliary cycle of Moritz Schiff\", Hepatology, 2005, Volume 42, Issue 2, pages 500\u2013505. F. Vallejo-Manzur, J. Varon, R. Fromm Jr, P. Baskett: \"Moritz Schiff and the history of open-chest cardiac massage\". Resuscitation. 2002, Apr. 53(1): 3-5. (in French) J.J. Dreifuss: \"Moritz Schiff et la vivisection\", Gesnerus. 1985\u00a0; 42(3-4): 289-303. (in French) J.J. Dreifuss: \"Moritz Schiff and thyroid transplantation: An aspect of the beginnings of experimental endocrinology\", Rev. Med. Suisse Romande. 1984, Dec. 104(12): 957\u201365. (in French) J.J. Dreifuss: \"L\u2019arriv\u00e9e de la physiologie exp\u00e9rimentale \u00e0 Gen\u00e8ve\" (1876), Rev. Med. Suisse Romande. 2008;4:2288-2291. P. Guarnieri: \"Moritz Schiff (1823\u20131896). Experimental Physiology and Noble Sentiment in Florence\". In: Vivisection in Historical Perspective, N. A. Rupke. London and New York\u00a0: Routledge, 1987;105-24. M. Feinsod: \"Moritz Schiff (1823\u20131896): A Physiologist in Exile\". Rambam Maimonides Medical Journal. 2011;2;(4):e006 biology portal Germany portal"
   },
   {
    "name": "Karl Binding",
    "id": "Q75787",
    "text": "Karl Ludwig Lorenz Binding (4 June 1841 \u2013 7 April 1920) was a German jurist known as a promoter of the theory of retributive justice. His influential book, Die Freigabe der Vernichtung lebensunwerten Lebens (\"Allowing the Destruction of Life Unworthy of Living\"), written together with the psychiatrist Alfred Hoche, was used by the Nazis to justify their T-4 Euthanasia Program. Binding was born in Frankfurt am Main, the third child of Georg Christoph Binding and Dorothea Binding. In 1860 Binding moved to G\u00f6ttingen where he studied history and jurisprudence. After a short stay in Heidelberg, where he won a law prize, he moved back to G\u00f6ttingen to finish his studies. In 1864 he completed his habilitation paper in Latin about Roman criminal law and lectured in criminal law at Heidelberg University. Two years later he was appointed professor of law of state and criminal law and procedure in Basel, Switzerland. In the same year he married Marie Luise Wirsing and published Das burgundisch-romanische K\u00f6nigreich and Entwurf eines Strafgesetzbuches f\u00fcr den Norddeutschen Bund. At this time he also became friends with Johann Jacob Bernoulli - an archaeologist, Jakob Burckhardt - an art historian, and Friedrich Nietzsche - a philosopher. In August 1867 his first son, Rudolf Georg, was born, followed two years later by his second son. Rudolf G Binding later became a famous writer. Karl Binding and his wife were to have one more son and two daughters. In 1869 his family moved to Freiburg, and Binding volunteered to fight in the Franco-Prussian War. Although his lack of military training meant he was unable to serve as a soldier, he was accepted as an orderly and posted to the front, serving in a field hospital. In 1872 he took on a post at the Reichs University in Stra\u00dfburg. In the same year he moved to Leipzig University, where he was to continue to work for the next 40 years. From 1879 until 1900 Binding worked in the district court of Leipzig. After becoming Leipzig University's rector and receiving his emeritus, he moved to Freiburg, where his wife died only a few days later at 71 years old. In 1918, during the First World War, Binding left Germany to lecture German soldiers in Macedonia and Bulgarian intellectuals in Sofia. This was the title of one of Binding's most infamous books, co-written by the psychiatrist, Alfred Hoche. The book was divided into two parts, the first written by Binding, the second by Hoche. Binding discussed the consequences that the legal status of suicide would have on euthanasia and the legality of killing the mentally ill. Hoche concentrated on the relationship of doctors to their patients and the seriously ill. (See Alfred Hoche.) Binding and Hoche are noted for the influence their work had on the Nazis and especially the Aktion T4 Euthanasia Program. In Binding's own interpretation of the law in 1920s Germany, suicide or attempting suicide was not illegal and should be treated as being within the law. This would mean that no-one would have the right to stop a person from killing themselves and that a person who wants to die would even have the right to defend themselves against such an attempt. Binding goes on to assume that the right to suicide would then also have to be transferable to another person; meaning that a person also has the right to let someone else cause their death if they so wish. In this case, anyone that has killed a seriously ill person, acting on the behalf of that person, has acted within the law. Binding's second possible interpretation of German law meant that suicide was neither legal nor illegal. He argued that the law concerning murder only referred to the killing of other people and not to suicide. In this case suicide would be perfectly legal, but euthanasia, involving the killing of another person, even with their permission, would have to be treated as murder. Again, if suicide is not illegal, then no one can stop another person from killing themselves. Binding noted that in reality, the majority of people who prevent a suicide attempt are not usually prosecuted and that most people who are prevented from killing themselves do not make a second attempt. He was of the opinion that in a case of prosecution due to euthanasia, the court should differentiate between the taking of a healthy life and a terminally ill person. Binding defined euthanasia as occurring when a person gives a terminally ill person, with the intention of reducing pain, a medicine which either immediately or eventually leads to that person's painless death. For a case of euthanasia to stay within the law, the medicine must enable the person to die painlessly at or around the same time as they would have otherwise died. In this way the doctor is simply exchanging the cause of death, from a painful one caused by illness to a painless one caused by a medicament. Any killing which involves the shortening of a life was seen as unlawful. Binding claimed the killing of the terminally ill was not an exception to the law against murder but was a lawful act in the interests of the patient. It put an end to their terrible suffering and should not be seen as a killing but as a reduction in their suffering. Binding did not think it necessary to obtain permission from a person who was to be killed, but if they were able to and expressed the wish to live, that wish must be respected. Binding split the group of people which he wanted to be considered for killing into three groups, \"two larger ones and a middle group\". 1 A person who has been mortally wounded or is terminally ill and has somehow communicated their wish to die. The person does not have to be in pain, it is enough that they are in a helpless condition and that their condition is incurable. It is also irrelevant if the person could be saved in another situation. 2 A person that is incurably mentally ill. Binding describes these people as having neither the will to die, nor the will to live. They are \"living pointless lives and are a burden for society and their families\". He also believed it to be unfair on carers to keep such \u201clives unworthy of living\u201d alive. 3 The people belonging to the middle group, were \u201cmentally healthy\u201d people, which having suffered a serious injury are now unconscious. If they ever awake, they \"will awake to a nameless suffering\". \"Their killing should not be seen as a killing as such but as saving the person from a terrible end.\" Binding could not work out a general rule for the killing of this group. Importantly he accepted that many killings of these people would actually be unjustifiable, although this would only be evident after death. He believed that the law would treat such killings as manslaughter. This led him to argue for a new law to allow for such killings which according with his views would have been \"justifiable\". Binding wanted a committee to decide on a killing on a case-by-case basis. The committee was to consist of a doctor, a psychiatrist or other doctor and a jurist to check that the committee was acting within the law. The committee would be able to call witnesses and was also to have a chairperson - without voting rights - to run the proceedings. Neither the applicant nor their doctor could be members of the committee. An applicant could represent themselves, be represented by their doctor, family or anyone they had asked. Binding was of the opinion \"that it is quite possible for a person under the age of 18 or for the mentally ill\" to decide whether they want to live or die. After a committee had checked that a person fulfils the criteria, it could make a decision. For a decision to be final, it would have to be agreed upon by all three parties and must be made purely out of pity and the killing must be done painlessly. Any person could withdraw their application to be killed at any time, including after the decision had been finalised. In the case of an unconscious person or the mentally ill, Binding allowed the final decision to be made by the mother. If the family were willing to take on the person themselves or pay the costs of hospitalisation, the person would not be killed. In the case of a conscious person the person's wishes were to be respected regardless of the interests or requests of the family. Binding also wanted to allow for killings that were not controlled by a committee. Such a killing would only be legal if the person killing had either acted with permission, or on the assumption that an unconscious person wanted to die. After the death a committee must be able to be satisfied that the killing fulfilled all of the usual requirements. Binding argued that although there is always a possibility of killing the wrong person, \"that which is good and reasonable must take place irrespective of any possibility of error\". He saw the risk of losing a life as unimportant because \"humanity constantly loses so many lives by mistake, that just one more would hardly make a difference\". Das burgundisch-romanische K\u00f6nigreich: Geschichte des burgundisch-romanischen K\u00f6nigreichs Entwurf eines Strafgesetzbuches f\u00fcr den Norddeutschen Bund Die Normen und ihre \u00dcbertretung. Eine Untersuchung \u00fcber die rechtm\u00e4\u00dfige Handlung und die Arten des Delikts Die Freigabe der Vernichtung lebensunwerten Lebens, Hoche A, Binding, K. Felix Meiner Verlag, Leipzig, 1920 (2nd Edition 1922) Kaufmann, Arnim: Lebendiges und Totes in Bindings Normentheorie, Schwartz 1954 Klaus-Peter Drechsel: Beurteilt Vermessen Ermordet. Praxis der Euthanasie bis zum Ende des deutschen Faschismus. Duisburg 1993, ISBN\u00a03-927388-37-8 Ernst Klee, \u00abEuthanasie\u00bb im NS-Staat. Die \u00abVernichtung lebensunwerten Lebens\u00bb, Fischer Taschenbuch Verlag, Frankfurt a.M. 1985 Rezension mit dem Titel \u201eVernichtung lebensunwerten Lebens\u201c, verfa\u00dft von Dr.F. Limacher aus Bern, Internationales \u00c4rztliches Bulletin, Dezember 1934, Nummer 12 (Erscheinungsort: Prag), 181\u2013183, hier 183, neu erschienen in Beitr\u00e4ge zur nationalsozialistischen Gesundheits- und Sozialpolitik, Band 7, Internationales \u00c4rztliches Bulletin, Jahrgang I-VI (1934-1939), Reprint, Rotbuch Verlag, Berlin 1989. Eugen Fischer Henry Friedlander (1997). The Origins of Nazi Genocide: From Euthanasia to the Final Solution. ISBN\u00a09780807846759. https://de.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Datei:BindingHoche_FreigabeCoverAufl22.jpg Works by Karl Binding at Project Gutenberg Works by or about Karl Binding at Internet Archive Allowing the Destruction of Life Unworthy of Life - English translation Die Freigabe der Vernichtung lebensunwerten Lebens - Original version"
   },
   {
    "name": "Stefan Mohr",
    "id": "Q76273",
    "text": "Stefan Mohr (born 22 October 1967) is a German chess grandmaster (GM). Mohr earned the GM title in 1989. He shared third place at Budapest 1989. He was also second board reserve for bronze medal winning German team at the 1989 European Team Chess Championship. Stefan Mohr rating card at FIDE Stefan Mohr player profile and games at Chessgames.com Mohr, Stefan team chess record at olimpbase.org v t e"
   },
   {
    "name": "Hans Zimmer",
    "id": "Q76364",
    "text": "Hans Florian Zimmer (German pronunciation: [\u02c8hans \u02c8flo\u02d0\u0281i\u032fa\u02d0n \u02c8ts\u026am\u0250] (listen); born 12 September 1957) is a German film score composer and record producer. His works are notable for integrating electronic music sounds with traditional orchestral arrangements. Since the 1980s, Zimmer has composed music for over 150 films. His works include The Lion King (for which he won the Academy Award for Best Original Score in 1995), Crimson Tide, Gladiator, the Pirates of the Caribbean series, The Dark Knight Trilogy, Inception, Interstellar, Dunkirk, and Blade Runner 2049. He has received four Grammy Awards, three Classical BRIT Awards, two Golden Globes, and an Academy Award. He was also named on the list of Top 100 Living Geniuses, published by The Daily Telegraph. Zimmer spent the early part of his career in the United Kingdom before moving to the United States. He is the head of the film music division at DreamWorks studios and works with other composers through the company that he founded, Remote Control Productions, formerly known as Media Ventures. His studio in Santa Monica, California has an extensive range of computer equipment and keyboards, allowing demo versions of film scores to be created quickly. Zimmer has collaborated on multiple projects with directors including Ridley Scott, Ron Howard, Gore Verbinski, Michael Bay, Guy Ritchie and Christopher Nolan. Zimmer was born in Frankfurt, West Germany. As a young child, he lived in K\u00f6nigstein-Falkenstein, where he played the piano at home but had piano lessons only briefly, as he disliked the discipline of formal lessons. In one of his Reddit AMAs, he said: \"My formal training was two weeks of piano lessons. I was thrown out of eight schools. But I joined a band. I am self-taught. But I've always heard music in my head. And I'm a child of the 20th century; computers came in very handy.\" Zimmer attended the Ecole D'Humanit\u00e9, an international boarding school in Canton Bern, Switzerland. He moved to London as a teenager, where he attended Hurtwood House school. During his childhood, he was strongly influenced by the film scores of Ennio Morricone and has cited Once Upon a Time in the West as the score that inspired him to become a film composer. In a speech at the 1999 Berlin Film Festival, Zimmer stated that he is Jewish, and talked about his mother surviving World War II thanks to her escape from Germany to England in 1939. In an interview with Mashable in February 2013, he said of his parents: \"My mother was very musical, basically a musician and my father was an engineer and an inventor. So I grew up modifying the piano, shall we say, which made my mother gasp in horror, and my father would think it was fantastic when I would attach chainsaws and stuff like that to the piano because he thought it was an evolution in technology.\" In an interview with the German television station ZDF in 2006, he commented: \"My father died when I was just a child, and I escaped somehow into the music and music has been my best friend.\" Zimmer began his career playing keyboards and synthesizers in the 1970s, with the band Krakatoa. He worked with the Buggles, a new wave band formed in London in 1977 with Trevor Horn, Geoff Downes, and Bruce Woolley. Zimmer can be seen briefly in the Buggles' music video for the 1979 song \"Video Killed the Radio Star\". After working with the Buggles, he started to work for the Italian group Krisma, a new wave band formed in 1976 with Maurizio Arcieri and Christina Moser. He was a featured synthesist for Krisma's third album, Cathode Mamma. He has also worked with the band Helden (with Warren Cann from Ultravox). Both Zimmer (on keyboards) and Cann (on drums), were invited to be part of the Spanish group Mecano for a live performance in Segovia (Spain) in 1984. Two songs from this concert were included in the \"Mecano: En Concierto\" album released in 1985 only in Spain. In 1985, he contributed to the Shriekback album Oil & Gold. In 1980, Zimmer co-produced a single, \"History of the World, Part 1,\" with, and for, UK punk band The Damned, which was also included on their 1980 LP release, The Black Album, and carried the description of his efforts as \"Over-Produced by Hans Zimmer.\" While living in London, Zimmer wrote advertising jingles for Air-Edel Associates. In the 1980s, Zimmer partnered with Stanley Myers, a prolific film composer who wrote the scores for over sixty films. Zimmer and Myers co\u2013founded the London\u2013based Lillie Yard recording studio. Together, Myers and Zimmer worked on fusing the traditional orchestral sound with electronic instruments. Some of the films on which Zimmer and Myers worked are Moonlighting (1982), Success Is the Best Revenge (1984), Insignificance (1985), and My Beautiful Laundrette (1985). Zimmer's first solo score was Terminal Exposure for director Nico Mastorakis in 1987, for which he also wrote the songs. Zimmer acted as score producer for the 1987 film The Last Emperor, which won the Academy Award for Best Original Score. One of Zimmer's most durable works from his time in the United Kingdom was the theme song for the television game show Going for Gold, which he composed with Sandy McClelland in 1987. In an interview with the BBC, Zimmer said: \"Going for Gold was a lot of fun. It's the sort of stuff you do when you don't have a career yet. God, I just felt so lucky because this thing paid my rent for the longest time.\" A turning point in Zimmer's career occurred with the 1988 film Rain Man. Hollywood director Barry Levinson was looking for someone to score Rain Man, and his wife heard the soundtrack CD of the anti-apartheid drama A World Apart, for which Zimmer had composed the music. Levinson was impressed by Zimmer's work and hired him to score Rain Man. In the score, Zimmer uses synthesizers (mostly a Fairlight CMI) mixed with steel drums. Zimmer explained that \"It was a road movie, and road movies usually have jangly guitars or a bunch of strings. I kept thinking don't be bigger than the characters. Try to keep it contained. The Raymond character doesn't actually know where he is. The world is so different to him. He might as well be on Mars. So, why don't we just invent our own world music for a world that doesn't really exist?\" Zimmer's score for Rain Man was nominated for an Academy Award in 1989, and the film won four Academy Awards including Best Picture. A year after Rain Man, Zimmer was asked to compose the score for Bruce Beresford's Driving Miss Daisy which, like Rain Man, won an Academy Award for Best Picture. Driving Miss Daisy's instrumentation consisted entirely of synthesizers and samplers, played by Zimmer. According to an interview with Sound on Sound magazine in 2002, the piano sounds heard within the score come from the Roland MKS\u201320, a rackmount synthesizer. Zimmer joked: \"It didn't sound anything like a piano, but it behaved like a piano.\" \"I listen to [Zimmer's] music and I don't even have to shut my eyes. I can see the pictures. And that's why, in many respects, I know I can talk pictures with Hans. He responds to pictures.\" \u2014Ridley Scott, director and producer and frequent collaborator with Zimmer. The soundtrack to Ridley Scott's 1991 film Thelma & Louise by Zimmer featured the trademark slide guitar performance by Pete Haycock on the \"Thunderbird\" theme in the film. As a teenager, Zimmer was a fan of Haycock, and their collaboration on film scores includes K2 and Drop Zone. Zimmer wrote the theme for Tony Scott's 1993 film True Romance, which he based on Carl Orff's Gassenhauer. Gassenhauer had previously been used in the 1973 film Badlands, which had a similar story of a young man and a girl on the run following a violent crime. The catchy theme, played on nine marimbas, contrasts starkly with the violence of the film. For the 1992 film The Power of One, Zimmer traveled to Africa in order to use African choirs and drums in the recording of the score. On the strength of this work, Walt Disney Feature Animation approached Zimmer to compose the score for the 1994 film The Lion King. This was to be his first score for an animated film. Zimmer said that he had wanted to go to South Africa to record parts of the soundtrack, but was unable to visit the country as he had a police record there \"for doing 'subversive' movies\" after his work on The Power of One. Disney studio bosses expressed fears that Zimmer would be killed if he went to South Africa, so the recording of the choirs was organized during a visit by Lebo M. Zimmer won numerous awards for his work on The Lion King, including an Academy Award for Best Original Score, a Golden Globe, and two Grammys. In 1997, the score was adapted into a Broadway musical version which won the Tony Award for Best Musical in 1998. As of April\u00a02012[update], the musical version of The Lion King is the highest grossing Broadway show of all time, having grossed $853.8 million. Zimmer's score for Tony Scott's 1995 film Crimson Tide won a Grammy Award for the main theme, which makes heavy use of synthesizers in place of traditional orchestral instruments. For The Thin Red Line (1998), Zimmer said that the director Terrence Malick wanted the music before he started filming, so he recorded six and a half hours of music. Zimmer's next project was The Prince of Egypt (1998), which was produced by DreamWorks Animation. He introduced Ofra Haza, an Israeli Yemenite singer, to the directors, and they thought she was so beautiful that they designed one of the characters in the film to look like her. Zimmer's score for the 1998 film The Thin Red Line is regarded as one of his most important works. The nine minute cue at the climax of the film, \"The Journey to the Line\" uses a recurring theme based on four chords, combined with a \"ticking clock\" motif that has been featured in a range of subsequent scores composed by Zimmer. The piece has been used in numerous trailers and video games, and has earned the nickname \"the forbidden cue\" due to the tendency of film makers to use it as a temp track for dramatic scenes. In the 2000s, Zimmer composed scores for Hollywood blockbuster films including three Ridley Scott films, Gladiator (2000), Black Hawk Down and Hannibal (2001), followed by The Last Samurai (2003), Madagascar (2005), The Da Vinci Code (2006), The Simpsons Movie (2007), Kung Fu Panda (2008), Angels & Demons (2009), and Sherlock Holmes (2009). Other work in the 2000s included the Spanish language film Casi Divas, and The Burning Plain (2009). He composed the theme for the television boxing series The Contender and worked with Lorne Balfe on the music for Call of Duty: Modern Warfare 2, which was his first video game project. Zimmer also collaborated with composers Borislav Slavov and Tilman Sillescu to create the score for the video game Crysis 2. In October 2000, Zimmer performed live in concert for the first time with an orchestra and choir at the 27th Annual Flanders International Film Festival in Ghent. While writing the score for The Last Samurai, Zimmer felt that his knowledge of Japanese music was extremely limited. He began doing extensive research, but the more he studied, the less he felt he knew. Finally, Zimmer took what he had written to Japan for feedback and was shocked when he was asked how he knew so much about Japanese music. During the scoring of The Last Samurai in early 2003, Zimmer was approached by the producer Jerry Bruckheimer, with whom he had worked previously on Crimson Tide, Days of Thunder, The Rock, and Pearl Harbor. Bruckheimer had finished shooting Pirates of the Caribbean: The Curse of the Black Pearl but was unhappy with the music composed for the film by Alan Silvestri and wanted a replacement score. Bruckheimer wanted Zimmer to rescore the film, but due to his commitments on The Last Samurai, the task of composing and supervising music for Pirates of the Caribbean: The Curse of the Black Pearl was given to Klaus Badelt, one of Zimmer's colleagues at Media Ventures. Zimmer provided some themes that were used in the film, although he is not credited on screen. Zimmer was hired as the composer for the three subsequent films in the series, Pirates of the Caribbean: Dead Man's Chest (2006), Pirates of the Caribbean: At World's End (2007), and Pirates of the Caribbean: On Stranger Tides (2011), collaborating with Rodrigo y Gabriela for the last. Zimmer is also noted for his work on the scores of Christopher Nolan's Batman Begins (2005) and The Dark Knight (2008), on which he collaborated with James Newton Howard. For the soundtrack of The Dark Knight, Zimmer decided to represent the character of The Joker by a single note played on the cello by his long-time colleague Martin Tillman. Zimmer commented \"I wanted to write something people would truly hate.\" The scores for these films were disqualified from receiving Academy Award nominations for Best Original Score due to too many composers being listed on the cue sheet. Zimmer succeeded in reversing the decision not to nominate The Dark Knight in December 2008, arguing that the process of creating a modern film score was collaborative and that it was important to credit a range of people who had played a part in its production. Zimmer explained his approach to scoring with other musicians in an interview with Soundtrack.net in 2006: Originally I had this idea that it should be possible to create some kind of community around this kind of work, and I think by muddying the titles \u2013 not having \"you are the composer, you are the arranger, you are the orchestrator\" \u2013 it just sort of helped us to work more collaboratively. It wasn't that important to me that I had \"score by Hans Zimmer\" and took sole credit on these things. It's like Gladiator: I gave Lisa Gerrard the co-credit because, even though she didn't write the main theme, her presence and contributions were very influential. She was more than just a soloist, and this is why I have such a problem with specific credits. For the 2009 film Sherlock Holmes, \"The Daily Variety\" reported that Zimmer purchased an out-of-tune piano for 200 dollars and used it throughout the scoring process because of its \"quirkiness\". For the 2011 sequel, Sherlock Holmes: A Game of Shadows, Zimmer and director Guy Ritchie incorporated authentic Romani music, which they researched by visiting Slovakia, Italy, and France. The music in the film is played by Romani virtuoso musicians. For the 2010 film Inception, Zimmer used electronic manipulation of the song \"Non, je ne regrette rien\". The horn sound in the score, described by Zimmer as \"like huge foghorns over a city\" became a popular feature in film trailers. \"It's funny how that sort of thing becomes part of the zeitgeist,\" he said. \"But I suppose that's exactly what trailers are looking for: something iconic lasts less than a second, and shakes the seats in the theater.\" In 2012, Zimmer composed and produced the music for the 84th Academy Awards with Pharrell Williams of The Neptunes. He also composed a new version of the theme music for ABC World News. Zimmer also composed the score for The Dark Knight Rises, the final installment of Christopher Nolan's The Dark Knight Trilogy. The film was released in July 2012. Zimmer described himself as \"devastated\" in the aftermath of the 2012 Aurora, Colorado shooting, which occurred at a screening of The Dark Knight Rises, commenting, \"I just feel so incredibly sad for these people.\" He recorded a track entitled \"Aurora\", a choral arrangement of a theme from the Dark Knight Rises soundtrack, to raise money for the victims of the shooting. Zimmer co-composed the music for the television series The Bible, which was broadcast in March 2013, with Lorne Balfe and Lisa Gerrard, and the score for 12 Years a Slave, which won the Academy Award for Best Picture in March 2014. Zimmer composed the Tomorrowland Hymn for the Tomorrowland festival to celebrate its tenth anniversary in July 2014. Zimmer composed the music for the 2014 film The Amazing Spider-Man 2 alongside \"The Magnificent Six\", which consisted of Pharrell Williams, Johnny Marr, Michael Einziger, Junkie XL, Andrew Kawczynski, and Steve Mazzaro. Zimmer also composed the music for Christopher Nolan's 2014 film Interstellar, which earned him another Academy Award nomination for Best Original Score. He partnered with Junkie XL to compose the music for the 2016 film Batman v Superman: Dawn of Justice. In an interview with BBC News in March 2016, Zimmer said that he was retiring from composing the music for superhero films, saying of Batman v Superman: \"This one was very hard for me to do, to try to find new language\". Zimmer composed the main theme for the 2016 BBC nature documentary Planet Earth II, presented by David Attenborough. He later composed the score for the 2017 BBC nature documentary Blue Planet II alongside Jacob Shea and David Fleming, also presented by David Attenborough. Zimmer composed the main theme for the 2016 Netflix production The Crown. Also in 2016 Zimmer released an online course teaching the basics of film scoring. He next composed the score for Christopher Nolan's 2017 film Dunkirk, basing part of the score on a recording of a ticking watch that he had been given by Nolan. Zimmer also worked on the score for Denis Villeneuve's Blade Runner 2049. Hans Zimmer and co-composer Benjamin Wallfisch took over scoring duties after J\u00f3hann J\u00f3hannsson left the project. In 2018, Zimmer composed the score for the television intro of the 2018 FIFA World Cup in Russia, called \"Living Football.\" Also in 2018, Zimmer remixed the UEFA Champions League Anthem with rapper Vince Staples for EA Sports' FIFA video game FIFA 19, with it also featuring in the game's reveal trailer. Zimmer composed the score for Dark Phoenix, directed by Simon Kinberg, contrary to his 2016 statements of not scoring another superhero film following his experience working on Batman v Superman: Dawn of Justice. Also for 2019, he scored the photorealistic computer-animated remake of Disney's The Lion King, directed by Jon Favreau. On 22 August 2018, Zimmer was also announced as the composer for Wonder Woman 1984. On 18 March 2019, it was announced that Zimmer will be scoring Denis Villeneuve's Dune. In June 2019, Zimmer was hired to create sounds for BMW's concept vehicle, the Vision M Next. In 2020, Zimmer composed the score for Hillbilly Elegy. On 6 January 2020, it was announced that he would be taking over as composer for the James Bond film No Time to Die after previous composer Dan Romer left the project. On 26 February 2020, Major League Soccer released an anthem for its 25th season, which was composed by Zimmer. Zimmer's first wife was model Vicki Carolin, with whom he has a daughter. On 3 April 2020, Zimmer filed for divorce from his second wife Suzanne Zimmer, with whom he has three children. In an interview in May 2014, Zimmer revealed that it was difficult growing up in post-War Germany being Jewish and said, \"I think my parents were always wary of me telling the neighbors\" that they were Jewish. Zimmer has received a range of honors and awards, including the Lifetime Achievement Award in film Composition from the National Board of Review, the Frederick Loewe Award in 2003 at the Palm Springs International Film Festival, ASCAP's Henry Mancini Award for Lifetime Achievement, and BMI's Richard Kirk Award for lifetime achievement in 1996. In December 2010, Zimmer received a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame. He dedicated the award to his publicist and long-term friend Ronni Chasen, who had been shot and killed in Beverly Hills the previous month. In 2016, Zimmer was one of the inaugural winners of the Stephen Hawking Medal for Science Communication. In November 2017, a main-belt asteroid (495253) 2013 OC8 discovered by Polish astronomers Michal Kusiak and Michal Zolnowski was named Hanszimmer. As of 2018[update], Zimmer had received eleven Academy Award nominations for his work, with a win at the 67th Academy Awards for the 1994 film The Lion King. On 2 October 2018, Zimmer received the Order of Merit of the Federal Republic of Germany. In 2019, Zimmer was inducted as a Disney Legend. \"Top 100 living geniuses\". The Daily Telegraph. London. 30 October 2007. Archived from the original on 3 August 2020. Retrieved 2 January 2011. \"Hans Zimmer\". Filmtracks.com. Archived from the original on 5 September 2009. Retrieved 13 September 2009. \"Breaking the Rules \u2013 interview with Hans Zimmer\". Soundtrack.net. 10 July 2006. Archived from the original on 1 February 2009. Retrieved 12 September 2009. \"MTV biography \u2013 Hans Zimmer (in German)\". Archived from the original on 11 February 2013. Retrieved 27 September 2011. 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Kinos-Goodin, Jesse (5 January 2018). \"How Hans Zimmer's the Thin Red Line score redefined Hollywood, for better or worse\". CBC. Archived from the original on 25 August 2018. Retrieved 9 August 2018. \"Scoring Session with Hans Zimmer (video)\". Archived from the original on 30 August 2009. Retrieved 13 September 2009.CS1 maint: unfit URL (link) \"Composer Hans Zimmer game for \"Call of Duty\"\". Reuters. 27 August 2009. Archived from the original on 31 August 2009. Retrieved 13 September 2009. \"Legendary composer Hans Zimmer works on Crysis 2\". 16 March 2011. Archived from the original on 20 March 2011. Retrieved 17 March 2011. \"Hans Zimmer on...\" Soundtrack.net. 27 June 2001. Archived from the original on 1 February 2009. Retrieved 12 September 2009. \"Badelt and Zimmer to replace Silvestri on Pirates\". Archived from the original on 1 February 2009. Retrieved 12 September 2009. \"Breaking the Rules \u2013 interview with Hans Zimmer\". Soundtrack.net. September 2006. 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Soundtrack.net. 11 February 2006. Archived from the original on 7 February 2012. Retrieved 12 September 2009. D'Alessandro, Anthony. \"Hans Zimmer, \"Sherlock Holmes, \"It's Complicated.\" \"Daily Variety\" 305.50 (2009): A4 \"Breaking the Rules \u2013 interview with Hans Zimmer\". Collider.com. 13 December 2011. Archived from the original on 9 July 2012. Retrieved 9 July 2012. Gallo, Phil (9 December 2011). \"Hans Zimmer Uses 'Sherlock Holmes' Soundtrack to Expose Slovakian Villager Musicians\". Billboard.biz. Archived from the original on 4 July 2012. Retrieved 9 July 2012. Itzkoff, Dave (28 July 2010). \"Hans Zimmer Extracts the Secrets of the 'Inception' Score\". The New York Times. Archived from the original on 6 December 2013. Retrieved 13 September 2013. \"Hans Zimmer reflects on scoring 'The Bible'\". CNN. 3 April 2013. Retrieved 13 September 2013. Brown, August (24 February 2012). \"The Oscars: Hans Zimmer and Pharrell Williams know the score for the telecast \u2013 they wrote it\". Los Angeles Times. Archived from the original on 27 February 2012. Retrieved 6 March 2012. Mirkinson, Jack (2 October 2012). \"'ABC World News' Debuting New Logo, Theme, Graphics (PHOTOS)\". Huffington Post. Archived from the original on 6 October 2012. Retrieved 8 October 2012. \"Hans Zimmer Says 'The Dark Knight Rises' Score Will 'Invent And Reinvent'\". MTV. 18 January 2011. Archived from the original on 3 May 2011. Retrieved 3 May 2011. \"'Dark Knight Rises' Composer Dedicates New Song To Aurora Victims\". MTV. 27 July 2012. Archived from the original on 29 July 2012. Retrieved 27 July 2012. \"Hans Zimmer Composes Theme Music to EDM Festival Tomorrowland\". 16 April 2014. Archived from the original on 4 November 2020. Retrieved 17 April 2014. \"Pharrell, composer Hans Zimmer collaborate on 'Amazing Spider-Man 2' opera\". The Grio. 3 April 2014. Archived from the original on 17 July 2014. Retrieved 15 July 2014. \"How Pharrell Helped Marc Webb Give Jamie Foxx a Killer Spider-Man 2 Theme Song\". Vanity Fair. 2 May 2014. Archived from the original on 12 October 2015. Retrieved 11 October 2015. Gallo, Phil. \"Oscars 2015: Predicting the Best Original Score Category\". Billboard. Archived from the original on 4 April 2016. Retrieved 31 March 2016. \"Hans Zimmer retiring from scoring superhero films after Batman v Superman\". BBC News. Archived from the original on 1 April 2016. Retrieved 1 April 2016. \"'Planet Earth II' Soundtrack Details\". Archived from the original on 13 August 2018. Retrieved 13 November 2016. \"'Blue Planet II' Soundtrack\". Retrieved 8 April 2020. \"The Crown Soundtrack Details\". Archived from the original on 20 December 2016. Retrieved 15 December 2016. \"Hans Zimmer Launches Online Course in Film Scoring\". Variety. 18 November 2016. Archived from the original on 6 March 2018. Retrieved 22 February 2018. Guerrasio, Jason (11 July 2017). \"Christopher Nolan explains the biggest challenges in making his latest movie 'Dunkirk' into an 'intimate epic'\". Business Insider. Archived from the original on 12 July 2017. Dry, Jude (31 July 2017). \"Hans Zimmer Taking Over as Composer for 'Blade Runner 2049' \u2014 Report | IndieWire\". www.indiewire.com. Retrieved 17 October 2017. \"2018 FIFA World Cup Russia \u2013 Official TV Opening\". 1 June 2018. Archived from the original on 5 June 2018. Retrieved 2 June 2018. \"Behind the Music: Champions League Anthem Remix with Hans Zimmer\". Electronic Arts. 12 June 2018. Archived from the original on 30 October 2018. Retrieved 20 July 2018. Towers, Andrea (30 March 2016). \"Hans Zimmer retiring from scoring superhero films after Batman v Superman\". Entertainment Weekly. Archived from the original on 26 January 2018. Retrieved 25 January 2018. Hood, Cooper (1 November 2017). \"Hans Zimmer Set to Score Disney's Live-Action The Lion King\". Screen Rant. Archived from the original on 7 January 2018. Retrieved 3 February 2018. \"Hans Zimmer to Score Patty Jenkins' Wonder Woman 1984\". Film Music Reporter. Archived from the original on 2 October 2018. Retrieved 2 January 2019. \"Hans Zimmer to Score Denis Villeneuve's Dune | Film Music Reporter\". 18 March 2019. Archived from the original on 30 June 2019. Retrieved 1 July 2019. Liptak, Andrew (29 June 2019). \"Hans Zimmer designed the sound for BMW's futuristic concept car\". The Verge. Archived from the original on 27 July 2019. Retrieved 26 July 2019. \"Hans Zimmer to Reteam with Ron Howard on Hillbilly Elegy\". FilmMusicReporter. 10 March 2020. Archived from the original on 11 June 2020. Retrieved 11 March 2020. Burlingame, Jon (6 January 2020). \"'No Time to Die': Hans Zimmer Takes Over as Composer on Bond Movie (EXCLUSIVE)\". Variety. 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   },
   {
    "name": "Imanuel Geiss",
    "id": "Q76379",
    "text": "Imanuel Geiss (9 February 1931 \u2013 20 February 2012) was a German historian. Imanuel Geiss was born in Frankfurt am Main, the youngest of the five children of a working-class family affected by the economic crisis. His unemployed father had to raise the children alone as their mother suffered from meningitis. She was killed in 1941 by Aktion T4 after the father had died in 1940. The five children were brought to a rather liberal orphan home which made it possible for Imanuel to study after completing his Abitur in 1951 at Carl-Schurz-Gymnasium. He became a certified translator for French and English at the Auslands- und Dolmetscherinstitut in Germersheim, which allowed him to finance studies beginning in 1955. Geiss died, aged 81, in Bremen. Der polnische Grenzstreifen 1914-1918. Ein Beitrag zur deutschen Kriegszielpolitik im Ersten Weltkrieg. Dissertation (Universit\u00e4t Hamburg, 1959), Moll/Winter, Hamburg/L\u00fcbeck, 1960. Juli 1914. Die europ\u00e4ische Krise und der Ausbruch des Ersten Weltkriegs. hrsg. von Imanuel Geiss, 3. Aufl., dtv, M\u00fcnchen, 1988 (Dokumentenedition, first as 1964); English as: July 1914: The Outbreak of the First World War, Selected Documents, London: Batsford, 1967. Gewerkschaften in Afrika. Hannover, 1965. Panafrikanismus. Zur Geschichte der Dekolonisation. Habilitation, EVA, Frankfurt am Main 1968; English as: The Pan-African Movement. London: Methuen, 1974, ISBN\u00a00-416-16710-1 and as: The Pan-African Movement. A history of Pan-Africanism in America, Europe and Africa. New York: Africana Publ., 1974, ISBN\u00a00-8419-0161-9. Die Afro-Amerikaner. Frankfurt am Main: EVA, 1969. F\u00fcnfzehn Millionen beleidigte Deutsche oder Woher kommt die CDU? Beitr\u00e4ge zur Kontinuit\u00e4t der b\u00fcrgerlichen Parteien. hrsg. von Imanuel Geiss und Volker Ullrich, Reinbek bei Hamburg: Rowohlt, 1972, ISBN\u00a03-499-11414-3. Studien \u00fcber Geschichte und Geschichtswissenschaft. 2. Aufl., Frankfurt am Main: Suhrkamp, 1974 (zuerst 1972). Tocqueville und das Zeitalter der Revolution. M\u00fcnchen, 1972, ISBN\u00a03-485-03204-2. Was wird aus der Bundesrepublik? Die Deutschen zwischen Sozialismus und Revolution. Hamburg: Hoffmann und Campe, 1973, ISBN\u00a03-455-09098-2. Ansichten einer k\u00fcnftigen Geschichtswissenschaft. hrsg. von Imanuel Geiss und Rainer Tamchina, 2 B\u00e4nde, M\u00fcnchen: Hanser, 1980 (zuerst 1974). German foreign policy, 1871-1914, Boston 1976 Imperialismus im 20. Jahrhundert Gedenkschrift f\u00fcr George W. F. Hallgarten. hrsg. von Imanuel Geiss und Joachim Radkau, M\u00fcnchen: Beck, 1976. Das Deutsche Reich und der Erste Weltkrieg. M\u00fcnchen/Wien: Hanser, 1978, ISBN\u00a03-446-12495-0. Das Deutsche Reich und die Vorgeschichte des Ersten Weltkriegs. M\u00fcnchen/Wien: Hanser, 1978, ISBN\u00a03-446-12494-2. Geschichte griffbereit. 6 B\u00e4nde (Daten, Personen, Schaupl\u00e4tze, Begriffe, Staaten, Epochen), 3. Aufl., G\u00fctersloh, 2002, ISBN\u00a03-577-14610-9 (erstmals Reinbek bei Hamburg, 1979). War and Empire in the Twentieth Century. Aberdeen: Aberdeen University Press, 1983, ISBN\u00a00-08-030387-0. Geschichte im \u00dcberblick. Daten, Fakten und Zusammenh\u00e4nge der Weltgeschichte. Reinbek bei Hamburg: Rowohlt, 2006, ISBN\u00a03-499-62087-1 (\u00fcberarbeitete Neuausgabe, Original 1986). Geschichte des Rassismus. 4. Aufl., Frankfurt am Main: Suhrkamp, 1993 (zuerst 1988), ISBN\u00a03-518-11530-8 (Inhalt, PDF, 17 KB). Die Habermas-Kontroverse. Ein deutscher Streit. Berlin: Siedler, 1988. ISBN\u00a03-88680-328-7. Massaker in der Weltgeschichte. Ein Versuch \u00fcber Grenzen der Menschlichkeit. In: Eckhard Jesse, Uwe Backes und Rainer Zitelmann: Die Schatten der Vergangenheit. Impulse zur Historisierung des Nationalsozialismus. 2. Aufl., Frankfurt am Main/Berlin: Ullstein, 1992 (zuerst 1990), S. 110\u2013135, ISBN\u00a03-548-33161-0. Der Hysterikerstreit. Ein unpolemischer Essay. Bonn: Bouvier, u.a. 1992. ISBN\u00a03-416-02370-6. Die deutsche Frage 1806-1990. Mannheim: Bibliographisches Institut, 1992, ISBN\u00a0978-3411101511; English as The Question of German Unification: 1806-1990. London/New York: Routledge, 1997, ISBN\u00a0978-0415150491. Zukunft als Geschichte. Historisch-politische Analysen und Prognosen zum Untergang des Sowjetkommunismus, 1980\u20131991. Stuttgart: Steiner, 1998, ISBN\u00a03-515-07223-3. Geschichte im Oratorium. Von der Sch\u00f6pfung zur Apokalypse. Eine historische Handreichung f\u00fcr die Chorarbeit. Berlin: Talpa-Verlag, 1999, ISBN\u00a03-933689-02-3. Deutschland vor 1914. In: Jean-Paul Cahn, Bernard Poloni, G\u00e9rard Schneilin (Hrsg.): Le Reich allemand du d\u00e9part de Bismarck \u00e0 la Premi\u00e8re Guerre mondiale (1890\u20131914). Nantes, 2003, S. 212\u2013224, ISBN\u00a02-84274-242-7 (PDF, 223 KB). Nation und Nationalismen. Versuche \u00fcber ein Weltproblem, 1962\u20132006. Bremen, 2007, ISBN\u00a03-934686-43-5. Krieg - eine unendliche Geschichte. Peter Lang Verlag, Frankfurt am Main, Bern 2014, ISBN\u00a0978-3-631-62623-8. \"Geiss, Imanuel\". Munzinger Online. Personen - Internationales Biographisches Archiv (in German). Ravensburg: Munzinger-Archiv GmbH. 15 May 2012. Archived from the original on 10 April 2014. Retrieved 9 November 2020. Imanuel Geiss: Interview mit Imanuel Geiss zum Thema: \u201eNeubeginn und Entwicklung der deutschen Geschichtswissenschaft in den 1950/60er Jahren\u201c. In: Fragen, die nicht gestellt wurden! oder gab es ein Schweigegel\u00fcbde der zweiten Generation? H-Soz-u-Kult, Interview vom 19 Februar 1999. Also in: Hohls, R\u00fcdiger/Jarausch, Konrad H. (Hg.): Vers\u00e4umte Fragen. Deutsche Historiker im Schatten des Nationalsozialismus, Stuttgart/M\u00fcnchen, 2000. Daraus auch weitere Informationen \u00fcber Geiss\u2019 Lebenslauf. Imanuel Geiss in the German National Library catalogue Imanuel Geiss: Interview mit Imanuel Geiss zum Thema: \u201eNeubeginn und Entwicklung der deutschen Geschichtswissenschaft in den 1950/60er Jahren\u201c. In: Fragen, die nicht gestellt wurden! oder gab es ein Schweigegel\u00fcbde der zweiten Generation? H-Soz-u-Kult, Interview from 19. February 1999. Also in: Hohls, R\u00fcdiger/Jarausch, Konrad H. (Hg.): Vers\u00e4umte Fragen. Deutsche Historiker im Schatten des Nationalsozialismus, Stuttgart/M\u00fcnchen, 2000."
   },
   {
    "name": "Alfred Grosser",
    "id": "Q76395",
    "text": "Alfred Grosser (born 1 February 1925 in Frankfurt am Main) is a German-French writer, sociologist, and political scientist. He is known for his contributions towards the Franco-German cooperation after World War II and for criticizing Israel. His father, Paul Grosser, was born in 1880 in Berlin and died 1934 in Saint-Germain-en-Laye, France. A director of a children's hospital in Frankfurt am Main, socialist, freemason, and Jew, he was forced to immigrate to France in 1933 due to the increasing antisemitism in Nazi Germany. Alfred and his mother, Lily Grosser, were given French citizenship through a decree by the Minister of Justice, Vincent Auriol, in 1937; as a result, they were spared possible internment in a French camp following France's declaration of war on Germany, in September 1939, when, under the government of Daladier, German refugees from Nazism were treated as enemy aliens, along with other German residents. Alfred studied political science and the German language. After 1955, he became a professor at the Institut d'\u00e9tudes politiques de Paris. In 1965, Grosser began contributing to many newspapers and broadcasts, including La Croix and Ouest-France. He was very involved in improving the Franco-German cooperation, and paved the road for the \u00c9lys\u00e9e Treaty in 1963. In 1992, he retired as the Director of Studies and Research at the Fondation Nationale des Sciences Politiques. Grosser opposed many Israeli government policies, as well as parts of the French government. When asked to describe the way his statements are received, he referred to the \"moral cudgel\" (Moralkeule), a phrase coined by writer Martin Walser. In 1998, when one of Walser's speeches created huge controversy, Grosser publicly sided with Walser. At this I am supporting Martin Walser's idea of the Auschwitz-club [as a stick]. Yes, I see that club, that is waved constantly against Germans when they say something against Israel. When they do so still, then the club says directly: \"I hit you with Auschwitz\". I find that unbearable. I have always fought anti-Semitism. And I will do it again! But equalizing criticizing Israel with anti-Semitism directly \u2014 that is dishonest and leads to mistakes. \u2014\u2009Alfred Grosser, 2007 Grosser also holds to the opinion that Israel's politics inherently invoke anti-semitism. In 2003, Grosser left the board of magazine L\u2019Express because he believed its reporting on the Middle East was unbalanced. He stated that the editor had reluctantly published his positive critique on a book that criticized Israel, while later printing multiple readers' letters attacking Grosser. Alfred Grosser criticized awarding the Ludwig-B\u00f6rne-Prize 2007 to Henryk M. Broder through Focus publisher Helmut Markwort, feeling that both were neither worthy of the prize nor the handing in the Paulskirche. Grosser was invited by the city of Frankfurt to give the main speech at a Kristallnacht commemorative meeting on 9 November 2010 in the Paulskirche. Mayor Roth was criticized for inviting him by members of the Central Council of Jews in Germany and others, but she stood by her invitation. They threatened to walk out should Grosser \"fail regarding Israel\". In the end, the speech was delivered without disturbance. Deutschlandbilanz. Geschichte Deutschlands seit 1945, 1970 (Germany in Our Time- a Political History of the Postwar Years, 1974) Das B\u00fcndnis, 1981 Versuchte Beeinflussung, 1981 Der schmale Grat der Freiheit, 1981 Western Alliance V815 (1982, from French) Das Deutschland im Westen, Carl Hanser Verlag, M\u00fcnchen 1985, ISBN\u00a03-446-12619-8 Frankreich und seine Au\u00dfenpolitik, 1986 Mit Deutschen streiten, 1987 Mein Deutschland, 1993 Deutschland in Europa, 1998 Was ich denke., November 2000 Wie anders sind die Deutschen?, 2002 Wie anders ist Frankreich, 2005 Die Fr\u00fcchte ihres Baumes. Ein atheistischer Blick auf die Christen, September 2005 Der Begriff Rache ist mir v\u00f6llig fremd in: Martin Doerry (editor): Nirgendwo und \u00fcberall zu Haus. Gespr\u00e4che mit \u00dcberlebenden des Holocaust (Deutsche Verlags-Anstalt), M\u00fcnchen 2006 ISBN\u00a03-421-04207-1 (also on CD) pp.\u00a0120 \u2013 129 Die Frage nach der Leitkultur in: Robertson-von Trotha, Caroline Y. (ed.): Kultur und Gerechtigkeit (= Kulturwissenschaft interdisziplin\u00e4r/Interdisciplinary Studies on Culture and Society, Vol. 2), Baden-Baden 2007, ISBN\u00a0978-3-8329-2604-5 Von Auschwitz nach Jerusalem (\u00dcber Deutschland und Israel), Rowohlt-Verlag 2009, ISBN\u00a0978-3-498-02515-1 1975: Friedenspreis des Deutschen Buchhandels, for his role as \"middle man between French and Germans, non-believers and believers, Europeans and people from other continents\"; this gave him an earlier opportunity to speak in the Paulskirche. 1978: Theodor-Heuss-Prize 1995: Cicero Redner Prize for Rhetoric 1996: Schiller-Prize by the city of Mannheim 1998: Grand Prix de l'Acad\u00e9mie des Sciences morales et politiques 2002: Humanism-Prize of the Union of Classical Philology in Germany 2004: Abraham Geiger-Prize of Abraham-Geiger-Kolleg, University of Potsdam Grand Cross, Order of Merit of the Federal Republic of Germany Grand Officier de la L\u00e9gion d'Honneur 2009: Creation of the Alfred-Grosser-chair for guest professor at the Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main In Bad Bergzabern, a school centre was named after him. Israels Politik f\u00f6rdert den Antisemitismus Martina Doering interviews Alfred Grosser, Berliner Zeitung, 15 August 2006. German Ich muss als Jude nicht f\u00fcr Israel sein Interview by Stefan Reinecke and Daniel Bax with Alfred Grosser in Die Tageszeitung, 4 April 2007. German Sofort hei\u00dft es: Antisemitismus! Tobias Kaufman interviews Alfred Grosser, following his new book \"Von Auschwitz nach Jerusalem\" (From Auschwitz to Jerusalem), 18 September 2009. German \"Ich bin genetisch optimistisch\": Talk about \"Von Auschwitz nach Jerusalem\" with Moritz Reininghaus, Die Tageszeitung 28 September 2009. German I have always wanted Europe\": Interview by Euronews (12 May 2010; retrieved 13 November 2010). English TV-interview, 4 November 2010 about his upcoming speech in the Paulskirche on 9 November 2010. 3sat \"Kulturzeit\": Kritik an Grosser. Zentralrat lehnt Politologen als Redner ab. German. Author Alfred Grosser is controversial choice for Kristallnacht speech, Deutsche Welle (interview 8 November 2010, retrieved 13 November 2010). English. \u00fcber das Buch Deutschland in Europa, Autor nicht genannt Michael Hereth Alfred Grosser at his best \u00fcber das Buch Wie anders ist Frankreich. Ursula Homann Hinwendung zur Welt Warum Alfred Grosser nicht an Gott glaubt \u00fcber das Buch Die Fr\u00fcchte ihres Baumes. Ein atheistischer Blick auf die Christen. Caron, Vicki (1996). \"The Missed Opportunity: French Refugee Policy in Wartime, 1939-40.\" Historical Reflections / R\u00e9flexions Historiques, 22(1), 117\u2013157; here: p. 121. Available via JSTOR: [1] (registration required). Martin Strickmann, L'Allemagne nouvelle contre l'Allemagne \u00e9ternelle. Die franz\u00f6sischen Intellektuellen und die deutsch-franz\u00f6sische Verst\u00e4ndigung 1944-1950. Diskurs, Initiativen, Biografien, Peter Lang, Frankfurt/M. 2004. 512pp (German) \"Der Stern\" Archived 2010-11-12 at the Wayback Machine Interview with Hamburger Illustrierten October 21, 2007, Nr. 41. In diesem Punkt stehe ich hinter Martin Walsers Kritik an der Auschwitz-Keule. Ja, ich sehe diese Keule, die st\u00e4ndig gegen Deutsche geschwungen wird, falls sie etwas gegen Israel sagen. Tun sie es trotzdem, sagt die Keule sofort: \"Ich schlage dich mit Auschwitz.\" Ich finde das unertr\u00e4glich. Ich habe immer gegen Antisemitismus gek\u00e4mpft. Und ich werde es immer tun! Aber Israelkritik per se mit Antisemitismus gleichzusetzen - das ist falsch und f\u00fchrt in die Irre. \"\"Israels Politik f\u00f6rdert Antisemitismus\"\". Stern.de. 11 October 2007. Archived from the original on 2010-11-12. Retrieved 21 December 2017. Warum ich Israel kritisiere, Internationale Politik, February 2007 Beleidigung des Humanismus Falsche Wahl: Henryk M. Broder hat den B\u00f6rne-Preis nicht verdient, die tageszeitung, 3. Februar 2007 Broder, Henryk M. (3 November 2010). \"Rede zur Reichspogromnacht: Wenn Grosser die Anti-Israel-Keule schwingt\". Spiegel.de. Retrieved 21 December 2017. http://www.jpost.com/International/Article.aspx?id=194291 JPost \"Streit um den Redner Alfred Grosser - Kultur - DW - 09.11.2010\". DW.COM. Retrieved 21 December 2017. Rundschau, Frankfurter (9 November 2010). \"Erinnerung an Reichspogromnacht: Alfred Grosser in der Paulskirche\". Frankfurter Rundschau. Retrieved 21 December 2017. http://thelede.blogs.nytimes.com/2010/11/08/jewish-critic-of-israel-chosen-to-speak-at-frankfurts-kristallnacht-commemoration/?hp NYT, Nov 8-9, 2010 \"Text der Laudatio\" (PDF). Friedenspreis-des-deutschen-buchhandels.de. Archived from the original (PDF) on 19 July 2011. Retrieved 21 December 2017. Management, Fachverlag f\u00fcr Kommunikation und. \"CICERO Rednerpreis\". www.cicero-rednerpreis.de. Retrieved 21 December 2017. \"Landeshauptarchiv Speyer\". Landeshauptarchiv.de. Archived from the original on 2011-07-01. Retrieved 21 December 2017. From the recapitulation: (Die Kritiker der Einladung) begr\u00fcndeten ihre Ablehnung ... mit Grossers Kritik an der Politik Israels sowie dessen Unterst\u00fctzung des Schriftstellers Martin Walser. ... Walser hatte anl\u00e4sslich der Verleihung des Friedenspreises des Deutschen Buchhandels 1998 von der \"Moralkeule Auschwitz\" gesprochen ... Richtig denken, das hei\u00dft: gerecht denken Artikel at his 80th birthday in Die Welt, 1 February 2005. Presentation in Stuttgart city hall 1 June 2005. Talk with Alfred Grosser 18 June 2008 in Paris. Before the Kristallnacht commemory of 9 November 2010 in Frankfurt Die Welt: Ist die Meinungsfreiheit f\u00fcr Israelkritiker wirklich bedroht? 4 November 2010. Discussion about Grosser's support for Martin Walser and the \"Moralkeule\" (moral club). Includes precize quotes."
   },
   {
    "name": "Siegfried Kracauer",
    "id": "Q76435",
    "text": "Siegfried Kracauer (/\u02c8kr\u00e6ka\u028a.\u0259r/; German: [\u02c8k\u0281aka\u028a\u032f\u0250]; February 8, 1889 \u2013 November 26, 1966) was a German writer, journalist, sociologist, cultural critic, and film theorist. He has sometimes been associated with the Frankfurt School of critical theory. He is notable for arguing that realism is the most important function of cinema. Born to a Jewish family in Frankfurt am Main, Kracauer studied architecture from 1907 to 1913, eventually obtaining a doctorate in engineering in 1914 and working as an architect in Osnabr\u00fcck, Munich, and Berlin until 1920. Near the end of the First World War, he befriended the young Theodor W. Adorno, to whom he became an early philosophical mentor. In 1964, Adorno recalled the importance of Kracauer's influence: [f]or years Siegfried Kracauer read the Critique of Pure Reason with me regularly on Saturday afternoons. I am not exaggerating in the slightest when I say that I owe more to this reading than to my academic teachers. [...] If in my later reading of philosophical texts I was not so much impressed with their unity and systematic consistency as I was concerned with the play of forces at work under the surface of every closed doctrine and viewed the codified philosophies as force fields in each case, it was certainly Kracauer who impelled me to do so. From 1922 to 1933 he worked as the leading film and literature editor of the Frankfurter Zeitung (a leading Frankfurt newspaper) as its correspondent in Berlin, where he worked alongside Walter Benjamin and Ernst Bloch, among others. Between 1923 and 1925, he wrote an essay entitled Der Detektiv-Roman (The Detective Novel), in which he concerned himself with phenomena from everyday life in modern society. Kracauer continued this trend over the next few years, building up theoretical methods of analyzing circuses, photography, films, advertising, tourism, city layout. In 1927, he published the work Ornament der Masse (published in English as The Mass Ornament) which emphasizes the tremendous value of studying the masses and popular culture. His essays in Ornament der Masse shows Karacauer's fascination with popular culture, particularly within the capitalist society of the United States. In 1930, Kracauer published Die Angestellten (The Salaried Masses), a critical look at the lifestyle and culture of the new class of white-collar employees. Spiritually homeless, and divorced from custom and tradition, these employees sought refuge in the new \"distraction industries\" of entertainment. Observers note that many of these lower-middle class employees were quick to adopt Nazism, three years later. In a contemporary review of Die Angestellten, Benjamin praised the concreteness of Kracauer's analysis, writing that \"[t]he entire book is an attempt to grapple with a piece of everyday reality, constructed here and experienced now. Reality is pressed so closely that it is compelled to declare its colors and name names.\" Kracauer became increasingly critical of capitalism (having read the works of Karl Marx) and eventually broke away from the Frankfurter Zeitung. About this same time (1930), he married Lili Ehrenreich. He was also very critical of Stalinism and the \"terrorist totalitarianism\" of the Soviet government. With the rise of the Nazis in Germany in 1933, Kracauer migrated to Paris. In March 1941, thanks to the French ambassador Henri Hoppenot and his wife, H\u00e9l\u00e8ne Hoppenot, he emigrated to the United States, with other German refugees like John Rewald. From 1941 to 1943 he worked in the Museum of Modern Art in New York City, supported by Guggenheim and Rockefeller scholarships for his work in German film. Eventually, he published From Caligari to Hitler: A Psychological History of the German Film (1947), which traces the birth of Nazism from the cinema of the Weimar Republic as well as helping lay the foundation of modern film criticism. In 1960, he released Theory of Film: The Redemption of Physical Reality, which argued that realism is the most important function of cinema. In the last years of his life Kracauer worked as a sociologist for different institutes, amongst them in New York as a director of research for applied social sciences at Columbia University. He died there, in 1966, from the consequences of pneumonia. His last book is the posthumously published History, the Last Things Before the Last (New York, Oxford University Press, 1969). Siegfried Kracauer's theories on memory revolved around the idea that memory was under threat and was being challenged by modern forms of technology. His most often cited example was the comparison of memory to photography. The reason for this comparison was that photography, in theory, replicates some of the tasks currently done by memory. The differences in the functions of memory and the functions of photography, according to Kracauer, is that photography creates one fixed moment in time whereas memory itself is not beholden to a singular instance. Photography is capable of capturing the physicality of a particular moment, but it removes any depth or emotion that might otherwise be associated with the memory. In essence, photography cannot create a memory, but rather, it can create an artifact. Memory, on the other hand, is not beholden to one particular moment of time, nor is it purposefully created. Memories are impressions upon a person that they can recall due to the significance of the event or moment. Photography can also work to record time in a linear way, and Kracauer even hints that floods of photographs ward off death by creating a sort of permanence. However, photography also excludes the essence of a person, and over time photographs lose meaning and become a \"heap of details.\" This isn't to say that Kracauer felt that photography has no use for memory, it is simply that he felt that photography held more potential for historical memory than for personal memory. Photography allows for a depth of detail that can be to the advantage of a collective memory, such as how a city or town once appeared because those aspects can be forgotten, or overridden throughout time as the physical landscape of the area changes. Although he wrote for both popular and scholarly publications throughout much of his career, in the United States (and in English) he mainly concentrated on philosophical and sociological writings. This attracted some criticism from American scholars who found his style difficult to penetrate. At the time of his death in 1966, Kracauer was somewhat marginal in both American and German intellectual contexts. He had long ago abandoned writing in German, yet his research remained difficult to place within American scientific and academic categories. In the decades following Kracauer's death, translations of his earlier essays and works, such as \"The Mass Ornament,\" and the publication of his letters in German, revealed a fuller portrait of Kracauer's style and gradually brought greater recognition in the United States. His former colleague from Frankfurt, Leo L\u00f6wenthal, expressed pleasant surprise at the newfound fame that seemed to accumulate around Kracauer in his death. Since the 1980s and 1990s a new generation of film theorists and critics, including Gertrud Koch, Miriam Hansen, Tom Levin and Thomas Elsaesser have interpreted and introduced his work for a new generation of scholars. Kracauer, Siegfried (1928). Ginster. Kracauer, Siegfried (1947). From Caligari to Hitler. Kracauer, Siegfried (1960). Theory of Film: The Redemption of Physical Reality. Kracauer, Siegfried; Paul Oskar Kristeller (1969). History: The Last Things Before the Last. Kracauer, Siegfried (1971). Der Detektiv-Roman \u2013 Ein philosophischer Traktat. Kracauer, Siegfried (1973). Georg. Kracauer, Siegfried; Thomas Y. Levin (1995). The Mass Ornament: Weimar Essays. Kracauer, Siegfried; Quintin Hoare (1998). The Salaried Masses: Duty and Distraction in Weimar Germany. Kracauer, Siegfried; Gwenda David; Eric Moshbacher (2002). Jacques Offenbach and the Paris of His Time. Kracauer, Siegfried; Johannes von Moltke (2012). Siegfried Kracauer's American Writings: Essays on Film and Popular Culture. Kracauer, Siegfried; trans. Carl Skoggard (2016). Georg. ISBN\u00a09781624621406 Frankfurt School Exilliteratur Dudley Andrew, The Major Film Theories: An Introduction, Oxford, New York: Oxford University Press, 1976, Part II. Theodor W. Adorno, \"The Curious Realist: On Siegfried Kracauer,\" in Notes on Literature, Volume 2, ed. Rolf Tiedemann, trans. Shierry Weber Nicholson, New York: Columbia University Press, p. 58. Kracauer, Siegfried (June 30, 2005). Levin, Thomas (ed.). The Mass Ornament\u00a0: Weimar Essays. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press. ISBN\u00a0978-0674551633. Walter Benjamin, \"An Outsider Makes His Mark,\" trans. Rodney Livingstone, in Selected Writings, Volume 2, ed. Michael W. Jennings, Howard Eiland, and Gary Smith, Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1999, p. 307. Siegfried Kracauer, Theory of Film: The Redemption of Physical Reality, New York: Oxford University Press, 1960, p.221 John Rewald to Henri Hoppenot, 3 October 1941, Biblioth\u00e8que litt\u00e9raire Jacques Doucet, Paris, Ms 14117. Leslie, Esther (2010). \"Siegfried Kracauer and Walter Benjamin: Memory from Weimar to Hitler\". In Susannah Radstone; Bill Schwarz (eds.). Memory: Histories, Theories, Debates. Fordham University Press. pp.\u00a0123\u2013135. ISBN\u00a0978-0-8232-3259-8. Pauline Kael, I Lost It at the Movies, Boston: Little, Brown, 1965, p. 269. Gertrud Koch, Siegfried Kracauer: An Introduction, Princeton: Princeton, p. vii. Miriam Hansen, Cinema and Experience: Siegfried Kracauer, Walter Benjamin, and Theodor W. Adorno, University of California Press, 2011, p. vii. Michael Kessler and Thomas Y. Levin, eds, Siegfried Kracauer. Neue Interpretationen., T\u00fcbingen: Stauffenburg Verlag, 1990. Agard, Olivier. Siegfried Kracauer. Le chiffonnier m\u00e9lancolique. Paris: CNRS Editions, 2010. Baumann, Stephanie. Im Vorraum der Geschichte. Siegfried Kracauers' History - The Last Things Before the Last. Paderborn: Konstanz University Press, 2014. Oschmann, Dirk. Auszug aus der Innerlichkeit. Das literarische Werk Siegfried Kracauers. Heidelberg: Universit\u00e4tsverlag C. Winter 1999 Koch, Gertrud. Siegfried Kracauer: An Introduction. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2000. Reeh, Henrik. Ornaments of the Metropolis: Siegfried Kracauer and Modern Urban Culture. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 2005. Von Moltke, Johannes and Gerd Gem\u00fcnden, eds. Culture in the Anteroom: The Legacies of Siegfried Kracauer. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 2012. Attilio Bruzzone, Siegfried Kracauer e il suo tempo (1903-1925). Il confronto con Marx, Simmel, Luk\u00e1cs, Bloch, Adorno, alle origini del pensiero critico, Milano-Udine: Mimesis, 2020, ISBN 978-88-5757-232-1 Media related to Siegfried Kracauer at Wikimedia Commons"
   },
   {
    "name": "August Weismann",
    "id": "Q76465",
    "text": "Prof August Friedrich Leopold Weismann FRS (For), HonFRSE, LLD (17 January 1834\u00a0\u2013 5 November 1914) was a German evolutionary biologist. Ernst Mayr ranked him as the second most notable evolutionary theorist of the 19th century, after Charles Darwin. Weismann became the Director of the Zoological Institute and the first Professor of Zoology at Freiburg. His main contribution involved germ plasm theory, at one time also known as Weismannism, according to which inheritance (in a multicellular organism) only takes place by means of the germ cells\u2014the gametes such as egg cells and sperm cells. Other cells of the body\u2014somatic cells\u2014do not function as agents of heredity. The effect is one-way: germ cells produce somatic cells and are not affected by anything the somatic cells learn or therefore any ability an individual acquires during its life. Genetic information cannot pass from soma to germ plasm and on to the next generation. Biologists refer to this concept as the Weismann barrier. This idea, if true, rules out the inheritance of acquired characteristics as proposed by Jean-Baptiste Lamarck. However, a careful reading of Weismann's work over the span of his entire career shows that he had more nuanced views, insisting, like Darwin, that a variable environment was necessary to cause variation in the hereditary material. The idea of the Weismann barrier is central to the modern synthesis of the early 20th century, though scholars do not express it today in the same terms. In Weismann's opinion the largely random process of mutation, which must occur in the gametes (or stem cells that make them) is the only source of change for natural selection to work on. Weismann became one of the first biologists to deny Lamarckism entirely. Weismann's ideas preceded the rediscovery of Gregor Mendel's work, and though Weismann was cagey about accepting Mendelism, younger workers soon made the connection. Weismann is much admired today. Ernst Mayr judged him to be the most important evolutionary thinker between Darwin and the evolutionary synthesis around 1930\u20131940, and \"one of the great biologists of all time\". Weismann was born a son of high school teacher Johann (Jean) Konrad Weismann (1804\u20131880), a graduate of ancient languages and theology, and his wife Elise (1803\u20131850), n\u00e9e L\u00fcbbren, the daughter of the county councillor and mayor of Stade, on 17 January 1834 in Frankfurt am Main. He had a typical 19th century bourgeois education, receiving music lessons from the age of four, and drafting and painting lessons from Jakob Becker (1810\u20131872) at the Frankfurter St\u00e4delsche Institut from the age of 14. His piano teacher was a devoted butterfly collector and introduced him to the collecting of imagos and caterpillars. But studying natural sciences was out of the question due to the cost involved and limited job prospects. A friend of the family, chemist Friedrich W\u00f6hler (1800\u20131882), recommended studying medicine. A foundation from the inheritance of Weismann's mother allowed him to take up studies in G\u00f6ttingen. Following his graduation in 1856, he wrote his dissertation on the synthesis of hippuric acid in the human body. Immediately after university, Weismann took on a post as assistant at the St\u00e4dtische Klinik (city clinic) in Rostock. Weismann successfully submitted two manuscripts, one about hippuric acid in herbivores, and one about the salt content of the Baltic Sea, and won two prizes. The paper about the salt content dissuaded him from becoming a chemist, since he felt himself lacking in apothecarial accuracy. After a study visit to see Vienna's museums and clinics, he visited Italy (1859) and Paris (1860). He returned to Frankfurt as personal physician to the banished Archduke Stephen of Austria at Schaumburg Castle from 1861 to 1863. During the war between Austria, France and Italy in 1859, he became Chief Medical Officer in the military, and on a leave from duty he walked through Northern Italy and the County of Tyrol. After a sabbatical in Paris, he worked with Rudolf Leuckart at the University of Gie\u00dfen. He graduated as a physician and settled in Frankfurt with a medical practice in 1868.[citation needed] From 1863, he was privatdozent in comparative anatomy and zoology; from 1866 extraordinary professor; and from 1873 to 1912 full professor, first holder of the chair in zoology and director of the zoological institute at Albert Ludwig University of Freiburg in Breisgau. He retired in 1912. His earlier work was largely concerned with purely zoological investigations, one of his earliest works dealing with the development of the Diptera. Microscopical work, however, became impossible to him owing to impaired eyesight, and he turned his attention to wider problems of biological inquiry. In 1867 he married Mary Dorothea Gruber. Their son, Julius Weismann (1879\u20131950), was a composer. At the beginning of Weismann's preoccupation with evolutionary theory was his grappling with Christian creationism as a possible alternative. In his work \u00dcber die Berechtigung der Darwin'schen Theorie (On the justification of the Darwinian theory) he compared creationism and evolutionary theory, and concluded that many biological facts can be seamlessly accommodated within evolutionary theory, but remain puzzling if considered the result of acts of creation. After this work, Weismann accepted evolution as a fact on a par with the fundamental assumptions of astronomy (e.g. Heliocentrism). Weismann's position towards the mechanism of inheritance and its role for evolution changed during his life. Three periods can be distinguished. Weismann's work on the demarcation between germ-line and soma can scarcely be appreciated without considering the work of (mostly) German biologists during the second half of the 19th century. This was the time that the mechanisms of cell division began to be understood. Eduard Strasburger, Walther Flemming, Heinrich von Waldeyer and the Belgian Edouard Van Beneden laid the basis for the cytology and cytogenetics of the 20th century. Strasburger, the outstanding botanical physiologist of that century, coined the terms nucleoplasm and cytoplasm. He said \"new cell nuclei can only arise from the division of other cell nuclei\". Van Beneden discovered how chromosomes combined at meiosis, during the production of gametes, and discovered and named chromatin. Walther Flemming, the founder of cytogenetics, named mitosis, and pronounced \"omnis nucleus e nucleo\" (which means the same as Strasburger's dictum). The discovery of mitosis, meiosis and chromosomes is regarded as one of the 100 most important scientific discoveries of all times, and one of the 10 most important discoveries in cell biology. Meiosis was discovered and described for the first time in sea urchin eggs in 1876, by Oscar Hertwig. It was described again in 1883, at the level of chromosomes, by Van Beneden in Ascaris eggs. The significance of meiosis for reproduction and inheritance, however, was first described in 1890 by Weismann, who noted that two cell divisions were necessary to transform one diploid cell into four haploid cells if the number of chromosomes had to be maintained. Thus the work of the earlier cytologists laid the ground for Weismann, who turned his mind to the consequences for evolution, which was an aspect the cytologists had not addressed. All this took place before the work of Mendel had been rediscovered Weismann started out believing, like many other 19th century scientists, among them Charles Darwin, that the observed variability of individuals of one species is due to the inheritance of sports (Darwin's term). He believed, as written in 1876, that transmutation of species is directly due to the influence of environment. He also wrote, \"if every variation is regarded as a reaction of the organism to external conditions, as a deviation of the inherited line of development, it follows that no evolution can occur without a change of the environment\". (This is close to the modern use of the concept that changes in the environment can mediate selective pressures on a population, so leading to evolutionary change.) Weismann also used the classic Lamarckian metaphor of use and disuse of an organ. Weismann's first rejection of the inheritance of acquired traits was in a lecture in 1883, titled \"On inheritance\" (\"\u00dcber die Vererbung\"). Again, as in his treatise on creation vs. evolution, he attempts to explain individual examples with either theory. For instance, the existence of non-reproductive castes of ants, such as workers and soldiers, cannot be explained by inheritance of acquired characters. Germ plasm theory, on the other hand, does so effortlessly. Weismann used this theory to explain Lamark's original examples for \"use and disuse\", such as the tendency to have degenerate wings and stronger feet in domesticated waterfowl. Weismann worked on the embryology of sea urchin eggs, and in the course of this observed different kinds of cell division, namely equatorial division and reductional division, terms he coined (\u00c4quatorialteilung and Reduktionsteilung respectively). His germ plasm theory states that multicellular organisms consist of germ cells containing heritable information, and somatic cells that carry out ordinary bodily functions. The germ cells are influenced neither by environmental influences nor by learning or morphological changes that happen during the lifetime of an organism, which information is lost after each generation. The concept as he proposed it was referred to as Weismannism in his day, for example in the book An examination of Weismannism by George Romanes This idea was illuminated and explained by the rediscovery of Gregor Mendel's work in the early years of the 20th century (see Mendelian inheritance). The idea that germline cells contain information that passes to each generation unaffected by experience and independent of the somatic (body) cells, came to be referred to as the Weismann barrier, and is frequently quoted as putting a final end to the theory of Lamarck and the inheritance of acquired characteristics. What Lamarck claimed was the inheritance of characteristics acquired through effort, or will. Weismann conducted the experiment of removing the tails of 68 white mice, repeatedly over 5 generations, and reporting that no mice were born in consequence without a tail or even with a shorter tail. He stated that \"901 young were produced by five generations of artificially mutilated parents, and yet there was not a single example of a rudimentary tail or of any other abnormality in this organ.\" Weismann was aware of the limitations of this experiment, and made it clear that he embarked on the experiment precisely because, at the time, there were many claims of animals inheriting mutilations (he refers to a claim regarding a cat that had lost its tail having numerous tail-less offspring). There were also claims of Jews born without foreskins. None of these claims, he said, were backed up by reliable evidence that the parent had in fact been mutilated, leaving the perfectly plausible possibility that the modified offspring were the result of a mutated gene. The purpose of his experiment was to lay the claims of inherited mutilation to rest. The results were consistent with Weismann's germ plasm theory. He was awarded the Linnean Society of London's Darwin-Wallace Medal in 1908. 1868. \u00dcber die Berechtigung der Darwin'schen Theorie: Ein akademischer Vortrag gehalten am 8. Juli 1868 in der Aula der Universit\u00e4t zu Freiburg im Breisgau. Engelmann, Leipzig. 1872. \u00dcber den Einflu\u00df der Isolierung auf die Artbildung. Engelmann, Leipzig. 1875. Studien zur Descendenz-Theorie. I. Ueber den Saison-Dimorphismus der Schmetterlinge. Leipzig. 1876. Studien zur Descendenztheorie: II. Ueber die letzten Ursachen der Transmutationen. Leipzig. 1883. Die Entstehung der Sexualzellen bei den Hydromedusen: Zugleich ein Beitrag zur Kenntniss des Baues und der Lebenserscheinungen dieser Gruppe. Fischer, Jena. 1885. Die Continuit\u00e4t des Keimplasmas als Grundlage einer Theorie der Vererbung. Fischer, Jena. 1887. Zur Frage nach der Vererbung erworbener Eigenschaften. In: Biol. Zbl. 6:33\u201348 1887. \u00dcber die Zahl der Richtungsk\u00f6rper und \u00fcber ihre Bedeutung f\u00fcr die Vererbung. Fischer, Jena. 1889 Translations: Essays upon Heredity Oxford Clarendon Press \u2013 Full online text 1892. Das Keimplasma: eine Theorie der Vererbung. Fischer, Jena. 1893 Translation: Germ-Plasm, a theory of Heredity Charles Scribner's Sons \u2013 Full online text 1892. Aufs\u00e4tze \u00fcber Vererbung und angewandet biologische Fragen. Fischer, Jena. 1893. Die Allmacht der Naturz\u00fcchtung: eine Erwiderung an Herbert Spencer. Jena. Translated and published in the Contemporary Review, 1893. The all-sufficiency of natural selection. A reply to Herbert Spencer. Contemporary Review 64: 309-338 1902. Vortr\u00e4ge \u00fcber Deszendenztheorie: Gehalten an der Universit\u00e4t zu Freiburg im Breisgau. Fischer, Jena. 2 volums Romanes, George John. An examination of Weismannism. The Open court publishing company in Chicago 1893 [1] Germ-Plasm, a theory of heredity (1893)- Full online text. Esp.org. Retrieved on 2012-02-25. Huxley, Julian 1942. Evolution, the modern synthesis. p. 17 Winther, Rasmus (2001). \"August Weismann on Germ-Plasm Variation\". Journal of the History of Biology. 34 (3): 517\u2013555. doi:10.1023/A:1012950826540. PMID\u00a011859887. S2CID\u00a023808208. Essays upon heredity (1889) Oxford Clarendon Press \u2013 Full online text. Esp.org. Retrieved on 2012-02-25. Mayr, Ernst 1982. The growth of biological thought. Harvard. p. 698 \u00a0One or more of the preceding sentences\u00a0incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain:\u00a0Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). \"Weismann, August\". Encyclop\u00e6dia Britannica. 28 (11th\u00a0ed.). Cambridge University Press. p.\u00a0499. Gaup, Ernst 1917. August Weismann: sein Leben und sein Werk. Fischer, Jena. 100 Greatest Discoveries \u2013 Carnegie Institution Archived 2007-09-27 at the Wayback Machine at carnegieinstitution.org The Science Channel\u00a0:: 100 Greatest Discoveries: Biology Archived 2006-10-24 at the Wayback Machine at science.discovery.com Although, of course, Ernst Haeckel had; but he was not a cytologist. Tollefsbol, Trygve (2017). Handbook of Epigenetics: The New Molecular and Medical Genetics. Elsevier Science. p.\u00a0234. ISBN\u00a0978-0-12-805477-2. Originally published in Weismann's 1889 Essays Upon Heredity. \"Review of Essays upon Heredity and kindred Biological Problems by August Weismann\". The Quarterly Review. 170: 370\u2013393. April 1890. Churchill F.B. 1968. August Weismann and a break from tradition. J. Hist. Biol. 1, 91\u2013112. Churchill F.B. 1970. Hertwig, Weismann, and the meaning of the reduction division, circa 1890. Isis 61, 429\u2013457. L\u00f6ther, Rolf 1990. Wegbereiter der Genetik: Gregor Johann Mendel und August Weismann. Verlag Harri Deutsch, Frankfurt am Main. ISBN\u00a03-8171-1130-4 Risler H. 1968. August Weismann 1834\u20131914. In: Berichte der Naturforschenden Gesellschaft Freiburg im Breisgau. 77\u201393 Risler H. 1985. August Weismanns Leben und Wirken nach Dokumenten aus seinem Nachlass. In: Freiburger Universit\u00e4tsbl\u00e4tter Heft 87/88, Freiburg. 23\u201342 Romanes, George John 1893. An Examination of Weismannism. London, Longmans. Media related to August Weismann at Wikimedia Commons Works written by or about August Weismann at Wikisource Works by August Weismann at Project Gutenberg Works by or about August Weismann at Internet Archive Biography, bibliography and access to digital sources in the Virtual Laboratory of the Max Planck Institute for the History of Science Newspaper clippings about August Weismann in the 20th Century Press Archives of the ZBW"
   },
   {
    "name": "Jo Weil",
    "id": "Q76645",
    "text": "Johannes \"Jo\" Hermann Bruno Anton Weil (born 29 August 1977) is a German actor and television host, best known for his portrayals of Oliver Sabel on the long-running German serial Verbotene Liebe and titular bodyguard, Frank Farmer, in multiple productions of The Bodyguard stage musical, in Austria, Germany, and Switzerland. In addition, Weil's career includes multiple leading and featured guest roles in both English- and German-language television, film, and stage productions since 1996, the release of two music singles, and stints as a host/moderator for German television and online features. Weil is the son of a German business owner and a physiotherapist. He grew up in Fulda, Germany, with a brother, Michael, who is three years younger and a lawyer, in Petersberg and finishing his high school education at the Freiherr-vom-Stein-Schule. After high school and community service, he attended drama school in Cologne and took private acting and singing lessons. From 1998 to 2006, he continued his education via stage workshops at the Arturo Drama School. Weil has primarily worked as an actor, starring in German- and English-language television and stage productions. He has also worked as a model, fronting a series of popular calendars), television host/moderator, and voiceover artist. In 2000, Weil started played a young bisexual waiter \"Oliver Sabel\", a lead role in the evening drama series Verbotene Liebe ('Forbidden Love'). Oliver later falls in love with his roommate Christian Mann (played by Thore Sch\u00f6lermann), and with whom he has formed one of the leading couples of the series since 2007. The impact of Christian and Oliver's story has spread outside Germany via the Internet (including YouTube), such as Brazil, the United States, Canada, Spain, China, and others countries, even though the series is not broadcast outside of German-speaking countries. They were also invited to attend Whistler in Canada for the Winterpride. He attended fashion shows and was in the jury for the election of the \"Mr. Gay World \". From November 2007, Weil, after a five-year break, returned to the role of 'Oliver'. On September 2010, 'Oliver' marries 'Christian' in a church wedding. In 2011, he and co-star Thore Sch\u00f6lermann, won 'most beautiful lovers' award at the German Soap Awards and he won the 'Fan Price Male' award. He won another soap award, on 26 October 2012, he won 'Fan Prize Male' again at the Soap Award in Berlin, Germany. In August 2012, due to other commitments Thore Sch\u00f6lermann left the show, breaking up \"Chrolli\", as the couple was called by fans. He then left the show in February 2015. Gl\u00fcck auf (2000) Gespenster (2004\u20132005) Bei Verlobung Mord (2006\u20132007) Ganze Kerle (Tough Guys) (2007\u20132009) Landeier (2013) Zauberhafte Zeiten (2015) Bodyguard - The Musical Vienna production (2018) Bodyguard - The Musical German-speaking tour (2019) After he was unsuccessful with his 2002 released first single One More Try, a cover version of the same title by Timmy T from 1991. He presented on 31 May 2014, his second single Explosiv in the ARD show The Summerfest am See ('The Summer Festival on the lake'). The song is again a cover version, this time by Michael Morgan, who already released the song in 2002. In 2010, he participated in the cooking show The Perfect Celebrity Dinner by RTL Living's section channel. In 2015, he wanted to set the world record in speed kissing in Cologne, as there were not enough women to beat the previous record set by Florian Silbereisen. 118 women missed a smooch within 60 seconds, but he did get to kiss 63 women in 30 seconds, impressing the record adjudicators. Since August 2016. Weil presents format Lifestyle with Jo Weil, on the online channel Wirtschaft TV. The first season was in Palma recorded [2] . Guests included were Daniela Katzenberger, Thomas Rath (fashion designer), Kate Bosworth, S\u0131la \u015eahin, Kristina Bach and Hilary Swank. In 2017, Weil participated with Mirja du Mont as a dance partner on the program Dance Dance Dance. From autumn 2018, he took over the role of Frank Farmer in The Bodyguard at the Ronacher Theatre in Vienna. In 2009, Weil also began writing a featured column in the English lifestyle magazine reFRESH. Weil has volunteered as a celebrity ambassador for the \"Aidshilfe K\u00f6ln\", including the \"Run of Colors\", and has supported the \"Puzzle of the Wishes\" tour, which fulfills children's wishes nationwide and the \"Aktion Tagwerk\" campaign. Weil lives in Cologne, Germany, when not working elsewhere. Following 21 years of declining to comment on his personal life, Weil came out as gay in an interview with Bunte Magazine in April 2020, revealing he has been in a long term relationship for more than a decade. \"Jo Weil: Aktuelle News, Infos & Bilder | BUNTE.de\". bunte.de. Retrieved 6 February 2019. \"Jo Weil ist verliebt - verliebt in AWZ\". rtl.de. 11 June 2015. Retrieved 7 February 2019. \"Der Schauspieler ist gefragt wie nie: \"Verbotene Liebe\": Jo Weil auch in den USA ein Star\". 24 May 2013. Retrieved 7 February 2019. \"Making of JOurney - Part 1\". Retrieved 9 February 2019. \"Jo Weil - 2 Character Images\". Behind The Voice Actors. Retrieved 9 February 2019. Hans Messias (Editor) Lexikon des internationalen Films - Filmjahr 2011: Das komplette Angebot in Kino, Fernsehen, Auf DVD und Blu-Ray, p. 659, at Google Books H., Alice (18 November 2016). \"Horrorfilm-Deb\u00fct: \"Verbotene Liebe\"-Star Jo Weil spielt Nazi\". Promiflash.de (in German). Retrieved 6 February 2019. Papadatos, Markos (17 June 2018). \"Jo Weil's film 'Sodom' will screen at Outfest Los Angeles\". digitaljournal.com. Retrieved 7 February 2019. \"Independent Days 18 - OSKAR \u2013 Gehen wenn's am sch\u00f6nsten ist\". qr.independentdays.de. Retrieved 7 February 2019. \"Er spielte den Callboy: Jo Weil: Schl\u00fcpfrige Angebote nach \"Tatort\"-Dreh\". Berliner-Kurier.de (in German). 21 November 2012. Retrieved 7 February 2019. Riedmeier, Glenn (27 September 2017). \"\"Rote Rosen\": Jo Weil und Simone Hanselmann verst\u00e4rken ARD-Telenovela\". TV Wunschliste (in German). Retrieved 7 February 2019. \"Christian and Olli\". The International friends of Jo Weil, Thore Sch\u00f6lermann and Chrolli. Retrieved 8 February 2019. \"Video I Love: Christian & Oliver \u2013 Found You\". Sloan Parker Blog. 14 January 2013. Retrieved 8 February 2019. \"2,5 Jahre nach Aus: F\u00fcr Fans ist Jo Weil immer noch VL-Olli\". Promiflash.de (in German). 3 December 2017. Retrieved 9 February 2019. Huber, Hermann J. (3 April 2009). \"Jo Weil im Interview\". blu hinnerk GAB rik Leo M\u00e4nner (in German). Retrieved 7 February 2019. \"\"German Soap Award\": Wenn die \"Sexiest Woman\" \"Verbotene Liebe\" spielt\". 4 June 2011. Retrieved 6 February 2019. Papadatos, Markos (20 October 2014). \"Interview: Jo Weil talks acting, music, cooking and New York (Includes interview)\". digitaljournal.com. Retrieved 6 February 2019. \"Stock Photo - Actor Jo Weil receives the 'Fan Prize Male' at the Soap Award in Berlin, Germany, 26 October 2012. Photo: Ma Nikelski\". Alamy. Retrieved 6 February 2019. Sybille von Goysern Serien mit den meisten Episoden der Fernsehgeschichte: Aus dem Leben eines, p. 115, at Google Books Troesser, Julia (6 September 2012). \"Jo Weil verr\u00e4t's: Verbotene Liebe: Trennt sich das Traumpaar der Soap?\". Express.de (in German). Retrieved 9 February 2019. \"Jo Weil verabschiedet sich von \"Verbotene Liebe\": Macht er uns bald als Schlagerstar atemlos\". Retrieved 6 February 2019. \"Jo Weil - One More Try\". Discogs. Retrieved 6 February 2019. \"Timmy T - One More Try\". Discogs. Retrieved 6 February 2019. \"JO WEIL Der \"Verbotene Liebe\" Star hat den Michael Morgan-Titel \"Explosiv\" aus dem Jahre 2002 gecovert!\". smago (in German). 4 June 2014. Retrieved 6 February 2019. \"Verbotene Liebe-Star\u00a0: Jo Weil feiert bei Florian Silbereisen Premiere als S\u00e4nger - Abendzeitung M\u00fcnchen\". www.abendzeitung-muenchen.de (in German). 27 May 2014. Retrieved 6 February 2019. \"Das perfekte Promi Dinner Folge 140: Gisele Oppermann, Jo Weil, Sabrina Lange und Kalle Pohl\" (in German). 4 July 2010. Retrieved 6 February 2019. \"Zu wenig Frauen f\u00fcr \"AWZ\"-Star: Jo Weil scheitert am Weltrekord im Schnellk\u00fcssen\". t-online.de (in German). 1 September 2015. Retrieved 6 February 2019. \"Das Erfolgsgeheimnis der Katze\". Wirtschaft TV (in German). 31 August 2018. Retrieved 6 February 2019. \"Thomas Rath: Aussehen f\u00fcr Erfolg unwichtig\". Wirtschaft TV (in German). 18 August 2016. Retrieved 6 February 2019. \"Kate Bosworth: Ich liebe aufwendige Mode\". Wirtschaft TV (in German). 20 February 2017. Retrieved 6 February 2019. \"S\u0131la \u015eahin: Der Wert des privaten Erfolges\". Wirtschaft TV (in German). 30 December 2016. Retrieved 6 February 2019. \"Schlagerstar Kristina Bach: Ganz neue Pl\u00e4ne\". Wirtschaft TV (in German). 17 August 2016. Retrieved 6 February 2019. \"Hilary Swank und ihr Einsatz f\u00fcr Kinder\". Wirtschaft TV (in German). 12 December 2016. Retrieved 6 February 2019. \"Dance Dance Dance 2017: Mirja du Mont und Jo Weil m\u00fcssen nach Show zwei gehen\". rtl.de. 26 September 2017. Retrieved 6 February 2019. \"Bodyguard: Jo Weil: So viel \"Verbotene Liebe\" steckt noch in seinem Leben\". News.de. 29 October 2018. Retrieved 6 February 2019. \"Bodyguard - The Musical\". Musical Vienna. Retrieved 6 February 2019. Papadatos, Markos (10 May 2018). \"Jo Weil discusses starring role in 'The Bodyguard' musical (Includes interview)\". digitaljournal.com. Retrieved 6 February 2019. \"TGoDT EXCLUSIVE: JO WEIL JOINS reFRESH AS COLUMNIST\". 13 January 2009. Retrieved 7 February 2019. \"Jo Weil: \"Vielfalt macht das Leben bunter\"\". queer.de (in German). 12 August 2015. Retrieved 7 February 2019. \"ARD-Schauspieler Jo Weil \u00fcber Kinderarmut und sein Engagement f\u00fcr das Puzzle der W\u00fcnsche 2009\". OpenPR.de. 20 July 2009. Retrieved 7 February 2019. \"FSJlerinnen von Aktion Tagwerk machen auf die Kampagne \"Dein Tag f\u00fcr Afrika\" 2013 aufmerksam und gehen mit gutem Beispiel voran - Online-Zeitung-Die Zeitung f\u00fcr NRW - Tagesthemen - Fachthemen - Nachrichten - News\". onlinezeitung.co. 22 October 2012. Retrieved 7 February 2019. Jacob, Thomas (16 September 2017). \"Jo Weil Freundin: F\u00fcr wen schl\u00e4gt das Herz des \"Verbotene Liebe\"-Schauspielers privat?\". News.de. Retrieved 9 February 2019. Luin, Iv. \"Ex- \"Forbidden Love\" star Jo Weil comes out as gay\". Law & Crime News. Law & Lawyer Journals. Retrieved 22 April 2020. Official site Jo Weil at IMDb"
   },
   {
    "name": "Herman Bing",
    "id": "Q76708",
    "text": "Herman Bing (March 30, 1889 \u2013 January 9, 1947) was a German-American character actor. He acted in more than 120 films and many of his parts were uncredited. Bing was born in Frankfurt am Main, Germany. :\u200a115\u200a He was son of the opera singer Max Bing (1865-1919) and Frieda Seckback (1869-1939), and brother of actor Gustav Bing (1893-1967), Clara Bing (1895-1976), and Erna Bing Swarzchild. He was married to Carla Lichtenstein and had one daughter.[citation needed] Bing began his career at the circus, at age 16, and vaudeville showing comedic talent.:\u200a25\u200a In 1921 he made his film debut in \"Ciska Barna, die Zigeunerin\". He was production chief of several films in Germany before he went to America, in 1923, with director Friedrich Wilhelm Murnau as Murnau's interpreter and assistant director. He also worked under John Ford and Frank Borzage, before establishing himself as a successful character actor well known for his wild-eyed facial expressions and thick German accent. He provided the voice for the Ringmaster in Walt Disney's Dumbo (1941). The start of World War II in Europe caused all things German to be unpopular with audiences. His German accent was no longer in demand in the years following World War II. He became increasingly depressed in the mid-1940s, as he was unable to secure work in Hollywood, and committed suicide by gunshot in 1947. Ciska Barna, Die Zigeunerin (1921) Sunrise (1927) as Streetcar Conductor (uncredited) 4 Devils (1928) Married in Hollywood (1929) as German Director A Song of Kentucky (1929) as Jake Kleinschmidt The Three Sisters (1930) as Von kosch Show Girl in Hollywood (1930) as Mr. Bing \u2013 Otis' Assistant Anna Christie (1930) as Larry \u2013 the Bartender (uncredited) Men Behind Bars (1931) as Lawyer Women Love Once (1931) The Great Lover (1931) as Losseck The Guardsman (1931) as A Creditor Private Lives (1931) as Train Conductor (uncredited) Men of Chance (1931) as Fritz Tannenbaum (uncredited) Murders in the Rue Morgue (1932) as Franz Odenheimer (uncredited) Are You Listening? (1932) as Radio Actor (uncredited) Doomed Battalion (1932) as Austrian Soldier (uncredited) The Tenderfoot (1932) as The Chef (uncredited) Westward Passage (1932) as Otto Hoopengarner \u2013 the Dutchman Radio Patrol (1932) as Schwabacher, the Funeral Director (uncredited) Week-End Marriage (1932) as Mr. Mengel (uncredited) Unashamed (1932) as Hans (uncredited) Crooner (1932) as Vaudevillian with Dachshunds (uncredited) A Passport to Hell (1932) as Barfly (uncredited) Blessed Event (1932) as Emil \u2013 the Head Chef (uncredited) Big City Blues (1932) as First Waiter (uncredited) The Crash (1932) as E.F. McSorley \u2013 Diamond Broker (uncredited) Three on a Match (1932) as Prof. Irving Finklestein (uncredited) False Impressions (1932, Short) as The Cook \u2013 Replaced by Marvin Loback (scenes deleted) Silver Dollar (1932) as Gold Buyer (uncredited) Flesh (1932) as Pepi \u2013 Headwaiter A Farewell to Arms (1932) as Swiss Postal Clerk (uncredited) Hypnotized (1932) as Capt. Otto Von Stormberg The Great Jasper (1933) as Herman Beaumgartner (uncredited) Fast Workers (1933) as Schultz (uncredited) The Plumber and the Lady (1933, Short) as Otto Mauser The Nuisance (1933) as Willy Dinner at Eight (1933) as Waiter My Lips Betray (1933) as Weininger Footlight Parade (1933) as Fralick Curtain at Eight (1933) as Sam \u2013 Producer (uncredited) The Bowery (1933) as Max Herman Fits in a Fiddle (1933, Short) as Heinrich Mickelmeier After Tonight (1933) as Railroad Ticket Clerk (uncredited) Chance at Heaven (1933) as Franklyn's Chauffeur (uncredited) College Coach (1933) as Prof. Glantz Blood Money (1933) as Butcher Weighing Sausages (uncredited) Lady Killer (1933) as Western Director (uncredited) Trimmed in Furs (1934, Short) as Engles the Lodge Owner Mandalay (1934) as Prof. Kleinschmidt The Cat and the Fiddle (1934) as Fireman's Band Leader (uncredited) Melody in Spring (1934) as Wirt I'll Tell the World (1934) as Adolph Manhattan Love Song (1934) as Gustave Twentieth Century (1934) as Beard #1 (uncredited) The Black Cat (1934) as Car Steward (uncredited) The Cat's-Paw (1934) as German-Speaking Gangster (uncredited) Hide-Out (1934) as Jake Embarrassing Moments (1934) as Bartender One Night of Love (1934) as Vegetable Man (uncredited) When Strangers Meet (1934) as Mr. Oscar Schultz The Merry Widow (1934) as Zizipoff Crimson Romance (1934) as Himmelbaum I Sell Anything (1934) as Dutchman Bidding $1.25 (uncredited) Love Time (1934) as Istvan Evelyn Prentice (1934) as Klein \u2013 Antiques Dealer (uncredited) Broadway Bill (1934) as Waiter (uncredited) The Mighty Barnum (1934) as Farmer Schultz The Night Is Young (1935) as Nepomuk The Great Hotel Murder (1935) as Hans It Happened in New York (1935) as Stout Passenger (uncredited) West Point of the Air (1935) (scenes deleted) The Florentine Dagger (1935) as Baker The Misses Stooge (1935, Short) as Sazarac the Magician Vagabond Lady (1935) as Spear Department Head (uncredited) In Caliente (1935) as Florist Stage Frights (1935, Short) Unknown Woman (1935) as Fran\u00e7ois (uncredited) Calm Yourself (1935) as Mr. Sam Bromberg Don't Bet on Blondes (1935) as Prof. Friedrich Wilhelm Gruber Every Night at Eight (1935) as Joe Schmidt Call of the Wild (1935) as Sam Here Comes the Band (1935) as Hans Bergenspitz (uncredited) Redheads on Parade (1935) as Lionel Kunkel Thunder in the Night (1935) as Taxi Driver (uncredited) His Family Tree (1935) as Mr. 'Stony' Stonehill Barbary Coast (1935) as Fish Peddler (uncredited) Hands Across the Table (1935) as Barber (uncredited) Three Kids and a Queen (1935) as Walter Merkin 1000 Dollars a Minute (1935) as Vanderbrocken Fighting Youth (1935) as Luigi Rose Marie (1936) as Mr. Daniells Slide, Nellie, Slide (1936, Short) as The Hot Dog King Tango (1936) as Mr. Kluckmeyer \u2013 Tango Hosiery The Music Goes 'Round (1936) as Himself \u2013 Guest Singer (uncredited) Laughing Irish Eyes (1936) as Weisbecher The Great Ziegfeld (1936) as Costumer The King Steps Out (1936) as Pretzelberger The Three Wise Guys (1936) as Baumgarten Human Cargo (1936) as Fritz Schultz Blackmailer (1936) as Dr. Rosenkrantz \u2013 Coroner Adventure in Manhattan (1936) as Otto Come Closer, Folks (1936) as Herman That Girl from Paris (1936) as 'Hammy' Hammacher Champagne Waltz (1937) as Max Snellinek Maytime (1937) as August Archipenko Oh, What a Knight! (1937, Short) Beg, Borrow or Steal (1937) as Von Giersdorff \u2013 aka Count Herman Every Day's a Holiday (1937) as Fritz Krausmeyer Paradise for Three (1938) as Mr. Polter Bluebeard's Eighth Wife (1938) as Monsieur Pepinard Four's a Crowd (1938) as Barber Vacation from Love (1938) as Oscar Wittlesbach The Great Waltz (1938) as Dommayer Sweethearts (1938) as Oscar Engel Broadway Melody of 1940 (1940) as Silhouettist (uncredited) Public Deb No. 1 (1940) as Dutchman (uncredited) Bitter Sweet (1940) as Market Keeper Dumbo (1941) as The Ringmaster (voice, uncredited) The Devil with Hitler (1942, Short) as Louis The Captain from K\u00f6penick (completed in 1941, released in 1945) as City Hall guardian Kilian Where Do We Go from Here? (1945) as Hessian Col. / Von Heisel Breakfast in Hollywood (1946) as Herman (uncredited) Rendezvous 24 (1946) as Herr Schmidt Night and Day (1946) as Ladisaus Smedick \u2013 2nd 'Peaches' (uncredited) (final film role) Ellenberger, Allan R. (2001). Celebrities in Los Angeles Cemeteries: A Directory. Jefferson, North Carolina, and London: McFarland & Company, Inc. p.\u00a0115. ISBN\u00a0978-0-7864-0983-9 \u2013 via Google Books. Hischak, Thomas S. (2011). Disney Voice Actors: A Biographical Dictionary. Jefferson, North Carolina, and London: McFarland & Company, Inc. p.\u00a025. ISBN\u00a0978-0-7864-8694-6 \u2013 via Google Books. \"COMEDIAN KILLS HIMSELF; Herman Bing, of Films, Leaves Note Ascribing Act to Nerves\". The New York Times Archives. January 10, 1947. Retrieved May 5, 2018. Herman Bing at IMDb Portrait of the Actor Herman Bing by Thomas Staedeli Behind the Voice Actors- Herman Bing Columbia Shorts Dept- Herman Bing Genealogy -Herman Bing Herman Bing at Find a Grave"
   },
   {
    "name": "Gerd Binnig",
    "id": "Q76766",
    "text": "Gerd Binnig (born 20 July 1947) is a German physicist. He is most famous for having won the Nobel Prize in Physics jointly with Heinrich Rohrer in 1986 for the invention of the scanning tunneling microscope. Binnig was born in Frankfurt am Main and played in the ruins of the city during his childhood. His family lived partly in Frankfurt and partly in Offenbach am Main, and he attended school in both cities. At the age of 10, he decided to become a physicist, but he soon wondered whether he had made the right choice. He concentrated more on music, playing in a band. He also started playing the violin at 15 and played in his school orchestra. Binnig studied physics at the J.W. Goethe University in Frankfurt, gaining a bachelor's degree in 1973 and remaining there to do a PhD with in Werner Martienssen's group, supervised by Eckhardt Hoenig. In 1978, Binnig accepted an offer from IBM to join their Z\u00fcrich research group, where he worked with Heinrich Rohrer, Christoph Gerber and Edmund Weibel. There they developed the scanning tunneling microscope (STM), an instrument for imaging surfaces at the atomic level. The Nobel committee described the effect that the invention of the STM had on science, saying that \"entirely new fields are opening up for the study of the structure of matter.\" The physical principles on which the STM was based were already known before the IBM team developed the STM, but Binnig and his colleagues were the first to solve the significant experimental challenges involved in putting it into effect. The IBM Z\u00fcrich team were soon recognized with a number of prizes: the German Physics Prize, the Otto Klung Prize, the Hewlett Packard Prize and the King Faisal Prize. In 1986, Binnig and Rohrer shared half of the Nobel Prize in Physics, the other half of the Prize was awarded to Ernst Ruska. From 1985-1988, he worked in California. He was at IBM in Almaden Valley, and was visiting professor at Stanford University. In 1985, Binnig invented the atomic force microscope (AFM) and Binnig, Christoph Gerber and Calvin Quate went on to develop a working version of this new microscope for insulating surfaces. In 1987 Binnig was appointed IBM Fellow. In the same year, he started the IBM Physics group Munich, working on creativity. and atomic force microscopy. In 1994 Professor Gerd Binnig founded Definiens which turned in the year 2000 into a commercial enterprise. The company developed Cognition Network Technology to analyze images just like the human eye and brain are capable of doing. in 2016, Binnig won the Kavli Prize in Nanoscience. He became a fellow of the Norwegian Academy of Science and Letters. The Binnig and Rohrer Nanotechnology Center, an IBM-owned research facility in R\u00fcschlikon, Z\u00fcrich is named after Gerd Binnig and Heinrich Rohrer. In 1969, Binnig married Lore Wagler, a psychologist, and they have a daughter born in Switzerland and a son born in California. His hobbies include reading, swimming, and golf. \"Gerd Binnig - Biographical\". Nobel Media AB. 1986. Retrieved 2014-01-01. \"The Nobel Prize in Physics 1986 - Press Release\". Nobel Media AB. 1986-10-15. Retrieved 2014-01-01. \"Definiens Management Team - Gerd Binnig, PhD\". Archived from the original on 2014-01-02. Retrieved 2014-01-01. Binnig, G.; Rohrer, H.; Gerbe, Ch; Weibe, E. (1982). \"Surface Studies by Scanning Tunneling Microscopy\". Physical Review Letters. 49 (1): 57. Bibcode:1982PhRvL..49...57B. doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.49.57. \"Gerd Binnig\". kavliprize.org. 2016-06-02. Retrieved 30 May 2017. G. Binnig, \"Atomic force microscope and method for imaging surfaces with atomic resolution\", US Patent US4724318 (priority date Nov 25 1985) Binnig, G.; Quate, C. F. (1986). \"Atomic Force Microscope\". Physical Review Letters. 56 (9): 930\u2013933. Bibcode:1986PhRvL..56..930B. doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.56.930. ISSN\u00a00031-9007. PMID\u00a010033323. G. Binnig, \"Aus dem Nichts. \u00dcber die Kreativit\u00e4t von Natur und Mensch\", Piper (1990). Giessibl, F. J.; Gerber, Christoph; Binnig, G. (1991). \"A low-temperature atomic force/scanning tunneling microscope for ultrahigh vacuum\" (PDF). Journal of Vacuum Science & Technology B: Microelectronics and Nanometer Structures. American Vacuum Society. 9 (2): 984\u2013988. Bibcode:1991JVSTB...9..984G. doi:10.1116/1.585441. ISSN\u00a00734-211X. Health, Audacity. \"Team | Definiens\". www.definiens.com. Retrieved 2016-06-06. \"2016 Kavli Prize in Nanoscience | www.kavliprize.org\". www.kavliprize.org. 2016-06-02. Retrieved 2016-06-06. \"Group 2: Astronomy, Physics and Geophysics\". Norwegian Academy of Science and Letters. Archived from the original on 22 December 2017. Retrieved 22 December 2017. Pioneers in Electricity and Magnetism - Gerd Binnig National High Magnetic Field Laboratory Gerd Binnig on Nobelprize.org including the Nobel Lecture, December 8, 1986 Scanning Tunneling Microscopy \u2013 From Birth to Adolescence Astra Zeneca acquires Definiens"
   },
   {
    "name": "Ernst vom Rath",
    "id": "Q76883",
    "text": "Ernst Eduard vom Rath (3 June 1909 \u2013 9 November 1938) was a German diplomat. He is remembered for his assassination in Paris in 1938 by a Polish Jewish teenager, Herschel Grynszpan, which provided a pretext for the Kristallnacht, \"The Night of Broken Glass\". Vom Rath was born in Frankfurt am Main to an aristocratic family, the son of a high-ranking public official, Gustav vom Rath. He attended a school in Breslau, and then studied law at Bonn, Munich and K\u00f6nigsberg, until 1932, when he joined the Nazi Party and became a career diplomat. In April 1933 he became a member of the SA, the party's paramilitary unit. In 1935, after a posting in Bucharest, he was posted to the German embassy in Paris. Regarding the \"Jewish Question\", Rath expressed regret that the German Jews had to suffer but argued that the anti-Semitic laws were \"necessary\" to allow the Volksgemeinschaft to flourish. On the morning of 7 November 1938, Polish-German Jew Herschel Grynszpan, 17, went to the German embassy in Paris and asked to speak with an embassy official. After he had learned of the deportation of his parents from Germany to the Polish frontier, Grynszpan shot Ernst vom Rath, the third secretary of the German embassy in Paris. He shot the 29-year-old vom Rath five times, mortally wounding him with bullets to the spleen, stomach and pancreas. Adolf Hitler himself sent his two best doctors, personal physician Karl Brandt and surgeon Georg Magnus, to Paris to try to save vom Rath's life. Hitler promoted vom Rath, who had been a junior officer at the embassy, to the rank of Legal Consul, First Class (Gesandtschaftsrat I. Klasse) hours before vom Rath's death on 9 November at 17:30 (5:30\u00a0p.m.). Kristallnacht was launched within hours. Why Grynszpan, who had fled from Germany to France in 1936, chose vom Rath is not known with certainty, although he was upset over the news that his family was being deported from Germany back to Poland. As far as it can be established, Grynszpan and Rath did not know each other. Most accounts of the shooting state that Grynszpan did not ask for vom Rath by name but only asked to speak to a member of the diplomatic staff. The records were falsified in 1942, and the Germans spread propaganda that Grynszpan's intention was to kill the ambassador, Count Johannes von Welczeck. Grynszpan, who was immediately arrested and confessed, insisted his motives were to avenge the Jewish people for the actions already taken by the Germans. He had a postcard on him written to his parents that read, \"With God's help. My dear parents, I could not do otherwise, may God forgive me, the heart bleeds when I hear of your tragedy and that of the 12,000 Jews. I must protest so that the whole world hears my protest, and that I will do. Forgive me.\" Vom Rath was given a state funeral on 17 November in D\u00fcsseldorf, with Hitler and Foreign Minister Joachim von Ribbentrop among those in attendance. Germany used the incident to publicize that the Jews had \"fired the first shot\" in a war on Germany; in his funeral oration, Ribbentrop declared, \"We understand the challenge, and we accept it.\" American journalist Dorothy Thompson reported widely on the case and raised funds for Grynszpan's defence in his French trial, which never took place. Much to the fury of Grynszpan who wanted to use the \"Jewish avenger\" defense successfully used by Sholem Schwarzbard at his trial in 1927, Grynszpan's French lawyer Vincent de Moro-Giafferi wanted to use as the defense the allegation that Rath was a homosexual who had seduced Grynszpan, and that Grynszpan had killed Rath as a part of a lover's quarrel. Under French law, those convicted of murder for political reasons faced the death penalty, but who committed a crime passionnel were usually given a lesser sentence. Grynszpan initially escaped from prison when France fell in 1940, but he was captured by the Nazis and taken back to Germany. He was sent to the Sachsenhausen concentration camp to face a trial there, one that Joseph Goebbels planned to turn into Nazi propaganda about an international Jewish conspiracy and to claim it as evidence that Jews had started World War II. However, the allegations emerged that vom Rath was a homosexual, and Goebbels learned that Grynszpan was intending to use this claim in his defence at the trial by implying that vom Rath had seduced him. Grynszpan planned to claim that vom Rath was his pimp and he had been sent to be with various diplomats (although Grynszpan later stated this to be false in an encrypted letter sent from Sachsenhausen). The homosexuality accusations threatened to humiliate the Nazis. Goebbels wrote that \"Grynszpan has invented the insolent argument that he had a homosexual relationship with... vom Rath. That is, of course, a shameless lie; however, it is thought out very cleverly and would, if brought out in the course of a public trial, certainly become the main argument of enemy propaganda.\" According to historian Hans-J\u00fcrgen D\u00f6scher, Germany's foremost authority on Kristallnacht, vom Rath was homosexual and had met Grynszpan in Le Boeuf sur le Toit, a popular haunt for gay men in 1938. The French writer Andr\u00e9 Gide, himself a homosexual, testified in his personal diaries that vom Rath was well known in the Parisian homosexual community. There were rumours that occasionally he was called \"Madame Ambassador\" and \"Notre Dame de Paris.\" His brother, Gustav, was convicted of homosexual offences and there were allegations that vom Rath was treated for rectal gonorrhoea at the Berlin Institute of Radiology. The trial was planned for 1942 but never took place, primarily because the Nazis (who also sent homosexuals to concentration camps) feared it would turn into a gay scandal. Grynszpan's ultimate fate is unknown but he probably died in Sachsenhausen concentration camp. The last documentation indicating he was alive, or thought to be alive, was a Foreign Ministry memorandum on 7 December 1942. In 1960, at the request of his parents in Israel, the lower district court in Hanover officially declared Grynszpan deceased, listing his date of death as 8 May 1945. Wilhelm Gustloff, Nazi killed in 1936 by David Frankfurter Gerald Schwab (1990). The Day the Holocaust Began: The Odyssey of Herschel Grynszpan. Praeger. p.\u00a014. ISBN\u00a0978-0275935764. Schwab, Gerald The Day the Holocaust Began, New York: Praeger, 1990 page 15. \"Portrait of Herschel Grynszpan taken after his arrest by French authorities for the assassination of German diplomat Ernst vom Rath. - Collections Search - United States Holocaust Memorial Museum\". collections.ushmm.org. Alan E. Steinweis (2009). Kristallnacht 1938. Belknap Press. p.\u00a0179. ISBN\u00a0978-0674036239. Giles MacDonogh. 1938: Hitler's Gamble. p.\u00a0217. Hermann Wei\u00df (2002). Biographisches Lexikon zum Dritten Reich [Biographies of the Third Reich]. Frankfurt am Main: Fischer-Taschenbuchverlag. p.\u00a0365. ISBN\u00a03-596-13086-7. Herbert A. Strauss (1992). Jewish immigrants of the Nazi period in the USA (Volume 4: Jewish Emigration from Germany, 1933\u20131942). ASIN\u00a0B007DZSB4M. Even the assertion that persists stubbornly to this day that vom Rath was only an accidental victim, that Grynszpan actually wanted to kill the highest-ranking representative of the German Reich in France, the ambassador, has been called into question since it emerged. There exists a series of Nazi forgeries in preparation of a show trial against Grynszpan following his abduction to Germany in July 1940. In this way, the theory that the Jews had instigated the Second World War was to be backed up, and the ongoing deportations publicly justified. Schwab 1990, p. 43 Richard Cohen (2014). Israel: Is It Good for the Jews?. Simon & Schuster. p.\u00a062. ISBN\u00a0978-1416575689. Jonathan Kirsch (2013). The Short, Strange Life of Herschel Grynszpan: A Boy Avenger, a Nazi Diplomat, and a Murder in Paris. Liveright. ISBN\u00a0978-0871407405. \"An Act of Desperation (English summary)\". Archived from the original on 5 February 2015. Retrieved 19 January 2015. Raul Hilberg (1990). Die Vernichtung der europ\u00e4ischen Juden, Band 3 [The Destruction of the European Jews, Vol. 3]. Frankfurt: Fischer Taschenbuch. p.\u00a01089. ISBN\u00a0978-3596244171. Trude Maurer (1988). \"Abschiebung und Attentat. Die Ausweisung der polnischen Juden und der Vorwand f\u00fcr die Kristallnacht\" [Deportation and Assassination. The Expulsion of Polish Jews and the Pretext for Kristallnacht]. In Walter H. Pehle (ed.). Der Judenpogrom 1938. Von der \"Reichskristallnacht zum V\u00f6lkermord [The 1938 Jewish Pogrom. From Kristallnacht to Genocide]. Frankfurt: Fischer Taschenbuch Verlag. p.\u00a070. ISBN\u00a0978-3596243860. Hans-J\u00fcrgen D\u00f6scher (2000). Reichskristallnacht: die Novemberpogrome 1938 [Kristallnacht: The Pogroms of November 1938]. Munich. pp.\u00a0165, 169. Connolly, Kate (30 October 2001). \"Did gay affair provide a catalyst for Kristallnacht?\", The Guardian Schwab 1990, p. 142 Florence Tamagne (2006). A History of Homosexuality in Europe: Volume 1 & 2: Berlin/London/Paris - 1919\u201339. Algora Publishing. pp.\u00a0373, 531. ISBN\u00a00-87586-357-4. D\u00f6scher 2006, pp. 165, 182 Ewout Klei (7 November 2013). \"Hoe een 17-jarige jongen de Kristallnacht ontketende\" [How a 17-year-old boy unleashed Kristallnacht]. ThePostOnline (in Dutch). Retrieved 19 January 2015. Schwab 1990, p. 200 \"Der Tote lebt\" [The Dead Live]. Der Spiegel (in German). 31 August 1960. Retrieved 19 January 2015. Raphael Gross (2013). November 1938: Die Katastrophe vor der Katastrophe [November 1938: The Disaster Before the Disaster] (in German). Frankfurt: C. H. Beck. p.\u00a028. ISBN\u00a0978-3406654701. Armin Fuhrer: Herschel. Das Attentat des Herschel Grynszpan am 7. November 1938 und der Beginn des Holocaust (Herschel. The assassination by Herschel Grynszpan on 7 November 1938 and the beginning of the Holocaust). Berlin Story Verlag, Berlin 2013, ISBN\u00a0978-3-86368-101-2. In German. Sidney Smeets: De wanhoopsdaad (An Act of Desperation). Balans, Amsterdam, 2013. ISBN\u00a0978-9-460-03718-4. In Dutch. Newspaper clippings about Ernst vom Rath in the 20th Century Press Archives of the ZBW"
   },
   {
    "name": "Friedrich Carl von Savigny",
    "id": "Q76892",
    "text": "Friedrich Carl von Savigny (21 February 1779 \u2013 25 October 1861) was a German jurist and historian. Savigny was born at Frankfurt, of a family recorded in the history of Lorraine, deriving its name from the castle of Savigny near Charmes in the valley of the Moselle. Left an orphan at the age of 13, Savigny was brought up by a guardian until, in 1795, he entered the University of Marburg, where, though in poor health, he studied under Professors Anton Bauer and Philipp Friedrich Weiss, the former a pioneer in the reform of the German criminal law, the latter distinguished for his knowledge of medieval jurisprudence. After the fashion of German students, Savigny visited several universities, notably Jena, Leipzig and Halle; and returning to Marburg, took his doctorate in 1800. At Marburg he lectured as Privatdozent on criminal law and the Pandects. In 1803 Savigny published Das Recht des Besitzes (The Law of Possession). Anton Thibaut hailed it as a masterpiece which brought the old uncritical study of Roman law to an end. It quickly obtained a European reputation, and remains a prominent landmark in the history of jurisprudence. In 1804 he married Kunigunde Brentano, sister of Bettina von Arnim and Clemens Brentano the poet. The same year he embarked on an extensive tour through France and south Germany in search of fresh sources of Roman law. In 1808 Savigny was appointed full professor of Roman law at Landshut. He remained in this position for a year and a half. In 1810 he was appointed to the chair of Roman law at the new University of Berlin, chiefly at the insistence of Wilhelm von Humboldt. Here, in connection with the faculty of law, he created a Spruch-Collegium, an extraordinary tribunal competent to deliver opinions on cases remitted to it by the ordinary courts; and he took an active part in its labours. This was the busiest time of his life. He was engaged in lecturing, in government of the university (of which he was the third rector), and as tutor to the crown prince in Roman, criminal and Prussian law. During his time in Berlin, Savigny befriended Barthold Georg Niebuhr and Karl Friedrich Eichhorn. In 1814 Savigny wrote the pamphlet Vom Beruf unserer Zeit f\u00fcr Gesetzgebung und Rechtswissenschaft (Of the Vocation of our Age for Legislation and Legal Science). In an earlier pamphlet Thibaut had argued for the creation of a unified legal code for Germany, independent of the influence of foreign legal systems. Savigny argued that such a codification of the law would have an adverse effect. In his view, the damage that had been caused by the neglect of former generations of jurists could not be quickly repaired, and more time was required to set the house in order. Moreover, a unified legal code would almost certainly be influenced by natural law, with its \"infinite arrogance\" and its \"shallow philosophy\". It was Savigny's opinion that legal science should be saved from the \"hollow abstractions\" of such a work as Christian Wolff's Institutiones juris naturae et gentium. Savigny opposed this conception of legal science to the \"historical study of positive law\", which according to him is \"a condition precedent to right understanding of the science of all law\". Savigny did not oppose the introduction of new laws or of a new system of laws, but considered that the laws of any nation should reflect the \"national spirit (Volksgeist)\". In 1815 Savigny, together with Eichhorn and Johann Friedrich Ludwig G\u00f6schen, founded the Zeitschrift f\u00fcr geschichtliche Rechtswissenschaft (Journal for Historical Legal Science), the organ of the new historical school. In this periodical (vol. iii. p.\u00a0129 seq.) Savigny made known to the world the discovery by Niebuhr in Verona of the lost Institutes of Gaius. Savigny pronounced it to be the work of Gaius himself and not, as Niebuhr had suggested, of Ulpian. The same year, 1815, Savigny published the first volume of his Geschichte des r\u00f6mischen Rechts im Mittelalter (History of Roman Law in the Middle Ages), the sixth and final volume of which did not appear until 1831. He had been prompted to write this work by his early instructor Weiss. Savigny intended it to be a literary history of Roman law from Irnerius to the present time. His design was in some respects narrowed; in others it was widened. He did not continue the narrative beyond the 16th century, when the separation of nationalities disturbed the foundations of the science of law. In the first volume, Savigny treated the history of Roman law from the breaking up of the empire until the beginning of the 12th century. According to Savigny, Roman law, although considered dead, lived on in local customs, in towns, in ecclesiastical doctrines and school teachings, until it once again reappeared in Bologna and other Italian cities. In 1817 Savigny was appointed a member of the commission for organizing the Prussian provincial estates, and also a member of the department of justice in the Staatsrath (State Council). In 1819 he became a member of the supreme court of appeal for the Rhine Provinces. In 1820 he was made a member of the commission for revising the Prussian code. In 1822 he was afflicted with nervous illness, which compelled him to seek relief in travel. In 1835 Savigny began his elaborate work on contemporary Roman law, System des heutigen r\u00f6mischen Rechts (8 vols., 1840\u20131849). His activity as professor ceased in March 1842, when he was appointed \"Grosskanzler\" (High Chancellor), the head of the Prussian legal system. In this position he carried out several important law reforms in regard to bills of exchange and divorce. He held the office until 1848, when he resigned. In 1850, on the occasion of the jubilee of obtaining his doctor's degree, appeared in five volumes his Vermischte Schriften (Miscellaneous Writings), consisting of a collection of minor works published between 1800 and 1844. Savigny was hailed throughout Germany as \"the great master\" and founder of modern jurisprudence. In 1851 and 1853 he published the two volumes of his treatise on the law of obligations, Das Obligationenrecht, mostly on what English-speaking lawyers consider as contract law. It was a supplement to his work on modern Roman law, in which he again argued for the necessity of the historical treatment of law. Savigny died in Berlin. His son, Karl Friedrich von Savigny (1814\u20131875), was Prussian minister of foreign affairs in 1849. He represented Prussia in important diplomatic transactions, especially in 1866. Savigny belongs to the German historical school of jurists, founded by Gustav Hugo, and served a role in its consolidation. The works for which Savigny is best known are the Recht des Besitzes and the Beruf unserer Zeit f\u00fcr Gesetzgebung. According to Jhering \"with the Recht des Besitzes the juridical method of the Romans was regained, and modern jurisprudence born.\" It was seen as a great advance both in results and method, and rendered obsolete a large body of literature. Savigny argued that in Roman law possession had always reference to \"usucapion\" or to \"interdicts\". It did not include a right to continuance in possession but only to immunity from interference as possession is based on the consciousness of unlimited power. These and other propositions were derived by the interpretation and harmonization of the Roman jurists. However, many of Savigny's conclusions did not meet with universal acclaim. They were opposed by, among others, Jhering, Gans, and Bruns. Savigny argued in the Beruf unserer Zeit that law is part and parcel of national life. He opposed the idea, common to French 18th century jurists and Bentham, that law can be arbitrarily imposed on a country irrespective of its state of civilization and history. Another important idea of Savigny is that the practice and theory of jurisprudence cannot be divorced without injury to both. Major publications by Savigny include: von Savigny, Friedrich Carl (1803). Das Recht des Besitzes. Eine civilistische Abhandlung (in German) (1\u00a0ed.). Gie\u00dfen: Heyer. English translation by Perry, Thomas Erskine (1848): \"Von Savigny's Treatise on Possession: Or, the Jus Possessionis of the Civil Law\", (6 ed.). London: S. Sweet. Abridged English translation by Kelleher, J. (1888): \"Possession in the civil law. Abridged from the Treatise of von Savigny to which added the Text of the Title on Possession from the Digest\". Calcutta: Thacker. von Savigny, Friedrich Carl (1814). Vom Beruf unserer Zeit f\u00fcr Gesetzgebung und Rechtswissenschaft (in German) (1\u00a0ed.). Heidelberg: Mohr und Zimmer. doi:10.11588/diglit.11451. English translation by Hayward, Abraham (1831): \"Of the Vocation of our Age for Legislation and Jurisprudence\". London: Littlewood. von Savigny, Friedrich Carl (1840). System des heutigen r\u00f6mischen Rechts (in German). 1. Berlin: Veit. English translation of Volume 1 by Holloway, William (1867): \"System of the Modern Roman Law, Volume I\". Madras: Higginbotham. von Savigny, Friedrich Carl (1840). System des heutigen r\u00f6mischen Rechts (in German). 2. Berlin: Veit. English translation of Volume 2 by Rattigan, Henry (1884): \"Jural Relations: Or, The Roman Law of Persons as Subjects of Jural Relations\". London: Wildly. von Savigny, Friedrich Carl (1840). System des heutigen r\u00f6mischen Rechts (in German). 3. Berlin: Veit. von Savigny, Friedrich Carl (1841). System des heutigen r\u00f6mischen Rechts (in German). 4. Berlin: Veit. von Savigny, Friedrich Carl (1841). System des heutigen r\u00f6mischen Rechts (in German). 5. Berlin: Veit. von Savigny, Friedrich Carl (1847). System des heutigen r\u00f6mischen Rechts (in German). 6. Berlin: Veit. von Savigny, Friedrich Carl (1848). System des heutigen r\u00f6mischen Rechts (in German). 7. Berlin: Veit. von Savigny, Friedrich Carl (1849). System des heutigen r\u00f6mischen Rechts (in German). 8. Berlin: Veit. English translation of Volume 8 by Guthrie, William (1869): \"Private International Law. A Treatise on the Conflict of Laws\". London: T & T Clark. Beiser, Frederick C. (2011), \"Savigny and the Historical School of Law\", The German Historist Tradition, Oxford: Oxford University Press, pp.\u00a0214\u2013252, doi:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199691555.003.0006, ISBN\u00a09780199691555 Berkowitz, Roger (2005), \"From Science to Technique: Friedrich Carl von Savigny, the BGB, and the Self-Overcoming of Legal Science\", The Gift of Science: Leibniz and the Modern Legal Tradition, Cambridge: Harvard University Press, pp.\u00a0109\u2013158, doi:10.4159/9780674020795, ISBN\u00a0978-0-674-02079-5. Bethmann-Hollweg, Moritz August (1867). Erinnerung an Friedrich Carl von Savigny als Rechtslehrer, Staatsmann und Christ (in German). Weimar: B\u00f6hlau. Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). \"Savigny, Friedrich Karl von\"\u00a0. Encyclop\u00e6dia Britannica. 24 (11th\u00a0ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp.\u00a0242\u2013243. Herbermann, Charles, ed. (1913). \"Karl Friedrich Savigny\"\u00a0. Catholic Encyclopedia. New York: Robert Appleton Company. Kantorowicz, Hermann (1937). \"Savigny and the Historical School of Law\". Law Quarterly Review. 53: 326. Klenner, Hermann (1989). \"Savigny's Research Program of the Historical School of Law and Its Intellectual Impact in 19th Century Berlin\". American Journal of Comparative Law. 37 (1): 67\u201380. doi:10.2307/840441. JSTOR\u00a0840441. Landsberg, Ernst (1890). Friedrich Karl von Savigny (in German). Leipzig: Duncker & Humblot. de Montmorency, James Edward Geoffrey (1914). \"Friedrich Carl von Savigny\". In Macdonell, John; Manson, Edward (eds.). Great Jurists of the World. Little, Brown, and Company. pp.\u00a0561\u2013589. LCCN\u00a014013574. Rudorff, Adolf August Friedrich (1862). Friedrich Carl von Savigny: Erinnerung an sein Wesen und Wirken (in German). Weimar: B\u00f6hlau. Stinzing, Johann August Roderich (1862). Friedrich Carl von Savigny. Ein Beitrag zu seiner W\u00fcrdigung (in German). Berlin: Reimer. Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). \"Savigny, Friedrich Karl von\"\u00a0. Encyclop\u00e6dia Britannica. 24 (11th\u00a0ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp.\u00a0242\u2013243. Montmorency, James E. G. de (1913). \"Friedrich Carl von Savigny\". In Macdonell, John; Manson, Edward William Donoghue (eds.). Great Jurists of the World. London: John Murray. pp.\u00a0561\u2013589. Retrieved 14 February 2019 \u2013 via Internet Archive. archive.org von Savigny, Frederick Charles (1831). Of the Vocation of Our Age for Legislation and Jurisprudence. Translated by Abraham Hayward (2\u00a0ed.). London: Littlewood. ISBN\u00a09781584771890. Hattenhauer, Hans, ed. (2002). Thibaut und Savigny: ihre programmatischen Schriften (2\u00a0ed.). M\u00fcnchen: Verlag Franz Vahlen. Geschichte des r\u00f6mischen Rechts im Mittelalter, erster Band"
   },
   {
    "name": "Mayer Amschel Rothschild",
    "id": "Q76988",
    "text": "Mayer Amschel Rothschild (23 February 1744 \u2013 19 September 1812; also spelled Anschel) was a German-Jewish banker and the founder of the Rothschild banking dynasty. Referred to as a \"founding father of international finance\", Rothschild was ranked seventh on the Forbes magazine list of \"The Twenty Most Influential Businessmen of All Time\" in 2005. Mayer Amschel Rothschild was born in 1744 in the Judengasse, the Jewish ghetto of Frankfurt am Main, Holy Roman Empire, one of eight children of Amschel Moses Rothschild (d. 1755) and his wife Sch\u00f6nche Rothschild (n\u00e9e Lechnich, d. 1756). The ancestry of the Rothschilds can be traced back to 1577 to Izaak Elchanan Rothschild (Isaac (Isaak) Elchanan Bacharach, zum Hahn), whose name is derived from the German zum rothen Schild (with the old spelling \"th\"), meaning \"with the red shield\", in reference to the house where the family lived for many generations. (At the time, houses were designated by signs with different symbols or colors, not numbers.) The name Rothschild in the Yiddish language means Red Coat, in reference to a heraldic coat of arms. His grandchildren and descendants took this name as the family name and kept it when they relocated in 1664 to another house in the Judengasse\u2014Hinterpfann (\"[house in] the back of the saucepan\")\u2014which became the family's home and place of business through to the early 19th century. Amschel's father had a business in goods-trading and currency exchange. He was a personal supplier of coins to the Prince of Hesse. The family home above the shop had a front wall 11 feet (3.4\u00a0m) wide, where more than 30 people lived at that time. With the help of relatives, Rothschild secured an apprenticeship under Jacob Wolf Oppenheimer, at the banking firm of Simon Wolf Oppenheimer in Hanover, in 1757. The grandson of Samuel Oppenheimer taught Rothschild useful knowledge in foreign trade and currency exchange, before he returned to his brothers' business in Frankfurt in 1763. He became a dealer in rare coins and won the patronage of Crown Prince Wilhelm of Hesse (who had also earlier patronised his father), gaining the title of \"Court Factor\" in 1769. Rothschild's coin business grew to include a number of princely patrons, and then expanded through the provision of banking services to Crown Prince Wilhelm, who became Wilhelm IX, Landgrave of Hesse-Kassel in 1785. Business expanded rapidly following the French Revolution when Rothschild handled payments from Britain for the hire of Hessian mercenaries. By the early years of the 19th century, Rothschild had consolidated his position as principal international banker to Wilhelm IX and began to issue his own international loans, borrowing capital from the Landgrave. In 1806, Napoleon invaded Hesse in response to Wilhelm's support for Prussia. The Landgrave went into exile in the Duchy of Holstein, but Rothschild was able to continue as his banker, investing funds in London. He also profited from importing goods in circumvention of Napoleon's continental blockade. In 1798, third-born son Nathan Mayer Rothschild was sent to England to further the family interests in textile importing with \u00a320,000 capital (equivalent of \u00a32.1 million in 2020)\u2014the first foreign branch. Nathan became a naturalized citizen in 1804 and established a bank in the City of London. In 1810, Mayer entered into a formal partnership agreement with his three eldest sons. The youngest son Jacob was sent to Paris in 1811, enhancing the family's ability to operate across Europe. This enabled them to profit from the opportunity of financing Wellington's armies in Portugal, requiring the sourcing of large quantities of gold on behalf of the British government. Rothschild died on 19 September 1812 in Frankfurt am Main. He was buried at the old Jewish cemetery in Frankfurt, located next to the Judengasse. His grave still exists. A park was named after him, and also a street (Rothschildallee). In 1817 he was posthumously ennobled by the emperor Francis I of Austria. His descendants furthered the family fortune across Europe\u2014the \"five arrows\" of banking. Eldest son Amschel Mayer took over the Frankfurt bank and Salomon moved to Vienna. Nathan turned the London branch into one of Europe's most powerful banking institutions (N. M. Rothschild & Sons), Calmann (gentrified to \"Carl\") set up a branch in Naples and Jacob (\"James\") opened de Rothschild Fr\u00e8res, becoming a giant of finance in Paris. His name as it appears on the stone was Moses Mayer, son of Amschel, and he apparently added the Amschel, as in later generations.] Mayer Amschel Rothschild married Guttle Schnapper (1753\u20131849), the daughter of Wolf Salomon Schnapper, on 29 August 1770. Sch\u00f6nche Jeannette Rothschild (1771\u20131859), married to Benedikt Moses Worms (1772\u20131824) Amschel \"Anselm\" Mayer Rothschild (1773\u20131855) Salomon Mayer Rothschild (1774\u20131855), married to Caroline Stern See Rothschild banking family of Austria Nathan Mayer Rothschild (1777\u20131836), married to Hannah Barent Cohen (1783\u20131850), daughter of Levi Barent Cohen See Rothschild banking family of England Isabella Rothschild (1781\u20131861), married to Bernhard Juda Sichel (1780\u20131862) Babette Rothschild (1784\u20131869), married to Siegmund Leopold Beyfus\u00a0[de] (1786\u20131845) Calmann \"Carl\" Mayer (1788\u20131855), married to Adelheid Herz (1800\u20131853) See Rothschild banking family of Naples Julie Rothschild (1790\u20131815), married to Mayer Levin Beyfus (1790\u20131860) Henriette \"Jette\" Rothschild (1791\u20131866) married to Abraham Montefiore (1788\u20131824) and mother of Charlotte Montefiore (1818-1854) Jacob \"James\" Mayer de Rothschild (1792\u20131868), married to Betty de Rothschild (1805\u20131886), daughter of Salomon Mayer Rothschild See Rothschild banking family of France \"Heroes - Trailblazers of the Jewish People\". Beit Hatufsot. Archived from the original on 2020-06-10. Noel, Michael (2005-07-29). \"The Twenty Most Influential Businessmen of all Time\". Forbes. Archived from the original on 2007-11-03. Elon, p.108. The Germanic form \"Mayer\" was used from 1802 instead of the original \"Meyer\". Elon, p.47,55. Pohl, Manfred (2005), \"Rothschild, Mayer Amschel\", Neue Deutsche Biographie (in German), 22, Berlin: Duncker & Humblot, pp.\u00a0131\u2013133 Elon, pp.41,43 Spingola, Deanna (2011). The Ruling Elite: A Study in Imperialism, Genocide and Emancipation. Trafford. pp.\u00a09\u201310. ISBN\u00a0978-1-4269-5462-7. Elon, p.59. Elon, p.65. Elon, p.153. Elon, p.66. Elon, Amos (1996). Founder: Meyer Amschel Rothschild and His Time. HarperCollins. ISBN\u00a0978-0-00-255706-1. Berghoeffer, Christian Wilhelm (2003) [1924]. Meyer Amschel Rothschild: der Gr\u00fcnder des Rothschildschen Bankhauses. Paderborn: Salzwasser-Verlag. ISBN\u00a09783863830885. Ferguson, Niall (1998). The House of Rothschild. Volume I: Money's Prophets: 1798\u20131848. New York, N.Y. USA. Viking. ISBN\u00a0978-0670887941 Media related to Mayer Amschel Rothschild at Wikimedia Commons Rothschild Archive"
   },
   {
    "name": "Hermann Goldschmidt",
    "id": "Q77022",
    "text": "Hermann Mayer Salomon Goldschmidt (June 17, 1802 \u2013 August 30 or September 10 1866) was a German-French astronomer and painter who spent much of his life in France. He started out as a painter, but after attending a lecture by the famous French astronomer Urbain Le Verrier turned to astronomy. His discovery of the asteroid Lutetia in 1852 was followed by further findings and by 1861 Goldschmidt had discovered 14 asteroids. He received the Gold Medal of the Royal Astronomical Society in 1861 for having discovered more asteroids than any other person up to that time. He died from complications of diabetes. Goldschmidt was born in Frankfurt as the son of a Jewish merchant. During a journey to the Netherlands, Goldschmidt visited Dutch picture galleries. The impression of this visit convinced him to become a painter. He studied art in Munich for several years under supervision of such famous painters as Peter von Cornelius and Julius Schnorr von Carolsfeld. To complete his education, in 1836 Goldschmidt went to Paris. In 1820, Goldschmidt discovered shadow bands in total solar eclipses. Several lectures on astronomy were planned for the occasion of the lunar eclipse of March 31, 1847. Urbain Le Verrier, discoverer of Neptune, held one in the Sorbonne. By pure chance, Goldshmidt attended this lecture, which awakened his interest in astronomy and led him to pursue it as a career. Goldschmidt bought a telescope with the diameter of 23 lines (52 millimeters (2.0\u00a0in)) with the money he got from selling two portraits of Galileo he painted during a stay in Florence. Goldschmidt set up the telescope in his apartment on the sixth floor above the Caf\u00e9 Procope. Very soon he started updating the Star charts he had with new stars. During this work he observed the same area several times and was able to detect variable stars and moving objects like planets. He discovered his first new planet (today classified as asteroid) on November 15, 1852. Goldschmidt confirmed his observations with the help of Fran\u00e7ois Arago at the Paris Observatory on November 18. Arago suggested the name Lutetium, based on the Latin name of Paris Lutetia used during the Roman occupation. The discovery of the new planet was published on November 23. In subsequent years, Goldschmidt bought larger telescopes, one with 30 lines diameter. Despite the limited observational capabilities of his instrument, which was inferior to those of most of his competitors, by May 1856 Goldschmidt had discovered four more asteroids. His next telescope was one with the diameter of 4 inches (10\u00a0cm). This technical improvement enabled him to discover nine asteroids between May 1857 and May 1861. During that period, the Academy of Science awarded Goldschmidt the astronomical prize medal several times, and he was made a chevalier of the L\u00e9gion d'honneur in 1857. By the time of his final discovery in May 1861, the Royal Astronomical Society had awarded him the Gold Medal of the Royal Astronomical Society for the discovery of 13 asteroids. At that point, the second most successful astronomers John Russell Hind and Robert Luther had each discovered 10. Goldschmidt combined his abilities as a painter with his love for astronomy as exemplified by his paintings of the Great Comet of 1858 and of the solar eclipse he observed in Spain July 1860. In April 1861, he announced the discovery of a ninth moon of Saturn between Titan and Hyperion, which he named \"Chiron\". However, he was mistaken: this moon did not exist; today, \"Chiron\" is the name of an entirely different object, the unusual asteroid/comet 2060 Chiron. His updated star charts and the discovery of several variable stars were also appreciated by his colleagues. Goldschmidt was never employed at the Paris Observatory and therefore his income was insecure. However, in 1862 he was awarded a pension of 1500 francs. Because of his diabetes, Goldschmidt moved to Fontainebleau, but his condition did not improve. He stayed in Fontainebleau for three years and died there on April 26, 1866. The lunar crater Goldschmidt is named after him. The crater is located in the northern polar region. The outer main-belt asteroid 1614 Goldschmidt, discovered by French astronomer Alfred Schmitt in 1952, was named in his memory. Goldschmidt was awarded the Lalande Prize seven times (1852, 1854, 1855, 1857, 1858, 1860, 1861). He was awarded chevalier of the L\u00e9gion d'honneur in 1857. In 1861, received Gold Medal of the Royal Astronomical Society for the discovery of 13 asteroids (at that time). In 1869, a commemorative medal honoring the discovery of the 100th asteroid shows the profiles of John Russel Hind, Hermann Goldschmidt and Robert Luther. List of German painters \"Hermann Golschmidt\". Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society. 27 (4): 115\u2013117. 1867. doi:10.1093/mnras/27.4.97a. Goldschmidt, Hermann on the Jewish Encyclopedia. 6. 1906. p.\u00a025. Guillermier, Pierre; Koutchmy, Serge (1999). Total Eclipses: Science, Observations, Myths and Legends. Springer Publishing. p.\u00a0151. The phenomenon of shadow bands \u2014 a success of light and dark striations \u2014 is somewhat random. German astronomer Hermann Goldschmidt was the first to remark upon this complex refraction phenomenon, in 1820. Maunder, Michael J. de F.; Moore, Patrick (1998). \"Eclipses - General Principles\". The Sun in Eclipse. Springer Publishing. p.\u00a055. Shadow Bands. In 1820 the German astronomer Hermann Goldschmidt was the first to notice wavy lines seen across the Earth's surface just before totality. These so-called shadow bands [...] \"Chapter IX: Shadow Bands\". Memoirs. 41. Royal Astronomical Society. 1857. pp.\u00a040\u201341. \"Hermann Goldschmidt, Artist and Astronomer\". The Gentleman's Magazine. 223: 335\u2013. 1867. \"Minor Planet Discoverers (by number)\". Minor Planet Center. May 23, 2016. Retrieved June 1, 2016. \"Address delivered by the President, the Rev. Robert Main, on presenting the Gold Medal of the Society to M. Hermann Goldschmidt\". Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society. 21: 129\u2013138. 1861. Bibcode:1861MNRAS..21..129.. doi:10.1093/mnras/21.5.129 (inactive May 31, 2021).CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of May 2021 (link) Goldschmidt, H. (1853). \"Entdeckung eines neuen Planeten von Herrn Goldschmidt in Paris\". Astronomische Nachrichten. 35 (23): 343\u2013344. Bibcode:1852AN.....35..343G. doi:10.1002/asna.18530352305. \"Hermann Goldschmidt\". La Revue Scientifique. 3: 744. 1866. Meyer, Herrmann Julius (1868). Erg\u00e4nzungsbl\u00e4tter zur kenntniss der gegenwart. 3. Verlag des Bibliographischen Instituts. p.\u00a0356. Schmadel, Lutz D. (2007). \"(1614) Goldschmidt\". Dictionary of Minor Planet Names \u2013 (1614) Goldschmidt. Springer Berlin Heidelberg. p.\u00a0128. doi:10.1007/978-3-540-29925-7_1615. ISBN\u00a0978-3-540-00238-3. \"Mr. Bishop's Observatory\". The Illustrated London News. 55: 368,372. October 9, 1869. Karl Christian Bruhns (1879), \"Goldschmidt, Hermann\", Allgemeine Deutsche Biographie (ADB) (in German), 9, Leipzig: Duncker & Humblot, pp.\u00a0338\u2013339"
   },
   {
    "name": "Willy Messerschmitt",
    "id": "Q77096",
    "text": "Wilhelm Emil \"Willy\" Messerschmitt (German pronunciation: [\u02c8m\u025bs\u0250\u0283m\u026at]; 26 June 1898\u00a0\u2013 15 September 1978) was a German aircraft designer and manufacturer. In 1934, in collaboration with Walter Rethel, he designed the Messerschmitt Bf 109, which became the most important fighter aircraft in the Luftwaffe as Germany rearmed prior to World War II. It remains the second most-produced warplane in history, with some 34,000 built, behind the Soviet Ilyushin Il-2. Another Messerschmitt aircraft, first called \"Bf 109R\", purpose-built for record setting, but later redesignated Messerschmitt Me 209, broke the absolute world airspeed record and held the world speed record for propeller-driven aircraft until 1969. Messerschmitt's firm also produced the first jet-powered fighter to enter service \u2014 the Messerschmitt Me 262. He was born in Frankfurt am Main, the son of Baptist Ferdinand Messerschmitt (1858\u20131916) and his second wife, Anna Maria Schaller (1867\u20131942). As a young man, Messerschmitt befriended German sailplane pioneer Friedrich Harth. Harth joined the German army in 1914 and while he was away at war, Messerschmitt continued work on one of Harth's designs, the S5 glider. In 1917, Messerschmitt himself signed up for military service. Following the war, the two were reunited and continued to work together while Messerschmitt commenced study at the Munich Technical College and Harth built aircraft at the Bayerische Flugzeugwerke (BFW \u2013 Bavarian Aircraft Works). The S8 glider they designed and built together in 1921 broke a world duration record (albeit unofficially) and they went into partnership for a while running a flying school. The same year, the first plane entirely designed by Messerschmitt flew \u2014 the S9 glider. In 1923 Messerschmitt graduated from the Munich Institute of Technology. The same year Harth and Messerschmitt had a falling out and went their separate ways, with Messerschmitt founding his own aircraft company at Augsburg. At first, Messerschmitt built sailplanes, but within two years had progressed via motor gliders to small powered aircraft - sports and touring types. These culminated in the Messerschmitt M 17 and Messerschmitt M 18 designs, which Messerschmitt sold to BFW in 1927, when the Bavarian state government encouraged a merger between the two companies. These were followed by the Messerschmitt M20 light transport in 1928, which proved a disaster for BFW and Messerschmitt himself. Two Deutsche Luft Hansa M20s were involved in serious crashes very soon after purchase, and this led the airline to cancel their order for the type. This caused a serious cashflow problem for the company and led to its bankruptcy in 1931. The M20 crashes also created a powerful enemy for Messerschmitt in the person of Erhard Milch, the head of Lufthansa, who had lost a close friend in one of the crashes. The ties that Messerschmitt had formed with leading Nazis Rudolf Hess and Hermann G\u00f6ring (through Theo Croneiss) saved him from sharing the fate of Milch's other great enemy, Hugo Junkers. To stay in business in the face of Milch ensuring that he would get no government contracts, Messerschmitt had signed agreements with Romania for sales of the M35 and a transport plane, the Messerschmitt M 36. When Milch learned of this, he publicly denounced Messerschmitt as a traitor, and the Gestapo was sent to question him and other BFW officials. Probably due to Croneiss' intervention, no further action was taken. The establishment of the Reichsluftfahrtministerium (\"Reich Aviation Ministry\" - RLM) by the Nazi government in 1933, headed by Milch, led to a resurgence in the German aircraft industry and the resurrection of BFW. Collaborating with Robert Lusser, Messerschmitt designed the flagship product of the relaunched company. This was a low-wing four seater monoplane called the Messerschmitt M37, but better known by its later RLM designation of Bf 108. The following year, Messerschmitt incorporated many advanced design features of the Bf 108 into the Bf 109 fighter. In 1936, the Messerschmitt Bf 109 won the RLM's single-seat fighter contest, and became one of the main Luftwaffe aircraft types. Messerschmitt and his factory thus took an important role in the RLM's armament plans. This role expanded even further when the Messerschmitt Bf 110 also won the multi-purpose fighter contest. On 11 July 1938, Messerschmitt was appointed chairman and managing director of BFW and the company was renamed after him to Messerschmitt AG. This same year, the company began work on what would eventually become the Me 262, and on the Messerschmitt Me 210, planned as successor for the Bf 110. The Me 210 turned out to be plagued by massive development problems that were solved only by evolving the type into the Messerschmitt Me 410. The resulting problems and delays again put the reputation of both Messerschmitt and his namesake company in jeopardy. Following World War II, Messerschmitt was tried by a denazification court for using slave labor, and in 1948 was convicted of collaborating with the Nazi regime. After two years in prison, he was released and resumed his position as head of his company. Since Germany was forbidden to manufacture aircraft until 1955, he turned his company to manufacturing prefabricated buildings, sewing machines, and small cars \u2014 most notably the Messerschmitt Kabinenroller. Exporting his talents, he designed the Hispano HA-200 jet trainer for Hispano Aviaci\u00f3n in Spain in 1952 before eventually being allowed to return to aircraft manufacturing in Germany to licence-produce the Fiat G91 and then Lockheed F-104 Starfighter for the West German Luftwaffe. He designed the later Helwan HA-300, a light supersonic interceptor, for the Egyptian air forces. This was his last aircraft design. Messerschmitt saw his company through mergers first with B\u00f6lkow in 1968 and then Hamburger Flugzeugbau in 1969, at which point it became MBB (Messerschmitt-B\u00f6lkow-Blohm, that became part of EADS now named Airbus) with Messerschmitt as chairman until 1970 when he retired. He died eight years later, on 15 September 1978 in a Munich hospital in undisclosed circumstances. Messerschmitt's designs were characterized by a clear focus on performance, especially by striving for lightweight construction, but also by minimizing parasitic drag from aerodynamic surfaces. His critics accused him of taking this approach too far in some designs. His falling out with Harth had been over designs Harth felt to be dangerously unstable, and the Me 210 displayed instability, too, which could be cured only by enlarging the airframe and the aerodynamic surfaces, increasing drag and weight. Messerschmitt's design philosophy also is evident in his arguments with Alexander Lippisch, who was designing the tailless Me 163 rocket fighter for production at the Messerschmitt works. While Lippisch maintained that the tailless design had an advantage, in principle, with regard to total drag, Messerschmitt pointed out that the design compromises, which are necessary to make a tailless aircraft safely controllable, defeated this purpose by increasing drag to the original level and above. Messerschmitt was appointed Honorary Professor by the Munich Technical College in 1930, and the Vice-President of the Deutsche Akademie f\u00fcr Luftfahrtforschung (German Academy of Aeronautical Research). The German government also awarded him the title of Wehrwirtschaftsf\u00fchrer (defense industry leader). In 1938, Adolf Hitler bestowed upon Messerschmitt the German National Prize for Art and Science. In 1979, Messerschmitt was inducted into the International Air & Space Hall of Fame at the San Diego Air & Space Museum. Willy Messerschmitt. Encyclopaedia Britannica Ebert, Hans J., Johann B. Kaiser, & Klaus Peters. (1992). Willy Messerschmitt - Pionier der Luftfahrt und des Leichtbaues: eine Biographie. Koblenz: Bernard & Graefe, p. 14. ISBN\u00a0978-3763761036 Hessian biography. Prof. Dr.-Ing. E.h. Wilhelm Messerschmitt. Uni-Marburg.de (in German) Nimmergut, J\u00f6rg (2001) Deutsche Orden und Ehrenzeichen bis 1945. Vol. 4: W\u00fcrttemberg II \u2013 Deutsches Reich. Zentralstelle f\u00fcr Wissenschaftliche Ordenskunde, Munich, p. 1916. ISBN\u00a03-00-001396-2. Sprekelmeyer, Linda, ed. (2006) These We Honor: The International Aerospace Hall of Fame. Donning Co. Publishers. ISBN\u00a0978-1-57864-397-4. Aviation portal Germany portal Biography portal World War II portal Newspaper clippings about Willy Messerschmitt in the 20th Century Press Archives of the ZBW Short Biography Harth & Messerschmitt Youtube Documentary"
   },
   {
    "name": "Leo L\u00f6wenthal",
    "id": "Q77146",
    "text": "Leo L\u00f6wenthal (German: [\u02c8le\u02d0o \u02c8l\u00f8\u02d0vn\u0329ta\u02d0l] (listen); 3 November 1900 \u2013 21 January 1993) was a German sociologist and philosopher usually associated with the Frankfurt School. Born in Frankfurt as the son of assimilated Jews (his father was a physician), L\u00f6wenthal came of age during the turbulent early years of the Weimar Republic. He joined the newly founded Institute for Social Research in 1926 and quickly became its leading expert on the sociology of literature and mass culture as well as the managing editor of the journal it launched in 1932, the Zeitschrift f\u00fcr Sozialforschung. Heterodox and independent Marxists, open to new intellectual currents such as psychoanalysis, and predominantly Jewish, the Institute's members swiftly fled Germany when Adolf Hitler came to power in 1933. After a year in Geneva, they settled in New York, where Columbia University gave them shelter. L\u00f6wenthal maintained a close relationship with his colleagues, even during the war when several of them moved to California and he began to work with the Office of War Information in Washington. Although Horkheimer, Adorno, and Friedrich Pollock returned to Frankfurt to reestablish the Institute after the war, L\u00f6wenthal, like former members Herbert Marcuse, Franz Neumann, Otto Kirchheimer, and Erich Fromm, chose to remain in the United States. After seven years as research director of the Voice of America, and another year at the Stanford Center for the Advanced Study of the Behavioral Sciences, he joined the Berkeley Speech Department in 1956 and shortly thereafter the Department of Sociology. Although officially retiring in 1968, L\u00f6wenthal remained vigorously active in departmental and University affairs until virtually the end of his life. From 1968 to 1972, he served on the Budget Committee, and in 1973\u201374, chaired the Sociology Department. The celebrated private seminar L\u00f6wenthal conducted with graduate students interested in the sociology of literature was launched during the student strike of 1970 and continued to meet through the last months of 1992. As two of its participants, Jim Stockinger and Terry Strathman, remember it, the seminar produced a remarkable \u201ccross-generational dialogue,\u201d whose focus on literature \u201cwas particularly liberating\u201d for sociologists unaccustomed to literary analysis. \u201cGood wine, cheese, hearty and spirited debate and a large dose of German conviviality,\u201d they recalled, \u201cmade these evenings unforgettable experiences.\u201d As a former teaching assistant of L\u00f6wenthal's, Pamela Munro (now an actress) adds that in these evenings in San Francisco, \"L\u00f6wenthal exuded a Weimarian atmosphere.\" L\u00f6wenthal's publications were collected during the 1980s, both in German, by the Suhrkamp Verlag, and in English, by Transaction Press. Most notable among them were Prophets of Deceit (written with Norbert Guterman in 1949), Literature and the Image of Man (1957) and Literature, Popular Culture, and Society (1961). Also included were his early writings on Jewish themes and his last ruminations on postmodernism, against whose dangers he warned. His autobiographical reflections, including conversations with the German sociologist Helmut Dubiel, were published by the University of California as An Unmastered Past in 1987. The extensive interviews he gave in 1989 to another German interlocutor, Frithjof Hager, dealt with postmodernism and other contemporary themes; they stimulated a collection of responses by European and American scholars published in honor of his ninetieth birthday as \"Geschichte Denken: Ein Notizbuch f\u00fcr Leo L\u00f6wenthal\" by the Reclam Verlag of Leipzig. For his eightieth, he had been the recipient of a Festschrift of celebratory essays in the journal Telos. In the last decade of his life, L\u00f6wenthal was richly honored on both sides of the Atlantic. Awarded the Berkeley Citation and the Federal Republic of Germany's Distinguished Merit Cross in 1985, he also received honorary doctorates from the University of Siegen, the Free University of Berlin, and the University of Hamburg. Further, he was given the city of Frankfurt\u2019s Goethe Medal and Adorno Prize, as well as a year at the Berlin Institute for Advanced Study. In 1985, the first full-length appreciation of his work was published by Michael Kausch as \"Erziehung und Unterhaltung: Leo L\u00f6wenthals Theorie der Massenkommunikation\". As the final survivor of the Frankfurt School\u2019s inner circle, L\u00f6wenthal achieved international recognition as a symbol of its remarkable collective achievement. L\u00f6wenthal's training in collaborative scholarship and his broad humanistic learning allowed him to play a leading role both in the institutional and intellectual life of the campus as a whole. An early supporter of the Free Speech Movement, but troubled by the excesses that followed, he was a leading member of the faculty committee chaired by Charles Muscatine that produced the widely admired report published as Education at Berkeley. L\u00f6wenthal displayed an extraordinary ability to maintain close friendships with scholars in disparate fields and begin new ones with members of very different generations. He remained a vital presence long after his active teaching days were over. His quick, often acerbic wit, uncanny shrewdness in judging \u2013 and gleefully gossiping about \u2013 people, and manifest zest for living life fully never deserted him. Nor did his intransigent refusal to abandon the long-cherished ideals of his youth, even as he soberly acknowledged the improbability of their ever being realized. Ruthlessly unsentimental and impatient with cant of any kind, he nonetheless refused to succumb to the sour cynicism of those who turn into the deadly adults Horkheimer and Adorno warned against. L\u00f6wenthal died in Berkeley, California. Leo L\u00f6wenthal, Schriften in f\u00fcnf B\u00e4nden, Frankfurt am Main: Suhrkamp 1980\u20131987, Literatur und Massenkultur Das b\u00fcrgerliche Bewu\u00dftsein in der Literatur Falsche Propheten. Studien zum Autoritarismus Judaica. Vortr\u00e4ge. Briefe Philosophische Fr\u00fchschriften Leo L\u00f6wenthal, Mitmachen wollte ich nie. Ein autobiografisches Gespr\u00e4ch mit Helmut Dubiel, Suhrkamp 1980, ISBN\u00a03-518-11014-4 \"Goethe and False Subjectivity\". Telos 60 (Summer 1984). New York: Telos Press. \"ZEITonline\" (in German). Archived from the original on 2016-05-04. Retrieved 2016-04-19. Michael Kausch: Erziehung und Unterhaltung: Leo L\u00f6wenthals Theorie der Massenkommunikation. SOVEC. G\u00f6ttingen 1985. ISBN\u00a03-923147-15-5 Das Utopische soll Funken schlagen. Leo L\u00f6wenthal zum hundertsten Geburtstag (ed.) Peter-Erwin Jansen, mit zahlreichen Abbildungen, Verlag Klostermann 2000, ISBN\u00a03-465-03117-2 In steter Freundschaft. Briefwechsel. Leo L\u00f6wenthal / Siegfried Kracauer. 1921\u20131966 (ed.) Peter-Erwin Jansen und Christian Schmidt, zu Klampen Verlag 2003, ISBN\u00a03-934920-27-6 Udo G\u00f6ttlich, Kritik der Medien. Reflexionsstufen kritisch-materialistischer Medientheorien am Beispiel von Leo L\u00f6wenthal und Raymond Williams, Opladen\u00a0: Westdeutscher Verlag 1996 Gregor-S\u00f6nke Schneider: Keine Kritische Theorie ohne Leo L\u00f6wenthal. Die Zeitschrift f\u00fcr Sozialforschung (1932-1941/42). Philosophie in Geschichte und Gegenwart Bd. 5. Herausgegeben von Alfred Schmidt und Michael Jeske. Mit einem Vorwort von Peter-Erwin Jansen. Peter Lang Verlag 2014, ISBN\u00a0978-3-631-64177-4 Leo L\u00f6wenthal in the German National Library catalogue Biographie des Frankfurter Archivs Peter-Erwin Jansen (2005). \"L\u00f6wenthal, Leo\". In Bautz, Traugott (ed.). Biographisch-Bibliographisches Kirchenlexikon (BBKL) (in German). 24. Nordhausen: Bautz. cols. 1016\u20131025. ISBN\u00a03-88309-247-9. Leo Lowenthal Archive An Unmastered Past:The Autobiographical Reflections of Leo Lowenthal"
   },
   {
    "name": "Otto Loewi",
    "id": "Q77173",
    "text": "Otto Loewi (German: [\u02c8\u0254to\u02d0 \u02c8l\u00f8\u02d0vi] (listen); 3 June 1873 \u2013 25 December 1961) was a German-born pharmacologist and psychobiologist who discovered the role of acetylcholine as an endogenous neurotransmitter. For his discovery he was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1936, which he shared with Sir Henry Dale, who was a lifelong friend that helped to inspire the neurotransmitter experiment. Loewi met Dale in 1902 when spending some months in Ernest Starling's laboratory at University College, London. Loewi was born in Frankfurt, Germany on June 3, 1873 in a Jewish family. He went to study medicine at the University of Strasbourg , Germany (Now part of France) in 1891, where he attended courses by famous professors Gustav Schwalbe, Oswald Schmiedeberg, and Bernhard Naunyn among others. He received his medical doctoral degree in 1896. He also was a member of the fraternity Burschenschaft Germania Strassburg. Subsequently, he worked with Martin Freund at Goethe University of Frankfurt and with Franz Hofmeister in Strasbourg. From 1897 to 1898, he served as an assistant to Carl von Noorden, clinician at the City Hospital in Frankfurt. Soon, however, after seeing the high mortality in countless cases of far-advanced tuberculosis and pneumonia, left without any treatment because of lack of therapy, he decided to drop his intention to become a clinician and instead to carry out research in basic medical science, in particular pharmacology. In 1898, he became an assistant of Professor Hans Horst Meyer, the renowned pharmacologist at the University of Marburg. During his first years in Marburg, Loewi's studies were in the field of metabolism. As a result of his work on the action of phlorhizin, a glucoside provoking glycosuria, and another one on nuclein metabolism in man, he was appointed \u00abPrivatdozent\u00bb (Lecturer) in 1900. Two years later he published his paper \u00ab\u00dcber Eiweisssynthese im Tierk\u00f6rper\u00bb (On protein synthesis in the animal body), proving that animals are able to rebuild their proteins from their degradation products, the amino acids \u2013 an essential discovery with regard to nutrition. In 1902 Loewi was a guest researcher in Ernest Starling's laboratory in London, where he met his lifelong friend Henry Dale. In 1903, he accepted an appointment at the University of Graz in Austria, where he would remain until being forced out of the country in 1938. In 1905, Loewi became Associate Professor at Meyer's laboratory and received Austrian citizenship. In 1909 he was appointed to the Chair of Pharmacology in Graz. He married Guida Goldschmiedt (1889-1958) in 1908. They had three sons and a daughter. He was the last Jew hired by the University between 1903 and the end of the war. In 1921, Loewi investigated how vital organs respond to chemical and electrical stimulation. He also established their relative dependence on epinephrine for proper function. Consequently, he learnt how nerve impulses are transmitted by chemical messengers. The first chemical neurotransmitter that he identified was acetylcholine. After being arrested, along with two of his sons, on the night of the German invasion of Austria, March 11, 1938, Loewi was released after three months on condition that he \"voluntarily\" relinquish all his possessions, including his research, to the Nazis. He went initially to Britain and shortly afterwards the he was offered a visiting professorship at the Universit\u00e9 libre de Bruxelles via the Francqui Foundation. Loewi moved to the United States in 1940, where he became a research professor at the New York University College of Medicine. In 1946, he became a naturalized citizen of the United States. In 1954, he became a Foreign Member of the Royal Society. He died in New York City on December 25, 1961. Shortly after Loewi's death in late 1961, his youngest son bestowed the gold Nobel medal on the Royal Society in London. He gave the Nobel diploma to the University of Graz in Austria in 1983, where it currently resides, along with a bronze copy of a bust of Loewi. The original of the bust is at the Marine Biological Laboratory in Woods Hole, Massachusetts, Loewi's summer home from his arrival in the US until his death. Before Loewi's experiments, it was unclear whether signaling across the synapse was bioelectrical or chemical. While pharmacology experiments had established that physiological responses such as muscle contraction could be induced by chemical application, there was no evidence that cells released chemical substances to cause these responses. On the contrary, researchers had shown that physiological responses could be caused by applying an electrical impulse, which suggested that electrical transmission may be the only mode of endogenous signaling. In the early 20th century the controversy of whether cells used chemical or electrical transmission divided even the most prominent scientists. Loewi's famous experiment, published in 1921, largely answered this question. He dissected out of frogs two beating hearts: one with the vagus nerve which controls heart rate attached, the other heart on its own. Both hearts were bathed in a saline solution (i.e. Ringer's solution). By electrically stimulating the vagus nerve, Loewi made the first heart beat slower. Then, Loewi took some of the liquid bathing the first heart and applied it to the second heart. The application of the liquid made the second heart also beat slower, proving that some soluble chemical released by the vagus nerve was controlling the heart rate. He called the unknown chemical Vagusstoff, naming it after the nerve and the German word for substance. It was later found that this chemical corresponded to acetylcholine. His experiment was iconic because it was the first to demonstrate the endogenous release of a chemical substance that could cause a response in the absence of electrical stimulation. It paved the way for the understanding that the electrical signaling event (action potential) causes a chemical event (release of neurotransmitter from synapses) that is ultimately the effector on the tissue. Loewi's investigations \"On an augmentation of adrenaline release by cocaine\" and \"On the connection between digitalis and the action of calcium\" stimulated a considerable body of research in the years following their publication. He also clarified two mechanisms of therapeutic importance: the blockade and the augmentation of nerve action by certain drugs. Loewi is also known for the means by which the idea for his experiment came to him. On Easter Saturday 1921, he dreamed of an experiment that would prove once and for all that transmission of nerve impulses was chemical, not electrical. He woke up, scribbled the experiment onto a scrap of paper on his night-stand, and went back to sleep. The next morning, he found, to his horror, that he couldn't read his midnight scribbles. That day, he said, was the longest day of his life, as he could not remember his dream. That night, however, he had the same dream. This time, he immediately went to his lab to perform the experiment. From that point on, the consensus was that the Nobel was not a matter of \"if\" but of \"when.\" Thirteen years later, Loewi was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine, which he shared with Sir Henry Hallett Dale. Loewi observed the removing the pancreas from dogs, giving them an experimental form of diabetes led a change of the response of the eye to adrenaline: this compound in normal dogs has no effect, but in the dogs without a pancreas the pupil dilated. This test involves instilling repeated doses of 1:1000 adrenaline solution into the eye and looking for pupillary dilation. Surgeons used this as a diagnostic test for acute pancreatitis, which was based on Loewi's observation of such a phenomenon in dogs that had had their pancreas removed. The usefulness of this test was reported in a case series of two patients; it was, as expected, negative in a case involving carcinoma of the bile duct, but positive in a case of pancreatitis. The effectiveness of this test was subsequently investigated. The mechanism of action of this phenomenon is unclear, but has been attributed to \"probably due to a functional toxic disturbance of the sympathetic post-ganglionic neuron innervating the iris\". 1936: Nobel Prize for Medicine (with Henry Hallett Dale) Honorary doctorates from New York University, Yale University, University of Graz and the University of Frankfurt Physiology Prize of the Royal Academy of Sciences of Bologna Lieben Prize of the Academy of Vienna 1944: Cameron Prize for Therapeutics of the University of Edinburgh Honorary member of The Physiological Society in London, Harvey Society in New York and the Societ\u00e0 Italiana di Biologia Sperimentale Corresponding member of the Medical Association in Vienna, Biological Society of Vienna, and the Society for the Advancement of Science in Marburg. Member of the German Academy of Sciences Leopoldina in Halle. Elected a Foreign Member of the Royal Society (ForMemRS) in 1954 1957: Schmiedeberg badge of the German Pharmacological Society 1959: Austrian Medal for Science and Art 1959: Honorary Ring of the city of Graz A street, \"Otto Loewi Gasse\" was named after him in the parish of St. Peter, Graz, Austria. Raju, T. N. (1999). \"The Nobel chronicles. 1936: Henry Hallett Dale (1875-1968) and Otto Loewi (1873-1961)\". Lancet. 353 (9150): 416. doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(05)75001-7. PMID\u00a09950485. S2CID\u00a054244017. Lembeck, F. (1973). \"Otto Loewi--a scientist against his contemporary background (author's transl)\". Wiener Klinische Wochenschrift. 85 (42): 685\u2013686. PMID\u00a04587917. Babski\u012d, E. B. (1973). \"Otto Loewi (on the 100th anniversary of his birth)\". Fiziologicheskii Zhurnal SSSR Imeni I. M. Sechenova. 59 (6): 970\u2013972. PMID\u00a04583680. Dale, H. H. (1962). \"Otto Loewi 1873-1961\". Biographical Memoirs of Fellows of the Royal Society. 8: 67\u201389. doi:10.1098/rsbm.1962.0006. S2CID\u00a073367459. Haider, Bilal (September 2007). \"The War of the Soups and the Sparks: The Discovery of Neurotransmitters and the Dispute Over How Nerves Communicate\". The Yale Journal of Biology and Medicine. 80 (3): 138\u2013139. ISSN\u00a00044-0086. PMC\u00a02248292. \"Otto Loewi - Biographical\". Retrieved 23 Apr 2014. Loewi, Otto. Deutsche Biographie. 1987. Retrieved 11 March 2016. The Chemical Languages of the Nervous System. History of Scientists and Substances. Josef Donnerer, Fred Lembeck. S Karger AG 2006 ISBN 3-8055-8004-5. Loewi, O. (1924). \"\u00dcber humorale \u00dcbertragbarkeit der Herznervenwirkung\". Pfl\u00fcgers Archiv f\u00fcr die Gesamte Physiologie des Menschen und der Tiere. 204: 629\u2013640. doi:10.1007/BF01731235. S2CID\u00a040776286. \"Otto Loewi Papers 1929-1956\". National Library of Medicine. \"Otto Loewi Laboratory Notebooks and Correspondence 1944-1960\". National Library of Medicine. Loewi, Otto (19 June 1908). \"\u00dcber eine neue Funktion des Pankreas and ihre Beziehung: zum Diabetes melitus\". Archiv f\u00fcr Experimentelle Pathologie und Pharmakologie. 59 (1): 83\u201394. doi:10.1007/bf01976420. S2CID\u00a044725200. Bailey, Hamilton (1927). Demonstrations of physical signs in clinical surgery (1st\u00a0ed.). Bristol: J. Wright and Sons, Ltd. p.\u00a0143. Cockcroft, WL (15 May 1920). \"Loewi's Adrenalin Mydriasis as a Sign of Pancreatic Insufficiency\". British Medical Journal. 1 (3098): 669. doi:10.1136/bmj.1.3098.669. PMC\u00a02337669. PMID\u00a020769894. Flood, John Charles (1934). The diagnostic value of Van Loewi's mydriatic test. University College Dublin. OCLC\u00a0605317343. Hess, Leo (1943). \"Epinephrine Mydriasis\". Arch. Ophthalmol. 30 (2): 194\u2013195. doi:10.1001/archopht.1943.00880200042003. Otto Loewi on Nobelprize.org including the Nobel Lecture, December 12, 1936 The Chemical Transmission of Nerve Action Nobel Lectures, Physiology or Medicine 1922\u20131941, Elsevier Publishing Company, Amsterdam, 1965. Kandel ER, Schwartz JH, Jessell TM. Principles of Neural Science, 4th ed. McGraw-Hill, New York (2000). ISBN\u00a00-8385-7701-6 From the Workshop of Discoveries Porter Lecture at the University of Kansas, 1953 (University of Kansas Press, Lawrence, 1953). Full-text PDF file."
   },
   {
    "name": "William I, Duke of Bavaria",
    "id": "Q77244",
    "text": "William I, Duke of Bavaria-Straubing (Frankfurt am Main, 1330\u20131389, Le Quesnoy), was the second son of Emperor Louis IV and Margaret II of Hainaut. He was also known as William V, Count of Holland, as William III, Count of Hainaut and as William IV, Count of Zeeland. In 1345 William's father was conferring Hainaut, Holland, Zeeland and Friesland upon his wife Margaret, and shortly later also upon their son William. After his father's death in 1347 William ruled Bavaria, Holland and Hainaut together with his five brothers until 1349. With the first division of the Wittelsbach possessions in 1349 he received Hainaut, Holland and Lower Bavaria together with his brothers Stephen II and Albert I. After the next division of Bavaria in 1353 he ruled together with his younger brother Albert I in Bavaria-Straubing, Holland and Hainaut. William had engaged in a long struggle with his mother Margaret, obtaining Holland and Zeeland from her in 1354, and Hainaut on her death in 1356. In 1350, the nobles of Holland asked Margaret to return to Holland again. She then battled for the power in Holland and Hainaut for some years with her son William who refused to pay her alimony. The Cod league was formed on 23 May 1350 by a number of supporters of William. On 5 September the same year, the Hook league was formed. Soon afterward, these factions clashed, and a civil war began. Edward III of England, Margaret's brother-in-law through her sister Philippa of Hainault, came to her aid, winning a naval engagement off Veere in 1351; a few weeks later the Hooks and their English allies were defeated by William and the Cods at Vlaardingen, an overthrow which ruined Margaret's cause. Edward III shortly afterwards changed sides, and the empress saw herself compelled (1354) to come to an understanding with her son, he being recognized as count of Holland and Zeeland, she of Hainaut. Margaret died two years later, leaving William in possession of the entire Holland-Hainaut inheritance (July 1356). William was married to Matilda (\"Maud\" in the English style) of Lancaster, sister to Blanche of Lancaster. In 1357, William began to show signs of insanity, going so far as to attack and kill one of his knights (Gerard van Wateringe) for no apparent reason, before he could be restrained. His brother Albert assumed the regency in Holland and Hainaut in 1358. William was confined to Castle Le Quesnoy for the remainder of his life. He married Matilda of Lancaster, daughter of Henry of Grosmont, 1st Duke of Lancaster and Isabel de Beaumont in London in 1352. They had only one daughter, who died in 1356. Also, he had illegitimate children: Wilhelm, married 1398 Lisbeth Hughe. Elisabeth, married Brustijn van Herwijnen, lord of Stavenisse. He was succeeded by his brother Albert in 1389. Counts of Hainaut family tree British Museum Burke's Guide to the Royal Family. Burke's Peerage Ltd., London. 1973. p.\u00a0196. ISBN\u00a00220662223."
   },
   {
    "name": "Walter Ruttmann",
    "id": "Q77365",
    "text": "Walter Ruttmann (28 December 1887 \u2013 15 July 1941) was a German cinematographer and film director, an important German abstract experimental film maker, along with Hans Richter, Viking Eggeling and Oskar Fischinger. He is best known for directing the semi-documentary 'city symphony' silent film, with orchestral score by Edmund Meisel, in 1927, Berlin: Symphony of a Metropolis. His audio montage Wochenende (Weekend) (1930) is considered a major contribution in the development of audio plays. Ruttmann was born in Frankfurt am Main, the son of a wealthy mercantilist. He graduated \"high school\" in 1905, then began in 1907, architectural studies in Z\u00fcrich, later, in 1909, painting in Munich (later in Marburg) where he befriended Paul Klee and Lyonel Feininger.[citation needed] Ruttmann was conscripted into the army in 1913, first serving in Darmstadt, and shortly after the outbreak of the World War I was he sent to the Eastern Front, where he served as an artillery lieutenant and a gas defense officer. After spending 1917 in a hospital, for post traumatic stress disorder, he began making films. Ruttmann had the financial means to work independently of the major german studios of the time. He founded Ruttmann-Film S.R.O. in Munich and patented an animation table, in June 1920. His first productions were the first fully animated german cartoons, and abstract animated films. Lichtspiel: Opus I, produced between 1919 and 1921, premiered on 27 April 1921 at the Berlin Marmorhaus, and released for German theatrical distribution in 1922, is the \"oldest fully abstract motion picture known to survive, using only animated geometric forms, arranged and shown without reference to any representational imagery\". Opus I and Opus II, were experiments with new forms of film expression, and the influence of these early abstract films can be seen in some of the early work of Oskar Fischinger. Ruttmann and his colleagues of the avant garde movement enriched the language of film as a medium with new formal techniques. In 1926 he worked with Julius Pinschewer on Der Aufsteig, an experimental film advertising the GeSoLei trade fair in D\u00fcsseldorf.[citation needed] In 1926, Ruttmann licensed a Wax Slicing machine from Oskar Fischinger to create special effects for The Adventures of Prince Achmed, an animated fairy tale film, for Lotte Reiniger, making the moving backgrounds and magic scenes. Ruttmann was a prominent exponent of both avant-garde art and music. His early abstractions played at the 1929 Baden-Baden Festival to international acclaim despite their being almost eight years old. Together with Erwin Piscator, he worked on the film Melody of the World (1929), though he is best remembered for Berlin: Die Sinfonie der Gro\u00dfstadt (Berlin: Symphony of a Metropolis, 1927). Weekend (Wochenende), commissioned in 1928 by Berlin Radio Hour, and presented on 13 June 1930, is a pioneering work of musique concr\u00e8te, a montage of sound clips, recorded using film optical sound track from the Tri-Ergon process. Ruttmann recorded the streets sounds of Berlin with a camera, but without images, this was before magnetic tape. Hans Richter called it \u201ca symphony of sound, speech-fragments, and silence woven into a poem.\u201d A pacifist, he traveled to Moscow in 1928 and 1929. During the Nazi period he was replaced by Leni Riefenstahl as director of the documentary which eventually became Triumph of the Will (1935), supposedly because Ruttmann's editing style was considered too \"Marxist\" and Soviet influenced. He died in Berlin 15 July 1941 due to an embolism after leg amputation. Segments from Ruttmann's experimental films Lichtspiel: Opus II (1923) and Lichtspiel: Opus IV (1925) are used in the credits of the German neo-noir television series Babylon Berlin. Play media Play media Play media Lichtspiel: Opus I (1920) Der Sieger (1922) Das Wunder (1922) Lichtspiel: Opus II (1922) Lichtspiel: Opus III (1924, with Lore Leudesdorff) Lichtspiel: Opus IV (1925, with Lore Leudesdorff) Das wiedergefundene Paradies (1925) Der Aufstieg (1926) Spiel der Wellen (1926) Dort wo der Rhein... (1927) Berlin: Die Sinfonie der Gro\u00dfstadt (1927) Melody of the World (Melodie der Welt) (1929) Wochenende (1930) [an experimental film with sound only, no image] Feind im Blut (1931) In der Nacht (1931) Steel (1933) Blut und Boden - Grundlagen zum neuen Reich Altgermanische Bauernkultur (1934) Metall des Himmels (1935) Schiff in Not (1936) Mannesmann (1937) Henkel, ein deutsches Werk in seiner Arbeit (1938) Waffenkammern Deutschlands (1940) Deutsche Panzer (1940) Krebs (1941) Cowan, Michael. Walter Ruttmann and the Cinema of Multiplicity: Avant-garde-Advertising-Modernity. Amsterdam, NL: Amsterdam University Press, 2014. ISBN\u00a09789089645852 Dombrug, Adrianus van. Walter Ruttmann in het beginsel. Purmerend, NL: J. Muusses, 1956. Goergen, Jeanpaul. Walter Ruttmann: eine Dokumentation. Berlin: Freunde der deutschen Kinemathek, 1989. ISBN\u00a09783927876002 Rogers, Holly and Jeremy Barham The Music and Sound of Experimental Film. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2017. ISBN\u00a09780190469900 Quaresima, Leonard, editor. Walter Ruttmann: cinema, pittura, ars acustica. Calliano (Trento), Italy: Manfrini, 1994. ISBN\u00a09788870245035 Ruttmann. Betancourt, Michael. \"Walther Ruttmann's Lichtspiel Films\". Cinegraphic. Retrieved 20 August 2021. from: An Excerpt from 'The History of Motion Graphics' Marshall, Colin (June 23, 2017). \"The First Avant Garde Animation: Watch Walter Ruttmann's Lichtspiel Opus 1 (1921)\". Open Culture. Retrieved 20 August 2021. \u201cFollowing the First World War, Ruttmann, a painter, had moved from expressionism to full-blown abstraction,\u201d writes Gregory Zinman...To realize this new art form, Ruttmann came up with, and even patented, a kind of animation technique. Once a painter, always a painter, he found a way to make films using oils and brushes... \"Opus 2 (1921/1922)\". filmportal.de. Deutsches Filminstitut. Reiniger, Lotte (1970). Shadow Theatres, Shadow Films. London: BT Batsford. ISBN\u00a0978-0-7134-2286-3. \"Lotte Reiniger's Introduction to The Adventures of Prince Achmed\" (PDF). Milestone Films. 2001. pp.\u00a09\u201311. Archived from the original (PDF) on 22 November 2009. Retrieved 25 September 2013. \"Weekend - Walter Ruttmann\". sfSound. Retrieved 20 August 2021. Born, Erik (30 January 2015). \"Walter Ruttmann, Wochenende (1930)\". Erik Born. Retrieved 20 August 2021. Assistant Professor,... in the Department of German Studies at Cornell University \"Media Art Net | Ruttmann, Walter: Weekend\". 23 October 2021. Remes, Justin (5 April 2020). \"Ten Masterpieces of Experimental Cinema\". Columbia University Press Blog. Columbia University Press. Retrieved 20 August 2021. Vallen, Mark (2018-04-03). \"The Truth About Babylon Berlin\". Art For A Change. Retrieved 2020-03-22. Ruttmann, Walter. \"LICHTSPIEL: OPUS I, 11'43, Colour, Drawing, 1921\". Punto y Raya Festival. Retrieved 20 August 2021. \"Lichtspiel Opus I\". Centre Pompidou. Retrieved 20 August 2021. Moser, Jeffrey (1 January 1921). \"Lichtspiel Opus I (1921)\". Fixation Database of Film and Animation. West Virginia University. Retrieved 20 August 2021. \"Berlin, die Sinfonie der Gro\u00dfstadt & Melodie der Welt Edition Filmmuseum 39\". Edition Filmmuseum Shop. Munich Film Archive, German Federal Archives, Goethe-Institut. Retrieved 20 August 2021. Lichtspiel Opus 1 1920, 11'; Opus 2 1922, 3'; Opus 3 1924, 3'; Opus 4 1925, 4'; Berlin, die Sinfonie der Gro\u00dfstadt 1927, 65'; Melodie der Welt 1929, 48' (EDITION FILMMUSEUM is a joint project of film archives and cultural institutions in the german-speaking part of Europe. Its ambition is to publish film works of artistic, cultural and historical value in DVD editions that both utilise the possibilities of digital media and meet the quality demands of the archival profession.) \"Lichtspiel Opus 1\". Close-Up Film Centre. Retrieved 20 August 2021. Moser, Jeffrey (1 January 1921). \"Lichtspiel Opus II (1921)\". Fixation Database of Film and Animation. West Virginia University. Retrieved 20 August 2021. \"Opus 2\". Close-Up Film Centre. Retrieved 20 August 2021. Heinz Steike in Film als Film 1910 bis Heute, K\u00f6lnischer Kunstverein, 1977 Moser, Jeffrey (1 January 1924). \"Lichtspiel Opus III (1924)\". Fixation Database of Film and Animation. West Virginia University. Retrieved 20 August 2021. \"Opus 3\". Close-Up Film Centre. Retrieved 20 August 2021. \"Opus 4\". Close-Up Film Centre. Retrieved 20 August 2021. Walter Ruttmann at IMDb \"Walther Ruttmann\". Download & Streaming\u00a0: Moving Image Archive. Internet Archive. \"Walther Ruttmann\". filmportal.de (in German). Retrieved 20 August 2021. Walter Ruttmann Union List of Artist Names v t e"
   },
   {
    "name": "Marcus Nispel",
    "id": "Q77399",
    "text": "Marcus Nispel is a German feature film director and producer, as well as a director of television commercials and music videos. He started a production company with partner Anouk (Frankel) Nora Portfolio Artists Network which later merged with RSA (Ridley Scott Associates) Black Dog Films to form Portfolio/Black Dog. He also worked at RSA as a commercial director for several years. In 2015, Nispel directed the ghost exorcism film Exeter, formerly titled Backmask. Nispel was born in Frankfurt. He grew up near McNair Barracks and was able to learn English from hanging out with children of soldiers. At the age of 15, he got a job at a boutique called Hessler and Kehrer. When he had his first interview at an American ad agency, he was asked what do Oreos mean, and he realized the importance of understanding American culture, and how working in advertising helped him understand that. He received a Fulbright Scholarship at the age of 20 and attended Brooklyn College and New York Institute of Technology. He was also an art director for Young & Rubicam. Nispel was set to make his directorial debut with the film End of Days, but stepped down before shooting due to issues with the budget. He found that films with large budgets would end up not letting him do anything with them. Around the same time, a 64-page manifesto he had wrote for on-set demands was leaked publicly. In 2000, Nispel ran a print ad in Shoot for a temporary office in South Africa in the wake of a union strike. The ad depicted an old African woman's breasts with the tagline, \"In South Africa, this is what SAG means.\" The ad was decried by SAG as anti-union and racist, and after an apology was issued from Ridley and Tony Scott, Nispel was forced to resign from RSA, along with two other employees involved with the ad. He later signed to MJZ for commercial work. In 2002, Nispel signed on to direct The Texas Chainsaw Massacre. He was initially opposed to remaking the film, but Daniel Pearl, the cinematographer for the original film and regular collaborator with Nispel, convinced him to direct. The film was released on October 17, 2003 to negative reviews but was financially successful, grossing $107 million worldwide. After directing The Texas Chainsaw Massacre, Nispel signed on to direct a psychological thriller called Need, starring Diane Lane. He picked the film as he wanted something 'diametrically opposed to TCM', but it was never released. He is married to singer/songwriter/commercial editor Dyan Humes-Nispel, who has written songs for various artists including Whitney Houston.[unreliable source?] \"Regenerate\", a teaser trailer for Resident Evil: Apocalypse (2004). Al B. Sure! \u2013 \"Had Enuf\" Curtis Mayfield featuring Ice-T \u2013 \"Superfly 1990\" Ol\u00e9 Ol\u00e9 \u2013 \"Love crusaders\" Ol\u00e9 Ol\u00e9 \u2013 \"How Can I Believe You\" C+C Music Factory \u2013 \"Gonna Make You Sweat (Everybody Dance Now)\" C+C Music Factory \u2013 \"Things That Make You Go Hmmm...\" C+C Music Factory \u2013 \"Here We Go (Let's Rock & Roll)\" Divinyls \u2013 \"Love School\" Inner City \u2013 \"Till We Meet Again\" Joe Jackson \u2013 \"Obvious Song\" Lisa Lisa and Cult Jam \u2013 \"Let the Beat Hit 'Em\" LL Cool J - \"6 Minutes of Pleasure\" Mantronix \u2013 \"Don't Go Messin' with My Heart\" Mariah Carey \u2013 \"Make It Happen\" Nia Peeples - \"Street of Dreams\" Faith No More \u2013 \"A Small Victory\" Lisa Stansfield \u2013 \"Someday (I'm Coming Back)\" Martha Wash \u2013 \"Give It to You\" Trey Lorenz \u2013 \"Photograph of Mary\" George Michael \u2013 \"Killer/Papa Was A Rollin' Stone\" The B-52's \u2013 \"Good Stuff\" Billy Joel \u2013 \"Lullabye (Goodnight, My Angel)\" Eternal \u2013 \"Stay\" Hi-Five \u2013 \"Unconditional Love\" Pauline Henry \u2013 \"Feel Like Makin' Love\" Hi-Five \u2013 \"Never Should've Let You Go\" Go West \u2013 \"Tracks of My Tears\" All-4-One \u2013 \"I Swear\" Crystal Waters \u2013 \"100% Pure Love\" Fu-Schnickens \u2013 \"Breakdown\" Gloria Estefan \u2013 \"Turn the Beat Around\" Amy Grant \u2013 \"House of Love\" Jade \u2013 \"Every Day of the Week\" Tevin Campbell \u2013 \"I'm Ready\" Wet Wet Wet \u2013 \"Love Is All Around\" Bette Midler \u2013 \"To Deserve You\" Janet Jackson \u2013 \"Runaway\" Myl\u00e8ne Farmer \u2013 \"XXL\" Myl\u00e8ne Farmer \u2013 \"L'Instant X\" Elton John \u2013 \"Believe\" No Doubt \u2013 \"Spiderwebs\" Scorpions \u2013 \"You and I\" Fugees \u2013 \"Ready or Not\" Lil' Kim featuring Puff Daddy \u2013 \"No Time\" Myl\u00e8ne Farmer \u2013 \"Comme j'ai mal\" Luis Miguel \u2013 \"Dame\" Herbert Gr\u00f6nemeyer \u2013 \"Bochum (Live)\" Elton John \u2013 \"Recover Your Soul\" Spice Girls \u2013 \"Spice Up Your Life\" Bush \u2013 \"Greedy Fly\" Puff Daddy & The Family featuring The Notorious B.I.G. and Busta Rhymes \u2013 \"Victory\" Sunz of Man featuring Ol' Dirty Bastard and Earth, Wind & Fire \u2013 \"Shining Star\" Bryan Adams featuring Melanie C \u2013 \"When You're Gone\" Terror Squad \u2013 \"Whatcha Gon' Do\" Myl\u00e8ne Farmer \u2013 \"Souviens-toi du jour\" Bryan Adams \u2013 \"Cloud Number Nine\" Nobody's Angel \u2013 \"If You Wanna Dance\" Paradise Lost - \"So Much is Lost\" The Mighty Mighty Bosstones \u2013 \"So Sad to Say\" Ronan Keating \u2013 \"Life Is a Rollercoaster\" The Charlatans \u2013 \"Love Is the Key\" Kyosuke Himuro \u2013 \"Sweet Revolution\" \"Awful Trailer for 'F13' and 'Chainsaw' Director's 'Exeter' - Bloody Disgusting\". Bloody-disgusting.com. Retrieved 7 November 2017. Nispel, Marcus (10 April 2013). \"Marcus Nispel: \"Directing Is a Mixture of Symphony and Jazz\"\". My First Shoot (Interview). Interviewed by Paul Stone. Retrieved 21 January 2020. Patrizio, Andy (25 March 2004). \"An Interview with Marcus Nispel\". IGN. Retrieved 25 October 2020. \"Marcus Nispel\". Adweek. 10 October 2003. Retrieved 25 October 2020. Cox, Dan; Carver, Benedict (10 August 1998). \"World according to Nispel\". Variety. Retrieved 25 October 2020. \"South Africa or Bust\". AdAge. 1 June 2000. Retrieved 25 October 2020. Harris, Dana (7 May 2002). \"Nispel to direct remake of 'Chainsaw Massacre'\". Variety. Retrieved 1 November 2020. McNary, Dave (3 November 2003). \"'Chainsaw' helmer feeds his 'Need'\". Variety. Retrieved 25 October 2020. \"Dyan Humes\". Discogs.com. Retrieved 7 November 2017. LaPorte, Nicole (2 May 2004). \"Nispel takes an 'Evil' turn\". Variety. Archived from the original on 4 December 2017. Garcia, Alex S. \"mvdbase.com - Marcus Nispel technician videography\". Music Video DataBase. Archived from the original on 21 September 2018. Retrieved 3 February 2015. Nispel, Marcus. \"complex.com - 15 most accomplished music video directors - Marcus Nispel\". Music Video. Retrieved 25 August 2011. Official website Marcus Nispel at IMDb The Hollywood Reporter Marcus Nispel at the Music Video Database"
   },
   {
    "name": "Moritz Abraham Stern",
    "id": "Q77510",
    "text": "Moritz Abraham Stern (29 June 1807 \u2013 30 January 1894) was a German mathematician. Stern became Ordinarius (full professor) at G\u00f6ttingen University in 1858, succeeding Carl Friedrich Gauss. Stern was the first Jewish full professor at a German university who attained the position without changing his Jewish religion. Although Carl Gustav Jacobi preceded him (by three decades) as the first Jew to obtain a math professorial chair in Germany, Jacobi's family had converted to Christianity long before then. As a professor, Stern taught Gauss's student Bernhard Riemann. Stern was very helpful to Gotthold Eisenstein in formulating a proof of the quadratic reciprocity theorem. Stern was interested in primes that cannot be expressed as the sum of a prime and twice a square (now known as Stern primes). He is known for formulating Stern's diatomic series 1, 1, 2, 1, 3, 2, 3, 1, 4, \u2026 (sequence A002487 in the OEIS) that counts the number of ways to write a number as a sum of powers of two with no power used more than twice. He is also known for the Stern\u2013Brocot tree, which he wrote about in 1858 and which Brocot independently discovered in 1861. Setting the record straight about Jewish mathematicians in Nazi Germany, Haaretz Stern, M. A. (1858), \"Ueber eine zahlentheoretische Funktion\", Journal f\u00fcr die reine und angewandte Mathematik, 1858 (55): 193\u2013220, doi:10.1515/crll.1858.55.193, S2CID\u00a0122076985[permanent dead link]. Moritz Abraham Stern at the Mathematics Genealogy Project O'Connor, John J.; Robertson, Edmund F., \"Moritz Abraham Stern\", MacTutor History of Mathematics archive, University of St Andrews This article incorporates material from Moritz Stern on PlanetMath, which is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution/Share-Alike License."
   },
   {
    "name": "Wilhelm S\u00fcss",
    "id": "Q77519",
    "text": "Wilhelm S\u00fcss (7 March 1895 \u2013 21 May 1958) was a German mathematician. He was founder and first director of the Mathematical Research Institute of Oberwolfach. He was born in Frankfurt, Germany, and died in Freiburg im Breisgau, Germany. S\u00fcss earned a Ph.D. degree in 1922 from Goethe University Frankfurt, for a thesis written under the direction of Ludwig Bieberbach. In 1928 he took a lecturing position at the University of Greifswald, and in 1934 he became a Professor at the University of Freiburg. Wilhelm S\u00fcss was a member of the Sturmabteilung, the National Socialist German Lecturers League, and the Nazi Party. In 1936\u20131940, he was an editor of the journal Deutsche Mathematik. O'Connor, John J.; Robertson, Edmund F., \"Wilhelm S\u00fcss\", MacTutor History of Mathematics archive, University of St Andrews Wilhelm S\u00fcss at the Mathematics Genealogy Project v t e"
   }
  ]
 },
 {
  "relation_id": "P19",
  "target_id": "Q16557",
  "target_name": "Dallas",
  "samples": [
   {
    "name": "Tracey Needham",
    "id": "Q509979",
    "text": "Tracey Renee Needham (born March 28, 1967) is an American actress who has acted primarily in television roles such as Paige Thatcher on Life Goes On series' second to fourth seasons (1990\u20131993), Lieutenant Junior Grade (LTJG) Meg Austin on the first season of JAG (1995\u20131996), and as Inspector Candace DeLorenzo on The Division (2001-2003). Needham was born on March\u00a028, 1967 (54 years ago)\u00a0(1967-03-28), in Dallas, Texas, where her father was a homebuilder. She has three brothers. In 1975, when Needham was 8 years old, her parents moved to Denver, Colorado, and her father's work dictated the family move back and forth between the two cities. She attended both Cherry Creek High School and Plano Senior High School, the latter where she graduated in 1985. During the 8th grade, Needham reached her adult height (she stands 5\u00a0ft 11\u00a0in (1.80\u00a0m)). Her high-school teacher said she was too tall to appear on stage so she worked on the technical crew instead. After her high-school graduation, Needham traveled throughout Europe and Australia. 1988, Needham went to Los Angeles to study acting and audition for roles. She made her TV acting debut on Jake and the Fatman. After acting classes, she landed the role of Paige Thatcher, the big sister, on Life Goes On, beginning in the series' second season. While growing up, she was always jumping into football games, wanting to be treated equally by the males and not have boys take it easy on her. She re-called her past to play the strong feminine Meg Austin in the first season of JAG. Needham portrayed a Navy judge advocate and a computer-weapons expert.[citation needed] Needham married actor Tommy Hinkley in January 1995 and they have a daughter, Katie, born in 1999. Needham and Hinkley moved to Colorado to open a children's acting school. \"Tracey Needham\". Movies.yahoo.com. Retrieved 2014-01-12. \"Tracey Needham Biography\". IMDb. Retrieved October 29, 2018. \"Tracey Needham Biography (1967-)\". Filmreference.com. Retrieved 2014-01-12. \"STUDENT SPOTLIGHT: Katie Hinkley\". 14 August 2009. \"Ex-Hollywood film actors teach kids how to get real\". 29 September 2011. Tracey Needham at IMDb"
   },
   {
    "name": "Shanna Collins",
    "id": "Q511757",
    "text": "Shanna Dophalene Collins (born June 10, 1983) is an American actress. She played Amber on the first season of the ABC Family original series, Wildfire. She also played Laurie Miller on the CBS series Swingtown. Shanna graduated from Highland Park High School in University Park, Texas.[citation needed] Shanna Collins at IMDb"
   },
   {
    "name": "Gene Hoglan",
    "id": "Q514197",
    "text": "Eugene Victor Hoglan II (born August 31, 1967) is an American drummer, acclaimed for his creativity in drum arrangements, including use of abstract devices for percussion effects and his trademark lengthy double-kick drum rhythms. Though his playing style is very technically demanding, he retains high accuracy at extreme tempos, earning him the nicknames \"The Atomic Clock\" and \"Human Drum Machine\". He is best known for his work with Dark Angel, Death, Strapping Young Lad, Devin Townsend, Fear Factory, Dethklok and Testament. Hoglan completed work on Dethklok's fourth album The Doomstar Requiem, which was released in October 2013. He released the highly successful Gene Hoglan: The Atomic Clock DVD, and rejoined Testament to record the drum tracks for their tenth album, Dark Roots of Earth, released in July 2012. Hoglan was featured on the cover of Modern Drummer magazine in November 2010. He also won Terrorizer magazine's Reader's Poll for Best Drummer 2010, and Modern Drummer magazine nominated Hoglan for Best Metal Drummer, and Best Recorded Performance (for Dethklok's Dethalbum II) on their 2011 ballot. He was nominated for Best Drummer in Revolver magazine's 2010 Reader's Poll. Hoglan got his first drum kit when he was 13 and is completely self-taught. He started jamming along to his Kiss and Rush records, with Peter Criss and Neil Peart being his early influences. Later Cozy Powell, Tommy Aldridge, Robb Reiner of Anvil, Rob \"Wacko\" Hunter of Raven and Phil \"Philthy Animal\" Taylor got him into double bass drumming. Other influences include Stevie Wonder, Alex Van Halen, Steve Smith, Deen Castronovo, Mark Craney, Terry Bozzio, Bill Bruford, Steve Gadd, Sonny Emory, Rick Colaluca of Watchtower, Bobby Jarzombek, Dave Culross. In 1983, Hoglan began his music career as a roadie (lighting engineer) for the thrash metal band Slayer, where he also played the drums during concert soundchecks. He also did backing vocals on the song \"Evil Has No Boundaries\", from the first Slayer album Show No Mercy. He contributed in the recording of Haunting the Chapel, holding Dave Lombardo's drum kit together while recording \"Chemical Warfare\" because there was no carpet in the studio, said drum kit including a china cymbal owned by Hoglan. He became an influence in Lombardo's drumming style and speed. Lombardo had just had the double bass added to his kit and it was the first double bass Hoglan ever played. Lombardo was impressed with Hoglan's playing, and Hoglan gave Lombardo tips regarding the use of the double kick drum. In 1984, Hoglan was part of the band War God with Michelle Meldrum. At the end of the same year he was asked to join the thrash metal band Dark Angel as the drummer. He penned most of the lyrics for Dark Angel's next three albums. He achieved greater fame during the mid-1990s playing with Death, at the same time that bandleader Chuck Schuldiner was taking that group into a more progressive style. Subsequently, he recorded one album with the thrash metal band Testament, and made the acquaintance of Canadian multi-instrumentalist Devin Townsend, forging a lasting friendship. Around this time, coming off of the final tour he performed with Death, Hoglan was approached by Slayer to replace a departing Paul Bostaph. Jon Dette, however, took the position, much to Hoglan's approval. He would go on to record several albums with Townsend, both as part of the speed/industrial/death metal band Strapping Young Lad and under Devin Townsend's name. Hoglan was also part of thrash metal band Tenet, a side project of Strapping Young Lad guitarist Jed Simon, from 2003 to 2007. Hoglan left the band on amicable terms in January 2007. He was replaced by Adrian Erlandsson only to return to the group in June of the same year. Hoglan recorded his drum parts for the entirety of the following album in a mere two days.[citation needed] On the Vancouver stop of Opeth's 2004 Lamentations tour, Hoglan stood in for drummer Martin Lopez, who was said to be having panic attacks. Opeth's drum tech had filled in for the two previous dates on the tour and Lopez rejoined the band for the Seattle, Washington, show. In 2005, Hoglan stood in for Lopez for the majority of the Sounds of the Underground tour when Lopez began having more panic attacks. Hoglan played double duty by playing a set with Strapping Young Lad then performing with Opeth later in the evening. It was later announced Lopez had a rare blood disorder and was seeking treatment. Hoglan also appeared in Opeth's music video \"The Grand Conjuration\" as they filmed it on the tour while in Los Angeles, California. Other bands have also recruited Hoglan as a session drummer. He has recorded albums with the Norwegian black metal band Old Man's Child and the Danish death metal band Daemon. Additionally he has done production and engineering work for other albums and demos. Hoglan also was recruited by Vancouver thrash metal band The Almighty Punchdrunk, and appeared as a band member for their only album to date, Music for Them Asses, released in 2001. Hoglan is working with Dethklok, the band from the animated TV show Metalocalypse. The show was co-created by stand-up comedian/actor/musician Brendon Small, who also composes or performs all of the music. Hoglan features in Dethklok's debut album, The Dethalbum, which was released on September 25, 2007. He toured with Brendon Small and the live band during the summer of 2008. Besides working with Dethklok, Hoglan is also a guest star by voicing a health inspector in one episode of the series. He later performed on Dethalbum II, the sequel album released on September 29, 2009, and again toured with Dethklok. The two later collaborated to make Brendon Small's Galaktikon using extra studio time from the Dethklok studio sessions. Hoglan filled in as the drummer for Unearth when their then drummer, Mike Justian, quit while on tour. He has also joined the metal band Pitch Black Forecast, with Mushroomhead singer Jason Popson, as the band's permanent drummer. Even more recently, Hoglan was announced as the drummer for the reunited Bay Area Thrash metal band Forbidden's reunion tour, replacing original drummer Paul Bostaph. Hoglan played drums on Zimmers Hole's third studio album When You Were Shouting at the Devil...We Were in League With Satan in 2008. In June 2011, he reunited with Testament, to record their tenth studio album Dark Roots of Earth. On that album, he filled in for Paul Bostaph, who was unable to participate in the recording sessions because of a \"serious injury\". In 2012, he began touring with Testament, and on January 27 filled in for Charlie Benante of Anthrax. Gene was the drummer for Fear Factory from 2009 to 2012 and played on their release Mechanize; his association with the band ended when he was \"no longer needed\", and he expressed both a reluctance to join and a disappointment in the ultimate resolution of his tenure. He also participated in the recording sessions of Viking's reunion album, No Child Left Behind (2015). In October 2013, it was announced that Hoglan would be participating in the reunion of Dark Angel, who still play live occasionally to this day. The band is also planning to release a new album in the future. In 2017, Hoglan released an art collection consisting of long-exposure photography of him playing with colorful glowing drumsticks, resulting in psychedelic imagery. Hoglan made a guest appearance in the season 2 finale of The Eric Andre Show on Adult Swim. Gene endorses and uses Pearl Drums, Sabian cymbals, Pro-Mark sticks and Evans heads. Drums \u2013 Pearl Reference Carbon Mist Finish, Black Hardware 24x16 Bass Drum (x2) 12x10 Tom 14x12 Tom 18x16 Floor Tom 14x8 Brass Free Floating Snare Drum Cymbals \u2013 Sabian 15\" AAX X-Celerator Hi-Hats (or 15\" AA Metal-X Hi Hats) 19\" Paragon Chinese 22\" HH Power Bell Ride 18\" AAX X-Plosion Fast Crash 18\" AAX Metal Crash 8\" Paragon Splash (originally owned by Neil Peart) 10\" Paragon Splash (originally owned by Neil Peart) 19\" AAX Metal Crash 22\" HH Power Bell Ride (x2) 19\" Paragon Chinese (or 20\" AAX Chinese Brilliant) (x2) Drumheads \u2013 Evans G2 Clear SD Dry Pedals: Tama Camco (until 2015\u20132016) (\u00d72) Pearl Eliminator Redline (nowadays) (\u00d72) Hardware \u2013 Pearl B1000 Boom Stand (x7) H2000 Hi-Hat Stand S2000 Snare Stand T2000 Double Tom Stand D2000 Throne Other Pro-Mark 2B Nylon Tip Drumsticks Current Dark Angel (1984-1992, 2002-2005, 2013-present) DTA: Death to All (2012-present) Dethklok (2007-present) Pitch Black Forecast (2005-present) Tenet (1996-present) Testament (1997-1998, 2011-present) Former Death (1993-1995) Fear Factory (2009-2012) Forbidden (2011) Meldrum (2008-2009) Phantasm (1987) Strapping Young Lad (1995-2007) Viking (2011-2013) Zimmers Hole (2007-2018) Live Anthrax (2012, 2018) Forbidden (2011) Old Man's Child (1998-1999) Opeth (2004) Unearth (2007) Session The Almighty Punchdrunk (1999) Daemon (2002) Devin Townsend (1998-2001) Frygirl (2001) Just Cause (2001) Naphobia (1995) Wargod (1985) Timeline Hoglan played drums on the following albums, unless otherwise noted. 1983: Slayer \u2013 Show No Mercy (backing vocals on \"Evil Has No Boundaries\") 1985: Wargod \u2013 Wargod (demo) 1986: Dark Angel \u2013 Darkness Descends 1987: Phantasm \u2013 Wreckage (demo) 1989: Dark Angel \u2013 Leave Scars 1990: Dark Angel \u2013 Live Scars (EP) 1991: Dark Angel \u2013 Time Does Not Heal 1992: Dark Angel \u2013 Decade of Chaos 1992: Silent Scream \u2013 From the Darkest Depths of the Imagination (mixing and production) 1993: Death \u2013 Individual Thought Patterns 1995: Death \u2013 Symbolic 1995: Naphobia \u2013 Of Hell (guest drummer) 1997: Strapping Young Lad \u2013 City 1997: Testament \u2013 Demonic 1998: Old Man's Child \u2013 Ill\u2013Natured Spiritual Invasion 1998: Strapping Young Lad \u2013 No Sleep Till Bedtime 1998: Devin Townsend \u2013 Infinity 1998: Devin Townsend \u2013 Christeen Plus 4 Demos (EP) 1999: The Almighty Punchdrunk \u2013 Music for Them Asses 2000: Devin Townsend \u2013 Physicist 2001: Devin Townsend \u2013 Terria 2001: Just Cause \u2013 Finger It Out 2001: Frygirl \u2013 Someone Please Kill Me (Congas) 2002: Daemon \u2013 Eye for an Eye 2003: Strapping Young Lad \u2013 Strapping Young Lad 2003: Tenet \u2013 Sovereign (demo) 2005: Strapping Young Lad \u2013 Alien 2005: Opeth \u2013 played drums in the video for \"The Grand Conjuration\" from their Ghost Reveries album 2005: Ani Kyd \u2013 Evil Needs Candy Too 2006: Strapping Young Lad \u2013 The New Black 2007: Meldrum \u2013 Blowin' Up the Machine (guest drummer) 2007: Dethklok \u2013 The Dethalbum 2007: Dethklok \u2013 ...And You Will Know Us by the Trail of Dead/Dethklok 2007: Mr. Plow \u2013 Apocalypse Plow 2008: Zimmers Hole \u2013 When You Were Shouting at the Devil...We Were in League With Satan 2008: Pitch Black Forecast \u2013 Absentee 2008: Mechanism \u2013 Inspired Horrific 2009: Fattooth \u2013 Fattooth 2009: Dethklok \u2013 Dethalbum II 2009: Tenet \u2013 Sovereign 2010: Fear Factory \u2013 Mechanize 2012: Brendon Small \u2013 Brendon Small's Galaktikon 2012: Testament \u2013 Dark Roots of Earth 2012: Pitch Black Forecast \u2013 Burning in Water... Drowning in Flame 2012: Meldrum \u2013 Lifer 2012: Dethklok \u2013 Dethalbum III 2012: Sylencer \u2013 A Lethal Dose of Truth (guest drummer on \"Get It Up\") 2012: Memorain \u2013 Evolution 2013: Dethklok \u2013 The Doomstar Requiem 2014: Pitch Black Forecast \u2013 As the World Burns 2015: Viking \u2013 No Child Left Behind 2016: Testament \u2013 Brotherhood of the Snake 2017: Brendon Small \u2013 Brendon Small's Galaktikon II 2019: Bear McCreary \u2013 Godzilla: King of the Monsters (soundtrack) 2019: Bryan Beller \u2013 Scenes from the Flood 2020: Testament \u2013 Titans of Creation Dark Angel - Ultimate Revenge 2 (VHS, 1989) Strapping Young Lad - For Those Aboot to Rock: Live at the Commodore (DVD, 2004, Century Media Records) Gene Hoglan - The Atomic Clock (DVD, 2010, Hoglan Industries) Behind the Player: Dimmu Borgir (DVD, 2010, Alfred Music Publishing) Gene Hoglan - The Clock Strikes Two (DVD, 2016, Hoglan Industries) Bryan Beller - \"Mastering Tone and Versatility (DVD, 2012, Alfred Music Publishing) Maddocks, Claire. \"An Interview with Gene Hoglan Down Under\". Metalunderground.com. Retrieved April 19, 2010. Tolleson, Robin. \"Haulin' With Strapping Young Lad\". Emptywords.org. Retrieved December 24, 2011. Worley, Gail. \"Atomic Clock: An interview with drummer Gene Hoglan\". Ink19.com. Retrieved December 24, 2011. \"Gene Hoglan Interview\". Sickdrummermagazine.com. Archived from the original on October 27, 2011. Retrieved December 24, 2011. \"www.voicesfromthedarkside.de\". www.voicesfromthedarkside.de. \"Gene Hoglan Interview\". Music Legends. Retrieved July 3, 2013. Hoglan, Gene (January 31, 2018). \"Episode 136. Gene Hoglan Returns (Testament) // Ian Wadley\". Talk Toomey Podcast. Interviewed by Joshua Toomey. Retrieved August 13, 2021. \"Blabbermouth.net - April, 2006 - OPETH Mainman: We Don't Know If Drummer MARTIN LOPEZ Is Ever Coming Back\" April 11, 2006 \"STRAPPING YOUNG LAD's GENE HOGLAN Laying Down Tracks For DETHKLOK Album\" December 23, 2006. \"Forbidden to Tour With Drum Veteran Gene Hoglan\". \"Testament Recording New Album With Drummer Gene Hoglan\". Archived from the original on September 13, 2012. \"GENE HOGLAN Found Out Via BLABBERMOUTH.NET That He Was No Longer Needed By FEAR FACTORY\". BLABBERMOUTH.NET. August 2, 2013. \"GENE HOGLAN In The Studio With Reactivated VIKING; Video Available\". BLABBERMOUTH.NET. November 2, 2011. \"DARK ANGEL: Video Footage Of Last Week's Rehearsal Posted Online\". BLABBERMOUTH.NET. October 20, 2013. \"Reunited DARK ANGEL Is Working On 'Super Awesome' And 'Super Aggressive' New Material\". Blabbermouth.net. November 1, 2014. Retrieved March 1, 2015. \"GENE HOGLAN ART\". genehoglanart.com. \"Gene Hoglan, drummer of Testament and Dark Angel\". www.legacyoften.com. \"Gene Hoglan's Equipment Configuration\". Pearl Drums. Retrieved May 31, 2015. \"Gene Hoglan On Tracking Dethklok's New Album\". DRUM! Magazine. September 17, 2012. Archived from the original on May 31, 2015. Retrieved May 31, 2015. \"Drummer Spotlight with Gene Hoglan\". Live High Five. September 24, 2013. Archived from the original on May 31, 2015. Retrieved May 31, 2015. \"A Lethal Dose Of Truth, by Sylencer\". Sylencer. \"STRAPPING YOUNG LAD: DVD Details Revealed\". Archived from the original on October 12, 2004. \"GENE HOGLAN's Long-Awaited Instructional DVD Has Finally Arrived\". Archived from the original on September 10, 2012. \"DIMMU BORGIR 'Behind The Player' DVD Now Available\". Archived from the original on September 7, 2012. Official website"
   },
   {
    "name": "Clayton Kershaw",
    "id": "Q520665",
    "text": "Clayton Edward Kershaw (born March 19, 1988) is an American professional baseball pitcher for the Los Angeles Dodgers of Major League Baseball (MLB). A left-handed starting pitcher, Kershaw has played 13 seasons in the major leagues since he debuted in 2008. He is an eight-time All-Star, three-time National League (NL) Cy Young Award winner, and the 2014 NL Most Valuable Player. His 2.47 career earned run average (ERA) and 1.00 walks plus hits per inning pitched rate (WHIP) are the lowest among starters in the live-ball era (minimum 1,000 innings pitched). Kershaw has a career hits allowed per nine innings pitched average of 6.78, the second-lowest in MLB history. He has been described for much of his career as the best pitcher in baseball, and one of the greatest pitchers of all time. Kershaw was drafted seventh overall in the 2006 MLB draft. He worked his way through the Dodgers' farm system in just one full season and reached the majors at 20 years old. When he debuted in 2008, he was the youngest player in MLB, a title he held for one full year. In 2011, he won the pitching Triple Crown and the NL Cy Young Award, becoming the youngest pitcher to accomplish either of these feats since Dwight Gooden in 1985. During the 2013 offseason, the Dodgers signed Kershaw to a franchise record seven-year, $215 million contract extension. Kershaw pitched a no-hitter on June 18, 2014, becoming the 22nd Dodger to do so. Being a left-handed strikeout pitcher and playing for the Dodgers has drawn Kershaw comparisons to Hall of Fame pitcher Sandy Koufax. He has led MLB in ERA five times, and was the first major league pitcher to do so in four consecutive years (2011\u20132014). Kershaw is also a three-time NL wins leader and three-time NL strikeouts leader. Off the field, Kershaw is an active participant in volunteer work. He and his wife launched \"Kershaw's Challenge\" and wrote the book Arise to raise money to build an orphanage in Zambia. He has been honored with the Roberto Clemente Award and the Branch Rickey Award for his humanitarian work. Kershaw was born in Dallas, Texas. His parents divorced when he was 10, and he was raised by his mother. He played in youth sports leagues as a child, including Little League Baseball. Kershaw attended nearby Highland Park High School, where he played baseball and was also the center for future NFL quarterback Matthew Stafford on the varsity football team. After a growth spurt and further development of his pitches, he established himself as an elite high school prospect in 2006 when he posted a 13\u20130 record with an earned run average (ERA) of 0.77, and recorded 139 strikeouts in 64 innings pitched. In a playoff game against Northwest High School of Justin, Texas, Kershaw pitched an all-strikeout perfect game. He struck out all 15 batters he faced in the game, which was shortened because of the mercy rule. He also hit a grand slam. He also pitched for USA Baseball's Junior National Team in the Pan Am Championship. Kershaw was selected by USA Today as \"High School Baseball Player of the Year\", and was also the Gatorade National Player of the Year for baseball. Entering the 2006 MLB draft, Kershaw was considered the consensus top high school pitcher available. The Los Angeles Dodgers selected Kershaw with the seventh overall pick in the draft. He had committed to Texas A&M University, but turned down the scholarship offer to sign with the Dodgers, with a signing bonus estimated at $2.3 million. The bonus was the largest to any Dodgers draft pick at the time, and was eventually topped by Zach Lee in the 2010 draft. Kershaw began his career with the Gulf Coast League (GCL) Dodgers. He pitched 37 innings in which he struck out 54 batters (walking only five), while compiling a record of 2\u20130 with a 1.95 ERA. He featured a fastball that topped out at 96 miles per hour (154\u00a0km/h) and he was rated as the top prospect in the GCL, and the Dodgers' second best prospect by Baseball America behind third baseman Andy LaRoche. Kershaw was promoted to the Great Lakes Loons in 2007, with whom he recorded a record of 7\u20135 with a 2.77 ERA. He was selected to play on the East Team in the Midwest League All-Star Game and on the USA team in the All-Star Futures Game. On August 6, he was promoted to the Double-A Jacksonville Suns in the Southern League, where he produced a 1\u20132 record and 3.65 ERA in five starts and was selected as the top prospect in the Dodgers organization heading into the 2008 season. During spring training in a game against the Boston Red Sox, Kershaw gained much attention for throwing a curveball to Sean Casey that started behind Casey but at the end looped into the strike zone and struck him out looking. Kershaw was 0\u20133 and had a 2.28 ERA with 47 strikeouts through 43+1\u20443 innings pitched in his first stint of the year with the Suns. He was then called up to the majors on May 28, 2008, but optioned back to Jacksonville on July 2. Kershaw pitched 18 innings during his second trip to Jacksonville (two starts and one seven-inning relief appearance), winning two games. During this stretch, he allowed only two earned runs, lowering his ERA to 1.91. He was recalled on July 22. On May 24, 2008, the Dodgers bought Kershaw's minor-league contract, and he was added to the active roster. Sportswriter Tony Jackson called Kershaw's debut the most anticipated start by a Dodgers pitcher since Hideo Nomo's MLB debut during the 1995 season. He made his MLB debut on May 25, starting against the St. Louis Cardinals. He struck out the first batter he faced, Skip Schumaker, the first of seven strikeouts in the game, in which he pitched six innings and allowed two runs. When he debuted, Kershaw was the youngest player in MLB, a title he held for one full year. Kershaw won his first MLB game against the Washington Nationals on July 27, 2008. He pitched six-plus shutout innings, allowing four hits, a walk, and he struck out five. Kershaw finished his rookie season 5\u20135, with a 4.26 ERA in 22 games (21 starts). He also pitched two innings out of the bullpen for the Dodgers in the 2008 National League Championship Series (NLCS) against the Philadelphia Phillies. On April 15, 2009, Kershaw pitched seven innings, striking out 13 batters while allowing only one hit (a solo home run) against the rival San Francisco Giants. He was the youngest Dodger to ever strikeout 13 or more batters in a game since Sandy Koufax did it in the 1955 season. On May 17, 2009, Kershaw did not allow a hit against the Florida Marlins through 7 innings, then gave up a lead-off double to Florida's Cody Ross. In 2009, despite an 8\u20138 record, he led the major leagues in opposing batting average (.200), opposing slugging percentage (.282), and hits per nine innings (6.26). He also posted an ERA of 2.79 and 185 strikeouts. Kershaw also walked 91 batters, which was second most in the National League (NL). Kershaw made his playoff starting debut against the St. Louis Cardinals in the 2009 National League Division Series (NLDS). He went 6+2\u20443 innings, striking out 4, walking 1, and ended up getting a no-decision (the Dodgers went on to win the game in the 9th inning). At 21 years old, he started the opener of the 2009 NLCS against the Philadelphia Phillies and was the third youngest pitcher to ever start a playoff series opener, behind only Fernando Valenzuela in the 1981 NLDS and Rick Ankiel in the 2000 NLDS. Kershaw started the 2010 season by posting a 3.07 ERA in April but did so by walking 22 batters in 29 innings. On May 4, he had the worst start of his career against the Milwaukee Brewers at Dodger Stadium, throwing just 57 pitches in 1+1\u20443 innings while retiring only four of the 13 batters he faced\u2014including the pitcher. He was booed loudly upon being pulled from the game. Kershaw said after the game, \"I didn't give our team any kind of chance. It's just not a good feeling to let your teammates down, let everybody down. It stings, it hurts. I've got to figure things out.\" Kershaw rebounded his next start by pitching an 8-inning two-hitter and outdueling the then undefeated Ubaldo Jim\u00e9nez. He credited his control of the slider being the major turning point for him. Later in the season, he was suspended for five games after hitting Aaron Rowand of the Giants with a pitch in a game on July 20. The incident occurred after both teams were given a warning following Giants ace Tim Lincecum hitting Matt Kemp earlier in the game. He threw his first career complete game shutout on September 14, 2010, also against San Francisco and finished the season with a record of 13\u201310 and a 2.91 ERA in 32 starts, pitching 204+1\u20443 innings and recording 212 strikeouts. After finishing the 2010 season strong, the Dodgers named Kershaw as the Opening Day Starter for the 2011 season. On May 29, he pitched the second complete-game shutout of his career, striking out 10 while winning a two-hitter against the Florida Marlins, 8\u20130; he also had two singles and an RBI, scoring twice in the game. He produced his third career shutout on June 20, a two-hit, 11-strikeout effort against the Detroit Tigers. Kershaw became the first Dodgers starter to strike out the side in the 9th inning since Sandy Koufax's perfect game. In his next start, on June 26, Kershaw pitched another complete game (against the Los Angeles Angels of Anaheim). He became the first Dodger starter to have back-to-back complete-game victories since Jeff Weaver in the 2005 season and the first Dodger to have double-digit strikeouts in consecutive starts since Chan Ho Park in the 2000 season. He was awarded the National League Player of the Week award for the week of June 20\u201326 as a result of those two starts. Midway through June, Kershaw had amassed 32 career victories, a 3.15 ERA and 593 career strikeouts in 568.2 innings. According to the Elias Sports Bureau, Kershaw was the first 23-year-old pitcher to have that many victories, an ERA that low and an average of more than one strikeout per inning since ERA became an official statistic in 1910. Kershaw was selected to the National League team for the 2011 Major League Baseball All-Star Game, his first All-Star selection. In the month of July, Kershaw was 4\u20131 with a 2.02 ERA and NL-leading 45 strikeouts, earning him the National League Pitcher of the Month Award. On August 23, he struck out Matt Holliday of the St. Louis Cardinals for his 200th strikeout of the season and became the 10th Dodger pitcher to record back-to-back 200 strikeout seasons and the first since Chan-Ho Park did it in the 2001 season. Over the course of the season, Kershaw pitched opposite two-time Cy Young Award winner and three-time defending NL strikeout leader Tim Lincecum of the San Francisco Giants in four particularly memorable matchups. Lincecum posted a 1.24 ERA over 29 innings in the four games but failed to record a win, as Kershaw countered with a 0.30 ERA over 30+1\u20443 innings and was the winning pitcher in each game. Each game was decided by a final score of 1\u20130 or 2\u20131, with many writers describing the matchups as historic and reminiscent of epic pitching duels of bygone eras. Kershaw finished the 2011 season by leading the NL with 21 wins, 248 strikeouts, and a 2.28 ERA, winning the NL pitching Triple Crown, the first Triple Crown winner since Jake Peavy of the 2007 San Diego Padres and the first Dodger since Sandy Koufax won it in the 1966 season. Justin Verlander of the Detroit Tigers won the American League Triple Crown the same season, marking the first major-league season since 1924 to feature Triple Crown-winning pitchers in both leagues. Kershaw's 21 wins were the most by a Dodger pitcher since Orel Hershiser won 23 during the 1988 season. His ERA was the lowest by a Dodger since Hershiser's 2.03 in the 1985 season, his strikeouts were the most by a Dodger since Koufax's 317 in 1966 and his 233+1\u20443 innings pitched were the most since Chan Ho Park pitched 234 in 2001. Since 1965 when Koufax did it, Peavy and Kershaw are only two pitchers in the National League have led the league in wins, strikeouts, ERA, and WHIP (walks plus hits per inning pitched). Kershaw also became just the second left-hander to have a 240-plus strikeouts in a season before the age of 24, joining Vida Blue. After the season, Kershaw was awarded the Warren Spahn Award as the best left-handed pitcher in 2011, the Players Choice Award for Most Outstanding National League pitcher, the Gold Glove Award as the top fielding pitcher in the NL and the Sporting News (TSN) National League Pitcher of the Year. He was additionally selected as the starting pitcher for the TSN NL All-Star Team. On November 17, he was honored with the National League Cy Young Award, making him the youngest Cy Young winner since Dwight Gooden of the 1985 New York Mets. He was the 8th Dodger pitcher to win the award, the first since \u00c9ric Gagn\u00e9 in the 2003 season. On February 7, 2012, Kershaw and the Dodgers agreed on a two-year, $19 million contract. The contract was the second highest for a player in his first year of arbitration (after Tim Lincecum's $23 million 2-year contract in 2010). Kershaw was the Dodgers' Opening Day starter for the second year in a row, where he pitched three innings of shutout ball against the San Diego Padres at Petco Park before being removed from the game due to flu-like symptoms. On April 27, he was able to last through eight innings for his second win of the season against the Washington Nationals. The win was also his 12th straight home win, tying him with Ed Roebuck (June 1960 \u2013 August 1962) and Orel Hershiser (September 1984 \u2013 October 1985) for the longest home winning streak since the Dodgers moved to Los Angeles. Kershaw won the National League's Player of the Week Award for the week of May 14\u201320 after he made two starts during that week and pitched 16 scoreless innings, including his fourth career shutout. Kershaw was selected to appear in the 2012 Major League Baseball All-Star Game, the second straight year he made the team. On August 11, he went over 200 innings on the season, becoming the 12th Los Angeles Dodger pitcher with three or more seasons of 200 or more innings, and the first since Hershiser did it five times from 1985 to 1989. Kershaw also became just the fifth Dodger pitcher with three straight 200 strikeout seasons. Kershaw finished 2012 with a 14\u20139 record, a 2.53 ERA (leading the league), 229 strikeouts, and 227+2\u20443 innings pitched, coming second in both categories. He became the first pitcher to lead the league in ERA in consecutive seasons since Arizona's Randy Johnson in 2001\u201302. This was also marked his fourth year in a row with a sub-3.00 ERA, making him the first to do this since Randy Johnson from 1999 to 2002. He finished second for the NL Cy Young behind R. A. Dickey, receiving two first-place votes. Kershaw made his third straight opening day start for the Dodgers in the 2013 season, the first Dodger starter to do so since Derek Lowe (2005\u20132007). In that opening day start, he pitched a complete game, four-hit, shutout over the Giants, and also hit his first career home run. He was the first pitcher to throw a shutout and hit a home run on opening day since Bob Lemon of the Cleveland Indians did so against the Chicago White Sox on April 14, 1953. Kershaw picked up his 1,000th career strikeout on April 17, 2013, when he struck out Yonder Alonso of the Padres. He was the second youngest Dodger to reach that mark, behind only Fernando Valenzuela. On May 14, Kershaw passed the 1,000 inning mark for his career. His ERA of 2.70 at the time was the fifth-best of the live-ball era at the 1,000 inning mark and the best career mark. He also threw 130 pitches that day, the most of his career and the most by a Dodger pitcher since Odalis P\u00e9rez in the 2003 season. Kershaw was selected to the 2013 Major League Baseball All-Star Game, his third straight selection. In July, he compiled a 4\u20131 record and 1.34 ERA in six starts and was awarded his second National League Pitcher of the Month Award. On September 2, Kershaw picked up his 200th strikeout of 2013, joining Hall of Famers Sandy Koufax and Don Drysdale as the only starters in Dodgers history with at least four consecutive seasons of more than 200 strikeouts. Kershaw finished the season with a 16\u20139 record, 236 innings pitched (a career-high), and a Major League-best 1.83 ERA and 0.92 WHIP. He was the third player in history to lead the Majors in ERA three years in a row, joining Greg Maddux (1993\u201395) and Lefty Grove (1929\u201331). His ERA was the first sub-2.00 ERA since Roger Clemens did it in the 2005 season and the lowest overall since Pedro Mart\u00ednez in the 2000 season. He was only the third Dodger pitcher to have an ERA under 3.00 in five consecutive seasons (Koufax and Nap Rucker). Kershaw struck out 12 batters in seven innings in the first game of the 2013 National League Division Series. That was the third most strikeouts by a Dodger pitcher in the playoffs, behind only Koufax (15 in the 1963 World Series) and Carl Erskine (14 in the 1953 World Series). His six straight strikeouts in the game tied an MLB postseason record set by Tim Belcher in the second game of the 1988 World Series. He picked up his first career postseason victory in that game. Kershaw won the Warren Spahn Award for 2013, the second time he had won the award, which honors the best left-handed pitcher in the Major Leagues. He was also selected to the Sporting News NL All-Star team, the fourth Dodger pitcher to be named to the team twice (after Koufax, Valenzuela and Don Newcombe). On November 13, he won the NL Cy Young Award for the second time in three seasons. He became just the sixth pitcher in history to finish in the top two in voting three seasons in a row. After the season, Kershaw and the Dodgers agreed on a seven-year, $215 million, contract extension. The deal was the richest in MLB history for a pitcher, eclipsing the seven-year, $180 million, contract signed by Justin Verlander the previous year. The average annual value of $30.7 million was also the largest ever for a baseball player, beating the $28 million Roger Clemens received in 2007 and the 10-year, $275 million contract that Alex Rodriguez signed that same year. Kershaw made his fourth straight opening day start for the Dodgers in 2014, only the fourth Dodger ever to do so. This season the game was played at the Sydney Cricket Ground in Australia. Before his second start, Kershaw felt some pain in his back and was placed on the disabled list for the first time in his career. He did not rejoin the Dodgers until early May. On June 18, he pitched a complete game no-hitter against the Colorado Rockies and struck out a career-high 15 batters. The only batter to reach base was due to an error by Hanley Ramirez in the top of the seventh inning, costing Kershaw a perfect game. He is one of two pitchers in MLB history, along with Max Scherzer, with 15 strikeouts in a game while allowing no hits and no walks. Kershaw was 6\u20130 with an 0.82 ERA in June and was awarded his third career Pitcher of the Month award. He was selected to the National League squad at the 2014 Major League Baseball All-Star Game, his fourth straight selection. He was the sixth Dodger pitcher, and the first since Fernando Valenzuela to make the All-Star team four years in a row. Kershaw had a 41-inning scoreless streak that ended in the top of the sixth inning on July 10 when, with two outs, Chase Headley homered to left field at Dodger Stadium. Kershaw's streak was, at the time, tied for the fifteenth longest scoreless inning streak in MLB history. He won the pitcher of the month award again in July, the third Dodger (along with Don Sutton and Burt Hooton) to win it two months in a row. He was 4\u20130 with a 1.10 ERA in the month with 48 strikeouts and only 10 walks. He picked up his 200th strikeout of the season on September 2, the fifth year in a row he had reached that number, trailing only the six seasons in a row for Sandy Koufax among Dodger starters. He also became just the fourth pitcher since 1893 to have at least five 200-strikeout seasons through an age-26 season (Bert Blyleven, Walter Johnson and Sam McDowell are the others). Kershaw finished the season 21\u20133 with a 1.77 ERA in 27 starts. He led the National League in numerous categories once again, such as ERA, ERA+, Wins, Win\u00a0%, WHIP, IP/GS, SO/9, Strikeout-to-walk ratio, complete games, FIP, and Wins Above Replacement for both pitchers and all NL players. He also finished third in strikeouts despite missing most of the first month of the season. He was the first pitcher in history to win four consecutive ERA titles. Many experts called his 2014 season one of the best pitching seasons in recent memory. However, in his first start of the playoffs, in Game 1 of the Division Series against the Cardinals, Kershaw became the first pitcher in history to strike out 10 while allowing eight runs. He had cruised through the first six innings while allowing only two hits (both solo homers) and surrendered six runs in the seventh. He did tie Koufax for the only Dodgers pitchers with multiple double-digit strikeout games in the playoffs. He was also the first pitcher in history to give up at least seven runs in back-to-back postseason starts (his previous one was Game 6 of the 2013 National League Championship Series). Pitching on short rest in Game 4, he would again be dominant, but again would take the loss after giving up a 3-run home run to Matt Adams in the 7th inning. It was the first home run Kershaw had allowed in his career to a left-handed batter off his curveball. Kershaw was honored after the season with the player of the year awards from both The Sporting News and Baseball America. He won three awards at the Players Choice Awards including Outstanding NL Pitcher, Player of the Year and the Marvin Miller Man of the Year Award. He also won his third (and second straight) Warren Spahn Award. On November 12, he was awarded his third Cy Young Award in four seasons (a unanimous vote). The following day, he was elected as the NL MVP, the first National League pitcher to win the award since Bob Gibson in 1968 and the first Dodgers player to win the award since Kirk Gibson in 1988. Kershaw made his fifth straight opening day start in 2015, the first Dodgers pitcher to do so since Hall of Famer Don Sutton started seven in a row from 1972 through 1978. He recorded his 1,500th career strikeout on May 10 when he fanned Drew Stubbs of the Colorado Rockies. Kershaw picked up his 100th career win on May 15 against the Rockies. He became the 22nd pitcher in franchise history, and the second-youngest active pitcher to reach that mark. Kershaw won his sixth career NL Player of the Week award for the week of June 1\u20137, 2015, when he allowed only two runs on 10 baserunners in 15 innings while striking out 18 in two starts. Kershaw did not make the initial NL roster for the 2015 All-Star Game, though he was included on the Final Vote ballot, which he lost to Cardinals pitcher Carlos Martinez. However, he was added to the roster to replace Nationals pitcher Max Scherzer, who was unavailable due to pitching the Sunday before the game. It became his fifth straight all-star selection, joining Sandy Koufax and Fernando Valenzuela as the only Dodgers pitchers to accomplish that feat. Kershaw struck out a season-high 14 batters in eight shutout innings on July 18 against the Washington Nationals. He became the first Dodgers starter with back-to-back games of at least 13 strikeouts since Chan Ho Park in 2000, and the first Dodgers pitcher with back-to-back games of double-digit strikeouts and no walks since Dazzy Vance in 1930. He shared the NL Player of the Week honors with his teammate Zack Greinke for the week of July 13\u201319 and won NL Pitcher of the Month for July. Kershaw picked up his 200th strikeout of the season on August 12, tying Hideo Nomo's 1995 season for the fastest to that mark in Dodgers history at 156 innings. This was the sixth straight 200 strikeout season for Kershaw, tying Sandy Koufax for the most in Dodgers franchise history. On October 4, Kershaw became the 11th player in Major League history to strike out 300 batters in a season, the first player since Randy Johnson did it in 2002. He finished the season with a 16\u20137 record, a 2.13 ERA, and 301 strikeouts in 232+2\u20443 innings. He led the major leagues in pickoffs, with nine. In Game One of the 2015 National League Division Series, Kershaw struck out 11 in 6+2\u20443 innings but allowed three runs for his fifth straight postseason loss. He and New York Mets starter Jacob deGrom were the first pair of starters to each throw at least 11 strikeouts in the same postseason game in MLB history. He rebounded in game four, earning the win on three days' rest by allowing one run and three hits against eight strikeouts in seven innings on October 13. Kershaw finished third in the National League Cy Young Award voting, placing behind teammate Zack Greinke and eventual winner Jake Arrieta. Kershaw made his sixth straight opening day start in 2016 as the Dodgers won 15\u20130. It also marked the first time the Dodgers had won six straight opening day games, all of which he started. On May 12 against the New York Mets, he struck out 13 while pitching a three-hit complete-game shutout. He set an MLB record with six consecutive starts with at least 10 strikeouts and no more than one walk and a club record with six consecutive starts with at least 10 strikeouts. He picked up his 100th strikeout on May 29, while only walking five batters within that period. That was the lowest walk total for a pitcher reaching 100 strikeouts in the modern era, beating Cliff Lee who had seven walks in the 2010 season. On June 30, 2016, Kershaw was placed on the 15-day disabled list due to back pain. He received an MRI, which revealed that there was a mild herniated disc in the back, and received an epidural injection to treat the pain. He was named to the 2016 All-Star team but was unable to pitch in the game due to his injury. On July 20, the Dodgers shut down Kershaw for an indefinite period of time. He continued to feel discomfort in his back after a simulated game. On August 3, Kershaw was transferred to the 60-day disabled list. He rejoined the Dodger rotation on September 9. He started 21 games in 2016, with a 12\u20134 record and 1.69 ERA. He also struck out 172 batters with only 11 walks. Kershaw started games one and four of the 2016 National League Division Series and picked up the save in the clinching game five. It was his first professional save since he was with the Gulf Coast Dodgers in his first minor league season in 2006. He next pitched seven shutout innings, allowing only two hits, in Game two of the 2016 National League Championship Series against the Chicago Cubs. He struggled in Game Six, allowing five runs in five innings to pick up the loss as the Dodgers were eliminated from post-season contention. Kershaw made his seventh straight Opening Day start, tying Don Sutton for most consecutive Opening Day starts, and Sutton and Don Drysdale for most total opening day starts by a Dodger. On June 2, he struck out Jonathan Villar of the Milwaukee Brewers for his 2,000th career strikeout. He was the fifth-youngest player in major league history to reach that mark, as well as the second-fastest pitcher to 2,000 strikeouts, accomplishing the feat in 277 games (behind Randy Johnson's 262 games). He was named to his seventh straight all-star game, second most in Dodgers history after Drysdale. On July 23, Kershaw left the game due to back tightness. The same day, he was placed on the 10-day disabled list. He returned to the mound on September 1, but despite his extended absence, he went on to lead the National League in earned run average and wins. In 27 starts, he was 18\u20134 with a 2.31 ERA and 202 strikeouts. He led all major league pitchers in left on base percentage, stranding 87.4% of base runners. He also led all major league pitchers in first-strike percentage (69.4%). In the opener of the 2017 NLDS against the Arizona Diamondbacks, he allowed four solo home runs in 6+1\u20443 innings but still picked up the win. The four home runs were tied for the most allowed in a postseason game. He made two starts in the 2017 NLCS against the Chicago Cubs, both Dodgers wins, including the clinching game five. He allowed three runs in 11 innings in the two games with nine strikeouts and only two walks. Kershaw started the opening game of the 2017 World Series for the Dodgers against the Houston Astros. He struck out 11 batters in the game without walking anyone and only allowed one run (a solo homer) on three hits to pick up the win. His 11 strikeouts were the third most ever by a Dodgers pitcher in a World Series game, after Sandy Koufax (15 in 1963) and Carl Erskine (14 in 1953). He made another start in the fifth game of the series, but he did not pitch as well this time, allowing six runs on four hits in 4+2\u20443 innings. Notably, he threw 39 sliders and generated only one swing and miss all game. Although he received criticism after this start for his perceived continued postseason struggles, the later revelation of the Houston Astros sign stealing scandal as a possible factor has complicated assessments of his performance in this game. He came back in game seven to pitch four scoreless innings of relief in the game, and in the process, he broke Orel Hershiser's Dodgers post-season record with his 33rd strikeout. However, the Dodgers lost the game and the series. Kershaw was selected as a starting pitcher on Baseball America's All-MLB Team and finished second in the NL Cy Young Award voting. Kershaw made his team-record eighth opening-day start in 2018. He allowed only one run in six innings with seven strikeouts against the Giants, but still lost the game 1\u20130. It was his first opening-day loss. On May 6, Kershaw was placed on the disabled list due to left biceps tendinitis. He returned to the team for one start on May 31, during which he experienced a recurrence of his chronic back pain and was put back on the disabled list. He rejoined the roster on June 23. He had a record of 9\u20135 with a 2.73 ERA and 155 strikeouts in 2018, his lowest win total and highest ERA since 2010 and fewest strikeouts since his rookie season. In a surprising move, Dave Roberts chose Hyun-jin Ryu to pitch the Dodgers' first playoff game of the 2018 NLDS against the Atlanta Braves. It was the first time since 2009 that Kershaw had not started the first game of the playoffs for the Dodgers. He started the second game of the series and pitched eight scoreless innings while allowing only two hits. He then started the opener of the 2018 NLCS against the Milwaukee Brewers, but turned in the shortest postseason start of his career, replaced with no outs in the fourth inning after allowing five runs on six hits and two walks. He had better results in Game 5, pitching seven innings and allowing one run on three hits and two walks while striking out nine. He also walked twice as a batter, becoming just the third pitcher in the last 20 years to do so in a postseason game (after Jon Lester in the 2016 NLCS and Derek Lowe in the 2008 NLDS). Kershaw made two starts for the Dodgers in the 2018 World Series against the Boston Red Sox. In Game 1 he pitched four innings and gave up five runs in an 8\u20134 loss, and in Game 5 he pitched seven innings and allowed four runs, including three home runs as the Red Sox won the Series 4\u20131; it was the Dodgers' second straight World Series defeat. Kershaw's contract allowed him to opt out and become a free agent after the 2018 season, but on November 2 he and the team agreed to a new three-year, $93\u00a0million contract. This extended his previous contract by one year and $28\u00a0million. Kershaw experienced left shoulder inflammation early in spring training, causing him to be shut down and he did not begin throwing in spring until late. As a result, the Dodgers chose to place him on the injured list to begin the season, ending his Dodgers record streak of eight straight opening-day starts. He was selected to the 2019 MLB All-Star Game, his eighth all-star appearance. Kershaw picked up his 165th career win on August 14 against the Miami Marlins, tying Koufax for the most ever by a Dodger left-handed pitcher. He also struck out the first seven batters in the game, breaking a Dodger record previously held by Andy Messersmith (1973) and one short of the major league record. Kershaw picked up his 166th career win on August 20 against the Toronto Blue Jays, passing Koufax for the most wins ever by a Dodger left-handed pitcher. That game also marked only the sixth time in his career that Kershaw gave up two home runs in the same game to the same batter, Bo Bichette, and only the first time Kershaw did so to a rookie. Kershaw finished the 2019 regular season with a record of 16\u20135 with 3.03 ERA with 189 strikeouts. On offense, he led the major leagues with 15 sacrifice hits. In the National League Division Series against the Washington Nationals, Kershaw started Game 2 and entered Game 5 in relief. In Game 2, Kershaw pitched six innings and allowed three runs in a 4\u20132 loss. In Game 5, he entered the game in relief of Walker Buehler with two outs in the seventh inning and struck out Adam Eaton. In the eighth inning Kershaw allowed home runs on back-to-back pitches to Anthony Rendon and Juan Soto to surrender a 3\u20131 lead, and the Nationals won the game and the series. Kershaw was scheduled to start on opening day in the season shorted by the COVID-19 pandemic, but he hurt his back in the weight room and was placed on the injured list to start the season. Instead, rookie Dustin May got his first opening Day nod. On August 20, he passed Don Drysdale for the second-most strikeouts in franchise history. Kershaw started 10 games for the Dodgers in 2020, with a 6\u20132 record, 2.16 ERA and 62 strikeouts. He started the second game of the wild card series against the Milwaukee Brewers and threw eight scoreless innings while only allowing three hits and striking out 13. In the NLDS against the San Diego Padres, he also started the second game and allowed three runs in six innings while striking out six. Kershaw was scratched from his scheduled Game 2 start in the NLCS against the Atlanta Braves because of back spasms and started Game 4 instead, where he allowed four runs in five innings for his first loss of the 2020 postseason. He started the first game of the 2020 World Series against the Tampa Bay Rays, tying Greg Maddux for second place all-time with 11 Game 1 starts in the postseason. He allowed only one run in six innings in the game while striking out eight, in the process passing John Smoltz for second place all-time in postseason strikeouts with 201. Kershaw started again in Game 5, pitching 5+2\u20443 innings, allowing two runs on five hits and two walks. He struck out six in the game to pass Justin Verlander for the most strikeouts in postseason history (207). The Dodgers went on to defeat the Rays in 6 games to win Kershaw his first World Series championship. After the season, Kershaw was named to the All-MLB Second Team. Kershaw made his ninth opening day start for the Dodgers, after having missed doing so the previous two seasons because of injuries. He remained in the rotation until July 7, when he was placed on the injured list with left forearm inflammation, the first time in his career he had gone on the IL with an arm injury. Initially it was hoped he would only miss a short time, but he had setbacks in his rehab which necessitated a longer stint on the injured list. He finally rejoined the Dodgers rotation on September 13, allowing only one run in 4+1\u20443 innings against the Diamondbacks. However, he experienced more arm pain in an October 1st game against the Brewers, causing him to leave the game in the second inning. An MRI showed no ligament damage, but Kershaw was placed back on the injured list and ruled out for the 2021 post-season. He started 22 games for the Dodgers during the season, with a 10\u20138 record and 3.55 ERA, the highest since his rookie season. Kershaw's pitching style relies on deception, movement, and changes of velocity. He keeps the ball hidden so that it is hard for the batter to pick up the ball, and has a consistent overhand delivery on all of his pitches. He also consistently lands low on the strike zone below the catcher's knees, causing batters to chase the ball even when it is clearly going to hit the dirt. Out of the windup, Kershaw lowers his right foot vertically with a slight pause before moving it forward toward the plate. The motion was described during the 2015 National League Division Series as a \"kickstand move,\" drawing a comparison with one setting a kickstand on a bicycle. Out of the stretch, he uses a slide step as it makes it difficult for a baserunner at first base to get a read on him. He has often said that he modeled his pitching mechanics after his favorite pitcher growing up, Roger Clemens. Kershaw's repertoire includes a four-seam fastball that sits anywhere from 91 miles per hour (146\u00a0km/h) to 95 miles per hour (153\u00a0km/h) and in his younger years topped out at 98 miles per hour (158\u00a0km/h) with late movement, a slider at 84 miles per hour (135\u00a0km/h)\u201390 miles per hour (140\u00a0km/h), a 12\u20136 curveball between 72 miles per hour (116\u00a0km/h)\u201375 miles per hour (121\u00a0km/h), and a seldom thrown changeup (under 3%). As of late in the 2015 season, he is believed to be experimenting with the use of a cutter. He is also known for having one of the better pickoff moves to first base and is considered one of the better fielding pitchers in the game. According to Al Leiter in the 2018 season, the average spin rate of his curve ball was listed to be barely above league average (2497 rpm, 2484 rpm league average), but he is still able to use the pitch effectively due to better control and location, and having similar release action to Sandy Koufax. As noted by many teammates, Kershaw is a perfectionist. Kershaw's former teammate and close friend, catcher A.J. Ellis, describes Kershaw's preparation and perfectionism during bullpen sessions prior to each start: Three fastballs when I'm standing up. I sit, and three fastballs down the middle. Then three fastballs on either side. Three changeups away. Fastball inside. Three curveballs to the middle. Fastball inside. Three sliders to the middle. Then he goes to the stretch position. Two fastballs inside, two fastballs away, two changeups, one fastball inside, two curveballs, one fastball inside, two sliders. Back to the windup, and one fastball inside, one fastball away. Notes: Through 2017 season. Per Baseball-Reference.com. Kershaw grew up in Highland Park, Texas and attended school with quarterback Matthew Stafford, and fellow pitchers Jordan Walden and Shawn Tolleson. In 2017 Stafford and Kershaw, members of the Highland Park High School class of 2006, were the highest-paid players in their respective leagues. One of his favorite players growing up was former San Francisco Giants first baseman Will Clark, and the main reason he wears number 22 is to honor Clark. He is the great-nephew of astronomer Clyde Tombaugh, the discoverer of Pluto. Kershaw's mother, born Marianne Tombaugh, is the adopted daughter of Clyde Tombaugh's younger brother, Robert Tombaugh. His father, Christopher George Kershaw, was a musician and won a Clio Award for his work. The elder Kershaw remarried after his divorce from Marianne and died in 2013. On December 4, 2010, Kershaw married his girlfriend of seven years, Ellen Melson. The couple have three children together. During the season, they reside in Studio City, California, and they live in University Park, Texas, during the offseason. Kershaw is a Methodist with strong religious faith, and shared his faith story in a 2012 video for the I Am Second series. Kershaw made a cameo appearance in \"Prince\", a Season 3 episode of New Girl that originally aired following FOX's telecast of Super Bowl XLVIII. Kershaw's nickname is \"Kersh.\" Before the 2011 season, Kershaw visited Zambia with his wife as part of a Christian mission organized by Dallas-based Arise Africa. After the trip, he announced his dream of building an orphanage in Lusaka, which he called \"Hope's Home\" after 11-year-old Hope, an HIV-positive child Kershaw met in Zambia. To accomplish his goal, Kershaw pledged a donation of $100 per strikeout recorded in 2011. With a then-career-high of 248 strikeouts thrown during the 2011 season, combined with additional donations through his Kershaw's Challenge organization, the initial $70,000 goal - later increased to $100,000 - was exceeded. When Kershaw won the 2011 Players Choice Award, he donated $260,000 to Hope's Home. He and his wife returned to Zambia in 2012. Kershaw donated $100 for every strikeout in the 2012 season to Kershaw's Challenge, calling that season's incarnation of the project \"Strike Out To Serve.\" Seventy percent of the money raised in 2012 went to Arise Africa, with 10 percent each going to the Peacock Foundation in Los Angeles, Mercy Street in Dallas, and I Am Second. In 2014, Kershaw continued to support the children of Zambia, in partnership with CURE International, raising funds to pay for 170 children's surgeries and new medical equipment for CURE hospital in Lusaka. Kershaw continued his partnership with CURE International in 2015, setting a goal of funding 100 surgeries for CURE's hospital in the Dominican Republic. In mid-December 2015, Kershaw participated in an expedition to Cuba composed of MLB officials and players, including former Dodgers manager Joe Torre. It was the first visit by MLB since 1999, and one anticipated as an important step to help normalize relations with the United States that had begun to ease earlier in the year. In addition to Hope's Home and Kershaw's Challenge, he has also helped with other programs in Los Angeles, such as helping Habitat for Humanity demolish and rehabilitate a house in Lynwood, California. He is also a supporter of the Peacock Foundation, which provides animal-assisted interventions and activities for at-risk youth by partnering with mental health practitioners, public service agencies and community organizations. Since the 2013 season, Kershaw and his wife have hosted \u201cPing Pong 4 Purpose,\u201d a charity ping-pong tournament at Dodger Stadium. The tournament raises money for Kershaw's Challenge and features past and present members of the Dodgers, high-profile celebrities, and team sponsors. Kershaw and his wife, Ellen, co-authored a book, Arise: Live Out Your Faith and Dreams on Whatever Field You Find Yourself, about their Christian faith and humanitarian efforts. It was released on January 10, 2012, by Regal Press. Kershaw is a celebrity endorser for Wilson Sporting Goods (glove), Muscle Milk, Skechers and Subway. Biography portal Baseball portal USA Today All-USA high school baseball team List of Major League Baseball career strikeout leaders \"Los Angeles All-Star Clayton Kershaw Signs on to Pitch Skechers\". www.businesswire.com. October 2, 2019. Retrieved June 12, 2020. Normandin, Mark (May 15, 2013). \"Clayton Kershaw, historically relevant ace\". SB Nation. 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Castrovince, Anthony (October 23, 2018). \"Hot Red Sox bats chill Dodgers in Game 1\". mlb.com. Retrieved October 23, 2018. Castrovince, Anthony (October 28, 2018). \"Red Sox roll to 4th World Series title since 2004\". MLB.com. Retrieved October 28, 2018. Walton, Ryan (November 2, 2018). \"Dodgers, Clayton Kershaw reach agreement on new three-year deal\". SB Nation. Retrieved November 2, 2018. Gurnick, Ken (March 20, 2019). \"Kershaw begins ST anew with simulated inning\". MLB.com. Retrieved March 20, 2019. Kavner, Rowan (June 30, 2019). \"Ryu, Buehler, Kershaw join Bellinger on 2019 NL All-Star Team\". mlb.com. Retrieved June 30, 2019. De Nicola, Christina (August 14, 2019). \"Kershaw ties Koufax with a dominant win vs. Marlins\". mlb.com. Retrieved August 14, 2019. Gurnick, Ken (August 21, 2019). \"Kershaw passes Koufax in wins as LA bats erupt\". mlb.com. Retrieved August 21, 2019. Zuber, Andrew (August 21, 2019). \"Blue Jays' Bo Bichette launches pair of home runs off Clayton Kershaw\". Yahoo Sports. Retrieved August 1, 2021. \"2019 Major League Baseball Batting Leaders\". Baseball-Reference.com. Retrieved July 25, 2021. McCalvy, Adam (October 10, 2019). \"Kershaw falters as bullpen plan goes awry\". mlb.com. Retrieved October 10, 2019. Castillo, Jorge (July 23, 2020). \"Back injury forces Clayton Kershaw to miss opening day start; Dustin May gets the nod\". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved July 23, 2020. Gurnick, Ken (August 21, 2020). \"New No. 2: Classic K-ershaw bests Drysdale\". MLB.com. Retrieved August 21, 2020. \"2020 National League Wild Card Series (NLWC) Game 2, Brewers at Dodgers, October 1\". Baseball Reference. Retrieved October 21, 2020. \"2020 National League Division Series (NLDS) Game 2, Padres at Dodgers, October 7\". Baseball Reference. Retrieved October 21, 2020. \"Clayton Kershaw was scratched from his start for the Los Angeles Dodgers in Game 2 of the NL Championship Series due to back spasms\". Atlanta Journal Constitution. October 13, 2020. Retrieved October 21, 2020. Stephen, Eric (October 15, 2020). \"The Dodgers managed to check off every October failure in Game 4 of the NLCS\". SB Nation. Retrieved October 21, 2020. Stephen, Eric (October 20, 2020). \"Clayton Kershaw gets things started in the World Series, again\". SB Nation. Retrieved October 21, 2020. McCalby, Adam (October 20, 2020). \"Kershaw moves into 2nd for postseason K's\". mlb.com. Retrieved October 21, 2020. Gonzalez, Alden (October 25, 2020). \"Los Angeles Dodgers' Clayton Kershaw passes Justin Verlander for postseason strikeout mark\". ESPN.com. Retrieved October 27, 2020. Castrovince, Anthony (December 9, 2020). \"Here is the star-studded 2020 All-MLB Team\". MLB.com. Retrieved January 26, 2021. Castillo, Jorge (March 14, 2021). \"Clayton Kershaw to make his ninth opening-day start for the Dodgers\". LA Times. Retrieved October 7, 2021. Castillo, Jorge (July 7, 2021). \"Dodgers place Clayton Kershaw on injured list with left forearm inflammation\". LA Times. Retrieved October 7, 2021. DiGiovanna, Mike (August 7, 2021). \"Dodgers' Clayton Kershaw expects to return from elbow injury in early September\". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved October 7, 2021. Castillo, Jorge (September 13, 2021). \"Clayton Kershaw's return an important step for October-focused Dodgers\". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved October 7, 2021. DiGiovanna, Mike (October 1, 2021). \"Clayton Kershaw's injury mars another power-fueled Dodgers comeback\". LA Times. Retrieved October 7, 2021. Stephen, Eric (October 6, 2021). \"Clayton Kershaw won't need surgery, but will miss postseason\". SB Nation. Retrieved October 7, 2021. Sullivan, Jeff (August 21, 2013). \"Clayton Kershaw's Deception\". Fangraphs. Retrieved September 13, 2013. Eisenberg, Alex (May 13, 2008). \"Is Clayton Kershaw worth the hype\". hardball times. Retrieved September 28, 2011. \"Is Clayton Kershaw on Dan Partick 9/26/2011\". CSN Chicago.com. September 26, 2011. Archived from the original on October 24, 2013. Retrieved September 28, 2011. \"Clayton Kershaw Fangraphs Pitchf/x\". Fangraphs. Retrieved April 10, 2017. \"Recap the Top Ten Starting Pitchers Right Now!\". YouTube.com. MLB Network. January 27, 2017. Retrieved February 25, 2017. \"Clayton Kershaw is still the best pitcher on the planet, and he's only getting better\". Washington Post. Retrieved September 4, 2015. \"2011 Pickoff leaders\". Stats Inc. Archived from the original on April 4, 2012. Retrieved September 28, 2011. C. Trent Rosecrans (September 19, 2011). \"Picking the National League's best defenders\". CBSSports.com. Retrieved September 28, 2011. MLB Network (May 6, 2018), Spinning the Curveball with Al Leiter, retrieved May 22, 2019 Olney, Buster (March 20, 2014). \"Creative Control\". ESPN. Retrieved March 20, 2014. \"5 Lessons from MVPs Mike Trout and Clayton Kershaw\". RipkenBaseball.com. Ripken Baseball. February 1, 2015. Retrieved August 8, 2020. Harding, Thomas (September 5, 2013). \"Philanthropic Kershaw honored with Rickey Award\". mlb.com. Retrieved September 5, 2013. Gurnick, Ken (January 12, 2012). \"Kershaw recognized as Sportsman of Year\". mlb.com. Retrieved August 23, 2013. Samperio, Vincent (January 7, 2015). \"Clayton Kershaw Shares Sportsman of the Year With Mike Trout\". dodgersnation. Retrieved January 7, 2015. Shelley, Bill (August 31, 2007). \"Kershaw Named Best Prospect By Midwest League\". scout.com. Retrieved August 23, 2013. Weisman, Jon (June 2, 2016). \"Kershaw named National League Pitcher of the Month\". dodgers.com. Retrieved June 2, 2016. Casella, Paul (April 8, 2013). \"Two wins earn Kershaw NL Player of Week Award\". mlb.com. Retrieved August 23, 2013. Stephen, Eric (September 15, 2014). \"Clayton Kershaw wins NL Player of the Week\". truebluela.com. Retrieved September 15, 2014. Gurnick, Ken (November 4, 2013). \"Players tab Kershaw as NL's Outstanding Pitcher\". mlb.com. Retrieved November 5, 2013. \"Clayton Kershaw Named Recipient of the 2012 Roberto Clemente Award presented by Chevrolet\". mlb.com. October 28, 2012. Retrieved August 23, 2013. MLB.com (September 26, 2013). \"Kershaw named Roy Campanella Award recipient\". Major League Baseball. Retrieved September 26, 2013. Stephen, Eric (September 22, 2014). \"Clayton Kershaw wins Roy Campanella Award for 2nd straight year\". truebluela.com. Retrieved September 22, 2014. ESPNDallas.com (December 21, 2011). \"Clayton Kershaw, Frank Howard recognized\". espn.com. Retrieved August 24, 2013. \"Kershaw headlines the 2006 All-USA high school baseball team\". USA Today. June 29, 2006. Retrieved August 23, 2013. Kavner, Rowan (December 12, 2017). \"Kershaw wins 2017 Warren Spahn Award\". Dodgers Insider. Retrieved December 18, 2017. Allison Brown (March 8, 2010). \"North Texans on Opposite All-Star Teams\". NBC.com (Texas). Retrieved July 12, 2011. Hugh Bernreuter (September 24, 2011). \"Clayton Kershaw, Shawn Tolleson hope to reunite as members of Los Angeles Dodgers\". The Saginaw News. Retrieved September 28, 2011. Price, Satchel (August 29, 2017). \"Highland Park High School has produced 2017's highest-paid NFL and MLB players\". SB Nation. Retrieved August 30, 2017. Passan, Jeff (May 14, 2008). \"Clayton Kershaw's great expectations \u2013 MLB\". Sports.yahoo.com. Archived from the original on October 23, 2012. Retrieved September 28, 2011. Berg, Ted (July 30, 2013). \"Clayton Kershaw disses International Astronomers Union over Pluto\". USA Today. Retrieved August 1, 2013. Texas Birth Index, 1903\u20131997, United States census, 1988; Dallas, Dallas, Texas; page 2713,. Kansas State Census Collection, 1855\u20131925, United States census, 1925; Browns Grove, Pawnee, Kansas; roll KS1925, page 113, line 14. \"Christopher George Clayton Kershaw (1949\u20132013) Obituary\". Dallas Morning News. April 30, 2013. Retrieved September 12, 2013. Jaklewicz, Greg (November 18, 2011). \"Cy Young winner's wife is granddaughter of Abilene baseball fan\". reporternews.com. Retrieved August 23, 2013. Prejean, Jeanne (January 26, 2015). \"Ellen and Clayton Kershaw Welcome Cali Ann Kershaw to the World\". mysweetcharity.com. Retrieved June 14, 2015. Dodgers, Los Angeles (January 16, 2020). \"Welcome to the world, Cooper Ellis Kershaw! Congratulations @ClaytonKersh22 and @ellenkershaw!pic.twitter.com/5eccaETGkR\". @Dodgers. Retrieved January 16, 2020. \"Dodgers ace Clayton Kershaw drops $4 million in Studio City\". November 20, 2014. Hernandez, Dylan (February 28, 2010). \"Dodgers' Clayton Kershaw keeps the faith\". The Los Angeles Times. Passan, Jeff (May 14, 2008). \"Like it or not, Kershaw is about living by the book\". LA Times. Retrieved September 28, 2011. \"Clayton Kershaw \u2013 I AM SECOND\". I Am Second. Retrieved October 26, 2017. Bernreuter, Hugh (January 31, 2014). \"Clayton Kershaw makes appearance on 'New Girl' after Super Bowl\". mlive.com. Archived from the original on March 16, 2014. Green, Austin (August 25, 2019). \"2019 MLB Players Weekend: Complete List Of Jersey Nicknames For Dodgers & Yankees\". Dodger Blue. Retrieved August 30, 2021. \"Kershaw's Challenge \u2013 Strikeout to Serve\". January 20, 2012. Archived from the original on January 20, 2012. Retrieved June 25, 2020. \"Kershaw's Challenge \u2013 Strikeout to Serve\". Kershawschallenge.com. Retrieved September 28, 2011. Sherrington, Kevin (November 5, 2012). \"Sherrington: Ex-Highland Park star Kershaw's an ace when giving back\". The Dallas Morning News. Archived from the original on September 24, 2015. Retrieved November 5, 2012. \"Kershaw's Challenge \u2013 2014 Overview\". kershawschallenge.com. Archived from the original on September 8, 2015. Retrieved August 27, 2015. \"Kershaw's Challenge \u2013 2015 Project\". kershawschallenge.com. Archived from the original on September 8, 2015. Retrieved August 27, 2015. Qui\u00f1ones, Ronal (December 18, 2015). \"Joe Torre: Baseball can unite Cuba and the USA\". Havana Times. Retrieved December 19, 2015. Goold, Derrick (December 18, 2015). \"Torre exhilarated by reception in Cuba\". St. Louis Post-Dispatch. Retrieved December 19, 2015. Cassavell, AJ (April 24, 2012). \"Trio of Dodgers assists Habitat for Humanity\". mlb.com. Retrieved August 23, 2013. \"Kershaw's Challenge \u2013 Peacock Foundation\". peacockfoundation.org. Archived from the original on September 28, 2013. Retrieved August 23, 2013. \"Ping Pong 4 Purpose\". Kershaw's Challenge. Archived from the original on August 15, 2014. Kramer, Alex (July 28, 2017). \"Clayton Kershaw, Jimmy Kimmel Host \"Ping Pong 4 Purpose\" at Dodger Stadium\". Hollywood Reporter. Retrieved January 29, 2018. Rovell, Darren (November 14, 2014). \"Kershaw signs on with Subway\". ESPN. Retrieved November 15, 2014. Career statistics and player information from MLB, or\u00a0ESPN, or\u00a0Baseball-Reference, or\u00a0Fangraphs, or\u00a0Baseball-Reference (Minors) Minor League Baseball bio Clayton Kershaw on Twitter"
   },
   {
    "name": "Stone Johnson",
    "id": "Q522114",
    "text": "Stone Edward Johnson (April 26, 1940 \u2014 September 8, 1963) was an Olympic sprinter and American football kick returner and running back for the Kansas City Chiefs. On August 30, 1963, the rookie Johnson, a 200 meter track finalist in the 1960 Summer Olympics in Rome and former world record holder, suffered a fractured vertebra in his neck in a preseason game against the Houston Oilers in Wichita, Kansas during a kickoff return. He died 10 days later, on September 8, at the age of 23. Although he was only on the team's active roster during preseason, his jersey number 33 was retired. List of American Football League players \"Stone Johnson dies of broken neck\". The Baltimore Afro-American. September 14, 1963. p.\u00a023. Retrieved July 12, 2021. \"Kansas City Chiefs Hall of Fame\". Kansas City Chiefs. Retrieved 2011-06-28.[dead link] \"Chiefs History: 1960's\". Kansas City Chiefs. Retrieved 2011-06-28.[dead link] v t e"
   },
   {
    "name": "Jack Buetel",
    "id": "Q524266",
    "text": "Jack Buetel (September 5, 1915 \u2013 June 27, 1989) was an American film and television actor. Born John Alexander Beutel in Dallas, Texas, he moved to Los Angeles, California in the late 1930s with the intention of establishing a film career, changing his name to read Buetel. Unable to find such work, he was employed as an insurance clerk when he was noticed by an agent who was impressed by his looks. Introduced to Howard Hughes, who was about to begin filming The Outlaw, Buetel was signed to play the lead role as Billy the Kid, with the previously signed David Bacon being dropped from the film. Hughes also signed another newcomer, Jane Russell, for the female lead, and realizing the inexperience of his two stars, also signed veteran actors Thomas Mitchell and Walter Huston. Buetel was signed to a standard seven-year contract at $150 per week and was assured by Hughes that he would become a major star. Filmed in late 1940 and early 1941, The Outlaw officially premiered in 1943 but was not widely seen until 1946. It was notable for suggesting the act of sexual intercourse, uncommon in mainstream movies of the era, and for allowing characters to \"sin on film\", without a suitable punishment also being depicted, in violation of the Production Code. Much of the publicity surrounding the release of the film focused on Jane Russell, and she established a solid film career, despite critics giving her performance in The Outlaw poor reviews. Buetel's performance was also highly criticised, and he languished with Hughes refusing to allow him to work. The director Howard Hawks tried to secure his services for the film Red River (1948), but after Hughes refused to allow Buetel to take part, Montgomery Clift was chosen and Clift went on to an active film career. In 1951, Buetel appeared in Best of the Badmen, his first film appearance in 8 years. Over the next few years he appeared in five more films and made infrequent appearances on television. In 1956, he landed the role of Jeff Taggert in Edgar Buchanan's syndicated western series, Judge Roy Bean. Others who appeared regularly in the 39-episode color series, set in Langtry, Texas, were Jackie Loughery, X Brands, Tristram Coffin, Glenn Strange, and Lash LaRue. Buetel's last acting role was in a 1961 episode of Wagon Train. He also appeared as himself in the 1982 Night of 100 Stars television special. Buetel was married to Cereatha Browning, and later Joann Jensen Crawford. He relocated to Portland, Oregon sometime in the 1970s. Buetel died in Portland, Oregon, and was buried at Portland Memorial Mausoleum. Billy Hathorn, \"Roy Bean, Temple Houston, Bill Longley, Ranald Mackenzie, Buffalo Bill, Jr., and the Texas Rangers: Depictions of West Texans in Series Television, 1955 to 1967\", West Texas Historical Review, Vol. 89 (2013), p. 110 \"Movie Actor Keeps Wife Secret Years\". The San Bernardino County Sun. California, San Bernardino. United Press. September 18, 1941. p.\u00a07. Retrieved July 10, 2016 \u2013 via Newspapers.com. \"The California Register\". Social Blue Book of California. 1966: 69. Cite journal requires |journal= (help) \"Jack Buetel, 74; Billy the Kid in 'The Outlaw'\". Los Angeles Times. July 1, 1989. Retrieved October 18, 2017. Wilson, Scott (2016). Resting Places: The Burial Sites of More Than 14,000 Famous Persons (3rd\u00a0ed.). McFarland. p.\u00a0100. ISBN\u00a0978-1-476-62599-7. Higham, Charles\u00a0: Howard Hughes - The Secret Life. Putnam Berkeley Group, 1993. ISBN\u00a00-7535-0971-7 Jack Buetel at IMDb Jack Buetel at Find a Grave"
   },
   {
    "name": "Andy Granatelli",
    "id": "Q525904",
    "text": "Anthony \"Andy\" Granatelli (March 18, 1923\u00a0\u2013 December 29, 2013) was an American businessman, most prominent as the CEO of STP as well as a major figure in automobile racing events. Granatelli was born in Dallas, Texas. Along with his brothers Vince and Joe, he first worked as an auto mechanic and \"speed-shop\" entrepreneur, modifying engines such as the flathead Ford into racing-quality equipment. During World War II, he became a promoter of automobile racing events, such as the \"Hurricane Racing Association\", which combined racing opportunities for up-and-coming drivers with crowd-pleasing theatrics. Hurricane events, according to Granatelli in his autobiography They Call Me Mister 500, included drivers who were experts at executing\u2014and surviving\u2014roll-over and end-over-end crashes, and also an ambulance that not only got caught up into the race but also ejected a stretcher (with a dummy on it) into the way of the racers. In 1946, the three brothers entered the first of several Indianapolis 500 races, as the Grancor racing team. They did their own mechanical work, and brought innovations like fully independent suspension, yet never made it to \"Victory Lane\". In 1948, Andy decided to try to qualify as a driver, and nearly did so, but a horrendous crash during his qualifying run ended that part of his career. Granatelli eventually became visible in the racing world in the 1960s as the spokesman for STP oil and gasoline treatment products, appearing on its television and radio advertisements as well as sponsoring race cars. He clad his pit crews in white coveralls with the oval STP logo scattered all over them, and once wore a suit jacket with the same STP-laden design. He made a cameo appearance in the 1968 Disney movie The Love Bug. Granatelli's cars became a significant presence at the Indianapolis 500. While he first gained notoriety by re-introducing the Novi engine, his best known entries were his turbine-powered cars in 1967 and 1968. In both years, he saw probable race-winners fail near the end; Joe Leonard's breakdown in the Lotus 56 with 10 laps remaining in 1968 had been topped the previous year when Parnelli Jones, leading comfortably with just three laps to go, suffered the failure of a six dollar transmission bearing in the STP-Paxton Turbocar and retired, handing a sure victory to A. J. Foyt. He was awarded as an Indianapolis 500 winner in 1969. After his innovative Lotus four-wheel drive car was destroyed in practice upon establishing itself as one of the most dominants cars to date, his driver Mario Andretti, nursing the burns from the Lotus crash, won at the wheel of a year-old backup car. Before Andretti could be traditionally kissed in \"Victory Lane\" by the Queen of the \"500 Festival\", Granatelli got there first, and his joyful kiss on Andretti's cheek is one of the 500's most memorable images. However rumor is that the kiss began the infamous Indianapolis 500 curse that is named for Mario Andretti's family. In 1973, Granatelli retired his USAC team, and STP became a sponsor of Patrick Racing. Gordon Johncock won the 1973 and 1982 Indianapolis 500 for the brand. It was believed that Granatelli attended every Indianapolis 500, whether as a participant or as a spectator, from 1946\u20132012. He did not attend the race in 2013, and died later that year. Granatelli bought Tuneup Masters in 1976 for $300,000. He sold it for $60 million in 1986. He was inducted into the International Motorsports Hall of Fame in 1992 and the Motorsports Hall of Fame of America in 2001. Granatelli was inducted in the National Sprint Car Hall of Fame in 2011 and the National Midget Auto Racing Hall of Fame in 2013. Granatelli died from congestive heart failure at the age of 90 in Santa Barbara, California. Anthony (Andy) Granatelli They Call Me Mister 500. 1969 \"Auto racing legend Andy Granatelli dies at 90\". Los Angeles Times. Associated Press. December 29, 2013. Retrieved December 29, 2013. Litsky, Frank (30 December 2013). \"Andy Granatelli Dies at 90; Revved Businesses and Cars\". The New York Times. p.\u00a0A20. Retrieved 30 December 2013. 2013 Indianapolis 500 Radio Broadcast, May 26, 2013 Andy Granatelli at the Motorsports Hall of Fame of America \"13 Inductees set as Class of 2011 for National Sprint Car Hall of Fame\". National Sprint Car Hall of Fame. Retrieved 8 July 2011. \"Midget Hall Of Fame Ceremony Set For Jan. 11\". National Speed Sport News. Archived from the original on December 28, 2013. Retrieved December 27, 2013. Mathews, Barbara E. \"Profile of a Phenomenon,\" American National Business Hall of Fame. Ottum, Bob. \"I've Got The Car Right Here,\" Sports Illustrated, May 13, 1968. Caraviello, David. \"Legacy of 'Mr. 500' rides again with the No. 43,\" NASCAR.COM, \u2014 June 4, 2011."
   },
   {
    "name": "Angela Braly",
    "id": "Q527495",
    "text": "Angela Fick Braly (born July 2, 1961, in Dallas, Texas) is an American executive. She served as president and chief executive officer of WellPoint (now Anthem), a large U.S.-based provider of health insurance, and was a member of the company's board of directors. She assumed those responsibilities on June 1, 2007, following several high-profile roles for the company. She resigned in August 2012 due to shareholder criticism. Since May 2016, she has been a member of the board of directors of ExxonMobil. Angela Braly received her undergraduate degree from Texas Tech University in 1982 and her Juris Doctor from Southern Methodist University School of Law. She graduated from Richardson High School in 1979. She was a partner in the St. Louis law firm of Lewis, Rice & Fingersh, L.C. In January 1999, she joined WellPoint as general counsel for RightCHOICE (currently Anthem Blue Cross and Blue Shield in Missouri). She also oversaw the Missouri plan's government relations efforts. During that time, she managed the legal strategy resulting in the creation of The Missouri Foundation for Health, which serves the health care needs of underinsured and uninsured people in Missouri. She later became president and CEO of the Missouri plan, managing all aspects of the business and setting strategies to meet customer needs. She served as executive vice president, general counsel and chief public affairs officer for WellPoint. In that role, she was responsible for public policy development, government relations, legal affairs, corporate communications, marketing, and social responsibility initiatives. She also had operational responsibility for the nation's largest Medicare claims processing business and the federal employee health benefits business. Braly was also a key strategist during WellPoint's acquisition of New-York based WellChoice in 2005. On February 24, 2010, Braly gave testimony to Congress defending Wellpoint's insurance premium increases. She served as vice-chairman of the executive committee of The Business Council for 2011 and 2012. She was recognized by the St. Louis Business Journal as one of the 25 Most Influential Women in Business for 2000 and was named one of Modern Healthcare's Top 25 Women in Healthcare in 2007. Forbes listed Braly as the sixteenth most powerful woman in the world in 2007, fourth most powerful in 2008, and eighth most powerful in 2009. Fortune ranked Braly the fourth most powerful woman in business in America in 2007, fifth most powerful in 2008., and fourth most powerful in 2009. In May 2013, Braly was named by Indiana Governor Mike Pence to the board of the Indiana Economic Development Corporation. As of April 2009, Braly had the 306th highest compensation for a U.S. CEO, having earned $4.07 million, which is 74th among females. She owns $4.6 million worth of WellPoint stock, or 0.02% of the company. In 2007, Braly earned $14.9 million, mostly in stock options. Her total compensation was $8.7 million in 2008, and $13.1 million in 2009. Braly generally supports Republican and conservative political candidates. [1][dead link] \"WellPoint's CEO Braly Resigns Amid Shareholder Criticism\". Bloomberg. \"Angela Braly elected to ExxonMobil Board\". ExxonMobil. May 25, 2016. University, Texas Tech (1982). \"La Ventana, vol. 057\": 163, 173, 177, 189, 207, 283, 341, 481. hdl:2346/48648. Cite journal requires |journal= (help) Whelan, David (1 September 2007). \"This Won't Hurt a Bit\". \"Braly, Angela F.\". Current Biography Yearbook 2011. Ipswich, MA: H.W. Wilson. 2011. pp.\u00a076\u201379. ISBN\u00a09780824211219. The Business Council, Official website, Executive Committee Archived July 21, 2013, at the Wayback Machine Whelan, David (2007-08-30). \"#16 Angela Braly\". Forbes. Archived from the original on 28 April 2009. Retrieved 2009-05-10. Schmall, Emily (2008-08-27). \"#4 Angela Braly\". Forbes. Archived from the original on 1 May 2009. Retrieved 2009-05-10. Casserly, Meghan (August 19, 2009). \"#8 Angela Braly\". Forbes. Benner, Katie; Levenson, Eugenia; Arora, Rupali. \"4. Angela Braly\". Fortune. Retrieved 2009-05-10. \"5. Angela Braly\". Fortune. 2008-10-16. Retrieved 2009-05-10. \"4. Angela Braly\". Fortune. 2009-09-15. Archived from the original on 13 January 2010. Retrieved 21 January 2010. Cook, Tony (7 May 2013). \"Former WellPoint CEO appointed to IEDC board\". Indianapolis Star. Retrieved 7 May 2013. \"#306 Angela F Braly\". Forbes. 2009-04-22. Archived from the original on 10 June 2009. Retrieved 2009-05-10. DeCarlo, Scott; Zajac, Brian (September 10, 2009). \"The Highest-Paid Women In Corporate America: Methodology\". Forbes. IndyStar.com - For Hoosier CEOs, '07 pay was plentiful. Accessed June 21, 2008. Helfand, Duke (April 2, 2010). \"WellPoint hikes CEO's pay package\". Los Angeles Times. Archived from the original on 6 April 2010. Retrieved 3 April 2010. \"Angela Braly Political Campaign Contributions\". NewsMeat. Archived from the original on 2011-06-04. Retrieved 2010-02-25. WellPoint biography[permanent dead link] Fuhrmans, Vanessa (November 19, 2007). \"Angela Braly Tops the List\". The Wall Street Journal. Retrieved 2009-05-10. Interview with Braly Forbes profile Gorman, Gene (August 11, 2000). \"Angela Braly\". St. Louis Business Journal. Retrieved 2009-05-10. Murphey, Tom (June 1, 2007). \"New WellPoint CEO must win over Wall St\". USA Today. Pear, Robert (February 24, 2010). \"Health Insurance Executive Defends Higher Premiums\". The New York Times."
   },
   {
    "name": "Jimmy Giuffre",
    "id": "Q528103",
    "text": "James Peter Giuffre (/\u02c8d\u0292u\u02d0fri/, Italian pronunciation:\u00a0[d\u0292uf\u02c8fre]; April 26, 1921 \u2013 April 24, 2008) was an American jazz clarinetist, saxophonist, composer, and arranger. He is known for developing forms of jazz which allowed for free interplay between the musicians, anticipating forms of free improvisation. Jimmy Giuffre was born in Dallas, Texas, United States, the son of Joseph Francis Giuffre (an Italian immigrant from Termini Imerese, Palermo Province, Sicily)[citation needed] and Everet McDaniel Giuffre. Giuffre was a graduate of Dallas Technical High School and North Texas State Teachers College (University of North Texas College of Music). He first became known as an arranger for Woody Herman's big band, for which he wrote \"Four Brothers\" (1947). He would continue to write creative, unusual arrangements throughout his career. He was a central figure in West Coast jazz and cool jazz. He became a member of Howard Rumsey's Lighthouse All Stars in 1951 as a full-time All Star, along with Shorty Rogers and Shelly Manne. The Lighthouse in Hermosa Beach, California became the focal point of West Coast jazz in the 1952\u201353 period. During this time, he collaborated with Rogers on many of the charts written for the All Stars. The first recording released by the Lighthouse All Stars was a not so West Coast jazz chart named \"Big Boy\", which he and Rogers had put together. It was an instant hit in Los Angeles.[citation needed] He left the band in September 1953 and became a member of Shorty Rogers and His Giants before going solo. At this point in his career, Giuffre predominantly played tenor and baritone saxophone. His first trio consisted of Giuffre, guitarist Jim Hall and double bassist Ralph Pe\u00f1a (later replaced by Jim Atlas). They had a minor hit in 1957 when Giuffre's \"The Train and the River\", was featured on the television special The Sound of Jazz. This trio explored what Giuffre dubbed \"blues-based folk jazz\". This same special matched Giuffre with fellow clarinetist Pee Wee Russell for a leisurely jam session simply titled \"Blues\". When Atlas left the trio, Giuffre replaced him with valve trombonist Bob Brookmeyer. This unusual instrumentation was partly inspired by Aaron Copland. The group can be seen performing \"The Train and the River\" in the film Jazz on a Summer's Day filmed at the 1958 Newport Jazz Festival. In 1959, Giuffre led a trio featuring Hall and bassist Buddy Clark on a concert in Rome, Italy, sharing the bill with Gerry Mulligan's band. In 1961, Giuffre formed a new trio with pianist Paul Bley and Steve Swallow on double bass, and began to focus his attention largely on the clarinet. This group received little attention while active, but were later cited by some critics and musicians as among the most important groups in jazz history. They explored free jazz not in the aggressive mode of Albert Ayler or Archie Shepp, but with a hushed, quiet focus closer to chamber music. The trio's explorations of melody, harmony and rhythm are still as striking and radical as any in jazz. Thom Jurek has written that this trio's recordings are \"one of the most essential documents regarding the other side of early-'60s jazz.\" Giuffre, Bley and Swallow eventually explored wholly improvised music, several years ahead of the free improvisation boom in Europe. Jurek writes that Free Fall, their final record, \"was such radical music, no one, literally no one, was ready for it and the group disbanded shortly thereafter on a night when they made only 35 cents apiece for a set.\" In the early 1970s, Giuffre formed a new trio with bassist Kiyoshi Tokunaga and drummer Randy Kaye. Giuffre added instruments including bass flute and soprano saxophone to his arsenal. A later group included Pete Levin playing synthesizer and replaced Tokunaga with electric bassist Bob Nieske. This group recorded three albums for the Italian Soul Note label. During the 1970s, Giuffre was hired by New York University to head its jazz ensemble, and to teach private lessons in saxophone and music composition. Into the 1990s, Giuffre continued teaching and performing. He recorded with Joe McPhee, and revived the trio with Bley and Swallow (though Swallow had switched to bass guitar, giving the group a different sound). Through the mid-1990s, Giuffre taught at the New England Conservatory of Music. He suffered from Parkinson's disease and in his last years he no longer performed. Giuffre died of pneumonia in Pittsfield, Massachusetts, on April 24, 2008, two days short of his 87th birthday. 1955: Jimmy Giuffre (Capitol) 1955: Tangents in Jazz (Capitol) 1956: The Jimmy Giuffre Clarinet (Atlantic) 1956: The Jimmy Giuffre 3 (Atlantic) 1958: The Music Man (Atlantic) 1958: Trav'lin' Light (Atlantic) 1958: The Four Brothers Sound (Atlantic) 1958: Western Suite (Atlantic) 1959: Ad Lib (Verve) 1959: 7 Pieces (Verve) 1959: Herb Ellis Meets Jimmy Giuffre (Verve) with Herb Ellis 1959: Lee Konitz Meets Jimmy Giuffre (Verve) with Lee Konitz 1959: The Easy Way (Verve) 1959: Piece for Clarinet and String Orchestra/Mobiles (Verve) with the Sudwestfunk Orchestra of Baden Baden 1959: Princess (Fini Jazz) Italian release \u2013 recorded at Adriano Theatre, Rome, Italy, June 19, 1959 1960: The Jimmy Giuffre Quartet in Person (Verve) 1961: Fusion (Verve) 1961: Thesis (Verve), re-released with Fusion and three additional tracks as 1961 (ECM, 1992) 1961: Emphasis, Stuttgart 1961 (hatArt, 1993), with Steve Swallow, Paul Bley 1961: Flight, Bremen 1961 (hatArt, 1993) re-issued with Emphasis... as Emphasis & Flight (hatOLOGY, 2003) 1961: Graz Live 1961 (Hathut / ezz-thetics 2019) with Steve Swallow, Paul Bley 1963: Free Fall (Columbia) 1965: New York Concerts: The Jimmy Giuffre 3 & 4 (2014) 1973: Music for People, Birds, Butterflies and Mosquitoes (Choice) also released as Mosquito Dance (DJM) and Night Dance (Candid) 1975: River Chant (Choice) also released as Mosquito Dance (DJM) and The Train and the River (Candid) 1978: IAI Festival (Improvising Artists), with Lee Konitz, Bill Connors and Paul Bley 1983: Dragonfly (Soul Note) 1985: Quasar (Soul Note) 1988: Eiffel: Live in Paris (CELP), with Andr\u00e9 Jaume 1988: Momentum, Willisau 1988 (hatOLOGY, 1997), with Andr\u00e9 Jaume 1989: Liquid Dancers (Soul Note) 1990: The Life of a Trio: Saturday (Owl), with Steve Swallow, Paul Bley 1990: The Life of a Trio: Sunday (Owl), with Steve Swallow, Paul Bley 1991: River Station (CELP), with Andr\u00e9 Jaume and Joe McPhee 1992: Talks & Plays (CELP, 2000), CD with interview and a second CD with Andr\u00e9 Jaume 1992: Fly Away Little Bird (Owl), with Steve Swallow, Paul Bley 1996: Conversations with a Goose (Soul Note), with Steve Swallow, Paul Bley Chet Baker and the Lighthouse All-Stars \u2013 Witch Doctor (Contemporary, 1953 [1985]) Chet Baker \u2013 Pretty/Groovy (World Pacific, 1954 [1958]) Elmer Bernstein \u2013 The Man with the Golden Arm (Decca, 1956) Paul Bley \u2013 Quiet Song (Improvising Artists, 1975) Buddy Bregman \u2013 Swinging Kicks (Verve, 1956) Bob Brookmeyer \u2013 Traditionalism Revisited (World Pacific, 1957) Ray Brown \u2013 Bass Hit! (Verve, 1956) Teddy Charles \u2013 The Teddy Charles Tentet (Atlantic, 1956) Teddy Charles / Shorty Rogers / Shelly Manne / Jimmy Giuffre \u2013 Collaboration West (Prestige, 1953 [1956]) Evolution (Prestige, 1953 [1957]) Peggy Connelly \u2013 That Old Black Magic (Bethlehem, 1956) Buddy DeFranco \u2013 The Progressive Mr. DeFranco (Norgran, 1953 [1954], reissued as Odalisque - The Music Of Buddy DeFranco, Norgran, 1956 & Verve, 1961) Herb Ellis \u2013 Ellis in Wonderland (Verve, 1956) Stan Kenton \u2013 Popular Favorites by Stan Kenton (Capitol, 1953) Lee Konitz \u2013 You and Lee, Arranged and conducted by Jimmy Giuffre (Verve, 1959), Giuffre does not play John Lewis \u2013 The Wonderful World of Jazz (Atlantic, 1960), credited as \"James Rivers\", Essence (Atlantic, 1962) Shelly Manne & His Men \u2013 The West Coast Sound (Contemporary, 1953), Giuffre plays baritone saxophone and arranges one tune Shelly Manne \u2013 The Three & the Two (Contemporary, 1954) Helen Merrill \u2013 The Artistry of Helen Merrill (Mainstream, 1965) Modern Jazz Quartet \u2013 The Modern Jazz Quartet at Music Inn (Atlantic, 1956) Lennie Niehaus \u2013 Lennie Niehaus, Vol. 3 - The Octet, #2 (Contemporary, 1955), with Niehaus Giuffre plays baritone saxophone Lennie Niehaus \u2013 Lennie Niehaus, Vol. 5 - The Sextet (Contemporary, 1955) Anita O'Day \u2013 Pick Yourself Up (Verve, 1958) Anita O'Day \u2013 Cool Heat, Arrangements by Jimmy Giuffre (Verve, 1959) Shorty Rogers \u2013 Modern Sounds (Capitol, 1951) Shorty Rogers \u2013 Shorty Rogers and His Giants (RCA Victor, 1953) Shorty Rogers \u2013 Cool and Crazy (RCA Victor, 1953) also released as The Big Shorty Rogers Express Shorty Rogers \u2013 Shorty Rogers Courts the Count (RCA Victor, 1954) Shorty Rogers and Andr\u00e9 Previn \u2013 Collaboration (RCA Victor, 1954) Shorty Rogers \u2013 The Swinging Mr. Rogers (Atlantic, 1955) Shorty Rogers \u2013 Martians Stay Home (Atlantic, 1955 [1980]) Shorty Rogers \u2013 Martians Come Back! (Atlantic, 1955 [1956]) Shorty Rogers \u2013 Way Up There (Atlantic, 1955 [1957]) Shorty Rogers \u2013 Wherever the Five Winds Blow (RCA Victor, 1956 [1957]) Shorty Rogers \u2013 Shorty Rogers Plays Richard Rodgers (RCA Victor, 1957) Shorty Rogers \u2013 The Wizard of Oz and Other Harold Arlen Songs (RCA Victor, 1959) Shorty Rogers \u2013 The Swingin' Nutcracker (RCA Victor, 1960) Pete Rugolo \u2013 Introducing Pete Rugolo (Columbia, 1954) Pete Rugolo \u2013 Adventures in Rhythm (Columbia, 1954) Pete Rugolo \u2013 Rugolomania (Columbia, 1955) Pete Rugolo \u2013 New Sounds by Pete Rugolo (Harmony, 1954\u201355, [1957]) Pete Rugolo \u2013 Out on a Limb (EmArcy, 1956) Bill Russo / Shorty Rogers / Shelly Manne / Jimmy Giuffre \u2013 Jazz Composers Workshop (Savoy, 1952) Howard Rumsey's Lighthouse All-Stars, Vol. 3 (Contemporary, 1952), in this band Giuffre plays tenor saxophone Howard Rumsey's Lighthouse All-Stars \u2013 Sunday Jazz \u00e0 la Lighthouse, Vol. 1 & 2 (Contemporary, 1953) Sonny Stitt \u2013 Sonny Stitt Plays Jimmy Giuffre Arrangements (Verve, 1959) Duane Tatro \u2013 Jazz for Moderns (Contemporary, 1954\u201355), Giuffre plays baritone saxophone List of jazz arrangers Colin Larkin, ed. (1992). The Guinness Who's Who of Jazz (First\u00a0ed.). Guinness Publishing. pp.\u00a0163/4. ISBN\u00a00-85112-580-8. \"Obituary: Jimmy Giuffre\". The Guardian. 29 April 2008. Retrieved July 27, 2021. Berendt, Joachim E (1976). The Jazz Book. Paladin. p.\u00a020. \"Lighthouse All Stars Featuring Jimmy Giuffre on Tenor - \"Big Boy\" (7\", Skylark Records)\" at Discogs (list of releases) Lock, Graham (1994). Chasing the Vibration: Meetings with Creative Musicians. Exeter: Stride. pp.\u00a0133\u2013134. ISBN\u00a01-873012-81-0. Berendt, p. 123 \"Free Fall - Jimmy Giuffre 3 | Songs, Reviews, Credits\". AllMusic. Retrieved July 27, 2021. Lock, p. 132 video interview with Steve Swallow and Carla Bley on recording with Jimmy Giuffre Jazz.com Biographical Entry The Quiet Class of Jimmy Giuffre Jimmy Giuffre: Cry Freedom by Rex Butters Daily Telegraph obituary New York Times obituary Jazz Police obituary Jazz Portraits from the WGBH Archives: Jimmy Giuffre a radio documentary from WGBH Radio Boston Jimmy Giuffre recordings at the Discography of American Historical Recordings."
   },
   {
    "name": "Ashley Robinson",
    "id": "Q529319",
    "text": "Ashley Robinson (born August 12, 1982), nicknamed A-Rob or Robbo, is a 6'4\" professional basketball player in the WNBA, most recently played for the Seattle Storm. Robinson played for South Grand Prairie High School in Grand Prairie, Texas, where she was named a WBCA All-American. She participated in the 2000 WBCA High School All-America Game where she scored eleven points, and earned MVP honors. Robinson attended college at the University of Tennessee and graduated in 2004. Source Robinson was a member of the USA Women's U18 team which won the gold medal at the FIBA Americas Championship in Mar Del Plata, Argentina. The event was held in July 2000, when the USA team defeated Cuba to win the championship. Robinson was the leading scorer with 15 points in the opening game against Mexico. She averaged 8.4 points per game and was the third highest rebounder on the team with 5.2 per game. Robinson, a center, ranked thirteenth in the WNBA in blocks per game as of August 2008. She formerly played for the Chicago Sky and Phoenix Mercury. Robinson will now travel to Australia to play with the Dandenong Rangers in the WNBL with her Seattle teammate, Abby Bishop, an Australian native. Robinson helped the Seattle Storm win their second championship in 2010. Robinson signed with the Storm on July 12, 2013 to make a return to Seattle. \"WBCA High School All-America Game Box Scores\". Women's Basketball Coaches Association. Archived from the original on July 15, 2014. Retrieved June 29, 2014. \"WBCA High School All-America Game Team MVP's\". Women's Basketball Coaches Association. Archived from the original on July 15, 2014. Retrieved June 29, 2014. \"Women's Basketball Player stats\". NCAA. Retrieved September 22, 2015. \"Fourth Women's Junior World Championship Qualifying Team -- 2000\". USA Basketball. June 10, 2010. Archived from the original on September 12, 2015. Retrieved October 20, 2015. Voepel, Mechelle (September 16, 2010). \"Second title even sweeter for Storm\". ESPN. Archived from the original on September 20, 2010. Retrieved September 17, 2010. v t e"
   },
   {
    "name": "Tyrone Ellis",
    "id": "Q529767",
    "text": "Tyrone Ellis (born October 5, 1977) is a American-Georgian professional basketball coach and former player. He is 1.93 m (6\u00a0ft 4 in) tall and played as a shooting guard. He was the first head coach named for both the Northern Arizona Suns and the Stockton Kings of the NBA G League. Born in Dallas, Ellis graduated from Southern Nazarene University in Bethany, Oklahoma in 2001. Since his graduation from Southern Nazarene University, Ellis has played professional basketball in the United States (Huntsville Flight), Germany (Frankfurt Skyliners), Turkey (Be\u015fikta\u015f Cola Turka), Italy (Basket Napoli) and Spain (Casademont Girona, Cajasol Sevilla, Asefa Estudiantes). He also had Summer League stints with the Los Angeles Lakers and the Dallas Mavericks. On October 30, 2015, after stints with the Tulsa 66ers, Reno Bighorns and Grand Rapids Drive, Ellis was hired by the Bakersfield Jam to be an assistant coach in the NBA Development League. On July 15, 2016, Ellis was promoted to head coach for the Northern Arizona Suns, the recently relocated Bakersfield Jam franchise. During his first and only season coaching the Northern Arizona squad, he led the team to a 10\u20131 record to start the season, with the only loss occurring in double-overtime against the Los Angeles D-Fenders. However, by the end of the season, the Suns finished with a losing record of 22\u201328. On July 5, 2017, Ellis was announced as the assistant coach for Team USA Basketball for the 2017 FIBA AmeriCup. Under the roster led by Jeff Van Gundy as head coach, Team U.S.A. would go undefeated to win the FIBA AmeriCup that year. On October 23, 2017, before the start of the Northern Arizona Suns' season, Ellis was named an assistant coach for the Phoenix Suns with the promotion of Phoenix assistant Jay Triano as the interim head coach. In 2018, he was named the first head coach for the relocated Stockton Kings in the NBA G League. Ellis was also a member of the Georgia national basketball team from 2006 to 2009. He played with the team at the Division B Eurobasket 2009 and averaged 16.0 points, 3.5 rebounds and 3.0 assists during the tournament. In the finals against Belarus he averaged 13.5 points and 3.0 assists and helped Georgia to move up to Division A. http://www.azcentral.com/story/sports/nba/suns/2016/08/05/phoenix-suns-d-league-coach-ty-ellis/88284562/ \"Bakersfield Jam Announce 2015-16 Staff\". OurSportsCentral.com. October 30, 2015. Retrieved October 31, 2015. Northern AZ Suns [@nazsuns] (5 July 2017). \"Congratulations to our head coach Ty Ellis, who was named an assistant coach for USA Basketball at FIBA AmeriCup 20\u2026\" (Tweet) \u2013 via Twitter. Bergner Jr., Brian M. (25 October 2017). \"'Surreal moment' for a father turns into a teachable moment\". The Daily Courier. Retrieved 3 May 2018. \"Stockton Kings name Ellis new head coach\". Stockton Record. August 13, 2018."
   },
   {
    "name": "Josh Henderson",
    "id": "Q530489",
    "text": "Joshua Baret Henderson (born October 25, 1981) is an American actor, model, and singer. Henderson is best known for his lead role as John Ross Ewing III in the TNT revival of Dallas (2012\u20132014). He played Austin McCann on the ABC television series Desperate Housewives (2006\u20132007), and appeared in films like Step Up. He became widely known after his appearance on The WB singing competition show Popstars 2, where he was one of the winners selected to be a member of the pop group Scene 23. Henderson was born in Dallas, Texas, the son of Sharon Lea Henderson. He grew up in Tulsa, Oklahoma, where he graduated from Memorial High School in 2000. Due to heterochromia, Henderson's eyes are of different colors; his left eye is green, while the right is blue. Henderson graduated from Tulsa Memorial Senior High School, where he enjoyed playing sports, particularly baseball. Henderson competed in the second season of The WB reality show Popstars and won a spot in the group Scene 23. After Scene 23, Henderson went on to pursue acting and modeling, as well as continuing his recording career. He appeared in advertisements for Skechers' 4Wheeler Skate shoes between 2002 and 2004. Henderson appeared in several sitcoms, such as Maybe It's Me, Do Over, One on One, Rodney and 8 Simple Rules... for Dating My Teenage Daughter. Henderson made his film debut in the 2003 straight-to-video horror movie Leeches!, and appeared in The Girl Next Door the following year. In 2005, Henderson was cast in the lead role on the short-lived FX drama series Over There. In film, he is best known for his role in Step Up (2006) as the boyfriend of Jenna Dewan's character. He later played main roles in the horror films Fingerprints (2006), and April Fool's Day (2008), as well as in the romantic comedy The Jerk Theory (2009). For The Jerk Theory, he also recorded the soundtrack album, which was released in 2009. Henderson also appeared in Yours, Mine & Ours (2005), Broken Bridges (2006), and Rushlights (2012). From 2006 to 2007, Henderson co-starred in the ABC comedy-drama series Desperate Housewives as Austin McCann, the nephew of the character Edie Britt, played by Nicollette Sheridan. From 2008 to 2009, he appeared on the CW's 90210, and guest-starred in CSI: Crime Scene Investigation. In 2010, he was cast as the lead character in the unsold CW pilot Betwixt. In February 2011, Henderson landed a lead role in the TNT revival of the CBS prime-time soap opera Dallas. Henderson played the character of John Ross Ewing III, the son of Sue Ellen (Linda Gray) and J.R. Ewing (Larry Hagman). TNT's Dallas premiered on June 13, 2012. Several critics called Henderson the \"breakout star\" of the series. Henderson's onscreen chemistry with Julie Gonzalo (Pamela Rebecca Barnes) was praised in the second season. The series was cancelled by TNT after three seasons in 2014. In 2015, Henderson was cast in the male lead role opposite Christine Evangelista in the E! drama series The Arrangement. Henderson portrayed Kyle West, one of the hottest actors in Hollywood. On May 29, 2018, the series concluded after two seasons. In 2019, he starred in the Blake Shelton produced Time For Me To Come Home For Christmas on the Hallmark Channel, which kicked off the channel's Christmas programming. Henderson dated singer Ashlee Simpson from 2002 to 2003, former reality show participant Kendal Sheppard from 2006 to 2007, actress Brittany Snow from 2007 to 2008, and television personality Andrea Boehlke from 2013 to 2016.[citation needed] Sheppard maintains that Henderson is the father of her first born son and claimed in 2008 that Henderson was denying paternity or responsibility. On December 12, 2018, LA police arrested Henderson on suspicion of having broken into his neighbor's house earlier that day. The neighbors allegedly identified Henderson with two other men on surveillance footage taken during the reported crime. TMZ 'reported' that Henderson had an \"airtight alibi\" for the night of the robbery at his neighbor's home, as he provided security footage that allegedly shows he never left his apartment. On December 19, 2018, the LAPD dropped charges against Henderson due to insufficient evidence. DeSocio, Jeffrey Thomas (July 2, 2012). \"Josh Henderson Talks About The 'Dallas' Revival\". Myfoxla.com. Archived from the original on October 29, 2012. Canning, Andrea (May 2, 2007). \"Ex-'Desperate Housewives' Star Josh Henderson Uses the Internet to Try to Save His Character\". ABC News. Archived from the original on February 2, 2014. Retrieved July 26, 2012. Keck, William (July 25, 2005). \"Henderson makes it 'There'\". USA TODAY. Retrieved July 26, 2012. \"Josh Henderson From the New \"Dallas\" on His Character\". April 19, 2012. Dailymotion.com. Archived from the original on March 18, 2013. Retrieved July 26, 2012. Sherrow, Rita (June 10, 2012). \"Former Tulsan Josh Henderson to star in 'Dallas' reboot on TNT\". Tulsa World. Bauer, Zoe. \"The Eyes Have It: Celebrities with Heterochromia\". Archived from the original on 18 March 2013. Retrieved 13 January 2013. \"Josh Henderson- Biography\". Yahoo!. Archived from the original on February 3, 2014. Retrieved March 26, 2013. \"The Jerk Theory\". June 7, 2012. Archived from the original on January 25, 2013. Retrieved March 26, 2013. \"Josh Henderson Joins The Cast Of Desperate Housewives\". MovieWeb. July 24, 2006. Archived from the original on February 21, 2014. Retrieved March 26, 2013. Matt Mitovich (October 10, 2008). \"Exclusive: Housewives Bad Boy Makes Trouble on 90210\". TV Guide. Archived from the original on February 22, 2014. Retrieved March 26, 2013. Natalie Abrams (February 1, 2011). \"Josh Henderson Joins Dallas as the Next J.R.\" TV Guide. Archived from the original on June 26, 2013. Retrieved March 26, 2013. \"Goran Visnjic among latest pilot castings\". The Hollywood Reporter. 2010-03-16. Archived from the original on 2014-03-17. Retrieved 2014-02-08. Nellie Andreeva (February 1, 2011). \"Josh Henderson To Star In TNT's 'Dallas', Larry Hagman Officially On Board\". Deadline Hollywood. Archived from the original on March 28, 2014. Retrieved March 26, 2013. 'Dallas' Star Josh Henderson: 'Our Main Goal Was to Make the Fans Happy' (Video) Archived 2012-06-18 at the Wayback Machine, The Hollywood Reporter, June 13, 2012 \"Year in Review: Breakout Star of 2012\". TV Fanatic. 2012-12-27. Archived from the original on 2014-02-02. Retrieved 2014-02-08. Giddens, Jamey (June 14, 2012). \"Dallas is The Year's Top Cable Debut!\". Daytime Confidential. Zap2it. Archived from the original on March 13, 2013. Retrieved April 9, 2013. Orlando, Christine (April 9, 2013). \"Dallas Review: I Do?!?\". TV Fanatic. SHEKNOWS Entertainment. Archived from the original on April 12, 2013. Retrieved April 9, 2013. Omar White-Nobles (2013-01-28). \"'Dallas' Recap: The Enemy of My Enemy is My Lover\". TVSource Magazine. Archived from the original on 2013-10-13. Retrieved 2014-02-08. \"E!'s The Arrangement Pilot Casts Male Lead! Dallas' Josh Henderson To Play Hottest Actor in Hollywood - E! Online\". E! Online. 23 July 2015. Retrieved 23 August 2015. Andreeva, Nellie (2018-05-30). \"'The Arrangement' Canceled By E! After Two Seasons\". Deadline. Retrieved 2019-09-21. \"Time for Me to Come Home for Christmas - About\". Hallmark Movies and Mysteries. Retrieved 28 May 2020. \"Remember That Time The Arrangement's Josh Henderson Was on The Ashlee Simpson Show?! Let Him Explain\u2026\". E!. March 27, 2017. Retrieved 2019-09-21. \"Kendal Sheppard of \"Road Rules\" Blasts Josh Henderson for Being Deadbeat Dad\". news.findit.com. Retrieved 28 May 2020. Henderson, Cydney. \"'Dallas' alum Josh Henderson glad to put felony burglary charge behind him\". USA TODAY. Retrieved 2019-09-21. Reilly, Kaitlin. \"Josh Henderson Involved In Hollywood Burglary\". www.refinery29.com. Retrieved 2019-09-21. \"Josh Henderson cleared of burglary charge over neighbor's robbery\". Foxnews. Josh Henderson at IMDb Josh Henderson on Facebook Josh Henderson on Twitter"
   },
   {
    "name": "Greg Vaughan",
    "id": "Q530500",
    "text": "James Gregory Vaughan Jr. (born June 15, 1973) is an American actor and former fashion model, known for his roles in the soap operas The Young and the Restless (2002\u201303), General Hospital (2003\u201309), and Days of Our Lives (2012\u201320). Vaughan also starred as Dan Gordon on the second season of the supernatural series Charmed (1999-2000). In 2016, Vaughan began starring in the Oprah Winfrey Network drama series Queen Sugar as Detective Calvin. The actor and former male fashion model has starred in soap operas such as The Young and the Restless and General Hospital. To date, his best-known role is that of Lucky Spencer in the latter, which he played from 2003 to 2009. At age 16, while getting a haircut, he learned of a \"Back to School\" modeling competition, and sent in some snapshots. He was selected as a finalist but did not win. However, the winner encouraged Vaughan to pursue modeling, and Vaughan signed up with a modeling agency. Shortly after graduating from Mesquite High School, he was invited to Milan, Italy, where he modeled for designer Giorgio Armani for two and a half months. More campaigns followed, with designers such as Gianni Versace, Tommy Hilfiger, Banana Republic, and Ralph Lauren. While modeling in Miami, Vaughan started to become dissatisfied with the modeling life, and decided to relocate to pursue his dream of becoming an actor, he then moved to Los Angeles. His first role was on Baywatch, as well as on the pilot for a 1996 Aaron Spelling series, Malibu Shores, that lead to his future appearances on Beverly Hills, 90210 and was a cast regular for the second season of Charmed. His next major role was from 2002 to 2003 as Diego Guittierez in the daytime drama The Young and the Restless. When the character was written off the show, Vaughan got a call from the producers of General Hospital, who were seeking a new actor for the character of Lucky Spencer, son of the famous soap opera couple Luke and Laura. Vaughan was the first actor to portray Lucky as a full-fledged adult, with the part having been played by Jonathan Jackson and Jacob Young. On June 7, 2006, Vaughan won the role of the new spokesperson for I Can't Believe It's Not Butter in a ceremony in New York. The contest was created to replace Fabio. In 2007, Vaughan appeared on The Tyra Banks Show to help Tyra Banks through \"soap opera school.\" On September 28, 2009, Vaughan announced that he would exit the role of Lucky Spencer on General Hospital; he last aired on October 20, with original portrayer Jonathan Jackson re-assuming the role on October 27. In the July 16, 2012 edition of Soap Opera Digest, it was announced that Vaughan would join the NBC soap opera Days of Our Lives as Eric Brady, who was ordained as a priest before returning to Salem. He first aired on November 13. In July 2013, Vaughan appeared in \"Second Chances\", a Hallmark Original Movie, alongside Days co-star Alison Sweeney. The movie was filmed before Sweeney and Vaughn became siblings on Days of Our Lives. Vaughan married Dutch model and actress Touriya Haoud on June 4, 2006. The couple has three sons: Jathan James (born May 4, 2007), Cavan Thomas (born January 19, 2010), and Landan Reid (born March 5, 2012). On April 14, 2014, Haoud and Vaughan announced their separation; they later divorced. Vaughan and actress Angie Harmon announced their engagement December 25, 2019. Soapography, \"Juliet Mills and Greg Vaughan\" \"Who, Where and Wow!\". Soap Opera Weekly. 2007-02-13. p.\u00a032. \"Comings and Goings\". Soap Opera Digest. 37. July 16, 2012. p.\u00a011. \"TWICE AS NICE!\" CBS Soaps In Depth. July 29, 2013. Pgs. 84 -87. Wihlborg, Ulrica (June 4, 2006). \"Actor Greg Vaughan Marries\". People. \"A son for Greg Vaughan and Touriya Haoud - introducing Jathan James\". People. May 10, 2007. \"Greg Vaughan Welcomes Son Cavan Thomas\". People. January 19, 2010. \"GH Alum Welcomes Third Child\". Soap Opera Digest. March 5, 2012. Corriston, Michele (April 15, 2014). \"Greg Vaughan and Touriya Haoud Separate\". People. Moniuszko, Sara (December 26, 2019). \"'Marry Christmas!': Angie Harmon and Greg Vaughan share holiday engagement\". USA Today. Gannett. Retrieved December 26, 2019. \"Greg Vaughan Wins Outstanding Supporting Actor Daytime Emmy\". Daytime Confidential. April 29, 2018. Greg Vaughan at IMDb"
   },
   {
    "name": "Waldeen Falkenstein",
    "id": "Q531380",
    "text": "Waldeen (von) Falkenstein Brooke de Zatz better known as \"Waldeen\" (February 1, 1913\u00a0\u2013 August 18, 1993) was an American-born dancer and choreographer. Together with Anna Sokolow, Alicia Markova, Anton Dolin and Michel Descombey, she belongs to the great precursors of modern Mexican dance. Waldeen was born in Dallas and joined the Japanese choreographer Seki Sano when he moved to Mexico. She taught and performed in Los Angeles in the early 1930s. She returned to Mexico with the dancer Winifred Widener to Mexico City in 1939, where they danced at the theater of fine arts (Spanish: Teatro de Bellas Artes). She was ordered to establish the Ballet de Bellas Artes, the ballet group of the theater, which she led until it was dissolved in 1947. At this time she had also an affair with Bodo Uhse and lived together with him, before he married Alma Agee. Waldeen married Rodolfo Valencia, a theater director, and was invited by the revolutionary government of Cuba, where she stood from 1962 to 1965. In 1966 she established a further ballet company, known as the \"Waldeen Ballet\". Notable dancers of the company were Guillermina Bravo and Ana M\u00e9rida. In 1988, she received the inaugural Jos\u00e9 Lim\u00f3n National Dance Award. She died in Cuernavaca. also findable under Falkestein Waldeen, 1913, 1993 (French), Biblioth\u00e8que de la danse de l'ESBCM. 25th Biennial Conference of ICKL. Who's who in music and dance in Southern California. University of California Libraries. Hollywood\u00a0: Bureau of Musical Research. 1933. pp.\u00a0190.CS1 maint: others (link) Kristin Silcher. Bodo Uhse: Sonntagstr\u00e4umerei in der Alameda (German), Berlin, 1961. Von Falkestein, Waldeen Waldeen, Dirreci\u00f3n de Danza UNAM, Mexico City. \"Este domingo, el 28\u00ba Premio Nacional de Danza Jos\u00e9 Lim\u00f3n a Cecilia Appleton\" [This Sunday, the 25th Jos\u00e9 Lim\u00f3n National Dance Award to Cecilia Appleton] (in Spanish). Culiac\u00e1n: Instituto Sinaloense de Cultura. April 11, 2015. Retrieved April 27, 2020. Waldeen at IMDb Jonathan Cohen: Waldeen and the Americas: The Dance Has Many Faces \"Ballet Waldeen\". Internet Dance Database."
   },
   {
    "name": "Cliff Thrift",
    "id": "Q535205",
    "text": "Clifford Thrift (born May 3, 1956) is a former professional American football player who played linebacker for eight seasons for the San Diego Chargers, Chicago Bears, and Los Angeles Rams. Thrift attended Purcell High School in Purcell, Oklahoma and was a member of the 1972 Purcell Football Class A State Championship Team. He then attended East Central University in Ada, Oklahoma before being drafted into the NFL. v t e"
   },
   {
    "name": "Nellie Connally",
    "id": "Q535548",
    "text": "Idanell Brill Connally (February 24, 1919 \u2013 September 1, 2006) was the First Lady of Texas from 1963 to 1969. She was the wife of John Connally, who served as Governor of Texas and later as Secretary of the Treasury. She and her husband were passengers in the Presidential limousine carrying United States President John F. Kennedy when he was assassinated in Dallas, Texas on November 22, 1963. Connally was born in Austin, Texas, the eldest of five children of Kathleen Annie (n\u00e9e Inks) and Arno W. Brill. She attended the University of Texas where she was named \"Sweetheart of the University\" in 1938. Connally initially had aspirations to become an actress but gave up those plans after meeting her future husband, John Connally, while attending UT in 1937. The two married in 1940. John Connally began his career in politics working for then-Congressman (and future United States President) Lyndon B. Johnson. John Connally was elected Governor of Texas in 1962. He was subsequently re-elected for two additional terms. During her tenure as First Lady, Connally created the gardens at the Texas Governor's Mansion and also collected the state silver. On November 22, 1963, Connally and her husband were riding in the presidential limousine that carried United States President John F. Kennedy when he was assassinated in Dallas, Texas. While riding in the car with President Kennedy, Connally told President Kennedy, \"Mr. President, you can't say Dallas doesn't love you,\" which President Kennedy acknowledged by saying \"No, you certainly can't.\" Within a few seconds, she heard the first of what she later concluded were three gunshots in quick succession. The President and Governor Connally were shot, resulting in fatal wounds to the President and serious ones to the Governor. Nellie Connally got down in the car to take care of her husband, who had slumped after the second shot. \"I never looked back again. I was just trying to take care of him,\" she said. Connally had said the most enduring image she had of the assassination in Dallas was of a mixture of blood and roses. \"It's the image of yellow roses and red roses and blood all over the car ... all over us\", she said in a 2003 interview with The Associated Press. \"I'll never forget it. ... It was so quick and so short, so potent.\" In her 2003 book From Love Field\u2014Our Final Hours with John F. Kennedy, Connally shared her personal diary of the event written in the days immediately after the assassination. In her book, she said that she believed that her husband was hit by a bullet that was separate from the two that had hit Kennedy. After serving as Texas's First Lady, Connally worked to raise money for several charities including the Children's Miracle Network Telethon for Hermann Children's Hospital. She served on the University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center Board of Visitors from 1984, and a fund in her name raised millions for research and patient programs. She was later named Woman of Distinction by the Crohn's and Colitis Foundation. Connally was also a member of the Texas Historical Commission and helped to complete Tranquility Park located in Houston. In 1988, Connally was diagnosed with breast cancer. She was treated and went into remission. The following year, Richard Nixon, Donald Trump, and Barbara Walters turned out for a gala to honor her and raise money for diabetes research. In 1998, ten years after her breast cancer diagnosis, Connally celebrated her 80th birthday with fellow breast cancer survivors at a ceremony in the Nellie B. Connally Breast Center at Anderson Hospital in Houston. Private business ventures after 1980 were less successful than John Connally's career as a politician and dealmaking Houston lawyer. An oil company in which he invested encountered trouble, and $200 million of real-estate projects failed. He filed for reorganization of his personal finances under Chapter 11 of the federal bankruptcy code and for liquidation, under Chapter 7, of the Barnes\u2013Connally Partnership, the Austin-based real-estate venture that he founded with former Lt. Gov. Ben Barnes. The auction paid only a fraction of the $93 million in debts that Connally listed with the bankruptcy court in Austin. John Connally and Nellie were married at the First United Methodist Church in Austin on December 21, 1940. They had four children: Kathleen, John B. Connally III, Sharon, and Mark Madison. In 1959, Robert Allen Hale was cleared by a coroner's jury in Florida of responsibility related to the April 1959 shooting death of Connally's teenaged daughter (Kathleen Connally Hale). Robert Hale and Kathleen Connally Hale had been married 44 days at the time of her death. The Connallys remained married until John's death from pneumonia in 1993. On September 1, 2006, Connally died in her sleep at the age of 87. At the time of her death, she was living at Westminster Manor, an assisted living facility in Austin where she had lived for approximately one year. She is buried in the Texas State Cemetery in Austin. \"A.W. Brill Company History\". vintagegunleather.com. Thurber, Jon (September 3, 2006). \"Nellie Connally, 87; Former First Lady of Texas Was a Passenger in JFK's Limousine\". latimes.com. \"Nellie Connally, limo passenger during JFK assassination, dies\". lubbockonline.com. September 3, 2006. Kilbey-Smith, Nannette (September 13, 2006). \"Nellie Connally Lived Life Of Service, Joy\". wilsoncountynews.com. Swartz, Mimi (November 2003). \"The Witness\". Texas Monthly. Retrieved 22 June 2020. \"Nellie Connally, Survivor of Kennedy Limo Assassination, Dies at 87\". foxnews.com. Associated Press. September 2, 2006. Archived from the original on 24 December 2013. Retrieved 22 June 2020. \"JFK assassination survivor dies\". BBC News. bbc.co.uk. September 3, 2006. Retrieved 22 June 2020. Nellie Connally\u2019s statement Texas Medical Center News. Tmc.edu. Retrieved on 2013-07-15. Nellie Connally donates handwritten notes of the Kennedy assassination to the LBJ Library and Museum Delta Delta Delta Distinguished Alumnae profile"
   },
   {
    "name": "Willie Warren",
    "id": "Q536593",
    "text": "Willie D. Warren (born October 22, 1989) is an American professional basketball player. He played college basketball for Oklahoma. After a successful high school career at North Crowley High School, Warren was selected to be a McDonald's All-American. Considered a five-star recruit by Rivals.com, Warren was listed as the No. 4 point guard and the No. 10 player in the nation in 2008. Warren then went to the University of Oklahoma where he played on the same team as his eventual Clippers teammate, Blake Griffin. Despite being a projected lottery pick after a successful Freshman year, Warren stayed at OU, hoping to be the primary option with Griffin leaving for the draft. Throughout an injury-plagued Sophomore year he averaged over 16 points, 4 assists, 3 rebounds and just over 1 steal a game while shooting above 30% from 3-point range . At the end of his sophomore season, Warren decided to forgo his last two years of eligibility, signing with an agent and declaring for the 2010 NBA draft. Warren was drafted late in the 2nd round as the 54th overall by the Los Angeles Clippers on the day of the 2010 NBA draft. Then, on July 13, 2010, unlike many other late second-round picks, he was signed by the Clippers. Late in the 2010\u201311 season, Warren was assigned to the NBA D-League. There, he played 6 games in 2011 for the Bakersfield Jam of the NBA D-League where he averaged 21.0 points, 7.0 assists, 5.3 rebounds and 1.0 steals per game while shooting above 50 percent from the field and 46 percent from 3-point range. The Jam went 5-1 with Warren in the lineup from February 4 \u2013 16. After the D-League stint, Warren was called back into the Clippers' line-up, but he was later reassigned for a second stint on March 2, 2011. On December 19, 2011, Warren was waived by the Clippers. In August 2012, Warren signed with Maccabi Rishon LeZion of the Israeli Super League for the 2012\u201313 season. In the summer of 2013, he signed with Szolnoki Olaj KK of Hungary. On February 28, 2014, he was waived by Szolnoki. On March 4, 2014, he signed with Virtus Bologna of Italy for the rest of the 2013\u201314 Lega Basket Serie A season. After playing for the Chongqing Fly Dragon during the 2014 NBL season, he signed with the club on September 18, 2014 for their inaugural season in the Chinese Basketball Association. On April 16, 2015, he signed with Club Sagesse of the Lebanese Basketball League. However, he never joined the Lebanese team due to an injury. On August 6, 2015, Warren signed with Zhejiang Golden Bulls for the 2015\u201316 season. He later re-signed with Zhejiang for one more season. On August 13, 2017, Warren signed with Petrochimi Bandar Imam of the Iranian Basketball Super League. On December 9, 2017, Warren signed with the Shanxi Brave Dragons of the Chinese Basketball Association. On February 22, 2018, Warren was acquired by the Texas Legends, but was waived on March 23 after playing three games. On June 30, 2019 he has signed with Sporting Al Riyadi Beirut of the Lebanese Basketball League. Willie Warren Recruiting Profile Los Angeles Clippers sign 2nd round draft pick Willie Warren of Oklahoma[dead link] \"NBA Development League: Clippers Assign Willie Warren To Bakersfield Jam\". Archived from the original on 2012-02-13. Retrieved 2012-11-05. CLIPPERS: CLIPPERS WAIVE WARREN, AHEARN, KOCH AND MAJOR Maccabi Rishon Lezion signs American PG Willie Warren A Szolnoki Olaj Kos\u00e1rlabda Klub a mai napon egy\u00e9ves szerz\u0151d\u00e9st k\u00f6t\u00f6tt Willie Warren-nel. \"Szolnoki Olaj waive Willie Warren\". Sportando.net. Retrieved 28 February 2014. \"Granarolo Bologna announces Willie Warren until 2015\". Sportando.net. 4 March 2014. Retrieved 25 March 2014. Willie Warren signs with Chongqing Fly Dragon Willie Warren agreed to terms with Sagesse \"Sagesse signs Brandon Heath\". Archived from the original on 2017-06-20. Retrieved 2015-04-22. Willie Warren inks with Zhejiang Chouzhou \"Mirza Begic and Willie Warren ink in Iran with Petrochimi\". Sportando.com. August 13, 2017. Archived from the original on September 17, 2017. Retrieved August 13, 2017. \"\u5c71\u897f\u5b98\u5ba3:\u56e0\u6210\u7ee9\u4e0d\u7406\u60f3\u66f4\u6362\u5916\u63f4 \u6c83\u4f26\u66ff\u8a79\u5b81\u65af\". Sina.com (in Chinese). December 9, 2017. Retrieved December 10, 2017. \"Legends Complete Trade with Clippers\". OurSportsCentral.com. February 22, 2018. Retrieved April 1, 2018. \"Texas Legends waive Willie Warren\". Sportando.com. March 7, 2018. Retrieved April 1, 2018.[permanent dead link] \"Willie Warren signs with Al Riyadi\". Sportando. June 30, 2019. Retrieved July 1, 2019. Career statistics and player information from NBA.com\u00a0\u00a0and\u00a0Basketball-Reference.com Oklahoma Sooners bio FIBA.com profile"
   },
   {
    "name": "Jeff Abbott",
    "id": "Q537057",
    "text": "Jeff Abbott (born 1963) is a U.S. suspense novelist. He has degrees in History and English from Rice University. He lives in Austin, Texas. Before writing full-time, he was a creative director at an advertising agency. His early novels were traditional detective fiction, but in recent years he has turned to writing thriller fiction. A theme of his work is the idea of ordinary people caught up in extraordinary danger and fighting to return to their normal lives. His novels are published in several countries and have also been bestsellers in the United Kingdom, Australia, Ireland, Germany, France and Portugal. These novels are more traditional mysteries, centering on Poteet's eccentric family in a small Texas town. Do Unto Others (Oct 1994) winner of the Agatha Award (given by Malice Domestic) and the Macavity Award (given by Mystery Readers International) for Best First Novel, nominated for the Dilys Award given by the Independent Mystery Booksellers Associations. The Only Good Yankee (Apr 1995)\u2013nominated for the Writers' League of Texas Violet Crown Award[citation needed] Promises of Home (Jan 1996) Distant Blood (Sep 1996) Mosley is a Texas judge and coroner who partners with investigator Claudia Salazar in a Gulf Coast county. These books are darker and more thriller-oriented than the Poteet novels. A Kiss Gone Bad (Oct 2001)\u2013nominated for the Anthony Award at Bouchercon XXXIII in the \"Best paperback original\" category. Black Jack Point (Sep 2002)\u2014nominated for the Edgar Award (given by Mystery Writers of America),; the Anthony Award for \"Best paperback original\"; and also for the Barry Award.[citation needed] Cut and Run (Nov 2003)\u2014nominated for the Edgar Award), Capra is a brilliant CIA agent who is set up and loses everything that matters to him. He then uses his skills to help the helpless, protect the innocent and track down those who took his family from him. Panic (Aug 2005)\u2014nominated for the Thriller Award (given by the International Thriller Writers).[citation needed] Panic, has been optioned for film by The Weinstein Company and is in development. Fear (Aug 2006) Collision (Jul 2008)\u2014known as Run in the United Kingdom Collision, has been optioned for film by Twentieth Century Fox. Trust Me (Jul 2009) Blame (Jul 2017) The Three Beths (October 2018) Never Ask Me (July 2020) \"Jeff Abbott Author Biography\". Book Browse. November 19, 2019. \"Past Agatha Award Winners & Nominees\". Malice Domestic. Archived from the original on 2010-04-12. Retrieved 2016-03-14. \"Macavity Awards\". Mystery Readers International. Retrieved 2016-03-14. \"The DILYS AWARD\". Independent Mystery Booksellers Association. Archived from the original on 2010-04-12. Retrieved 2016-03-14. \"Bouchercon World Mystery Convention\u00a0: Anthony Awards Nominees\". Bouchercon.info. 2003-10-02. Archived from the original on 2012-02-07. Retrieved 2012-02-21. \"Edgar Award Winners and Nominees Database\". The Edgars.com. Retrieved 2014-06-17. \"Bouchercon World Mystery Convention\u00a0: Anthony Awards Nominees\". Bouchercon.info. 2003-10-02. Archived from the original on 2012-02-07. Retrieved 2012-02-21. https://jeffabbott.com/series/sam-capra/ \"Dromgoole: Try these books from reefs to Ringo to ranch life | Lubbock Online | Lubbock Avalanche-Journal\". Retrieved 2010-12-06. \"Weinstein / Showtime Deal Will Produce 'Scream 4' - The Moviefone Blog\". Archived from the original on 2012-10-11. Retrieved 2010-12-06. \"Archives | Austin American-Statesman | Statesman.com\". Austin American-Statesman. 2009-07-24. Retrieved 2010-12-06. Abbott, Jeff (November 19, 2019). \"Jeff Abbott - Printable Book List\". Jeff Abbott - Printable Book List. Official website Jeff Abbott's Blog at http://blog.jeffabbott.com"
   },
   {
    "name": "Jimmie Vaughan",
    "id": "Q538543",
    "text": "Jimmie Lawrence Vaughan (born March 20, 1951) is an American blues rock guitarist and singer based in Austin, Texas. He is the older brother of the late Texas blues guitarist Stevie Ray Vaughan. Several notable blues guitarists have had a significant influence on Vaughan's playing style including the \"Three Kings\" (Albert, Freddie, and B.B. King) and Johnny \"Guitar\" Watson. Jimmie Lawrence Vaughan was born on March 20, 1951 in Dallas County, Texas, United States, to parents, Jimmie Lee Vaughan and Martha Jean Cook. Raised in Dallas, Texas, Vaughan moved to Austin in the late 1960s and began playing with such musicians as Paul Ray and WC Clark. In 1969, Vaughan's group opened for The Jimi Hendrix Experience in Fort Worth, Texas. It was at this show that Vaughan lent Jimi Hendrix his Vox Wah-wah pedal which Hendrix ended up breaking. In return, Hendrix gave Vaughan his own touring Wah-wah pedal. Jimmie Vaughan developed his own easily recognized personal style. He formed the band The Fabulous Thunderbirds with the lead singer Lou Ann Barton and harpist Kim Wilson, bassist Keith Ferguson, and drummers Mike Buck and Fran Christina. (The original Fabulous Thunderbirds were all prot\u00e9g\u00e9s of Austin, Texas blues club owner Clifford Antone). The band's first four albums, released between 1979 and 1983, are ranked among the most important 'white blues' recordings. These early albums did not sell well, so the band was left without a recording contract for a couple of years (during the time when Vaughan's younger brother achieved commercial success). During this time, Vaughan played lead guitar on fellow Texas blues musician Bill Carter's 1985 album, Stompin' Grounds, also playing Carter's most well-known song, \"Willie The Wimp\", which would be introduced a year later to Stevie Ray Vaughan and played on live albums. The Fabulous Thunderbirds got a new contract in 1986, and made several albums with a more commercially popular sound and production style. Vaughan left the band in 1990, and made his only \"duo album\", Family Style, with his younger brother, Stevie Ray Vaughan. Before the album's release, Stevie Ray died in a helicopter crash along with three members of Eric Clapton's entourage in East Troy, Wisconsin, on August 27, 1990. The album was released a month after the accident. The artist listed on the album was \"The Vaughan Brothers\". The album was light, blues-influenced rock, with Jimmie Vaughan singing on several tracks. Vaughan released his first solo album Strange Pleasure in 1994. The album contained a song \"Six Strings Down\" that was dedicated to the memory of his brother. He has continued his solo career since then. Vaughan's solo albums contain mostly blues-rock material that he writes himself. He made a special guest appearance on Bo Diddley's 1996 album A Man Amongst Men, playing guitar on the tracks \"He's Got A Key\" and \"Coatimundi\". In 2001, Vaughan paid an installment on his (and the Fabulous Thunderbirds') debt to harmonica swamp blues when he contributed guitar to the Lazy Lester album Blues Stop Knockin.' He has a son, Tyrone Vaughan. Since 1997 Fender has produced a Jimmie Vaughan Tex-Mex Stratocaster. Vaughan appeared in the 1998 released film Blues Brothers 2000 as a member of the fictional \"Louisiana Gator Boys\" blues band led by BB King. Vaughan is close friends with Dennis Quaid. They worked together on the film Great Balls of Fire. Vaughan was the third opening act for most of the dates of Bob Dylan's summer 2006 tour, preceded by Elana James and the Continental Two and Junior Brown. Vaughan loves classic and custom cars, and is an avid car collector. Vaughan has had many of his customs and hot rods displayed in museums, as well as featured in rodding and custom magazines. Vaughan continues to perform. He has also been politically active to some degree. He endorsed Republican Presidential candidate Ron Paul in 2008 and played before one of Paul's speeches at the University of Texas. Vaughan also opened for Ron Paul's keynote address at the Rally for the Republic in St. Paul, Minnesota on September 2, 2008. Vaughan appeared with Boz Scaggs & The Blue Velvet Band at the 2009 Hardly Strictly Bluegrass Festival in San Francisco's Golden Gate Park. Vaughan performed at Ron Paul's \"We are the Future\" rally in Tampa, Florida on August 26, 2012. Shout! Factory released Jimmie Vaughan's first new album in nine years, Plays Blues, Ballads & Favorites, on July 6, 2010. Vaughan played with Eric Clapton, Robert Cray, BB King, Hubert Sumlin, and others during the 2010 Crossroads Guitar Festival. Vaughan performed on the episode of the TBS cable television show Conan, that aired December 22, 2010. Vaughan performed at the 11th Edition of the Xerox Rochester International Jazz Festival on Friday, June 29, 2012. In 2014, Vaughan performed at the Mahindra Blues Festival in India alongside the Tedeschi Trucks Band. Vaughan performed guitar as a guest on an episode of the PBS cable television show Austin City Limits, with the Foo Fighters, which aired on February 7, 2015. He and the Foo Fighters were accompanied on stage by another guest guitarist, Gary Clark, Jr., a native of Austin, Texas. His 2019 recording, Baby, Please Come Home, was chosen as a 'Favorite Blues Album' by AllMusic. 1972: The Storm \u2012 \"The Doo-It\" // \"Lost On The Ocean Part 2\" (Connie Records) 1986: Jimmie Vaughan & Duke Robillard \u2012 \"Cookin'\" (Guitar Player Magazine [7\" flexi-disc]) 1979: The Fabulous Thunderbirds \u2012 Girls Go Wild (Takoma/Chrysalis) 1980: The Fabulous Thunderbirds \u2012 What's The Word (Chrysalis) 1981: The Fabulous Thunderbirds \u2012 Butt Rockin' (Chrysalis) 1982: The Fabulous Thunderbirds \u2012 T-Bird Rhythm (Chrysalis) 1986: The Fabulous Thunderbirds \u2012 Tuff Enuff (CBS Associated) 1987: The Fabulous Thunderbirds \u2012 Hot Number (CBS Associated) 1989: The Fabulous Thunderbirds \u2012 Powerful Stuff (CBS Associated) 1990: The Vaughan Brothers \u2012 Family Style [with Stevie Ray Vaughan] (Epic) 1994: Jimmie Vaughan \u2012 Strange Pleasure (Epic) 1998: Jimmie Vaughan \u2012 Out There (Epic) 2001: Jimmie Vaughan \u2012 Do You Get The Blues? (Artemis) 2007: Omar Kent Dykes & Jimmie Vaughan \u2012 On The Jimmy Reed Highway (Ruf) 2010: Jimmie Vaughan \u2012 Plays Blues, Ballads & Favorites (Shout! Factory/Proper) 2011: Jimmie Vaughan \u2012 Plays More Blues, Ballads & Favorites (Shout! Factory/Proper) 2017: Jimmie Vaughan Trio \u2012 Live At C-Boy's [with Mike Flanigin, Barry \"Frosty\" Smith] (Proper/Last Music Co.) 2019: Jimmie Vaughan \u2012 Baby, Please Come Home (Last Music Co.) 2020: Jimmie Vaughan \u2012 The Pleasure's All Mine (The Complete Blues, Ballads & Favorites Sessions) (Last Music Co.) 2-CD compilation 2021: Jimmie Vaughan \u2012 The Jimmie Vaughan Story (Deluxe Edition, 5-CD set, with 1 x 12\" vinyl LP, 2 x 7\" vinyl singles, and a 240-page book) (Last Music Co.) 1990: Contemporary Blues Recording \u2012 The Vaughan Brothers \u2012 Family Style 1990: Rock Instrumental Performance \u2012 The Vaughan Brothers \u2012 \"D/FW\" 1996: Rock Instrumental Performance \u2012 \"SRV Shuffle\" 2001: Traditional Blues Album \u2012 Do You Get The Blues? 2020: Traditional Blues Male Artist of the Year Du Noyer, Paul (2003). The Illustrated Encyclopedia of Music (1st\u00a0ed.). Fulham, London: Flame Tree Publishing. p.\u00a0181. ISBN\u00a01-904041-96-5. Jimmie Vaughan on growing up in Oak Cliff, making 'Family Style' album - Oak Cliff Retrieved 2018-04-07. \"\"Texas, Birth Index, 1903\u20131997,\" index\". FamilySearch. Retrieved November 11, 2012. Jimmie Lawrence Vaughan, 1951; citing \"Texas Birth Index,\" Ancestry.com Colin Larkin, ed. (1992). The Guinness Encyclopedia of Popular Music (First\u00a0ed.). Guinness Publishing. p.\u00a02581. ISBN\u00a00-85112-939-0. \"Jimmie Vaughan - Artist Profile\". eventseeker.com. Retrieved March 24, 2020. \"Bill Carter (2) \u2013 Stompin' Grounds (Vinyl, LP, Album) at Discogs\". Discogs.com. Retrieved May 29, 2014. For instance, Street Rodder, 1/85, p.55, and Rod & Custom, 4/00, pp.88\u201391. \"Ron Paul Rally at University of Texas Draws Crowd of 4,000 \u2013 Ron Paul 2008\". Ronpaul2008.com. Retrieved December 8, 2011. \"Crossroads Guitar Festival 2010 Show Schedule\". Crossroadsguitarfestival.com. Archived from the original on March 3, 2012. Retrieved March 16, 2012. \"Mahindra Blues Festival 2014 Lineup Announcement -\". December 19, 2013. Retrieved March 24, 2020. \"Favorite Blues Albums | AllMusic 2019 in Review\". AllMusic. Retrieved December 24, 2019. McKay, Robin. \"BLUES MUSIC AWARDS\". Blues.org. Retrieved May 4, 2020. Official website"
   },
   {
    "name": "Michael McCaul",
    "id": "Q539509",
    "text": "Michael Thomas McCaul Sr. (born January 14, 1962) is an American attorney and politician serving as the U.S. Representative for Texas's 10th congressional district since 2005. A member of the Republican Party, he chaired the House Committee on Homeland Security during the 113th, 114th, and 115th Congresses. His district stretches from Austin to Houston. As of 2018[update], he was the fifth-wealthiest member of Congress. McCaul became the Ranking Member of the House Foreign Affairs Committee in the 116th Congress (2019\u20132021); he retains that position in the 117th Congress (2021\u2013present). Born in Dallas, the son of Frances Jane (Lott) and James Addington McCaul, Jr., McCaul has English, Irish, and German ancestry. He graduated from Jesuit College Preparatory School of Dallas and earned a Bachelor of Arts in history from San Antonio's Trinity University in 1984 and a Juris Doctor from St. Mary's University three years later. McCaul also completed a Senior Executive Fellowship at Harvard University's Kennedy School of Government. McCaul worked as an attorney and federal prosecutor before entering politics. He was the Chief of Counterterrorism and National Security for Texas's branch of the US Attorney's office, and also worked under the Department of Justice's Public Integrity Section. After he left, McCaul took a position as a Deputy Attorney General in 1999 with the Texas Attorney General's Office and served in this capacity until 2002. McCaul first ran for the U.S. House of Representatives in 2004 and won a crowded Republican primary in the newly created 10th District. The district, which included part of Austin, the western part of Harris County and several rural counties in between, was thought to be so heavily Republican that no Democratic candidate even filed, effectively handing him the seat. In 2006 he defeated Democratic nominee Ted Ankrum and former Libertarian presidential candidate Michael Badnarik with 55% of the vote. McCaul was reelected again in 2008, against Democratic candidate Larry Joe Doherty and Libertarian candidate Matt Finkel, 54% to 43%. Four years later, he was reelected to a fourth term with 76% of the vote against Ankrum (22%) and Libertarian candidate Jeremiah \"JP\" Perkins (1%). McCaul won a seventh term in 2016 with 179,221 votes (57.3%) to Democratic nominee Tawana W. Cadien's 120,170 (38.4%). Libertarian Bill Kelsey received 13,209 (4.2%). In 2018, McCaul won an eighth term in the House with 157,166 votes (51.1%) to Democratic nominee Mike Siegel's 144,034 (46.8%) and Libertarian Mike Ryan's 6,627 votes (2.5%). It was the closest race of McCaul's career. He was elected to a ninth term in 2020, defeating Siegel again. On December 11, 2013, McCaul introduced legislation to require the Secretary of the Department of Homeland Security (DHS) to conduct cybersecurity activities on behalf of the federal government and codify DHS's role in preventing and responding to cybersecurity incidents involving the Information Technology (IT) systems of federal civilian agencies and critical infrastructure in the U.S. McCaul said the bill was \"an important step toward addressing the cyber threat.\" McCaul supported Donald Trump's proposals to build a wall along the Mexico\u2013United States border. In April 2019, McCaul spoke out against a resolution that would end U.S. involvement in the Yemeni Civil War, saying it would \"disrupt US security cooperation agreements with more than 100 countries.\" On December 18, 2019, McCaul voted against both articles of impeachment against Trump. Of the 195 Republicans who voted, all voted against both impeachment articles. In 2021, McCaul strongly supported Joe Biden's airstrikes on Iranian targets in Syria. Committee on Foreign Affairs (Ranking Member) Committee on Homeland Security Founder and co-chair of the Congressional High Tech Caucus Co-founder and co-chair of the Childhood Cancer Caucus Co-chair of the Congressional Cyber Security Caucus Co-chair of the Congressional Caucus on Sudan and South Sudan Co-founder of the Congressional Argentina Caucus Tuberculosis Elimination Caucus United States Congressional International Conservation Caucus Republican Governance Group Republican Study Committee McCaul is married to Linda Mays McCaul, the daughter of Clear Channel Communications founder and former chairman Lowry Mays and sister of its former CEO Mark Mays. In 2011, Roll Call named McCaul as one of the wealthiest members of the United States Congress, surpassing then U.S. Senator John Kerry. His net worth was estimated at $294 million, about 300% higher than it was in the previous year ($74 million). In 2004, the same publication estimated his net worth at $12 million. His wealth increase was due to large monetary transfers from his wife's family. McCaul and his family live in West Lake Hills, Texas, a wealthy suburb of Austin, Texas. He is frequently named as one of the top ten users of household water in the Austin area, and was the No. 1 consumer of household water in the city in 2017. According to The Dallas Morning News, \"Several cities try to conserve water by creating mandatory watering schedules for residents. Dallas residents are allowed to water their lawns twice per week, with the day depending on the digits of their address. In Austin, residents are restricted to one or two days of watering per week and only during certain hours of the day.\" On October 28, 2020, it was reported that McCaul's real estate firms have pursued two dozen lawsuits over breaches of lease agreements. According to American Prospect, \"Most of the businesses were owned by people of color. Tenants complained about leases being granted under false pretenses, poor conditions in the properties, or hardship events forcing their abandonment, including at least one restaurant closed by law during the coronavirus pandemic. But McCaul's companies aggressively pursued back rent and expenses anyway.\" List of richest American politicians Final Report of the Task Force on Combating Terrorist and Foreign Fighter Travel Fontelo, Paul V.; Hawkings, David (February 2018). \"Ranking the Net Worth of the 115th\". Roll Call. Archived from the original on August 5, 2019. Retrieved August 5, 2019. \"United States House of Representatives Committee on Foreign Affairs\". ballotpedia.org. Ballotpedia. Retrieved July 4, 2021. \"michael mccaul\". RootsWeb.com. Ancestry. September 22, 2008. Retrieved January 4, 2019. \"U.S. Rep. Michael McCaul '80 Named Jesuit Dallas Distinguished Alumnus\". Jesuit Dallas News. October 16, 2014. Archived from the original on September 8, 2017. Retrieved September 8, 2017. \"U.S. Rep. Michael McCaul '80 Named Jesuit Dallas Distinguished Alumnus\". jesuitdallas.org. Jesuit College Preparatory School of Dallas. October 15, 2014. Retrieved December 29, 2018. \"State of Texas 2008 General Election Returns\". Texas Secretary of State. November 5, 2008. Retrieved November 6, 2008.[permanent dead link] \"Election Results\". Texas Secretary of State. November 8, 2016. Retrieved December 17, 2016. \"Our Campaigns - Candidate - Michael McCaul\". www.ourcampaigns.com. \"Texas Election Results: 10th Congressional District (2020)\". The New York Times. November 29, 2020. \"CBO \u2013 H.R. 3696\" (PDF). Congressional Budget Office. Retrieved July 28, 2014. \"H.R. 3696 \u2013 Summary\". United States Congress. Retrieved July 28, 2014. Waddell, Melanie (July 29, 2014). \"House Panel Passes Cybersecurity Bills\". ThinkAdvisor.com. Retrieved July 29, 2014. McCaul, Michael (December 2, 2016). \"Rep. McCaul: Yes, We Will Build a Wall, Put Mexico on a \"Payment Plan\" and Enforce the Law\". Fox News. Retrieved December 3, 2016. George, Susannah (April 4, 2019). \"House votes to end support for Yemen war; Trump expected to veto\". The Times of Israel. Associated Press. Retrieved April 5, 2019. https://www.foxnews.com/politics/biden-syria-strike-iran-republicans-praise \"Committees and Caucuses\". Congressman Michael McCaul. December 13, 2012. Retrieved March 1, 2021. \"Our Members\". U.S. House of Representatives International Conservation Caucus. Archived from the original on August 1, 2018. Retrieved August 4, 2018. \"Kinzinger, Republican Governance Group Members Call on President Biden to Reject Partisan Efforts and Advance Bipartisan COVID Relief\". Congressman Adam Kinzinger. February 3, 2021. Retrieved March 1, 2021. \"Member List\". Republican Study Committee. Retrieved December 21, 2017. \"The 50 Richest Members of Congress (2011)\". Roll Call. 2011. Archived from the original on September 17, 2011. Yachnin, Jennifer (August 18, 2011). \"McCaul Leaps to Top of 50 Richest Members of Congress\u00a0: Roll Call News\". Roll Call. \"Meet the Texas Republican Going After the House Foreign Affairs Committee Chairmanship (2018)\". Texas Monthly. September 26, 2018. Stone, Brianna (July 27, 2018). \"Michael McCaul, one of Congress' richest members, used more water in 2017 than any Austin resident\". Dallas Morning News. Austin. Gibson, Brittany (October 28, 2020). \"Wealthy Congressman Repeatedly Squeezes Small-Business Tenants\". The American Prospect. Congressman Michael McCaul official U.S. House website Michael McCaul for Congress Michael McCaul at Curlie Appearances on C-SPAN Biography at the Biographical Directory of the United States Congress Profile at Vote Smart Financial information (federal office) at the Federal Election Commission Legislation sponsored at the Library of Congress Texas portal Law portal Politics portal"
   },
   {
    "name": "Trini Lopez",
    "id": "Q540134",
    "text": "Trinidad L\u00f3pez III (May 15, 1937\u00a0\u2013 August 11, 2020) was an American singer, guitarist, and actor. His first album included a cover version of Pete Seeger's \"If I Had a Hammer\", which earned a Golden Disc for him. His other hits included \"Lemon Tree\", \"I'm Comin' Home, Cindy\" and \"Sally Was a Good Old Girl\". He designed two guitars for the Gibson Guitar Corporation, which are now collectors\u2019 items. Lopez was born in Dallas, Texas, on May 13, 1937. His father, Trinidad Lopez II, worked as a singer, dancer, actor, and musician in Mexico; his mother was Petra Gonzalez. They married in their hometown of Morole\u00f3n, Guanajuato, prior to moving to Dallas. Lopez had four sisters (two are deceased) and a brother, Jesse, who is also a singer. He grew up on Ashland Street in the Little Mexico neighborhood of Dallas and attended grammar school and N. R. Crozier Tech High School. He dropped out of high school in his senior year in order to earn money to help support the family. Lopez formed his first band in Wichita Falls, Texas, at the age of 15. Around 1955/56 Lopez and his band worked at The Vegas Club, a nightclub owned by Jack Ruby, the man who assassinated Lee Harvey Oswald. In 1957, at the recommendation of Buddy Holly's father, Trini and his group \"The Big Beats\" went to producer Norman Petty in Clovis, New Mexico. Petty secured a contract for them with Columbia Records, which released the single \"Clark's Expedition\"/\"Big Boy\", both instrumental. Lopez left the group and made his first solo recording, his own composition \"The Right To Rock\", for the Dallas-based Volk Records, and then signed with King Records in 1959, recording more than a dozen singles for that label, none of which charted. In late 1962, after the King contract expired, Lopez followed up on an offer by producer Snuff Garrett to join the post-Holly Crickets as vocalist. After a few weeks of auditions in Los Angeles, that idea did not go through. He landed a steady engagement at the nightclub PJ's, where his audience grew quickly. He was heard there by Frank Sinatra, who had started his own label, Reprise Records, and who subsequently signed Lopez. His debut live album, Trini Lopez at PJ's (R/RS 6093), was released in 1963. The album included a version of Pete Seeger's \"If I Had a Hammer\", which reached number one in 36 countries (no. 3 in the United States), and was a radio favorite for many years. It sold over one million copies, and was awarded a gold disc. He also performed his own version of the traditional Mexican song \"La Bamba\" on the album; his recording of the tune was later reissued as a single in 1966. Another live album from PJ's was recorded later that same year under the title By Popular Demand More Trini Lopez at PJ's (R/RS 6103), which contains the song Green, Green which was written by Randy Sparks and Barry McGuire and originally recorded by the New Christy Minstrels earlier that year for their Columbia album Ramblin. Lopez scored 13 chart singles through 1968, including \"Lemon Tree\" (1965), \"I'm Comin' Home, Cindy\" (1966), and \"Sally Was a Good Old Girl\" (1968). Later in 2013, Lopez told Portland Magazine, \u201cPeople ask about \u2018Lemon Tree\u2019 all the time. It\u2019s one of my most favorite requested songs. It\u2019s a very catchy tune. I just happen to like the chorus.\u201d On the adult contemporary chart, he racked up 15 hits, including the top-10 singles \"Michael\" (1964), \"Gonna Get Along Without Ya' Now\" (1967), and \"The Bramble Bush\" (1967), which he sang in the movie The Dirty Dozen. Beyond his success on record, he became one of the country's top nightclub performers of that era, regularly headlining in Las Vegas. In 1968, he recorded an album in Nashville entitled Welcome to Trini Country (R/RS 6300). Lopez produced a single promoting the Coca-Cola soft drink Fresca in 1967. In 1969, NBC aired a Trini Lopez variety special featuring surf guitar group The Ventures, and Nancy Ames as guests. The soundtrack, released as The Trini Lopez Show, has him singing his hits with The Ventures as his backing band. He continued his musical career with extensive tours of Europe and Latin America during this period; an attempt to break out by releasing a disco album in 1978 proved a flop. In 2002, Lopez teamed with Art Greenhaw for Legacy: My Texas Roots. The album used the \"Texas Roots Combo\" including Lopez, Greenhaw, and Lopez's brother, Jesse. Said reviewer Steve Leggett of AllMusic, \"The album has an easygoing feel very similar to Lopez's classic live sets from the 1960s, only it rocks a good deal harder.\" Thereafter, Lopez focused on charitable work. Lopez was still recording and appearing live in the years leading up to his death. He took part in a benefit concert to raise money for the victims of the 2004 Indian Ocean earthquake and tsunami, and appeared as a guest performer in a number of shows held in Maastricht in the Netherlands with the Dutch violinist and composer Andr\u00e9 Rieu. He continued to record; El Inmortal was released in 2010, and the following year he released his 65th album, Into The Future. Lopez' popularity led the Gibson Guitar Corporation to ask him in 1964 to design a guitar for them. He ended up designing two: the Trini Lopez Standard, a rock and roll model based on the Gibson ES-335 semihollow body, and the Lopez Deluxe, a variation of a Gibson jazz guitar designed by Barney Kessel. Both of these guitars were in production from 1964 until 1971, and are now highly sought-after among collectors. Owners of the guitar include Dave Grohl of Foo Fighters and Noel Gallagher of Oasis. During the 1960s and 1970s, Lopez moved into acting, though his film career was not as successful as his music. Lopez's first film role was in Marriage on the Rocks (1965), in which he made a cameo appearance in a nightclub scene; Lopez's soundtrack song, \"Sinner Man\", became a hit single (no. 54 pop/no. 12 adult contemporary). He was one of The Dirty Dozen (1967), appeared as himself in The Phynx (1970), and played the title role in Claudio Guzman's Antonio (1973). He made two appearances (playing different characters) on the television program Adam-12. In 1977, he played the role of Julio Ramirez in \u201cThe Mystery of the Silent Scream\u201d which was part of The Hardy Boys/Nancy Drew Mysteries TV series. In 1993, a Golden Palm Star on the Palm Springs, California, Walk of Stars was dedicated to Lopez. He was inducted into the International Latin Music Hall of Fame in 2003. On May 15, 2008, his 71st birthday, Lopez was inducted into the Las Vegas Walk of Stars. Lopez remained a lifelong bachelor and had no children. His nephew, Trini Martinez, was the drummer for the Dallas indie rock band Bedhead. Lopez died on August 11, 2020, at Desert Regional Medical Center in Palm Springs, California. He was 83, and suffered from complications from COVID-19 during the COVID-19 pandemic in California. Sources: Most albums are on the Reprise label, unless otherwise indicated. 1963 Trini Lopez at PJ's (#2 Billboard 200) 1963 More Trini Lopez at PJ's (#11 Billboard 200) 1964 On the Move (#32 Billboard 200) 1964 Live at Basin St. East (#30 Billboard 200) 1964 Trini Lopez Plays and Sings 1964 The Latin Album (#18 Billboard 200) 1965 The Folk Album (#18 Billboard 200) 1965 The Love Album (#32 Billboard 200) 1965 The Rhythm and Blues Album (#46 Billboard 200) 1965 The Sing Along World of Trini Lopez (#101 Billboard 200) 1965 Trini Lopez Live in South Africa 1966 Trini (#54 Billboard 200) 1966 The Second Latin Album (#110 Billboard 200) 1966 Greatest Hits (#47 Billboard 200) 1967 Trini Lopez In London (#114 Billboard 200) 1967 Now! (#162 Billboard 200) 1968 It's a Great Life 1968 Welcome to Trini Country 1969 The Whole Enchilada 1969 The Trini Lopez Show 1971 Trini Lopez Live in Tokyo 1972 Viva 1977 Y Su Alma Latina 1978 Transformed By Time 1991 The 25th Anniversary Album 1998 Dance Party 2000 Aylole-Aylola 2001 Dance the Night Away 2002 Legacy: My Texas Roots 2005 Romantic and Sexy Guitars 2008 Ramblin' Man 2011 Into the Future, Trilo Records His recording of \"Cielito Lindo\" was used in the 1989 film Born on the Fourth of July. \"Trini Lopez Biography\". IMDb.com. Retrieved May 31, 2019. Farber, Jim (August 11, 2020). \"Trini Lopez, Singing Star Who Mixed Musical Styles, Dies at 83\". The New York Times. Retrieved August 11, 2020. Spinner, Chuck (January 31, 2008). A Book of Prayers: To the Heavens from the Stars \u2013 Chuck Spinner \u2013 Google Books. p.\u00a0104. ISBN\u00a09781467083379. Retrieved April 14, 2012. Contreras, Russell; Italie, Hillel (August 11, 2020). \"Trini Lopez, 1960s-era singer mentored by Sinatra, dies\". Associated Press. Retrieved August 11, 2020. \"Gary James' Interview with Trini Lopez\". Classicbands.com. Retrieved April 26, 2020. Ssingings. Billboard. Nielsen Business Media, Inc. September 11, 1971. p.\u00a020. ISSN\u00a00006-2510. Billboard \u2013 Google Books. May 15, 1965. p.\u00a046. Retrieved April 14, 2012. Murrells, Joseph (1978). The Book of Golden Discs (2nd\u00a0ed.). London: Barrie and Jenkins Ltd. p.\u00a0162. ISBN\u00a00-214-20512-6. \"Ramblin' Featuring Green, Green \u2013 The New Christy Minstrels\". AllMusic. Retrieved August 11, 2020. \"Music Man \u2013 Songwriter Will Holt | PORTLAND MAGAZINE\". Retrieved September 8, 2020. \"Trini Lopez \u2013 Album Discography\". AllMusic. Retrieved August 11, 2020. Popoff, Martin (September 8, 2009). Goldmine Record Album Price Guide. Penguin. ISBN\u00a09781440229169. Osborne, Jerry (2002). Movie/TV Soundtracks and Original Cast Recordings Price and Reference Guide. Jerry Osborne Enterprises. p.\u00a0604. ISBN\u00a09780932117373. \"Legacy: My Texas Roots \u2013 Trini Lopez \u2013 Credits \u2013 AllMusic\". AllMusic. Retrieved October 3, 2018. \"Legacy: My Texas Roots \u2013 Trini Lopez \u2013 Songs, Reviews, Credits \u2013 AllMusic\". AllMusic. Retrieved October 3, 2018. Granberry, Michael (August 11, 2020). \"Trini L\u00f3pez, whose roots in Dallas' Little Mexico preceded a stunning musical career, dies at 83\". The Dallas Morning News. Retrieved August 11, 2020. Clark, John (July 9, 2006). \"Speaking of DVDs: Trini Lopez\". Sfgate.com. San Francisco Chronicle. Retrieved August 11, 2020. \"Andre Rieu & Friends: Live In Maastricht VII\". Radio Times. 2013. Retrieved August 11, 2020. \"Biography\". Trinilopez.com. Retrieved January 7, 2016. \"Trini Lopez Standard\". Vintageguitars.co.uk. Retrieved December 4, 2010. \"Trini Lopez Deluxe\". Vintageguitars.org.uk. Retrieved December 4, 2010. \"Dave Grohl \u2013 Exclusive Studio Tour video\". YouTube. Retrieved November 28, 2014. \"Trini Lopez\". Rottentomatoes.com. Retrieved August 11, 2020. \"Trini Lopez List of Movies and TV Shows\". Tvguide.com. Retrieved August 11, 2020. \"Palm Springs Walk of Stars by date dedicated\" (PDF). Palmspringswalkofstars.com. Archived from the original (PDF) on October 13, 2012. Retrieved October 26, 2017. \"TRINI LOPEZ \u2013 ONLINE\". Trinilopez.com. Retrieved October 26, 2017. Heller, Jason. \"First Listen: Bedhead, '1992\u20131998'\". Npr.org. Retrieved August 12, 2020. Saperstein, Pat (August 11, 2020). \"Trini Lopez, Singer and Actor in 'The Dirty Dozen,' Dies of COVID-19 at 83\". Variety.com. Retrieved August 11, 2020. \"Trini Lopez, \"If I Had a Hammer\" and \"Lemon Tree\" Singer, Dies of COVID-19 at 83\". The Hollywood Reporter. Retrieved August 12, 2020. \"Trini Lopez\". Billboard. Retrieved August 11, 2020. Official site, with detailed biography Trini Lopez at Texas Music Source, from the Texas Monthly website Trini L\u00f3pez at IMDb Trini Lopez discography at Discogs Trini L\u00f3pez at AllMusic Trini Lopez interviewed on the Pop Chronicles (1969) Trini Lopez \"Into The Future\" on YouTube Trini Lopez \"Into The Future Part 2\" on YouTube Val De La O Interviews Trini Lopez on YouTube NAMM Oral History Interview August 11, 2006"
   },
   {
    "name": "Caitlin Rose",
    "id": "Q541033",
    "text": "Caitlin Rose (born June 23, 1987) is a country singer from Nashville, Tennessee. Rose was previously the lead singer of Nashville indie band Save Macaulay, on local label Theory 8 until 2007. As a solo artist, she signed to BMI in 2008. The title track of her seven-track 2008 EP, Dead Flowers, is a cover of a Rolling Stones song. Her first album, Own Side Now, was released by Names Records in August 2010. Her vocal performance and lyrics have led to comparisons to Loretta Lynn, Patsy Cline, and Iris DeMent. Claire Suddath of Time magazine named Own Side Now one of the Top 10 Albums of 2011, ranking it at No.\u00a07. Her studio album The Stand-In was released on February 25, 2013. Dead Flowers; EP, 2008 Shotgun Wedding Answer in One of These Bottles Three Cigarettes in an Ashtray Docket Gorilla Man Dead Flowers T-shirt Own Side Now; album, 2010 Learning to Ride Own Side For the Rabbits Shanghai Cigarettes New York Spare Me (Fetzer's Blues) Things Change That's Alright Sinful Wishing Well Coming Up Piledriver Waltz; 7-inch, 2012 (covers of two Arctic Monkeys songs, limited edition vinyl release for Record Store Day 2012) Piledriver Waltz Love Is a Laserquest The Stand-In; album, February 25, 2013 \"No One to Call\" \"I Was Cruel\" \"Waitin'\" \"Only a Clown\" \"Dallas\" \"Pink Champagne\" \"Golden Boy\" \"Silver Sings\" \"Everywhere I Go\" \"When I'm Gone\" \"Menagerie\" \"Old Numbers\" Rose's mother is country songwriter Liz Rose (who shares a Grammy for writing with Taylor Swift). She was born in Dallas, Texas, and her family moved to Nashville in 1994. She attended community college in Nashville for a year before leaving to focus on music. Gittins, Ian (September 5, 2010). \"Caitlin Rose: Slaughtered Lamb, London\". The Observer. Retrieved November 30, 2010. Richman, Simmy (July 25, 2010). \"La vie en Rose: Caitlin Rose gives us a tour of her Nashville home town\". The Independent on Sunday. Retrieved November 30, 2010. Kent, F. Daniel (July 9, 2008). \"Rock & Roll Camp returns to rattle rafters at MTSU\". Out & About Newspaper. Archived from the original on March 12, 2012. Retrieved November 30, 2010. \"SAVE MACAULAY THE BAND BREAKS UP!!! New EP to be released as Caitlin Rose\". Theory 8. December 4, 2007. Archived from the original on July 17, 2011. Retrieved December 1, 2010. Paulson, Dave (January 15, 2008). \"Caitlin Rose signs with BMI\". The Tennessean. Retrieved November 30, 2010. Remz, Jeffrey B. (December 2007). \"Lori McKenna shines solo \u2013 Club Passim, Cambridge, Mass., December 21, 2007\". Country Standard Time. Retrieved November 30, 2010. Suddath, Claire (December 7, 2011). \"The Top 10 Everything of 2011 \u2013 Caitlin Rose, Own Side Now\". Time. Archived from the original on January 7, 2012. Retrieved December 25, 2011. \"CMT\u00a0: Videos\u00a0: Caitlin Rose\u00a0: Only a Clown\". Country Music Television. Retrieved May 4, 2013. Official website"
   },
   {
    "name": "Camila Grey",
    "id": "Q541410",
    "text": "Camila Grey (born Camila Cristinna Gutierrez; January 6, 1983) is a Los Angeles based musician currently performing in the duo Uh Huh Her and also the supergroup Summer Moon composed of Nikolai Fraiture (The Strokes), Stephen Perkins (Jane's Addiction), and Noah Harmon (Airborne Toxic Event). Grey was formerly the bassist and keyboardist for the band Mellowdrone. She has also worked with such artists as Dr. Dre, Busta Rhymes, Big Black Delta, Tricky, Linda Perry, Kanye West, Melissa Auf der Maur, Hans Zimmer, Kelly Osbourne, and Adam Lambert. Camila grey was born Camila Cristinna Gutierrez in Dallas, Texas, but grew up in Austin. Grey began playing piano as a child and attended the Suzuki music school. She later attended Berklee College of Music where she met Mellowdrone bandmate Jonathan Bates, who was also enrolled. After graduating, Grey moved to L.A. and began working as a session singer vocalist. Her work includes the soundtracks to Something's Gotta Give, Dirty Dancing: Havana Nights, Catwoman, and the television show Nip/Tuck. Camila grey was a member of lo-fi band Mellowdrone from 2005-2006. Grey is a native of Austin, Texas. After meeting at a party, Grey began working with Leisha Hailey (actress on The L Word and former member of 1990s group The Murmurs) on songs which would be released in 2007 on the EP I See Red. The album was recorded at Grey's L.A. home, and the vocals were reportedly recorded inside of Grey's bathroom. As Uh Huh Her, Grey and Hailey released an album in 2008, titled Common Reaction. Shortly after Common Reaction's release, Uh Huh Her was dropped from Nettwerk, prompting Grey and Hailey to start releasing music independently on their own label Plaid, even stating that they still owed Nettwerk money. From 2009 to 2011, Grey played keyboards for Adam Lambert's live band. Consequently, she was also on Glam Nation Live, released in early 2011, and Acoustic Live!,[circular reference] released in late 2010. In the spring of 2011, Uh Huh Her released a second EP titled Black and Blue and finished a tour promoting it in May 2011. They released their sophomore record titled Nocturnes in late summer/early fall of 2011. They then released EP3, a collection of their old songs re-imagined acoustically. They released their third studio album titled Future Souls on March 25, 2014, via their imprint Plaid Records. On December 15, 2016, Uh Huh Her announced on their official Facebook page that they were taking a hiatus, with Grey joining another indie band called Summer Moon. Grey is openly pansexual. She was previously linked to Clea Duvall. From 2011 to 2016, Grey was in a relationship with her Uh Huh Her bandmate Leisha Hailey. Their relationship first became public when the two were ejected from a Southwest Airlines flight for arguing with a flight attendant who, after seeing them exchange a kiss, stated it was a \"family airline\" and asked them to stop. \"Camila Grey\". \"UH HUH HER - The Band\". Archived from the original on 2008-03-28. Retrieved 2008-03-26. \"Twitter - adamlambert: Off to Amsterdam!\". Twitter.com. Retrieved 2013-11-17. \"Camila Grey\". Mellowdrone \u2013 Listen free at Last.fm on Virb.com \"Camila Grey\". AfterEllen.com interview YouTube - The Interface - Uh Huh Her (part 3 of 3) \"Uh Huh Her worth a road trip to Newport\". 20 April 2011. \"A Q&A Interview with Camila Grey - an Uh Huh Her Concert Preview (Tuesday, May 6 at Lincoln Hall)\". [citation needed]https://www.autostraddle.com/camila-grey-adam-lambert-35031/ \"Glam Nation Live - Adam Lambert | Songs, Reviews, Credits | AllMusic\". Acoustic Live! (Adam Lambert EP) \"Uh Huh Her - Dear UHH fans, We realize a lot of you have...\" \"Catching up with Uh Huh Her.flv\". YouTube. Retrieved 2013-11-17. \"Leisha Hailey Fan Blog: Star Sightings//Clea & Cam Making Out?\". 23 August 2008. D'Zurilla, Christie (September 26, 2011). \"Gay Actress & Girlfriend Escorted Off Plane\". The Daily Beast. The official UHH website and store The unofficial UHH fan site - Latest news, photos, videos, downloads Uh Huh Her fan site on Twitter - Get all the latest updates on the site instantly! club de fans de espa\u00f1a hazte socio"
   },
   {
    "name": "Bill Clements",
    "id": "Q545307",
    "text": "William Perry Clements Jr. (April 13, 1917\u00a0\u2013 May 29, 2011) was an American businessman and Republican Party politician who served two non-consecutive terms as Governor of Texas between 1979 and 1991. His terms bookended the sole term served by Mark Wells White, a Democrat who defeated Clements in the 1982 election only to lose his campaign for re-election in 1986. When Clements was first sworn in in 1979, he became the first Republican to have served as governor of Texas since Reconstruction. When Clements left office for good at the end of his second term in 1991, his eight years in office were the most served by any Texas governor until Rick Perry surpassed his total in 2009. Clements was the first governor to be elected to multiple terms since Texas changed its constitution in 1972 to extend their governor's term of office to four years; since then, Perry and his predecessor, George W. Bush and successor, Greg Abbott, also Republicans, have also won multiple terms. Before he became Governor of Texas, Clements made his fortune in crude oil and served as United States Deputy Secretary of Defense for President Richard Nixon. After his first gubernatorial term ended, Clements joined the administrative staff at Southern Methodist University where he served as Chairman of the Board of Governors; while there, he presided over a massive pay-to-play system in the school's football program that resulted in catastrophic consequences for the team and the end of his political career. Born in Dallas, Texas, Clements graduated from Highland Park High School in the Dallas suburb of University Park in 1934. Although Clements was an all-state offensive guard on the Highland Park football team, after his father lost his job due to the Great Depression, Clements worked as an oil driller in South Texas after graduating from high school. In the late 1930s, Clements studied engineering at Southern Methodist University before returning to the oil industry. During World War II, Clements served in the United States Army Corps of Engineers. In 1947, Clements founded the offshore drilling business Southeastern Drilling Company (SEDCO), which would expand to 20 countries and grow into the top drilling contracting company in the world before being sold to Schlumberger in 1984. Clements had a personal wealth worth nearly $30 million by 1978, the year he first ran for Texas governor. From 1973 to 1977, Clements served as United States Deputy Secretary of Defense under Presidents Richard Nixon and Gerald Ford. For 39 days in 1973, Clements served as acting Secretary of Defense. Among the Secretaries of Defense he served under was Donald Rumsfeld, during the latter's first tenure in the office. The two men did not get along, yet when Rumsfeld was appointed Clements resisted efforts to be moved to another department, even going so far as to threaten if removed from his office to hold a press conference and label his dismissal a \"power play.\" Though Clements remained as deputy secretary, Clements later termed his time under Rumsfeld \"very unpleasant.\" On January 16, 1979, Clements succeeded Democrat Dolph Briscoe as governor of Texas. To win the position, he first defeated State Representative Ray Hutchison in the Republican primary by a lopsided vote of 115,345 to 38,268. Hutchison, a prominent Dallas attorney, is the second husband of Texas State Treasurer (1991\u20131993) and U.S. Senator Kay Bailey Hutchison, who served from 1993 to 2013. Clements enjoyed the support of former state party chairman Peter O'Donnell, organizer of the Draft Goldwater Committee in 1963-1964. O'Donnell became a key adviser to Clements, who won the general election held on November 8, 1978, by having narrowly defeated Democratic former Texas Supreme Court Chief Justice John Luke Hill, who had also served six years as state attorney general. Clements polled 1,183,828 votes (49.96 percent) to Hill's 1,166,919 votes (49.24 percent). The La Raza nominee, Mario C. Compean, and two other minor candidates split the remaining 18,942 votes. The more liberal Hill, who had also once been the appointed Secretary of State of Texas, had defeated Briscoe in the primary. In winning, Clements achieved victory with 350,158 fewer votes than the 1972 GOP nominee, Henry Grover, who went down to defeat because turnout was much lower in the 1978 off-year election than it had been during the presidential election year. The 1972 Texas governor's race was the last to coincide with a presidential election because when the terms went to four years, the gubernatorial elections were also set to coincide with the off years between presidential elections. In 1981, Clements jump-started the long judicial careers of three San Antonio Republican lawyers, David Peeples, Tom Rickhoff and David Berchelmann with their appointments to state district courts numbered 285, 289, and 290, respectively. Rickhoff subsequently served on the Court of Appeals for the Fourth District. In 1989, Clements in his second term appointed Berchelmann as the first Republican to serve on the Texas Court of Criminal Appeals; he was defeated in 1990 but staged a comeback in 1992 on the 37th Judicial District Court, on which he served until January 2013. Clements ran for reelection in 1982 but was defeated by Democratic Attorney General Mark Wells White by more than 327,000 votes because of sagging economic indicators and weak support from minority voters, who historically support Democratic candidates. Clements was also damaged politically by the Ixtoc I oil spill disaster; the rig that failed was owned by SEDCO, but leased to Permargo (a Mexican drilling firm), which had an exploration contract with Pemex, despite his shares in SEDCO being held in blind trust at the time; his opponent, White, as attorney general, led the state's lawsuit against SEDCO. White received 1,697,870 votes (53.2 percent) to Clements's 1,465,537 (45.9 percent). In addition, the Republican down-ballot candidates were all defeated in 1982, including George Strake Jr., a Houston businessman who had been Clements's former secretary of state. Strake ran for lieutenant governor against the incumbent Democrat, Bill Hobby. After the 1982 campaign, Strake was named to replace Chet Upham of Mineral Wells as the Republican state chairman, a position that he filled from 1983 to 1988. Ernest Angelo, a former mayor of Midland who was a Texas co-chair of Ronald Reagan's attempt in 1976 to wrest the Republican presidential nomination from Gerald R. Ford, said that Clements's defeat in 1982 was his own greatest disappointment in politics even though Angelo himself lost a bid for the District 25 seat in the Texas State Senate in that same election. In between his two terms as governor, Clements was chairman of the board of governors of Southern Methodist University in Dallas. He ran again in 1986 and won a contested GOP primary against U.S. Representative Thomas Loeffler of New Braunfels, the seat of Comal County, and former Democratic turned Republican Congressman Kent Hance of Lubbock. In the fall, Clements unseated Governor White, who was hurt by the unpopularity of the \"no pass/no play\" policy involving high school athletics and proposed teacher competency testing. In gaining his second term, Clements polled 1,813,779 ballots (52.7 percent) to White's 1,584,512 (46.1 percent). Clements had turned the tables on White in a near mathematical reversal of the 1982 results and was inaugurated for a second nonconsecutive term on January 20, 1987, just after White came \"Striding up to Clements in the Capitol rotunda\" and extended a hand for a handshake with congratulations and Clements simply shook it without comment and turned away. His first term was marked by SEDCO's involvement in the largest oil blowout in history, the Ixtoc I oil spill, which caused extensive environmental damage. Clements faced heavily Democratic state legislatures during his tenure. In 1979, the legislature overrode one of his vetoes, the last time that Texas lawmakers have completed an override. In 1980, Clements commuted the death sentence of Randall Dale Adams to life in prison. Adams, the subject of The Thin Blue Line, an Errol Morris documentary film, was exonerated in 1989 after serving twelve years in prison. Clements was also governor at the time of the execution of Carlos DeLuna, who was put to death in 1989; evidence questioning the findings of facts that underlay DeLuna's conviction was published in 2012. During his second term, Clements worked to reduce crime, improve education, boost the Texas economy, and to foster better relations with Mexico, especially on issues important to the mutual borders, such as immigration and the War on Drugs. However, he did not push as pledged for the initiative and referendum reforms advocated by State Senator Walter Mengden of Houston, based on the principle of California's Proposition 13. Clements's second term was marred by a startling revelation he made two months after taking office. On March 3, 1987, Clements admitted that he and the other members of the SMU board of governors had approved a secret plan to continue payments to 13 football players from a slush fund provided by a booster. Clements said that the board agreed to \"phase out\" the slush fund at the end of the 1986 season, but that it felt duty-bound to honor prior commitments to the players. The decision to continue the payments ultimately led to the NCAA shutting down the football program for the 1987 season\u2014the so-called \"death penalty.\" SMU then opted not to field a team in 1988 either, claiming it could not put together a competitive squad. The shutdown and other sanctions left the once-proud Mustang football program in ruin; SMU has had only two winning seasons since returning to the field, and would not procure another bowl bid until 2009, and it would also be another ten years before they would be ranked in the top 25 in the Amway Coaches Poll by the USA Today. A few months later, the College of Bishops of the United Methodist Church released a report detailing an investigation of its own into the scandal. It revealed that Clements had met with athletic director Bob Hitch, and the two agreed that the payments had to continue because the football program had \"a payroll to meet.\" According to the report, in late 1985 then SMU President L. Donald Shields and board of trustees chairman Edwin L. Cox wanted to stop the payments completely, in opposition to Clements and Hitch. The four held a \"most important meeting\" in August 1985 in Shields's office in the SMU administration building, Perkins Hall. Shields and Cox noted that although earlier in the year a phase-out of the payments had been agreed upon by SMU leadership, the NCAA had just enacted the \"death penalty\" for repeat violators (of which SMU was one, having been cited six times to that point by the organization and twice in the last five years) for violations occurring on or after September 1 of that year, and thus the situation had changed. But Clements, admitting his way would be \"taking a chance\", argued that if the payments were stopped immediately, star players receiving them would be sure to leave SMU and publicly announce why. Nothing was formally decided at the meeting, but afterwards, Clements and Hitch talked for about fifteen minutes in the Perkins Hall parking lot. Hitch remembered Clements asking him if the payments could be continued and when hearing that they could, telling him in no uncertain terms to \"do it.\" And the payments continued (on at least two occasions starting in 1983, after President Shields expressed outrage over the payments and said they had to stop, Clements, an SMU dropout, told the PhD holder Shields to \"stay out of it\" and to \"go run the university\"). A week later, Clements apologized for his role in continuing the payments. He said that he had learned about the slush fund in 1984, and an investigation by the board of governors revealed that players had been paid to play since the mid-1970s. Clements said that rather than shut the payments down immediately, the board \"reluctantly and uncomfortably\" decided to continue paying players who had already been guaranteed payments. However, he said, in hindsight the board \"should have stopped (the payments) immediately,\" rather than merely phase them out. Clements faced calls for his impeachment as a result of these statements; two state legislators argued that he would have never been elected had he honestly addressed his role in the scandal. Under the circumstances, he opted not to run for a third term as governor and was succeeded on January 15, 1991, by Democratic State Treasurer Ann Richards. After leaving the governorship, Clements resided in Dallas with his second wife, the former Rita Crocker Bass (October 30, 1931 \u2013 January 6, 2018), who was first lady of Texas during both of his terms. She was subsequently appointed to the University of Texas Regents by Governor George W. Bush. Clements was known for his acerbic, energetic personality. Clements lent considerable personal effort to support several other Republican candidates seeking office in Texas. In 1993, he supported the conservative U.S. Representative Joe Barton in the special election for the U.S. Senate to succeed newly resigned Democrat Lloyd Bentsen. Barton lost out to Kay Bailey Hutchison. Clements also supported the embattled Texas Supreme Court Justice Steven Wayne Smith, who was beaten through the opposition of Governor Rick Perry in the 2004 Republican primary. Whereas Governor Perry first endorsed former Mayor Rudolph W. Giuliani of New York City for the 2008 Republican presidential nomination, Bill Clements was as early as 2006 already raising funds for the eventual nominee, Senator John McCain of Arizona. After Giuliani withdrew from the race, Perry joined Clements in endorsing McCain. In June 2009, Clements donated $100 million to UT Southwestern Medical Center, the largest civic donation in Dallas history. On April 13, 2012, Daniel K. Podolsky, President of UT Southwestern Medical Center announced the UT System Board of Regents approved the naming of the new UT Southwestern University Hospital in honor of Clements. On February 16, 2010, Clements and his wife both endorsed Governor Rick Perry's re-election campaign in the 2010 Texas Republican gubernatorial primary against Kay Bailey Hutchison. Clements, incidentally, won the Republican nomination that ultimately led to his first term as governor by defeating Hutchison's husband, Ray, in the 1978 GOP primary. In October 2010, Clements's son, B. Gill Clements (born 1941), was murdered at the age of 69 near his ranch in Athens in Henderson County in east Texas. An investor, Clements was also a graduate of Southern Methodist University, married, and the father of three children. He was predeceased by his mother, Pauline Allen Gill Clements, Bill Clements's first wife. On May 29, 2011, Clements died at age 94 in a Dallas hospital from natural causes. He is buried at the Grove Hill Memorial Park in Dallas. Biography portal Texas portal Southern Methodist University football scandal Clements Center for National Security Slaughter, George. \"Clements, William Perry, Jr. [Bill] (1917\u20132011)\". Handbook of Texas. Texas State Historical Association. Retrieved September 26, 2020. Stutz, Terrence (May 29, 2011). \"Bill Clements, Texas' first GOP governor in more than a century, dies\". The Dallas Morning News. Archived from the original on May 4, 2012. Retrieved September 26, 2020. Graham, Bradley (2009). By His Own Rules: The Story of Donald Rumsfeld. PublicAffairs. p.\u00a0135. ISBN\u00a0978-1586484217. Craig Kapitan (January 2, 2013). \"Judges hanging up their robes\". San Antonio Express-News. Retrieved March 3, 2015. Olive Talley (June 10, 1983). \"Oil driller settles one group of suits from Mexico oil spill\". UPI. Retrieved August 7, 2017. William K. Stephens (September 23, 1979). \"TEXAS POLITICS FEEL RESIDUE OF OIL SPILL\". The New York Times. Retrieved August 7, 2017. Billy Hathorn, \"Mayor Ernest Angelo Jr. of Midland and the 96\u20130 Reagan Sweep of Texas, May 1, 1976,\" West Texas Historical Association Yearbook, Vol. 86 (2010), pp. 82-83 \"Bill Clements, Texian to his toenails\", Carolyn Barta, Eakin Press 1996, p. 336 \"Initiative and Referendum Institute\". iandrinstitute.org. Archived from the original on January 18, 2012. Retrieved September 10, 2011. Wangrin, Mark. 20 years after SMU's football scandal Archived August 3, 2009, at the Wayback Machine. San Antonio Express-News, March 3, 2007. \"Archived copy\" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on April 6, 2012. Retrieved November 13, 2011.CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link) Munoz, T. James. Clements apologizes for SMU role; governor fails to name others involved in football payments. The Washington Post, March 11, 1987. \"Former Texas Supreme Court Justice Steven Wayne Smith On Perry \"Purge\"\". scribd.com. Retrieved April 16, 2015. \"Political figures who have endorsed McCain\". azcentral.com. Retrieved April 16, 2015. \"With Giuliani out, Gov. Perry endorses McCain\". Houston Chronicle. Retrieved April 16, 2015. \"News - Dallas News\". Dallas News. Retrieved January 8, 2018. \"Clements Endorses Perry\". The Texas Tribune. Retrieved April 16, 2015. \"The Twilight of the Texas Democrats: The 1978 Governor's Race\". UNT Digital Library. Retrieved April 16, 2015. Body found in shallow grave after East Texas shootout may be that of ex-Gov. Bill Clements' son. The Dallas Morning News. October 24, 2010. James C. McKinley Jr. (May 30, 2011). \"Bill Clements Dies at 94; Set Texas on G.O.P. Path\". The New York Times. Bridges, Kenneth William. \"The Twilight of the Texas Democrats: The 1978 Governor's Race,\" Ph.D. dissertation, University of North Texas, 2003, 281 pages; AAT 3117260 in ProQuest Cunningham, Sean P. Cowboy Conservatism: Texas and the Rise of the Modern Right (2010) (1) Closing Plenary Session of the National Governors Association from July 31, 1990 [1] (2) C-SPAN Interview on July 30, 1990 [2] (3) International Trade and Economic Development from Republican Governors Association on November 13, 1989 [3] (4) Commencement Address by President George H.W. Bush at Texas A&M University on May 12, 1989 [4] (5) Committee on Justice & Public Safety from the National Governors Association on February 26, 1989 [5] (6) Bush-Quayle Campaign Rally at the Galleria Shopping Center in Houston, Texas on November 7, 1988 [6] (7) Campaign Rally by President Ronald Reagan at Mesquite Rodeo Arena in Mesquite, Texas on November 5, 1988 [7] (8) Tribute to US House Speaker Jim Wright from October 11, 1988 [8] (9) Quayle Campaign Rally from September 27, 1988 [9] (10) Justice & Public Safety Committee from the National Governors Association on August 8, 1988 [10] Papers of Governor William P. Clements at Texas A&M University Appearances on C-SPAN Bill Clements at Find a Grave 'Bill Clements Dies at 94; Set Texas on G.O.P. Path', James C. McKinley Jr., The New York Times, May 30, 2011"
   },
   {
    "name": "William Wakefield Baum",
    "id": "Q546828",
    "text": "William Wakefield Baum (November 21, 1926 \u2013 July 23, 2015) was an American cardinal of the Catholic Church. He served as Bishop of Springfield-Cape Girardeau (1970\u20131973) and Archbishop of Washington (1973\u20131980) before serving in the Roman Curia as Prefect of the Congregation for Catholic Education (1980\u20131990) and Major Penitentiary (1990\u20132001). He was elevated to the College of Cardinals in 1976. At the time of his 1980 appointment as Prefect of the Congregation for Catholic Education, he was the highest-ranking American ever in the Church. Cardinal Baum was the longest-serving American cardinal in history. William Wakefield White was born in Dallas, Texas, to Harold E. and Mary Leona (n\u00e9e Hayes) White. His father, a Presbyterian, died when William was a young child, and he and his mother moved to Kansas City, Missouri. His mother married Jerome Charles Baum, a Jewish businessman, who adopted William and gave him his last name; Jerome Baum died when William was 12. He received his early education at the parochial school of St. Peter's Church, and began to serve as an altar boy at age 10. He entered St. John's Minor Seminary in 1940, and then studied philosophy at Cardinal Glennon College in St. Louis. In 1947, he entered Kenrick Seminary, also in St. Louis, for his theological studies. Baum was ordained to the priesthood by Archbishop Edwin V. O'Hara on May 12, 1951. His first assignment was as assistant pastor of St. Aloysius Church in Kansas City. He taught theology and Church history at St. Theresa College from 1954 to 1956, as well as at St. Aloysius Academy and Glennon High School. He then studied at the Pontifical University of St. Thomas Aquinas, Angelicum in Rome, where he earned a Doctorate of Sacred Theology degree in 1958. His thesis was entitled: \"The Teaching of Cardinal Cajetan on the Sacrifice of the Mass\". Returning to Kansas City, Baum resumed his teaching duties at St. Theresa College (1958\u201363) and served as secretary of the Diocesan Tribunal. He also did pastoral work at St. Theresa's Church and St. Peter's Church, both in Kansas City. In 1960, he became pastor of St. Cyril's Church in Sugar Creek. He published \"Considerations Toward the Theology of the Presbyterate\" in 1961. He was named a papal chamberlain by Pope John XXIII in April 1961, and vice-chancellor of the Diocese of Kansas City-St. Joseph in 1962. From 1962 to 1965, Baum served as a peritus, or theological expert, to Bishop Charles Helmsing at the Second Vatican Council. In that capacity, he worked with the Secretariat for Christian Unity and helped draft Unitatis Redintegratio, the Council's decree on ecumenism. In 1964, he was named the first executive director of the Committee on Ecumenical and Interreligious Affairs for the National Conference of Catholic Bishops, a post which he held for five years. He also served as a member of the Joint Working Group of representatives of the Catholic Church and World Council of Churches (1965\u201369) and of the Mixed Committee of representatives of the Catholic Church and the Lutheran World Federation (1965\u201366). In 1967, Baum returned to Kansas City, where he served as chancellor of the diocese and pastor of St. James Church. He was named a domestic prelate in 1968. On February 18, 1970, Baum was appointed the third Bishop of Springfield-Cape Girardeau by Pope Paul VI. He received his episcopal consecration on the following April 6 from Cardinal John Carberry, with Bishops Charles Helmsing and Joseph Sullivan serving as co-consecrators. He selected as his episcopal motto: \"Ministry of Reconciliation\" (2 Corinthians 5:18). He served as an American delegate to the World Synod of Bishops at the Vatican in 1971, and was chairman of the Bishops' Committee for Ecumenical and Interreligious Affairs (1972\u201375). In 1973, three years after his consecration as bishop, Paul VI elevated him to Archbishop of Washington, D.C., and in the consistory of 1976 Baum was named Cardinal-Priest of Santa Croce in Via Flaminia. He participated in the two conclaves of 1978. Under Pope John Paul II, in 1980 he was named to the Roman Curia as Prefect of the Congregation for Catholic Education, succeeding the French Cardinal Gabriel-Marie Garrone. The Italian Cardinal Pio Laghi succeeded him in that position. In 1990 he became the Church's Major Penitentiary, succeeding the Italian Cardinal Luigi Dadaglio, exchanging the responsibility of overseeing the Catholic Church's educational policy and structure, parochial schools, Catholic colleges and universities, Newman Centers, and seminaries worldwide, for that of supervising one of the three final appellate tribunals of the Church (the other two are the Roman Rota, which among other matters deals with marriage cases, and the Supreme Tribunal of the Apostolic Signatura, which is the church's supreme court, which mainly resolves technicalities or procedural disagreements, for all cases the Pope does not hear). Cardinal Baum's position as Major Penitentiary of the Apostolic Penitentiary involved mostly dealing with the regulation of indulgences and matters of conscience (the internal forum) especially the forgiveness of sins in the Sacrament of Reconciliation. He was succeeded as Major Penitentiary by Cardinal Luigi De Magistris, who in turn was replaced by another American, James Francis Stafford, who had been Archbishop of Denver. Baum was one of the cardinal electors who participated in the 2005 papal conclave that elected Pope Benedict XVI. Along with Benedict (then Cardinal Ratzinger) and Cardinal Jaime Sin, Baum was one of three remaining cardinals elevated by Paul VI to retain voting rights in that conclave. Cardinal Baum was the senior Cardinal Priest to participate in the 2005 papal conclave. Somewhat frail in his later years, Baum also suffered from deteriorating eyesight. His resignation as Penitentiary was accepted the day after his 75th birthday in 2001, but he remained active in Rome to the extent that his health permitted, and attended the meeting of American cardinals called to deal with the sex abuse scandal in 2003. He lived in Washington, D.C. until his death. With the election of Ratzinger as pope on April 19, 2005, followed by the death of Jaime Sin on June 21, 2005, Baum became the last cardinal elevated by Pope Paul VI to maintain voting rights in a papal conclave. Upon Baum reaching the age of 80 on November 21, 2006, all cardinals who may vote in a conclave had been elevated by Pope John Paul II, Pope Benedict XVI or Pope Francis. On March 8, 2011, Baum became the longest-serving American cardinal, surpassing the record established by James Gibbons of Baltimore in 1921. Cardinal Baum died at the age of 88 on July 23, 2015 in a home in Washington, D.C., run by the Little Sisters of the Poor, where he had spent his last years. He was buried in the Cathedral of St. Matthew the Apostle in Washington, DC. \"William Wakefield Cardinal Baum\". Catholic-Hierarchy.org. David M. Cheney. Retrieved January 21, 2015. Weigel, George (March 16, 2011). \"Cardinal Baum: A New Record-Holder\". First Things. \"William Baum dead; former Catholic cardinal and Washington archbishop was 88\". Newsday. Retrieved July 27, 2015. \"Long-serving Cardinal Baum lived a generous response to God\". Angelusnews.com. Retrieved July 27, 2015. Miranda, Salvador. \"BAUM, William Wakefield (1926\u2013 )\". The Cardinals of the Holy Roman Church. Onofrio, Jan (1996). Texas Biographical Dictionary. I (III\u00a0ed.). New York: Somerset Publishers, Inc. Denzer, Marty (June 2, 2011). \"Cardinal William Baum, 60 years a priest\". The Catholic Key. \"William Cardinal Baum\". Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Washington. Archived from the original on April 30, 2012. Retrieved July 27, 2015. \"BAUM Card. William Wakefield\". Holy See. Retrieved July 27, 2015. \"An American Proponent of Ecumenism\". The New York Times. April 28, 1976. \"William Wakefield Baum\". Catholic-Hierarchy.org. David M. Cheney. [1] Archived March 27, 2009, at the Wayback Machine \"Cardinal Baum, 3rd Archbishop of Washington, dead at 88\". Chicago Tribune. Retrieved July 27, 2015. Zimmermann, Mark. \"Cardinal Baum, longest serving US cardinal, witnessed and made history\". ncronline.org. The National Catholic Reporter Publishing Company. Retrieved August 23, 2021. Zimmermann, Mark. \"Cardinal Baum, longest serving US cardinal, witnessed and made history\". ncronline.org. The National Catholic Reporter Publishing Company. Retrieved August 23, 2021. \"Cardinal William Wakefield Baum\". findagrave.com. Find A Grave. Retrieved August 23, 2021."
   },
   {
    "name": "Bobby Seale",
    "id": "Q548587",
    "text": "Robert George Seale (born October 22, 1936) is an American political activist and author. In 1966, he co-founded the Black Panther Party with fellow activist Huey P. Newton. Founded as the \"Black Panther Party for Self-Defense\", the Party's main practice was monitoring police activities and challenging police brutality in Black communities, first in Oakland, California, and later in cities throughout the United States. Seale was one of the Chicago Eight charged by the US federal government with conspiracy charges related to anti-Vietnam War protests in Chicago, Illinois, during the 1968 Democratic National Convention. In that trial, Seale was infamously ordered by the judge, Julius Hoffman, to appear in court bound and gagged. More than a month into trial, Seale's case was severed from the other defendants, turning the \"Chicago Eight\" into the \"Chicago Seven.\" After his case was severed, the government declined to retry him on the conspiracy charges. Though he was never convicted in the case, Seale was sentenced by Judge Hoffman to four years for criminal contempt of court. The contempt sentence was reversed on appeal. In 1970, while in prison, Seale was charged and put on trial in the New Haven Black Panther trials over the torture and murder of Alex Rackley, whom the Black Panther Party suspected of being a police informer. Panther George Sams, Jr., testified that Seale had ordered him to kill Rackley. The jury was unable to reach a verdict in Seale's trial, and the charges were eventually dropped. Seale's books include A Lonely Rage: The Autobiography of Bobby Seale, Seize the Time: The Story of the Black Panther Party and Huey P. Newton, and Power to the People: The World of the Black Panthers (with Stephen Shames). Bobby Seale was born in Liberty, Texas to George Seale, a carpenter, and Thelma Seale (n\u00e9e Traylor), a homemaker. The Seale family lived in poverty during most of his early life. After moving around Texas, first to Dallas, then to San Antonio, and Port Arthur, Seale's family relocated to Oakland, California during the Great Migration when he was eight years old. Seale attended Berkeley High School, then dropped out and joined the United States Air Force in 1955. Three years later, a court martial convicted him of fighting with a commanding officer[citation needed] at Ellsworth Air Force Base in South Dakota, resulting in a bad conduct discharge. Seale subsequently worked as a sheet metal mechanic for various aerospace plants while studying for his high school diploma at night. \"I worked in every major aircraft plant and aircraft corporation, even those with government contracts. I was a top-flight sheet-metal mechanic\". After earning his high school diploma, Seale attended Merritt Community College where he studied engineering and politics until 1962. While at college, Bobby Seale joined the Afro-American Association (AAA), a group on the campus devoted to advocating black separatism. \"I wanted to be an engineer when I went to college, but I got shifted right away since I became interested in American Black History and trying to solve some of the problems.\" Through the AAA group, Seale met Huey P. Newton. In June 1966, Seale began working at the North Oakland Neighborhood Anti-Poverty Center in their summer youth program. Seale's objective was to teach the youth in the program Black American History and teach them a degree of responsibility towards the people living in their communities. While working in the program, Seale met Bobby Hutton, who later became the first recruited member of the Black Panther Party. He married Artie Seale, and had a son, Malik Nkrumah Stagolee Seale. Bobby Seale and Huey P. Newton were heavily inspired by the teachings of activist Malcolm X, who was assassinated in 1965. The two joined together in October 1966 to create the Black Panther Party for Self-Defense, which adopted the late activist's slogan \"freedom by any means necessary\" as their own. Prior to starting the Black Panther Party, Seale and Newton created a group known as the Soul Students Advisory Council. The group was organized so as to allow it to function through \"ultra-democracy,\" defined as individualism manifesting itself as an aversion to discipline. \"The goal was to develop a college campus group that would help develop leadership; to go back to the black community and serve the black community in a revolutionary fashion\". After the inception of Soul Students Advisory Council, Seale and Newton then went on to found the group they are most readily identified with, the Black Panther Party; the aim of which was to organize the black community and express their desires and needs in order to resist the racism and classism perpetuated by the system. Seale described the Panthers as \"an organization that represents black people and many white radicals relate to this and understand that the Black Panther Party is a righteous revolutionary front against this racist decadent, capitalistic system.\" Seale and Newton together wrote the doctrines \"What We Want Now!\" which Seale said were intended to be \"the practical, specific things we need and that should exist\" and \"What We Believe,\" which outlines the philosophical principles of the Black Panther Party in order to educate the people and disseminate information about the specifics of the party's platform. These writings were part of the party's Ten-Point Program, also known as \"The Black Panther Party for Self-Defense Ten-Point Platform and Program,\" a set of guidelines to the Black Panther Party's ideals and ways of operation. Seale and Newton decided to name Newton Minister of Defense and Seale became the Chairman of the party. During his time with the Panthers, he underwent surveillance by the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) as part of its illegal COINTELPRO program. In 1968, Seale wrote Seize the Time: The Story of the Black Panther Party and Huey P. Newton, published in 1970. Bobby Seale was one of the original \"Chicago Eight\" defendants charged with conspiracy and inciting a riot in the wake of the 1968 Democratic National Convention in Chicago. Bobby Seale, while in prison, stated, \"To be a Revolutionary is to be an Enemy of the state. To be arrested for this struggle is to be a Political Prisoner.\" The evidence against Seale was slim, as he was not a participant in the planning for the convention's protest activity and had gone to Chicago as a last-minute replacement for activist Eldridge Cleaver. He had also been in Chicago for only two days of the convention. During the trial, Judge Julius Hoffman had him bound and gagged. Bobby would stand up in court and yell \"I Object\" every day of the trial when they mentioned his name for the reason of his lawyer not being present during the trial. Bobby claimed he was denied his constitutional right to defend himself, then he was found in contempt. Bobby was then handcuffed, leg-cuffed to a chair and a tape was placed around his mouth to stop him from talking in court. Though he was never convicted in the case on November 5, 1969, Judge Hoffman sentenced him to four years in prison for 16 counts of contempt, each count for three months of his imprisonment because of his outbursts during the trial, and eventually ordered Seale severed from the case, leading to the proceedings against the remaining defendants being renamed the \"Chicago Seven\".[citation needed] While serving his four-year sentence, Seale was put on trial again in 1970 in the New Haven Black Panther trials. Several officers of the Panther organization had murdered a fellow Panther, Alex Rackley, who had confessed under torture to being a police informant. The leader of the murder plan, George W. Sams Jr., turned state's evidence and testified that Seale, who had visited New Haven only hours before the murder, had ordered him to kill Rackley. The trials were accompanied by a large demonstration in New Haven on May Day, 1970, which coincided with the beginning of the American college student strike of 1970. The jury was unable to reach a verdict in Seale's trial, and the charges were eventually dropped. The government suspended his convictions and Seale was released from prison in 1972. While Seale was in prison, his wife, Artie, became pregnant, allegedly by fellow Panther Fred Bennett. Bennett's mutilated remains were found in a suspected Panther hideout in April 1971. Seale was implicated in the murder, with police suspecting he had ordered it in retaliation for the affair, but no charges were pressed. Seale ran for Mayor of Oakland, California in 1973. He received the second-most votes in a field of nine candidates but ultimately lost in a run-off with incumbent Mayor John Reading. In 1974, Seale and Huey Newton argued over a proposed movie about the Panthers that Newton wanted Bert Schneider to produce. According to several accounts, the argument escalated to a fight in which Newton, backed by his armed bodyguards, allegedly beat Seale with a bullwhip so badly that Seale required extensive medical treatment for his injuries. Afterwards, he went into hiding for nearly a year, and ended his affiliation with the Party in 1974. Seale denied any such physical altercation took place, dismissing rumors that he and Newton were ever less than friends. Seale worked with Huey Newton to create the Ten Point platform. The platform was a political and social demand for the survival of the Black population in the United States. The two men formulated the Ten Point Platform in the late 1960s, and these ideologies grew into the Black Panther Party. The document encapsulated the economic exploitation of the black body, and addressed the mistreatment of the black race. This document was attractive to those suffering under the oppressive nature of white power. The document takes the position that a combination of racism and capitalism resulted in fascism in the United States. The Ten Point Platform lays out the need for full employment of black people, the need for their shelter, and decent education; decent education meaning the real history of the United States, the history including the murder of Native Americans and the enslavement of Africans. The platform calls for the release of political prisoners. The points are as follows: We Want Freedom. We Want Power To Determine The Destiny Of Our Black Community. We Want Full Employment For Our People. We Want An End To The Robbery By The Capitalists Of Our Black Community. We Want Decent Housing Fit For The Shelter Of Human Beings. We Want Education For Our People That Exposes The True Nature Of This Decadent American Society. We Want Education That Teaches Us Our True History And Our Role In The Present-Day Society. We Want All Black Men To Be Exempt From Military Service. We Want An Immediate End To Police Brutality And Murder Of Black People. We Want Freedom For All Black Men Held In Federal, State, County And City Prisons And Jails. We Want All Black People When Brought To Trial To Be Tried In Court By A Jury Of Their Peer Group Or People From Their Black Communities, As Defined By The Constitution Of The United States. We Want Land, Bread, Housing, Education, Clothing, Justice And Peace. In 1978, Bobby Seale wrote an autobiography titled A Lonely Rage. Also, in 1987, he wrote a cookbook called Barbeque'n with Bobby Seale: Hickory & Mesquite Recipes, the proceeds going to various non-profit social organizations. Seale also advertised Ben & Jerry's ice cream. In 1998, Seale appeared on the television documentary series Cold War, discussing the events of the 1960s. Bobby Seale was the central protagonist alongside Kathleen Cleaver, Jamal Joseph and Nile Rodgers in the 1999 theatrical documentary Public Enemy by Jens Meurer, which premiered at the Venice Film Festival. In 2002, Seale began dedicating his time to Reach!, a group focused on youth education programs. He has also taught black studies at Temple University in Philadelphia. Seale appears in Roberto Bola\u00f1o's last novel, 2666, renamed as Barry Seaman. Also in 2002, Seale moved back to Oakland, working with young political advocates to influence social change. In 2006, he appeared in the documentary The U.S. vs. John Lennon to discuss his friendship with John Lennon. Seale has also visited over 500 colleges to share his personal experiences as a Black Panther and to give advice to students interested in community organizing and social justice.[citation needed] Since 2013, Seale has been seeking to produce a screenplay he wrote based on his autobiography, Seize the Time: The Eighth Defendant. Seale co-authored Power to the People: The World of the Black Panthers, a 2016 book with photographer Stephen Shames. In 1968, Seale was featured in Agn\u00e8s Varda's documentary, Black Panthers. The 1971 the song \"Chicago\" written by Graham Nash refers to Seale being bound and gagged during the trial. The 1973 the poem and song \"H2Ogate Blues\" by Gil Scott-Heron mentions the chaining and gagging of Seale during the trial. In 1987, Seale was portrayed by Carl Lumbly in the HBO television movie, Conspiracy: The Trial of the Chicago 8. In 1995, Seale was portrayed by Courtney B. Vance in the cinematic adaptation of Melvin Van Peebles's novel Panther, produced and directed by Mario Van Peebles In 2007, Seale was voiced by Jeffrey Wright in the animated documentary Chicago 10. In 2011, Seale was portrayed by Orlando Jones, in the television movie, The Chicago 8. In 2011, Kendrick Lamar mentioned Seale (along with Fred Hampton and Huey Newton) in the song HiiiPoWeR from his debut album Section.80, In 2020, Seale was portrayed by Yahya Abdul-Mateen II in Aaron Sorkin's Netflix film, The Trial of the Chicago 7. In 2021, Seale is mentioned in the movie Judas and the Black Messiah by a policeman commenting on a drawing of him tied up at the trial. Seale, Bobby (1991) [1970]. Seize the Time: The Story of The Black Panther Party and Huey P. Newton. Baltimore, Maryland: Black Classic Press. ISBN\u00a0978-0-933121-30-0. Seale, Bobby (1978). A Lonely Rage: The Autobiography of Bobby Seale. New York: Times Books. ISBN\u00a0978-0-812907-15-5. Seale, Bobby; Shames, Stephen (2016). Power to the People: The World of the Black Panthers. New York: Abrams Books. ISBN\u00a0978-1-419722-40-0. Biography portal \"Bobby Seale Biography\". Biography.com. A&E Television Networks. Retrieved April 29, 2020. \"Huey P. Newton\". Biography.com. Retrieved September 1, 2016. Editors, History com. \"Black Panthers\". HISTORY.CS1 maint: extra text: authors list (link) \"Chicago 7 prosecutor: 'They were going to try to destroy our trial. And they did a damn good job.'\". Herald & Review. October 20, 2020. Retrieved November 21, 2020. Bobby Seale Archived March 16, 2010, at the Wayback Machine at Spartacus Educational \"The Long-Lasting Legacy of the Great Migration\". Bagley, Mark. Bobby Seale biography Archived June 11, 2010, at the Wayback Machine. Penn State University Libraries. Retrieved February 2, 2011. Hendrickson, Paul (March 10, 1978). \"Revolutionary At Rest\". The Washington Post. Retrieved August 28, 2020. Seale 1991, p.\u00a08. \"Civil Rights Movement: \"Black Power\" Era\". Shmoop. Seale 1991, p.\u00a010. Seale 1991, pp.\u00a035, 43. Mitchell, Jason (June 15, 2012). \"Malcolm X's Influence on the Black Panther Party's Philosophy\". History in an Hour. Archived from the original on October 5, 2018. Seale 1991, pp.\u00a059\u201362. The Black Panther Leaders Speak pp. 21-22, On Violent Revolution. Seale 1991, p.\u00a011. Seale 1991, p.\u00a062. \"Archival newsfilm footage of a Bobby Seale press conference on police intimidation, from 1966\". diva.sfsu.edu. Seale, Bobby. Seize The Time: The Story of the Black Panther Party (PDF). The Black Panther Leaders Speak, p. 23. On Violent Revolution. \"Bobby Seale, Bound and Gagged | Political Activists on Trial | Explore | Drawing Justice: The Art of Courtroom Illustration | Exhibitions at the Library of Congress | Library of Congress\". Library of Congress, Washington, D.C. 20540 USA. Epstein, Jason. \"A Special Supplement: The Trial of Bobby Seale\". Nybooks.com. Retrieved March 25, 2013. Cite magazine requires |magazine= (help) Raymond R. Coffey; James Kloss (November 5, 1969). \"Mistrial for Panther chief, Seale gets 4 yrs. in jail\" (Chicago Sun-Times). Archived from the original on September 27, 2020. Retrieved November 11, 2020. Seale was gagged and bound to a chair for two and a half days last week after he tussled with the courtroom marshals. Shames, Stephen (October 18, 2016). Power to the People: The World of Black Panthers. New York: Abrams. p.\u00a0193. ISBN\u00a0978-1-4197-2240-0. \"Two Controversial Cases in New Haven History: The Amistad Affair (1839) and The Black Panther Trials (1970)\". Yale.edu. Retrieved March 25, 2013. \"Remote Panther Hideout was Slaying Scene\". The Palm Beach Post. April 21, 1971. p.\u00a0A4. Retrieved January 25, 2021 \u2013 via Newspapers.com. Jama Lazerow, Yohuru R. Williams. In Search of the Black Panther Party: New Perspectives on a Revolutionary Movement. Duke University Press. 2006, p. 170. Bobby Seale Archived February 1, 2014, at the Wayback Machine at Pennsylvania State University's online library Kate Coleman and Paul Avery. The Party's Over. New Times. July 10, 1978. Hugh Pearson, The Shadow of the Panther, 1994. \"Former Black Panther draws crowd of more than 600\". Ur.umich.edu. January 23, 1996. Retrieved March 25, 2013. \"Black Panther's Ten-Point Program\". www.marxists.org. \"Robert George Seale\". Africawithin.com. Archived from the original on February 8, 2012. Retrieved March 25, 2013. Gillespie, J. David (2012). Challengers to Duopoly: Why Third Parties Matter in American Two-Party Politics. Univ of South Carolina Press. ISBN\u00a0978-1611171129. Obenson, Tambay A. (March 29, 2013). \"Bobby Seale Still Fundraising For Scripted Black Panthers Life Story Feature Film\". IndieWire.com. Retrieved August 30, 2018. Whiting, Sam (October 14, 2016). \"Bobby Seale, Black Panthers founder, writes his own history\". San Francisco Chronicle. Retrieved August 30, 2018. \"Power to the People: The World of the Black Panthers\". PublishersWeekly.com. Retrieved August 29, 2018. \"Mr. Fish in Conversation With Graham Nash\". Truthdig.com. Retrieved March 25, 2013. \"H20-GATE BLUES (WATERGATE BLUES)\". American-buddha.com. Archived from the original on May 15, 2012. Retrieved March 25, 2013. Edited by Mark L. Levine, George C. McNamee and Daniel Greenberg / Foreword by Aaron Sorkin. The Trial of the Chicago 7: The Official Transcript. New York: Simon & Schuster, 2020. ISBN\u00a0978-1982155094. OCLC\u00a01162494002 Edited with an introduction by Jon Wiener. Conspiracy in the Streets: The Extraordinary Trial of the Chicago Seven. Afterword by Tom Hayden and drawings by Jules Feiffer. New York: The New Press, 2006. ISBN\u00a0978-1565848337 Pearson, Hugh. The Shadow of the Panther: Huey P. Newton and the Price of Black Power in America. Addison-Wesley, 1994. ISBN\u00a00201483416. Edited by Judy Clavir and John Spitzer. The Conspiracy Trial: The extended edited transcript of the trial of the Chicago Eight. Complete with motions, rulings, contempt citations, sentences and photographs. Introduction by William Kunstler and foreword by Leonard Weinglass. Indianapolis: Bobbs-Merrill Company, 1970. ISBN\u00a00224005790. OCLC\u00a016214206 Schultz, John. The Conspiracy Trial of the Chicago Seven. Foreword by Carl Oglesby. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2020. ISBN\u00a09780226760742. (Originally published in 1972 as Motion Will Be Denied.) Media related to Bobby Seale at Wikimedia Commons Works related to Bobby Seale at Wikisource m Quotations related to Bobby Seale at Wikiquote American Black Journal, interview, 1978 Swindle, interview, 2007 Appearances on C-SPAN"
   },
   {
    "name": "Charley Taylor",
    "id": "Q549008",
    "text": "Charles Robert Taylor (born September 28, 1941) is a former American football wide receiver who played 14 seasons with the Washington Redskins of the National Football League (NFL). He was drafted by them in the first round of the 1964 NFL Draft. With Taylor, the Redskins made the playoffs five times (1971\u20131974, 1976) and reached the Super Bowl once (VII), after the 1972 season. He was inducted into the Pro Football Hall of Fame in 1984. Born in Grand Prairie, Texas, Taylor was the second of seven children\u2014four girls and three boys. He was raised by his mother Myrtle and step father James Stevenson. Myrtle was a domestic, a chef, a butcher, and an owner of a restaurant and Stevenson constructed parts for airplanes. Taylor started playing sports while in junior high school and by the eighth grade he was playing football, baseball, basketball and competing in track. Taylor played high school football at Dalworth High School (the former segregated black high school, now an elementary school by the name of David Daniels. Dalworth High students moved to Grand Prairie High School). He also ran the high hurdles, threw the discus and shot put, and competed in the long jump for the track team. The school did not have a baseball team, but Taylor played baseball in a summer league. He was named All-State in track and football. Taylor played college football at Arizona State University in Tempe as a halfback and defensive back. He was selected as an All-American two years in a row and was also selected to the All-Western Athletic Conference team. Following his final season, Taylor played in the East-West Shrine Game, the Hula Bowl, and the All-American Bowl. He also played in the College All-Star Game against the Chicago Bears in August 1964 and was named the Most Valuable Player of the game. In his three seasons at ASU, Taylor gained 1,995 yards from scrimmage and averaged 5.7 yards per carry, while also scoring 25 touchdowns. Taylor also pitched and played third base for the Sun Devils baseball team. However, during baseball practice, he was hit on a knee by a line drive, which ended his baseball career. Taylor was inducted into the Arizona State Sports Hall of Fame as a charter member in 1975. Taylor was selected by the Washington Redskins as the third overall pick of the 1964 NFL Draft. He was also selected in the AFL draft, taken ninth by the Houston Oilers. Taylor signed with Washington and won the UPI rookie of the year award as a running back, and became the first rookie in 20 years to finish in the NFL's top 10 in both rushing (sixth with 755 yards) and receiving (eighth with 53 catches for 814 yards). His 53 receptions were a record for running backs at that time. Although known as a successful running back, Taylor was switched to wide receiver in 1966 and led the NFL in receiving in both 1966 and 1967. He played that position for the rest of his career and had a record-tying seven seasons with 50 or more receptions. In the season finale in 1975, Taylor passed Don Maynard and became the NFL's all-time receptions leader with his 634th career catch on December 21 against the Philadelphia Eagles. Following Maynard's retirement in 1973, Taylor was the league's active leader in receiving yards for four seasons. He began 1974 with 7,470 yards, then 11th all-time, and climbed up to 4th. Taylor retired following the 1977 season as the NFL's all-time leading receiver with 649 receptions, for 9,110 yards and 79 touchdowns. With 1,488 yards rushing and some kick return yardage, he totaled 10,803 combined net yards. With 11 rushing touchdowns and 79 on receptions, Taylor scored 540 points in his career. He earned first- or second-team All-NFL honors six times and was selected to play in eight Pro Bowls. Taylor was inducted into the Pro Football Hall of Fame in 1984 and was selected as one of the 70 Greatest Redskins of all time. In 1999, he was ranked number 85 on The Sporting News list of the 100 Greatest Football Players. After retiring, Taylor was hired to work in the Redskins' front office with Bobby Mitchell as a scout. When Joe Gibbs became head coach in 1981, he selected Taylor to be the receivers coach. He served on the coaching staff through 1993 under Richie Petitbon, but was not retained by new head coach Norv Turner in March 1994, ending three decades with the franchise. Taylor and his wife Patricia have been married since 1965. Taylor lives in Falcons Landing in Potomac Falls, VA. They have three children, Elizabeth, Erica, and Charles, Jr., and three grandchildren, Robyn, Jordyn, and Nathan. He does speaking engagements and serves as a consultant to the Redskins. \"Whatever Happened To.... Charley Taylor\". Capital News Services. Archived from the original on November 4, 2006. Retrieved June 20, 2008. \"Charley Taylor's HOF Profile\". Pro Football Hall of Fame. Retrieved June 20, 2008. Lea, Bud (August 8, 1964). \"Bears rally for 28-17 win\". Milwaukee Sentinel. p.\u00a02, part 2. McHugh, Roy (August 8, 1964). \"Mira, Taylor real all-stars, Bears find\". Pittsburgh Press. p.\u00a06. \"Chicago dumps All-Stars, 28-17\". Eugene Register-Guard. Oregon. Associated Press. August 8, 1964. p.\u00a01B. \"Arizona State Sun Devils - History\". College Football History. Archived from the original on March 18, 2009. Retrieved June 20, 2008. Ragsdale, W.B., Jr. (December 10, 1964). \"Redskins' Charley Taylor selected 'rookie of year'\". Gettysburg Times. Associated Press. p.\u00a05. Seppy, Tom (December 22, 1975). \"Turnovers topple Redskins\". Free Lance-Star. Fredericksburg, Virginia. Associated Press. p.\u00a010. \"Washington Redskins: 1970s\". Washington Redskins. Archived from the original on June 13, 2008. Retrieved June 20, 2008. Career receiving yards, 1973 leaderboard Career receiving yards, 1977 \"Charley Taylor retires\". Sarasota Herald-Tribune. Florida. Associated Press. June 2, 1978. p.\u00a02F. \"History: 70 Greatest Redskins\". Washington Redskins. Archived from the original on May 31, 2008. Retrieved June 20, 2008. \"Football's 100 Greatest Players\". The Sporting News. Archived from the original on June 1, 2008. Retrieved June 19, 2008. \"Redskins fire Charley Taylor\". New York Times. Associated Press. March 2, 1994. Retrieved March 10, 2016. Biography portal Charley Taylor at the Pro Football Hall of Fame Career statistics and player information from NFL.com\u00a0\u00b7\u00a0Pro Football Reference\u00a0\u00b7\u00a0"
   },
   {
    "name": "Jake McDorman",
    "id": "Q549948",
    "text": "John Allen McDorman IV (born July 8, 1986) is an American actor. On television, he headlined the CBS comedy-drama Limitless (2015\u20132016) and was the male lead of the sitcoms Are You There, Chelsea? (2012) and Manhattan Love Story (2014). He was also a series regular on the ABC Family comedy-drama Greek (2007\u20132011), the fourth season of the Showtime comedy-drama Shameless (2014), the revival of the CBS sitcom Murphy Brown (2018), and the Disney+ historical drama The Right Stuff (2020) as Alan Shepard. McDorman was born in Dallas, Texas, the son of Deborah Gale (n\u00e9e Stallings) and John Allen McDorman III. He has a younger sister, Morgan, and an older half-sister, Amanda. McDorman studied acting at the Dallas Young Actors Studio and Nancy Chartier's Film and Acting Studio. He attended Richardson High School, Westwood Junior High and Northwood Hills Elementary in Texas. McDorman starred in the Fox sitcom Quintuplets from 2004 to 2005, and later guest-starred on House, CSI: Miami and Cold Case. He made his film debut in the 2005 thriller Echoes of Innocence, and later has appeared in Aquamarine, Bring It On: All or Nothing and Live Free or Die Hard. From 2007 to 2011, McDorman starred as Evan Chambers in the ABC Family teen drama series Greek. He also played the lead role in the 2011 Lifetime movie The Craigslist Killer. In 2012, McDorman played the male lead role opposite Laura Prepon in the short-lived NBC sitcom Are You There, Chelsea?. He later joined the cast of Showtime comedy-drama, Shameless as Mike Pratt. He starred in the film See You in Valhalla opposite Sarah Hyland, and in 2014 co-starred in Clint Eastwood's film American Sniper. Also in 2014, McDorman was cast in the male lead role opposite actress Lio Tipton (credited as Analeigh Tipton) in the ABC romantic comedy series, Manhattan Love Story. In 2015, he starred in CBS's Limitless as Brian Finch, a young man who uses a mysterious drug called \"NZT\" to enhance his intelligence to help the FBI solve cases. The TV series continued the story of the motion picture of the same name. The show was cancelled after one season. \"Jake McDorman Credits\". TVGuide.com. Retrieved 2014-05-31. Genzlinger, Neil (2011-01-02). \"The Psychopath Killer in Average-Guy Garb\". The New York Times. Retrieved 2015-09-04. \"Lifetime's 'Craigslist Killer' uses trite tabloid-to-TV tactics, lacks three-dimensional characters\". New York Daily News. 2011-01-03. Retrieved 2014-05-31. \"Are You There, Chelsea?: cancelled, no season two | canceled + renewed TV shows\". TVSeriesFinale.com. 2012-05-12. Retrieved 2014-05-31. \"'Shameless' Casts 'Greek' Alum as Fiona's New Boss (Exclusive)\". The Hollywood Reporter. 2012-09-19. Retrieved 2014-05-31. \"'Modern Family's' Sarah Hyland to Produce, Star in Indie Dramedy (Exclusive)\". The Hollywood Reporter. 2013-07-26. Retrieved 2014-05-31. \"'Greek' Star Jake McDorman, Real Navy SEALs Join Bradley Cooper's 'American Sniper' (Exclusive)\". TheWrap.com. 2014-03-20. Retrieved 2014-05-31. Andreeva, Nellie (2014-02-04). \"Jake McDorman To Star In ABC's Jeff Lowell Comedy Pilot\". Deadline Hollywood. Retrieved 2014-05-31. Wagmeister, Elizabeth (2015-05-08). \"CBS Picks Up 'Criminal Minds' Spinoff, Jane Lynch Comedy, 'Rush Hour' & 'Limitless' Series\". Variety. Retrieved 2015-09-04. Jake McDorman at IMDb Jake McDorman on Twitter"
   },
   {
    "name": "Steve Railsback",
    "id": "Q549961",
    "text": "Stephen Hall Railsback (born November 16, 1945) is an American theatre, film, and television actor. He is best known for his performances in the films The Stunt Man and Lifeforce, and his portrayal of Charles Manson in the 1976 television mini-series Helter Skelter. Railsback was born to Clyde Webb Railsback and Emerett Spencer (n\u00e9e Sanford) of Dallas, Texas. Railsback was a student of Lee Strasberg and the Actors Studio and in the late 1960s and early 1970s spent 10 years working in theatre in New York City. He once said that he found Strasberg extremely difficult to work with. He made his film debut in The Visitors, directed by Elia Kazan. He portrayed two notorious murderers, appearing as Charles Manson in the 1976 television miniseries Helter Skelter and as Ed Gein in the 2000 film In the Light of the Moon. He also served as executive producer of the latter film. Other notable roles include the part of Cameron in The Stunt Man with Peter O'Toole, the astronaut in Tobe Hooper's Lifeforce, Duane Barry in two episodes of The X-Files, and Joseph Welch in the pilot episode of Supernatural. In 2008, he appeared in the science fiction/horror movie film Plaguers. According to the State of Texas, Texas Birth Index, 1903-1997 at Ancestry.com. Janet Maslin (October 17, 1980). \"The Stunt Man\". The New York Times. Retrieved November 3, 2007. Plaguers DVD Art and Specs Official website Steve Railsback at IMDb\u00a0 Steve Railsback at the Internet Broadway Database v t e"
   },
   {
    "name": "Quincy Taylor",
    "id": "Q551994",
    "text": "Quincy Taylor (born July 18, 1963 in Dallas, Texas), is a former professional boxer in the Middleweight (160lb) division. Taylor, a southpaw, turned pro in 1986. In 1987, he nearly KO\u00b4d Sugar Ray Leonard whilst sparring in preparation for Leonard's match against World Middleweight Champion 'Marvelous' Marvin Hagler. In 1994, he landed a shot at WBC Middleweight Title holder Julian Jackson. Taylor scored an upset TKO victory over Jackson, but lost the title in his next fight to Keith Holmes. After a two-year layoff and a victory in 1998, followed by a three-year layoff and a victory in 2001, Taylor retired from boxing. He coaches amateur boxers at the Boys and Girls Club and trains along with them. List of WBC world champions Boxing record for Quincy Taylor from BoxRec"
   },
   {
    "name": "Tom Hicks",
    "id": "Q553219",
    "text": "Thomas Ollis Hicks Sr. (born February 7, 1946), is an American private equity investor and sports team owner living in Dallas, Texas. Forbes magazine estimated Hicks' wealth at $1\u00a0billion in 2009, but it dropped to $700 million in 2010. Hicks co-founded the investment firm, Hicks, Muse, Tate & Furst, previously owned 50% of the English football club Liverpool F.C., and is chairman of Hicks Holdings LLC, which owns and operates Hicks Sports Group, the company that formerly owned the Texas Rangers, the Dallas Stars, and the Mesquite Championship Rodeo. In 2010, Hicks was forced to sell the Rangers and Liverpool to satisfy his creditors, and the Stars went into bankruptcy the following year. The son of a Texas radio station owner, Hicks was born in Port Arthur, Texas, and graduated from Thomas Jefferson High School, in Port Arthur, in 1964. Hicks received his bachelor's degree in finance from the University of Texas in 1968, and received his MBA from the University of Southern California in 1970. He is a member of the Sigma Phi Epsilon social fraternity. Hicks became interested in leveraged buyouts as a member of First National Bank of Dallas's venture capital group. Hicks and Robert Haas formed Hicks & Haas in 1984. The next year that firm bought Hicks Communications, a radio outfit run by Hicks' brother Steven \u2013 the first of several media companies bought or created by the buyout firm that involved Steven (Capstar, Chancellor, and AMFM). Hicks & Haas' in the mid-1980s bought several soft drink makers, including Dr Pepper and 7 Up. The firm took Dr Pepper/7 Up public just 18\u00a0months after merging the two companies. In all, Hicks & Haas turned $88\u00a0million of investor funding into $1.3\u00a0billion. The pair went their separate ways in May 1989. He wanted to raise large pools to invest, while Haas preferred to work with investors deal by deal. In 1989, Hicks co-founded the investment firm, Hicks, Muse, Tate & Furst with former Prudential Securities banker John Muse. The firm raised $250\u00a0million, with early investments including a life insurance company, Life Partners Group (bought in 1990 and sold in 1996). In 1991, Morgan Stanley's Charles Tate and First Boston's Jack Furst became partners. Hicks was chairman from 1989 to 2004, Hicks Muse raised $12\u00a0billion of private equity funds, consummated over $50\u00a0billion of leveraged acquisitions, and grew to become one of the largest private investment firms in the country. But Hicks Muse hit a rough patch by the early 2000s, when investors in Equity Fund IV were burned by a $1.2\u00a0billion plunge into telecom investments in 1999. Hicks announced that he would leave the Hicks Muse on March 8, 2004, to spend more time with his family and his sports teams. (Hicks Muse was subsequently renamed HM Capital Partners.) He has remained active in his own ventures. He created Hicks Holdings, a vehicle for his sports and real estate empire, and then started buying companies again in the $10 to $250\u00a0million level, including: a Chinese electronics firm, a venture with DirecTV selling bundled TV-telecom services to condos, a landscaping materials company in the Midwest, a pet food firm in Argentina, and Gammaloy \u2013 an oil field rental outfit he bought from his wife's family, paying approximately $20\u00a0million in the 1990s. Additionally, he formed Hicks Acquisition Company I, Inc. (HACI). In September 2009, HACI merged into Resolute Energy Corporation (REN), an oil and gas firm. Hicks does not sit on REN's board of directors, but his son, Thomas O. Hicks, Jr., represents HACI on the board. As of August 13, 2010, the website for Hicks Sports Group appears to have disappeared. As for other websites for Hicks companies, while they are still operating, they appear to be empty of any data and Hicks Sports Marketing now appears to be a Word Press blog site, with the first page advertising Online Gaming. Hicks was a member of the political action committee for the 2008 presidential election campaign for former Republican Mayor of New York City Rudy Giuliani. Hicks was previously neighbors with former U.S. President George W. Bush and First Lady Laura Bush. Each neighbor\u2019s property shared a boundary between Daria Place and Holloway Road, within a gated community of Preston Hollow, Dallas, Texas respectively. Tom Hicks Elementary School in Frisco, Texas, part of the Lewisville Independent School District, was given its name after Hicks donated the land for the school. Hicks moved from the business pages to the sports section in December 1995 when he bought the National Hockey League Dallas Stars for $82\u00a0million. Hicks contracted to purchase the National Hockey League (NHL) franchise from Norman Green in December 1995. During his tenure as owner of the club, Hicks served as the Stars' Chairman of the Board and the club's representative on the NHL Board of Governors. Hicks played an instrumental role in the development and planning of American Airlines Center. Under his ownership, the Stars won seven division titles, two Western Conference crowns, two Presidents' Trophies (as the team with the best regular season record), two consecutive trips to the Stanley Cup Finals and the 1999 Stanley Cup Championship. In April 2010, Hicks' company defaulted on $525\u00a0million in bank loans backed by the Stars and a 50% interest in the American Airlines Center. On September 13, 2011, lenders voted to agree to have the Stars file for bankruptcy and sold at auction. On November 22, 2011, a bankruptcy court judge approved a bid by Vancouver businessman and Kamloops Blazers owner Tom Gaglardi to buy the team for $240\u00a0million. In June 1998, Hicks bought the Texas Rangers of Major League Baseball\u2019s American League from George W. Bush. Under Hicks' ownership, the Rangers won the American League West Division crown in 1998 and 1999, but failed to deliver a World Series. Hicks made headlines across all MLB when he personally negotiated and signed shortstop Alex Rodriguez to the biggest contract in MLB history at that time; a ten-year, $252\u00a0million deal at the December 2000 winter meetings. That contract, however, severely limited the Rangers' ability to sign other players, and they would have only two more winning seasons during Hicks' ownership. Years later, Hicks pointed to the blockbuster contract as \"one of his biggest regrets\". The Rangers also spent a large amount of money on Chan Ho Park, who signed a $65\u00a0million contract with the Rangers following the 2001 season. The Park signing would be a disaster for the Rangers as the new \"staff ace\" was unable to adjust to the move from pitcher-friendly Dodger Stadium to the hitter-friendly American League. After finishing in last place for the division three seasons in a row with Rodriguez, Hicks agreed to trade to the New York Yankees before the 2004 season. As part of the agreement, the Rangers would supplement a portion of his remaining contract. This agreement would continue until Rodriguez opted out of his contract in 2007. On January 23, 2010, it was announced Hicks had agreed to sell the Rangers to a group led by Chuck Greenberg and Nolan Ryan. Hicks would have been a minority share holder in the new ownership group. Prior to bids being placed by potential buyers, Hicks told the media the Rangers were operating under normal business with no interference from MLB. Regarding the Rangers' inability to sign 2009 first round pick Matt Purke, he said, \"We were disappointed that the family insisted on $6\u00a0million. The Texas Rangers were not willing to do that. It had nothing to do with MLB restrictions. There is a clear misimpression we didn't sign Matt Purke because MLB wouldn't let us. That's not true. We didn't because of Tom Hicks, Nolan Ryan and Jon Daniels. We were not willing to go to $6\u00a0million.\" After his group had completed the purchase agreement, Ryan told the media the Rangers were unable to offer the first round pick the $6\u00a0million signing bonus both parties had verbally agreed upon after the draft because MLB, who were strictly overseeing the Rangers budget by this time, would not approve the amount needed to sign Purke. After the announcement of the pending sale by Hicks Sports Group (HSG), several additional hurdles occurred which had to be remedied before the sale of the team could be finalized. Several of the lenders, who were owed over $500\u00a0million, vocally objected to the deal accusing Hicks of rejecting a higher offer by Jim Crane and stated they would not sign off on the deal. Hicks has been sued by three different parties over the land adjacent to the stadium that was sold in a separate transaction as a part of the purchase by Greenberg and Ryan. On May 24, 2010, HSG filed for Chapter 11 bankruptcy protection/separation of the Texas Rangers from HSG and asked the courts to approve of the sale of the Rangers to the group headed by Greenberg and Ryan. The move was made to expedite the sale and resolve the sale prior to the MLB trade deadline and draft signing deadline. Ironically, Alex Rodriguez was the largest unsecured creditor, owed nearly $25\u00a0million in deferred payments despite being traded six years earlier. Emails presented in court show that after Hicks agreed to an exclusive negotiation period with Greenberg attorneys for HSG were still in discussion with another bidder, Dennis Crane, about a sale price for the team and emailed the creditors on December 31, 2009 saying, \"Basically, the response from the MLB was to prohibit us from negotiating with anyone other than Greenberg. Their intent seems to be to lock us into Greenberg even though Crane now has a clearly superior economic deal \u2013 and may always have had based on Greenberg's current position. We need help here. Unless the lenders weigh in, we are going to be stuck negotiating a deal that is clearly worse than Crane's.\" The bankruptcy court ordered a public auction to be held on August 4, 2010, and the winning bid was submitted by Greenberg/Ryan. Co-lead investors Ray Davis and Bob R. Simpson were named co-chairmen. In March 2011, Greenberg resigned as chief executive, sold his interest, and Nolan Ryan was named president and chief executive officer. Ryan was subsequently designated the controlling owner of the club by a unanimous vote of the 30 owners of Major League Baseball on May 12, 2011. In 1999, Hicks, Muse, Tate & Furst entered into a partnership with Cruzeiro Esporte Clube and Sport Club Corinthians Paulista, two popular Brazilian football clubs. Club directors and Hicks, Muse, Tate & Furst assured the fans that a new stadium was in development, but this never materialized. In 2003, after legal/financial troubles and partner infighting, Hicks retired from the company and the ownership group eventually left the partnership with Corinthians. There was no new stadium. On February 1, 2007, it was made known through the English press that he was involved in a consortium with one-time friend and Montreal Canadiens owner George N. Gillett Jr. to purchase English Premier League club Liverpool F.C.; this takeover proposal was believed to be the front-runner after Dubai International Capital (DIC) withdrew their bid. On February 6, 2007, Hicks and Gillett's joint offer for Liverpool was formally accepted, valuing the club at \u00a3218.9\u00a0million ($432.9M) (\u00a35,000 per share and \u00a344.8M in debt). Liverpool became the third Premier League club to be acquired by American businessmen, the others being Aston Villa and Manchester United. When taking over the club, Hicks and Gillett made a joint declaration: \"Liverpool is a fantastic club with a remarkable history and a passionate fanbase. We fully acknowledge and appreciate the unique heritage and rich history of Liverpool and intend to respect this heritage in the future.\" Hicks stated his foremost priority was gaining silverware, and vowed to build a new stadium for the club at Stanley Park Stadium. The preexisting plans to build the stadium were revised but the stadium never materialized. Hicks became extremely unpopular among Liverpool fans for his failure to deliver on the promise of a new stadium or on the promise that no debt would be placed onto the club and for his allegedly misleading statements about planned and past investment in players. During Hicks and Gillett's period of ownership, Liverpool became associated with frequent boardroom wranglings as the owners fell out with each other and engaged in public battles with Parry and Ben\u00edtez. Anger was also directed at the Hicks family when Tom Hicks' son, Thomas O. Hicks, Jr., had to resign from the Liverpool board of directors after sending an abusive e-mail to a Liverpool fan saying, \"Blow me fuck face. Go to hell. I'm sick of you.\" On January 22, 2008, a majority of Liverpool fans at the game between Liverpool and Aston Villa protested against Gillett and Hicks' running of the club, urging the pair to sell their shares in Liverpool to Dubai International Capital (DIC). Neither owner, nor their representative Foster Gillett, was present at the game. George Gillett was reportedly targeted by DIC to sell his shares. It was reported that he had fallen out with Hicks and he subsequently kept silent over his dealings with the club. On March 7, 2008, it was reported that Gillett had agreed to sell 98% of his Liverpool stock to DIC, but Hicks blocked the sale. In an interview on Prime Time Sports in Canada, Gillett revealed that he and his family had received death threats from angry Liverpool fans: \"The fans don't want him [Tom Hicks] to have even one share of my stake in the club, based on what they are sending to me. As a result of that we [my family] have received many phone calls in the middle of the night threatening our lives, death threats. A number came to the office and my son, Foster, and daughter-in-law, Lauren, have received them.\" On April 16, 2010, the club was put up for sale. Hicks claimed that he believed the club had tripled in value during his tenure, and boasted that he would be looking for a price of four times what he purchased his stake for. He claimed that, \"Liverpool will be the most profitable investment I've ever made.\" On June 16, 2010, Walton MP Steve Rotheram tabled a motion in the House of Commons of the United Kingdom expressing dismay at the continuing ownership of the club. Hicks and Gillett were described as \"asset strippers\" and the club was being \"drained by their greed\". In October 2010, as part of a fans' campaign against the ownership, a video entitled Dear Mr Hicks was released virally via YouTube. Produced and directed by Mike Jefferies, it featured celebrity fans of the club giving their reasons why they wanted to see a change of ownership. The Independent newspaper praised the video, saying, \"True to the city's capacity to create something out of adversity, a wonderfully inventive viral film, Dear Mr Hicks, has been published online to make it clear where he ought to go. The fans' view can be summarised thus: away, and soon.\" It was claimed that the video was watched 400 000 times in 42 hours. On October 15, 2010, Hicks lost ownership of Liverpool. Despite numerous attempts to prevent it, the club was sold to New England Sports Ventures (NESV), for a fee believed to be around \u00a3300\u00a0million, which was far below Hicks' valuation of \"between \u00a3600M and \u00a31 billion (B)\", by the club's board of directors in a 3\u20132 vote. Hicks is pursuing a (max.) \u00a31\u00a0billion suit against NESV and Kop Holdings for damages, claiming that, \"This outcome... devalues the club...\" and suggesting that he had been the victim of an \"epic swindle\". From the time the club had been put up for sale, however, it had been widely reported that the fee that Hicks and Gillett were asking for was unlikely to be achieved. The Wall Street Journal pointed out that the asking price of \u00a3600\u2013800\u00a0million took no account of the fact that a new owner would have to spend \u00a3375\u00a0million building the new stadium which Hicks and Gillett had promised and failed to deliver. The Daily Telegraph suggested that Hicks and Gillett were unlikely to achieve their estimated price because everyone knew that there was huge debt at the club and that these debts were due to be called in very shortly, meaning that the bankers would subsequently put the club into administration and then sell off the club at a bargain price anyway. The likelihood of the club being placed in administration increased once, on September 7, 2010, the Royal Bank of Scotland, Hicks's main creditor, placed the Texan's indebtedness in the toxic debt category as he was considered unable to find refinancing or to pay off the debt. In the end, none of the offers made were anywhere close to Hicks and Gillett's valuation and with the threat of administration looming the club was sold for \u00a3300\u00a0million. This meant that the sale in 2010 fetched \u00a380\u00a0million more than Hicks and Gillett had paid for the club in 2007, but because more than \u00a3200\u00a0million worth of debt had been piled on to the club, resulting in huge interest rates and penalty payments, the outgoing owners ended up losing an estimated \u00a3144\u00a0million on their investment. Liverpool fans were delighted to hear that the club had been sold. Steve Horner, from the fans' group Kop Faithful, declared, \"It\u2019s like a huge cloud has been lifted off us... Hicks and Gillett leave with no legacy, apart from one of chaos.\" The chairman of Liverpool Supporters Club, Richie Pedder, announced to the Liverpool Echo, \"This is the start of a new era. A lot has been taken off the club\u2019s shoulders now. Good riddance to Hicks and Gillett.\" Former Liverpool player Tommy Smith expressed his joy at the departure of Hicks and Gillett in his regular newspaper column: \"But today they are out of our club \u2013 and I\u2019m as happy as every one of the Liverpool fans who\u2019ve made it clear they\u2019re so sick of them. All they were ever interested in was making money \u2013 not in owning what is for me the greatest football club in the world, investing in it properly and taking good care of it. Good riddance.\" After selling the club, Hicks admitted that his relationship with the fans had been strained: \"Something went wrong with my ability to communicate with the fans. I am saddened by it.\" In the two years before Hicks and Gillett took control of the club, Liverpool won the UEFA Champions League in 2005 and the FA Cup in 2006 under manager Rafael Ben\u00edtez. In the three-and-a-half years in which Hicks and Gillett owned the club, they won not a single trophy and at the time they left Liverpool the club were in the relegation zone of the Premier League standings. Hicks denied this claim, declaring that during his reign Liverpool's net spend on player transfers was \u00a3150\u00a0million (sometimes cited as $150\u00a0million). The newspaper The Sunday Mirror calculated that the net spend probably did not exceed \u00a325.1\u00a0million and has accused Hicks of \"creative accountancy\", stating \"what is irrefutable is that Hicks has exaggerated the net spend by probably close to six fold\". During Hicks and Gillett's period of ownership, the club struggled to meet the interest payments on the loans taken out as part of the leveraged buy-out. Christian Purslow, managing director of Liverpool since June 2009, publicly stated in September 2010 that the debt was an important burden for the club because it limited investment in players: \"The issue is that too much of that profit is being used to service loans put into place when the club was bought.\" Hicks admitted after the sale that the club's debt was too great but argued that he had not been given sufficient time by his main creditor, the Royal Bank of Scotland, to repay the debt: \"It has a little bit too much debt, no question. But we were going to fix that and we were frustrated by others.\" He has also suggested that the Royal Bank of Scotland prevented him paying back the debt to them: \"I can't go into the details but I can confirm the funds were available to pay off Royal Bank of Scotland entirely but between Royal Bank of Scotland, the chairman and the employees that conspired against us, they would not let us.\" After more legal trouble with his other sports team, Hicks decided not to pursue his claims of a conspiracy against him. On January 11, 2013, Hicks and Gillett finally decided to drop their case in the English law courts against Sir Martin Broughton, Christian Purslow and Ian Ayre, the three directors on the club's board of directors at the time of the sale of the club to NESV; they also agreed to drop their case against NESV and RBS Bank. The terms of the agreement are confidential, though it is believed that no monies were paid to Hicks or Gillett. Earlier in the week, Hicks and Gillett had lost a Court of Appeal bid to delay a High Court trial so they could have more time to raise the money needed to fund the multi-million pound lawsuit. In addition to donating the land for aforementioned school in Frisco, Hicks donated a gymnasium to the St. Mark's School of Texas in Dallas. Hicks was also the 1996 co-chair of the Dallas Jewish Coalition for the Homeless \"Vogel Alcove\" project, and received the 2000 Henry Cohn Humanitarian Award from the Anti-Defamation League. \"The World's Billionaires\". Forbes.com. March 11, 2009. Retrieved October 15, 2010. https://www.forbes.com/sites/mikeozanian/2010/11/04/tom-hicks-debt-laden-sports-empire-devastated-his-net-worth/#5668b58a6c57 https://www.nytimes.com/2010/10/22/sports/baseball/22hicks.html https://nesn.com/2011/09/report-dallas-stars-former-liverpool-owner-tom-hicks-hockey-team-plan-to-file-for-bankruptcy-soon/ \"TJHS Class of 1964\". Tjhs1964.com. November 8, 2009. 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Despite their promises, Hicks and Gillett have 'done a Glazers' \u2013 David Conn\". The Guardian. Retrieved June 8, 2018. Echo, Liverpool (May 28, 2010). \"Tom Hicks \u2013 You couldn't make it up (well actually, Tom can)\". Retrieved June 8, 2018. \"Football News \u2013 all the latest breaking football stories \u2013 Mirror Online\". www.mirrorfootball.co.uk. Retrieved June 8, 2018. https://www.independent.co.uk/sport/football/news-and-comment/odd-couple-who-agreed-about-everything-except-coach-finance-stadium-2106003.html https://www.independent.co.uk/sport/football/news-and-comment/gillett-admits-failings-to-fans-as-anfield-owners-remain-divided-930999.html https://www.telegraph.co.uk/sport/football/2327146/Liverpool-owner-Tom-Hicks-to-sell-Anfield-stake.html Hayward, Paul (October 17, 2010). \"Liberation has Liverpool fans daring to dream about football again\". The Guardian. Retrieved June 8, 2018. Hunter, Andy (January 11, 2010). \"Tom Hicks Jr quits Liverpool board following row over obscene email\". The Guardian. Retrieved June 8, 2018. Wilonsky, Robert (January 9, 2010). \"You Kiss Your Father With That Mouth, Tom Hicks Jr.? Ah, More Anarchy in the U.K.\" Retrieved June 8, 2018. Anfield Online (February 26, 2008). \"The Anfield Divorce\". Anfield Online. Retrieved July 9, 2010. \"DIC accepts minority 'Pool stake\". CNN. March 7, 2008. Archived from the original on April 3, 2008. Retrieved November 1, 2015. Northcroft, Jonathan (April 13, 2008). \"Anfield anarchy\". The Sunday Times. London: News International Group. Retrieved April 13, 2008. I can no longer work with Tom Hicks, says George Gillett Jr Archived May 10, 2008, at the Wayback Machine https://www.usatoday.com/sports/soccer/2010-04-16-liverpool-sale_N.htm \"Football News \u2013 all the latest breaking football stories \u2013 Mirror Online\". www.mirrorfootball.co.uk. 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October 7, 2010. \"\"Dear Mr. Hicks\" seen over 400,000 times in 42 hours\". October 7, 2010. Retrieved June 8, 2018. http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport2/hi/football/teams/l/liverpool/9098046.stm\"NESV completes Liverpool takeover\". BBC News. October 15, 2010. Retrieved October 15, 2010. https://web.archive.org/web/20101017052709/http://www.itv.com/sport/football/news/liverpool-questions-answered-28894/. Archived from the original on October 17, 2010. Retrieved October 16, 2010. Missing or empty |title= (help) \"Torres returns as Chinese bid to take control at Anfield\". October 23, 2011. Retrieved June 8, 2018. Kelso, Paul (September 11, 2010). \"RBS ready to step in to force swift Liverpool sale\". The Daily Telegraph. London. Scott, Matt (September 9, 2010). \"RBS moves to force George Gillett and Tom Hicks to sell Liverpool\". The Guardian. London. https://www.bbc.co.uk/blogs/thereporters/robertpeston/2010/10/lims_new_offer_for_liverpool. html Kelso, Paul (October 6, 2010). \"Tom Hicks vows to fight all way as Boston Red Sox owners lie in wait to take over Liverpool\". The Daily Telegraph. London. \"A dramatic week for Liverpool\". October 15, 2010. Retrieved June 8, 2018 \u2013 via news.bbc.co.uk. [3] \"Sport: News, exclusives, reports, previews, live feeds \u2013 Mirror Online\". www.mirrorfootball.co.uk. Retrieved June 8, 2018. Phillips, Darren. \"New ownership welcomed\". www.shanklygates.co.uk. Retrieved June 8, 2018. \"Football News \u2013 all the latest breaking football stories \u2013 Mirror Online\". www.mirrorfootball.co.uk. Retrieved June 8, 2018. \"Football: News, opinion, previews, results & live scores \u2013 Mirror Online\". www.mirrorfootball.co.uk. Retrieved June 8, 2018. Echo, Liverpool (October 16, 2010). \"\"Hicks and Gillett were outclassed\" \u2013 Liverpool FC fans give verdict on the NESV takeover\". Retrieved June 8, 2018. \"Liverpool Echo: Latest Liverpool and Merseyside news, sports and what's on\". www.liverpooldailypost.co.uk. Retrieved June 8, 2018. \"Hicks fury at Liverpool 'swindle'\". BBC News. October 15, 2010. Hughes, Rob (October 13, 2010). \"British Court Rules for Red Sox Group in Liverpool Takeover\". The New York Times. Retrieved June 8, 2018. \"Liverpool Echo: Latest Liverpool and Merseyside news, sports and what's on\". \"Soccer News \u2013 Results, Fixtures & Tables \u2013 The Irish Times\". The Irish Times. Retrieved June 8, 2018. http://sportinglife.com/football/news/story_get.cgi?STORY_NAME=soccer/10/10/15/SOCCER_Liverpool_Hicks.html Archived July 16, 2011, at the Wayback Machine Conn, David (September 22, 2010). \"Christian Purslow admits Liverpool can barely service loans\". The Guardian. London. \"Tom Hicks blames Rafael Ben\u00edtez after bitter Liverpool battle\". The Guardian. London. October 15, 2010. http://thelfczone.com/site/2011/05/06/fan-power-wins-the-day-liverpool-fc-an-epic-swindle-part-two/[permanent dead link] Sachin Nakran (January 11, 2013). \"Tom Hicks and George Gillett drop allegations against Liverpool directors\". The Guardian. \"Texas Rangers Executives\". Texas.rangers.mlb.com. Retrieved July 9, 2010. Bio at Dallas Stars Hicks Holdings Official Website"
   },
   {
    "name": "Dusty Hill",
    "id": "Q553413",
    "text": "Joe Michael \"Dusty\" Hill (May 19, 1949 \u2013 July 28, 2021) was an American musician who was the bassist of the rock band ZZ Top. He also sang lead and backing vocals, and played keyboards. He was inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame as a member of ZZ Top in 2004. Hill played with the band for over 50 years; after his death, he was replaced by the band's longtime guitar tech Elwood Francis, in line with Hill's wishes. Joe Michael Hill was born in Dallas, Texas, on May 19, 1949. He and his older brother Rocky Hill (also a musician) were raised in the Lakewood neighborhood of East Dallas. He attended Woodrow Wilson High School where he played the cello. Like his future bandmates, Hill grew up listening to blues music, which he said was uncommon in white families; he recalled shocking the parents of his childhood friends when he brought records by Muddy Waters or Son House to their houses. Hill began singing for money with his brother Rocky at the age of 8. After Rocky formed a band with a drummer, Dusty took up bass at the age of 13. Unlike many bassists, he did not learn to play guitar first. He said, \"I kind of learned how to play on stage and whatnot, and embarrassment is a great motivator. If you don't play well, standing up there with lights on it really stands out, so it behooves you to get your shit up pretty quick.\" He did not enjoy school, and achieved poor grades; according to Hill, \"Part of the problem was that by the time I was 13 I was already playing in local bars, so school kinda got in the way of that and I resented it.\" Hill, Rocky, and future fellow ZZ Top drummer Frank Beard played in local Dallas bands the Warlocks, the Cellar Dwellers, and American Blues. From 1966 to 1968, American Blues played the Dallas-Fort Worth-Houston circuit. In 1969, Hill was a member of a fake version of the British band the Zombies with Beard. Hill recalled, \"Being a musician in Texas had its own set of risks ... and at that time we had long, blue hair \u2013 in the 60s in Texas. I got probably less shit about having blue hair than about having long hair, because I believe they thought I was crazy.\" In 1968, American Blues relocated to Houston. At this time, Rocky wanted to focus on \"straight blues\", while Dusty wanted the band to rock more. Rocky left and Dusty and Beard moved to Houston. They joined guitarist-vocalist Billy Gibbons of the Houston psychedelic band Moving Sidewalks in the recently formed ZZ Top, just after they released their first single \"Salt Lick\", in 1969. With Gibbons as the main lyricist and arranger, Hill played bass and keyboards and sang lead on some songs. With the assistance of manager Bill Ham and engineer Robin Hood Brians, ZZ Top's First Album (1971) was released and exhibited the band's humor, with \"barrelhouse\" rhythms, distorted guitars, double entendres, and innuendo. The music and songs reflected ZZ Top's blues influences. Following their debut album, the band released Rio Grande Mud (1972), which produced their first charting single, \"Francine\". On 1973's Tres Hombres, ZZ Top perfected its heavy blues style and amplified its Texas roots. The boogie rock single \"La Grange\" brought the band their first hit, with it just missing the Billboard Top 40. In 1975 Hill sang lead vocal on \"Tush\", the band's first Top 20 hit and one of its most popular songs. On the 1976 album Tejas Hill took the vocal lead on \"Pan Am Highway Blues\", \"Avalon Hideaway\" and \"Ten Dollar Man\", and duetted with Gibbons on \"It\u2019s Only Love\". In 1976, after almost seven years of touring and a string of successful albums, ZZ Top went on hiatus for three years while Beard dealt with his addiction problems. Hill spent the period working at Dallas Airport, saying he wanted to \"feel normal\" and \"ground himself\" after years spent performing. He was rarely recognized, but told fans who asked: \"No! Do you think I\u2019d be sitting here?\" In 1979, when the group returned with the album Deg\u00fcello, Gibbons and Hill revealed their new image of matching massive beards and sunglasses. Their hit singles from this period, \"Cheap Sunglasses\" and \"Pearl Necklace\", showed a more modern sound. Hill's on-screen appearances include Back to the Future Part III, Mother Goose Rock 'n' Rhyme, the July 20, 2009 episode of WWE Raw and Deadwood, and as himself in the 11th-season episode of King of the Hill, \"Hank Gets Dusted\", in which Hank Hill is said to be Dusty's cousin. He also made an appearance on The Drew Carey Show as himself auditioning for a spot in Drew's band, but was rejected because of his attachment to his trademark beard which he refers to as a 'Texas Goatee'. In 2000, Hill was diagnosed with hepatitis C and ZZ Top canceled their European tour. Hill resumed work in 2002. Hill was inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame as a member of ZZ Top in 2004. In 2014, Hill fell on his tour bus and injured his hip, requiring surgery. Part of the tour was canceled. On July 23, 2021, Hill left a tour due to problems with his hip. The band performed without him at the Village Commons in New Lenox, Illinois, with the band's guitar tech Elwood Francis on bass per Hill's request. Hill said he believed in God, but that he did not know \"what or who God actually is\". He declined to say if he was a Republican or Democrat, and said: \"I just tell them that I\u2019m a Texan. Left to my own devices I'd never leave Texas. Everything is bigger in Texas.\u201d On December 16, 1984, Hill accidentally shot himself in the abdomen when his derringer fell from his boot and discharged. Hill said, \"To this day, I don't know how I could do it. But I didn't really feel anything at the time. All I knew was that I had to get myself to a hospital straight away, so I got in the car and drove there. It was only when I arrived at the hospital that the seriousness of what I'd done hit me, and I went into shock.\" He made a full recovery. Hill married his longtime girlfriend, Charleen McCrory, an actress, in 2002. He had one daughter. On July 28, 2021, Hill died at his home in Houston, Texas, at the age of 72. Hill's wife later said that he was looking to get more physical therapy for his chronic bursitis.Gibbons confirmed that ZZ Top would continue with Elwood Francis, the band's longtime guitar tech, on bass, per Hill's wishes. According to Gibbons, \"Dusty emphatically grabbed my arm and said, 'Give Elwood the bottom end, and take it to the Top.' He meant it, amigo. He really did.\" Texas Governor Greg Abbott wrote on Twitter: \"Today we lost a great friend and a remarkable Texan.\" Rock musicians and contemporaries paid condolences through social media, including Paul Stanley, Ozzy Osbourne, John Fogerty, Flea, Zakk Wylde, Warren Haynes, Tony Iommi, David Coverdale, Scorpions, Foghat, Kentucky Headhunters, Blackberry Smoke, Steve Miller Band, 38 Special, and the Allman Brothers Band. On August 6, Hill was featured in the BBC Radio 4 obituary program Last Word. Duck Dynasty star Phil Robertson said he had been asked by Hill's widow to give the eulogy at the funeral service. Hill was buried in a private service on August 7, 2021. Hill cited Cream bassist Jack Bruce and jazz bassists Stanley Clarke and Charles Mingus as early influences. He said he used to play more complicated bass parts, but came to prioritize composition over complexity: \"Sometimes you don't even notice the bass \u2014 I hate that in a way, but I love that in a way. That's a compliment. That means you've filled in everything and it's right for the song, and you're not standing out where you don't need to be.\" The New York Times described him as a \"precise musical mechanic\" complementing Gibbons' \"showy virtuoso\". Michael Hann of The Guardian wrote that Hills' bass tone was as crucial to ZZ Top's sound as Gibbons' guitar. Hill described his tone as \"big, heavy and a bit distorted because it has to overlap the guitar. Someone once asked me to describe my tone, and I said it was like farting in a trash can. What I meant is it\u2019s raw, but you\u2019ve got to have the tone in there.\u201d Hill sang lead on several ZZ Top songs. The Guardian described his vocals as a \"high, true\" tenor contrasting against Gibbons' \"radioactive growl\". Preferring the Fender Telecaster Bass, Hill used many different basses and amplifiers in different combinations. He maintained a large collection of vintage and custom basses by luthier John Bolin of Bolin Guitars USA. Hill designed uncomplicated basses with a single pickup with a single volume knob, with the occasional addition of a specially powered knob for tone control. American Blues American Blues 'Is Here' (1968) Do Their Thing (1969) Hope, Russell (July 29, 2021). \"Dusty Hill: ZZ Top bassist has died aged 72, says US rock group\". Sky News. Archived from the original on August 8, 2021. Retrieved August 8, 2021. \"ZZ Top: Bearded bassist Dusty Hill dies in his sleep at 72\". The Independent. July 28, 2021. Archived from the original on August 8, 2021. Retrieved August 8, 2021. Lavin, Will (July 28, 2021). \"Tributes paid to ZZ Top bassist Dusty Hill, who has died aged 72\". NME. Archived from the original on July 28, 2021. Retrieved July 28, 2021. \"ZZ Top bassist Dusty Hill dies at 72\". ABC7 Los Angeles. KABC-TV. July 28, 2021. Archived from the original on July 28, 2021. 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NPR.org. Archived from the original on February 11, 2017. Retrieved July 28, 2021. Koda, Cub. \"ZZ Top\". Allmusic. Archived from the original on May 21, 2012. Retrieved July 28, 2021. \"Dusty Hill | Credits\". AllMusic. Archived from the original on July 28, 2021. Retrieved July 28, 2021. Wilkening, Matthew (April 4, 2015). \"Revisiting ZZ Top's Second Album, 'Rio Grande Mud'\". Ultimate Classic Rock. Archived from the original on June 5, 2019. Retrieved June 5, 2019. \"ZZ Top Bassist Dusty Hill Dead at 72\". Ultimate Classic Rock. Archived from the original on July 29, 2021. Retrieved July 29, 2021. Erlewine, Stephen Thomas (July 28, 2021). \"MUSIC: ZZ Top bassist Dusty Hill dies at 72\". Los Angeles Times. Archived from the original on July 29, 2021. Retrieved July 29, 2021. Lifton, Dave (August 31, 2019). \"Why Dusty Hill Spent ZZ Top's '70s Hiatus Working at an Airport\". Ultimate Classic Rock. Archived from the original on July 30, 2021. Retrieved July 30, 2021. \"Slash, Dusty Hill, And Many More All Share This Hilarious TV Moment That You Have To See!\". Society Of Rock. Archived from the original on July 28, 2021. Retrieved July 28, 2021. \"Musicians with Hepatitis C\". Hep. Archived from the original on July 28, 2021. Retrieved February 8, 2020. \"The Top Forced to Stop\". NME. May 15, 2000. Archived from the original on July 28, 2021. Retrieved February 8, 2020. Moore, Sam (July 28, 2021). \"Dusty Hill death: ZZ Top bassist dies aged 72\". The Independent. Archived from the original on July 28, 2021. Retrieved July 28, 2021. Risen, Clay (July 29, 2021). \"Dusty Hill Dead\". The New York Times. Archived from the original on July 30, 2021. Retrieved July 30, 2021. Wilkening, Matthew (July 28, 2021). \"Dusty Hill Insisted ZZ Top Not Break Up Following His Death\". Ultimate Classic Rock. Archived from the original on July 29, 2021. Retrieved July 28, 2021. Giles, Jeff (December 16, 2015). \"The Day ZZ Top's Dusty Hill Shot Himself in the Stomach\". Ultimate Classic Rock. Archived from the original on July 30, 2021. Retrieved July 30, 2021. \"DUSTY HILL's Widow Thanks Fans For Their Support Following ZZ TOP Bassist's Death\". BLABBERMOUTH.NET. August 3, 2021. Archived from the original on August 3, 2021. Retrieved August 3, 2021. Early Wednesday morning my world and yours would lose a great musician and I would lose my greatest love. He woke me up and we talked and as he was sweetly chatting with me he suddenly stopped and he was gone in an instant. Sweeting, Adam (July 29, 2021). \"Dusty Hill obituary\". the Guardian. Archived from the original on July 29, 2021. Retrieved July 30, 2021. Greene, Andy (July 28, 2021). \"ZZ Top Bassist Dusty Hill Dead at 72\". Rolling Stone. Archived from the original on July 28, 2021. Retrieved July 28, 2021. Irwin, Corey (August 2, 2021). \"Dusty Hill's Widow Thanks Fans for 'Outpouring of Love'\". Ultimate Classic Rock. Archived from the original on August 3, 2021. Retrieved August 3, 2021. Ling, Dave (July 30, 2021). \"ZZ Top's Dusty Hill: the world of music pays tribute\". LouderSound. Archived from the original on July 30, 2021. Retrieved July 30, 2021. \"BBC Radio 4 - Last Word, Sir Graham Vick (pictured), Carmel Budiardjo, Piers Plowright, Dusty Hill\". BBC. Archived from the original on August 6, 2021. Retrieved August 6, 2021. Robertson, Phil; Robertson, Jase. \"Ep 323\u00a0: Phil Prepares to Give Dusty Hill's Eulogy & Jase Destroys the House to Kill a Fly\". Unashamed. Apple Podcasts. Archived from the original on August 10, 2021. Retrieved August 10, 2021. \"Dusty Hill Biography\". Archived from the original on June 22, 2012. \"Hollowbody Bass Archive\u00a0\u00bb Dusty Hill of ZZ Top\". Hollowbody Bassist. Archived from the original on September 4, 2010. Retrieved December 26, 2010. ZZ Top's Dusty Hill: The Complete UCR Interview, 2019 on YouTube at Ultimate Classic Rock"
   },
   {
    "name": "Michael Duca",
    "id": "Q554991",
    "text": "Michael Gerard Duca (born June 5, 1952) is an American prelate of the Roman Catholic Church who serves as bishop of the Diocese of Baton Rouge, Louisiana since his installation on August 24, 2018. Duca attended elementary and secondary school in Dallas and graduated from Bishop Lynch High School in 1970. He attended Holy Trinity Seminary from 1970 to 1978, and while there received a bachelor's degree in psychology and a master of divinity degree in theology from the adjacent University of Dallas. Duca was ordained a priest on 29 April 1978 in Dallas, Texas. He was educated in the Pontifical University of St. Thomas Aquinas (Angelicum) training as a canonist. He served the Diocese of Dallas as a vocations director, chaplain at Dallas' Southern Methodist University both from 1985 to 1992. Before his appointment as bishop, he was the rector of Dallas' Holy Trinity Seminary. He was appointed as Bishop of Shreveport by Pope Benedict XVI on 1 April 2008 and raised to the episcopate on 19 May. He was consecrated bishop of the Shreveport diocese at the Shreveport Convention Center, with approximately 3,000 people in attendance. Duca was one of the regular panelists on the American Religious Townhall. Diocese of Shreveport celebrated its 25th anniversary on Saturday, June 11, 2011 at the Shreveport Convention Center. Duca was appointed by Pope Francis as the sixth bishop of the Diocese of Baton Rouge, succeeding Bishop Robert William Muench, who retired. He was installed as Baton Rouge's bishop on August 24, 2018. Biography portal Catholicism portal United States portal Catholic Church hierarchy Catholic Church in the United States Historical list of the Catholic bishops of the United States List of Catholic bishops of the United States Lists of patriarchs, archbishops, and bishops Msgr. Michael Duca appointed as bishop for Diocese of Shreveport Catholic News Agency, April 1, 2008 Bishop Michael Duca appointed sixth bishop of Baton Rouge by Pope Francis The Advocate, June 26, 2018 Roman Catholic Diocese of Baton Rouge Official Site"
   },
   {
    "name": "Kurt Thomas",
    "id": "Q562764",
    "text": "Kurt Vincent Thomas (born October 4, 1972) is an American retired professional basketball player. Thomas is a 6'9\", 230\u00a0lb. power forward-center known for his hard-nosed playing style and tough defense during his eight year tenure with the New York Knicks. Drafted by the Miami Heat in 1995, Thomas played college basketball at Texas Christian University. Kurt began his basketball career on the playgrounds at Dallas Birdie Alexander Elementary, D.A. Hulcy Middle School, and thereafter on to Dallas Carter High before transferring to Hillcrest High. Thomas grew up in Dallas, and after graduating from Dallas's Hillcrest High School, he attended Texas Christian University, where he led the NCAA Division I in scoring and rebounding in the 1994\u201395 season with 28.9 PPG and 14.6 RPG, becoming only the third player in history to accomplish this feat (the other two being Hank Gathers and Xavier McDaniel). Thomas began his NBA career with the Miami Heat from 1995 to 1997. In his rookie season, he started 42 of his 74 games played. The following season, he only played 18 games before suffering a stress fracture in his right ankle, which required surgery. He would miss the rest of the season. During his rehab, Thomas, along with Sasha Danilovi\u0107 and Martin M\u00fc\u00fcrsepp, were traded to the Dallas Mavericks for Jamal Mashburn. Thomas's playing career with Dallas was short. He only played 5 games before suffering another stress fracture in the same ankle he had previously injured. This placed him on the injured list for the remainder of the season. Then-coach and general manager Don Nelson went out of his way to hire Thomas as an assistant coach. In the offseason, Thomas decided to become a free agent, signing with the New York Knicks. Thomas played seven seasons with the New York Knicks from 1998 to 2005, during which the team went to the playoffs four times, including two trips to the Eastern Conference Finals (1999 and 2000) and one trip to the NBA Finals (1999). Thomas played two seasons with the Phoenix Suns from 2005 to 2007. On July 20, 2007, Thomas, along with the Suns' first-round draft choices in 2008 and 2010, was traded by the Suns to the Seattle SuperSonics in exchange for a conditional second-round draft choice and an $8 million trade exception. Thomas was traded by the Sonics to the San Antonio Spurs on February 20, 2008, for Francisco Elson, Brent Barry, and a 2009 first-round draft pick. On June 23, 2009, Thomas was traded along with Bruce Bowen and Fabricio Oberto to the Milwaukee Bucks for Richard Jefferson. On July 26, 2010, the Chicago Bulls announced that they had signed Kurt Thomas. Because of injuries to the Bulls' starting center Joakim Noah and power forward Carlos Boozer, Kurt Thomas saw some significant playing time, including 37 starts. When Noah and Boozer came back, he experienced minimal playing time with \u00d6mer A\u015f\u0131k playing in front of him on the bench. Although his playing time was slim during this span, Kurt Thomas won the appeal of Chicago fans with some emphatic highlights which were referred to as \"Turning back the Clock\" and eventually earned him the nickname \"Big Sexy\". Thomas averaged more than 20 minutes per game during the 2010-11 season along with 4.1 points and 5.8 rebounds. On December 11, 2011, the Portland Trail Blazers signed Thomas for the shortened 2011-2012 season. Though terms for the deal were not disclosed officially, it was reported to be a two-year contract. On July 16, 2012, Thomas and Raymond Felton were traded to the New York Knicks for Jared Jeffries, Dan Gadzuric, the rights to Kostas Papanikolaou and Giorgos Printezis, and a second round draft pick. On April 12, 2013, the Knicks waived Thomas. List of NCAA Division I men's basketball season rebounding leaders List of NCAA Division I men's basketball season scoring leaders List of National Basketball Association players with 1000 games played List of oldest and youngest National Basketball Association players \"Kurt Thomas\". NBA.com. Archived from the original on 2010-04-10. Retrieved 2010-05-01. \"Kurt Thomas - MavsWiki\". Archived from the original on 2018-02-25. Retrieved 2015-08-21. \"Miami Acquires Mashburn From Dallas to Bolster Its Firepower\". \"THOMAS GIVES MAVS KURT REPLY NOTCHES 20 VS. OLD TEAM\". \"\"1998-99 New York Knicks Transactions at Basketball-Reference.com\"\". \"Kurt Thomas Career Stats Page\". Archived from the original on 2011-03-21. Retrieved 2013-02-05. \"Kurt Thomas Bio Page\". Archived from the original on 2010-04-10. Retrieved 2013-02-05. Suns gain $8M trade exception by trading Thomas, posted July 20, 2007 Spurs get Thomas from Sonics for Barry, Elson \"Bucks source confirms Jefferson deal\". 2009-06-23. Retrieved 2010-07-24. http://www.nba.com/bulls/news/thomas_signs_100726.html \"Kurt Thomas Stats\". \"Team adds NBA veteran to frontcourt\". 2011-12-11. Archived from the original on 2012-01-19. \"Blazers to add Kurt Thomas\". 2011-12-11. KNICKS ACQUIRE FELTON & THOMAS Archived April 19, 2014, at the Wayback Machine \"New York Knicks waive Kurt Thomas\". Archived from the original on 2014-04-07. Retrieved 2013-04-12. Career statistics and player information from NBA.com\u00a0and\u00a0Basketball-Reference.com"
   },
   {
    "name": "Scoot McNairy",
    "id": "Q566037",
    "text": "John Marcus \"Scoot\" McNairy (born November 11, 1977) is an American actor and producer. He known for his roles in Monsters, Argo, Killing Them Softly, 12 Years a Slave, Gone Girl, and Batman v Superman: Dawn of Justice. In television, he starred in the AMC period drama Halt and Catch Fire, True Detective, Narcos: Mexico, and the Netflix western miniseries Godless. McNairy was born in Dallas, Texas, to Alicia Ann McNairy (n\u00e9e Merchant) and Stewart Hall McNairy. In addition to a house in Dallas, the family had a ranch in rural Paris, Texas, where they spent time on weekends and holidays. Growing up, he did theater in after-school programs. His father began calling him Scooter when he was about two years old. \"A lot of people are like, oh, it must be some amazing story. But it's because I used to scoot around on my butt,\" says McNairy. McNairy has stated that he is \"highly dyslexic\" and that he had to \"go to dyslexia school for four years.\" He describes himself as a visual learner and was attracted to films for that reason. McNairy attended Lake Highlands High School. McNairy moved to Austin, Texas, when he was 18 to attend the University of Texas at Austin. He appeared in Wrong Numbers (2001), written and directed by Alex Holdridge. The film won the Audience Award at the Austin Film Festival. Holdridge was hired to remake Wrong Numbers into a studio picture, which was never made. Interested in cinematography and photography, McNairy moved to Los Angeles to go to film school. He attended for a year, then dropped out and began working in film production, doing carpentry and building film sets. Then he worked as an extra, until he eventually found steady work in over 200 TV commercials. He eventually was offered roles in feature films, a career he has been pursuing since 2001. During the early 2000s, McNairy portrayed colorful and individualistic young men with a rebellious edge. He had small parts in films, including Wonderland (2003), Herbie: Fully Loaded (2005), and Art School Confidential (2006). In 2010, McNairy worked on The Listening Party as Ferret and Everything Will Happen Before You Die as Matt. 2010 also saw the release of the alien invader film Monsters by Gareth Edwards, which featured largely improvised dialogue and was shot in Mexico, Guatemala, Costa Rica, and Texas. In 2011, McNairy played Frankie in director Andrew Dominik's film Killing Them Softly (2012) opposite Brad Pitt. The film is based on the 1974 novel Cogan's Trade by George V. Higgins, re-envisioned to take place during the 2008 election. The role led to a string of high-profile roles, including Ben Affleck's Argo (2012), Gus Van Sant's Promised Land (2012), and Lynn Shelton's Touchy Feely (2013) opposite Rosemarie DeWitt, which also stars Elliot Page, Josh Pais, and Allison Janney. For his role as Joe Stafford in Argo, he studied Persian, which he spoke in his final monologue in the film. In 2013, he appeared in Steve McQueen's 12 Years a Slave, which again included Pitt. McNairy filmed his second movie with Michael Fassbender, Leonard Abrahamson's Frank, and co-starred in Jaume Collet-Serra's Non-Stop (2014), opposite Liam Neeson and Julianne Moore. He appears in David Michod's The Rover (2014) opposite Robert Pattinson and Guy Pearce. McNairy starred as computer engineer and internet pioneer Gordon Clark in the AMC Network drama Halt and Catch Fire, about the personal computer business in the 1980s and 1990s. The series ran for four seasons from 2013-2017 to high critical acclaim. By coincidence, his character's wife in Halt and Catch Fire is portrayed by actor Kerry Bish\u00e9, who also played his spouse in Argo. McNairy played Wallace Keefe in Batman v Superman: Dawn of Justice (2016). In September 2016, McNairy was announced as a cast member in the third season of the FX drama Fargo. In 2017, McNairy played crime boss Novak in the crime drama Sleepless and co-starred in the Netflix western-miniseries Godless as shortsighted sheriff Bill McNue. Since 2018, McNairy has portrayed DEA Agent Walt Breslin on Narcos: Mexico, the companion series to Narcos. In 2019, McNairy received critical acclaim for his portrayal of troubled father Tom Purcell in the third season of True Detective. He worked as producer for 2007's In Search of a Midnight Kiss, in which he also starred and which is referred to as his breakout film. He has worked on a number of other projects as an actor and producer, including 2012's A Night in the Woods; and Angry White Man, Dragon Day, and The Off Hours, all released in 2011. In 2002, McNairy appeared in the music video for Death Cab for Cutie's \"A Movie Script Ending\". In 2006, McNairy appeared in the music video for \"Fidelity\" by Regina Spektor, directed by McNairy's friend Marc Webb. In 2009, McNairy appeared in the Bookshort for \"Jpod\" by Douglas Coupland, incorrectly attributed as \"Scoot McNally\" McNairy married actress Whitney Able in 2010. They initially started dating in Los Angeles about six months before co-starring in Monsters. They have two children. On November 19, 2019, Able announced that the couple had divorced. McNairy has had one nomination and one win for In Search of a Midnight Kiss. \"John Marcus Mcnairy, \"Texas, Birth Index, 1903\u20131997\"\". FamilySearch. Retrieved 27 January 2014. Creeden, Molly (November 28, 2012). \"Breaking Out: Scoot McNairy in Killing Them Softly\". Vogue. Cond\u00e9 Nast. Archived from the original on 9 January 2014. Retrieved 27 January 2014. Sperling, Nicole (September 8, 2012). \"Toronto International Film Festival: Actor Scoot McNairy is on a roll with multiple roles\". L.A. Times. Retrieved 27 January 2014. Campion, Freddie (October 2, 2012). \"One to Watch: Mr Scoot McNairy\". Mr Porter. Archived from the original on October 4, 2012. Retrieved May 17, 2015. Boursaw, Jane (September 8, 2008). \"Exclusive: Interview with Scoot McNairy of \"In Search of a Midnight Kiss\" \u2013 Video\". Every Joe. Defy Media, LLC. Retrieved 27 January 2014. Herman, James Patrick (November 29, 2012). \"Meet Mr. Right Now...Scoot McNairy\". Verge. Retrieved 27 January 2014. Baumgarten, Marjorie (November 30, 2012). \"From the Vaults: Scoot McNairy's Splendid Year\". The Austin Chronicle. Retrieved 28 September 2019. Doperalski, Dan (October 3, 2012). \"10 Actors to Watch 2012: Scoot McNairy / McNairy: 'Softly' star gets chance to shine\". Variety. Retrieved 27 January 2014. Aguirre, Abby (January 2, 2013). \"Asked & Answered | Scoot McNairy\". New York Times. T-Magazine. Retrieved 27 January 2014. Catsoulis, Jeannette (October 28, 2010). \"Alien Invaders, Earthling Romance\". New York Times. Retrieved 27 January 2014. Kohn, Eric (October 13, 2010). \"Making Movies With Laptops and Ingenuity\". New York Times. Retrieved 27 January 2014. \"SXSW 2010: Exclusive \u2013 Scoot McNairy on 'Monsters'\". Fear.net. March 18, 2010. Retrieved 27 January 2014. Lim, Dennis (September 6, 2012). \"Illuminating Performances: Breakout Actors of the New Season \u2013 Scoot McNairy\". New York Times. Retrieved 27 January 2014. Osenlund, R. Kurt (September 6, 2013). \"Scoot McNairy Has Worked with Brad Pitt, Ben Affleck, Matt Damon and Michael Fassbender. So Why Don't You Know His Name Yet?\". Indiewire. Retrieved 27 January 2014. Ferguson, Deborah (December 15, 2012). \"Scoot McNairy\". contentMode. Retrieved 27 January 2014. Weisman, Jon (March 4, 2012). \"Scoot McNairy Joins AMC Pilot 'Halt'\". Variety. Retrieved 27 January 2014. Marechal, AJ (July 26, 2013). \"TCA: AMC Orders 'Halt and Catch Fire' and 'Turn' to Series\". Variety. Retrieved 27 January 2014. Halt and Catch Fire, retrieved 2020-06-26 \"Batman V. Superman May Be More Insanely Depressing Than We Suspected\". io9. 28 August 2014. Retrieved 29 August 2014. Stolworthy, Jacob (2016-09-20). \"Fargo season 3 adds Scoot McNairy to its most impressive cast list yet\". The Independent. https://meaww.com/true-detective-season-3-scoot-mc-nairy-tom-purcell-is-the-most-underrated-character Dargis, Manohla (August 1, 2008). \"Hopeful Misanthrope Seeks Same\". New York Times. Retrieved 27 January 2014. \"Lost and Found\". New York Times. August 1, 2008. Retrieved 27 January 2014. Smith, Krista (October 19, 2012). \"Whitney Able & Scoot McNairy on \"Monsters\"\" (video). Vanity Fair. Cond\u00e9 Nast. Retrieved 27 January 2014. \"S11E1108: Trey Galyon, Scoot McNairy, Alex Diamond and Raul Sanchez guest\". Doug Loves Movies. Retrieved 9 June 2018. Stone, Natalie (November 20, 2019). \"Halt and Catch Fire's Scoot McNairy and Actress Whitney Able Divorce After 9 Years of Marriage\". People. Retrieved November 20, 2019. \"Scoot McNairy: Awards\". IMDb. IMDb.com, Inc. Retrieved 27 January 2014. Scoot McNairy at IMDb Scoot McNairy at AllMovie"
   },
   {
    "name": "Omar Gonzalez",
    "id": "Q571693",
    "text": "Omar Alejandro Gonzalez (born October 11, 1988) is an American professional soccer player who plays as a defender for Toronto FC in Major League Soccer. A college soccer player for the Maryland Terrapins, he joined the LA Galaxy in the 2009 MLS SuperDraft, and went on to play 180 regular-season games for them, winning the MLS Cup in 2011, 2012 and 2014. He was named the MLS Rookie of the Year in 2009 and the MLS Defender of the Year in 2011. A full international since 2010, he represented the United States at the 2014 FIFA World Cup and four CONCACAF Gold Cups, winning the 2013 and 2017 edition. Gonzalez played youth soccer for the Dallas Texans Soccer Club, and played college soccer at the University of Maryland, College Park, where he won the 2008 College Cup championship, was named to the NCAA/Adidas All-American First Team and First Team All-ACC and was named the ACC Defensive Player of the Year as a sophomore in 2007.[citation needed] Gonzalez was drafted in the first round (3rd overall) of the 2009 MLS SuperDraft by the Los Angeles Galaxy. Gonzalez began a regular feature in the Galaxy lineup from the start, and scored his first professional goal on April 4, 2009 against Colorado Rapids. He was named MLS Rookie of the Year for helping lead the Galaxy from a last-place finish in 2008. In the 2010 season, Gonzalez scored a total of three goals including in the second leg of the Conference Semifinals. In January 2012, Gonzalez was loaned to 1. FC N\u00fcrnberg of the Bundesliga until mid-February. During his first training session with his new club, Gonzalez suffered a torn anterior cruciate ligament to his left knee after a collision with national teammate Timothy Chandler. He immediately headed back to the U.S. to undergo surgery. In August 2013, Gonzalez became Galaxy's third Designated Player after signing a new multi-year contract, rumored to be an annual average of more than $1.5 million. Gonzalez is the first pure center back to ever earn a Designated Player contract in Major League Soccer. On December 22, 2015, Gonzalez was sold to Pachuca of Liga MX, ending his seven-season stay with the Galaxy. During their press conference with a Star Wars theme, Gonzalez was unveiled as Star Wars character Darth Vader in presentation. Gonzalez made his league debut on January 8, 2016, in a 1\u20131 draw against Club Tijuana at Estadio Caliente. In his debut, Gonzalez registered an assist to Franco Jara to tie the match in the 43rd minute. On February 7, 2016, Gonzalez scored his first goal for Pachuca late against Pumas UNAM to salvage a 1\u20131 draw. Gonzalez won the Liga MX championship with Pachuca in his first season being a key player in the team's defense. At the start of the Apertura 2016 Gonzalez changed jersey numbers and was given the number 4 after the loan of Hugo Isa\u00e1c Rodr\u00edguez ended. On 3 June 2019, it was announced that Gonzalez would join Toronto FC from Pachuca once the transfer market officially opened on July 9. He was signed using Targeted Allocation Money (TAM). He made his debut for Toronto on 14 July, against rivals Montreal Impact. He scored his first goal for the club on 29 September against the Chicago Fire. On August 10, 2010, Gonzalez made his debut for the United States' first team in a friendly against Brazil. On March 26, 2013, Gonzalez was given the start in central defense in the United States' 0\u20130 draw in a World Cup qualifier against Mexico at Estadio Azteca in Mexico City. According to Jeff Carlisle of ESPN, Gonzalez \"was the man of the match by a clear margin\". Gonzalez was included on Jurgen Klinsmann's 23-man roster for the 2014 World Cup, Gonzalez started in the final group match against Germany, and the round of 16 match versus Belgium. On October 10, 2017, Gonzalez scored an own goal in the final game of the 2018 World Cup qualifiers against Trinidad and Tobago which resulted in a 2\u20131 loss which prevented the United States from qualifying for the 2018 World Cup. As of October 3, 2021 As of match played June 30, 2019. Scores and results list the United States's goal tally first. University of Maryland NCAA Men's Division I Soccer Championship: 2008 LA Galaxy MLS Cup: 2011, 2012, 2014 Supporters' Shield: 2010, 2011 Pachuca Liga MX: Clausura 2016 CONCACAF Champions League: 2016\u201317 United States CONCACAF Gold Cup: 2013, 2017 Individual MLS Rookie of the Year: 2009 MLS Defender of the Year: 2011 MLS Best XI: 2010, 2011, 2013, 2014 CONCACAF Gold Cup Best XI: 2017 \"2014 FIFA World Cup Brazil: List of Players\" (PDF). FIFA. June 11, 2014. p.\u00a032. Retrieved June 11, 2014. \"Colorado Rapids 3, Los Angeles Galaxy 2 (Close Finish) - 4/4/2009 - Football - Are You Watching This?!\". Areyouwatchingthis.com. April 8, 2009. Retrieved June 7, 2014. \"Galaxy soar from worst to first\". Chinadaily.com.cn. October 27, 2009. Retrieved June 7, 2014. \"LA Galaxy vs. Seattle Sounders 2 - 1\". Retrieved 7 August 2016. Nick Firchau. \"Galaxy hero Gonzalez loaned to FC Nurnberg\". MLSsoccer.com. Retrieved January 7, 2012. \"Gonzalez tears ACL at Nurnberg\". Soccer By Ives. Retrieved January 7, 2012. \"LA Galaxy sign defender Omar Gonzalez to Designated Player contract\". LA Galacy. August 15, 2013. Retrieved January 7, 2014. \"Gonzalez DP deal valued at more than $1.5 million per season\". August 15, 2013. \"LA Galaxy transfer defender Omar Gonzalez to C.F. Pachuca\". MLSsoccer.com. December 22, 2015. Retrieved December 22, 2015. Blum, Ronald (18 July 2017). \"After donning Darth Vader outfit, Omar Gonzalez becomes force\". Daily Hampshire Gazette. Retrieved 8 September 2020. \"Pumas 1-1 Pachuca (2/7/16)\". February 7, 2016. \"Ex-LA Galaxy defender Omar Gonzalez scores dramatic first goal for Pachuca\". MLS. 7 February 2016. \"Pachuca, Campe\u00f3n del Clausura 2016\". 29 May 2016. \"Toronto FC signs U.S. international defender Omar Gonzalez\". torontofc.ca. Toronto FC. June 3, 2019. Retrieved May 7, 2020. \"Montreal Impact Vs Toronto FC: 3 things to look for \u2013 Omar Gonzalez debut\". mlsmultiplex.com. Fan Sided Inc. July 13, 2019. Retrieved May 7, 2020. \"Toronto drop crucial points in race for playoff seeding\". cbc.ca. CBC Radio-Canada. September 29, 2019. Retrieved May 7, 2020. \"United States vs. Brazil 0 - 2 (11/10/10)\". Soccerway. August 10, 2010. \"Women's International Friendly\". Espn Fc. Retrieved June 7, 2014. \"Omar Gonzalez, starting for U.S. in World Cup\". Kevin Baxter. 30 June 2014. Retrieved January 28, 2015. \"Trinidad and Tobago 2\u20131 United States\". CONCACAF. October 10, 2017. Retrieved June 20, 2021. \"Omar Gonzalez Profile\". mlssoccer.com. Major League Soccer. Retrieved May 7, 2020. \"Gonz\u00e1lez, Omar\". National Football Teams. Retrieved 19 July 2017. \"2008 NCAA Division I Men's Soccer Championship\" (PDF). Men's Division I Championship Brackets. National Collegiate Athletic Association. p.\u00a048. Archived (PDF) from the original on 6 April 2012. Retrieved 31 August 2011. Omar Gonzalez at Soccerway \"TSG reveals Gold Cup Best XI\". goldcup.org. Omar Gonzalez \u2013 Liga MX stats at MedioTiempo.com (in Spanish) Omar Gonzalez at Major League Soccer Omar Gonzalez at National-Football-Teams.com"
   },
   {
    "name": "Anthony Kim",
    "id": "Q573486",
    "text": "Anthony Ha-Jin Kim (born June 19, 1985) is an American professional golfer with three PGA Tour wins, who played in one Ryder Cup competition, and one Presidents Cup competition. He has not played in a PGA Tour event since an injury in 2012. He is believed to have had an insurance policy that would pay him $10-20 million in the case of a career-ending injury. A Korean American, Kim was born in Los Angeles, California, and resides in Dallas, Texas. He attended La Quinta High School in La Quinta, California. After high school, he attended the University of Oklahoma for three years; this is where he met his caddie, Brodie Flanders. He was part of the winning USA team in the 2005 Walker Cup. Kim turned professional in 2006 and after receiving a sponsor's exemption he finished in a tie for second on his PGA Tour debut at the 2006 Valero Texas Open. He earned his PGA Tour card through the qualifying school for the 2007 season. He made a strong start and broke into the top 100 in the Official World Golf Rankings in May 2007 with four top 10 finishes during his rookie season on the PGA Tour. In the 2007 U.S. Open, he shot a final round 67 earning him a tie for 20th place (he started the day at T57). His 67 was the lowest for the round and second lowest for the tournament. In May 2008, Kim won his first PGA Tour tournament at the Wachovia Championship, defeating former British Open champion Ben Curtis by five shots. Kim's 16-under par 272 total was the lowest score in the tournament's history until 2015. He shot an opening day 70, but rallied for subsequent rounds of 67-66-69 and was several shots clear of Curtis most of the final round. He earned $1,152,000 for his victory, and reached a new career high of 16th in the world rankings. In July 2008, Kim won his second PGA Tour tournament at the AT&T National, defeating Freddie Jacobson by two shots. Kim shot a 5 under 65 in the fourth round to capture the title. The victory was especially meaningful because the tournament is hosted by Tiger Woods. Furthermore, Kim became the first American under 25 to win twice in one year on the PGA Tour since Tiger Woods in 2000. This win moved him to 14th in the World Rankings. A pair of T-3 finishes in the final two 2008 FedEx Cup events pushed him to 6th in the World Rankings. He has spent over 20 weeks in the top-10 since 2008. In September 2008, Kim was a critical part of the United States' victory in the Ryder Cup at Valhalla Golf Club, defeating Ryder Cup veteran Sergio Garc\u00eda 5 & 4 in the first match of the Sunday single matches. Later that year he joined the European Tour for the 2009 season, making his debut as a member at the 2008 HSBC Champions, the first tournament of the 2009 season. At the 2009 Masters Tournament in Augusta, Georgia at Augusta National Golf Club, Kim set the record for most birdies in a round with eleven in the second round, surpassing Nick Price, who had ten birdies in 1986. At the 2009 Presidents Cup, Kim posted an impressive 3\u20131 record, which included a 5 and 3 victory over Robert Allenby in the Sunday singles match. Kim lost to Ross Fisher in the finals of the Volvo World Match Play in October 2009 4 & 3 after once again beating Robert Allenby in the semi-finals. On April 4, 2010, Kim won the Shell Houston Open, beating Vaughn Taylor in a playoff. He became only the fifth player in 30 years to have won three times on the PGA Tour before the age of 25, the others being Tiger Woods, Phil Mickelson, Sergio Garc\u00eda and Adam Scott. An injury hampered most of the rest of the 2010 season for Kim, and he failed to qualify for the 2010 Ryder Cup. In June 2012, Kim had surgery after injuring the Achilles tendon in his left leg and was expected to miss 9 to 12 months. Kim was eligible for the 2013 season on a Major Medical Exemption, but has failed to play a single tournament since. In April 2014, Golf Channel reported that Kim no longer plays golf, even on a recreational level. In 2016, Kim played in a number of charity events, but says he is not ready to play professionally again. He also cited ongoing physical therapy and numerous surgeries as the reasons for delaying his return. In April 2019, during an encounter with a fan in West Hollywood, California, Kim referred to his golf game as \"non-existent\". On January 1, 2021, Adam Schriber, Kim's longtime coach, posted a photo of the two in front of the Dallas skyline with the caption \"2021 is going to be special\". Note: this list may be incomplete. 2004 Northeast Amateur PGA Tour playoff record (1\u20130) Other playoff record (1\u20132) \u00a0\u00a0Top 10 \u00a0\u00a0Did not play CUT = missed the half-way cut T = tie Most consecutive cuts made \u2013 7 (2007 U.S. Open \u2013 2009 U.S. Open) Longest streak of top-10s \u2013 1 (three times) \u00a0\u00a0Did not play CUT = missed the halfway cut \"T\" indicates a tie for a place \u00a0\u00a0Top 10 \u00a0\u00a0Did not play QF, R16, R32, R64 = Round in which player lost in match play \"T\" = Tied Note that the HSBC Champions did not become a WGC event until 2009. * Complete through the 2017\u201318 season. Amateur Walker Cup: 2005 (winners) Professional Ryder Cup: 2008 (winners) Presidents Cup: 2009 (winners) Kim participated in the fourth episode of the second season of Shaq Vs., which aired on August 24, 2010. In the episode, Kim teamed up with Shaquille O'Neal against fellow golf pro Bubba Watson and NBA Hall of Famer Charles Barkley in a five-hole match. Team Shaq won in sudden death with O'Neal making the winning twenty-five foot putt. 2006 PGA Tour Qualifying School graduates Morfit, Cameron (May 7, 2008). \"The caddies lucky enough to call Anthony Kim boss were in for a rude awakening\". Golf.com. Archived from the original on March 4, 2014. \"Week 39 2008 Ending 28 Sep 2008\" (pdf). OWGR. Retrieved December 20, 2018. Shipnuck, Alan (September 20, 2014). \"Anthony Kim, MIA Since 2012, Wrestles With Whether To Tee It Up Again or Reap an Eight-Figure Disability Settlement\". Golf.com. Archived from the original on March 17, 2017. Retrieved September 11, 2021. \"Week 18 \u2013 Twenty Two Year Old Anthony Kim Wins the Wachovia Championship and Moves to World Number 16\". Official World Golf Ranking. May 5, 2008. \"Week 27 \u2013 23 Year-old Anthony Kim Wins the AT&T National and Climbs to World Number 14\". Official World Golf Ranking. July 7, 2008. \"Players who have reached the Top Ten in the Official World Golf Ranking since 1986\". European Tour Official Guide 09 (PDF) (38th\u00a0ed.). PGA European Tour. 2009. p.\u00a0558. Retrieved January 16, 2009. \"Anthony Kim wins Shell Houston Open in play-off with Vaughn Taylor\". The Guardian. April 5, 2010. Retrieved April 8, 2010. \"Kim has surgery, out 9-12 months\". PGA Tour. July 18, 2012. Retrieved July 23, 2012. Porter, Kyle (September 17, 2014). \"Is insurance policy paying Anthony Kim $20M to stay off PGA Tour?\". CBS Sports. Hawkins, John (April 28, 2014). \"Hawk's Nest: Anthony Kim, where have you gone?\". Golf Channel. Archived from the original on September 18, 2014. Retrieved September 18, 2014. \"Anthony Kim spotted at another charity event\". Golf Channel. September 17, 2016. Archived from the original on September 19, 2016. Retrieved September 17, 2016. Dethier, Dylan (April 24, 2019). \"Anthony Kim surfaces in West Hollywood, says golf game is 'non-existent'\". Golf.com. Dylan, Dethier (January 2, 2021). \"Latest Anthony Kim sighting raises more questions than answers\". Golf.com. Retrieved September 11, 2021. Anthony Kim at the PGA Tour official site Anthony Kim at the European Tour official site Anthony Kim at the Official World Golf Ranking official site Profile in Wall Street Journal"
   },
   {
    "name": "Ron English",
    "id": "Q582475",
    "text": "Ron English (born June 6, 1959) is an American contemporary artist who explores brand imagery, street art and advertising. English has produced images on the street, in museums, in movies, books and television. He coined the term POPaganda to describe a mash-up of high and low cultural touchstones, from superhero mythology to totems of art history, populated with his original characters, including MC Supersized, the obese fast-food mascot featured in the movie Super Size Me, and Abraham Obama, the fusion of America's 16th and 44th Presidents. Other characters in English's paintings, billboards, and sculpture include three-eyed rabbits, cowgirls and grinning skulls \u2013 visual, with humorous undertones. English was interviewed for the documentary Super Size Me (2004), which showed his McDonald's-themed artwork\u2014inspired by his belief about the effect of fast food franchises and restaurant chains on American culture \u2013 \"MC Supersized\" is English's interpretation of Ronald McDonald, a western culture \"Buddha\" eating a diet of what is sold by McDonald's in the religion of consumerism and an over-sated devotee.[citation needed] \"Abraham Obama,\" made during the 2008 US Presidential Election, was a \"portrait-fusion\" of America's 16th and 44th Presidents. English has painted album covers for The Dandy Warhols' Welcome to the Monkey House, the 2010 album Slash, and the Chris Brown album cover for F.A.M.E. Some of his paintings were used in the Morgan Spurlock documentaries Super Size Me and The Greatest Movie Ever Sold. English has collaborated with Daniel Johnston and Jack Medicine in the Hyperjinx Tricycle project. In 2010 he created the artwork for Art Nouveau Magazine's first print issue. English is the subject of a Pedro Carvajal documentary titled Popaganda (after one of his art books). He is also a subject of \"The Art Army\" action figures by Michael Leavitt. English and his fellow artists Shepard Fairey, Kenny Scharf and Robbie Conal guest-starred on the March 4, 2012, episode of The Simpsons, \"Exit Through the Kwik-E-Mart.\" In 2015 he was a guest judge on the Oxygen Network's reality show Streetart Throwdown created by Justin BUA. English's work was included in Seth Rogen's film This is the End and Movie 43.[citation needed] English has an early background as an art reproducer. English has initiated and participated in illegal public art campaigns since the early 1980s and for this is often referred to as the 'Godfather of Street Art'. Ron English street art activities are the subject matter and covered extensively in the Pedro Carvajal documentary titled Popaganda. Culture jamming is one aspect of English's work. Although never an official member, Ron several times joined with the Billboard Liberation Front, which practices culture jamming by altering billboards by changing key words to radically alter the message, often to an anti-corporate message. Frequent targets of English's work include Joe Camel, McDonald's, and Mickey Mouse. English intends his culture jamming technique to inspire people to question consumer capitalism. English does this by using his over emphasized, grotesque, and to some, offensive, characters to intrigue the consumer, luring them in to reveal the truth behind the product. Later English focused on another form of advertising: product packaging. He recreates several different kinds of packaging (cereal boxes, milk cartons, cigarette packs, etc.), to reveal truth in advertising. After designing the packaging English and his Team POPaganda infiltrate different retailers around the country and \"shop gift\". Some of English's product packaging designs include, \"Cap'n Corn Starch\", \"Duncan High Hash Brownies\" and \"Camel Kool's\" THC Enriched Tobacco Cigarettes. English has created murals a locations throughout the world. English is a fine art painter specializing in oils. He received his bachelor of Fine Arts from the University of North Texas in Denton, Texas. After receiving his MFA from The University of Texas[citation needed] he moved to New York City and apprenticed with several artists, beginning to sell his own work. His style is characterized by extreme photo realism, use of secondary color and appropriation of pop imagery. Frequent themes are revisiting and reworking childhood with adult skill as well as examining the darker meanings behind garish pop surface imagery. English also uses historical imagery as a template to explore universal issues. He has frequently reworked images of The Last Supper, Starry Night, and Picasso's Guernica. English has appropriated many well known images and characters from pop culture, reworking them into his own images. These include a reworking of Charlie Brown into his \"Grin\" character and one of his famous \"MC Supersized\" based on the idea that Ronald McDonald ate his own product. Another image of the idealized American female is that of Marilyn Monroe with Mickey Mouse breasts. In 1980, English exhibited \"Grade School Guernica\", one of his versions of Picasso's Guernica, at the Station Museum of Contemporary Art in Houston. The painting depicts the scene acted out by his children viewed from the point of view of the bomber airplane. His largest collection of \"Guernica\" paintings was on view at Allouche gallery in New York City from September to October 2016. \"Lazarus Rising\" was English's first exhibit in the UK, at Elms Lesters Painting Rooms in London. His exhibition \"Season in Supurbia\" took place in 2009 at the Corey Helford Gallery in Culver City, where he had a second exhibition \"POPagandastan\" in 2013.[better\u00a0source\u00a0needed] In 2011 he exhibited \"Skin Deep: Post-Instinctual Afterthoughts on Psychological Nature\", a new body of works exploring the inner lives of iconic figures, at Lazarides in London that represents the artist. In 2005 English began creating designer toy versions of his creatures and has been producing these collectibles ever since. He has produced over 50 different designer toys.[citation needed] Ronnnie Rabbit was English's first designer toy, produced in 2005 by Dark Horse. In 2013, he joined Slash to create a limited edition fiberglass bust of the image used for the Slash and Friends album artwork. He also joined singer Chris Brown to launch their \"Dum English\" toy; a 10-inch turquoise and pink Astronaut Star Skull. In 2013, English collaborated with rock band Pearl Jam to produce \"Falla Sheep\", a blind box line-up with seven color variants of 3.5 inch sheep in wolves' clothing toys. These were sold in stores and also at shows during Pearl Jam's 2013 tour. Original Grin: The Art of Ron English (2019) POPaganda: The Art & Subversion of Ron English (2004) Ron English's Fauxlosophy (2016) Ron English's Popaganda Coloring Book (2017) Ron English's Vandalism Starter Kit (2014) Lazarus Rising (2009) Art for Obama (2009) Abject Expressionism (2007) Son of Pop: Ron English Paints His Progeny (2007) Abraham Obama (2010) Art is a Horrible Waste of the Imagination (1988) Status Factory (2014) Death and the Eternal Forever (2014) \"Saturday June 6th, Happy Birthday to Popaganda Artist Ron English, That's Today!\". sampselprestonphotography.com. Retrieved 2020-07-29. Queenan, Joe (2006-08-11). \"Joe Queenan on art guerilla Ron English\". The Guardian. ISSN\u00a00261-3077. Retrieved 2020-07-29. Miller, Jonathan (2003-04-13). \"His Art Hangs, and Trespasses, in the Most Notable Places\". The New York Times. ISSN\u00a00362-4331. Retrieved 2020-07-29. \"Street artist Ron English vowed to whitewash a $730,000 Banksy mural. Then things got even weirder\". Los Angeles Times. 2018-12-03. Retrieved 2020-07-29. \"An Exclusive Look at Ron English's \"East Meets West\" Exhibit\". Highsnobiety. 2017-05-11. Retrieved 2020-07-29. Drake, John C. (2008-07-08). \"Street artist inspires too much enthusiasm\". Boston.com. Boston Globe. Borrell, Alexandre (June 2010). \"Peut-on greffer le visage d'une icone\u00a0?\". Parlement(s), Revue d'histoire politique. Dodero, Camille (2008-11-14). \"Ron English Might Still Have That Last Unreleased Wesley Willis Record\". Village Voice. Archived from the original on 2010-10-19. \"Ron English Covers Art Nouveau Magazine\u2019s Summer Issue\". Art Nouveau. May 17, 2010. Popaganda: The Art and Crimes of Ron English (2005) at IMDb \"POPaganda: The Art and Crimes of Ron English\". Youtube. Retrieved 23 June 2015. \"Mike Leavitt Has a Posse\". KidRobot. 2011-05-20. Musat, Stephanie (March 3, 2012). \"Artist Ron English, who resides in Jersey City, will appear on the next episode of The Simpsons as himself \". NJ.com. Harris, R. Anthony (2014-09-05). \"POPaganda! A conversation with Ron English, the godfather of Street Art\". RVA Magazine. Retrieved 2019-03-18. Kuesel, Christy. \"The fraught business of removing and selling street art murals\". CNN. Retrieved 2020-07-29. \"World-renowned street artist Ron English brings his 'POPaganda' to Jersey City (PHOTOS)\". 2019-08-09. \"Death and the Eternal Forever\" Korero Press, 2014 \"D*Face & Ron English to Unveil Collaborative Sculptural Edition at DesignerCon 2019\". HYPEBEAST. Retrieved 2020-07-29. \"Ron English: If it hadn't been for Ron, there'd be no Banksy\". The Independent. 2011-07-03. Retrieved 2020-07-29. \"Juxtapoz Magazine - Mojo Voodoo & Heavy Metal Muzick: Ron English Brings Some Pop to New Orleans\". www.juxtapoz.com. Retrieved 2020-07-29. Super User. \"Power Pathos\". Archived from the original on 17 April 2016. Retrieved 6 May 2016. \"Ron English Reimagines Pablo Picasso's 'Guernica' Painting for Latest Solo Show\". Highsnobiety. 2016-09-20. Retrieved 2020-07-29. \"Ron English: Lazarus Rising book\". Elms Lesters Painting Rooms. Retrieved 6 May 2016. Dambrot, Shana Nys (Nov 21, 2011). \"Ron English's 'Seasons In Supurbia' at Corey Helford: Artist's Perverted Spoofing of Disney, G.I. Joe and Charlie Brown\". LA Weekly. Retrieved 2014-01-19. Ron English, POPagandastan Archived 2014-02-01 at the Wayback Machine, Popaganda.com \"Lazinc \u2013 Skin Deep: Post-Instinctual Afterthoughts on Psychological Nature\". Retrieved 19 July 2017. \"3D POPAGANDA HISTORY TOUR!\". popaganda. Retrieved 22 March 2019. \"Slash x Ron English Bust Sculpture\". Hypebeast. Retrieved 6 May 2016. \"Juxtapoz Magazine - Ron English x Chris Brown \"Dum English\" @ Toy Tokyo NYC\". Retrieved 6 May 2016. Miranda (22 July 2013). \"Ron English x Pearl Jam: Falla Sheep\". Clutter. Beacon, NY. Retrieved 17 June 2017. English, Ron (2019-07-16). Original grin\u00a0: the art of Ron English. Paris. ISBN\u00a0978-2-37495-093-8. OCLC\u00a01060583463. English, Ron. (2004). Popaganda\u00a0: the art & subversion of Ron English (2nd\u00a0ed.). San Francisco, CA: Last Gasp of San Francisco. ISBN\u00a00-86719-615-7. OCLC\u00a056715382. English, Ron (May 2016). Ron English's fauxlosophy (First\u00a0ed.). [Darlington]. ISBN\u00a0978-1-908211-45-3. OCLC\u00a0928121529. RON ENGLISH'S POPAGANDA COLORING BOOK. [Place of publication not identified]: LAST GASP. 2017. ISBN\u00a0978-0-86719-851-5. OCLC\u00a0988167737. English, Ron. (December 2014). Ron englishs vandalism starter kit. ISBN\u00a0978-0-86719-794-5. OCLC\u00a01023205267. Art for Obama\u00a0: designing Manifest Hope and the campaign for change. Fairey, Shepard., Gross, Jennifer (Jennifer Lynn). New York: Abrams Image. 2009. ISBN\u00a0978-0-8109-8498-1. OCLC\u00a0318415569.CS1 maint: others (link) English, Ron. (2007). Abject expressionism. Spurlock, Morgan, 1970-. San Francisco, Calif.: Last Gasp. ISBN\u00a0978-0-86719-689-4. OCLC\u00a0154697915. English, Ron. (2007). Son of pop\u00a0: Ron English paints his progeny. San Francisco: 9Mm Books. ISBN\u00a0978-0-9766325-1-1. OCLC\u00a0178066631. Abraham Obama\u00a0: a guerrilla tour through art and politics. Spurlock, Morgan, 1970-, Goede, Don., English, Ron., Bagwell, Stuart. San Francisco, CA: Last Gasp of San Francisco. 2009. ISBN\u00a0978-0-86719-722-8. OCLC\u00a0318421212.CS1 maint: others (link) English, Ron (2014). Status factory. Nahas, Dominique. San Francisco, California. ISBN\u00a0978-0-86719-789-1. OCLC\u00a0864411271. English, Ron (June 2014). Death\u00a0: and the eternal forever. London. ISBN\u00a0978-0-9576649-2-0. OCLC\u00a0868078912. Popaganda Songs In English \u2013 a collaborative music project between artist Ron English and The Electric Illuminati Ron English at IMDb"
   },
   {
    "name": "Davey O'Brien",
    "id": "Q582850",
    "text": "Robert David O'Brien (June 22, 1917 \u2013 November 18, 1977) was an American football quarterback. He played college football at Texas Christian University (TCU) and professionally in the National Football League (NFL) with the Philadelphia Eagles for two seasons. In 1938, O'Brien won the Heisman Trophy and the Maxwell Award, and was the fourth overall pick of the 1939 NFL draft. O'Brien was inducted into the College Football Hall of Fame in 1955. Since 1981, the Davey O'Brien Award is given annually to the best quarterback in college football. Born in Dallas, Texas, O'Brien played high school football at its Woodrow Wilson High School. He was an All-State selection and led the high school to the Texas state playoffs in 1932. O'Brien played college football at nearby TCU in Fort Worth in 1935 as a backup for Sammy Baugh. He became the starter in 1937, and was named to the first-team All-Southwest Conference. In 1938, O'Brien threw for 1,457 yards \u2014 a Southwest Conference passing record that stood for ten years. He had only four interceptions in 194 attempts, and his NCAA record for most rushing and passing plays in a single season still stands today.[dead link] That season, he led the Horned Frogs to an undefeated season, as they outscored their opponents by a 269\u201360 margin and held nine of their ten regular-season opponents to seven points or less, including three shutouts. TCU finished the season with a 15\u20137 victory over Carnegie Tech in the Sugar Bowl and a national championship. O\u2019Brien was named to 13 All-America teams and became the first player to win the Heisman and Maxwell awards in the same year. He was the first Heisman winner from TCU and the Southwest Conference. Off the field, he was also an honorary member Sigma Phi Epsilon fraternity, Texas Gamma chapter. He majored in geology and expressed little interest in pro football in January 1939. O'Brien was the fourth overall pick of the 1939 NFL draft, held in December 1938. He was selected by the Philadelphia Eagles, and owner Bert Bell gave him a $12,000 bonus and a two-year contract, and he signed with the team in March. In his rookie season in the NFL in 1939, O'Brien led the league in passing with 1,324 yards in 11 games, breaking his old TCU teammate Sammy Baugh's single season passing yardage record, but the Eagles finished at 1\u20139\u20131. After an appendectomy in late June, he again led the league in several passing categories In 1940, including attempts and completions. Philadelphia lost their first nine games and finished at 1\u201310, last in the ten-team league. The Eagles gave him a $2,000 raise, but he retired after the 1940 season. In his professional career, O'Brien completed 223 of 478 passes for 2,614 yards and 11 touchdowns. He was also a defensive back and punter, intercepted four passes for 92 yards and punted nine times for an average of 40.7 yards per kick. After two seasons with the Eagles, O'Brien retired from football to become an agent in the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI), where he worked for ten years. After completing his training, he was assigned to the bureau\u2019s field office in Springfield, Missouri. He was a firearms instructor at Quantico, Virginia, and spent the last five years of his FBI career in Dallas. He resigned from the bureau in 1950 and went to work for H. L. Hunt in land development. O'Brien later entered the oil business, working for Dresser Atlas Industries of Dallas. and was an adviser to Lamar Hunt during the founding of the American Football League. O'Brien was also president of the TCU Alumni Association, a YMCA board member, a chair of the Tarrant County Democratic Party, a supporter of Golden Gloves youth boxing programs, and a deacon of University Christian Church. He was elected to the College Football Hall of Fame in 1955 and the Texas Sports Hall of Fame in 1956. From 1960 to 1964, he was the color commentator on Dallas Cowboys telecasts. In 1971, O'Brien was diagnosed with cancer and underwent surgery to remove a kidney and part of his right lung, but eventually died from the disease on November 18, 1977. O'Brien's 1938, and Tim Brown's 1987, Heisman Trophy awards gave Woodrow Wilson High School in Dallas the distinction of being the first to produce two Heisman winners. In 1989, O'Brien (posthumously) and Brown were inducted together into Woodrow Wilson High School's newly created Hall of Fame in celebration of the school's 60th anniversary. Biography portal List of NCAA major college football yearly passing leaders List of NCAA major college football yearly total offense leaders \"This proves Davey O'Brien is nation's best gridder\". Milwaukee Journal. AP photo. December 7, 1938. p.\u00a011, part 2. \"Davey O'Brien to spurn pros\". Milwaukee Journal. Associated Press. January 11, 1939. p.\u00a06. Archived from the original on December 9, 2015. Retrieved November 28, 2015. \"Davey O'Brien bio\". Daveyobrien.com. Archived from the original on September 18, 2008. Retrieved February 9, 2009. \"Davey O'Brien wants no more football playing\". The Day. New London, Connecticut. Associated Press. January 11, 1939. p.\u00a011. Turner, Leo (March 22, 1939). \"Davey O'Brien is signed by Eagles\". Berkeley Daily Gazette. California. United Press. p.\u00a011. \"Pro Football History: Davey O'Brien\". Pro Football Hall of Fame. Retrieved February 9, 2009. \"Davey O'Brien has appendix removed\". Milwaukee Journal. June 29, 1940. p.\u00a010, part 2. \"Six pro grid records broken, one tied in 1940\". Lewiston Daily Sun. Maine. Associated Press. December 3, 1940. p.\u00a09. \"Eagles win first game on \"Davey O'Brien Day\"\". Gettysburg Times. Pennsylvania. Associated Press. November 29, 1940. p.\u00a03. \"Oilman backs new grid league\". Milwaukee Sentinel. UPI. July 31, 1959. p.\u00a03, part 2. Davey O'Brien at the College Football Hall of Fame Davey O'Brien at Heisman.com Career statistics and player information from NFL.com\u00a0\u00b7\u00a0Pro Football Reference Davey O'Brien at Find a Grave"
   },
   {
    "name": "Glenn Morshower",
    "id": "Q589015",
    "text": "Glenn Morshower (born Glenn Grove Bennett; April 24, 1959) is an American character actor. He is best known for playing Secret Service Agent Aaron Pierce in 24 and Colonel (later General) Sharp Morshower in the Transformers film series. He has also appeared in many feature films and television series. Morshower was born on April 24, 1959 in Dallas, Texas. His parents Alan Jackson Bennett and Barbara Mae Phelps separated early in his life. His stepfather, Harry Sidney Morchower, was the co-founder of Dallas Handbag Company. He was raised Jewish, studied with a Jehovah's Witness, went to a Religious Science church, and taught at a Baptist church. According to the State of Texas. Texas Birth Index, 1903-1997. At Ancestry.com \"Message Boards\". Ancestry.co.uk. Retrieved 2 April 2019. Lynch, Bill. \"'24' actor Morshower aims to inspire 24/7\". Charleston Gazette-Mail. Retrieved 2 April 2019. Berkowitz, Lana (3 August 2006). \"24 actor Morshower shares his inspiration\". Houston Chronicle. Retrieved 2 April 2019. \"Drive-In (1976) - Overview\". TCM.com. 2014-06-14. Retrieved 2014-08-24. Dunning, Jennifer (10 Oct 1981). \"Dead and Buried\". New York Times. Retrieved 2 November 2019. \"Philadelphia Experiment\". Turner Classic Movies. Retrieved 2 November 2019. \"Defense Play (1988)\". AllMovie. Retrieved 2 November 2019. \"Tango & Cash\". American Film Institute. Retrieved 2 November 2019. \"84 Charlie Mopic\". Turner Classic Movies. Retrieved 2 November 2019. \"By Dawn's Early Light\". Rotten Tomatoes. Retrieved 2 November 2019. \"Under Siege (1992)\". Turner Classic Movies. Retrieved 2 November 2019. \"The River Wild\". Turner Classic Movies. Retrieved 2 November 2019. \"Star Trek: Generations\". Turner Classic Movies. Retrieved 2 November 2019. \"In the Army Now\". Turner Classic Movies. Retrieved 2 November 2019. \"Dominion\". Turner Classic Movies. Retrieved 2 November 2019. \"Runaway Car\". Variety. Retrieved 2 November 2019. \"Air Force One\". Turner Classic Movies. Retrieved 2 November 2019. \"Godzilla\". Turner Classic Movies. Retrieved 2 November 2019. \"Phoenix\". Turner Classic Movies. Retrieved 2 November 2019. \"Pearl Harbor\". Turner Classic Movies. Retrieved 2 November 2019. \"Black Hawk Down\". Turner Classic Movies. Retrieved 2 November 2019. \"Blood Work\". Turner Classic Movies. Retrieved 2 November 2019. \"The Core\". Turner Classic Movies. Retrieved 2 November 2019. \"Gacy\". MovieFone. Retrieved 2 November 2019. \"The Last Shot\". Turner Classic Movies. Retrieved 2 November 2019. \"Good Night, and Good Luck\". Turner Classic Movies. Retrieved 2 November 2019. \"Hostage\". Turner Classic Movies. Retrieved 2 November 2019. \"Disaster! The Movie\". Turner Classic Movies. Retrieved 2 November 2019. \"The Island\". Turner Classic Movies. Retrieved 2 November 2019. \"Behind Enemy Lines II: Axis of Evil\". CinemaOne. Retrieved 2 November 2019. \"All the King's Men\". Turner Classic Movies. Retrieved 2 November 2019. \"Striking Range\". Turner Classic Movies. Retrieved 2 November 2019. \"Transformers\". Turner Classic Movies. Retrieved 2 November 2019. \"Delta Farce\". Turner Classic Movies. Retrieved 2 November 2019. \"Grizzly Park\". Turner Classic Movies. Retrieved 2 November 2019. \"Human Character Returns from the Dead in\". Worstpreviews.com. Retrieved 2 April 2019. \"The Men Who Stare at Goats\". Turner Classic Movies. Retrieved 2 November 2019. \"ExTerminators\". Rotten Tomatoes. Retrieved 2 November 2019. \"Desdemona: A Love Story\". MovieFone. Retrieved 2 November 2019. Fire From Below. OCLC\u00a0630656153. \"The Crazies\". Turner Classic Movies. Retrieved 2 November 2019. \"The Waiter\". Rotten Tomatoes. Retrieved 2 November 2019. \"Psychic Experiment\". Rotten Tomatoes. Retrieved 2 November 2019. \"X-Men: First Class\". Turner Classic Movies. Retrieved 2 November 2019. \"Transformers: Dark of the Moon\". Turner Classic Movies. Retrieved 2 November 2019. \"Moneyball\". Turner Classic Movies. Retrieved 2 November 2019. \"In My Pocket\". MovieFone. Retrieved 2 November 2019. \"The Legend of Hell's Gate\". MovieFone. Retrieved 2 November 2019. \"Backwards\". Turner Classic Movies. Retrieved 2 November 2019. \"After Earth\". Turner Classic Movies. Retrieved 2 November 2019. \"Parkland\". Turner Classic Movies. Retrieved 2 November 2019. \"Flutter\". Rotten Tomatoes. Retrieved 2 November 2019. \"Dark Places\". Turner Classic Movies. Retrieved 2 November 2019. \"Hoovey\". Rotten Tomatoes. Retrieved 2 November 2019. \"The Doo Dah Man\". Rotten Tomatoes. Retrieved 2 November 2019. Linden, Sheri. \"'When the Bough Breaks': Film Review\". Hollywood Reporter. Retrieved 1 November 2019. Savlov, Marc (23 Jun 2017). \"Transformers: The Last Knight\". Austin Chronicle. Retrieved 1 November 2019. Billington, Alex. \"Arnold Schwarzenegger Struggles with Grief in First 'Aftermath' Trailer\". FirstShowing. Retrieved 1 November 2019. Leydon, Joe (February 8, 2018). \"Film Review: 'Bomb City'\". Variety. Retrieved 13 February 2018. \"Peak Performance\". TVMaze. Retrieved 2 November 2019. Erickson, Hal. \"The Court-Martial of Jackie Robinson (1990) - Larry Peerce\". AllMovie. Retrieved 2 November 2019. \"Quantum Leap: Justice Cast\". TV.com. Retrieved 2 November 2019. \"12:01 (1993)\". Rotten Tomatoes. Retrieved 2 November 2019. \"Resistance\". TV.com. Retrieved 2 November 2019. \"The X-Files: All Souls Cast & Crew\". TV.com. Retrieved 2 November 2019. \"Millennium: The Time Is Now\". TV.com. Retrieved 2 November 2019. \"CSI: Crime Scene Investigation\". TV Guide. Retrieved 2 November 2019. \"The West Wing\". TV Guide. Retrieved 2 November 2019. \"Buffy the Vampire Slayer: Help\". TV.com. Retrieved 2 November 2019. \"24 Cast and Characters\". TV Guide. Retrieved 2 November 2019. \"NCIS: Sub Rosa Cast & Crew\". TV.com. Retrieved 2 November 2019. \"Star Trek: Enterprise Cast & Characters\". TV Guide. Retrieved 2 November 2019. \"ER: An Intern's Guide to the Galaxy\". TV.com. Retrieved 2 November 2019. \"Charmed Cast and Characters\". TV Guide. Retrieved 2 November 2019. \"Mr. Monk Gets Cabin Fever\". TVMAZE. Retrieved 2 November 2019. |\"Glenn Morshower - IMDB\". IMDB. Retrieved 4 December 2019. \"Criminal Minds Cast and Characters\". TV Guide. Retrieved 2 November 2019. \"Lie to Me Cast and Characters\". TV Guide. Retrieved 2 November 2019. \"Glenn Morshower\". TV Guide. Retrieved 1 August 2020. \"Castle Season 6 Casts Alphas and 24 Alums\". TVLine. Retrieved 2 November 2019. \"Marvel's Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D.\" TV Guide. Retrieved 2 November 2019. \"Law & Order: Special Victims Unit (photo 30)\". TVGuide.com. September 23, 2020. Retrieved January 28, 2021. \"Wayne Lowry Brings 'Bloodline' Season 2 New Threats For Old Crimes\". Bustle. Retrieved 2 November 2019. \"Scandal: A Few Good Women\". TV.com. Retrieved 2 November 2019. \"Supergirl Cast and Characters\". TV Guide. Retrieved 2 November 2019. \"Preacher \u2013 On The Road\". Starry Constellation Magazine. Retrieved 2 November 2019. \"I'm Dying Up Here Q&A\". tvtango.com. 4 Jun 2017. Retrieved 4 March 2020. \"Philip K. Dick's Electric Dreams\". TV.com. Retrieved 2 November 2019. \"The Resident Cast and Characters\". TV Guide. Retrieved 2 November 2019. Glenn Morshower at IMDb Glenn Morshower at AllMovie"
   },
   {
    "name": "Ryan Hunter-Reay",
    "id": "Q589204",
    "text": "Ryan Christopher Hunter-Reay (born December 17, 1980) is a professional American racing driver best known as a winner of both the Indianapolis 500 (2014) and the IndyCar Series championship 2012. In each accomplishment, Hunter-Reay became the first American to win since Sam Hornish Jr. in 2006. Hunter-Reay also won in the defunct Champ Car World Series twice and the Toyota Grand Prix of Long Beach. In addition to his experience in Indy car racing, Hunter-Reay has competed in the Race of Champions, A1 Grand Prix, and various forms of sports car racing (the American Le Mans Series, the Rolex Grand-Am Sports Car Series and the IMSA Tudor United SportsCar Championship). Hunter-Reay currently drives for Andretti Autosport. When Hunter-Reay initially joined Andretti for the 2010, he was only signed on to drive for a partial season. Additional sponsorship was found and Hunter-Reay began to drive the entire season for Andretti. Hunter-Reay has since won both the Indianapolis 500 and the Verizon IndyCar Series championship. Hunter-Reay currently drives the number 28 car in the NTT IndyCar Series. The number is a show of support for the estimated 28 million people living with cancer worldwide. Hunter-Reay, who lost his mother to colon cancer in 2009, acts a spokesman on behalf of Racing for Cancer, an advocacy organization. After winning six national karting championships in the World Karting Association, Hunter-Reay won a Skip Barber Karting Scholarship to race in Skip Barber Formula Dodge Series presented by Racer in 1999. Hunter-Reay won the series championship. Hunter-Reay then won a shootout against Formula Dodge drivers for the Skip Barber Big Scholarship and its $250,000 prize. Hunter-Reay would use the scholarship money to compete in the Barber Dodge Pro Series in 2000. Hunter-Reay began to compete in the Barber Dodge Pro Series in 1998. Hunter-Reay would drive the #28 Reynard 98E-Dodge V6 with no sponsorship. Hunter-Reay first competed in the race at Mid-Ohio Sports Car Course. In the race Hunter-Reay started and finished in 23rd place after being involved in crash with John McCraig on lap 22. Hunter-Reay returned to the series later in the season at the race at Metro-Dade Homestead Motorsports Complex. Hunter-Reay started in 21st place and finished in 22nd place after retiring due to damage to his car after 4 laps. Hunter-Reay scored no points towards the championship and finished 40th in the final point standings. Hunter-Reay returned to the series in 2000 to drive the #31 Reynard 98E-Dodge V6 with no sponsorship. At the season-opening race at Sebring International Raceway Hunter-Reay started in 9th place and finished in 8th place. Hunter-Reay would qualify on the pole position at the race at Concord Pacific Place and would finish in 8th place in the race. Hunter-Reay's best finish during the season was a 4th-place finish at the race at Lime Rock Park. Hunter-Reay would finish 5th in the final point standings with 104 points. Hunter-Reay would also win the series rookie of the year award and would receive sponsorship from the series for the following season as a result. Hunter-Reay returned to the series in 2001 to drive the #31 Barber Dodge Pro Series Rookie of the Year/Simpson Performance Products Reynard 98E-Dodge V6. Hunter-Reay would win his first race in the series at the third race of the season, at Lime Rock Park. In the race Hunter-Reay started in 2nd place and led for 21 of 30 laps and would set the fastest lap of the race. Hunter-Reay would win his second, and final, race in the series at Exhibition Place. In the race Hunter-Reay only led the final six laps of the race after passing Matt Plumb, who had qualified on the pole position, had the fastest lap of the race and every lap in the race up to that point. Hunter-Reay would also have a pair of 2nd-place finishes at the races at Sebring International Raceway and Lime Rock Park. Hunter-Reay would finish 5th in the final point standings with 114 points. Hunter-Reay began to compete in the Toyota Atlantic Championship, at the time the main development series for the FedEx CART Championship Series, in 2002. Hunter-Reay would drive the #1 Medlock Ames Winery/U.S. Print Swift 014.a-Toyota 4A-GE for Hylton Motorsports. Hunter-Reay would make his debut at Fundidora Park. Hunter-Reay would start in 6th place and retire to finish in 23rd place. At the second race of the season, on the Streets of Long Beach Hunter-Reay started in 2nd place and finished in 18th place after having the fastest lap of the race. At the third race of the season, at the Milwaukee Mile, Hunter-Reay qualified on the pole position, had the fastest lap of the race and led the most laps of the race. Hunter-Reay would retire from the race to finish in 19th place. At the fourth race of the season, at Laguna Seca Raceway, Hunter-Reay qualified on the pole position, had the fastest lap of the race and led the most laps to get his first win in the series. Hunter-Reay would then finish in 4th place at the following race of the season, at Portland International Raceway. At the sixth race of the season, at Chicago Motor Speedway, Hunter-Reay started in 6th place and led the most laps and had the fastest lap of the race to win his second race of the season. At the seventh race of the season, at Exhibition Place, Hunter-Reay started in 7th place and finished in 4th place. Hunter-Reay would then get his third, and final, win of both the season and his Atlantics career at the eighth race of the season, at Burke Lakefront Airport, after leading the most laps. Hunter-Reay would then start 15th and finish 7th at the following race, at Circuit Trois-Rivi\u00e8res. At the tenth race of the season, at Road America, Hunter-Reay started 8th and retired from the race to finish in 24th place. Hunter-Reay then started 6th and finished 22nd at the following race, at Circuit Gilles Villeneuve. At the following race of the season, the season-ending race at the Pepsi Center, Hunter-Reay retired from the race and finished in an unknown position. Hunter-Reay finished out the season ranked in 6th place in the final point standings with 102 points. Hunter-Reay began to compete in the Bridgestone Presents the Champ Car World Series Powered by Ford in 2003 to drive the #31 American Spirit Team Johansson Reynard 02i-Ford Cosworth XFE for American Spirit Team Johansson, a team owned by former Formula One and Champ Car World Series driver Stefan Johansson. The previous year Reynard Motorsports filed for bankruptcy and the Champ Car program became owned by Walker Racing. The chassis struggled to compete with the Lola B02/00. The team also competed for the majority of the season without sponsorship. The only race that the team ran with sponsorship was the Gran Premio Telmex-Gigante Presented by Banamex/VISA at Aut\u00f3dromo Hermanos Rodr\u00edguez where the car ran with sponsorship from Gonher de Mexico. In the first twelve races of the season Hunter-Reay's best start was a seventh at the G.I. Joe's 200 at Portland International Raceway and a best finish of sixth at the Molson Indy Vancouver at Concord Pacific Place. During this time Hunter-Reay was ranked 14th in points. At the thirteenth race of the season, the Champ Car Grand Prix of Mid-Ohio at Mid-Ohio Sports Car Course Hunter-Reay qualified in 2nd place and finished in 3rd place. Five races later at the season-ending Lexmark Indy 300 at the Surfers Paradise Street Circuit Hunter-Reay started from twelfth place and would make his first of three mandatory pit stops to get slick tires as the track was changing from wet to dry in various parts of the track. Hunter-Reay would soon lead for 15 laps and would keep his car on the track while several other cars were crashing and/or spinning off of the track. Hunter-Reay would go on to win his first Champ Car race. Hunter-Reay began to drive for Herdez Competition in 2004 in the #4 Herdez Lola B02/00-Ford Cosworth XFE. In the third race of the season, the Time Warner Cable Road Runner 250 at the Milwaukee Mile, Hunter-Reay would qualify on the pole position and lead for all 250 laps to get his second and final Champ Car win. Following the race Hunter-Reay was ranked third in points. Hunter-Reay's best finish in the remaining races was a 4th at the Grand Prix of Road America presented by the Chicago Tribune at Road America. In the race Hunter-Reay started second and made contact with former teammate Jimmy Vasser on the first lap and dropped the two to the rear of the field. Hunter-Reay charged up through the field to get fourth place while Vasser finished eighth. Hunter-Reay would finish ninth in points (the only time Hunter-Reay finished in the top 10 in points in Champ Car) with 199 points. In 2005 Hunter-Reay began to drive for Rocketsports Racing in the #31 Lola B02/00-Ford Cosworth XFE. The car did not have consistent sponsorship and had to have sponsorship for various races from autobytel.com, Briggs & Stratton, Cytomax and Red Paw Systems. At the Centrix Financial Grand Prix of Denver presented by PacifiCare at the Pepsi Center the car ran without sponsorship. Hunter-Reay's best finish during the season was a pair of 6th-place finishes at the Molson Indy Toronto at Exhibition Place and at Denver. Following the Hurricane Relief 400 at Las Vegas Motor Speedway, where Hunter-Reay started 16th and finished 10th, Hunter-Reay was replaced by Michael McDowell for the final two races of the season. Hunter-Reay was 14th in points following the Las Vegas event and would drop to 15th in points after the last two races of the season with 110 points. Hunter-Reay began to drive for Rahal Letterman Racing in the No. 17 Honda for the final six races of the season as a replacement for the released Jeff Simmons. Hunter-Reay made his series debut at the Honda 200 at Mid-Ohio Sports Car Course. In his debut Hunter-Reay started 10th and finished 7th. At the following race, the Firestone Indy 400 at Michigan International Speedway, Hunter-Reay started 12th in the race and had to make a pit stop to replace his damaged helmet. He would finish in 6th place and would be the last car on the lead lap. Hunter-Reay's best start of the season was a 5th at the Detroit Indy Grand Prix presented by Firestone at Belle Isle State Park, where he finished 18th (last) due to clutch problems after 24 laps. Hunter-Reay would finish 7th after starting 12th at the season-ending Peak Antifreeze Indy 300 at Chicagoland Speedway. Despite only competing in six races, Hunter-Reay was able to finish 19th in points with 119 points and would win the series rookie of the year award, setting the record for fewest starts in a season by a driver who won the award. Hunter-Reay returned with Rahal Letterman Racing in 2008. At the season-opening Gainsco Auto Insurance Indy 300 at Homestead-Miami Speedway Hunter-Reay started 9th and finished 7th. Hunter-Reay would then get another 7th at the Indy Japan 300 at Twin Ring Motegi after starting 10th. At the Indianapolis 500 Hunter-Reay qualified in 20th place on the third qualifying day after crashing in turn 3 on Pole Day. However, he managed to finish the race without incident, finishing in 6th place and winning the race's rookie of the year award. During the next four races Hunter-Reay's best finish was an 8th at the Iowa Corn Indy 250 at Iowa Speedway. At the Camping World Indy Grand Prix at the Glen at Watkins Glen International Hunter-Reay started in 3rd place and was running in 4th place late in the race between Ryan Briscoe, Scott Dixon and Darren Manning. Briscoe and Dixon then made contact and dropped down the running order as a result. Manning took the lead only for Hunter-Reay to take it away on a lap 52 restart. Hunter-Reay would win his first IndyCar Series race and Rahal Letterman would win their first race in four years. Hunter-Reay's best finish in the remaining races of 2008 was a 6th at the Detroit Indy Grand Prix presented by Firestone at Belle Isle State Park. Hunter-Reay finished out the season ranked 8th in points with 360 points. Following the end of the season there was a non-points race, the Nikon Indy 300 on the Surfers Paradise Street Circuit. In the race Hunter-Reay started 5th and finished 3rd. At the end of the year American Ethanol withdrew their sponsorship due to financial problems and left Hunter-Reay without a team. Prior to the season Hunter-Reay tested a car for HVM Racing. Hunter-Reay was eventually offered a position at Vision Racing to drive the #21 Vision Racing Dallara IR07-Ilmor-Indy V8 HI7R. The team had no sponsorship to start off the season, despite this Hunter-Reay managed to start 14th and finish 2nd at the season-opening Honda Grand Prix of St. Petersburg on the Streets of St. Petersburg. In the process Hunter-Reay gave Vision their best finish in an IndyCar Series race. Hunter-Reay's next best finish for the team came at the next race of the season, the Toyota Grand Prix of Long Beach on the Streets of Long Beach where Hunter-Reay started 12th and finished 11th. At the Indianapolis 500 the team found sponsorship from Izod and William Rast. Hunter-Reay struggled to qualify for the race and on Bump Day at 5:52\u00a0p.m. Hunter-Reay was bumped from the field by John Andretti. Hunter-Reay was able to requalify, bumping Alex Tagliani by 0.0324 seconds. Hunter-Reay started 32nd after Tagliani replaced teammate Bruno Junqueira in his qualified car. In the race Hunter-Reay spun in turn 4 on lap 20 and crashed, resulting in a 32nd-place finish. Following the Bombardier Learjet 550 at Texas Motor Speedway Hunter-Reay and Vision parted ways. Hunter-Reay was then announced as the replacement for V\u00edtor Meira, who was injured while racing at Indianapolis, in the #14 ABC Supply Company Dallara IR07-Ilmor-Indy V8 HI7R for A.J. Foyt Enterprises. In his debut for the team at the Iowa Corn Indy 250 at Iowa Speedway Hunter-Reay only completed 2 laps due to a crash. Hunter-Reay would only get two top 10s for Foyt with a 7th at the Honda Indy Toronto at Exhibition Place and a 4th at the Honda Indy 200 presented by Westfield Insurance at Mid-Ohio Sports Car Course. Hunter-Reay's only top 10 start of the season for either Vision or Foyt was a 7th at Mid-Ohio. Hunter-Reay would finish 15th in points with 298 points. Hunter-Reay was 10th in points following his split from Vision. In 2010 Hunter-Reay began to drive for Andretti Autosport in a part-time schedule that would consist of all races through the Indianapolis 500. Hunter-Reay would drive the #37 Izod Dallara IR07-Ilmor-Indy V8 HI7R. At the season-opening S\u00e3o Paulo Indy 300 on the Streets of S\u00e3o Paulo Hunter-Reay started 4th and would lead for 20 laps, only to be passed by Will Power on lap 58 of 61. Three races later at the Toyota Grand Prix of Long Beach on the Streets of Long Beach Hunter-Reay started 2nd, set the fastest race lap and led for 64 of 85 laps to win the race. Following the race Hunter-Reay was ranked 3rd in points. At the next race, the RoadRunner Turbo Indy 300 at Kansas Speedway Hunter-Reay started 22nd and finished 5th. At the Indianapolis 500 Hunter-Reay qualified in a disappointing 17th place. In the race Hunter-Reay was on his way to a top 10 finish when on lap 199 in turn 3 he ran out of fuel causing Mike Conway to drive over the left side of Hunter-Reay's car and flip into the catchfence. At the same time Hunter-Reay lost control and drove into the wall. Hunter-Reay would finish in 18th place. Following the race Hunter-Reay was 5th in points and was given additional races. The team would race with additional sponsorship from Ethanol at select races. Prior to the Camping World Grand Prix at The Glen at Watkins Glen International Hunter-Reay was announced as a driver for all the remaining races. Hunter-Reay's best finish following Indianapolis was a 3rd at the Honda Indy Toronto at Exhibition Place. Hunter-Reay would finish 7th in the final point standings with 445 points. In 2011 Hunter-Reay returned with Andretti Autosport to drive the #28 DHL/Sun Drop Dallara IR07-Ilmor-Indy V8 HI7R. At the first two races of the season, the Honda Grand Prix of St. Petersburg on the Streets of St. Petersburg and the Honda Indy Grand Prix of Alabama at Barber Motorsports Park. In these races Hunter-Reay finished 21st (retired due to handling) and 14th in the races. At the third race of the season, the 2011 Toyota Grand Prix of Long Beach on the Streets of Long Beach Hunter-Reay started 2nd and led for 2 laps. Hunter-Reay was on his way to a respectable finish when he suffered gearbox problems. Hunter-Reays's teammate Mike Conway would win the race while Hunter-Reay finished 23rd. At the following race, the Itaipava S\u00e3o Paulo Indy 300 presented by Nestl\u00e9 on the Streets of S\u00e3o Paulo Hunter-Reay started in 2nd place. At the start of the race Hunter-Reay's steering failed and as a result Hunter-Reay drove straight into a sign along the track. The team made repairs to the car while the race was stopped for rain. Hunter-Reay would finish 18th, five laps down, due to the repairs and the crash. At the Indianapolis 500 the Andretti team struggled in practice. On Bump Day Hunter-Reay was bumped from the field by teammate Marco Andretti with 55 seconds left in qualifying. Andretti later made a deal with A.J. Foyt Enterprises for Hunter-Reay to replace Bruno Junqueira in his already-qualified car. Hunter-Reay would drive the #41 ABC Supply Company/DHL/Sun Drop Dallara IR07-Ilmor-Indy V8 HI7R. In the race Hunter-Reay started 33rd and finished 23rd, three laps down. Following Indianapolis Hunter-Reay would gain additional sponsorships at various races from Snapple (both Texas races), GoDaddy.com (Milwaukee, without DHL or Sun Drop) and Circle K (all other races following Indianapolis). Hunter-Reay would get his first top 10 of the season at the Firestone Twin 275s Race #2 at Texas Motor Speedway with a 9th-place finish after starting 5th in a race that had its starting lineup determined by a random draw. At the following race, the Milwaukee 225 at the Milwaukee Mile Hunter-Reay started 7th and crashed on the first lap, finishing in 26th (last) place. Hunter-Reay then started and finished 8th at the following race, the Iowa Corn Indy 250 at Iowa Speedway. At the following race of the season, the Honda Indy Toronto at Exhibition Place Hunter-Reay started 8th and finished 3rd to get his first podium of the year. Hunter-Reay would then start and finish 7th at the next race, the Edmonton Indy at Edmonton City Centre Airport. Hunter-Reay then got another podium at the following race, the Honda Indy 200 presented by Westfield Insurance at Mid-Ohio Sports Car Course with a 3rd after starting 5th. At the following race, the MoveThatBlock.com Indy 225 at New Hampshire Motor Speedway Hunter-Reay started 5th and led for 71 laps. Hunter-Reay inherited the lead when several other drivers who had led the race, such as Dario Franchitti and Takuma Sato, were involved in crashes. Rain came in the late stages of the race. On lap 220 of 225 Hunter-Reay was leading Oriol Servi\u00e0 when the race was restarted and almost immediately teammate Danica Patrick spun due to the rain and collected several cars making the race go back to a caution. During this time Servi\u00e0 took the lead. INDYCAR officials decided to revert the results to lap 215 when the race was under caution for the rain. Hunter-Reay's best finish following the New Hampshire race was a 5th at the Kentucky Indy 300 at Kentucky Speedway. At the season-ending 2011 Izod IndyCar World Championship at Las Vegas Motor Speedway Hunter-Reay and Alex Tagliani made light contact while racing each other early in the race. On lap 11 James Hinchcliffe was clipped by Wade Cunningham. Cunningham and J. R. Hildebrand then made contact when Cunningham swerved and Hildebrand drove over the rear of his car. Hildebrand's car became airborne and Cunningham collected Jay Howard on the inside and then Townsend Bell on the outside before crashing into the wall. Attempting to avoid the crash ahead, V\u00edtor Meira lost control, spinning inward collecting both Charlie Kimball and E. J. Viso. At the same time Meira lost control, Tomas Scheckter was also attempting to avoid the first crash by rapidly slowing down on the outside. This led to Paul Tracy crashing into the back of Scheckter and a rapidly approaching Pippa Mann to launch over the top of Tracy after jerking to the outside to avoid crashing into Alex Lloyd. Dan Wheldon (who was attempting to win $5 million to split evenly with a fan courtesy of series sponsors Verizon Wireless and GoDaddy.com) had moved from 34th (last) place (due to the contest) to 24th when the crash occurred. Wheldon could only slow down from about 220 miles per hour to about 180 miles per hour. Wheldon would drive over Kimball's car and flip towards the catchfence and would hit one of the track's fence posts. Wheldon was pronounced dead on arrival of blunt force trauma at the University Medical Center of Southern Nevada at 1:54\u00a0p.m. Pacific Daylight Time. The remainder of the race was cancelled and removed from the record books. It was later revealed that Wheldon had signed with Andretti the morning of the race (Wheldon drove for the team from 2003 to 2005 and during that time he won the Indianapolis 500 and the series championship in 2005). Hunter-Reay would finish 7th in points with 347 points. In 2012 Hunter-Reay returned to drive for Andretti Autosport in the #28 DHL/Sun Drop Dallara DW12-Ilmor-Chevrolet Indy V6 (the DW12 was named after Dan Wheldon, who had tested the car at both Mid-Ohio Sports Car Course and the Indianapolis Motor Speedway when it was called the Dallara IR12), with additional sponsorship from Circle K, Casey's General Stores, Dr. Pepper and Pelotonia. At the season-opening Honda Grand Prix of St. Petersburg on the Streets of St. Petersburg Hunter-Reay started and finished 3rd. Hunter-Reay then finished 2nd three races later at the Itaipava S\u00e3o Paulo Indy 300 presented by Nestl\u00e9 on the Streets of S\u00e3o Paulo. At the Indianapolis 500 Hunter-Reay qualified in a career-best (as of 2014 Indianapolis 500) third place. In the race Hunter-Reay ran consistently in the top 10 until he had to retire after 123 laps due to a suspension problem. Hunter-Reay then started 6th and finished 7th at the Chevrolet Detroit Belle Isle Grand Prix presented by ShopAutoWeek.com at Belle Isle State Park and started 13th and finished 21st due fuel injector problems at the Firestone 550 at Texas Motor Speedway. Hunter-Reay then won three consecutive races with the Milwaukee IndyFest Presented by XYQ at the Milwaukee Mile (a race that was, and still is, promoted by Hunter-Reay's team owner Michael Andretti), the Iowa Corn Indy 250 at Iowa Speedway and the Honda Indy Toronto at Exhibition Place. Following the Toronto race Hunter-Reay took the points lead. Hunter-Reay lost the points lead following the Honda Indy 200 at Mid-Ohio at Mid-Ohio Sports Car Course, where he started 7th and finished 24th out of 25 cars due to an engine problem after 79 of 85 laps. At the following race, the GoPro Indy Grand Prix of Sonoma at Sonoma Raceway, Hunter-Reay started 7th and was running in the top 10 late in the race when on a restart Alex Tagliani made contact with Hunter-Reay, causing Hunter-Reay to spin. Hunter-Reay would finish 18th, one lap down, while his main championship rival Will Power finished 2nd. At the following race Hunter-Reay took the championship battle to the final race of the season after he won the Grand Prix of Baltimore presented by SRT on the Streets of Baltimore. At the season-ending MAVTV 500 IndyCar World Championships at Auto Club Speedway Hunter-Reay and Power both had to receive 10-grid spot penalties due to both of them exceeding their five-engine change limit. Hunter-Reay was also battling Tony Kanaan for the A. J. Foyt Oval Championship. In the race, Hunter-Reay and Power were both running mid-pack early in the race. On lap 56, Power spun in turn 2 when he was slightly ahead of Hunter-Reay. Hunter-Reay would avoid Power. With Power in 25th place, Hunter-Ready needed to finish 6th or better to win the championship. Team Penske later managed to repair Power's car (a rarity for open-wheel race cars) in order for Power to complete additional laps. Power was able to complete 66 laps to move up to 24th place. Hunter-Reay now had to finish in 5th place or better. Hunter-Reay gradually moved up through the field and into the top 5 to move into the championship lead. On lap 241, Kanaan crashed in turn 4 and the race was stopped. On the restart, Hunter-Reay managed to stay in the top 5. As the leaders started lap 250 (the final lap), Hunter-Reay was in turn 4 in 5th place when 4th place Takuma Sato spun and crashed. Hunter-Reay was able to avoid Sato just as Ed Carpenter passed Dario Franchitti for the lead. Carpenter would win the race while Hunter-Reay finished 4th and won both the overall and the oval championships. Hunter-Reay became the first American to win the series championship since Sam Hornish, Jr. in 2006. Hunter-Reay would score 468 points to win the overall championship and 168 points to win the oval championship. Hunter-Reay also finished 2nd in the Mario Andretti Road Course Championship with 300 points compared to Power's 379. During the weekend of the championship Fontana race, Hunter-Reay was offered to drive a car at Team Penske in 2013. Hunter-Reay re-signed with Andretti for the 2013 and 2014 seasons. On December 5, Hunter-Reay announced that he would use car number 1 in 2013. Hunter-Reay's usual number (28) would appear inside of the 1. For 2013 Hunter-Reay returned with Andretti Autosport to drive the #1 DHL/Sun Drop Dallara DW12-Ilmor-Chevrolet Indy V6 with additional sponsorship from Circle K, Dr. Pepper and Pelotonia. At the season-opening Honda Grand Prix of St. Petersburg on the Streets of St. Petersburg Hunter-Reay started 8th and retired after 79 laps due to throttle issues to finish 18th. At the second race of the season, the Honda Indy Grand Prix of Alabama at Barber Motorsports Park Hunter-Reay qualified on the pole position and led for 53 of 90 laps to win the race. At the next race, the Toyota Grand Prix of Long Beach on the Streets of Long Beach, Hunter-Reay finished 24th due to a crash after starting 2nd. Hunter-Reay qualified on the pole position at the Itaipava S\u00e3o Paulo Indy 300 presented by Nestl\u00e9 on the Streets of S\u00e3o Paulo. In the race Hunter-Reay led for 16 laps and finished 11th. Following the first four races of the season Hunter-Reay was ranked 6th in points. At the Indianapolis 500 Hunter-Reay qualified in 7th place. During the Firestone Fast Nine qualifying session (the qualifying session for the race that determines the pole sitter) Hunter-Reay's teammates Carlos Mu\u00f1oz (2nd), Marco Andretti (3rd), E.J. Viso (4th) and James Hinchcliffe (9th) also qualified for the session. In the race Hunter-Reay battled with Andretti, Tony Kanaan and Ed Carpenter for the lead. On lap 193 Hunter-Reay took the lead and maintained it while the race was under caution for a crash by Graham Rahal. On a restart on lap 198 Kanaan took the lead going into turn 1 and teammate Mu\u00f1oz also passed Hunter-Reay. Moments later Dario Franchitti lost control of his car in the same turn and hit the wall. The race finished under caution with Hunter-Reay finishing 3rd behind Kanaan and Mu\u00f1oz. Hunter-Reay led 26 laps in the race. At the following races, the Chevrolet Detroit Belle Isle Grand Prix presented by ShopAutoWeek.com at Belle Isle State Park Hunter-Reay started 4th in each race and finished 2nd in race #1 and in race #2 Hunter-Reay finished 18th due to having to make repairs to his damaged car following a crash. Hunter-Reay's would either win or finish 2nd at the next three races. At the Firestone 550 at Texas Motor Speedway Hunter-Reay started 3rd and finished 2nd after leading for 35 laps. At the Milwaukee IndyFest at the Milwaukee Mile Hunter-Reay started 4th and won the race after leading for 65 laps in a race promoted by Hunter-Reay's car owner Michael Andretti. At the Iowa Corn Indy 250 Presented by DEKALB at Iowa Speedway, Hunter-Reay started 12th and finished 2nd to teammate James Hinchcliffe. At the Pocono IndyCar 400 fueled by Sunoco at Pocono Raceway Hunter-Reay started 2nd on a front row sweep of Andretti cars with Marco Andretti on the pole position and Hinchcliffe in 3rd. On lap 63 Hunter-Reay was entering the pit lane when Takuma Sato was attempting to slow down and locked up his brakes. Sato would then rear-end Hunter-Reay's car and would take himself out of the race. Hunter-Reay's team was able to repair the car. Hunter-Reay would complete 121 laps before being parked. Hunter-Reay's next best finishes of the season were a 5th at the Honda Indy 200 at Mid-Ohio at Mid-Ohio Sports Car Course, where Hunter-Reay qualified on the pole position and led for 30 laps, and the GoPro Indy Grand Prix of Sonoma at Sonoma Raceway where Hunter-Reay finished 6th after starting 4th. At the season-ending MAVTV 500 IndyCar World Championships at Auto Club Speedway Hunter-Reay started 11th and led for 45 laps. Hunter-Reay later had mechanical issues and as a result Hunter-Reay dropped eight laps down. Due to several retirements late in the race Hunter-Reay was able to finish in 9th place. During the majority of the season Hunter-Reay was either 2nd or 3rd in points. Following the Grand Prix of Baltimore on the Streets of Baltimore Hunter-Reay dropped to 5th in points. Two races later, following the Shell and Pennzoil Grand Prix of Houston Race #2 at Reliant Park Hunter-Reay dropped to 6th in points. Hunter-Reay would finish 7th in points with 469 points. In 2014 Hunter-Reay returned with Andretti Autosport to drive the #28 DHL Dallara DW12-Honda Indy Turbo V6. At the season-opening Firestone Grand Prix of St. Petersburg on the Streets of St. Petersburg Hunter-Reay started 3rd and finished 2nd. At the following race, the Toyota Grand Prix of Long Beach on the Streets of Long Beach, Hunter-Reay qualified on the pole position. In the race Hunter-Reay led for a race-high 51 laps. On lap 56 Josef Newgarden, who had battled with Hunter-Reay and Hunter-Reay's teammate James Hinchcliffe for most of the race, came out of the pit lane in 6th place after losing the lead to Sebasti\u00e1n Saavedra, Scott Dixon, Marco Andretti, Justin Wilson and Tony Kanaan. Hunter-Reay and Hinchcliffe, in 7th and 8th, were with Newgarden when he exited the pit lane. Hunter-Reay then attempted to pass for the eventual lead (after Dixon and Wilson). When Hunter-Reay attempted this the three cars crashed. The crash would involve Hunter-Reay, Hinchcliffe, Newgarden, H\u00e9lio Castroneves, Jack Hawksworth, Kanaan and Takuma Sato. Hunter-Reay would finish 20th. Following the race Hunter-Reay was criticized by Hinchcliffe, who called it a \"rookie move\". Hunter-Reay then won the following race, the Honda Indy Grand Prix of Alabama at Barber Motorsports Park after starting 3rd and leading for a race-high 40 laps. Hunter-Reay then finished 2nd at the Grand Prix of Indianapolis at the Indianapolis Motor Speedway road course. At the 2014 Indianapolis 500 Hunter-Reay qualified a disappointing 19th; however, he would win the race by 0.0600 seconds over Castoneves, the second-closest finish in Indianapolis 500 history behind 1992. Following Indianapolis Hunter-Reay took the points lead from Will Power. Hunter-Reay would then struggle during the next three races. At the Chevrolet Detroit Belle Isle Grand Prix twin races at Belle Isle State Park Hunter-Reay started 21st in each race (out of 22 cars). In race #1 Hunter-Reay crashed into a tire wall on the 70th (final) lap of the race and finished in 16th place. In race #2 Hunter-Reay suffered an electrical problem on lap 61 of 70 and finished in 19th place. Following the second Detroit race Hunter-Reay dropped to 3rd in points behind Power and Castroneves. At the following race, the Firestone 600 at Texas Motor Speedway, Hunter-Reay started 12th and finished 19th due to an engine fire after 136 laps. At the Shell and Pennzoil Grand Prix of Houston twin races at NRG Park were more successful for Hunter-Reay than the previous twin races at Detroit. In race #1 Hunter-Reay started 8th and finished 7th. In race #2 Hunter-Reay started 21st (out of 23 cars) and finished 6th. At the Pocono IndyCar 500 at Pocono Raceway Hunter-Reay started 9th and had mechanical problems early in the race. Hunter-Reay's team was able to repair the issue and Hunter-Reay finished 18th, nineteen laps down. At the following race, the Iowa Corn Indy 300 at Iowa Speedway, Hunter-Reay started 13th and was running in the top 10. On lap 282 of 300 Juan Pablo Montoya and Carpenter made contact (Montoya retired from the race while Carpenter continued). During the caution Hunter-Reay, Carpenter, Newgarden and Graham Rahal all made pit stops for new tires. On the restart on 291 the group quickly moved up through the field. On lap 299 Hunter-Reay passed Kanaan, who had dominated the race up to that point, for the lead. Hunter-Reay would go on to win the race after leading for only 2 laps in what would be Hunter-Reay's first lead lap finish of the season since winning the Indianapolis 500. Newgarden finished 2nd, Carpenter finished 5th and Rahal finished 7th. At the following races, the Honda Indy Toronto twin races at Exhibition Place, Hunter-Reay started 3rd in race #1 and 4th in race #2. In race #1 Hunter-Reay was battling with Kanaan on lap 40 when the two made contact, causing Hunter-Reay to crash into the wall and finish in 21st place. In race #2 Hunter-Reay finished in 14th place on the lead (56th) lap after several teams, including Hunter-Reay's, had their strategies changed during the race due to rain being on certain parts of the track at certain times. At the following race of the season, the Honda Indy 200 at Mid-Ohio at Mid-Ohio Sports Car Course, Hunter-Reay started 5th and spun out on lap 37. Despite the spin Hunter-Reay finished in 10th place. completing all 90 laps of the race. At the following race, the ABC Supply Wisconsin 250 at Milwaukee IndyFest Presented by the Metro Milwaukee Honda Dealers at the Milwaukee Mile, Hunter-Reay had a poor qualifying performance and would start in 19th place due to the set up of the car being different than in practice (during practice Hunter-Reay had the 3rd fastest lap speed in the first practice session and the 6th fastest lap speed in the second practice session). In the race Hunter-Reay moved up through the field. After completing 168 laps Hunter-Reay had to retire from the race due to a damaged suspension and would finish in 21st place. At the following race, the GoPro Indy Grand Prix of Sonoma at Sonoma Raceway Hunter-Reay started 10th after having the fastest lap speed in the first practice session and the 3rd fastest lap speed in the second session. In the race Hunter-Reay moved into 4th place after H\u00e9lio Castroneves, Ryan Briscoe, S\u00e9bastien Bourdais and James Hinchcliffe (all of whom had qualified ahead of Hunter-Reay) were involved in a crash in turn 1. Hunter-Reay would finish 2nd to Scott Dixon after Rahal had to make a late race pit stop for fuel from the lead while Mike Conway, who was passed by Dixon and later Hunter-Reay immediately after Rahal pulled into the pit lane, ran out of fuel on the final lap of the race in the final turn of the track. Following the Sonoma race Hunter-Reay is ranked 4th in the point standings with 534 points. Following the race Hunter-Reay became ineligible to win the championship due to points leader Power leading Hunter-Reay by 93 points (Power would get 10 points for failing to start the race while Hunter-Reay could get 100 points for winning the race, causing Power to win the championship by 3 points). At the season-ending MAVTV 500 IndyCar World Championships at Auto Club Speedway Hunter-Reay started 9th and led for 26 laps. On lap 175 Hunter-Reay spun while coming out of turn 4. Hunter-Reay was able to continue and would finish in 16th place. Hunter-Reay would finish 6th in the final point standings with 563 points. Hunter-Reay struggled significantly following the 2014 season. Over a six year window he only recorded five wins and no wins since winning in Sonoma in 2018, while Andretti Autosport as whole secured two Indianapolis 500 victories and younger drivers Alexander Rossi and Colton Herta emerged as the lead drivers for the team over the same span. On August 18, 2021 Hunter Reay announced he would be leaving Andretti Autosport and would be retiring from full time IndyCar competition, though he will to return for the Indianapolis 500 and other select events with a new team. Hunter-Reay began to compete in A1 Grand Prix during the 2006\u201307 season. Hunter-Reay would represent the United States with Phil Giebler and Jonathan Summerton for A1 Team USA in a team entered by West Surrey Racing. Hunter-Reay would drive an A1 Team USA Lola B05/52-Zytek V8 (the series did not use numbers for the individual cars). Hunter-Reay was originally going to make his debut in the series at the A1 Grand Prix of Nations, Beijing, China on the Beijing International Streetcircuit. During practice for the race there was problems with a turn of the track that was 180 degrees. The track was eventually changed and Hunter-Reay never got to drive in the event. Hunter-Reay would make his debut at the sixth round of the season (the eleventh and twelfth races of the season), the A1 Grand Prix of Nations, New Zealand at Taupo Motorsport Park. In the sprint race Hunter-Reay started in 16th place and finished in 11th place. In the feature race the starting line up was determined by the results of the sprint race. As a result, Hunter-Reay started in 11th place and would finish in 10th place. Hunter-Reay would not compete in any other A1 Grand Prix races during the season. The A1 Grand Prix team would finish in 9th place in the point standings with 42 points. Hunter-Reay bgan to compete in the American Le Mans Series in 2002 at the Mobil 1 12 Hours of Sebring for JMB Racing in the #31 Aprimatic/Giesse Group Ferrari 360 Modena-Ferrari 3.6 L V8 with Peter Argetsinger and Andrea Montermini in the GT class. The car started 6th in its class and finished 19th due to a mechanical failure after 28 laps. The car would finish in 52nd place overall. JMB Racing would finish 17th in the GT teams championship (Hunter-Reay was unranked in the drivers championship). Hunter-Reay would return to the series in 2010. Hunter-Reay would drive for Level 5 Motorsports in the #95 US Bank Oreca FLM09-Chevrolet 6.2 L V8 with Scott Tucker and James Gue in the LMPC class. At the Mobil 1 12 Hours of Sebring presented by Fresh from Florida the car started 10th overall and 2nd in its class. The car would complete 224 laps to finish in 32nd place, 6th in class. Tucker and Hunter-Reay were going to drive the car at the following race, the Tequila Patr\u00f3n American Le Mans Series at Long Beach on the Streets of Long Beach. The car would fail to start the race. Level 5 Motorsports would go on to win the LMPC teams championship (Hunter-Reay was unranked in the drivers championship). In 2011 Hunter-Reay returned with Level 5 Motorsports to drive the #055 Microsoft Office 2010/Microsoft Windows Azure/Alpina Watches Lola B11/40-HPD HR28TT 2.8 L Turbo V6 with Scott Tucker and Luis D\u00edaz in the LMP2 class. At the season-opening Mobil 1 12 Hours of Sebring presented by Fresh from Florida the car started 17th overall and 2nd in its class. The car completed 300 laps to win its class and finish 20th overall. Hunter-Reay finished 4th in the LMP2 drivers standings with 30 points while Level 5 Motorsports won the LMP2 teams championship with 130 points. For 2012 Hunter-Reay drove at the Mobil 1 12 Hours of Sebring for Level 5 Motorsports in the #95 Siemens/Alpina Watches/Ohiya Casino Resort HPD ARX-03b-Honda HR28TT 2.8 L Turbo V6 with Scott Tucker and Luis D\u00edaz in the P2 class. The car started in 18th place overall and in 3rd place in its class. The car retired after 85 laps and finished in 58th place overall and in 4th place in class. Hunter-Reay then competed in the season-ending Petit Le Mans for SRT Motorsports in the #91 Street & Racing Technology SRT Viper GTS-R-SRT 8.0 L V10 with Kuno Wittmer and Dominik Farnbacher in the GT class. The car started in 27th place overall and in 9th place in its class. The car completed 369 laps to finish in 20th place overall and in 8th place in its class. Hunter-Reay was unranked in the P2 driver's standings and finished 27th in the GT drivers standings with 7 points. SRT Motorsports finished 8th in the GT teams standings with 12 points and Level 5 Motorsports won the P2 teams championship with 203 points. In 2013 Hunter-Reay drove for Level 5 Motorsports at the Mobil 1 12 Hours of Sebring in the #552 Siemens/Alpina Watches/Ohiya Casino Resort HPD ARX-03b-Honda HR28TT 2.8 L Turbo V6 with Scott Tucker and Simon Pagenaud. The car started in 8th place overall and in 2nd place in its class. The car completed 345 laps to finish in 7th place overall and in 2nd place in its class. Hunter-Reay finished 10th in the P2 drivers standings and Level 5 Motorsports won the P2 teams championship with 199 points. Hunter-Reay began to compete in the Rolex Grand-Am Sports Car Series in 2006 for SAMAX/Doncaster Racing in the #17 SAMAX/Doncaster Racing Porsche GT3 Cup in the GT class in three races. At both the U.S Sportscar Invitational at Mazda Raceway Laguna Seca and The GAINSCO Grand Prix at Phoenix International Raceway Hunter-Reay's co-driver was Ian James and the Rolex GT Series Challenge at Lime Rock Park with Mark Greenburg. At Laguna Seca the car started in 32nd place overall and in 4th place in class. The car completed 86 laps to finish in 23rd place overall and in 3rd place in its class. At Phoenix the car started in 26th place overall and in 3rd place in its class. The car retired after 91 laps to finish in 33rd place overall 12th place in its class. At Lime Rock the field consisted only of GT cars and Hunter-Reay started in 18th place and retired after 11 laps and finished in 18th place. Hunter-Reay then competed in the season-ending Discount Tire Sunchaser 1000K at Miller Motorsports Park for SunTrust Racing in the #10 SunTrust Banks Riley-Pontiac with Wayne Taylor and Max Angelelli in the DP class. The car started in 5th place both overall and in its class. The car completed 186 laps to finish in 14th place both overall and in its class. Hunter-Reay also finished 27th in the GT drivers standings with 107 points while the #17 SAMAX/Doncaster Racing entry finished 4th in the GT teams championship with 392 points. Hunter-Reay finished 97th in the DP driver's standings with 17 points while the #10 SunTrust Racing entry finished 3rd in the DP teams standings with 431 points. In 2007 Hunter-Reay began to drive the #91 Riley MkXI-Pontiac 5.0L V8 for Riley-Matthews Motorsports in the DP class. At the season-opening Rolex 24 at Daytona Hunter-Reay co-drove with Jim Matthews, Marc Goossens and Jimmie Johnson. The car was sponsored at the race by Lowe's (who was the sponsor of Johnson's #48 Hendrick Motorsports Chevrolet Monte Carlo SS in the NASCAR Nextel Cup Series). The car started in 3rd place both overall and in class. The car completed 560 laps due to an engine failure. The car finished in 36th place overall and in 19th place in class. Hunter-Reay drove the car in three other races, all without sponsorship. At the Sahlen's Six Hours of the Glen at Watkins Glen International Hunter-Reay co-drove with Matthews and Goossens. The car started in 15th place both overall and in its class. The car completed 167 laps to finish in 6th place both overall and in its class. At the Emco Gears Classic at Mid-Ohio Sports Car Course Hunter-Reay drove with the same drivers to start in 17th place (the race only had DP class cars). The car completed 125 laps to finish in 11th place. Hunter-Reay returned to the series at the season-ending Discount Tire Sunchaser 1000 at Miller Motorsports Park Hunter-Reay drove with the same drivers to start in 19th place both overall and in its class. The car led for 20 laps and completed 139 laps to win the race both overall and in its class. Hunter-Reay finished 36th in the DP drivers standings with 92 points. The #91 Riley-Matthews Motorsports entry would finish 9th in the DP teams championship with 298 points. For 2008 Riley-Matthews Motorsports and GAINSCO/Bob Stallings Racing ran the #91 Riley MkXI-Pontiac 5.0L V8 without sponsorship. At the season-opening Rolex 24 at Daytona Hunter-Reay co-drove with Jim Matthews, Johnny O'Connell and Marc Goossens in the DP class. The car started in 3rd place both overall and in its class. The car completed 676 laps to finish in 8th place both overall and in its class. Hunter-Reay returned to the car for the season-ending SunRichGourmet.com 1000 at Miller Motorsports Park as a co-driver to Matthews and Goossens. The car started in 13th place both overall and in its class. The car would finish in 7th place both overall and in its class. Hunter-Reay finished 34th in the DP drivers standings with 47 points. The #91 Riley-Matthews Motorsports and GAINSCO/Bob Stallings Racing entry finished 10th in the DP teams championship with 303 points. In 2009 Hunter-Reay first drove for Michael Shank Racing in the #60 Westfield Insurance Riley Mk. XX-Ford 5.0L V8 at the season-opening Rolex 24 at Daytona in the DP class with Mark Patterson, Oswaldo Negri, Jr. and Colin Braun. The car started in 10th place both overall and in its class. The car completed 262 laps before having electrical problems. The car would retire to finish in 41st place overall and in 16th place in class. Hunter-Reay returned to the series for the season-ending GAINSCO Grand Prix of Miami at Homestead-Miami Speedway in the #95 Edata Solutions/Ecomm Link Riley Mk. XX-BMW 5.0L V8 with Scott Tucker and Christophe Bouchut for Supercar Life Racing and Level 5 Motorsports. The car started in 5th place both overall and in its class and finished in 10th place both overall and in its class after completing all 100 laps. The trio of drivers also dove in a second car for Supercar Life Racing and Level 5 Motorsports, the #55 Edata Solutions/Ecomm Link Riley Mk. XX-BMW 5.0L V8. The car started in 12th place both overall and in its class. The car finished in 6th place both overall and in its class. Hunter-Reay's results in the #55 car were not counted towards the championship. Hunter-Reay finished 34th in the DP drivers championship with 36 points. The #60 Michael Shank Racing entry finished 9th in the DP teams championship with 270 points. The #55 Supercar Life Racing and Level 5 Motorsports entry finished 13th in the DP teams championship with 195 points. The #95 Supercar Life Racing and Level 5 Motorsports entry finished 22nd in the DP teams championship with 22 points. In 2010 Hunter-Reay drove for Level 5 Motorsports in the #95 Crown Royal Cask No. 16 Riley Mk. XI-BMW 5.0L V8 in the DP class. At the season-ending Rolex 24 at Daytona Hunter-Reay co-drove with Christophe Bouchut, Lucas Luhr, Scott Tucker and Richard Westbrook. The car started in 13th place both overall and in its class. The car would lead for 11 laps and would finish in 3rd place both overall and in its class with 751 laps. Hunter-Reay then drove at the second race of the season, the Grand Prix of Miami at Homestead-Miami Speedway, in the same car, with additional sponsorship from US Bank, Spirit Jets, Drive Digital Medi and Supercar Life. Hunter-Reay would co-drive with Tucker. The car started in 6th place both overall and in its class. The car completed 120 laps to finish in 19th place overall and in 14th place in its class. Hunter-Reay would finish 23rd in the DP drivers championship with 47 points. The #95 Level 5 Motorsports entry would finish 14th in the DP teams championship with 47 points. For 2011 Hunter-Reay only competed in the Rolex 24 of Daytona for Level 5 Motorsports in the #95 Microsoft/E-Data Solutions/Selling Source/US Bank Riley Mk XXII-BMW 5.0L V8 in the DP class with Scott Tucker, Richard Westbrook and Raphael Matos. The car started in 17th place both overall and in its class. The car would complete 703 laps to finish in 11th place both overall and in its class. Hunter-Reay finished 33rd in the DP drivers championship with 20 points. The #95 Level 5 Motorsports entry finished 20th in the DP teams championship with 20 points. In 2012 Hunter-Reay only competed in the Rolex 24 at Daytona for Starworks Motorsport in the DP class in the #2 Motorola Riley Mk. XX-Ford 5.0L V8 with Marco Andretti, Scott Mayer and Michael Valiante. The car started in 9th place both overall and in its class. The car completed 736 laps to finish in 10th place both overall and in its class. Hunter-Reay would finish 36th in the DP drivers championship with 10 points. The #2 Starworks Motorsport entry finished 9th in the DP teams championship with 333 points. In 2013 Hunter-Reay only competed in the Rolex 24 of Daytona for VelocityWW in the DP class in the #10 Velocity Worldwide Dallara Corvette DP-Chevrolet 5.0L V8 with Max Angelelli and Jordan Taylor. The car started in 12th place both overall and in its class. The car led for 56 laps and completed 709 laps to finish in 2nd place both overall and in its class. Hunter-Reay finished 33rd in the DP drivers championship. The #10 VelocityWW entry finished 2nd in the DP teams championship with 339 points. Hunter-Reay began to compete in the IMSA Tudor United SportsCar Championship after the American Le Mans Series and the Rolex Grand-Am Sports Car Series merged in 2013. Hunter-Reay would drive for SRT Motorsports in the #91 Street and Racing Technology SRT Viper GTS-R-SRT 8.0 L V10 in the GTLM class. At the season-opening Rolex 24 at Daytona Hunter-Reay co-drove with Dominik Farnbacher and Marc Goossens. The car would qualify on the pole position in its class and in 24th place overall. The car would complete 675 laps to finish in 3rd place in its class and in 12th place in its class. Hunter-Reay then competed in the second race of the season, the Mobil 1 12 Hours of Sebring fueled by Fresh from Florida. Hunter-Reay drove the same car with the same co-drivers from Daytona. The car started in 10th place in its class and in 35th place overall. The car would complete 284 laps to finish in 7th place in its class and in 18th place overall. Hunter-Reay would compete in the season-ending Petit Le Mans presented by Mazda in the same car with Kuno Wittmer and Goosens. The car would start in 26th place and would finish in 11th place overall with 392 laps complete. The car would finish in 3rd place in its class. Hunter-Reay would finish in 19th place in the GTLM drivers championship with 87 points. The #91 SRT Motorsports entry would finish in 3rd place in the GTLM teams championship with 314 points. Hunter-Reay was invited to compete in the Race of Champions in 2012. Hunter-Reay was the only driver to compete to represent the IndyCar Series and would be the first driver since Bertrand Baguette in 2010 to represent the series. Hunter-Reay was part of the Americas team with Mexican driver Benito Guerra, Jr. In the Group A races of the Nations Cup Hunter-Reay would have 1 win and 2 losses while Guerra would have 2 wins and 1 loss. The team's first race was against the All-Stars team. In Hunter-Reay's first race he raced against Tom Kristensen and the two each raced in Volkswagen Sciroccos. Kristensen would win the race with a time of 1 minute and 23.0759 seconds compared to Hunter-Reay's time of 1 minute and 24.5635 seconds. Guerra would win in his race against Jorge Lorenzo. The team's next race came against the Great Britain team. Hunter-Reay would compete against David Coulthard and the two each raced in KTM X-Bows. Hunter-Reay would win the race with a time of 1 minute and 19.1336 seconds compared to Coulthard's time of 1 minute and 16.2360 seconds, which had 5 seconds added to it due Coulthard making a false start. Guerra lost in his race against Andy Priaulx. The team's third and final race in Group A was against the France team. Hunter-Reay would race against Romain Grosjean and the two each raced in Audi R8 LMSes. Grosjean would beat Hunter-Reay in the race with a time of 1 minute and 16.5117 seconds compared to Hunter-Reay's time of 1 minute and 18.5096 seconds, which had 5 seconds added to it due to Hunter-Reay making a false start. Guerra would win in his race against S\u00e9bastien Ogier. The team would finish in 3rd place in the Group A results behind the France and All-Stars teams. The team would fail to qualify for the semifinals. In the Race of Champions races Hunter-Reay would compete in Group D. In Hunter-Reay's first race he competed against Kazuya Oshima and the two each raced in KTM X-Bows. In the race Hunter-Reay won with a time of 1 minute and 17.0206 seconds compared to Oshima's time of 1 minute and 22.5314 seconds, which had 5 seconds added to it due to Oshima making a false start. In Hunter-Reay's second race he competed against Grosjean and each raced in ROC Cars. In the race Grosjean won with a time of 1 minute and 19.3890 seconds compared to Hunter-Reay's time of 1 minute and 26.2154 seconds, which 5 seconds added to it due to Hunter-Reay making a false start. In Hunter-Reay's final race in Group D he competed against Michael Schumacher and each raced in Euro Racecars. In the race Schumacher won the race with a time of 1 minute and 17.8680 seconds compared to Hunter-Reay's time of 1 minute and 25.2427 seconds, which had 5 seconds added to it due to Hunter-Reay making a false start. Hunter-Reay would finish in 3rd place in the Group D standings with 1 win and 2 losses, finishing behind Schumacher and Grosjean. Hunter-Reay would fail to qualify for the quarterfinals. Hunter-Reay would return to the races in 2014 and would be the only representative of the Verizon IndyCar Series. In the team events Kurt Busch would be Hunter-Reay's teammate. Busch had been Hunter-Reay's teammate at Andretti Autosport for the 2014 2014 Indianapolis 500. Hunter-Reay is married to ex-Champ Car World Series pit reporter, and off-road racing driver, Beccy Gordon, sister of former Champ Car World Series, NASCAR Sprint Cup Series and Verizon IndyCar Series driver and car owner Robby Gordon. Their son Ryden was born on December 28, 2012. They welcomed a second son Rocsen Indy Hunter-Reay in March 2015. Ryan and Beccy welcomed their third son Rhodes on September 14, 2016. Since the 2011 season Hunter-Reay's car number has been 28. The number 28 is meant to represent the estimated 28 million people that live with cancer. In 2009 Hunter-Reay's mother died of colon cancer. During the 2013 season Hunter-Reay, as the defending series champion, used number 1 as his car number. This would be the first time that a defending champion has used #1 in the Verizon IndyCar Series since Scott Dixon in 2004 (although Michael Andretti did use #1 in a one-off race during the 2006 season at the Indianapolis 500 due to the team winning the championship the previous season with Dan Wheldon). During the 2013 season a small 28 was placed inside of the 1. Hunter-Reay was featured on the NBC Sports Network television series IndyCar 36. The episode was about Hunter-Reay's race weekend at the 2012 Toyota Grand Prix of Long Beach on the Streets of Long Beach. The episode was broadcast prior to the 2012 Itaipava S\u00e3o Paulo Indy 300 presented by Nestl\u00e9 on the Streets of S\u00e3o Paulo, where Hunter-Reay finished in 2nd place to Will Power, on April 29, 2012. After Hunter-Reay won the 2012 championship a documentary was filmed, titled Ryan Hunter-Reay: An American Champion, that showed Hunter-Reay, his wife Beccy, and newborn son Ryden in the months after Hunter-Reay won the 2012 series championship. The film was broadcast on the NBC Sports Network. (key) (Races in bold indicate pole position) (key) (Races in bold indicate pole position) (key) (Races in bold indicate pole position) ^ New points system implemented in 2004. (key) (Races in bold indicate pole position) * Season still in progress. 1 The Las Vegas Indy 300 was abandoned after Dan Wheldon died from injuries sustained in a 15-car crash on lap 11. \"Archived copy\". Archived from the original on 2014-05-25. Retrieved 2014-05-25.CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link) \"Ryan Hunter-Reay\". IndyCar.com. Brickyard Trademarks, Inc. Retrieved June 6, 2017. \"Chicagoland: Rahal Letterman Racing race report\". Motorsport.com. Motorsport Network. September 9, 2007. Archived from the original on October 11, 2007. \"Rahal Letterman Racing - RoY Ryan Hunter-Reay\". Motorsport.com. Motorsport Network. September 14, 2007. Archived from the original on October 11, 2007. Pappone, Jeff (September 2, 2016). \"Watkins Glen a Fitting Location for Hunter-Reay's 200th Indy Car Start\". IndyCar.com. Brickyard Trademarks, Inc. Retrieved June 6, 2017. Fryer, Jenna (May 25, 2014). \"Ryan Hunter-Reay Wins 2014 Indianapolis 500\". Huffington Post. Retrieved August 15, 2014. Miller, Robin. \"Hunter-Reay \"looking for a fresh start\" in 2022\". Racer.com. Racer Media & Marketing. Official website Ryan Hunter-Reay driver statistics at Racing-Reference IndyCar Driver Page IndyCar 11 in '11 video IndyCar 36: Ryan Hunter-Reay\u00a0\u2013 IndyCar documentary"
   },
   {
    "name": "Garrett Hardin",
    "id": "Q592132",
    "text": "Garrett James Hardin (April 21, 1915 \u2013 September 14, 2003) was an American ecologist who warned of the dangers of human overpopulation. He is most known for his exposition of the tragedy of the commons, in a 1968 paper of the same title in Science, which called attention to \"the damage that innocent actions by individuals can inflict on the environment\". He is also known for Hardin's First Law of Human Ecology: \"We can never do merely one thing. Any intrusion into nature has numerous effects, many of which are unpredictable.\":\u200a112\u200a He is listed by the Southern Poverty Law Center as a white nationalist, whose publications were \"frank in their racism and quasi-fascist ethnonationalism\". Hardin received a BS in zoology from the University of Chicago in 1936 and a PhD in microbiology from Stanford University in 1941 where his dissertation research addressed symbiosis among microorganisms. Moving to the University of California, Santa Barbara in 1946, he served there as Professor of Human Ecology from 1963 until his (nominal) retirement in 1978. He was among the first members of the Society for General Systems Research. A major focus of his career, and one to which he returned repeatedly, was the issue of human overpopulation. This led to writings on controversial subjects such as advocating abortion rights, which earned him criticism from the political right, and advocating strict limits to all immigration, which earned him criticism from the political left. In his essays, he also tackled subjects such as conservation and creationism. He was also a proponent of eugenics. In 1968, Hardin applied his conceptual model developed in his essay \"The Tragedy of the Commons\" to human population growth, the use of the Earth's natural resources, and the welfare state.[citation needed] His essay cited an 1833 pamphlet by the English economist William Forster Lloyd which included an example of herders sharing a common parcel of land, which would lead to overgrazing. Hardin blamed the welfare state for allowing the tragedy of the commons; where the state provides for children and supports over-breeding as a fundamental human right,[citation needed] Malthusian catastrophe is inevitable. Hardin stated in his analysis of the tragedy of the commons that \"Freedom in a commons brings ruin to all.\":\u200a1244\u200a Environmental historians Joachim Radkau, Alfred Thomas Grove and Oliver Rackham criticized Hardin \"as an American with no notion at all how Commons actually work\". In addition, Hardin's pessimistic outlook was subsequently contradicted by Elinor Ostrom's later work on success of co-operative structures like the management of common land, for which she shared the 2009 Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences with Oliver E. Williamson. In contrast to Hardin, they stated neither commons or \"Allmende\" in the generic nor classical meaning are bound to fail; to the contrary \"the wealth of the commons\" has gained renewed interest in the scientific community. Hardin's work was also criticized as historically inaccurate in failing to account for the demographic transition, and for failing to distinguish between common property and open access resources. Despite the criticisms, the theory has nonetheless been influential. In 1993, Garrett Hardin published Living Within Limits: Ecology, Economics, and Population Taboos, which he described at the time as a summation of all his previous works. The book won the 1993 Phi Beta Kappa Award in Science. In the book, he argues that the natural sciences are grounded in the concept of limits (such as the speed of light), while social sciences, such as economics, are grounded in concepts that have no limits (such as the widespread \"infinite-Earth\" economic models). He notes that most of the more notable scientific (as opposed to political) debates concerning ecological economics are between natural scientists, such as Paul R. Ehrlich, and economists, such as Julian Simon, one of Ehrlich's most well known and vocal detractors. A strong theme throughout the book is that economics, as a discipline, can be as much about mythology and ideology as it is about real science. Hardin goes on to label those who reflexively argue for growth as \"growthmaniacs\", and argues against the institutional faith in exponential growth on a finite planet. Typical of Hardin's writing style, he illustrates exponential growth by way of a Biblical metaphor. Using compound interest, or \"usury\", he starts from the infamous \"thirty pieces of silver\" and, using five percent compounded interest, finds that after around 2,000 years, \"every man, woman, and child would be entitled to only (!) 160,000 earth-masses of gold\". As a consequence, he argues that any economy based on long-term compound interest must eventually fail due to the physical and mathematical impossibility of long-term exponential growth on a finite planet. Hardin writes, \"At this late date millions of people believe in the fertility of money with an ardor seldom accorded to traditional religious doctrines\".:\u200a67\u200a He argues that, contrary to some socially-motivated claims, population growth is also exponential growth, therefore even a little would be disastrous anywhere in the world, and that even the richest nations are not immune. Hardin, who suffered from a heart disorder and post-polio syndrome, and his wife, Jane, who suffered from Lou Gehrig's disease, were members of End-of-Life Choices, formerly known as the Hemlock Society. Believing in individuals' choice of when to die, they killed themselves in their Santa Barbara home in September 2003, shortly after their 62nd wedding anniversary. He was 88 and she was 81. Hardin caused controversy for his support of anti-immigrant causes during his lifetime and possible connections to the white nationalist movement. The Southern Poverty Law Center noted that Hardin served on the board of the Federation for American Immigration Reform and Social Contract Press and co-founded the anti-immigration Californians for Population Stabilization and The Environmental Fund, which according to the SPLC \"served to lobby Congress for nativist and isolationist policies\". In 1994, he was one of 52 signatories on \"Mainstream Science on Intelligence\", an editorial written by Linda Gottfredson and published in the Wall Street Journal, which declared the consensus of the signing scholars on issues related to race and intelligence following the publication of the book The Bell Curve. Hardin's last book The Ostrich Factor: Our Population Myopia (1999), a warning about the threat of overpopulation to the Earth's sustainable economic future, called for coercive constraints on \"unqualified reproductive rights\" and argued that affirmative action is a form of racism. 1949, Biology: Its Human Implications W. H. Freeman 1952, Biology: Its Human Implications, Second Edition W. H. Freeman 1961, Biology Its Principles and Implications W. H. Freeman 1965, Nature and Man's Fate New American Library. ISBN\u00a00-451-61170-5 1966, Biology Its Principles and Implications, Second Edition W. H. Freeman 1972, Exploring new ethics for survival: the voyage of the spaceship Beagle Viking Press. ISBN\u00a00-670-30268-6 1973, Stalking the Wild Taboo W. Kaufmann. ISBN\u00a00-913232-03-3 1974, Mandatory Motherhood: The True Meaning of 'Right to Life' Beacon Press. ISBN\u00a00-8070-2177-6 1977, The Limits of Altruism: an Ecologist's view of Survival Indiana University Press. ISBN\u00a00-253-33435-7 1980, Promethean Ethics: Living With Death, Competition, and Triage University of Washington Press. ISBN\u00a00-295-95717-4 1982, Naked Emperors: Essays of a Taboo-Stalker William Kaufmann, Inc. ISBN\u00a00-86576-032-2 1985, Filters Against Folly, How to Survive despite Economists, Ecologists, and the Merely Eloquent Viking Penguin. ISBN\u00a00-670-80410-X 1993, Living Within Limits: Ecology, Economics, and Population Taboos Oxford University Press. ISBN\u00a00-19-509385-2 1999, The Ostrich Factor: Our Population Myopia Oxford University Press. ISBN\u00a00-19-512274-7 Hardin, G. (1960). \"The Competitive Exclusion Principle\". Science. 131 (3409): 1292\u20131297. Bibcode:1960Sci...131.1292H. doi:10.1126/science.131.3409.1292. PMID\u00a014399717. Hardin, G (1968). \"The Tragedy of the Commons\". Science. 162 (3859): 1243\u20131248. Bibcode:1968Sci...162.1243H. doi:10.1126/science.162.3859.1243. PMID\u00a05699198. Hardin, G. (1969). \"Not peace, but ecology\". Brookhaven Symposia in Biology. 22: 151\u2013161. PMID\u00a04906521. Hardin, G. (1970). \"Everybody's guilty. The ecological dilemma\". California Medicine. 113 (5): 40\u201347. PMC\u00a01501799. PMID\u00a05485232. Hardin, G. (1974). \"Commentary: Living on a Lifeboat\". BioScience. 24 (10): 561\u2013568. doi:10.2307/1296629. JSTOR\u00a01296629. PMID\u00a011661143. Hardin, Garrett (1974). \"Lifeboat Ethics: the Case Against Helping the Poor\". Psychology Today. 8: 38\u201343. Hardin, Garrett (November 1976). \"Living with Faustian Bargain\". Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists. 32 (8): 25\u201329. Bibcode:1976BuAtS..32i..25H. doi:10.1080/00963402.1976.11455655. ISSN\u00a00096-3402. Hardin, G. (1980). \"Ecology and the Death of Providence\". Zygon. 15: 57\u201368. doi:10.1111/j.1467-9744.1980.tb00376.x. Hardin, G. (1982). \"Discriminating Altruisms\". Zygon. 17 (2): 163\u2013186. doi:10.1111/j.1467-9744.1982.tb00477.x. Hardin, G. (1983). \"Is Violence Natural?\". Zygon. 18 (4): 405\u2013413. doi:10.1111/j.1467-9744.1983.tb00524.x. Hardin, G. (1985). \"Human Ecology: The Subversive, Conservative Science\". Integrative and Comparative Biology. 25 (2): 469\u2013476. doi:10.1093/icb/25.2.469. Hardin, G. (1986). \"AIBS News\". BioScience. 36 (9): 599\u2013606. doi:10.1093/bioscience/36.9.599. JSTOR\u00a01310194. Hardin, G. (1994). \"The tragedy of the unmanaged commons\". Trends in Ecology & Evolution. 9 (5): 199. doi:10.1016/0169-5347(94)90097-3. PMID\u00a021236819. Hardin, G. (1998). \"Essays on Science and Society: Extensions of \"The Tragedy of the Commons\"\". Science. 280 (5364): 682\u2013683. doi:10.1126/science.280.5364.682. S2CID\u00a0153844385. 1993. The entire text of Garrett Hardin's Living Within Limits: Ecology, Economics, and Population Taboos, Chapter Eight, Growth: Real and Spurious Reprinted at GarrettHardinSociety.org, by permission of Oxford University Press, Inc 1991. \"Paramount positions in ecological economics.\" In Costanza, R. (editor) Ecological Economics: The Science and Management of Sustainability, New York: Columbia University Press. ISBN\u00a00-231-07562-6 1991. \"The tragedy of the 'Unmanaged' commons \u2013 population and the disguises of providence.\" In: R. V. Andelson, (editor), Commons Without Tragedy, London: Shepheard-Walwyn, pp.\u00a0162\u2013185. ISBN\u00a00-389-20958-9 (U.S.) Hardin's 1993 book Living Within Limits: Ecology, Economics, and Population Taboos, received the 1993 Award in Science from the Phi Beta Kappa Society. Bioethics Commonize costs\u2013privatize profits game Earth system science Human overpopulation Lifeboat ethics Multiculturalism Ratchet effect Taboo Hardin, G (1968). \"The Tragedy of the Commons\". Science. 162 (3859): 1243\u20131248. Bibcode:1968Sci...162.1243H. doi:10.1126/science.162.3859.1243. PMID\u00a05699198. Lavietes, Stuart (October 28, 2003). \"Garrett Hardin, 88, Ecologist Who Warned About Excesses\". The New York Times. Retrieved May 24, 2010. Hardin, Garrett (1963). \"Hardin, Garrett. \"The cybernetics of competition: A biologist's view of society\". Perspectives in Biology and Medicine. 7 (1): 80. doi:10.1353/pbm.1963.0034. PMID\u00a014070000. S2CID\u00a09236063. Retrieved December 14, 2020. Miller, George Tyler (1993). Environmental Science: Sustaining the Earth. Wadsworth Publishing. ISBN\u00a09780534178086. \"Garrett Hardin\". Southern Poverty Law Center. Retrieved July 20, 2018. Mildenberger, Matto (April 23, 2019). \"The Tragedy of the Tragedy of the Commons\". Scientific American. Abegglen, Martin (September 26, 2019). \"First as Tragedy, Then as Fascism\". The Baffler. Nijhuis, Michelle (May 4, 2021). \"The miracle of the commons\". Aeon. Hardin, Garrett (July 1, 1944). \"Symbiosis of Paramecium and Oikomonas\". Ecology. 25 (3): 304\u2013311. doi:10.2307/1931278. ISSN\u00a01939-9170. JSTOR\u00a01931278. Hardin, Garrett (1973). \"Chapter 1: I Become an Abortionist\". Stalking the Wild Taboo. William Kaufmann, Inc. pp.\u00a03\u20139. ISBN\u00a0978-0-913232-03-3. Hardin, Garrett (1982). \"Chapter 22: Conservation's Secret Question\". Naked Emperors. William Kaufmann, Inc. pp.\u00a0190\u2013195. ISBN\u00a0978-0-86576-032-5. Hardin, Garrett (1982). \"Chapter 7: \"Scientific Creationism\" \u2014 Marketing Deception as Truth\". Naked Emperors. William Kaufmann, Inc. pp.\u00a049\u201357. ISBN\u00a0978-0-86576-032-5. \"The Tragedy of the Tragedy of the Commons\". Scientific American. Retrieved March 22, 2020. Radkau, Joachim (2008). Nature and Power: A Global History of the Environment. Cambridge University Press. p.\u00a071. ISBN\u00a0978-0-521-85129-9. Radkau cites Grove and Rackham, The Nature of Mediterranean Europe: An Ecological History. Araral, E. (2014). \"Ostrom, Hardin and the commons: A critical appreciation and a revisionist view\". Environmental Science & Policy. 36: 11\u201323. doi:10.1016/j.envsci.2013.07.011. S2CID\u00a0153755518. Bollier, David; Helfrich, Silke, eds. (2014). The Wealth of the Commons: A World Beyond Market and State. Levellers Press. ISBN\u00a0978-1-937146-14-6. Dasgupta, Partha (2001). Human Well-Being and the Natural Environment. Oxford University Press. ISBN\u00a09780199247882. Ciriacy-Wantrup, S.V.; Bishop, R.C. (October 1975). \"'Common Property' as a Concept in Natural Resources Policy\" (PDF). Natural Resources Journal. 15: 713\u2013727. Retrieved December 12, 2014. Cox, Susan Jane Buck (Spring 1985). \"No tragedy of the commons\" (PDF). Journal of Environmental Ethics. 7 (1): 49\u201361. doi:10.5840/enviroethics1985716. Retrieved December 12, 2014. DeRobertis, Michelle; Lee, Richard W (June 2017). \"The Tragedy of the Commons of the Urban (and Suburban) Arterial\". ITE Journal. 87 (6): 44\u201349. Retrieved April 14, 2019. Mildenberger, Matto (April 23, 2019). \"The Tragedy of the Tragedy of the Commons\". Scientific American. Retrieved April 14, 2019. Stalking the Wild Taboo \u2013 Stalkers: Hardin: Book Review Archived November 14, 2010, at the Wayback Machine Hardin, Garrett (1993). Living Within Limits. Oxford University Press. ISBN\u00a09780198024033. \"Chapter 8. Growth Real and Spurious\" available online at Garrett Hardin Society. Uh, not sure what to put here. Personal acquaintance? Keynote Address 'We must learn again for ourselves what we have inherited', Wilderness Conference, SF, 1970, or perhaps *A 110. The economics of wilderness. Natural History, 78(6):20-27. 1969. Steepleton, Scott (September 19, 2003). \"Pioneering professor, wife die in apparent double suicide\". Santa Barbara News-Press. Retrieved September 28, 2007. Gottfredson, Linda (December 13, 1994). \"Mainstream Science on Intelligence\" (PDF). Wall Street Journal. p.\u00a0A18. Retrieved December 12, 2014. \"GARRETT HARDIN BIBLIOGRAPHY\" (PDF). Garrett Hardin Society. Retrieved October 16, 2019. \"Phi Beta Kappa Award in Science \u2013 List of Previous Winners\". The Phi Beta Kappa Society. Retrieved December 6, 2010. Bajema, Carl Jay. \"Garrett James Hardin: Ecologist, educator, ethicist and environmentalist.\" Population & Environment 12.3 (1991): 193\u2013212. online Locher, Fabien (2013). \"Cold War Pastures: Garrett Hardin and the 'Tragedy of the Commons'\" (PDF). Revue d'Histoire Moderne et Contemporaine. 60 (1): 7\u201336. doi:10.3917/rhmc.601.0007. Soroos, Marvin S. \"Garrett Hardin and tragedies of global commons.\" Handbook of Global Environmental Politics (2005): 35\u201350. online The Garrett Hardin Society \u2013 includes interviews with Hardin in text and video format Garrett Hardin at IMDb Obituary in The New York Times Tributes at the Garrett Hardin Society 'Common Tragedy' by Tim Harford United States portal Biography portal Ecology portal Environment portal"
   },
   {
    "name": "Jim Nolet",
    "id": "Q595049",
    "text": "Jim Nolet (born 1961) is an American jazz violinist, artist, performer, and educator known internationally as a composer/improviser in world and jazz idioms. He has a particular interest in the music of Brazil. He has performed in the United States, Canada, Europe, Japan, and Latin America. Nolet studied at the Juilliard School and the Cornish College of the Arts, where he studied privately with jazz bassist Gary Peacock. He has performed or recorded with David Murray, Fred Hopkins, Hilton Ruiz, John Hicks, Joanne Brackeen, Hamiet Bluiett, Cecil Taylor, Don Cherry, Arturo O'Farrill, and the Jazz Passengers. Nolet has received critical acclaim, with Down Beat magazine awarding Nolet in the \u201cInternational Critics Poll\u201d for \u201cTalent Deserving Wider Recognition,\" and C. Michael Bailey, (allaboutjazz) describing Nolet as \"the finest jazz violinist playing.\" Nolet began violin, guitar, and percussion at age six. At age 13, he began improvising and playing professionally while continuing his classical studies. His studies extended from Juilliard School to Cornish Institute of the Arts, among others. He also studied violin/viola with: Thomas Rodrique, Dr. Huber, Christine Olason, Professor Chao, Jerome Hines, Gary Peacock (Jazz improvisation, theory/composition), Art Lande (Jazz Composition), Al Galante (Jazz Composition) David Burgess (classical guitar), Eddie Bobe (Afro Cuban percussion), and Rodrigo Rodrigues Goncalves (Brazilian percussion). His \u201csymphonic\u201d work includes among others: the NYU Symphony Orchestra and the Federal Way Symphony. Nolet\u2019s jazz Identity took shape in workshops, studios and clubs in New York, where his work in the mainstream, bop, and Latin music circles ensured the development of a jazz and world music foundation that is encompassed in his work. Nolet has performed and presented his works in such venues as the Lincoln Center in New York, Queen Elizabeth Hall in London, Lucerna Hall in Prague, Club Faschings in Stockholm, Cafe Munich in Germany, Club Metro in Chicago, The Moore Theatre in Seattle, and Club Bird in Japan. He has performed, recorded and toured throughout the United States, Europe, Japan, South America and Canada, with jazz notables such as Arturo O'Farrill, David Murray, Monica Salmaso, Rodrigo Rodrigues, Fred Hopkins, Marcia Lopes, John Purcell, Jay Rodriguez, John Hicks, Tim Hagans, Marvin Sewell, Charles Eubanks, John Zorn, John Bruschini, Jazz Passengers, Michael Bisio, Don Byron, Joanne Bracken, Marc Ribot, John Lurie, Steve Berrios, Frank Lacy, Hamiet Bluiett, Don Cherry, Cecil Taylor, and others. Nolet also maintained a working relationship with the musical theater, performing on and off Broadway with remarkable music arrangers/directors Diedre Murray and Linda Twyne. Nolet\u2019s first working Jazz trio as a teenager featured bassist Bradley Jones and guitarist Dave Tronzo called the NY Hot String Trio a regular at the \u201c5&10\u201d on Greene St, also known as \u201cAli\u2019s Alley\u201d. As an original charter member of \u201cthe Jazz Passengers,\u201d Nolet helped form \u201cAttention Shoppers\u201d and when bassist Tony Garnier left Nolet called on Brad Jones to join the group which later became \u201cthe Jazz Passengers\u201d and upon completion of their first record \u201cBroken Night Red Light\u201d Roy Nathanson was defined as the leader. The group disbanded in late 1995 after the completion of \u201cIn Love\u201d and the band reformed as Debbie Harry and the Jazz Passengers as a six piece ensemble. In 1987, Nolet also co-founded a non-profit school with Bern Nix for traditional, modern and jazz studies in New York City called the Composers\u2019 Improviser\u2019s Workshop. Besides Nix and Nolet, the faculty included David Murray, Glenn Moore, Fred Hopkins, Eddie Bobe, Jay Rodriguez, Roy Campbell, and others. Nolet presented the CIW workshops at colleges and venues around the world. In the 1990s Nolet led StringFaced featuring Bern Nix, Fred Hopkins and Diedre Murray reviewed by Jon Parales, toured Europe, and released a CD through the Knitting Factory Works label. Nolet was also a member of the David Murray Big Band conducted by Butch Morris and worked in ensembles with Cecil Taylor. Nolet also formed the New York String Improvisors Orchestra which featured conductors Butch Morris and John Zorn. Collaborating with Brazilian artist Rodrigo Rodrigues, Nolet founded and began working in the Brazilian-Jazz band, \u201cArco Voz\u201d in Brazil in 2000. He released \u201cArco Voz\u201d in 2001 and opened a U.S. tour in the fall of 2002. Arco Voz facilitated a US tour again in 2017 the vocalist Monica Lopes contributed her talent to Arco Voz at the Brazilfest in NYC among other major US cities. In \"Arco Mundo\" Nolet uses a core string ensemble, often with percussion. This ensemble represents musical languages taken from various latin music regions such as Brazil, Spain, Argentina, Portugal, Cuba, the Caribbean, France, and Loisaida Nueva York. Popular local performing artists of each region are presented in the recordings and performances of Arco Mundo. Many of the pieces are composed and/or arranged by Nolet. \u201cArco Voz Dois\u201d begins in the form of his previous solo CD entitled \u201cArco Voz,\u201d which had a core string ensemble with percussion that featured several popular singers of Brazil, such as Marcia Lopes and Monica Salmaso. Arco Mundo\u2019s premiere recording features compositions highlighting Latin music beyond just Brazil, including Portugal, Cuba, Argentina, Spain and Loisaida Nueva York. \u201cArco Voz Dois\u201d Features Brazilian Vocalist Marcia Lopes and the original members of Arco Voz. Syzygy (Cathexis) With You (KFW) String Faced (KFW) Arco Voz (Cathexis) With The Jazz Passengers Jazz Passengers: Broken Night, Red Light (1987) Decomposer By A Neck (1989) Implement Yourself (1990) Live in Bremen, Live-Love series Vol. 4 (1990) Jazz Passengers; Live at the Knitting Factory (1991) Live at The Knitting Factory (1993) Plain Old Joe (1993) The Jazz Passengers Live at Vassar (1994) In Love (1996) With Michael Bisio Undulations (1999) With John Bruschini The Way We Were (2000) With Diedre Murray Running Man (1999) Fangs (2001) Brutal Imagination (2001) With Howard Mandell History of Jazz (2000) John McLaughlin Mahavishnu Orchestra Redefined (2008) With Cornelius Eady Allison (2012) With Seigen Ono Paris (1992) With David Casper Twilight (1983) With Rob Brown Listen (1984) With Marc Ribot Vignettes Musical (1998) Jim Nolet is married to Maria Angelica Castello Barnett Nolet. \"Jim Nolet: Arco Vos album review @ All About Jazz\". Jim Nolet biography Encyclopedia of Jazz"
   },
   {
    "name": "Ryan Moats",
    "id": "Q605729",
    "text": "Ryan Moats (born December 17, 1982) is a former American football running back. He was drafted by the Philadelphia Eagles in the third round of the 2005 NFL Draft. He played college football at Louisiana Tech. Moats has also been a member of the Arizona Cardinals, Houston Texans and Minnesota Vikings. Since the completion of his NFL career, Moats has transferred his skills to rugby union and plays for Griffins Rugby of Allen, Texas. Moats attended Bishop Lynch High School in Dallas. While there he was a two sport athlete in both football and track and field. He ran a 10.9 in the 100 meter dash for track. In football, he won All-State (private school) honors, the Dominic Norman Award, given to a player who demonstrates excellent leadership, and the Dave Campbell Texas Player of the Year. He rushed for a school record 4,782 yards, and 56 touchdowns. Moats was also named Offensive MVP of the DFW All-Star game, following his senior season at Bishop Lynch. In addition to being named the Offensive MVP of the DFW All-Star game, Moats was voted MVP of the 2006 Main Mein's squad and was widely regarded as the steal of the draft. Moats then played college football at Louisiana Tech University, playing 32 games over three seasons. He was named Western Athletic Conference Offensive Player of the Year in 2004. Moats was drafted by the Philadelphia Eagles in the third round (77th overall) of the 2005 NFL Draft. Following injury to starter Brian Westbrook, Moats was given the opportunity play in the latter half of the 2005 season. On December 11 he scored a 40-yard touchdown on his first carry of the game, his first NFL touchdown, and finished with 114 yards on 11 carries in a 26-23 loss to the New York Giants. Moats saw limited playing time during the 2006 season and missed the entire 2007 season after breaking his ankle during the Eagles' first preseason game. On August 29, 2008, Moats was waived by the Eagles during final cuts. Moats was signed to the practice squad of the Arizona Cardinals on September 16, 2008. He was released on October 1. Moats was signed to the practice squad of the Houston Texans on October 8, 2008 when the team released practice squad Running back D. D. Terry. Moats was promoted to the active roster on October 25 after the team waived running back Darius Walker. Moats got his first carry of the 2008 season in Week 8 against the Minnesota Vikings. Moats was promoted to second on the depth chart because of an injury to Ahman Green. In week 8 of the 2009 season Moats scored three touchdowns after replacing starting running back Steve Slaton. Moats ended with 126 yards on 23 carries. He was named starting running back for the week's following game at Indianapolis. He was waived on June 10, 2010. Moats was claimed off waivers by the Minnesota Vikings on June 15, 2010. He was waived on August 24. In the summer of 2013, Moats joined the Griffins Rugby Club in Allen, TX to become one of the first NFL athletes to play the sport. The Griffins, formerly the Frisco Griffins, are a semi-pro team with strong affiliations with English Premiership Rugby. In early March 2009, Moats's mother-in-law, Jonetta Collinsworth, died from breast cancer. When they were informed that Collinsworth was close to death, Moats, his wife Tamishia (Collinsworth's daughter) and other family members rushed to Baylor Regional Medical Center in Plano, Texas. After driving through a red light, Moats was stopped by Dallas Police Department officer Robert Powell, who delayed him for 13 minutes outside the hospital's emergency room, even after Moats's explanation was corroborated by a hospital nurse. By the time Moats reached Collinsworth, she had died. When asked if he felt that Powell should be fired, Moats said, \"I really don't know. All I know is what he did was wrong. I mean, he stole a moment away from me that I can never get back. I'm really not the judge on what should happen to him. I think maybe his superiors and the Dallas police should handle what should happen to him.\" The police chief and Powell issued an apology to the Moats' family and the traffic charge was later dismissed. Police officials investigated Powell's actions; he was placed on administrative leave but later resigned from the department. ryanmoats.com http://sports.espn.go.com/nfl/recap?gameId=251211021 http://www.kansascity.com/491/story/773169.html \"Texans release Moats, sign third-rounder Mitchell\". Seattle Post-Intelligencer. June 10, 2010. Retrieved June 11, 2010.[dead link] Wobschall, Mike (June 15, 2010). \"Vikings Sign RB Ryan Moats\". Vikings.com. Archived from the original on June 17, 2010. Retrieved June 15, 2010. Davis, Nate (August 24, 2010). \"Vikings sign WR Javon Walker to bolster battered receiving corps\". USA Today. Retrieved August 24, 2010. Curtis (June 10, 2013). \"Former NFL Running Back Latest Crossover\". thisisamericanrugby.com. Retrieved June 15, 2013. \"Texans' Moats, Wife Say Officer Pointed Gun at Her\". Washington Post. March 31, 2009. Retrieved April 3, 2009. Thompson, Steve; Eiserer, Tanya (March 27, 2009). \"Dallas police chief apologizes for conduct of officer who drew gun on NFL player outside hospital\". DallasNews.com. Archived from the original on March 27, 2009. Retrieved November 15, 2020. \"Officer delayed Moats as relative died\". ESPN.com. ESPN. March 26, 2009. Retrieved March 26, 2009. \"Ryan Moats Talks With The FAN\". 105.3 The FAN. Archived from the original on March 29, 2009. Retrieved April 1, 2009. \"Dallas police chief apologizes for conduct of officer who drew gun on NFL player outside hospital\". The Dallas Morning News. March 26, 2009. Retrieved March 26, 2009. J.D. Miles (April 1, 2009). \"DPD Cop Involved In Stop Of NFL Player Resigns\". CBS11 News, Dallas. Archived from the original on April 3, 2009. Retrieved April 1, 2009. Houston Texans bio Arizona Cardinals bio"
   },
   {
    "name": "Elliot See",
    "id": "Q621462",
    "text": "Elliot McKay See Jr. (July 23, 1927 \u2013 February 28, 1966) was an American engineer, naval aviator, test pilot, and NASA astronaut. See received an appointment to the United States Merchant Marine Academy in 1945. He graduated in 1949 with a Bachelor of Science degree in marine engineering and a United States Navy Reserve commission, and joined the Aircraft Gas Turbine Division of General Electric as an engineer. He was called to active duty as a naval aviator during the Korean War, and flew Grumman F9F Panther fighters with Fighter Squadron 144 (VF-144) from the aircraft carrier USS\u00a0Randolph in the Mediterranean, and USS\u00a0Boxer in the Western Pacific. He married Marilyn Denahy in 1954, and they had three children. See rejoined General Electric (GE) in 1956 as a flight test engineer after his tour of duty, and became a group leader and experimental test pilot at Edwards Air Force Base, where he flew the latest jet aircraft with GE engines. He also obtained a Master of Science degree in aeronautical engineering from UCLA. Selected in NASA's second group of astronauts in 1962, See was the prime command pilot for what would have been his first space flight, Gemini 9. He was killed along with Charles Bassett, his Gemini 9 crewmate, in a NASA jet crash at the St. Louis McDonnell Aircraft plant, where they were to undergo two weeks of space rendezvous simulator training. Elliot McKay See Jr. was born on July 23, 1927, to Elliot See Sr. and Mamie (n\u00e9e Drummond) in Dallas, Texas. He was the first of two children; his sister Sally rounded out the family. His father was an electrical engineer who worked for General Electric, and his mother worked in jobs ranging from advertising to real estate. See was active in the Boy Scouts of America for five years, and earned the rank of Eagle Scout. He attended Highland Park High School and was on the varsity team in several sports, including boxing. He was also on the Reserve Officer Training Corps (ROTC) Rifle Team. He graduated from high school in 1945. The United States entered World War II in December 1941. See had to choose between going to war or going to college, as he would otherwise be drafted at age 18. He decided to apply for aviation cadet training. He failed a physical, and, according to See, \"going to college became the most important thing\". He enrolled at the University of Texas, and after a few months pledged to Phi Kappa Psi. While at the University of Texas, he signed up for flying lessons and received his private pilot's license. See applied for military officer training and received an appointment to the United States Merchant Marine Academy (USMMA) in 1945. As the end of the war drew near, the USMMA changed its curriculum to a four-year college-level program, which was the minimum requirement to be a merchant marine in peacetime. He spent his plebe year at Pass Christian, Mississippi, where the USMMA had a satellite campus, and then transferred to the main campus at Kings Point, New York. He commanded the Third Company as a cadet officer. He was a member of the Propeller Club and head cheerleader. He was on the mile relay running team, played intramural softball, and was a varsity boxer. As co-captain of the rifle team, he won the Captain Tomb Trophy for individual rifle and pistol marksmanship in December 1948. In 1949, Congress authorized the USMMA to award Bachelor of Science degrees to its graduates, so on graduation that year Elliott received his degree, his marine engineer's licenses, and a commission as an officer in the United States Navy Reserve. After graduation, See took a summer job with Lykes Brothers Steamship Company. On September 1, 1949, he joined the Aircraft Gas Turbine Division of General Electric, the firm his father had worked for, in Boston. He moved to Cincinnati, Ohio, when the division was relocated. There he met Marilyn Jane Denahy from Georgetown, Ohio, who worked at General Electric as a secretary. He and his friend Tay Haney pooled their funds to buy a Luscombe Silvaire Sprayer aircraft, which they flew on cross-country trips. In November 1952, while taking Marilyn on a joyride, the Luscombe's engine began to fail. See attempted to land the aircraft on a short, unimproved field, but the tail wheel snagged a power line and forced the aircraft into the ground. See suffered deep cuts to his face which required plastic surgery. Marilyn escaped the crash with only minor injuries. By 1953, See was working as a flight test engineer at General Electric's plant in Evendale, Ohio. Like many naval reservists, he was called to active duty due to the Korean War. He was initially stationed at Miramar Naval Air Station near San Diego, California. He married Marilyn on September 30, 1954, before shipping out for a sixteen-month operational tour as a naval aviator, flying the Grumman F9F Panther with Fighter Squadron 144 (VF-144), part of Carrier Air Group 14. He was deployed to the Mediterranean on the aircraft carrier USS\u00a0Randolph, which returned to the United States in June 1955. In October, after further training at El Centro Naval Air Station, he embarked with VF-144 on an operational cruise on the aircraft carrier USS\u00a0Boxer, which formed part of Task Force 77. The task force traveled to Hawaii, Japan, the Philippine Islands, and Hong Kong. See primarily focused on line maintenance, but also became proficient at carrier landings. By the end of the tour, he had reached the rank of lieutenant commander. He returned home in February 1956, in time for the birth of his first child, Sally. The couple later had two more children: Carolyn in 1957, and David in 1962. See rejoined General Electric in 1956 as a flight test engineer after his tour of duty. He became a group leader and experimental test pilot at Edwards Air Force Base, where the United States Air Force conducted flight tests. He served as a project pilot for the development of the General Electric J79-8 engine used in the F4H aircraft. He also conducted powerplant flight tests on the J-47, J-73, J-79, CJ805 and CJ805 aft-fan engines, which involved flying in F-86, XF4D, F-104, F11F-1F, RB-66, F4H, and T-38 aircraft. He worked towards his master's degree one night a week, starting in 1960, eventually obtaining a Master of Science degree in aeronautical engineering from UCLA in 1962, and continued flying with the Naval Reserve. He was eventually promoted to commander. In 1962, See applied to become a NASA astronaut. After undergoing preliminary evaluations, medical tests, and interviews during the selection process, See was selected to be in NASA's second group of astronauts, known as the New Nine. He was 35 at the time of his selection; the oldest in the group. On his selection, he said \"Overwhelmed isn't the right word. I was amazed and certainly pleased. It's a very great honor.\" At the time of his selection, See had logged more than 3,900 hours of flying time, including more than 3,300 in jet aircraft. He drove from Edwards with fellow civilian pilot Neil Armstrong to start his new career in Houston, where the new Manned Spacecraft Center (MSC) was under construction. Every astronaut was assigned a core competency, a special area in which they had to develop expertise, by the NASA Astronaut Office. The knowledge they gathered could then be shared with the others, and the astronaut-expert was expected to provide astronaut input to the spacecraft designers and engineers. See's special area of expertise was the spacecraft electrical and sequential systems, and the coordination of mission planning. See was tasked with determining if the crewed lunar landing should occur in direct sunlight or using light reflected from the Earth. To help make the decision, he flew helicopters and airplanes wearing special welding goggles to simulate different lighting conditions. See also landed helicopters with Jim Lovell on lava flows that simulated the terrain on the Moon. See was announced as the backup pilot for Gemini 5 on February 8, 1965, with Armstrong serving as the backup command pilot. They were the first civilians selected for a spaceflight. Gemini 5 was launched on August 21, 1965. Early in the flight, a problem was discovered with the fuel cells, and the flight controllers considered ending the mission early. See had worked with General Electric in developing the fuel cells and was confident that they could find a solution to the problem. Flight Director Chris Kraft gave them 24 hours to fix the problem or he would terminate the flight early. After working through the night, they diagnosed the problem and developed procedures that allowed the astronauts to fix the fuel cells, which allowed the mission to continue. See was a capsule communicator (CAPCOM) at MSC in Houston during the Gemini 7/Gemini 6A rendezvous mission in December 1965. Under the crew rotation system devised by chief astronaut Deke Slayton, as the backup for Gemini 5, Armstrong and See were in line for prime crew of Gemini 8. From the spring to the fall of 1965, Armstrong and See trained for the Gemini 5 mission. They spent a significant amount of time training in the spacecraft simulators. They flew back and forth to Kennedy Space Center, from which their spacecraft would be launched; to North Carolina to develop experiments to be conducted during the flight; and to McDonnell Aircraft in St. Louis, where the Gemini spacecraft was made. Contrary to Slayton's typical crew rotation, David Scott took See's place as the pilot of Gemini 8. According to his autobiography, Slayton did not assign See to Gemini 8 because he considered him as too out-of-shape to perform an extravehicular activity. Life photographer Ralph Morse asked Armstrong why See was no longer assigned with him on the Gemini 8 mission, and Armstrong replied, \"Elliot's too good a pilot not to have a command of his own.\" In October 1965 See was promoted to command pilot (first seat) of Gemini 9, with Charles Bassett as his pilot. The Gemini 9 mission was similar to the previous mission. An extravehicular activity (EVA) that used the astronaut maneuvering unit (AMU) was scheduled, and they would rendezvous with an Agena target vehicle. Bassett was scheduled for the EVA and See would stay in the capsule. On February 28, 1966, See and Charles Bassett were flying with their backup crew, Gene Cernan and Thomas Stafford, from Ellington Air Force Base to Lambert Field in St. Louis, Missouri, for two weeks of space rendezvous simulator training. The prime crew flew in one jet and the backup crew in another. See was the pilot of their T-38 trainer jet. The weather at Lambert Field was poor and required an instrument approach. Both jets overshot the initial landing attempt; See continued with a visual circling approach and Stafford elected to follow the standard procedure for a missed approach. On his second attempt, See undershot the runway, hit the afterburners and turned to the right. The jet crashed into McDonnell Aircraft Building 101, where the Gemini spacecraft was built. See was found in a parking lot still strapped to his ejection seat. Both astronauts died instantly from trauma sustained in the accident. They died within 500 feet (150\u00a0m) of their spacecraft. See and Bassett were buried near each other in Arlington National Cemetery, and the graves are about 100 yards (91\u00a0m) from Theodore Freeman, another astronaut who died in a T-38 crash two years prior. After Freeman's wife found out he died from a reporter, NASA enacted new policies to avoid a similar embarrassing situation in the future. In compliance with these policies, astronaut John Young asked Marilyn Lovell and Jane Conrad to go to Marilyn See's house and ensure she did not find out about her husband's death from a non-NASA source. They rushed over and made excuses for their early surprise visit. After Young arrived to break the news, the three hugged her for comfort. Marilyn Lovell then went to the school to pick up Marilyn See's children, to make sure they did not find out from the press. A NASA investigative panel later concluded that pilot error, caused by bad weather, was the principal cause of the accident. The panel concluded that See was flying too low on his second approach, probably due to poor visibility. At the time, See was known as one of the better pilots in the astronaut corps. Slayton later expressed doubts about See's flying abilities, claiming that he flew too slowly, and \"wasn't aggressive enough\u00a0... he flew too slow\u2013a fatal problem in a plane like the T-38, which will stall easily if you get below 270 knots [500\u00a0km/h].\" Jim Lovell and Buzz Aldrin were promoted to the backup crew as a result of the accident. Stafford and Cernan\u2013the original backup crew\u2013were launched three months later, on June 3, 1966 as Gemini 9A. The shuffling of the Gemini crews caused by the deaths of See and Bassett affected crew assignments for subsequent Gemini and Project Apollo missions. In particular, Aldrin flew as the pilot of Gemini 12, and later Apollo 11. Both men were buried in Arlington National Cemetery. During the service, Buzz Aldrin, Bill Anders and Walter Cunningham flew the missing man formation in See's honor, while Jim McDivitt and Jim Lovell and civilian pilot Jere Cobb did the same to honor Bassett. See was survived by his wife Marilyn and three children. After his death she continued to live in Houston, where she worked as a court reporter. See's name is inscribed on the Fallen Astronaut plaque placed on the Moon by Apollo 15 in 1971. He is also listed on the Space Mirror Memorial at the John F. Kennedy Space Center Visitor Complex, dedicated in 1991. He was honored by Highland Park High School in 2010 as one of the recipients of its Distinguished Alumni Award. See was a member of the Society of Experimental Test Pilots and an associate fellow of the American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics. See was played by Steve Zahn in the 1998 HBO miniseries From the Earth to the Moon, and by Patrick Fugit in the 2018 film First Man. List of spaceflight-related accidents and incidents \"New Astronauts, 9 Hottest Jet Pilots in the U.S., Have Been Training a Year\". The Philadelphia Enquirer. Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. September 18, 1962. p.\u00a03 \u2013 via Newspapers.com. Burgess, Doolan & Vis 2003, p.\u00a036. \"Astronauts and the BSA\" (PDF). Boy Scouts of America. Archived from the original (PDF) on June 22, 2011. Retrieved June 25, 2016. Burgess, Doolan & Vis 2003, pp.\u00a037\u201338. \"USMMA History\". U.S. Merchant Marine Academy. January 18, 2013. Retrieved June 7, 2019. Burgess, Doolan & Vis 2003, pp.\u00a040\u201341. \"Head Over Heels for What's Out There\". Life. Vol.\u00a055 no.\u00a019. September 27, 1963. pp.\u00a030\u201339, 81\u201390. Retrieved May 10, 2019. \"MSC Names Nine New Pilot Trainees\" (PDF). NASA Roundup. 1 (24). September 19, 1962. pp.\u00a01, 4\u20135. Retrieved May 7, 2019. Burgess, Doolan & Vis 2003, pp.\u00a041\u201343. \"USS Randolph (CV 15)\". A Brief History of Aircraft Carriers. Naval Historical Center. Retrieved May 9, 2019. Burgess, Doolan & Vis 2003, p.\u00a042. \"USS Boxer (CVA 21) WestPac Cruise Book 1955\u201356\". U.S. Navy. Retrieved May 10, 2019. Evans, Ben (February 27, 2016). \"'A Very Great Honor': 50 Years Since the Accident Which Changed Project Gemini (Part 1)\". AmericaSpace. Retrieved May 10, 2019. \"Elliot M. See Jr\". The Astronauts Memorial Foundation, The Center for Space Education. Archived from the original on July 6, 2017. Retrieved October 9, 2016. \"Astronaut Bio: Elliot M. See Jr\" (PDF). NASA. February 1966. Archived from the original on March 7, 2016. Retrieved May 24, 2021. \"Picture of the Week\". Life. Vol.\u00a053 no.\u00a013. Time. September 28, 1962. p.\u00a09. ISSN\u00a00024-3019. Evans, Ben (February 28, 2016). \"'A Very Great Honor': 50 Years Since the Accident Which Changed Project Gemini (Part 2)\". AmericaSpace. Retrieved May 10, 2019. Burgess, Doolan & Vis 2003, p.\u00a044. \"Here are the Next Nine Astronauts Who Will Join in U.S. Race to the Moon\". The Tampa Tribune. Tampa, Florida. UPI. September 18, 1962. p.\u00a04 \u2013 via Newspapers.com. Burgess, Doolan & Vis 2003, p.\u00a045. Burgess 2013, p.\u00a0166. \"Remembering NASA Astronauts Elliot See and Charles Bassett\". NASA. February 26, 2016. Retrieved February 1, 2018. Burgess, Doolan & Vis 2003, p.\u00a048. See Jr., Elliot (September 27, 1963). \"How Much Light in Earthshine?\". Life. Vol.\u00a055 no.\u00a013. Time Inc. p.\u00a086B. ISSN\u00a00024-3019 \u2013 via Google Books. See Jr., Elliot M. (August 23, 1964). \"Moon Explorers Face Light Problems\". The Indianapolis Star. Indianapolis, Indiana. p.\u00a018 \u2013 via Newspapers.com. Conrad, Pete (October 2, 1964). \"Ugly, Unearthly Bug\". Life. Vol.\u00a057 no.\u00a014. Time. p.\u00a099. ISSN\u00a00024-3019. \"7-Day Space Flight Astronauts Selected\". Tampa Bay Times. February 9, 1965. p.\u00a02. Retrieved February 1, 2018 \u2013 via Newspapers.com. Burgess, Doolan & Vis 2003, p.\u00a046. Slayton & Cassutt 1994, pp.\u00a0138, 168. Reichl 2016, p.\u00a0110. Morse, Ralph (March 11, 1966). \"A Perfectly Paired Gemini Team Falls to Earth\". Life. Vol.\u00a060 no.\u00a010. Time Inc. p.\u00a034. ISSN\u00a00024-3019 \u2013 via Google Books. Burgess, Doolan & Vis 2003, p.\u00a0110. McMichael, W. Pate (May 2006). \"Losing The Moon\". St. Louis Magazine. St. Louis, MO. Retrieved October 9, 2016. Burgess, Doolan & Vis 2003, pp.\u00a033\u201334. \"Astronauts See, Bassett Paid Arlington Tributes\". The Daily Sentinel. Grand Junction, Colorado. Associated Press. March 4, 1966. p.\u00a014 \u2013 via Newspapers.com. Koppel 2013, pp.\u00a0120\u2013122. \"Accident Board Reports Findings in See\u2013Bassett Crash\" (PDF). Space News Roundup. NASA. June 10, 1966. p.\u00a03. Archived from the original (PDF) on March 5, 2016. Retrieved June 10, 2012. Shayler 2000, p.\u00a082. Slayton & Cassutt 1994, p.\u00a0167. Hacker & Grimwood 2010, p.\u00a0332. Slayton & Cassutt 1994, pp.\u00a0167\u2013168. \"Astronauts are Bid Farewell in Texas\". The Record. Hackensack, New Jersey. UPI. March 3, 1966. p.\u00a037 \u2013 via Newspapers.com. Hamblin, Dora Jane (January 26, 1968). \"The Fire and Fate Have Left Eight Widows\". Life. Vol.\u00a064 no.\u00a04. pp.\u00a060\u201364. Retrieved May 25, 2019. Burgess, Doolan & Vis 2003, pp.\u00a074\u201375. Eveleth, Rose (January 7, 2013). \"There Is a Sculpture on the Moon Commemorating Fallen Astronauts\". Smithsonian.com. Retrieved October 9, 2016. \"The Astronauts Memorial Foundation Space Mirror Memorial\". The Astronauts Memorial Foundation. Archived from the original on March 4, 2016. Retrieved October 9, 2016. Dunn, Marcia (May 10, 1991). \"15 Lost Astronauts Memorialized\". The San Bernardino County Sun. San Bernardino, California. Associated Press. p.\u00a014 \u2013 via Newspapers.com. \"Highland Park High School Distinguished Alumni List\". Highland Park High School Alumni Association. Archived from the original on June 6, 2013. Retrieved May 7, 2012. Burgess, Colin; Doolan, Kate & Vis, Bert (2003). Fallen Astronauts: Heroes Who Died Reaching for the Moon. Lincoln, Nebraska: University of Nebraska Press. ISBN\u00a0978-0-8032-6212-6. LCCN\u00a02003042662. OCLC\u00a051751432. Burgess, Colin (2013). Moon Bound: Choosing and Preparing NASA's Lunar Astronauts. Springer-Praxis Books in Space Exploration. New York; London: Springer. ISBN\u00a0978-1-4614-3854-0. OCLC\u00a0905162781. Hacker, Barton C. & Grimwood, James M. (2010) [1977]. On the Shoulders of Titans: A History of Project Gemini (PDF). NASA History Series. Washington, D.C.: NASA History Division, Office of Policy and Plans. ISBN\u00a0978-0-16-067157-9. OCLC\u00a0945144787. NASA SP-4203. Retrieved April 8, 2018. Koppel, Lily (2013). The Astronaut Wives Club. New York: Grand Central Publishing. ISBN\u00a09781455503230. OCLC\u00a0817582773. Reichl, Eugen (2016). Project Gemini. Atglen, Pennsylvania: Schiffer. ISBN\u00a0978-0-7643-5070-2. OCLC\u00a01026725515. Shayler, David J. (2000). Disasters and Accidents in Manned Spaceflight. London: Praxis/Springer. ISBN\u00a09781852332259. OCLC\u00a0829405673. Slayton, Donald K. \"Deke\" & Cassutt, Michael (1994). Deke! U.S. Manned Space: From Mercury to the Shuttle. New York: Forge Books (St. Martin's Press). ISBN\u00a00-312-85503-6. LCCN\u00a094-2463. OCLC\u00a029845663. Biography portal"
   },
   {
    "name": "Ricky Grace",
    "id": "Q645067",
    "text": "Ricky Ray Grace AM (born August 20, 1966) is an American-Australian former professional basketball player who spent the majority of his career in the Australian National Basketball League with the Perth Wildcats. Ricky \"Amazing\" Grace first played college basketball at Midland College, transferring after two years to the University of Oklahoma alongside future NBA player Mookie Blaylock. In 1988, his last year at Oklahoma, Grace helped the Oklahoma Sooners reach the championship game of the NCAA Men's Basketball Tournament, where they were defeated by the Kansas Jayhawks. Selected in the 1988 NBA Draft by the Utah Jazz in the third round (67th overall), he failed to make the active roster of an NBA team. Soon after, Grace was invited by then Perth Wildcats general manager (and 1990 head coach) Cal Bruton to play for the Australian club, where he played his entire professional career, and captained the club from 2002/03 until his retirement. During his time with the club Grace played an integral part in six grand finals appearances and four championships, twice being award Grand Final MVP; first in 1990 when the Wildcats defeated the Brisbane Bullets to claim their first championship, and again in 1993 when the Wildcats were defeated by the Melbourne Tigers. 1991 was filled with more success for Grace, as the Wildcats won back-to-back championships, defeating the Eastside Spectres, and Grace was selected to the All-NBL First Team. In 1993, Grace had a three-game stint with the Atlanta Hawks, where he was reunited with college teammate Mookie Blaylock. In late 1994, Grace became naturalised as an Australian citizen and in March 1995 made his international debut when he was selected for the Australian Boomers in their 5-game series against the touring Magic Johnson All-Stars. 1995 also saw the Wildcats win their 3rd NBL crown, defeating the defending champion North Melbourne Giants in the Grand Final series. As Champions, the Wildcats were invited to participate in the 1995 McDonald's Championship in London. The Wildcats lost to NBA champions the Houston Rockets before defeating Real Madrid in their second match. In 1996, Grace signed a 6-year contract with the Wildcats and was considered unlucky not to gain a place in the Boomers squad for the 1996 Olympics in Atlanta. Four years later he did make it to the Olympics when he was a member of the Boomers squad at the Sydney Olympic Games in 2000, helping the home country to 4th place. This capped off another successful year for Grace, who won his fourth championship when the Wildcats defeated the Victoria Titans. In the second half of his career, Grace adjusted his game to become more of an offensive threat, and he was rewarded with another All-NBL First Team selection in 2001, 10 years after the first, and again in 2002 and 2003. Despite playing arguably the best basketball of his career, the Wildcats would only make one more grand final series, in 2002/2003, when they were defeated by the Sydney Kings, meaning Grace would fail to equal the then record of Larry Sengstock who won five NBL championships. In 2003 Grace was selected to the NBL's 25th Anniversary Team. He would play for two more seasons, with his last game a loss in an elimination final against the Melbourne Tigers on February 24, 2005. On August 4, 2010, it was announced that Grace is to be inducted into the Australian Basketball Hall of Fame (ABHF) at a ceremony on August 18, 2010. Grace was surprised to be inducted as he felt he wouldn't be considered for the Hall of Fame before former teammate James Crawford was. Currently Grace is the director for the Role Models WA organisation. Role Models WA offers sport and development programs for indigenous communities in Western Australia. Other role models that work alongside Grace include numerous football players from the Fremantle Dockers and West Coast Eagles including Chris Lewis, David Wirrpanda, Des Headland and Daniel Kerr. On February 4, 2013, Grace was named to the Perth Wildcats' 30th Anniversary All-Star team. First in three-point field goal percentage in a season - 1986/87 (.441) First in assists in a season - 1987/88 (280) Equal First in steals in an NCAA Tournament game - vs Iowa, March 20, 1987 (7) First in games played (482) First in points (8802) First in assists (3470) First in steals (734) First in assists per game in 2003 (8.0/27 games) First in assists per game in 2004 (7.3/23 games) Goodwin, Michael; Curry, Jack (1988-01-04). \"SPORTS WORLD SPECIALS; Running It Up\". New York Times. Retrieved 2009-03-01. \"Oklahoma's 1988 NCAA runner-up team gathers for reunion\". ESPN. 2008. Retrieved 2009-03-01. \"Ricky Grace into basketball Hall of Fame\". The Sydney Morning Herald. 2010-08-04. \"Ricky Grace (Perth Wildcats Legend) Podcast\". Aussie Hoopla. 2015. Retrieved 2015-06-01. \"Role Models WA - About Us\". Role Models WA, Inc. 2007. Archived from the original on 2007-10-08. Retrieved 2007-07-15. \"Role Models WA - Role Models\". Role Models WA, Inc. 2007. Archived from the original on 2007-10-08. Retrieved 2007-07-15. Briggs, Sian (2007-07-14). \"Amazing Grace\". The Sunday Times. Retrieved 2009-03-03. 30th Anniversary All-Star Team Archived December 11, 2013, at the Wayback Machine Americans dominate Wildcats All-Star team \"2008-09 Men's Basketball Media Guide\". Soonersports. 2008. Archived from the original on March 6, 2009. Retrieved 2009-03-01."
   },
   {
    "name": "Arlo Eisenberg",
    "id": "Q675809",
    "text": "Arlo Eisenberg (born 1973) is an aggressive inline skater who pioneered street skating. He is considered by many to be an important innovator of the aggressive skating industry. Born in Dallas, Texas on September 7, 1973, Arlo spent his high school years at the Arts Magnet high school in Dallas, where he studied visual arts and theater. He discovered inline skating the summer before his senior year of high school. Arlo attended three semesters at the University of Texas at Austin before dropping out to follow his dreams West. 1992, Eisenberg moved to Venice Beach, California, where he took odd jobs before landing a position selling inline skates on The 3rd Street Promenade in Santa Monica. In 1993, together with Brooke Howard-Smith, Brian Konoske, Aaron Spohn and Mark \"Heineken\" Groenhuyzen, he started an inline company called Senate. Arlo was the chief graphic designer. Popular images included slit wrists and bloody baseball bats. Arlo crafted an image of himself as a social provocateur, an image which he fostered through his artwork. As a competitive skater, he won the 1996 X Games street title as well as the 1994 NISS Championship. In 1997 Arlo's family opened Eisenbergs Skatepark in Plano, Texas where, every year, they hosted the professional skate competition, the Eisenberg's Showdown at the Hoedown. In 2012, after 15 years of success, the skate park closed down, and was leveled to be replaced with spaces for retail and lofts. Arlo achieved widespread notoriety when Senate produced a line of T-shirts featuring tags that said \u2018Destroy All Girls.\" The tags, Arlo's concept, brought attention from CNN, and launched Senate into the mainstream. In 1997, Arlo was profiled in People Magazine and Newsweek named him one of their 100 Americans for the Next Century.\" After leaving Senate in 2000, Arlo provided freelance graphic design services to many companies in the inline industry including: Salomon, Rollerblade, Xsjado, Mindgame and USD. In 2007 Arlo was hired as a senior graphic designer for Paul Frank Industries. Arlo was the chief graphic designer for streetwear brand \"Franco Shade\" since its inception in 2002. In 2008 Franco Shade's founder, Joe Navran and Arlo agreed to split up over creative differences. Arlo kept the \"Ghost 'N Knives\" logo and the \"Franky\" ghost cartoon character and started a new company called, \"GOST\" which launched in early 2009. Franco Shade released one more season after Arlo's departure and then ceased operations. In 2011, he designed the movie poster for \"The City Never Sleeps.\" Arlo Eisenberg appears in two documentaries on skating, 1999's It's All Good' and 2005's Barely Dead. Arlo has a daughter named Lulu. She is also the daughter of Lisa Reyes, wife of Ernie Reyes Jr. \"Arlo Eisenberg - 1996 X Games Park World Champion\". www.skatelog.com. Retrieved 2018-03-05. Words by: Chris Mitchell - Arlo Eisenberg -Burgers, Hookers and Art - Lifelounge - Daily Goodness Archived October 26, 2007, at the Wayback Machine Lifelounge.com Archived February 14, 2012, at the Wayback Machine \"ONEblademag - Arlo Eisenberg Web Preview\". www.believeinone.com. Retrieved 2018-03-05. Hoffman, David (1999), It's All Good: Aggressive Inline Skating, retrieved 2018-03-05 Arlo Eisenberg interview Franco Shade Clothing Eisenbergs Skatepark Arlo Eisenberg Be-mag Profile"
   },
   {
    "name": "Red Garland",
    "id": "Q706697",
    "text": "William McKinley \"Red\" Garland, Jr. (May 13, 1923 \u2013 April 23, 1984) was an American modern jazz pianist. Known for his work as a bandleader and during the 1950s with Miles Davis, Garland helped popularize the block chord style of piano playing. William \"Red\" Garland was born in 1923 in Dallas, Texas. He began his musical studies on the clarinet and alto saxophone but, in 1941, switched to the piano. Less than five years later, Garland joined the trumpet player Hot Lips Page, well-known in the southwest, playing with him until a tour ended in New York in March 1946. With Garland having decided to stay in New York to find work, Art Blakey came across Garland playing at a small club, only to return the next night with his boss, Billy Eckstine. Garland also had a short-lived career as a welterweight boxer in the 1940s. He fought more than 35 fights, one being an exhibition bout with Sugar Ray Robinson. Garland became famous in 1954 when he joined the Miles Davis Quintet, featuring John Coltrane, Philly Joe Jones, and Paul Chambers. Davis was a fan of boxing and was impressed that Garland had boxed earlier in his life. Together, the group recorded their famous Prestige albums, Miles: The New Miles Davis Quintet (1954), Workin, Steamin', Cookin', and Relaxin'. Garland's style is prominent in these seminal recordings\u2014evident in his distinctive chord voicings, his sophisticated accompaniment, and his musical references to Ahmad Jamal's style. Some observers dismissed Garland as a \"cocktail\" pianist, but Miles was pleased with his style, having urged Garland to absorb some of Jamal's lightness of touch and harmonics within his own approach. Garland played on the first of Davis's many Columbia recordings, 'Round About Midnight (1957). Though he would continue playing with Miles, their relationship was beginning to deteriorate. By 1958, Garland and Jones had started to become more erratic in turning up for recordings and shows. He was eventually fired by Miles, but later returned to play on another jazz classic, Milestones. Davis was displeased when Garland quoted Davis's much earlier, and by then famous, solo from \"Now's The Time\" in block chords during the slower take of \"Straight, No Chaser\". Garland walked out of one of the sessions for Milestones, so that on the track \"Sid's Ahead\", Davis comped behind the saxophone solos. In 1958, Garland formed his own trio. Among the musicians the trio recorded with are Pepper Adams, Nat Adderley, Ray Barretto, Kenny Burrell, Eddie \"Lockjaw\" Davis, Jimmy Heath, Harold Land, Philly Joe Jones, Blue Mitchell, Ira Sullivan, and Leroy Vinnegar. The trio also recorded as a quintet with John Coltrane and Donald Byrd. Altogether, Garland led 19 recording sessions while at Prestige Records and 25 sessions for Fantasy Records. He stopped playing professionally for a number of years in the 1960s when the popularity of rock music coincided with a substantial drop in the popularity of jazz. Garland eventually returned to his native Texas in the 1970s to care for his aged mother. He led a recording in 1977, named Crossings, which reunited him with Philly Joe Jones, and he teamed up with bassist Ron Carter. His later work tended to sound more modern and less polished than his better known recordings. He continued recording until his death from a heart attack on April 23, 1984 at the age of 60. Garland's trademark block chord technique, a commonly borrowed maneuver in jazz piano today, was unique and differed from the methods of earlier block chord pioneers such as George Shearing and Milt Buckner. Garland's block chords were constructed of three notes in the right hand and four in the left hand, with the right hand one octave above the left. Garland's left hand played four-note chords that simultaneously beat out the same exact rhythm as the right-hand melody played. But unlike George Shearing's block chord method, Garland's left-hand chords did not change positions or inversions until the next chord change occurred. It is also worth noting that Garland's four-note left-hand chord voicings frequently left out the roots of the chords, a chord style later associated with pianist Bill Evans. Rediscovered Masters (Prestige, 1958\u201361 [1977]) At the Prelude, Vol. 1 (Prestige, 1959 [1994]) (compilation of Red Garland at the Prelude + Red Garland Live!) Blues in the Night (Prestige, 1960 [1997]) (compilation of Halleloo-Y'-All + Soul Burnin' ) Red's Blues (Prestige, 1956\u201362 [1998]) Stretching Out (Prestige, 1959 [2002]) (compilation of Satin Doll + Lil' Darlin' ) The Best of the Red Garland Quintets (Prestige, 2004) The Best of the Red Garland Trios (Prestige, 2004) With Arnett Cobb Sizzlin' (Prestige, 1960) Ballads by Cobb (Moodsville, 1960) With John Coltrane Tenor Conclave (Prestige, 1957) with Al Cohn, Hank Mobley, Zoot Sims John Coltrane with the Red Garland Trio (Prestige, 1957; reissued as Traneing In) Soultrane (Prestige, 1958) Lush Life (Prestige, 1961) Settin' The Pace (Prestige, 1961) Standard Coltrane (Prestige, 1962) The Believer (Prestige, 1964) The Last Trane (Prestige, 1965) With Miles Davis The Musings of Miles (Prestige, 1955) Miles: The New Miles Davis Quintet (Prestige, 1955) Cookin' with The Miles Davis Quintet (Prestige, 1956) Relaxin' with The Miles Davis Quintet (Prestige, 1956) Workin' with The Miles Davis Quintet (Prestige, 1956) Steamin' with The Miles Davis Quintet (Prestige, 1956) 'Round About Midnight (Columbia, 1957) Milestones (Columbia, 1958) With Curtis Fuller Curtis Fuller with Red Garland (Prestige, 1957) With Jackie McLean McLean's Scene (Prestige, 1956) With Charlie Parker Charlie Parker at Storyville (Blue Note, 1953) With Art Pepper Art Pepper Meets the Rhythm Section (Contemporary, 1957) With Sonny Rollins Tenor Madness (Prestige, 1956) With Phil Woods Sugan (Status/Prestige, 1957 [1965]) Dobbins, Bill; Kernfeld, Barry (2002). \"Garland, Red\". In Barry Kernfeld (ed.). The New Grove Dictionary of Jazz, vol. 2 (2nd\u00a0ed.). New York: Grove's Dictionaries Inc. p.\u00a014. ISBN\u00a01561592846. Yanow, Scott. \"Red Garland Biography\". AllMusic. All Media Network. Retrieved 28 August 2016. Simpson, Joel. \"Red Garland Profile\". All About Jazz. Retrieved 28 August 2016. Seeing Red. Texas Monthly. 1977-03-01. Szwed, John (2004-01-09). So What: The Life of Miles Davis. Simon and Schuster. p.\u00a0124. ISBN\u00a09780684859835. red garland boxer welterweight. Giddins, Garry (April 3, 1978). \"Red Garland's Texas Cocktail\". The Village Voice. p.\u00a049. Mathieson, Kenny (2012). Giant Steps: Bebop And The Creators Of Modern Jazz, 1945-65. Canongate Books. p.\u00a0209. ISBN\u00a0978-0-85786-617-2. \"Discogs.com\". Discogs.com. Retrieved 2017-02-25. Pareles, John (26 April 1984). \"Red Garland, a Pianist in Miles Davis Quintet\". The New York Times. \"Red's Bells,\" an in-depth analysis by Ethan Iverson Discography at jazzdisco.org Red Garland at IMDb Red Garland at Find a Grave"
   },
   {
    "name": "Ramsey Clark",
    "id": "Q708795",
    "text": "William Ramsey Clark (December 18, 1927 \u2013 April 9, 2021) was an American lawyer, activist and federal government official. A progressive, New Frontier liberal, he occupied senior positions in the United States Department of Justice under Presidents John F. Kennedy and Lyndon B. Johnson, notably serving as United States Attorney General from 1967 to 1969; previously he was Deputy Attorney General from 1965 to 1967 and Assistant Attorney General from 1961 to 1965. As attorney general, he was known for his vigorous opposition to the death penalty, his aggressive support of civil liberties and civil rights, and his dedication in enforcing antitrust provisions. Clark supervised the drafting of the Voting Rights Act of 1965 and Civil Rights Act of 1968. After leaving public office, Clark led many progressive activism campaigns, including opposition to the War on Terror. He offered advice or legal defense to figures such as Charles Taylor, Slobodan Milo\u0161evi\u0107, Saddam Hussein, Colonel Muammar Gaddafi and Lyndon LaRouche. Clark was the last surviving member of the cabinet of Lyndon B. Johnson. Clark was born in Dallas, Texas, on December 18, 1927, the son of jurist Tom C. Clark and his wife Mary Jane (n\u00e9e Ramsey). Clark's father served as United States Attorney General from 1945 to 1949 under President Harry S. Truman and then became a Supreme Court Justice in August 1949. His maternal grandfather was William Franklin Ramsey, who served on the Supreme Court of Texas, while his paternal grandfather, lawyer William Henry Clark, was president of the Texas Bar Association. Clark attended Woodrow Wilson High School in Washington, D.C., but dropped out at the age of 17 in order to join the United States Marine Corps, seeing action in Western Europe in the final months of World War II; he served until 1946. Back in the U.S., he earned a Bachelor of Arts from the University of Texas at Austin in 1949, and obtained a Master of Arts in American history from the University of Chicago and a Juris Doctor from the University of Chicago Law School in 1950 and 1951, respectively. While at the University of Texas, he was a member of the Delta Tau Delta fraternity. He was admitted to the Texas bar in 1950, and was admitted to practice before the Supreme Court of the United States in 1956. From 1951 to 1961, Clark practiced law as an associate and partner at his father\u2019s Texas law firm, Clark, Reed and Clark. In the Kennedy and Johnson administrations, Clark occupied senior positions in the Justice Department; he was Assistant Attorney General, overseeing the department's Lands Division from 1961 to 1965, and then served as Deputy Attorney General from 1965 to 1967. In 1967, President Lyndon B. Johnson nominated him to be Attorney General of the United States. He was confirmed by the Senate and took the oath of office on March 2. Clark was one of Johnson's popular and successful cabinet appointments, being described as \"able, independent, liberal and soft-spoken\" and a symbol of the New Frontier liberals; he had also built a successful record, especially in his management of the Justice Department's Lands Division; he had increased the efficiency of his division and had saved enough money from his budget so that he had asked Congress to reduce the budget by $200,000 annually. However, there also was speculation that one of the reasons that contributed to Johnson's making the appointment was the expectation that Clark's father, Associate Justice Tom C. Clark, would resign from the Supreme Court to avoid a conflict of interest. Johnson wanted a vacancy to be created on the Court so he could appoint Thurgood Marshall, the first African American justice. The elder Clark assumed senior status on June 12, 1967, effectively resigning from the Supreme Court and creating the vacancy Johnson apparently desired. During his years at the Justice Department, Clark played an important role in the history of the civil rights movement. He: supervised the federal presence at Ole Miss during the week following the admission of James Meredith; surveyed all school districts in the South desegregating under court order (1963); supervised federal enforcement of the court order protecting the 1965 Selma to Montgomery marches; headed the Presidential task force to Watts following the 1965 riots; and supervised the drafting and executive role in passage of the Voting Rights Act of 1965 and Civil Rights Act of 1968. As attorney general during part of the Vietnam War, Clark oversaw the prosecution of the Boston Five for \"conspiracy to aid and abet draft resistance.\" Four of the five were convicted, including pediatrician Dr. Benjamin Spock and Yale chaplain William Sloane Coffin Jr., but in later years, Clark expressed his regret at the prosecution's victory: \"We won the case, that was the worst part.\" Clark served as the attorney general until Johnson's term as president ended on January 20, 1969. Because of Richard Nixon's attacks on Clark's liberal record during the 1968 presidential election campaign and ultimate narrow victory over Hubert H. Humphrey, relations between Johnson and Clark soured and, by inauguration day, they were no longer on speaking terms. In addition to his government work, during this period Clark was also director of the American Judicature Society (in 1963) and national president of the Federal Bar Association in 1964\u201365. Following his term as attorney general, Clark taught courses at the Howard University School of Law (1969\u20131972) and Brooklyn Law School (1973\u20131981). He was active in the anti-Vietnam War movement and visited North Vietnam in 1972 as a protest against the bombing of Hanoi. During this time he was associated with the New York law firm Paul, Weiss, Rifkind, Wharton & Garrison, but he resigned in 1973, saying, \"I didn't feel like working on things I didn't believe in, I didn't think were important.\" On January 28, 1970, Ramsey Clark testified in the Chicago Seven trial. He was barred by Judge Julius Hoffman from testifying before the jury after Clark had testified outside the presence of the jury. Judge Hoffman upheld the prosecution's objections to 14 of Defense Attorney William Kunstler's 38 questions to Clark, but Clark did testify that he had told the prosecutor Tom Foran to investigate the charges against the defendants through Justice Department lawyers \"as is generally done in civil rights cases\", rather than through a grand jury. At the 1972 Democratic National Convention, Clark received one delegate vote for the presidential nomination and two delegate votes for the vice-presidential nomination. In the 1974 New York state election, Clark ran as the Democratic candidate for U.S. Senator; he defeated the party's designee Lee Alexander in the primary, but lost in the general election to the incumbent Jacob Javits. In the 1976 election, Clark again sought the Democratic nomination to represent New York in the Senate, but finished a distant third in the primary behind Daniel Patrick Moynihan and Congresswoman Bella Abzug. On November 5, 1979, at the start of the Iranian hostage crisis, President Jimmy Carter instructed Clark and Senate staffer William Miller to visit Tehran and seek to open negotiations with Iranian authorities for the hostages' release; while en route, they were refused entry into the country by Ayatollah Khomeini. Defying a travel ban, Clark went to Tehran again in June 1980 to attend a conference on alleged U.S. interference in Iranian affairs, on which occasion he was granted admission. While there he both demanded the release of the hostages and criticized past U.S. support for the deposed Shah. This second unauthorized trip reportedly infuriated President Carter. In September 1998, Clark led a delegation to Sudan to collect evidence in the aftermath of President Bill Clinton's bombing of the Al-Shifa pharmaceutical factory in Khartoum the previous month as part of Operation Infinite Reach. Upon returning to the U.S., the delegation held a press conference on September 22, 1998, to refute the U.S. State Department's claims that the facility had been producing VX nerve agent. U.S. officials later acknowledged that the evidence cited as the rationale for the Al-Shifa strike was weaker than initially believed. In 1991, Clark's Coalition to Stop U.S. Intervention in the Middle East opposed the U.S.-led war and sanctions against Iraq. Clark accused the administration of President George H. W. Bush, its officials Dan Quayle, James Baker, Dick Cheney, William Webster, Colin Powell, Norman Schwarzkopf, and \"others to be named\" of \"crimes against peace, war crimes\", and \"crimes against humanity\" for its conduct of the Gulf War against Iraq and the ensuing sanctions; in 1996, he added the charges of genocide and the \"use of a weapon of mass destruction\". Similarly, after the 1999 NATO bombing of the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia Ramsey charged and \"tried\" NATO on 19 counts and issued calls for its dissolution. As a lawyer, Clark was criticized by both opponents and supporters for some of the people he agreed to defend, such as foreign dictators hostile to the United States; Clark stood beside and defended his clients, regardless of their own admitted actions and crimes. In 2004, Clark joined a panel of about 20 Arab and one other non-Arab lawyers to defend Saddam Hussein in his trial before the Iraqi Special Tribunal. Clark appeared before the Iraqi Special Tribunal in late November 2005 arguing \"that it failed to respect basic human rights and was illegal because it was formed as a consequence of the United States' illegal war of aggression against the people of Iraq.\" Clark said that unless the trial was seen as \"absolutely fair\", it would \"divide rather than reconcile Iraq\". Christopher Hitchens said Clark was admitting Hussein's guilt when Clark reportedly stated in a 2005 BBC interview: \"He [Saddam] had this huge war going on, and you have to act firmly when you have an assassination attempt\". In another article, Hitchens described Clark in the following terms: \"From bullying prosecutor he mutated into vagrant and floating defense counsel, offering himself to the g\u00e9nocideurs of Rwanda and to Slobodan Milosevic, and using up the spare time in apologetics for North Korea. He acts as front-man for the Workers World Party, which originated in a defense of the Soviet invasion of Hungary in 1956.\" Sociologist and anti-communist scholar Paul Hollander wrote of Clark: \"It is likely that well before Clark took his bizarre positions in support of highly repressive, violent, and intolerant political systems and their leaders, he came to the conclusion that the United States was the most dangerous and reprehensible source of evil in the world. This overarching belief led to the reflexive sympathy and support for all the enemies and alleged victims of the United States. They include dictators of different ideological persuasion noted above, whose inhumane qualities and policies Clark was unable to discern or acknowledge, let alone condemn. It was sufficient for Clark's moral accounting that if these dictators were opposed to (and allegedly victimized by) the United States, they deserved and earned his sympathy.\" Clark was not alone in criticizing the Iraqi Special Tribunal's trial of Saddam Hussein, which drew intense criticism from international human rights organizations. Human Rights Watch called Saddam's trial a \"missed opportunity\" and a \"deeply flawed trial\", and the UN Working Group on Arbitrary Detention found the trial to be unfair and to violate basic international human rights law. Among the irregularities cited by HRW, were that proceedings were marked by frequent outbursts by both judges and defendants, that three defense lawyers were murdered, that the original chief judge was replaced, that important documents were not given to defense lawyers in advance, that paperwork was lost, and that the judges made asides that pre-judged Saddam Hussein. One of the aforementioned outbursts occurred when Clark was ejected from the trial after passing the judge a memorandum stating that the trial was making \"a mockery of justice\". The chief judge Raouf Abdul Rahman shouted at Clark, \"No, you are the mockery ... get him out. Out!\" On March 18, 2006, Clark attended the funeral of Slobodan Milo\u0161evi\u0107. He commented: \"History will prove Milo\u0161evi\u0107 was right. Charges are just that: charges. The trial did not have facts.\" He compared the trial of Milo\u0161evi\u0107 with Saddam's, stating \"both trials are marred with injustice, both are flawed.\" He characterized Milo\u0161evi\u0107 and Saddam Hussein as \"both commanders who were courageous enough to fight more powerful countries.\" In June 2006, Clark wrote an article criticizing U.S. foreign policy in general, containing a list of 17 U.S. \"major aggressions\" introduced by \"Both branches of our One Party system, Democrat and Republican, favor the use of force to have their way.\" He followed this by saying, \"The United States government may have been able to outspend the Soviet Union into economic collapse in the Cold War arms race, injuring the entire planet in the process. Now Bush has entered a new arms race and is provoking a Second Cold War.\" On September 1, 2007, in New York City, Clark called for detained Filipino Jose Maria Sison's release and pledged assistance by joining the latter's legal defense team headed by Jan Fermon. Clark doubted Dutch authorities' \"validity and competency\", since the murder charges originated in the Philippines and had already been dismissed by the country's Supreme Court. In November 2007, Clark visited Nandigram in India where conflict between state government forces and villagers resulted in the death of at least 14 villagers. In a December 2007 interview, he described the War on Terrorism as a war against Islam. In April 2009, Clark spoke at a session of the UN's anti-racism Durban Review Conference at which he accused Israel of genocide. In September 2010, an essay on torture by Clark was published in a three-part paperback entitled The Torturer in the Mirror (Seven Stories Press). Clark was a recipient of the 1992 Gandhi Peace Award, and also the Peace Abbey Courage of Conscience Award for his commitment to civil rights, his opposition to war and military spending and his dedication to providing legal representation to the peace movement, particularly, his efforts to free Leonard Peltier. In 1999, he traveled to Belgrade to receive an honorary doctorate from Belgrade University. In 2008, the United Nations awarded him its Prize in the Field of Human Rights for \"his steadfast insistence on respect for human rights and fair judicial process for all\". In 2002, Clark founded \"VoteToImpeach\", an organization advocating the impeachment of George W. Bush and several members of his administration. For the duration of Bush's terms in office, Clark sought, unsuccessfully, for the House of Representatives to bring articles of impeachment against Bush. He was the founder of the International Action Center, which holds significant overlapping membership with the Workers' World Party. Clark and the IAC helped found the protest organization A.N.S.W.E.R. (Act Now to Stop War and End Racism). On March 19, 2003, the New Jersey newspaper and website The Independent reported Clark's efforts to impeach Bush and others, prior to the start of the Iraq War. The paper commented: \"Clark said there is a Web site, www.votetoimpeach.org, dedicated to collecting signatures of U.S. citizens who want President George W. Bush impeached, and that approximately 150,000 have signed to impeach, he said.\" The Weekly Standard magazine stated in an article dated February 27, 2004, \"Ramsey Clark's VoteToImpeach.org is a serious operation\", and said the group had run full-sized newspaper advertising on both coasts of the U.S. though the Standard also went on to describe them as also being an \"angry petition stage.\" Clark's speech to a counter-inauguration protest on January 20, 2005, at John Marshall Park in Washington D.C. was broadcast by Democracy Now in which Clark stated: \"We've had more than 500,000 people sign on 'Vote to Impeach'.\" The San Francisco Bay Guardian listed the website as one of three \"Impeachment links\", alongside afterdowningstreet.org and impeachpac.org. The organization, under Clark's guidance, drafted its own articles of impeachment against President Bush, Vice President Richard B. Cheney, Secretary of Defense Donald Rumsfeld, and Attorney General John Ashcroft. The document argues that the four committed, \"violations and subversions of the Constitution of the United States of America in an attempt to carry out with impunity crimes against peace and humanity and war crimes and deprivations of the civil rights of the people of the United States and other nations, by assuming powers of an imperial executive unaccountable to law and usurping powers of the Congress, the Judiciary and those reserved to the people of the United States.\" Votetoimpeach.org claimed to have collected over one million signatures in favor of impeachment as of January 2009. As a lawyer, Clark also provided legal counsel and advice to prominent figures, including many controversial individuals. Regarding his role as a defense lawyer in the trial of Saddam Hussein, Clark said: \"A fair trial in this case is absolutely imperative for historical truth.\" Clark stated that by the time he decided to join Hussein's defense team, it was clear that \"proceedings before the Iraqi Special Tribunal would corrupt justice both in fact and in appearance and create more hatred and rage in Iraq against the American occupation...affirmative measures must be taken to prevent prejudice from affecting the conduct of the case and the final judgment of the court...For there to be peace, the days of victor's justice must end.\" A partial listing of persons who have reportedly received legal counsel and advice from Ramsey Clark includes: Lori Berenson, an American convicted of support of MRTA guerrillas in Peru. Father Philip Berrigan, a Catholic priest and antiwar activist (one of the Harrisburg Seven). Clark served as defense counsel at trial and won an acquittal. Young church worker Jennifer Casolo, charged by Salvadoran authorities in 1989 with aiding the Farabundo Marti National Liberation Front. Clark traveled to El Salvador to aid in her defense. Casolo was released and deported to the U.S. after 18 days in police detention. Radovan Karad\u017ei\u0107, former Bosnian Serb politician. In the 1990s, Clark represented Karad\u017ei\u0107 in a civil suit brought by Croats and Muslims from the former Yugoslavia who sued Karad\u017ei\u0107 under the Alien Tort Claims Act of 1789 and Torture Victims Protection Act of 1992 for atrocities and human rights abuses committed during the Bosnian War. About 100 survivors and relatives of the dead members of the Branch Davidian sect, whose Mount Carmel compound besieged by federal agents in a 51-day Waco siege in 1993, resulting in the death of about 80 members. Clark represented the plaintiffs in a suit alleging wrongful death and excessive force, giving an impassioned closing argument in which he called the siege \"the greatest domestic law enforcement tragedy in the history of the United States.\" In a trial in 2000, the jury returned a verdict for the government. \"Political-cult guru\" Lyndon LaRouche. Nazi concentration camp commandant Karl Linnas. Camilo Mej\u00eda, a U.S. soldier who deserted his post. The National Organization for the Reform of Marijuana Laws Advisory Board during the 1970s and early 1980s. American Indian Movement prisoner Leonard Peltier. Elizaphan Ntakirutimana, a leader in the Rwandan genocide. Palestine Liberation Organization leaders in a lawsuit brought by the family of Leon Klinghoffer, who was murdered during hijacking of the Achille Lauro. Nazi War criminal Jakob \"Jack\" Reimer, charged for the killings of Jews in Warsaw. Liberian dictator Charles Taylor during his 1985 fight against extradition from the United States to Liberia, Taylor would later be convicted of crimes against humanity. Civil rights attorney Stephen Yagman, whose disbarment from U.S. federal court was sought based on his harsh criticism of a federal judge, William Duffy Keller, calling him an anti-Semite and saying he had been drunk on the bench. In Aaron Sorkin's 2020 film The Trial of the Chicago 7, Clark was portrayed by Michael Keaton. Clark married Georgia Welch, a classmate from the University of Texas, on April 16, 1949. They had two children, Ronda Kathleen Clark and Tom Campbell Clark II. His wife died on July 3, 2010, at the age of 81. His son Tom died from cancer on November 23, 2013. Clark lived in Greenwich Village in New York City, where he died on April 9, 2021, at age 93. Clark, Ramsey (1970). Crime in America: Observations on Its Nature Causes Prevention and Control. Simon & Schuster. ISBN\u00a0978-067120407-5. \u2014 (1974). Crime and Justice. The Great Contemporary Issues. New York: Arno Press. ISBN\u00a0978-040504167-9. \u2014 (1992a). The Fire This Time: U.S. War Crimes in the Gulf. Thunder's Mouth Press. ISBN\u00a0978-156025047-0. \u2014 (1992b). War Crimes: A Report on U.S. War Crimes Against Iraq. Maisonneuve Press. ISBN\u00a0978-094462415-9. \u2014 (1998). Challenge to Genocide: Let Iraq Live. International Action Center. ISBN\u00a0978-096569164-2. \u2014 (2000). NATO in the Balkans: Voices of Opposition. International Action Center. ISBN\u00a0978-096569162-8. \u2014 (2002a) [First published 1996]. The Impact of Sanctions on Iraq: The Children Are Dying (2nd\u00a0ed.). World View Forum. ISBN\u00a0978-096569163-5. \u2014 (2002b). \"Appendix: On the fiftieth anniversary of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights\". Acts of Aggression: Policing \"Rogue\" States. By Chomsky, Noam; Zangana, Haifa. Seven Stories Press. ISBN\u00a0978-158322546-2. \u2014; Doebbler, Curtis (2011). The Iraqi Special Tribunal: An Abuse of Justice [Draft Report] (Report). Lulu.com. ASIN\u00a0B08KWYBVZ5. \u2014; Douglass, Frederick; Danticat, Edwidge; Dupuy, Ben; Laraque, Paul (2010). Chin, Pat; Dunkel, Greg; Flounders, Sara; Ives, Kim (eds.). Haiti: A Slave Revolution: 200 Years After 1804 (Updated\u00a0ed.). Youth & The Military Education Project (US). ISBN\u00a0978-097475214-3. \u2014 (2010). \"Torture, the Cruelest of All Human Acts, Is a Crime in America\". The Torturer in the Mirror. By Reifer, Thomas Ehrlich; Zangana, Haifa (First\u00a0ed.). Seven Stories Press. ISBN\u00a0978-158322913-2. Biography portal List of peace activists Clark's list of \"major aggressions\" by the United States: Regime change in Iran (1953), the Shah replacing democratically elected Mossadegh; Eisenhower (R). Regime change in Guatemala (1954), military government for democratically elected Arbenz; Eisenhower (R). Regime change in Republic of the Congo (L\u00e9opoldville) (1961), assassination of Patrice Lumumba; Eisenhower (R). The Vietnam War (1959\u20131975); Eisenhower (R), Kennedy (D), Johnson (D), Nixon (R). Invasion of the Dominican Republic (1965); Johnson (D). The Contras warfare against Nicaragua (1981\u20131988), resulting in regime change from the Sandinistas to corrupt capitalists; Reagan (R). Attack and occupation of Grenada (population 110,000)(1983\u20131987); Reagan (R) Aerial attack on the sleeping cities of Tripoli and Benghazi, Libya, (1986); Reagan (R). Invasion of Panama (1989\u20131990), regime change; George H. W. Bush (R). Gulf War (1991); George H. W. Bush (R) \"Humanitarian\" occupation of Somalia (1992\u20131993), leading to 10,000 Somali deaths; George H. W. Bush (R) and Clinton (D). Aerial attacks on Iraq (1993\u20132001); Bill Clinton (D) War against Yugoslavia (1999), 23,000 bombs and missiles dropped on Yugoslavia; Clinton (D). Missile attack in Khartoum (1998), (21 Tomahawk Cruise Missiles) destroying the Al-Shifa pharmaceutical factory which provided the majority of all medicines for Sudan; Clinton (D). Invasion and occupation of Afghanistan (2001\u2013present), regime change; George W. Bush (R). War of aggression against Iraq and hostile occupation (2003\u2013present); George W. Bush (R). Regime change in Haiti (2004), deposing the democratically elected Aristide for years of chaos and systematic killings; George W. Bush (R). Company, Johnson Publishing (June 8, 1967). \"Jet\". Johnson Publishing Company \u2013 via Google Books. Incorporated, Facts On File (January 1, 2009). Encyclopedia of the American Presidency. Infobase Publishing. ISBN\u00a09781438126388 \u2013 via Google Books. McCool, Grant (April 11, 2021). \"Ramsey Clark, former U.S. attorney general and human rights activist, dead at 93\". Reuters. Retrieved April 11, 2021. Wildstein, David (February 7, 2021). \"3 of 12 living ex-U.S. cabinet secretaries over 90 are from New Jersey\". New Jersey Globe. Retrieved April 11, 2021. \"Ramsey Clark (1967\u20131969)\". Miller Center. October 4, 2016. Retrieved January 2, 2019. \"Ancestry of Ramsey Clark\". www.wargs.com. \"Ramsey Clark\". www.justice.gov. April 13, 2015. Supreme Court Justice Tom C. Clark, A Life of Service by Mimi Clark Gronlund, Ramsey Clark, pg. 21 \"Diverse Notable Alumni \u2013 Diversity & Inclusion\". diversity.uchicago.edu. The Rainbow, vol. 132, no. 2, p. 10. \"USDOJ: Environment and Natural Resources Division 100th Anniversary\u00a0: Ramsey Clark\". September 1, 2009. Archived from the original on September 1, 2009. \"Ramsey Clark\". www.justice.gov. April 13, 2015. Time Magazine, \"The Ramsey Clark Issue\", October 18, 1968 \"Clark, Tom C.\" Federal Judicial Center. Retrieved April 11, 2021. Martin, Douglas (April 10, 2021). \"Ramsey Clark, Attorney General and Rebel With a Cause, Dies at 93\". The New York Times. Retrieved April 10, 2021. \"Ramsey Clark, attorney general who represented Saddam Hussein, dies at 93\". The Guardian. Associated Press. April 11, 2021. Retrieved April 11, 2021. \"Attorney General William Ramsey Clark\". United States Department of Justice: Office of the Attorney General. Retrieved April 10, 2021. \"Clark, Ramsey, 1927-, Biographical info\". LBJ Presidential Library. Retrieved April 11, 2021. \"Notes on People\". The New York Times. May 10, 1973. ISSN\u00a00362-4331. Retrieved April 11, 2021. Times, J. Anthony Lukas Special to The New York (January 29, 1970). \"Chicago 7 Judge Bars Ramsey Clark As Defense Witness\". The New York Times. ISSN\u00a00362-4331. Retrieved April 11, 2021. \"Our Campaigns - US President - D Convention Race - Jul 10, 1972\". www.ourcampaigns.com. \"Our Campaigns - US Vice President - D Convention Race - Jul 10, 1972\". www.ourcampaigns.com. \"The Iran Hostage Crisis: When Compromise Fails\". iranhostagecrisis.net. Retrieved April 11, 2021. Cumming-Bruce, Nicholas (November 8, 1979). \"Tehran\". The Washington Post. Retrieved April 11, 2021. Getlin, Josh (February 18, 1990). \"For a Politician, former U.S. Atty. Gen. Ramsey Clark Took a Road Less Traveled--a Hard Left Into the Hotbed of Human Rights Causes\u00a0: Loner of the Left\". The Los Angeles Times. Retrieved April 11, 2021. Brendan (April 28, 2004). \"Clinton Bombs Sudanese Pharmaceutical Plant\". ThereItIs.org. Lacey, Marc (October 20, 2005). \"Look at the Place! Sudan Says, 'Say Sorry', but U.S. Won't\". The New York Times. Retrieved August 17, 2016. Gelbspan, Ross (January 22, 1991). \"Peace activists express concern about anti-semites in movement\". The Boston Globe. War Crimes: A Report on United States War Crimes Against Iraq to the Commission of Inquiry for the International War Crimes Tribunal Archived February 15, 2013, at the Wayback Machine, by Ramsey Clark and others The Wisdom Fund, \"Former US Attorney General Charges US, British and UN Leaders\", November 20, 1996 CJPY, \"NATO found guilty\", June 10, 2000 Archived September 5, 2008, at the Wayback Machine John Judis, \"The Strange Case of Ramsey Clark,\" The New Republic, April 22, 1991, pp. 23\u201329. \"US rebel joins Saddam legal team\", news.bbc.co.uk, December 29, 2004 \"Cases\". Archived from the original on September 7, 2008. \"Chaos mars Saddam court hearing\", news.bbc.co.uk, December 5, 2005 \"Sticking up for Saddam\", Slate.com Hollander, Paul. From Benito Mussolini to Hugo Chavez: Intellectuals and a Century of Political Hero Worship. p.\u00a0272. \"Iraq's Shallow Justice\" Human Rights Watch, December 29, 2006 \"Hanging After Flawed Trial Undermines Rule of Law\" Human Rights Watch, December 30, 2006 \"Saddam trial 'flawed and unsound'\" news.bbc.co.uk, November 20, 2006 \"Saddam trial judge ejects Ramsey Clark\". Reuters. January 19, 2007. Retrieved April 11, 2021. \"Balkan scapegoat\". Frontline (The Hindu). April 7, 2006. Retrieved April 11, 2021. \"Ramsey Clark's Indictment of George W. Bush on June 15th, 2006\". goodworksonearth.org. \"Ex-US attorney general calls for Joma release\". Archived from the original on September 3, 2007. \"Ramsey Clark visits Nandigram\". November 30, 2007 \u2013 via The Hindu. \"Nandigram says 'No!' to Dow's chemical hub\". \"NHRC sends notice to Chief Secretary, West Bengal, on Nandigram incidents: investigation team of the Commission to visit the area\". National Human Rights Commission of India. November 12, 2007. Archived from the original on June 24, 2016. Hossain, Rakeeb; Chaudhuri, Drimi (November 10, 2007). \"CPM cadres kill 3 in Nandigram\". Archived from the original on April 17, 2008. PTI (March 14, 2021). \"Chose to fight anti-Bengal forces in Nandigram as mark of respect to martyrs: Mamata Banerjee | India News \u2013 Times of India\". The Times of India. Retrieved April 11, 2021. Dam, Marcus (December 17, 2007). \"Interview: Consumerism and materialism deadlier than armed occupation\". The Hindu. Chennai, India. Archived from the original on May 1, 2011. The U.N.'s Anti-Antiracism Conference, The Wall Street Journal, April 22, 2009. \"The Torturer in the Mirror\". Archived from the original on July 12, 2011. \"Horrors in Yemen\". Promoting Enduring Peace. \"List of Award Recipients | The Peace Abbey FoundationThe Peace Abbey Foundation\". \"Ramsey Clark Adresses Serbian Academic Community\". www.oocities.org. 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   },
   {
    "name": "Jay R. Ferguson",
    "id": "Q714380",
    "text": "Jay Rowland Ferguson Jr. (born July 25, 1974) is an American actor. Best known as Taylor Newton in Evening Shade (1990-1994), Stan Rizzo in Mad Men (2010\u20132015), and Ben Olinsky in The Conners (2018\u2013present). Ferguson was born in Dallas, Texas. In 1989, Ferguson played Ponyboy Curtis in the television adaptation of S. E. Hinton's novel The Outsiders. His notable television roles include Taylor Newton in four seasons of the CBS sitcom Evening Shade, Dr. Todd Hooper on Judging Amy, Rich Connelly in the 2005 NBC television series Surface, Agent Warren Russell on the Showtime series Sleeper Cell, Stan Rizzo on the AMC series Mad Men, and as Pat O'Neal, the father of the O'Neal family in the ABC series The Real O'Neals. His film roles include Billy in Higher Learning, Elmer Conway in The Killer Inside Me, and Keith Clayton in The Lucky One. In 2018, he played Chip Curry in the CBS sitcom Living Biblically. Since 2018, he has played Darlene's boss (and eventual lover), Ben, in The Conners. Jaimie Etkin (2 May 2013). \"Jay R. Ferguson was a teen idol as was Vincent Kartheiser before 'Mad Men'\". Huffington Post. Retrieved 11 March 2018. \"The Real O'Neals - Jay Ferguson\". ABC. Retrieved 11 March 2018. \"'Living Biblically': Jay R. Ferguson Talks CBS' Feel-Good Sitcom\". 8 February 2018. https://vimeo.com/channels/1527584 Jay R. Ferguson at IMDb Jay R. Ferguson at Yahoo! Movies v t e"
   }
  ]
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  "relation_id": "P19",
  "target_id": "Q275863",
  "target_name": "Bree",
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   {
    "name": "Thibaut Courtois",
    "id": "Q73360",
    "text": "Thibaut Nicolas Marc Courtois (born 11 May 1992) is a Belgian professional footballer who plays as a goalkeeper for Spanish club Real Madrid and the Belgium national team. He is considered one of the best goalkeepers in world football. Courtois progressed through the youth system of Genk, and aged 18, he played a key role in the team's Belgian Pro League victory. In July 2011 he joined Chelsea for a reported \u00a38\u00a0million, and was immediately loaned to Atl\u00e9tico Madrid. In three seasons there, he won the Europa League in 2012, the Copa del Rey in 2013 and the La Liga title in 2014. He also won the Ricardo Zamora Trophy for best goalkeeper in La Liga, for his performances in his two latter seasons. Courtois returned to Chelsea in July 2014, and in his first season he helped them win the League Cup and the Premier League title. Two years later, he won the Premier League Golden Glove as Chelsea again won the league. In 2018, Real Madrid signed Courtois for \u00a335\u00a0million, becoming La Liga's most expensive goalkeeper, surpassing the record set by Jan Oblak. He won a second La Liga title and a third Zamora trophy in 2020. Courtois made his senior international debut in October 2011, becoming the youngest goalkeeper to represent Belgium. He has since earned over ninety caps and appeared at the 2014 FIFA World Cup, UEFA Euro 2016, the 2018 FIFA World Cup and UEFA Euro 2020; he was awarded the Golden Glove in 2018 as the best goalkeeper of the tournament, with Belgium finishing third. Courtois was born in the city of Bree in Flanders, to a Walloon father and a Flemish mother. He began his career with local side Bilzen V.V., as a left back. Soon after, in 1999, he joined Racing Genk at the age of seven, and it was there that he was converted into a goalkeeper. Courtois progressed through the Genk youth system, where Koen Casteels was initially regarded as the primary goalkeeper, but during an injury crisis Courtois, aged 16 years and 341 days, made his first team debut on 17 April 2009 against Gent. After turning down a transfer to TSG 1899 Hoffenheim of the Bundesliga, Courtois was made first-choice goalkeeper for the 2010\u201311 season ahead of Casteels, when Laszlo Koteles' registration ran into issues. He was a key figure in Genk's title victory in the 2010\u201311 season in the Belgian Pro League. He received the Goalkeeper of the Year and Genk's Player of the Year award, only conceding 32 goals over the course of 40 league matches and keeping 14 clean sheets for Genk. In July 2011 Courtois joined Premier League club Chelsea for a reported \u20ac9\u00a0million, signing a five-year deal. Within weeks of joining Chelsea, Courtois was sent on a season-long loan to Atl\u00e9tico Madrid. Courtois made his debut for Atl\u00e9tico in a 4\u20130 UEFA Europa League victory over Vit\u00f3ria de Guimar\u00e3es on 25 August, and three days later kept a clean sheet on his La Liga debut, a goalless draw against Osasuna at the Vicente Calder\u00f3n Stadium. Courtois became first-choice goalkeeper over Sergio Asenjo, keeping four clean sheets in his first six La Liga games. On 26 November 2011, Courtois received his first red card of his professional career after fouling Real Madrid's Karim Benzema for a penalty in the Madrid derby. Cristiano Ronaldo put the penalty past substitute goalkeeper Asenjo as Atl\u00e9tico lost 1\u20134. Atl\u00e9tico reached the 2012 UEFA Europa League Final, and Courtois kept a clean sheet as the club won 3\u20130 over fellow Spanish side Athletic Bilbao. Courtois' loan to Atl\u00e9tico was extended to cover the 2012\u201313 season. His first game of the loan extension was against parent club Chelsea in the 2012 UEFA Super Cup final in Monaco, which ended in a 4\u20131 victory for Atl\u00e9tico Madrid. Later in the season Courtois set a new Atl\u00e9tico Madrid record of 820 minutes without conceding a goal at the Estadio Vicente Calderon, ended by being beaten in a 1\u20130 loss to Real Sociedad. Atl\u00e9tico reached the 2013 Copa del Rey Final, and Courtois was named man of the match in a 2\u20131 victory against Real, the first time that Atl\u00e9tico had beaten their city rivals in 14 years. For the 2013\u201314 season, Courtois' loan to Atl\u00e9tico was extended by a further 12 months. When Atl\u00e9tico were drawn to play Chelsea in the Champions League semi-final, it was reported that a clause in Courtois' contract required Atl\u00e9tico to pay Chelsea \u20ac3\u00a0million per match if they selected him against his parent club, and that Atl\u00e9tico could not afford such a sum. UEFA made it clear that considerations of sporting integrity made such a clause \"null, void and unenforceable\", and confirmed that Atl\u00e9tico were free to select Courtois without making any such payment. By conceding the fewest goals in a substantial number of matches during the 2013\u201314 season, Courtois won the Ricardo Zamora Trophy and made an important contribution to Atletico's 2013\u201314 La Liga title, their first since 1996. He was nominated for the La Liga Award for the best goalkeeper in the league, alongside Willy Caballero of M\u00e1laga CF and Keylor Navas of Levante UD, which Navas eventually won. Atletico, however, lost the UEFA Champions League Final 1\u20134 a.e.t. against neighbours Real Madrid on 24 May in Lisbon. In June 2014, Chelsea manager Jos\u00e9 Mourinho confirmed that Courtois would return to Chelsea for the upcoming season. He was assigned the number 13 kit number, last worn by Victor Moses. On 18 August, Mourinho announced that Courtois would start the Premier League opener against Burnley in place of Petr \u010cech. Although he conceded the first goal to Scott Arfield at Turf Moor, Chelsea won 3\u20131. Courtois kept his first Premier League clean sheet in his second game, making several crucial saves in a 2\u20130 home win over Leicester City. On 11 September 2014, Courtois signed a new five-year contract with Chelsea, keeping him at the club until 2019. Upon signing Courtois said: \"It\u2019s really nice to have signed this new contract for five years.\" Courtois suffered a head injury in the first half of Chelsea's 2\u20130 home win over Arsenal on 5 October due to a collision with Alexis S\u00e1nchez; he was substituted and then taken to hospital. He was then treated for a minor cut to his ear and released from hospital that night. He won his first trophy with Chelsea on 1 March 2015, as they defeated Tottenham Hotspur 2\u20130 in the League Cup Final, with \u010cech instead playing in that match; Chelsea also finished the season as league champions. Courtois opened the season by playing in the 2015 FA Community Shield on 2 August, a 1\u20130 loss to Arsenal. Six days later, as the Premier League campaign opened with a home fixture against Swansea City, he was given a straight red card for conceding a penalty with a foul on Baf\u00e9timbi Gomis, who converted the penalty past replacement Asmir Begovi\u0107 for a 2\u20132 draw. On his return on 23 August, Courtois saved a penalty from James Morrison in a 3\u20132 win at West Bromwich Albion. Courtois suffered a leg injury in training on 11 September which required surgery and meant that he was expected to miss the next three months of competition. On 16 April, he was sent off at home to Manchester City for conceding a penalty with a foul on Fernandinho; Sergio Ag\u00fcero converted it past Begovi\u0107 to seal a 3\u20130 win. He became the sixth Premier League goalkeeper to be sent off twice in the same season. On 17 August 2016, Courtois dismissed any transfer rumours and stated he would stay at Chelsea for many years to come. Ten days later in the 3\u20130 home victory over Burnley, Courtois kept the first clean sheet of the season and broke a run of thirteen home Premier League games without a clean sheet since November 2015. From 1 October to 20 November, Chelsea earned a run of six games without conceding a single goal; with Courtois playing in all six of them. From 11 to 26 December, Courtois kept four clean sheets, as Chelsea were at the top of table in time for Christmas. In April 2017, Courtois was ruled out for the match against rivals Manchester United, as a result of suffering a reported ankle injury, which he sustained in training. Chelsea would go on to lose the match 0\u20132. On 12 May 2017, Courtois kept his third consecutive clean sheet in a 1\u20130 away win over West Bromwich Albion, in which Chelsea secured the title. Courtois also played for Chelsea in the FA Cup Final; which Chelsea lost 2\u20131 to Arsenal. Courtois kept a total of 16 clean sheets in the Premier League and won the Golden Glove. Following the 2017\u201318 season, Courtois mentioned he would want to live closer to his children, reigniting the rumours about a transfer to Real Madrid. After a strong performance at the 2018 FIFA World Cup, where he won the Golden Glove for best goalkeeper, Courtois expressed his interest in moving on. Chelsea stated they would not let him go unless they were able to find a replacement for him. Courtois responded by not showing up for training after the summer break, trying to force his exit from Chelsea. On 8 August 2018, Real Madrid announced that they had signed Courtois on a six-year contract. A day later, Chelsea confirmed the transfer. He made his debut for Madrid on 1 September 2018, where he started in a 4\u20131 win over CD Legan\u00e9s. On 12 January 2020, Real Madrid beat Atl\u00e9tico Madrid in a penalty shootout to win their eleventh Supercopa de Espa\u00f1a title. In the shootout, Saul saw his spot-kick hit the post before Thomas' effort was saved by Courtois, giving Ramos the chance to secure Real's 11th Spanish Super Cup triumph. On 5 July 2020, Courtois kept his 17th clean sheet of the 2019\u201320 La Liga season in a 1\u20130 away win over Athletic Bilbao, becoming the first Real Madrid goalkeeper to do so in a single season since Francisco Buyo in 1994\u201395. He was the undisputed starter during the league season, as Real Madrid won the 2019\u201320 La Liga., becoming the first player since Jose Luis Perez-Paya in 1954 to be crowned champion with both Real Madrid and Atl\u00e9tico Madrid. He won the Zamora Trophy for the third time in his career, after conceding just 20 goals in 34 matches. On 16 August 2021, he signed a new four-year contract, running until 2026. Courtois was first called up to the Belgium squad in October 2011 and made his debut the following month in a friendly 0\u20130 draw against France at the Stade de France, making him the youngest goalkeeper to play for the Belgian national team. Courtois played every minute during the 2014 FIFA World Cup qualification campaign, as Belgium qualified for its first major tournament since the 2002 FIFA World Cup. Throughout these qualifiers, he kept six clean sheets in ten matches. On 13 May 2014, Courtois was named in the squad to go to the 2014 FIFA World Cup. At the tournament, he played all five games of the Belgian team, starting with a 2\u20131 win against Algeria in Belo Horizonte. Courtois then managed to keep consecutive clean sheets in 1\u20130 wins against Russia and South Korea as the Red Devils reached the quarter-finals. Courtois played every minute during Belgium's first eight games of their UEFA Euro 2016 qualification campaign, helping seal qualification for the first time in 16 years. However, he missed their last two games due to injury. Courtois and his side made it to the quarter-final, where they lost to Wales despite taking an early lead. Afterwards, Courtois hinted that Belgium coach Marc Wilmots was at fault for the loss and also stated that the defeat was the \"biggest disappointment\" of his career. Courtois was selected to Belgium's final 23-man squad for the 2018 FIFA World Cup. He was Belgium's first-choice goalkeeper throughout the tournament, and played a key role in Belgium's 2\u20131 win over Brazil in the quarter-final, which saw Belgium advance to the semi-finals of the tournament for the first time since 1986. He posted two clean sheets in the group stage (against Panama and England), allowed only one goal in Belgium's loss to eventual champion France in the semi-final, and posted another clean sheet against England in the 3rd place game. Courtois made 27 saves in seven World Cup games, more than any other goalkeeper. He was awarded the Golden Glove as best goalkeeper of the tournament. On 17 May 2021, he was selected to the final squad for the UEFA Euro 2020. Considered a highly promising prospect in his youth, Courtois subsequently established himself as one of the best players in the world in his position. Due to his wide range of skills, he has been described as a \"complete goalkeeper\", with few weaknesses. A consistent keeper, he possesses an excellent positional sense, good mentality, composure, strength of character, and an ability to communicate well with his defenders; he also excels in one on one situations, due to his ability to time his runs effectively when rushing out of goal to face opponents, and has even functioned as a sweeper-keeper on occasion. An excellent shot-stopper between the posts, he has also distinguished himself for his agility and quick reflexes, in spite of his size and imposing physique. During the 2016\u201317 season, he credited his goalkeeping coach with Chelsea under manager Antonio Conte, Gianluca Spinelli, for helping him to improve his overall game and goalkeeping technique, in particular his foot-work and diving, which enabled him to be more explosive and get to ground more quickly. Due to his height and reach, he excels in the air, and is also known for his command of his area, as well as his excellent technique, anticipation, handling, and confidence when coming off his line to claim crosses. Moreover, he is known for his ability to distribute the ball to his teammates with long throws. Courtois speaks both Dutch and French, as well as Spanish and English. Thibaut's older sister Val\u00e9rie Courtois is a volleyball player who plays as a libero for Stade Fran\u00e7ais Paris Saint Cloud and Belgium. His parents were volleyball players, and he played the sport in his childhood but decided to focus on football when he was 12. On 26 May 2015, his Spanish girlfriend Marta Dom\u00ednguez gave birth to their daughter, Adriana. The couple ended their relationship in April 2017 while Dom\u00ednguez was pregnant with their son Nicol\u00e1s, who was born a month later. He is in a relationship with Israeli model Mishel Gerzig since July 2021, and in August 2021 they adopted a dog together. Inspired by Courtois' pose from a particular save in January 2013, a Colombian fan created a new widespread social media meme called 'Thibauting' to pay homage to the Belgian goalkeeper. In November 2013, the word was included in a shortlist composed by leading Dutch dictionary Van Dale to be polled to determine the best new sports/amusement word of the year in Belgium, and ended second. The term is based on and pronounced the same way as \"Tebowing\", and is also similar to the worldwide 'planking' meme which was popular in 2011. In 2021, Courtois participated in the 2021 F1 Virtual Grand Prix championship as an Alfa Romeo driver. In February 2014, Courtois caused some stir in the national team, by saying of Simon Mignolet, his rival for the starting goalkeeper spot, \"You have to know how to stay humble and respectful, and he should remember that.\" This was despite the fact that in previous interviews, Mignolet had only said that it was his ambition to keep working and try to regain his spot in the national team. In April 2018, Wilmots, by then out of a job, accused Courtois and his father Thierry of leaking Belgium's line-ups before they should have been revealed to the public. He denied the allegations. As of match played 24 October 2021 Includes Belgian Cup, Copa del Rey, FA Cup Includes Football League/EFL Cup Appearances in UEFA Europa League Appearance in UEFA Super Cup Appearances in UEFA Champions League Appearance(s) in Supercopa de Espa\u00f1a Appearance in FA Community Shield Appearances in FIFA Club World Cup As of matches played 10 October 2021 Genk Belgian Pro League: 2010\u201311 Atl\u00e9tico Madrid La Liga: 2013\u201314 Copa del Rey: 2012\u201313 UEFA Europa League: 2011\u201312 UEFA Super Cup: 2012 UEFA Champions League runner-up: 2013\u201314 Chelsea Premier League: 2014\u201315, 2016\u201317 FA Cup: 2017\u201318; runner-up: 2016\u201317 Football League Cup: 2014\u201315 Real Madrid La Liga: 2019\u201320 Supercopa de Espa\u00f1a: 2019\u201320 FIFA Club World Cup: 2018 Belgium FIFA World Cup third place: 2018 Individual Belgian Professional Goalkeeper of the Year: 2011 Belgian Bronze Shoe: 2011 La Liga Zamora Trophy: 2012\u201313, 2013\u201314, 2019\u201320 La Liga Goalkeeper of the Season: 2012\u201313 La Liga Player of the Month: January 2020 Best Belgian Player Abroad: 2013, 2014 ESM Team of the Year: 2013\u201314 UEFA Champions League Squad of the Season: 2013\u201314, 2020\u201321 Belgian Sportsman of the year: 2014 Premier League Golden Glove: 2016\u201317 FIFA World Cup Golden Glove: 2018 FIFA World Cup Fantasy Team: 2018 FIFA World Cup Dream Team: 2018 The Best FIFA Goalkeeper: 2018 IFFHS World's Best Goalkeeper: 2018 UEFA La Liga Team of the Season: 2019\u201320 \"Acta del Partido celebrado el 28 de agosto de 2011, en Madrid\" [Minutes of the Match held on 28 August 2011, in Madrid] (in Spanish). 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   },
   {
    "name": "Joeri Vastmans",
    "id": "Q82763",
    "text": "Joeri Vastmans (born 5 December 1983) is a retired Belgian professional footballer, who last played for Bocholt. Vastmans started career with Patro Maasmechelen in the Belgian Second Division in 2003. After the 2004-05 season Maasmechelen was relegated two levels to the Belgian Promotion following financial difficulties. As a result, Vastmans chose to leave the team and signed for OH Leuven, who had just gained promotion into the Second Division. At OH Leuven, Vastmans quickly grew out to become a regular, seldom missing a match. As of 2012, he is still the player with the second most matches for OH Leuven, with only Bjorn Ruytinx having played more. Early through the 2010-11 season, Vastmans suffered a severe leg fracture, causing him to be sidelined for almost the whole season, only playing 20 minutes in the final match. From the sidelines, he saw the team win promotion to the Belgian Pro League. Although completely fit, Vastmans never regained his status of first team regular and only played in one match at the highest level, at home against Club Brugge when he came on in injury time. Due to lack of playing time, Vastmans was allowed to leave during the 2011\u201312 winter transfer window. He opted to join his former team, in the meantime renamed to Patro Eisden Maasmechelen and playing in the Belgian Third Division. He stayed at Patro Eisden Maasmechelen until the end of the 2014-15 season before leaving for Bocholt. Following a tragic accident in which his brother died, Vastmans decided to retire from football in August 2016. In June 2012, following the 10th anniversary of the founding of Oud-Heverlee Leuven, the \"Oud-Heverlee Leuven Merit Award\" was handed out to the player with the most merit for the team in the inaugural 10 years. Vastmans was voted into fourth place by the supporters, only being beaten by Fran\u00e7ois Sterchele, Bjorn Ruytinx and Jordan Remacle. voetbal international profile \"Joeri Vastmans stopt met voetbal: \"Met pijn in het hart\"\" (in Dutch). nieuwsblad.be. 2016-08-02. \"Fran\u00e7ois Sterchele wins \"OHL Merit award\"\" (in Dutch). ohl.be. 2012-06-02. v t e"
   },
   {
    "name": "Johnny Galecki",
    "id": "Q295739",
    "text": "John Mark Galecki (born April 30, 1975) is an American actor. He played Leonard Hofstadter in the CBS sitcom The Big Bang Theory (2007\u20132019) for which he received a Primetime Emmy Award nomination, and David Healy in the ABC sitcoms Roseanne (1992\u20131997; 2018) and The Conners (2018\u2013present). Galecki also appeared in the films National Lampoon's Christmas Vacation (1989), Prancer (1989), Suicide Kings (1997), I Know What You Did Last Summer (1997), Bookies (2003), In Time (2011), and Rings (2017). Galecki was one of the highest paid television actors in the world, with his role in The Big Bang Theory earning him approximately US$900,000 per episode between 2017 and 2019. In 2018, he was estimated to be the world's second highest-paid male TV actor by Forbes (behind only his The Big Bang Theory co-star Jim Parsons), earning $25 million. Galecki was born in Bree, Belgium, to American parents of Polish, Irish, and Italian descent. His mother, Mary Louise (Mary Lou) Noon, was a mortgage consultant, and his father, Richard Galecki, was a member of the U.S. Air Force stationed in Belgium, and also worked as a rehabilitation teacher. Galecki is the eldest of three children with a sister, Allison, and a brother, Nick, whom he describes as a \"mechanical genius\" in the automotive industry. Galecki grew up in Oak Park, Illinois. He dropped out of school after 8th grade, attending high school for only one day. During an interview with New Zealand radio station ZM, Galecki recalled his childhood relationship with his mother. As a child, he was well known for making up long stories and tales. In such situations, his mother used to make him play the \"quiet game\", where he had to see how long he could go without talking. He also recalled that despite being a loving mother, she was also very tough. One phrase she would lovingly use was, \"I love you, now get out.\" Galecki made his acting debut in the 1987 CBS miniseries Murder Ordained with JoBeth Williams and future Roseanne co-star John Goodman. In 1989, Galecki portrayed Rusty Griswold in National Lampoon's Christmas Vacation. In 1990, he was cast as Danny Nash, the son of Robert Urich's lead character, on the NBC comedy American Dreamer; the following season, he was a regular cast member on the ABC sitcom Billy, a spin-off from Head of the Class. He appeared in one episode of Blossom in 1991, opposite his future The Big Bang Theory co-star Mayim Bialik. He played a young delinquent in A Family Torn Apart, a 1993 TV movie based on a true story about a serial killer. During his run on Billy, Galecki began making guest appearances on the hit ABC sitcom Roseanne as the younger brother of Mark Healy (Glenn Quinn), who began a relationship with Darlene Conner (Sara Gilbert). Introduced in his first appearance as Kevin Healy, his name was soon changed to David. After a few more guest shots, Galecki was named a permanent Roseanne cast member from the fall of 1992 onward, after the cancellation of Billy. He would remain in the role of David Healy until the end of Roseanne's run in 1997, with the character eventually marrying Darlene and fathering two children with her. Galecki's character on The Big Bang Theory would also have a short-lived relationship with Gilbert's character on the same show. Galecki also appeared in the 1995 music video for the Dave Matthews Band song \"Satellite\". After Roseanne ended, Galecki had small roles in a string of films, including the 1997 summer slasher film I Know What You Did Last Summer (as the killer's first victim), Bean (1997), The Opposite of Sex (1998), Bounce (2000) and Vanilla Sky (2001). He had larger roles in the 1997 film Suicide Kings and the 2003 film Bookies, a comedy thriller film about four college students. Galecki appeared as a golfer in a 2005 episode of My Name Is Earl entitled \"Stole Beer from a Golfer\". In 2005, Galecki played Mark Corrigan in a pilot for a US adaptation of the British sitcom Peep Show. He played a character named Trouty on TBS's sitcom My Boys, and the half-brother of the main characters, sisters Hope Shanowski and Faith Fairfield, in the sitcom Hope & Faith. Galecki originated the role of Alex, a male prostitute, in the play The Little Dog Laughed by Douglas Carter Beane, in 2006 at Second Stage Theater. He stayed in the role for the play's Broadway run at the Cort Theatre in late 2006 and early 2007. Galecki said at the time, \"At its core, the play is about what we all sacrifice to be successful, whatever our careers or goals.\" The play was a commercial and critical success, and Galecki won a 2007 Theater World Award for his performance. Galecki played Leonard Hofstadter in the CBS sitcom The Big Bang Theory, which ran from 2007 to 2019 and was, for most of its run, among the top three most popular television comedies in the US. Galecki was originally asked to play the role of Sheldon Cooper, but he felt he was better suited for the role of Leonard, and Sheldon's role was eventually given to Jim Parsons. During the show's run, two of Galecki's former Roseanne co-stars appeared on the show: Sara Gilbert (as Leslie Winkle, Leonard's colleague) and Laurie Metcalf (as Mary Cooper, Sheldon's mother). Galecki is a cellist, a talent that was used on the show. Until 2013, Galecki and his Big Bang co-stars Kaley Cuoco and Jim Parsons each earned US$325,000 per episode. By 2014, the three were earning US$1 million per episode. Galecki appeared briefly in the 2008 superhero comedy Hancock, alongside Will Smith and Jason Bateman. In July 2011, he played a parody version of himself in three episodes of Entourage. He also appeared in the film In Time (2011) with Justin Timberlake and Amanda Seyfried. Galecki appeared in one episode of the 2018 revival of Roseanne on ABC. The show, despite its high ratings, was cancelled after Roseanne Barr posted a racist tweet about Valerie Jarrett. Roseanne was replaced by a new program, The Conners, which premiered in October 2018 and featured the same cast without Barr. Galecki has occasionally appeared as David on The Conners. As a teenager, Galecki dated his Roseanne (and later The Big Bang Theory) co-star Sara Gilbert (their characters also dated). During their relationship, Gilbert realized she was a lesbian. They remain close friends. While working on The Big Bang Theory, Galecki dated co-star Kaley Cuoco for about two years until December 2009 while the two also played a couple on the show. Cuoco told CBS Watch that they have remained on good terms since ending their relationship. Galecki owns 360 acres of land in Santa Margarita, California. His property included vineyards and a log cabin. In late June 2017, Galecki's ranch was destroyed in a major wildfire known as the Hill Fire. Galecki, in a media statement, said wildfire was \"the threat\u00a0... we live with constantly, which may seem crazy to some but we do so because living in our beautiful, rural area makes it worthwhile\". In August 2018, Galecki started dating Alaina Meyer. Their son, Avery, was born in November 2019. In November 2020, it was reported that Galecki and Meyer had separated. \"Johnny Galecki\". TV Guide. Archived from the original on June 11, 2016. Retrieved August 27, 2014. \"Highest-Paid TV Actors 2018\". Forbes. Retrieved March 21, 2019. Galecki, Johnny (May 3, 1992). \"Johnny Galecki\". The Sun Sentinel. Retrieved October 16, 2010. \"Johnny Galecki Biography (1975\u2013)\". Filmreference.com. Retrieved July 6, 2011. \"Conan Show Schedule January 2\u20136, 2012\". Team Coco. Retrieved January 1, 2012. \"Johnny Galecki Biography\". TV Guide. Retrieved July 6, 2011. Parsi, Novid (May 3, 2009). \"Geek love\". Time Out. Retrieved July 25, 2021. \"The Gnocchi from Skokie that Sang Karaoke\". Conan. Season 2. Episode 103. June 13, 2012. TBS. \"ZM's interview with Johnny\". ZM Online. Archived from the original on October 22, 2010. Retrieved July 6, 2011. Gates, Anita (November 8, 2005). \"WHAT'S ON TONIGHT\". nytimes.com. Retrieved September 6, 2012. Fullerton, Huw (November 7, 2015). \"Peep Show US pilot starring The Big Bang Theory's Johnny Galecki\". Radiotimes.com. Retrieved January 17, 2016. \"Follow Spot\". Retrieved June 28, 2017. Battaglio, Stephen; Schneider, Michael (August 26, 2013). \"What They Earn\". TV Guide. pp. 16 \u2013 20. Goldberg, Lesley (August 4, 2014). \"'Big Bang Theory' Trio Inks New Deals, Securing Hefty Pay Raises\". hollywoodreporter.com. Retrieved August 4, 2014. Petski, Denise (December 1, 2017). \"'Roseanne': Johnny Galecki Set To Return As David For ABC Revival\". Deadline. Retrieved December 1, 2017. Petski, Denise (September 25, 2018). \"'The Conners': Juliette Lewis Joins Johnny Galecki In ABC's 'Roseanne' Spinoff\". Deadline. Retrieved September 25, 2018. Takeda, Alison (September 13, 2013). \"Sara Gilbert: I Realized I Was Gay While Dating Johnny Galecki\". Retrieved March 31, 2014. Morgan, Hudson (September 2010). \"Justify Her Love\". CBS Watch. Archived from the original on February 7, 2014. \"Johnny Galecki On Family & His Life Upstate 01/05/12 \u2013 Video @\". Teamcoco.com. Retrieved March 4, 2012. Gonzalez, Sandra (June 28, 2017). \"Johnny Galecki loses ranch in sprawling California fire\". CNN. Retrieved June 28, 2017. \"Hill Fire Incident Information\". CAL FIRE. Retrieved June 28, 2017. \"Alaina Marie Avery Meyer on Instagram: \"Ya we ride\"\". Instagram. \"Alaina Marie Avery Meyer on Instagram: \"One year, back where we started + one \u2022 \u2022 \u2022 Amazing edit by my most talented cousin @katherineelainephotography\"\". Instagram. Bjornson, Greta (December 4, 2019). \"Johnny Galecki and Girlfriend Alaina Meyer Welcome Son Avery: 'Full and Grateful Hearts'\". People. Retrieved December 28, 2019. Dugan, Christina; Nahas, Aili (November 30, 2020). \"The Big Bang Theory's Johnny Galecki and Girlfriend Alaina Meyer Split\". People. Retrieved December 1, 2020. Bueno, Antoinette (January 26, 2016). \"Most Bizarre 'Lip Sync Battle' Ever? Josh Gad Makes Out With Johnny Galecki as Kaley Cuoco Watches\". ET Online. Retrieved February 17, 2019. Johnny Galecki at IMDb Playbill article about the end of The Little Dog Laughed's run at The Cort Theatre Movieline interview with Johnny Galecki"
   },
   {
    "name": "Jaak Gabri\u00ebls",
    "id": "Q465946",
    "text": "Petrus Josephus Jacobus \"Jaak\" Gabri\u00ebls (born 22 September 1943) is a Belgian politician and member of the Flemish Liberals and Democrats (VLD) (Dutch: Vlaamse Liberalen en Democraten or VLD). He graduated in 1965 at the Catholic University of Leuven as Master of Philosophy and Arts. He started his political career as a Provincial Councillor for Limburg from 1974 to 1977. From 1977 till the last day of December 2012 he was the Mayor of Bree, and from 1977 he was Member of the Chamber of Representatives. From 1995 to 1999 he was a Member of the Flemish Parliament. He was the leader of the People's Union (Dutch: Volksunie or VU) from 1986 to 1992 and was a founding member of the VLD. He also was Federal Minister of Agriculture and middle class (from 1999 to 2001) and Flemish Minister of Economy, Foreign Trade and Housing (from 2001 to 2003). He again became a Member of the Flemish Parliament in 2003 and he became a Minister of State in 2004. \"Clijsters married in dawn wedding\". BBC. 13 July 2007. Retrieved 19 January 2011. Mad sheep\u00a0: the true story behind the usda's war on a family farm. White River Junction: Chelsea Green. 2007. p.\u00a0185. ISBN\u00a0978-1-933392-76-9. Retrieved 19 January 2011. Res Publica, Vol XLVII. ACCO. 2004. p.\u00a0268. ISBN\u00a0978-90-334-6069-2. v t e"
   },
   {
    "name": "Wendy Jans",
    "id": "Q512090",
    "text": "Wendy Jans (born 14 June 1983, in Bree, Belgium) is a Belgian professional snooker and pool player. She has won the IBSF World Snooker Championship for women seven times. Jans has won multiple national, European and World snooker titles. She won the Belgian national title seventeen times between 1998 and 2019. She has won a record twelve European Billiards and Snooker Association Ladies Championship titles, including six consecutive titles from 2013 to 2018, and the IBSF World Ladies Snooker Championship in 2006, 2012, 2013, 2014, 2015, 2016, 2017. Having beaten Waratthanun Sukritthanes in the 2017 IBSF World Snooker Championship final to win her seventh title, Jans lost 2\u20135 to her in the 2018 final. Jans, Reanne Evans and Anita Rizzuti all took part in the 2010 World Open, playing against men. Jans lost 1\u20133 to Simon Bedford in the first round. Jans and Ng On-yee were the two women competitors in the mixed singles snooker at the 2017 World Games, held in Wroc\u0142aw. Jans lost 1\u20133 to Declan Brennans in her first match. She owns a snooker club in Neerpelt. Her highest break is 136. Ladies tour \u2013 4 times winner Dutch Ladies 9-Ball Championship \u2013 2004 Spirit Tour Event (Florida) \u2013 2005 Coral Springs Clearwater St. Augustine Belgium 8-Ball Championship \u2013 2006 Weert 9-Ball Open \u2013 2006, 2008 \"Athlete Information: Wendy Jans\". worldgames2017.sportresult.com. The World Games 2017. Retrieved 23 November 2019. Wendy Jans wint vijfde Europese titel, Luca Brecel staat in finale Archived 7 June 2010 at the Wayback Machine \"Wendy Jans verlengt wereldtitel\". Archived from the original on 4 December 2014. Retrieved 29 November 2014. \"Championships \u2013 Hall of Fame\" (PDF). bbsa-snooker.be. Belgium Billiards and Snooker Association. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2 April 2015. Retrieved 24 December 2010. \"Hanssens Reclaims Belgian Snooker Title\". worldsnookerfederation.org. World Snooker Federation. 13 June 2019. Retrieved 21 December 2019. \"Wendy Jans\". womenssnooker.com. World Women's Snooker. Retrieved 23 November 2019. \"Past Champions\". International Billiards and Snooker Federation. Retrieved 24 December 2017. \"Wendy Jans grijpt naast achtste wereldtitel snooker\". Het Balang Van Limburg. 27 November 2018. Archived from the original on 28 November 2018. Retrieved 23 November 2019. \"World Open\". BBC Sport. Retrieved 23 November 2019. Vijakayar, Pradeep; Swamy, V Narayan (27 August 2003). \"Scorned snooker ladies could be a handful for men\". The Times of India. Retrieved 24 December 2019. \"IBSF Snooker Championships Women \u2013 Hurghada / Egypt 2015 \u2013 Knockout\". International Billiards and Snooker Federation. Archived from the original on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 22 November 2015. \"Wendy Jans wins her 5th consecutive World title\". IBSF. Archived from the original on 7 June 2017. Retrieved 29 November 2016. \"Advani wins World Snooker, Morgan, Wendy claims World Masters and World Women titles\". ibsf.info. IBSF. 27 November 2017. Archived from the original on 1 December 2017. Retrieved 29 November 2017. \"Chang Bingyu lifts maiden World championship title, Waratthanun caused upset; Ends Wendy's winning streak\". ibsf.info. IBSF. 27 November 2018. Archived from the original on 28 November 2018. Retrieved 27 November 2018. \"Bjorn Haneveer wins European title\". Snooker Scene. No.\u00a0July 1999. Everton's News Agency. pp.\u00a016\u201317. \"TSNSnooker.com European Amateur Championships: Women\". Snooker Scene. No.\u00a0July 2000. Everton's News Agency. pp.\u00a020\u201321. \"110 Sport European Amateur Championships: Women\". Snooker Scene. No.\u00a0July 2001. Everton's News Agency. pp.\u00a014\u201315. \"European Championships: Women/Seniors\". Snooker Scene. No.\u00a0July 2002. Everton's News Agency. p.\u00a015. \"Seven in a row for Fisher\". Snooker Scene. No.\u00a0July 2003. Everton's News Agency. p.\u00a018. \"Allen, Jans and Trigg win European titles\". Snooker Scene. No.\u00a0July 2004. Everton's News Agency. pp.\u00a07\u201311. \"Wendy Jans retains women's title\". Snooker Scene. No.\u00a0July 2005. Everton's News Agency. p.\u00a013. \"Borg and Jans retain European titles\". Snooker Scene. No.\u00a0July 2006. Everton's News Agency. p.\u00a011. \"Women's title for Reanne Evans for loss of only four frames\". Snooker Scene. No.\u00a0July 2007. Everton's News Agency. p.\u00a017. \"European Snooker Championships Ladies 2009 \u2013 play-off results\". stary.snooker.pl. European Billiards and Snooker Association. Retrieved 24 December 2019. \"European Snooker Championships Ladies 2010 \u2013 play-off results\". ebsa.pl. European Billiards and Snooker Association. Retrieved 15 September 2019. \"Wendy Jans pakt vijfde Europese titel\". Het Nieuwsblad. 5 June 2010. p.\u00a023 \u2013 via PressReader. Retrieved 15 September 2019. \"Wendy Jans wins sixth Euro title\". Snooker Scene. No.\u00a0July 2011. Everton's News Agency. \"Euro titles for Donaldson, Vasiljeva and Morgan\". Snooker Scene. No.\u00a0July 2012. Everton's News Agency. p.\u00a027. \"European Snooker Championship Ladies \u2192 Zielona G\u00f3ra \u2013 Poland 2013\". esnooker.pl. European Billiards and Snooker Association. Archived from the original on 5 August 2016. Retrieved 14 September 2019. \"European Snooker Championships Ladies \u2013 Sofia / Bulgaria 2014\". esnooker.pl. European Billiards and Snooker Association. Archived from the original on 6 March 2016. Retrieved 24 December 2019. \"Jans wins ninth Euro title\". Snooker Scene. No.\u00a0July 2015. Everton's News Agency. p.\u00a028. \"European Snooker Championships Ladies \u2013 Vilnius / Lithuania 2016\". esnooker.pl. European Billiards and Snooker Association. Retrieved 20 December 2019. Cassis, Maxime (11 June 2017). \"Wendy Jans \u2013 European Ladies Snooker Champion 2017\". ebsa.tv. European Billiards and Snooker Association. Archived from the original on 21 March 2018. Retrieved 24 December 2019. Stead, Marcus. \"Tournament Winners\". Snooker Scene. No.\u00a0August 2018. Everton's News Agency. p.\u00a020. \"Pairs\". Snooker Scene. No.\u00a0June 2003. Everton's News Agency. p.\u00a029. \"2007 EBSA European Team Championship\". globalsnookercentre.co.uk. European Billiards and Snooker Association. Archived from the original on 31 August 2007. Retrieved 24 December 2019. \"European Team Snooker Championships Ladies \u2013 Shengjin / Albania 2017\". esnooker.pl. European Billiards and Snooker Association. Retrieved 21 December 2019. \"10de Belgische titel voor Wendy Jans\" [10th Belgian title for Wendy Jans]. Het Nieuwsblad (in Dutch). 3 June 2012 \u2013 via PressReader. Retrieved 21 December 2019. \"Superieur Oostende zet punt achter wisselvallig seizoen van Port of Antwerp Giants\" [Superieur Oostende puts an end to the changeable season of Port of Antwerp Giants]. Gazet van Antwerpen Mechelen-Lier (in Dutch). 26 May 2014. p.\u00a010 \u2013 via PressReader. Retrieved 21 December 2019. \"In toekomst weer bij de mannen\" [In the future with men again]. Het Belang van Limburg (in Dutch). 30 May 2016. p.\u00a0S23 \u2013 via PressReader. Retrieved 21 December 2019. \"Vijftiende Belgische titel voor Wendy Jans\" [Fifteenth title for Wendy Jans]. Het Belang van Limburg (in Dutch). 29 May 2017. p.\u00a0S19 \u2013 via PressReader. Retrieved 24 December 2019. \"Titels laat je niet liggen: Wendy Jans pakte 16de Belgische titel\" [Titles don't get lost: Wendy Jans took 16th Belgian title]. Het Belang van Limburg (in Dutch). 28 May 2018. p.\u00a0S19 \u2013 via PressReader. Retrieved 24 December 2019. \"European Billiards & Snooker Association \u2013 Roll of Honour\". globalsnookercentre.co.uk. European Billiards and Snooker Association. Archived from the original on 17 December 2008. Retrieved 24 December 2019. \"Jans wins first ranking title\". Snooker Scene. No.\u00a0May 2003. Everton's News Agency. p.\u00a030. Profile on Global Snooker Profile on WPBSA"
   },
   {
    "name": "Carlo Bomans",
    "id": "Q628811",
    "text": "Carlo Bomans (born 10 June 1963) is a Belgian former racing cyclist. He competed in the individual road race event at the 1984 Summer Olympics. In October 2005 he succeeded Jos\u00e9 De Cauwer as coach of the Belgian national cycling team. As coach of the Belgian national cycling team he won the world championship cycling in 2012 with Philippe Gilbert. \"Carlo Bomans Olympic Results\". Sports Reference. Archived from the original on 18 April 2020. Retrieved 23 May 2015. Carlo Bomans at Cycling Archives v t e"
   },
   {
    "name": "Stefan Everts",
    "id": "Q709854",
    "text": "Stefan Everts (born 25 November 1972) is a Belgian former professional motocross racer. He competed in the Motocross World Championships from 1988 to 2006. Everts is notable for winning a record 10 FIM motocross world championships and 101 motocross Grand Prix race victories, making him the most successful world championship motocross racer in history. Everts was born in Bree, Belgium as the son of four-time motocross world champion, Harry Everts. He began riding motorcycles at the age of four. At the age of 17, he made his debut in the 125cc World Championship, and two years later he secured his first title in that division. During the following years, the Belgian moved up through the different divisions and collected an as yet unsurpassed number of World Championship titles (10) and GP victories (101). Everts was known for his very smooth style on the bike, making his riding look effortless. In particular, he maintained a standing position on the bike much more frequently than other riders, even in very tight corners. His cornering control was unique and he was noted for running his engine in a higher gear to torque his way around the track, as opposed to revving it out hard in each gear, even on the 125cc and 250cc two-stroke machines he used at the beginning of his career. While he never placed much focus on American-style supercross tracks or riding styles, he nevertheless proved to be competitive with top US riders even at their own game. In the later stages of his career, Everts' vast experience helped him to reach an impressive consistency, making erratic movements or mistakes very rare, as illustrated by the fourteen-to-one win-loss record in his final season. After ending his active riding career at the end of 2006, Everts became motocross race director for the KTM factory team, ultimately responsible for coaching their riders on the technical, mental and physical level. In July 2007 he renewed his contract with the Austrian manufacturer for another two years. Most of the time he lives in Monaco (a move for which he was criticized very much like fellow Belgian sports personalities Justine Henin and Tom Boonen), together with his wife Kelly and his son Liam. 2007 Stefan was racing in the biggest enduro competition in the world Gotland grand national in Sweden but he didn't finish because his radiators became full of mud and the bike became overheated. 2008 Stefan was once again one of the riders in Gotland grand national but he crashed in the end of the race and didn't finish. At the beginning of December 2018, Everts was admitted to the intensive care unit of UZ Leuven in a critical condition. The previous month, he had been bitten by the malaria mosquito while in the Democratic Republic of the Congo. Everts had been visiting Lubumbashi to participate in a motocross charity event to benefit local children, 4 Hours of Lubumbashi. On December 17, Everts woke up from an induced coma. In late December 2018, Everts was allowed to begin his physical rehabilitation. His treating team expected that neither his brain nor his organs would be damaged by the effects of malaria he had suffered. His life had been hanging by a thread, according to professors at UZ Leuven hospital. Everts considered being alive at Christmas 2018 as his best Christmas present. However, the champion partially recovered from the disease after a series of surgeries that resulted in the loss of eight toes. Nevertheless, he managed to walk again. 10 times World Champion 101 GP victories in total 14 out of 15 GPs won in the 2006 season Second man, after Eric Geboers, to become \"Mr. 875cc\" (winning world titles in 125/250/500cc) In the 2003 season, he won 3 GPs (125cc, MXGP and 650cc) on the same day in Ernee, France. Only rider to become World Champion on all four Japanese manufacturers (Suzuki, Kawasaki, Honda and Yamaha). 5 times Belgian Sportsman of the year (2001, 2002, 2003, 2004 and 2006, only surpassed by Eddy Merckx), plus a Lifetime Achievement award. 1990: Belgian Champion, 125cc (Suzuki) 1991: World Champion, 125cc - winner 5 GPs; Belgian Champion, 125cc; Youngest world champion at that time (Suzuki) 1993: Belgian Champion, 250cc (Suzuki) 1995: World Champion, 250cc - winner 5 GPs (Kawasaki) 1996: World Champion, 250cc - winner 5 GPs (Honda) 1997: World Champion, 250cc - winner 9 GPs; Winner \"Motocross of Nations\" (Honda) 1998: Belgian Champion, 250cc; Winner \"Motocross of Nations\" (Honda) 2001: World Champion, 500cc - winner 7 GPs; First rider winning world championships on all four Japanese bikes (Yamaha) 2002: World Champion, 500cc - winner 4 GPs (Yamaha) 2003: World Champion, Motocross GP - winner 8 GPs; Winner \"Motocross of Nations\" (Yamaha) Is the overall winner 2003: International Six Days Enduro Brasil overall winner (scratch)(Yamaha) 2004: World Champion, Motocross GP - winner 7 GPs; Winner \"Motocross of Nations\" (Yamaha) 2005: World Champion, MX1-GP - winner 8 GPs; Belgian Champion (Yamaha) 2006: World Champion, MX1-GP winner 12 GPs (Yamaha) RECENT SEASONS: \"Interview: Stefan Everts on Liam, health and coaching\". gatedrop.com. Retrieved 8 May 2020. \"Interview: Stefan Everts\". mxgp.com. Retrieved 8 May 2020. \"Stefan Everts - Carriere\". boowiki.info. Retrieved 11 August 2021. \"Legend Stefan Everts seriously ill. In induced coma\". morebikes.co.uk. Retrieved 11 August 2021. First Order Historians (17 December 2018). \"State of Stefan Everts is no longer critical\". www.firstorderhistorians.com. \"NUOVA OPERAZIONE PER EVERTS\" (in Italian). mxtribe.com. 16 January 2020. Retrieved 11 August 2021. \"STEFAN EVERTS \u2013 Fine di un calvario!\" (in Italian). mxbars.net. 19 May 2021. Retrieved 11 August 2021. http://360graus.terra.com Archived 6 July 2011 at the Wayback Machine Media related to Stefan Everts at Wikimedia Commons"
   },
   {
    "name": "John Mayow",
    "id": "Q721312",
    "text": "John Mayow FRS (1641\u20131679) was a chemist, physician, and physiologist who is remembered today for conducting early research into respiration and the nature of air. Mayow worked in a field that is sometimes called pneumatic chemistry. There has been controversy over both the location and year of Mayow's birth, with both Cornwall and London claimed, along with birth years from 1641 to 1645. Proctor's extensive research led him to conclude that Mayow was born in 1641 near Morval in Cornwall and that he was admitted to Wadham College, Oxford at age 17 in 1658. A year later Mayow became a scholar at Oxford, and in 1660 he was elected to a fellowship at All Souls. He graduated in law (bachelor, 1665, doctor, 1670), but made medicine his profession, and became noted for his practice therein, especially in the summer time, in the city of Bath. In 1678, on the proposal of Robert Hooke, Mayow was appointed a fellow of the Royal Society. The following year, after a marriage which was not altogether to Mayow's content, he died in London and was buried in the Church of St Paul, Covent Garden. Mayow also discovered that there were two constituents of air. Inactive and active. Mayow published at Oxford in 1668 two tracts, on respiration and rickets, and in 1674 these were reprinted, the former in an enlarged and corrected form, with three others De sal-nitro et spiritu nitro-aereo, De respiratione foetus in utero et ovo, and De motu musculari et spiritibus animalibus as Tractatus quinque medico-physici. The contents of this work, which was several times republished and translated into Dutch, German and French, show him to have been an investigator much in advance of his time. Accepting as proved by Boyle's experiments that air is necessary for combustion, Mayow showed that fire is supported not by the air as a whole but by a more active and subtle part of it. This part he called \"spiritus igneo-aereus,\" or sometimes \"nitro-aereus\", for he identified it with one of the constituents of the acid portion of nitre (now called potassium nitrate, KNO3) which he regarded as formed by the union of fixed alkali with a spiritus acidus. In combustion the particulae nitro-aereae \u2013 either pre-existent in the thing consumed or supplied by the air \u2013 combined with the material burnt; as Mayow inferred from his observation that antimony, strongly heated with a burning glass, undergoes an increase of weight which can be attributed to nothing else but these particles. Mayow argued that the same particles are consumed in respiration, because he found that when a small animal and a lighted candle were placed in a closed vessel full of air the candle first went out and soon afterwards the animal died. However, if there was no candle present the animal lived twice as long. He concluded that this constituent of the air is absolutely necessary for life, and supposed that the lungs separate it from the atmosphere and pass it into the blood. It is also necessary, Mayow inferred, for all muscular movements, and he thought there was reason to believe that the sudden contraction of muscle is produced by its combination with other combustible (salino-sulphureous) particles in the body; hence the heart, being a muscle, ceases to beat when respiration is stopped. Animal heat also is due to the union of nitro-aerial particles, breathed in from the air, with the combustible particles in the blood, and is further formed by the combination of these two sets of particles in muscle during violent exertion. In effect, therefore, Mayow \u2013 who also gives a remarkably correct anatomical description of the mechanism of respiration \u2013 preceded Priestley and Lavoisier by a century in recognising the existence of oxygen, under the guise of his \"spiritus nitro-aereus,\" as a separate entity distinct from the general mass of the air. Mayow perceived the part \"spiritus nitro-aereus\" plays in combustion and in increasing the weight of the calces (oxides) of metals as compared with metals themselves. Rejecting the common notions of his time that the use of breathing is to cool the heart, or assist the passage of the blood from the right to the left side of the heart, or merely to agitate it, Mayow saw in inspiration a mechanism for introducing oxygen into the body, where it is consumed for the production of heat and muscular activity. He even vaguely conceived of expiration as an excretory process. Using bell-jars over water Mayow showed that the active substance that we today call oxygen constitutes about a fifth part of the air. Parts of Mayow's work seem to agree with modern ideas regarding air and combustion. Mayow noted, as had others before him, that some materials gain weight on strong heating. Antoine Lavoisier (1743\u20131794) and others later interpreted this gain in terms of a reaction with a gaseous material (oxygen) in the air. See Holmyard and others for critiques of Mayow's work and comparisons to modern chemical thought. Fellow of the Royal Society (1678) Proctor, Donald F. (1995). A History of Breathing Physiology. New York: Marcel Dekker, Inc. ISBN\u00a00-8247-9653-5. Retrieved 11 February 2008. \u00a0One or more of the preceding sentences\u00a0incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain:\u00a0Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). \"Mayow, John\". Encyclop\u00e6dia Britannica. 17 (11th\u00a0ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp.\u00a0938\u2013939. Wood, A. A. (1817). Athenae Oxonienses. An Exact History of all the Writers and Bishops who Have Had Their Education in the University of Oxford. London = volume III: F., C. & J. Rivington. p.\u00a01199. Holmyard, Eric John (1931). Makers of Chemistry. Oxford: Oxford University Press. pp.\u00a0154\u2013158. Hudson, John (1992). The History of Chemistry. New York: Chapman and Hall. pp.\u00a044\u201346. ISBN\u00a00-333-53551-0. Cornwall portal Partington JR (1956). \"The life and work of John Mayow (1641\u20131679)\". Isis. 47 (149): 217\u201330. doi:10.1086/348501. PMID\u00a013366533. S2CID\u00a035058855. Partington JR (1959). \"Some early appraisals of the work of John Mayow\". Isis. 50 (3): 211\u201326. doi:10.1086/348773. PMID\u00a014430648. S2CID\u00a038433788. Boehm W (1962). \"[John Mayow and Descartes]\". Sudhoffs Archiv f\u00fcr Geschichte der Medizin und der Naturwissenschaften (in German). 46: 45\u201368. PMID\u00a013870464. Sternbach GL, Varon J (2004). \"Resuscitation Great. John Mayow and oxygen\". Resuscitation. 60 (3): 235\u20137. doi:10.1016/j.resuscitation.2003.12.013. PMID\u00a015050753. \"John Mayow (1641\u20131679)\". JAMA. 197 (5): 364\u20135. 1966. doi:10.1001/jama.197.5.364b. PMID\u00a05329985. Beringer, JJ (1886\u20131899). \"John Mayow: Chemist and Physician\". Journal of the Royal Institution of Cornwall. Royal Institution of Cornwall. IX: 319\u2013324. Retrieved 12 February 2008. Crum Brown, Alexander (1899). \"Dr. John Mayow: The Harveian Oration for 1899\". Edinburgh Medical Journal. Y. J. Pentland. 6: 116\u2013129. Retrieved 10 February 2008. Mayow, John (1908). Medico-physical Works: Being a translation of Tractatus Quinque Medico-physici. Edinburgh: The Alembic Club. Retrieved 11 February 2008. \u2013 The above originally was published in 1674. Proctor, Donald F. (1995). A History of Breathing Physiology. New York: Marcel Dekker, Inc. ISBN\u00a00-8247-9653-5. Retrieved 11 February 2008. \u2013 See especially chapters 7\u20139 on Mayow's life, work, and influence. Sternbach GL, Varon J (2004). \"Resuscitation Great. John Mayow and oxygen\". Resuscitation. 60 (3): 235\u20137. doi:10.1016/j.resuscitation.2003.12.013. PMID\u00a015050753."
   },
   {
    "name": "Bas Leinders",
    "id": "Q809735",
    "text": "Bas Leinders (born 16 July 1975 in Bree) is a retired professional racing driver from Belgium. He was a Formula One test and reserve driver in 2004 for the Minardi F1 team, taking part in the Friday practice sessions during Grand Prix weekends, making 17 appearances in all. He is also a former British Formula Ford and German Formula Three champion, winning the titles in 1995 and 1998 respectively. Born in Bree, Leinders was one of the most successful Belgian racing drivers of the nineties and the beginning of the 21st century. He started his career in karting, winning his very first race. At the age of 14 he was already a European Champion beating Jarno Trulli, Ralph Firman and others. In 1992 Leinders was an official works driver for the Italian Tony Kart outfit. Leinders started his automobile career with the Formula Ford. He was not only crowned Benelux Champion but he also obtained the pole position at the prestigious Formula Ford Festival at his first participation, later becoming European and British Formula Ford Champion. Not being able to gather enough money to make the step to Formula Three, Leinders decided on the European Formula Opel Championship (for Van Amersfoort Racing). With a record of 8 wins he secured the Championship several races before the end. With some more backing he graduated to the German Formula 3 series with VAR. The Belgian finished 2nd in his maiden F3 weekend just behind Nick Heidfeld. In his second year, he won the Championship and was invited by the McLaren Junior team to partner Nick Heidfeld in the last race of the Formula 3000 season. Leinders obtained his best F3000 results in 2001, finishing second twice behind Tom\u00e1\u0161 Enge and Justin Wilson respectively. In 2002 and 2003 Leinders competed in the World Series by Nissan, he finished third in the Championship on both occasions. His good performance in this series and especially winning the last race of the season gave him the opportunity to test with the Jordan F1 Team which resulted in a contract with the Minardi F1 Team as an official Friday Test and reserve driver in the 2004 FIA Formula One World Championship. Leinders was pre-selected several times by journalists for the title \"Belgian Sportsman of the Year\". Leinders was crowned \"Champion of Belgium\" in 2001 by the Royal Automobile Club of Belgium, the award presented by Crown-prince of Belgium, Prince Philippe. The Belgian also won the Golden Helmet in 2004 for his performances in Formula One with the Minardi F1 Team. From 2005, Leinders was a regular racer in the FIA GT Championship with Gillet Vertigo. Now the Belgian racer is also a Sporting Manager at the Marc VDS Racing Team. In 2014, he ran the entire season of the NASCAR Whelen Euro Series with Marc VDS Racing's Toyota Camry in the Elite 1 category. He finished the season in 14th place in the standings with two Top 5 finishes, one at Brands Hatch and one at Le Mans. In 2015, after Marc VDS's victory in the 24 Hours of Spa, Leinders announced he has parted ways with the team. 2014 NASCAR Whelen Euro Series\u00a0\u2013 Marc VDS Racing Team 2010 FIA GT1 World Championship\u00a0\u2013 Marc VDS Racing Team 2009 FIA GT Championship\u00a0\u2013 Ford GT 2008 FIA GT Championship\u00a0\u2013 Gillet Vertigo 1st G2 2007 FIA GT Championship\u00a0\u2013 Gillet Vertigo 1st G2 2006 FIA GT Championship\u00a0\u2013 Gillet Vertigo 1st G2 2005 FIA GT Championship\u00a0\u2013 Gillet Vertigo\u00a0\u2013 3 class wins 2004 Formula One World Championship test driver in Minardi-Cosworth F1 Team. Did not participate in races 2003 3rd place\u00a0\u2013 Superfund World Series\u00a0\u2013 2 wins. 2003 Winner TA Class 24 hours of Zolder in a BMW M3 GTR 2002 24 h of Spa in a Chrysler Viper GTS-R 2002 3rd place\u00a0\u2013 Telef\u00f3nica World Series\u00a0\u2013 2 wins . 2002 4th in 24 hours of Zolder in a BMW Z3 2001 Formula 3000 Championship\u00a0\u2013 KTR 2 second places. 2000 Formula 3000 Championship\u00a0\u2013 Kid Jensen Racing. 1999 Formula 3000 Championship\u00a0\u2013 Witmeur Team KTR . 1999 3rd 24 hours of Spa 1998 German Formula 3 Champion 1998 2nd 24 hours of Zolder 1997 7th German Formula 3 Championship 1996 European Formula Opel Champion 1995 British and European Formula Ford Champion 1994 Benelux Formula Ford Champion 1992 Vice-European and Belgian Kart Champion 1991 Belgian Kart Champion 1990 European Kart Champion (key) (Races in bold indicate pole position) (Races in italics indicate fastest lap) (key) * Leinders was entered as Third Driver for Australia '04 but was refused a superlicence until he completed the required mileage in an F1 car. He satisfied this requirement before the next race. (key) (Bold \u2013 Pole position awarded by qualifying time. Italics \u2013 Pole position earned by points standings or practice time. * \u2013 Most laps led.) Dagys, John (30 July 2015). \"Leinders, Marc VDS Part Ways\". Sportscar365.com. John Dagys Media, LLC. Retrieved 31 July 2015. Official website Bas Leinders career summary at DriverDB.com Bas Leinders driver statistics at Racing-Reference"
   },
   {
    "name": "Serge Gumienny",
    "id": "Q925407",
    "text": "Serge Gumienny (born 14 April 1972 in Sint-Truiden) is a former Belgian football referee. He frequently operates in the Belgian First Division, Belgian Second Division and Belgian Cup. Occasionally he referees a matches in the Dutch Eredivisie, the UEFA Intertoto Cup, the UEFA Europa League and the UEFA Champions League. He also has whistled matches overseas and frequently operates as fourth official in the games refereed by Frank De Bleeckere. On 25 December 2008, he was promoted to the European A-category (Elite development). He has whistled 250 games in the Belgian first division. 2003 Club Brugge - La Louvi\u00e8re 2006 Anderlecht - Zulte-Waregem 2008 Anderlecht - Gent 2015 Club Brugge - Anderlecht the UEFA European Under-17 Football Championship qualification match between Hungary and Switzerland on 24 March 2003. the UEFA European Under-17 Football Championship qualification match between Switzerland and Albania on 26 March 2003. the UEFA Cup 2003-04 first round match between Dinamo Zagreb and MTK on 24 September 2003. the UEFA European Under-19 Football Championship qualification match between Austria and Sweden on 8 October 2003. the UEFA European Under-19 Football Championship qualification match between Austria and Kazachstan on 10 October 2003. the UEFA Intertoto Cup match between Teplice and Sopron on 27 June 2004. the UEFA Champions League 2004-05 second qualifying round match between Trabzonspor and Skonto on 26 August 2004. the UEFA Cup 2004-05 second qualifying round match between Rubin Kazan and Rapied Wien on 24 August 2004. the UEFA European Under-19 Football Championship qualification match between Croatia and Liechtenstein on 9 October 2004. the UEFA European Under-19 Football Championship qualification match between Croatia and Romania on 13 October 2004. the Meridian Cup match between Portugal and Nigeria on 4 February 2005. the Meridian Cup match between France and Nigeria on 8 February 2005. the 2006 FIFA World Cup qualification match between Faroe Islands and Switzerland on 4 June 2005. the UEFA Intertoto Cup match between Deportivo La curu\u00f1a and Newcastle United on 27 June 2005. the UEFA Cup 2005-06 first round match between Bayer Leverkusen and CSKA Sofia on 15 September 2005. the UEFA Cup 2005-06 group stage match between Middlesbrough and Litex Lovech on 15 December 2005. the 2006 UEFA European Under-21 Football Championship qualification match between Bulgaria and Sweden on 25 March 2005. the 2006 UEFA European Under-21 Football Championship qualification match between Ukraine and Turkey on 6 September 2005. the 2006 UEFA European Under-21 Football Championship qualification play-offs match between Hungary and Italy on 11 November 2005. the 2006 UEFA European Under-21 Football Championship match between Serbia & Montenegro and Germany on 23 May 2006. the 2006 UEFA European Under-21 Football Championship match between Denmark and Netherlands on 26 May 2006. the UEFA Champions League 2006-07 second qualifying round match between Sheriff Tiraspol and Spartak Moscow on 2 August 2006. the 2007 UEFA European Under-21 Football Championship qualification match between Germany and Romania on 5 September 2006. the UEFA Cup 2006-07 first round match between Osasuna and Trabzonspor on 28 September 2006. the 2007 UEFA European Under-21 Football Championship qualification play-offs match between Bosnia-Herzegovina and Czech Republic on 10 October 2006. the UEFA Cup 2006-07 group stage match between Odense BK and Parma on 19 October 2006. the UEFA Euro 2008 qualifying group F match between Liechtenstein and Latvia on 28 March 2007. the UEFA Champions League 2007-08 second qualifying round match between Zhenis Astana and Rosenborg on 1 August 2007. the UEFA Cup 2007-08 second qualifying round match between CSKA Sofia and Omonia on 30 August 2007. the UEFA Cup 2007-08 first round match between Panathinaikos and Artmedia Petrzalka on 2 October 2007. the UEFA Cup 2007-08 group stage match between Dinamo Zagreb and Basel on 8 November 2007. the UEFA Cup 2007-08 round of 32 match between Braga and Werder Bremen on 21 February 2008. the friendly match between \u00d6sterreich and Nigeria on 27 May 2008. the UEFA Champions League 2008-09 second qualifying round match between Fenerbahce SK and MTK on 30 July 2008. the UEFA Cup 2008-09 second qualifying round match between AEK and Omonia on 14 August 2008. the 2010 FIFA World Cup qualification match between Iceland and Scotland on 10 September 2008. the UEFA Cup 2008-09 first round match between Copenhagen and Moscow on 2 October 2008. the 2009 UEFA European Under-21 Football Championship qualification play-off match between Switzerland and Spain on 11 October 2008. the UEFA Cup 2008-09 group stage match between Portsmouth and Milan on 27 November 2008. the UEFA Cup 2008-09 group stage match between Santander and Manchester City on 18 December 2008. the UEFA Cup 2008-09 round of 32 match between Kyiv and Valencia on 18 February 2009. the 2010 FIFA World Cup qualification match between Russia and Azerbaijan on 28 March 2009. the UEFA Champions League 2009-10 second qualifying round match between Baki and Ekranas on 21 July 2009. the UEFA Champions League 2009-10 third qualifying round match between M. Haifa and Aktobe on 4 August 2009. the UEFA Europa League 2009-10 play-offs qualification round match between Toulouse FC and Trabzonspor on 27 August 2009. the UEFA Europa League 2009-10 group stage match between Sporting Club Portugal and Hertha BSC on 1 October 2009. the 2010 FIFA World Cup qualification match between Austria and Lithuania on 10 October 2009. the UEFA Europa League 2009-10 group stage match between Valencia and Slavia Praha on 22 October 2009. the UEFA Europa League 2009-10 group stage match between Athletic Club Bilbao and Werder Bremen on 16 December 2009. the UEFA Europa League 2009-10 round of 32 match between Fulham and Shakthar Donetsk on 18 February 2010. the UEFA Champions League 2010-11 third qualifying round match between SC Braga and Celtic FC on 28 July 2010. the UEFA Europa League 2010-11 play-offs qualification round match between Qaraba\u011f FK and Dortmund on 26 August 2010. the UEFA Champions League 2010-11 group stage match between Rangers and Bursaspor on 29 September 2010. the UEFA Euro 2012 qualifying group H match between Cyprus and Norway on 8 October 2010. the UEFA Champions League 2010-11 group stage match between CFR 1907 Cluj and Bayern Munchen on 3 November 2010. the friendly match between Switzerland and Ukraine on 17 November 2010. the UEFA Champions League 2010-11 group stage match between Real Madrid and AJ Auxerre on 8 December 2010. the UEFA Europa League 2010-11 round of 32 match between Metalist Kharkiv and Bayer Leverkusen on 17 February 2011. the UEFA Europa League 2010-11 round of 16 match between SC Braga and F.C. Liverpool on 10 March 2011. the UEFA Euro 2012 qualifying group C match between Serbia and Northern Ireland on 25 March 2011. the UEFA Europa League 2010-11 quarter-final match between Porto and Spartak Moscow on 7 April 2011. the friendly match between Italy and Republic of Ireland on 7 June 2011. the UEFA Europa League 2011-12 play-offs qualification round match between FC Sevilla and Hannover 96 on 25 August 2011. the UEFA Europa League 2011-12 group stage match between Sporting Club Portugal and S.S Lazio on 29 September 2011. the UEFA Europa League 2011-12 group stage match between Maccabi Tel Aviv and Besiktas on 1 December 2011. the UEFA Europa League 2012-13 second qualifying round match between St Johnstone and Eskisehirspor on 26 July 2012. the UEFA Champions League 2012-13 third qualifying round match between Liberec and Cluj on 8 August 2012. the UEFA Europa League 2012-13 play-off round match between Partizan and Troms\u00f8 IL on 30 August 2012. the UEFA Europa League 2012-13 group stage match between Stuttgart and Steaua on 20 September 2012. the 2014 FIFA World Cup qualification match between Belarus and Spain on 12 October 2012. the UEFA Europa League 2012-13 group stage match between M\u00f6nchengladbach and Marseille on 25 October 2012. the UEFA Europa League 2012-13 group stage match between Anzhi and Udinese on 22 November 2012. the UEFA Europa League 2012-13 round of 32 match between Metalist and Newcastle on 21 February 2013. the UEFA Champions League 2013-14 third qualifying round match between Zenit and Nordsj\u00e6lland on 7 August 2013. the UEFA Europa League 2013-14 group stage match between Valencia and Swansea on 19 September 2013. the 2014 FIFA World Cup qualification match between Germany and Ireland on 11 October 2013. the UEFA Europa League 2013-14 group stage match between M. Tel-aviv and Eintracht Frankfurt on 7 November 2013. the friendly match between The Netherlands and Japan on 16 November 2013. the UEFA Europa League 2013-14 group stage match between FC Shakhter Karagandy and PAOK FC on 28 November 2013 the UEFA Europa League 2013-14 round of 32 match between Real Betis and Rubin Kazan on 20 February 2014. the UEFA Europa League 2014-15 third qualifying round match between Asteras and Mainz on 7 August 2014. the UEFA Europa League 2014-15 play-off round match between HNK Rijeka and FC Sheriff on 21 August 2014. the UEFA Europa League 2014-15 group stage match between Estoril and Panathinaikos on 2 October 2014. the UEFA Euro 2016 qualifying match between Belarus and Slovakia on 13 October 2014. the UEFA Europa League 2014-15 group stage match between Apollon Limassol and Villarreal on 11 December 2014. the UEFA Euro 2016 qualifying match Armenia and Portugal on 13 June 2015. the UEFA Champions League 2015-16 third qualifying round match between Dinamo Zagreb and Molde FK on 28 July 2015 the friendly match between Nigeria and Congo DR on 8 Oktober 2015. the friendly match between Gabon and Congo DR on 12 Oktober 2015. the UEFA Europa League 2015-16 group stage match between lokomotiv moskva and besiktas on 22 October 2015. the UEFA Europa League 2015-16 group stage match between Fenerbah\u00e7e SK and Celtic FC on 10 December 2015. the friendly match between Germany and Slovakia on 29 May 2016. the UEFA Europa League 2016-17 third qualifying round match between M. Tel Aviv and Padurii on 4 August 2016. the 2001 UEFA European Under-21 Football Championship qualification match between Russia and Yugoslavia on 2 June 2001. the UEFA Cup 2001-02 second round match between Osijek and AEK on 18 October 2001. the UEFA Cup 2002-03 qualifying round match between Crvena Zvezda and Kairat on 29 August 2002. the UEFA Euro 2004 qualifying match between Azerbaijan and Wales on 20 November 2002. the UEFA Champions League 2002-03 2nd group stage match between Dortmund and Lokomotiv Moskva on 12 March 2003. the UEFA European Under-17 Football Championship qualification match between Switzerland and Greece on 28 March 2003. the UEFA Euro 2004 qualifying match between Macedonia and England on 6 September 2003. the UEFA European Under-19 Football Championship qualification match between Kazachstan and Sweden on 12 October 2003. the UEFA Cup 2003-04 third round match between Benfica and Rosenborg on 26 February 2004. the UEFA European Under-19 Football Championship qualification match between Sweden and Croatia on 11 October 2004. the Meridian Cup match between Egypt and Portugal on 6 February 2005. the Meridian Cup match between Turkey and Cameroon on 11 February 2005. the 2006 FIFA World Cup qualification match between Sweden and Bulgaria on 3 September 2005. the 2006 UEFA European Under-21 Football Championship group stage match between Germany and Portugal on 28 May 2006. the 2006 UEFA European Under-21 Football Championship semi final between Serbia & Montenegro and Ukraine on 1 June 2006. the UEFA Champions League 2006-07 1st knockout match between Real Madrid and Bayern Munich on 20 February 2007. the UEFA Champions League 2006-07 quarter-final match between Chelsea and Valencia on 4 April 2007. the UEFA Champions League 2007-08 quarter-final match between AS Roma and Manchester United on 1 April 2008. the UEFA Cup 2008-09 semi-final return leg between Hamburger SV and Werder bremen on 7 May 2009. the UEFA Champions League 2009-10 1st knockout match between Arsenal and Porto on 9 March 2010. the UEFA Champions League 2009-10 semi-final return leg match between Barcelona and F.C. Internazionale Milano on 28 April 2010. the UEFA Champions League 2010-11 semi-final return leg match between Barcelona and Real Madrid and on 3 May 2011. the UEFA Euro 2012 qualifying match between Slovenia and Serbia on 13 October 2011. 26 February 2005 Twente Enschede - De Graafschap 23 October 2005 RKC Waalwijk - Feyenoord 11 March 2006 Roda JC Kerkrade - Sparta Rotterdam 3 December 2006 Feyenoord - SC Heerenveen 15 April 2007 Willem II Tilburg - SC Heerenveen 25 November 2007 Sparta Rotterdam - Twente Enschede 10 February 2008 Roda JC Kerkrade - AFC Ajax 5 April 2008 Willem II Tilburg - SC Heerenveen 1 November 2008 NAC Breda - FC Groningen 22 February 2009 Sparta Rotterdam - Twente Enschede 13 September 2009 Willem II Tilburg - Feyenoord 29 January 2010 Willem II Tilburg - RKC Waalwijk 20 March 2010 Feyenoord - Vitesse (1st half) 31 March 2010 Feyenoord - Vitesse (2nd half) 16 October 2010 VVV Venlo - AZ Alkmaar 3 April 2011 AFC Ajax - Heracles Almelo 18 September 2011 Twente Enschede - ADO Den Haag 22 September 2007 Al-Rayyan - Al-Sailiya 18 March 2011 Al-Arabi Doha \u2013 Qatar SC 5 December 2009 Al Ittihad - Al Ahli 16 December 2011 Al Shabab - Al Ahli 25 March 2012 Al Quadisiya - Al Ahli 22 March 2014 Al RAED - AL TAAWON Profile at FIFA.com www.fifa.com www.uefa.com www.footbel.be www.knvb.nl"
   },
   {
    "name": "Jacky Peeters",
    "id": "Q1450301",
    "text": "Jacky Peeters (Dutch pronunciation: [\u02c8\u025f\u025bki \u02c8pe\u02d0t\u0259rs]) (born 13 December 1969) is a retired Belgian football defender. He was selected to join K.R.C Genk in 1994, where he stayed until 1998. His last game with Genk was the winning match against Brugge (4\u20130) to see the team win the Cup Final. Peeters scored the fourth goal. He then joined Arminia Bielefeld to play in the German second division Bundesliga, where the team was successful in winning and being promoted to the first division. He then returned to Belgium to join K.A.A Gent, a first division team in Belgium. Peeters played with the Red Devils, the national Belgium team, where he played with them for Euro 2000 and the 2002 World Cup. His first international game was against the Netherlands on 4 September 1999, where the game was a five-five draw. One of the highlights of his career was playing for Belgium during the 2002 World Cup in Japan and Korea. Most memorable was the game against Brazil, where he assisted a goal by the captain Marc Willmots, which was not counted at the time, but later considered a legal goal. His last game with the Red Devils was a friendly match against Poland on 21 August 2002. Altogether, he played 17 matches with the national Belgian team. Belgian Cup: 1997\u201398 2. Bundesliga: 1998-99 FIFA Fair Play Trophy: 2002 World Cup \"Jacky Peeters\". worldfootball.net. Retrieved 2 December 2012. Projects, Sanmax. \"Algemene info | KRC Genk\". www.krcgenk.be (in Dutch). Retrieved 8 November 2020. \"Football - Arminia Bielefeld (Allemagne)\u00a0: palmares, r\u00e9sultats et identit\u00e9\". www.les-sports.info. Retrieved 8 November 2020. FIFA.com. \"Belgium honoured with the FIFA Fair Play Award\". www.fifa.com. Archived from the original on 11 November 2020. Retrieved 7 November 2020. Jacky Peeters at fussballdaten.de (in German) riooltechniekenbollen.be v t e"
   },
   {
    "name": "Stef Peeters",
    "id": "Q2075171",
    "text": "Stef Peeters (born 9 February 1992) is a Belgian footballer who plays as a midfielder for Eupen. He formerly played for Genk, Sparta Rotterdam, MVV Maastricht, Sint-Truiden and Cercle Brugge. Peeters is a Genk youth exponent. In summer 2016, Peeters joined Belgian Pro League side Sint-Truiden from MVV Maastricht on a two-year deal. During the 2016\u201317 season he amassed 13 assists and 5 goals in 39 matches. In June, he moved to France signing a three-year contract with Ligue 1 club SM Caen. On 7 July 2020, Peeters moved to Eupen. On 10 August, he made his debut for the club in a league game against Oud-Heverlee Leuven. \"Stef Peeters ruilt STVV voor Caen\". Het Nieuwsblad (in Dutch). 22 June 2017. Retrieved 27 June 2017. \"KAS Eupen verpflichtet Stef Peeters\". KAS Eupen (in German). 7 July 2020. Retrieved 11 July 2020. \"OH Leuven vs. AS Eupen - 10 August 2020 - Soccerway\". int.soccerway.com. Retrieved 29 June 2021. Voetbal International profile (in Dutch) Stef Peeters at Soccerway v t e"
   },
   {
    "name": "Koen van den Broek",
    "id": "Q2078140",
    "text": "Koen van den Broek (born 1973) is a Belgian artist who lives and works in Antwerp and Seoul, South Korea. Van den Broek was born in 1973 in Bree, Belgium. He trained as an architect at the Katholieke Universiteit Leuven. At the Academy, Koen was tutored and taught by Fred Bervoets. In 2003 he participated in the SFMOMA- exhibition \"Matisse and beyond: A century of modernism\" in honor of his mentor. Van den Broek was acquainted with John Baldessari when he went to Los Angeles, not long after his stay at the post-graduate program of the HISK (Higher Institute for Fine Arts) in Antwerp in 2001. They decided in 2008 to collaborate on a project that combined photographs by Baldessari with painted interventions by van den Broek. \"I worked with photographs Baldessari made of film-stills of Hollywood-movies (\u2026) Baldessari printed them on large format, three by four metres (\u2026) John sent me images that are the opposite of my work: black and white, lots of interiors, while I work with colour and exteriors. (\u2026) he sets up pitfalls for an artist, because I definitely didn't want to do what he should do: it was a tricky process, but also a very intriguing one.\" When he was asked by the Museum of Modern Art, Antwerp in 2008 to curate an exhibition with their collection, he combined it with work from Belgian private collections. He created connections between Minimalist and Post-expressionist art styles. On the occasion of his solo-exhibitions at the Municipal Museum for Contemporary Art (Stedelijk Museum voor Actuele Kunst, SMAK) in Ghent, \"Crack\", a comprehensive catalogue, was published, edited by Wouter Davidts, and with contributions by, among others John Welchman, Andrew Renton and Dirk Lauwaert. In this monography, as well as in the exhibition a broad overview was given of van den Broek's career until then, and this helped him to draw \"\u2026new conclusions from my older work and this gave me the energy to keep on developing my familiar motives of the urban landscape and how this can be translated in new ways onto the canvas.\" The work of van den Broek is characterized thematically by the way in which it treats the (mainly American and Asian) landscape, starting more and more from an abstract language. Van den Broek is mainly concerned with the image and the structure of the image itself, much less with the handling of paint or bringing over a message. In \"The blinding of photography\" Dirk Lauwaert points out that: \"\u2026 in every image, the painter [van den Broek] marks out his place with razor-sharp precision\". The reason is his photographic point of departure, the world as seen through one lens. Van den Broek's main question here is: how to translate the photographic eye into an image. \"The photograph is in fact less than a sketch. It is something that is wholly and completely inadequate: it is not an image, at best only a registration. It is not a material that can be worked \u2013such as a drawing that is homologous to a painting. The photograph must disappear as a photograph in order for an image to exist.\" This use of photography has consequences for the composition. In contrast to human interpretation, which tries to structure what is important and what is not, the mechanical device blurs this difference. By his cadrage he always seems to leave out the most important part. Therefore, his paintings often show seemingly unimportant details or object-matter like kerb-stones, garages, shadows or cracks in a road-surface. Their subject however, according to David Anfam, seems to be something else: \"\u2026 the hoary modernist process of abstracting from observation has gone awry. \u2026 these fields and angles are semaphores, as non-objective as Newman's or Piet Mondrian's, in search of a subject. Here schemata seek or feign to become site-specific places.\" Van den Broek often uses saturated and high-key colours. In his work, space is made by its borders and demarcations, and light is evoked with shadow, without midtones. This lends to his work often a graphic character, with pure colours. Recently, in a series of new exhibitions (Chicane at Marlborough Contemporary London, Yaw at Galerie Greta Meert Brussels, Apex at Friedman Benda Gallery New York, Zylon at Gallery Baton in Seoul, Armco at Figge von Rosen Galerie in Cologne and Cut Away The Snoopy at Marlborough Contemporary in London) this graphic character has been carried further, into a direction that seems to move away from its basis in reality. To do this, Van den Broek samples parts of existing images freely into a new image. More and more attention is given now to the picture-plane itself, on which architectural details and shadows become pictorial elements that create new constellations. 2021: \"In Between Memory and Dream\", Gallery Baton, Seoul, South-Korea 2020: \"The Beginning\", Galerie Ron Mandos, Amsterdam, Netherlands 2019: \"Wall Works\", CCM De Garage, Mechelen, Belgium 2019: \"Keep it Together\", Galerie Greta Meert, Brussels, Belgium 2019: \"The Dog\", Philipp von Rosen Galerie, Cologne, Germany 2018: \"A Glowing Day\", Gallery Baton, Seoul, South-Korea 2016: \"Behind The Camera\", Philipp von Rose Galerie, Cologne, Germany 2016: \"Borderline\", Campaign Opera and Ballet Flanders 2016-2017, Antwerp Tower, Antwerp, Belgium 2016: \"The Land of Milk & Money\", Museum Weserburg, Bremen, Germany 2016: \"The Light We Live In\", Albertz Benda, New York, United States of America 2016: \"In Dialogue With Jan Cox\", Duo exhibition curated by Koen van den Broek, Callewaert Vanlangendonck Gallery, Antwerp, Belgium 2015: \"Sign Waves\", Gallery Baton, Seoul, South Korea 2015: \"The Del\", Galerie Greta Meert, Brussel, Belg 2014 \"Cut Away The Snoopy\", Marlborough Contemporary, London, United Kingdom 2014 \"Armco\", Figge von Rosen Galerie, Cologne, Germany 2013 \"Zylon\", Gallery Baton, Seoul, South Korea 2013 \"Yaw\", Galerie Greta Meert, Brussels, Belgium 2013 \"Apex\", Friedman Benda, New York, United States 2012 \"Chicane\", Marlborough Contemporary, London, United Kingdom 2012 \"From The East to the West And Back\", Gallery Baton, Seoul, South Korea 2011 \"Insomnia and the Greenhouse\", Friedman Benda, New York, United States of America 2011 \"Comin' Down\", Figge von Rosen Galerie, Berlin, Germany 2010 \"What?\" Greta Meert, Brussels, Belgium 2010 \"JOURNEY\", Figge von Rosen Galerie, Cologne, Germany 2010 \"Curbs & Crack\", S.M.A.K., Ghent, Belgium 2010 \"Preview, Work on Paper by Koen van den Broek\", Royal Museum of Fine Arts Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium 2009 \"Shadows of time\" Black Polyurethane on inox, MDD, Deurle, Belgium 2008 \"THIS AN EXAMPLE OF THAT\", Collaboration with John Baldessari, Greta Meert Gallery, Brussels, Belgium 2008 \"THIS AN EXAMPLE OF THAT\", Collaboration with John Baldessari, Bonnefantenmuseum, Maastricht, Netherlands 2008 \"Out of Space\", Figge von Rosen, Cologne, Germany 2008 \"Who will lead us?\" artbrussels, (winner of the illy Prize), Brussels, Belgium 2007 \"Angle\", Inside the White Cube, London, United Kingdom 2006 \"Dante's View\", Figge von Rosen Gallery, Cologne, Germany 2006 \"Project St Lucas Ghent\", Vlaamse Bouwmeester, Ghent, Belgium 2005 \"Paintings from the USA and Japan\", Museum Dhondt-Dhaenens, Deurle, Belgium 2004 \"Koen van den Broek\", Domus Artium, Salamanca, Spain 2004 \"Framed: Koen van den Broek \u2013 Wim Catrysse\", Cultuur Centrum Strombeek, Brussels, Belgium 2003 \"Threshold\", White Cube, London, United Kingdom 2003 Matisse and Beyond: A Century of Modernism, San Francisco Museum of Modern Art, United States of America 2002 \"Koen van den Broek\", Chapelle des P\u00e9nitents Blancs, Gordes, France 2001 \"Borders\", White Cube, London, United Kingdom 2001 \"Koen van den Broek: Paintings\", Museum van het Provinciaal Centrum voor Beeldende Kunst-Begijnhof, Hasselt, Belgium 2000 Cultureel Centrum Hasselt, Belgium 1999 Galerij Art 61, Hever, Belgium 1998 Bernarduscentrum, Antwerp, Belgium 1997 Galerij Hellinga Beetsterzwaag, Netherlands Astrup Fearnley Museum of Modern Art, Oslo LACMA, Los Angeles, CA Museum Dhondt-Dhaenens, Deurle Leeum, Samsung Museum of Modern Art, Seoul San Francisco Museum of Modern Art SMAK, Gent M HKA, Antwerpen Kadist Art Foundation, Paris Busan Museum of Art, Busan Staatliche Kunsthalle Karlsruhe, Karlsruhe Koen van den Broek: Stuff, Wouter Davidts, Frank Albers, ed. Exh. Cat. De Garage Mechelen, MER. Borgerhoff & Lamberigts, 2019, ISBN\u00a09789089319975 BALDESSARI John, VAN DEN BROEK Koen, This an example of that. John Baldessari \u2013 Koen van den Broek, bkSM, Strombeek, 2008 ISBN\u00a0978-90-76979-72-4 DAVIDTS Wouter (ed.), Crack. Koen van den Broek, Valiz, Amsterdam, 2010 ISBN\u00a0978 90 7808841 7 Friedman Benda (ed.), Koen van den Broek. Insomnia and the greenhouse, Hatje Kantz Verlag, Ostfildern, 2013 ISBN\u00a0978-3-7757-3478-3 NICOLETTA Giovanna, Shadows, MAG Musea Alto Garda, Arco, 2012 ISBN\u00a09788866860211 HIGGIE Jennifer, Koen van den Broek, White Cube, London, 2003 ISBN\u00a00-9546501-0-7 ROELSTRATE Dieter, Angle, 11 works by Koen van den Broek, White Cube, London, 2007 VAN DEN BROEK Koen, Schilderijen/paintings, De bestendige deputatie van de provincieraad van Limburg, Hasselt, 2001 ISBN\u00a090-74605-13-3 De Morgen, 24 November 2007 Art, 2 October 2008 Dickie Anna, \"A conversation with Koen van den Broek\", Ocula, januari 2014 Davidts Wouter (ed.), Crack. Koen van den Broek, Valiz, Amsterdam, 2010. Davidts Wouter (ed.), Crack. Koen van den Broek, Valiz, Amsterdam, 2010, p. 55. Friedman Benda (ed.), Koen van den Broek. Insomnia and the greenhouse, Hatje Kantz Verlag, Ostfildern, 2013 Official website Gallery Baton Marlborough Contemporary Friedman Benda Galerie Greta Meert Figge von Rosen Galerie Lattice Gallery"
   },
   {
    "name": "Leonard Nolens",
    "id": "Q2284213",
    "text": "Leon Helena Sylvain Nolens (born 11 April 1947 in Bree), pseudonym Leonard Nolens, is a Belgian poet and diary writer. He graduated from the Hoger Instituut voor Vertalers en Tolken in Antwerp. Nolens lives and works in Antwerp. Themes in his writings include love and ways to escape one's identity. 1969 - Orpheushanden (poetry) 1973 - De muzeale minnaar (poetry) 1975 - Twee vormen van zwijgen (poetry) 1977 - Incantatie (poetry) 1979 - Alle tijd van de wereld (poetry) 1981 - Hommage (poetry) 1983 - Vertigo (poetry) 1986 - De gedroomde figuur (poetry) 1988 - Geboortebewijs (poetry) 1989 - Stukken van mensen (diary) 1990 - Liefdes verklaringen (poetry) 1991 - Hart tegen hart (poetry) 1992 - Tweedracht (poetry) 1993 - Blijvend vertrek (diary) 1994 - Honing en as (poetry) 1995 - De vrek van Missenburg (diary) 1996 - En verdwijn met mate (poetry) 1997 - De liefdesgedichten (poetry) 1998 - Een lastig portret (diary) 1999 - Voorbijganger (poetry) 2001 - Manieren van leven (poetry) 2003 - Derwisj (poetry) 2004 - Bres\" met etsen van Dan Van Severen (a livre de peintre, Ergo Pers Gent) 2004 - Laat alle deuren op een kier (verzamelde gedichten) (poetry) 2005 - Een dichter in Antwerpen (poetry) 2007 - Een fractie van een kus (poetry) 2007 - Bres (poetry) 2008 - Woestijnkunde (poetry) 2009 - Dagboek van een dichter 1979-2007 (combined diaries) 2011 - Zeg aan de kinderen dat wij niet deugen (poetry) 1974 - Prijs van het beste literaire debuut for De muzeale minnaar 1976 - Arkprijs van het Vrije Woord for Twee vormen van zwijgen 1976 - Po\u00ebzieprijs van de provincie Antwerpen for Twee vormen van zwijgen 1980 - Hugues C. Pernath-prijs for Alle tijd van de wereld 1980 - Po\u00ebzieprijs van de provincie Limburg for Alle tijd van de wereld 1984 - Tweejaarlijkse po\u00ebzieprijs van De Vlaamse Gids for Vertigo 1991 - Jan Campert prijs for Liefdesverklaringen 1997 - Constantijn Huygensprijs for his entire oeuvre 2002 - Gedichtendagprijzen for Hostie out of Manieren van leven 2007 - Karel van de Woestijneprijs for poetry of Sint-Martens-Latem 2008 - VSB Poetry Prize for Bres 2012 - Prijs der Nederlandse Letteren Flemish literature \"Poetry International Web - Leonard Nolens\". Leonard Nolens (in Dutch) Willem M. Roggeman, Leonard Nolens In: Beroepsgeheim 5 (1986) Media related to Leonard Nolens at Wikimedia Commons Leonard Nolens (poet) - Belgium - Poetry International v t e"
   },
   {
    "name": "Pier Janssen",
    "id": "Q2287071",
    "text": "Pieter \"Pier\" Janssen (born 9 September 1956), also referred to as Pierre or Piet, is a Belgian former footballer and manager who played as a midfielder and made three appearances for the Belgium national team. Janssen made his international debut for Belgium on 19 November 1986 in a UEFA Euro 1988 qualifying match against Bulgaria, in which he scored the opening goal of the 1\u20131 home draw. He went on to make three appearances, scoring one goal, before making his last appearance on 29 April 1987 in a UEFA Euro 1988 qualifying match against the Republic of Ireland, which finished as a 0\u20130 draw. Pier Janssen at WorldFootball.net \"Pier Janssen\". Archived from the original on 7 May 2019. Retrieved 7 May 2019. \"Pier Janssen\". EU-Football.info. Retrieved 7 May 2019. Pier Janssen at National-Football-Teams.com Pier Janssen at FootballDatabase.eu Pier Janssen at Soccerway v t e"
   },
   {
    "name": "Ann Devries",
    "id": "Q2376709",
    "text": "Ann Devries (born 27 February 1970) is a former professional tennis player from Belgium. Devries, a right-handed player, was born in the Flemish city of Bree. She trained in Antwerp from the age of 12, and by 15 was making her debut for the Belgium Fed Cup team. Her match against Steffi Graf in the first round of the 1986 Fed Cup was the first appearance of the then West German in the competition. Devries was a member of Belgium's World Youth Cup winning side in 1986 and won the girls' doubles title at the 1987 Australian Open with Nicole Provis. Early in her career, she was in a relationship with top Swedish player Magnus Gustafsson. She broke through on the WTA Tour in 1987 with singles quarterfinal appearances in four tournaments, at Auckland, Taipei, Singapore and Knokke. These efforts made her the first Belgian woman to reach the world's top 100 in singles. Her best performance came at the Sofia Open in 1988 where she made the semi-finals and three months later reached her career best ranking of 77 in the world. She made the third round of the 1990 Wimbledon Championships as a qualifier. Her run was ended by seventh seed Katerina Maleeva. As a doubles player, she peaked at 93 in 1991, and later reached her only WTA Tour final in the doubles at the 1993 edition of the Belgian Open. A hernia injury caused her retirement from professional tennis in 1994. After finishing her Fed Cup playing career with a 12/13 overall record from 15 ties, she returned to captain the team from 2012 to 2016. She has also been the personal coach of several Belgian players, including Yanina Wickmayer. \"Coppejans wint Roland Garros voor junioren\" (in Dutch). sport.be. 10 June 2012. Retrieved 4 January 2018. \"Bij vrouwen moet je veel meer doen dan alleen maar met tennis bezig zijn\". Het Nieuwsblad (in Dutch). 12 September 2009. Retrieved 4 January 2018. \"Graf `Takes Break` At Home\". Sun-Sentinel. 1 July 1990. Retrieved 4 January 2018. \"ITF Tennis - Pro Circuit - Belgian Open - 03 May - 09 May 1993\". ITF. Retrieved 4 January 2018. \"Ann Devries: \"Met Yanina Wickmayer weet je nooit\"\". Het Laatste Nieuws (in Dutch). 26 June 2016. Retrieved 4 January 2018. Ann Devries at the Women's Tennis Association Ann Devries at the International Tennis Federation Ann Devries at the Billie Jean King Cup"
   },
   {
    "name": "Linda Vissers",
    "id": "Q3241385",
    "text": "Linda Vissers is a member of the Flemish Parliament from the right-wing, separatist Vlaams Belang party of Belgium. \"Vlaamse Volksvertegenwoordigers: Linda Vissers\". Vlaams Parlement. Retrieved 21 January 2011. v t e"
   },
   {
    "name": "Kurt Vangompel",
    "id": "Q3955252",
    "text": "Kurt Vangompel (20 September 1973 \u2013 17 May 1995) was a Belgian footballer. Vangompel started his career at Bocholt, and played for Lommel and KV Mechelen before joining Antwerp. A talented striker who played for the Belgium U-21's, Vangompel died in a car accident alongside his cousin, aged only 21. Profile - Antwerp v t e"
   },
   {
    "name": "Gert Doumen",
    "id": "Q5553182",
    "text": "Gert Doumen (born 24 June 1971 in Bree) is a retired Belgian football goalkeeper who played several seasons at the highest level of professional football with Genk, RWDM, Mouscron and Heusden-Zolder. Doumen started his career with Genk, where he was promoted from the youth ranks to the first team squad in 1991. For several seasons, he was often the second goalkeeper behind Ronny Gaspercic and Istv\u00e1n Brockhauser, although he collected over 49 games with Genk. As such he was part of the team that played at the highest level of Belgian football between 1991-1994 and 1996-2000, including the promotion from the second division in 1996 and the first division title in 1999. Thereafter, he moved on to first division teams Mouscron and RWDM, staying one season each time, before trying his luck in the lower leagues with Patro Eisden. He was called back into the first league by newly promoted Heusden-Zolder and stayed with the team when they relegated until the team went bankrupt and folded the season thereafter in 2006. In November 2006, he was signed by OH Leuven as a spare keeper after severe injuries to first keepers Mike Van Hamel and Thierry Berghmans and played a few matches before being released after their recovery in February 2007. Thereafter he had a short spell back at Patro Eisden, where he stopped his playing career and started coaching the goalkeepers of the youth squad. \"Gert Doumen\" (in Dutch). Voetbal International. Retrieved 2012-06-27. \"Next match\" (in Dutch). ohl.be. Retrieved 2012-06-27. v t e"
   },
   {
    "name": "Lore Gillis",
    "id": "Q14878202",
    "text": "Lore Gillis (born (1988-11-29)29 November 1988) is a Belgian female former volleyball player, playing as an outside hitter. She was part of the Belgium women's national volleyball team. She competed at the 2007 and 2013 Women's European Volleyball Championship. On club level she played for VC Oudegem. \"Team Roster \u2013 Belgium\". cev.lu. Archived from the original on 10 July 2017. Retrieved 5 February 2016. http://www.scoresway.com/?sport=volleyball&page=player&id=7901 http://www.cev.lu/Competition-Area/PlayerDetails.aspx?TeamID=8010&PlayerID=1824&ID=571 https://www.fivb.org/EN/volleyball/competitions/WorldGrandPrix/2014/Teams2.asp?Team=BEL v t e"
   },
   {
    "name": "Louis Luyten",
    "id": "Q21062750",
    "text": "Louis Luyten (born 19 May 1955) is a Belgian former professional racing cyclist. He rode in four editions of the Tour de France. \"Louis Luyten\". Pro Cycling Stats. Retrieved 3 April 2015. Louis Luyten at Cycling Archives v t e"
   }
  ]
 },
 {
  "relation_id": "P19",
  "target_id": "Q33959",
  "target_name": "Nice",
  "samples": [
   {
    "name": "Jean-Marc Jafet",
    "id": "Q3167396",
    "text": "Jean Marc Jafet (born May 8, 1956) is a French bassist and composer. He is considered one of the top bassists in France. Jean-Marc Jafet was born on May 8, 1956 in Nice, France, to guitarist father and mother singer. JM Jafet started drumming in the 65/70. He then changed his instrument and became a bassist in 1978 to perform with the Brazilian duo \"Les Etoiles\". He is one of the most famous, recorded and in-demand electric bass players in France, and known for his work with Sylvain Luc, Andr\u00e9 Ceccarelli, Didier Lockwood, Bir\u00e9li Lagr\u00e8ne, Michel Petrucciani and many others. 1985: Dolores 1994: Agora 1996: Live au Parc Floral 2000: Douceur Lunaire 2004: Mes Anges 2007: Live Moments 2017: Le Meilleur Moment du Monde 2005: La Femme Du Parfumeur 1985: Colo De Rio 1999: Spleen 2000: Sud 2002: Trio Sud 2008: Young & Fine 2009: A La Costa Sud, Edizioni Musicali Curci 2011: Montecarlo - Life Night & Day, h.squared / Halidon \"MARKBASS | Bass Amplification\". www.markbass.it (in Italian). Archived from the original on 2016-04-18. Retrieved 2016-04-05. v t e"
   },
   {
    "name": "Jean-Paul Bar\u00e9ty",
    "id": "Q3168352",
    "text": "Jean-Paul Bar\u00e9ty (10 March 1928 \u2013 3 November 2018) was a French lawyer and politician. He served as a member of the National Assembly from 1994 to 1997, representing Alpes-Maritimes. After an early career as a lawyer, Bar\u00e9ty entered politics and joined the Rally for the Republic (RPR). He was elected Mayor of Nice in 1993 and served until 1995. He was also elected as a deputy in the 2nd electoral district of Alpes-Maritimes, replacing Christian Estrosi. He served until 1997. He was also the president of Acad\u00e8mia Nissarda from 1978 until his death. Bar\u00e9ty was awarded as a Knight of the Legion of Honour in 1993. \"L'ancien maire de Nice Jean-Paul Bar\u00e9ty est d\u00e9c\u00e9d\u00e9\". Nice-Matin (in French). 3 November 2018. \"JEAN-PAUL BAR\u00c9TY\". National Assembly (in French). Retrieved July 16, 2016. \"D\u00e9cret du 31 d\u00e9cembre 1993 portant promotion et nomination\". Legifrance.gouv.fr (in French). 31 December 1993. v t e"
   },
   {
    "name": "Jean-Paul Coche",
    "id": "Q3168422",
    "text": "Jean-Paul Coche (born 25 July 1947) is a French former judoka who competed in the 1972 Summer Olympics and in the 1976 Summer Olympics. Evans, Hilary; Gjerde, Arild; Heijmans, Jeroen; Mallon, Bill; et\u00a0al. \"Jean-Paul Coche\". Olympics at Sports-Reference.com. Sports Reference LLC. Archived from the original on 13 December 2012. Retrieved 22 June 2012. v t e"
   },
   {
    "name": "Jean-Paul Moulinot",
    "id": "Q3168618",
    "text": "Jean-Paul Moulinot (30 June 1912 \u2013 3 December 1989) was a French actor, soci\u00e9taire of the Com\u00e9die-Fran\u00e7aise. Elisabeth (Yvette) Hardy (1917-2000), a comedian at the TNP, was his wife. Close to Jean Vilar, he took part to the first Festival d'Avignon in 1947 and from 1951, the year the TNP reopened, he belonged to the troupe where he remained during all the years Jean Vilar was the director, then joined the Com\u00e9die-Fran\u00e7aise until his death. Admission at the Com\u00e9die-Fran\u00e7aise in 1966 Soci\u00e9taire in 1989 481st soci\u00e9taire 1937: Business is business by Octave Mirbeau, directed by Fernand Ledoux 1938: Cyrano de Bergerac by Edmond Rostand, directed by Pierre Dux 1966: Les Femmes savantes by Moli\u00e8re, directed by Jean Meyer 1966: Le commissaire est bon enfant by Georges Courteline and Jules L\u00e9vy, directed by Robert Manuel 1967: Le Jeu de l'amour et du hasard by Marivaux, directed by Maurice Escande 1967: Le Malade imaginaire by Moli\u00e8re, directed by Robert Manuel 1967: La Comm\u00e8re by Marivaux, directed by Michel Duchaussoy 1967: L'\u00c9migr\u00e9 de Brisbane by Georges Sch\u00e9had\u00e9, directed by Jacques Mauclair 1967: L'\u00c9tourdi by Moli\u00e8re, directed by Jean-Paul Roussillon 1967: Le M\u00e9decin malgr\u00e9 lui by Moli\u00e8re, directed by Jean-Paul Roussillon 1968: Le Joueur by Regnard, directed by Jean Piat 1968: Ruy Blas by Victor Hugo, directed by Raymond Rouleau 1969: Les Italiens \u00e0 Paris by Charles Charras and Andr\u00e9 Gille after \u00c9variste Gherardi, directed by Jean Le Poulain 1969: Port-Royal by Henry de Montherlant, directed by Jean Meyer 1970: Malatesta by Henry de Montherlant, directed by Pierre Dux 1970: A Dream Play by August Strindberg, directed by Raymond Rouleau 1971: Becket ou l'Honneur de Dieu by Jean Anouilh, directed by the author and Roland Pi\u00e9tri 1972: Cyrano de Bergerac by Edmond Rostand, directed by Jacques Charon 1972: Volpone by Jules Romains and Stefan Zweig, directed by G\u00e9rard Vergez, Com\u00e9die-Fran\u00e7aise at the Th\u00e9\u00e2tre de l'Od\u00e9on 1972: Graf \u00d6derland by Max Frisch, directed by Jean-Pierre Miquel, Com\u00e9die-Fran\u00e7aise at the Th\u00e9\u00e2tre de l'Od\u00e9on 1972: La Station Champbaudet by Eug\u00e8ne Labiche and Marc-Michel, directed by Jean-Laurent Cochet 1973: Le Malade imaginaire by Moli\u00e8re, directed by Jean-Laurent Cochet 1973: Dom Juan by Moli\u00e8re, directed by Antoine Bourseiller 1973: Les Femmes savantes by Moli\u00e8re, directed by Jean Piat 1973: L'\u00c9cole des femmes by Moli\u00e8re, directed by Jean-Paul Roussillon 1974: Hernani by Victor Hugo, directed by Robert Hossein 1974: L'Impromptu de Marigny, by Jean Poiret, directed by Jacques Charon 1975: Dialogues with Leuc\u00f2 by Cesare Pavese, directed by Antoine Bourseiller, Com\u00e9die-Fran\u00e7aise at the Petit Od\u00e9on 1976: Trafic by Louis Calaferte, directed by Jean-Pierre Miquel, Com\u00e9die-Fran\u00e7aise at the Petit Od\u00e9on 1976: Cyrano de Bergerac by Edmond Rostand, directed by Jean-Paul Roussillon 1976: Lorenzaccio by Alfred de Musset, directed by Franco Zeffirelli 1977: Doit-on le dire\u00a0? by Eug\u00e8ne Labiche, directed by Jean-Laurent Cochet 1978: A Flea In Her Ear by Eug\u00e8ne Labiche, directed by Jean-Laurent Cochet 1979: Ruy Blas by Victor Hugo, directed by Jacques Destoop 1979: L'\u0152uf by F\u00e9licien Marceau, directed by Jacques Rosny 1980: Simul et singulis, Soir\u00e9es litt\u00e9raires consacr\u00e9es au Tricentenaire de la Com\u00e9die-Fran\u00e7aise, directed by Simon Eine, Alain Pralon and Jacques Destoop 1981: La Dame de chez Maxim by Georges Feydeau, directed by Jean-Paul Roussillon 1983: Triptychon by Max Frisch, directed by Roger Blin, Com\u00e9die-Fran\u00e7aise at the Th\u00e9\u00e2tre de l'Od\u00e9on 1983: Amphitryon by Moli\u00e8re, directed by Philippe Adrien 1984: Ivanov by Tchekov, directed by Claude R\u00e9gy 1986: The Liar by Corneille, directed by Alain Fran\u00e7on 1986: Le Bourgeois Gentilhomme by Moli\u00e8re, directed by Jean-Luc Boutt\u00e9 1986: The Liar by Corneille, directed by Alain Fran\u00e7on 1987: La Manivelle by Robert Pinget, directed by Jean-Paul Roussillon, Com\u00e9die-Fran\u00e7aise at the Festival d'Avignon 1988: Endgame by Samuel Beckett, directed by Gildas Bourdet 1945: Tartuffe by Moli\u00e8re, directed by Marcel Herrand, Th\u00e9\u00e2tre des Mathurins 1946: Primavera by Claude Spaak, directed by Marcel Herrand, Th\u00e9\u00e2tre des Mathurins 1947: Je vivrai un grand amour by Steve Passeur, Th\u00e9\u00e2tre des Mathurins 1949: Le L\u00e9gataire universel by Jean-Fran\u00e7ois Regnard, directed by Georges Douking, Th\u00e9\u00e2tre des C\u00e9lestins 1949: H\u00e9lo\u00efse et Ab\u00e9lard by Roger Vailland, directed by Jean Marchat, Th\u00e9\u00e2tre des Mathurins 1950: Henry IV by Luigi Pirandello, directed by Andr\u00e9 Barsacq, Th\u00e9\u00e2tre de l'Atelier 1951: Mother Courage by Bertolt Brecht, directed by Jean Vilar, TNP Th\u00e9\u00e2tre de la Cit\u00e9 Jardins Suresnes 1952: The Miser by Moli\u00e8re, directed by Jean Vilar, TNP Th\u00e9\u00e2tre national de Chaillot, Festival d'Avignon 1952: Lorenzaccio by Alfred de Musset, directed by G\u00e9rard Philipe, TNP Festival d'Avignon 1956: Les Femmes savantes by Moli\u00e8re, directed by Jean-Paul Moulinot, TNP Th\u00e9\u00e2tre de Chaillot 1956: Le Mariage de Figaro by Beaumarchais, directed by Jean Vilar, TNP Festival d'Avignon 1956: Platonov by Anton Tchekov, directed by Jean Vilar, Festival de Bordeaux, TNP 1957: Le Mariage de Figaro by Beaumarchais, directed by Jean Vilar, TNP Festival d'Avignon 1957: Henry IV by Luigi Pirandello, directed by Jean Vilar, TNP Festival d'Avignon, Th\u00e9\u00e2tre de Chaillot 1957: Murder in the Cathedral by Thomas Stearns Eliot, directed by Jean Vilar, TNP Festival d'Avignon 1958: Ubu roi by Alfred Jarry, directed by Jean Vilar, TNP Th\u00e9\u00e2tre de Chaillot 1958: \u0152dipe by Andr\u00e9 Gide, directed by Jean Vilar, TNP, Festival de Bordeaux, Festival d'Avignon 1958: L'\u00c9cole des femmes by Moli\u00e8re, directed by Georges Wilson, TNP Th\u00e9\u00e2tre de Chaillot 1958: Lorenzaccio by Alfred de Musset, directed by G\u00e9rard Philipe, TNP Festival d'Avignon 1959: La F\u00eate du cordonnier by Michel Vinaver after Thomas Dekker, directed by Georges Wilson, TNP Th\u00e9\u00e2tre de Chaillot 1959: Murder in the Cathedral by Thomas Stearns Eliot, directed by Jean Vilar, TNP Festival d'Avignon 1959: Danton's Death by Georg B\u00fcchner, directed by Jean Vilar, TNP Th\u00e9\u00e2tre de Chaillot 1959: Mother Courage by Bertolt Brecht, directed by Jean Vilar, TNP Festival d'Avignon 1960: Erik XIV by August Strindberg, directed by Jean Vilar, TNP Th\u00e9\u00e2tre de Chaillot, Festival d'Avignon 1960: Mother Courage by Bertolt Brecht, directed by Jean Vilar, TNP Festival d'Avignon 1960: Ubu roi by Alfred Jarry, directed by Jean Vilar, TNP Th\u00e9\u00e2tre de Chaillot 1960: The Resistible Rise of Arturo Ui by Bertolt Brecht, directed by Jean Vilar and Georges Wilson, TNP Th\u00e9\u00e2tre de Chaillot 1960: Antigone by Sophocles, directed by Jean Vilar, Festival d'Avignon 1961: Antigone by Sophocles, directed by Jean Vilar, Festival d'Avignon 1965: La Seconde Surprise de l'amour by Marivaux, directed by Maurice Guillaud, Festival du Marais 1966: The Miser by Moli\u00e8re, directed by Jean Vilar, Festival du Marais H\u00f4tel de Rohan 1946: La Foire aux chim\u00e8res (by Pierre Chenal) 1950: A Certain Mister (by Yves Ciampi) 1950: Lady Paname (by Henri Jeanson) - Bit part (uncredited) 1950: Gunman in the Streets (by Boris Lewin) - (uncredited) 1951: Paris Vice Squad (by Herv\u00e9 Bromberger) - L'inspecteur qui prend la d\u00e9position au d\u00e9but du film (uncredited) 1951: The Strange Madame X (by Jean Gr\u00e9millon) - Le majordome 1951: Victor (by Claude Heymann) - Le directeur de la banque 1951: La plus belle fille du monde (by Christian Stengel) 1951: My Wife Is Formidable (by Andr\u00e9 Hunebelle) - Le docteur 1952: We Are All Murderers (by Andr\u00e9 Cayatte) - Le directeur de la \"sant\u00e9\" 1952: Monsieur Taxi (by Andr\u00e9 Hunebelle) - L'homme accident\u00e9 1952: Le rideau rouge / Ce soir on joue Macbeth (by Andr\u00e9 Barsac) 1955: Black Dossier (by Andr\u00e9 Cayatte) 1957: Amour de poche (by Pierre Kast) - Cahuzac 1960: La Milli\u00e8me Fen\u00eatre (by Robert M\u00e9n\u00e9goz) - (uncredited) 1962: The Devil and the Ten Commandments (by Julien Duvivier) - Le directeur de la banque (segment \"Bien d'autrui ne prendras\") 1963: OSS 117 se d\u00e9cha\u00eene (by Andr\u00e9 Hunebelle) 1963: The Fire Within (by Louis Malle) - Le docteur La Berbinais 1963: La Foire aux cancres (by Louis Daquin) - Le maire 1964: Mort, o\u00f9 est ta victoire\u00a0? (by Herv\u00e9 Bromberger) - Belignat 1964: Monsieur (by Jean-Paul Le Chanois) - Ma\u00eetre Flament, le notaire 1964: Nick Carter va tout casser (by Henri Decoin) - Didier Formentaire 1964: Rien ne va plus (by Jean Bacqu\u00e9) - Le baron 1964: Behold a Pale Horse (by Fred Zinnemann) - Le p\u00e8re Est\u00e9ban 1965: Diamonds Are Brittle (by Nicolas Gessner) - Le bijoutier 1966: Lost Command (by Mark Robson) - De Guyot 1966: Sale temps pour les mouches (by Guy Lefranc) - Le g\u00e9n\u00e9ral Andr\u00e9 Pujol 1968: Guns for San Sebastian (by Henri Verneuil) 1968: Tu seras terriblement gentille (by Dirk Sanders) - Le directeur du magasin 1969: Under the Sign of the Bull (by Gilles Grangier) - Pierre, le valet 1970: Une dr\u00f4le de bourrique / L'\u00e2ne de Zigliara by Jean Canolle) - L'\u00e9v\u00eaque 1971: Mourir d'aimer (by Andr\u00e9 Cayatte) - Monsieur Gu\u00e9not 1973: The Dominici Affair (by Claude Bernard-Aubert) - Le m\u00e9decin l\u00e9giste 1974: Impossible Is Not French (by Robert Lamoureux) - De Sica 1976: Mado (by Claude Sautet) - Papa 1983: Les Oiseaux noirs (Svarta Faglar) (by Lasse Glomm) - Le p\u00e8re de Simone (final film role) 1950: Agence Nostradamus (by Claude Barma) 1959: La Confession (TV Movie) - Ledward 1961: La cam\u00e9ra explore le temps - Le prince de Cond\u00e9 / Le roi Louis-Philippe 1961\u20131962: Le Th\u00e9\u00e2tre de la jeunesse - Blazius / Gilles 1962: La Belle et son fant\u00f4me (by Bernard Hecht) - Walter de Lestrange 1962: Les Cinq Derni\u00e8res Minutes (by Pierre Nivollet) - Le docteur 1962: L'inspecteur Leclerc enqu\u00eate (by Jean Laviron) - Marquet 1963: Siegfried (by Marcel Cravenne) - Robineau 1963: Commandant X - Le consul 1964: Rocambole (by Jean-Pierre Decourt) - Lord Charring 1964: Une fille dans la montagne (TV Movie) - Gardin 1964: La montre en or (TV Movie) - Toupin 1965: Le Roi Lear (TV Movie, by Jean Kerchbron) - Le comte de Gloucester 1965: Sens interdit (TV Movie) - Daniel 1965: Merlusse (TV Movie) - Le proviseur 1966: Le Chevalier d'Harmental - Mall\u00e9zieux 1966: The Miser (TV Movie) - Ma\u00eetre Jacques 1967: Saturnin Belloir (by Jacques-G\u00e9rard Cornu) - Saturnin Belloir 1967: Marion Delorme (TV Movie) - La marquis de Mangis 1968: Princesse Czardas (TV Movie) - Le prince 1968: Graf Yoster - Dr. Leander 1969: Le distrait (TV Movie) - Val\u00e8re 1969: Fortune (by Henri Colpi) - Docteur Robinson 1970: Monsieur de Pourceaugnac (TV Movie) - Un suisse, Com\u00e9die-Fran\u00e7aise 1971: Si j'\u00e9tais vous (TV Movie, by Ange Casta) - Oncle Firmin 1972: Ruy Blas (TV Movie) - Marquis de Santa Cruz, Com\u00e9die-Fran\u00e7aise 1972: La Station Champbaudet (TV Movie, Com\u00e9die-Fran\u00e7aise, by Georges Folgoas) 1973: La porteuse de pain - Jules Labroue 1973: L'\u00e9tang de la Breure - M. de la Caz\u00e8re 1973: Marie Dorval (TV Movie) - Merle 1973: Moli\u00e8re pour rire et pour pleurer (TV Movie, by Marcel Camus) - Le chancelier de Lamoignon 1974: Les Faucheurs de marguerites (TV Mini-Series, by Marcel Camus) - M. Perrier 1974: L'implantation (TV Movie) - Paul 1974: Jean Pinot, m\u00e9decin d'aujourd'hui (by Michel Fermaud) - Dr. Clav\u00e9 1975: La m\u00e9decin malgr\u00e9 lui (TV Movie) - Robert 1977: Madame Ex (TV Movie) - Le p\u00e8re de Louis 1977: Richelieu (by Jean-Pierre Decourt) - Le pape 1977: Lorenzaccio (TV Movie) - Guicciardini, Com\u00e9die-Fran\u00e7aise 1977: Ou vont les poissons rouges? (TV Movie) - Le p\u00eacheur 1978: Ce diable d'homme (TV Mini-Series) - M. Arouet 1978: On ne badine pas avec l'amour (TV Movie) - La paysan, Com\u00e9die-Fran\u00e7aise 1980: L'\u0153uf (TV Movie) - Eug\u00e8ne, Com\u00e9die-Fran\u00e7aise 1980: Julien Fontanes, magistrat - Me Tasille 1980: Jean-Sans-Terre (TV Movie) - Le beau-p\u00e8re 1982: La double inconstance (TV Movie) - Un seigneur, Com\u00e9die-Fran\u00e7aise 1982: Les Caprices de Marianne (TV Movie) - Malvolio 1982: Emmenez-moi au th\u00e9\u00e2tre: Lorsque l'enfant para\u00eet (TV Movie) - M. Jacquet 1982: La d\u00e9mobilisation g\u00e9n\u00e9rale (TV Movie) - Albert Sarraut 1960: Ben-Hur: French voice of the narrator. Yvan Foucart: Dictionnaire des com\u00e9diens fran\u00e7ais disparus, Mormoiron\u00a0: \u00c9ditions cin\u00e9ma, 2008, 1185 p. ISBN\u00a0978-2-9531-1390-7 Jean-Paul Moulinot at IMDb film portal television portal theatre portal"
   },
   {
    "name": "Jean-Philippe Mattio",
    "id": "Q3168832",
    "text": "Jean-Philippe Mattio (born 24 February 1965) is a retired French football defender. Mattio started his career with OGC Nice. Weltfussball Interview with Jean-Philippe Mattio ogcnice.com v t e"
   },
   {
    "name": "Jean Aquistapace",
    "id": "Q3170405",
    "text": "Jean Aquistapace (1882\u20131952) was a French actor and opera singer. He appeared in around thirty films during the 1930s and 1940s. Maurin of the Moors (1932) The Wonderful Day (1932) Madame Angot's Daughter (1935) Le comte Obligado (1935) Ramuntcho (1938) Girls in Distress (1939) The Marvelous Night (1940) The Beautiful Adventure (1942) Arlette and Love (1943) L'\u00e9cole buissonni\u00e8re (1949) Goble p.84 Blakeway p.197 Blakeway, Claire. Jacques Pr\u00e9vert: Popular French Theatre and Cinema. Fairleigh Dickinson University Press, 1990. Jean Aquistapace at IMDb v t e"
   },
   {
    "name": "Jean M\u00e9decin",
    "id": "Q3173654",
    "text": "Jean M\u00e9decin (December 2, 1890 \u2013 November 18, 1965) was a French lawyer and politician. He was Mayor of Nice, France from 1928 to 1943 and from 1947 to 1965, and the father of Jacques M\u00e9decin, who succeeded him as mayor until 1990. He was born in Nice to a respectable family. After studying in Paris, he joined the military and fought in the First World War. In 1914 he was promoted to corporal, then in 1916 to the rank of captain. After the battle of Verdun he was awarded the French Legion of Honour and the Croix de Guerre. Upon his return to Nice in 1919, he briefly practised as a lawyer before entering politics. In 1919, he was elected as a Municipal Councillor, and in 1928, Mayor of Nice. He achieved notoriety when he was allowed to stay as mayor for 34 years. He was elected Councillor General of Sospel (1931), then deputy of the first circumscription of Nice (1932). Politically republican, democratic, independent and moderate, he sat within the left-leaning independents, then moved more to the centre with the local political party he created called \u201cLe Rassemblement des Ind\u00e9pendants\u201d (\u201cThe Assembly of Independents\u201d). However, M\u00e9decin increasingly moved toward the far right, and joined Jacques Doriot's fascist Parti Populaire Fran\u00e7ais in 1936. Elected Senator of the Alpes-Maritimes in 1939, he voted with enthusiasm for the giving of full powers to Mar\u00e9chal Philippe P\u00e9tain, whom he wanted to conserve his mandates. But in 1942, he did not support the Italian fascists then in occupation of Nice. In open dispute with the government, he was removed from his mayorship in 1943. He fled to Avignon and then to Annot, but he was arrested in 1944 and incarcerated in Nice. He was moved to Belfort in the same year, where he was able to escape captivity. On his return to Nice after the Second World War, he was accused of collaborating with the Vichy Regime, and lost some standing in the municipal elections. However, little by little he got back his former positions, and finally reclaimed the mayor\u2019s seat in 1947. M\u00e9decin was a bitter opponent of Gaullism. In 1951 he was elected President of the General Council of the Alpes-Maritimes, and in 1953, he became a candidate for the presidential election. From March 1955 to January 1965, he was designated Secretary of State by Edgar Faure. In the presidential election of 1965 he ferociously opposed Charles de Gaulle. In 1961, he handed over many mandates to his son, Jacques M\u00e9decin, who succeeded him as mayor of Nice after his death. He died in office."
   },
   {
    "name": "J\u00e9r\u00e9my Sinzelle",
    "id": "Q3190770",
    "text": "J\u00e9r\u00e9my Sinzelle (born 2 July 1990) is a French rugby union player. He plays at wing or flyhalf for Stade Rochelais in the Top 14. \"J\u00e9r\u00e9my Sinzelle\". It's Rugby. Ligue Nationale De Rugby Profile European Professional Club Rugby Profile Stade Fran\u00e7ais Profile v t e"
   },
   {
    "name": "Kayna Samet",
    "id": "Q3194408",
    "text": "Kayna Samet (born September 27, 1980 in Nice) is a French hip-hop and R&B singer. During her childhood her parents divorced. Kayna first discovered her love of music listening to her grandfather's funk records, and she also enjoyed traditional French singers such as Jacques Brel, \u00c9dith Piaf, and L\u00e9o Ferr\u00e9. Malika really found her passion for music at the age of 10 when she joined her school choir. At age 15, she decided to immerse herself in the musical world, joining local rap groups, at first as a singer, then as a rapper. With her first manager Nabila Jaadi, Kayna modelled, financed by doing odd jobs and performing as an opening act. In 1999, Kayna came out with her first demo, \"Le Parcours d'une Goutte d'Eau.\" Her manager and she were always had high hopes, and she sent the tape to several major labels. It was then that doors began to open for her. In 2000, she performed the track \"Jeune Fille d'en Bas\" on the soundtrack of the movie La Squale. The song was produced by Cut Killer and DJ Abdel, and they reworked the song for an international R \u2018n\u2019 B compilation titled Vas-y Pars. It was then that then Malika chose the name Kayna Samet, paying tribute to Kahina, the legendary Berber commander, and her maternal grandmother. She soon meets singer Matt Houston who offers her a part on the duet \"Le Prix \u00e0 payer\", off of his second album. He further offers for Kayna to go on tour with him, which presented her first opportunity to meet Diam's. In July 2002, Kayna Samet came out solo with the song Blaz\u00e9e D'la Life. Booba, after having heard said song, asked her to sing the hook on the track \"Destin\u00e9e\", off of his album Temps Mort. In 2003, she collaborated with IAM on their track \"Nous,\" from their album Revoir un Printemps. She also got the chance to work with Rohff on the song \"P\u00e9trole\" from his album La Fiert\u00e9 des N\u00f4tres. In time, Kayna signed with the label Voix Publik and started working on writing her first album, working with various artists in the process. 1999: Le parcours d'une goutte d'eau 2005: Entre deux je\" \"Kayna Samet\", Premiere.fr. Retrieved June 11, 2011"
   },
   {
    "name": "Kevin Codfert",
    "id": "Q3195681",
    "text": "Kevin Codfert is the current keyboardist of the band Adagio. He joined the band in 2003, working on the album Underworld. He is the producer of progressive metal band Myrath, which met with the band during Rock Festival in Tunisia on December 2006. Codfert collaborated with St\u00e9phan Fort\u00e9 (guitarist of Adagio) on his solo project, and also with the band Venturia. Hope (full-length, 2007) Desert Call (full-length, 2009) Tales of the Sands (full-length, 2011) Legacy (full-length, 2016) Shehili (full-length, 2019) Underworld (full-length, 2003) A Band in Upperworld, (live, 2004) Dominate (full-length, 2006) Archangels in Black (full-length, 2009) Life (full-length, 2017) Legacy \u2013 Myrath (full-length, 2016) The Shadows Compendium \u2013 St\u00e9phan Fort\u00e9 (full-length, 2011) Tales of the Sands \u2013 Myrath (full-length, 2011) Archangels in Black \u2013 Adagio (full-length, 2009) Trapped \u2013 Julien Damotte (full-length, 2009) Desert Call \u2013 Myrath (full-length, 2009) Megantrop \u2013 Qantice Forte (full-length, 2009) Hybrid \u2013 Venturia (full-length, 2008) ta\u00ef Phong \u2013 ta\u00ef Phong (full-length, 2008) On the Edge \u2013 BO TF1 compos\u00e9e par Pierre Arnoux (full-length, 2008) Hope \u2013 Myrath (full-length, 2007) Venturia \u2013 Venturia (full-length, 2006) Dominate \u2013 Adagio (full-length, 2006) Machine Messiah \u2013 Sepultura 2017 Myrath \u2013 Hope 2007 St\u00e9phan Fort\u00e9 Official website (archived)"
   },
   {
    "name": "Laurent Lanteri",
    "id": "Q3219324",
    "text": "Laurent Lanteri (born 2 November 1984) is a French footballer. Lanteri started his career at Mon\u00e9gasque club AS Monaco FC, after played twice at Ligue 1, he went on loan to Ligue 2 club Ch\u00e2teauroux and Metz. At the 2nd half of 2005\u201306 season he also loaned to Legnano of Serie C2. In summer 2007, he returned to Legnano now at Serie C1 and in January 2009 he left for fellow third division club Novara. Lanteri was signed by Novara in January 2009 for free. He was sent off in his debut. The consequence was suspended two games. In January 2010 he left for Cisco Roma on loan. Lanteri did not play any game in 2009\u201310 Lega Pro Prima Divisione. Lanteri played 4 times in 2010\u201311 Serie B. On 11 January 2011 he left for Casale. On 2 August 2011 he was signed by Foggia. On 31 August 2012, Lanteri signed for A.C. Siena, with Francesco Parravicini moving in the opposite direction. Both players were \"valued\" for \u20ac1 million. Lanteri was immediately left for Andria in temporary deal for free. On 22 August 2013, he was signed by Paganese. Lanteri was born in France to parents of Italian descent. \"Ch\u00e2teauroux complete Lanteri loan\". UEFA. 20 August 2004. Archived from the original on 10 March 2014. Retrieved 10 March 2014. Novara Calcio SpA bilancio (financial report and accounts) on 31 December 2009, PDF purchased from Italian C.C.I.A.A. (in Italian) \"Comunicato Ufficiale N\u00b0205/CGF (2009\u201310)\" (PDF) (in Italian). FIGC Corte di Giustizia Federale. 27 May 2009. Retrieved 10 March 2014. \"COMUNICATI UFFICIALI: LANTERI ALLA CISCO ROMA\" (in Italian). Novara Calcio. 5 January 2010. Retrieved 7 January 2010.[dead link] \"COMUNICATO STAMPA\" (in Italian). Novara Calcio. 11 January 2011. Retrieved 10 March 2014. \"Lanteri e Bianchi al Foggia\" [Lanteri & Bianchi to Foggia]. Novara Calcio (in Italian). 4 August 2011. Retrieved 21 August 2011. \"Bianchi e Lanteri in rossonero\" [Bianchi & Lanteri in \"Red-White\"]. US Foggia (in Italian). 2 August 2011. Archived from the original on 18 March 2012. Retrieved 21 August 2011. \"IL CENTROCAMPISTA PARRAVICINI IN AZZURRO\" (in Italian). Novara Calcio. 31 August 2012. Retrieved 10 March 2014. \"Mercato, arrivi e partenze\" (in Italian). AC Siena. 31 August 2012. Archived from the original on 18 February 2013. Retrieved 10 March 2014. AC Siena SpA bilancio (financial report and accounts) on 30 June 2012, PDF purchased from Italian C.C.I.A.A. (in Italian) AC Siena SpA bilancio (financial report and accounts) on 30 June 2013, PDF purchased from Italian C.C.I.A.A. (in Italian) \"Il mercato si chiude con tre arrivi\" (in Italian). AS Andria BAT. 31 August 2012. Archived from the original on 10 March 2014. Retrieved 10 March 2014. \"LANTERI E MARTINOVIC ALLA PAGANESE\" (in Italian). Paganese Calcio 1926. 22 August 2013. Retrieved 10 March 2014. \"Entretien exclusif avec Laurent Lanteri\u00a0: De Monaco \u00e0 la Paganese\". 9 January 2014. Profile at Novara (in Italian) Laurent Lanteri \u2013 French league stats at LFP \u2013 also available in French Profile at Football.it (in Italian)"
   },
   {
    "name": "Lionel Bringuier",
    "id": "Q3241825",
    "text": "Lionel Bringuier (born 24 September 1986, Nice, is a French conductor, cellist and pianist. Bringuier is the fourth child in a family of musicians, including his brother Nicolas Bringuier, a pianist. At age 5, Bringuier began musical studies at the Nice conservatory, where he won several first prizes. At age 13, in February 2000, he was admitted to the Conservatoire national sup\u00e9rieur de musique et de danse de Paris, where he continued his studies in cello and in conducting. His teachers there have included Philippe Muller. At the Conservatoire de Paris, he then began conducting studies, where his teachers included Zsolt Nagy. Bringuier graduated cum laude from the Conservatoire de Paris with diplomas in cello studies and conducting in June 2004. Bringuier has performed in a cello-piano duo with his brother Nicolas. In 2005, Bringuier became assistant conductor with the Ensemble orchestral de Paris. That same year, he won the 49th International Besan\u00e7on Competition for Young Conductors. In 2007, Bringuier became associate conductor of the Orchestre National de Bretagne. In the US, Bringuier took up the post of assistant conductor of the Los Angeles Philharmonic in 2007, appointed by Esa-Pekka Salonen. During the subsequent music directorship of Gustavo Dudamel, Bringuier was promoted to associate conductor, and later, to resident conductor (the first person to hold this title in the orchestra's history). He stood down from this post after the 2012-2013 season. From 2009 to 2012, Bringuier was Music Director of the Orquesta Sinf\u00f3nica de Castilla y Le\u00f3n (Valladolid, Spain). Bringuier first guest-conducted the Tonhalle-Orchester Z\u00fcrich in November 2011, and returned in June 2012. In October 2012, the Tonhalle-Orchester Z\u00fcrich named Bringuier as its next chief conductor and music director, as of the 2014-2015 season, with an initial contract of 4 years. In August 2016, the orchestra announced that Bringuier is to conclude his tenure with the Tonhalle Orchestra at the end of his current contract, at the end of the 2017-2018 season. Bringuier has made commercial recordings of music of Vincent D'Indy with the Orchestre de Bretagne for the Timpani Records label, and of music of Camille Saint-Sa\u00ebns with the Orchestre Philharmonique de Radio France for the Erato label. Mark Swed (2014-09-20). \"L.A. Phil alum Lionel Bringuier wows in Zurich\". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved 2016-08-03. George Hall (2010-08-05). \"First sight: Lionel Bringuier\". The Guardian. Retrieved 2013-10-06. \"Neue Leitung ab Saison 2014/2015\" (PDF) (Press release). Tonhalle Orchester Z\u00fcrich. November 2012. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2015-06-10. Retrieved 2013-10-06. \"Lionel Bringuier appointed Tonhalle Orchestra Zurich principal conductor\". Gramophone. 2012-10-31. Retrieved 2013-10-06. Christian Wildhagen (2016-08-17). \"Ein Schlussstrich zur rechten Zeit\". Neue Z\u00fcrcher Zeitung. Retrieved 2016-10-06. Official Lionel Bringuier homepage 'CK Dexter Haven', 'Five concerts, four conductors at different stages of their relationship w/ the LA Phil (part 2 of 4): Lionel Bringuier and the latest Green Umbrella new music concert'. All Is Yar blog, 11 December 2012 'CK Dexter Haven', 'A chat with Lionel Bringuier about the LA Phil and the Tonhalle, Pierre Boulez and Esa-Pekka Salonen, Yuja Wang and Kanye West, and more'. All Is Yar blog, 20 November 2015"
   },
   {
    "name": "Pierre Molin\u00e9ris",
    "id": "Q3246425",
    "text": "Pierre Molin\u00e9ris (Nice, 21 May 1920 - 7 February 2009) was a French professional road bicycle racer. 1942 Boucles de Sospel 1943 St.-Etienne - Le Puy 1944 Saint-Chamond 1945 Nice 1946 GP Vercors Toulon 1947 Besan\u00e7on Nice - Puget - Th\u00e9niers - Nice 1948 Circuit des Six Provinces Firminy - Roanne - Firminy Nice-Mont Agel Nice - Puget - Th\u00e9niers - Nice Tour de Haute-Savoie 1949 Grenoble Polymultipli\u00e9e Lyonnaise Firminy - Roanne - Firminy 1950 Boucles de l'Aulne Circuit du Mont Blanc Nantua GP du Pneumatique 1951 GP de Thiers Montlu\u00e7on Paris - St Amand Montrond 1952 Tour de France: Winner stage 4 1953 Aurillac Circuit du Mont Ventoux Ussel Circuit du Mont Blanc 1954 Circuit de la Vall\u00e9e d'Ossau Saint-Vallier 1955 GP du Pneumatique Circuit du Mont Blanc \"Pierre Molineris\". Siteducyclisme.net. 1920-05-21. Retrieved 2012-09-09. Pierre Molin\u00e9ris at Cycling Archives Official Tour de France results for Pierre Molin\u00e9ris v t e"
   },
   {
    "name": "Louis-Antoine-Cyprien Infernet",
    "id": "Q3260327",
    "text": "Louis-Antoine-Cyprien Infernet (1757\u20131815) was a French Navy officer, famous for his bravery at the Battle of Trafalgar. He was born of humble origins near Toulon, a relative of Andr\u00e9 Mass\u00e9na, he was rough and spoke in a strong Proven\u00e7al accent. He joined the French Navy as a cabin boy and performed 'powder monkey' duties too. He was a tall man for the time 5\u00a0ft 10\u00a0in (2\u00a0m) and of open, agreeable personality. Infernet captained Intr\u00e9pide, a Spanish-built 74-gun ship of the line, at the Battle of Trafalgar. Intr\u00e9pide was part of Dumanoir's six-ship vanguard squadron; Nelson's plan left these ships downwind and away from the fight, and Dumanoir did not answer Villeneuve's calls to tack and return to engage the English. Eventually, Infernet outraged at Dumanoir's lack of hunger for a fight ordered his ship turned. This was a difficult manoeuvre as the wind had died, but Intr\u00e9pide was turned after a pulling was lowered, and eventually enough way was gathered to enter the battle. Intr\u00e9pide engaged HMS\u00a0Leviathan and Africa, soon rejoined by Agamemnon, Ajax, Orion and Conqueror. Pressed to surrender, Infernet answered in Nice dialect: Not in a lifetime, my ship has just been painted fresh By then, Intr\u00e9pide had lost all her masts, half her crew and was filled with 8\u00a0ft (2.4\u00a0m) of water. Still Infernet did not wish to surrender, but he was held down in tears as his colours were lowered. Along with others he swam for it, carrying his son, a 10-year old midshipman, with him. He was picked up by HMS Orion, where the English, recognizing his bravery treated him, and his crew, with great respect. Intr\u00e9pide was scuttled the next day to avoid recapture by Cosmao's squadron. Infernet was taken to England, and later, like most senior captains and admirals was exchanged after a few months. Along with captain Lucas, he was presented to Napoleon at Saint-Cloud. Napoleon stated If all my ships had behaved like those you commanded, victory would not have been in the balance. I have made you commanders of the Legion of Honour. After the Bourbon Restoration, Infernet was appointed Knight of the Order of Saint Louis on 18 August 1814. Nevertheless, he was cast aside, and died in Toulon on 15 May 1815. The cruiser Infernet was named in his honour. Jamai de la vida, lou mi\u00e9u bat\u00e9au es pintat de n\u00f2u\u00a0! Si tous mes vaisseaux s\u2019\u00e9taient conduits comme ceux que vous commandiez, la victoire n\u2019aurait pas \u00e9t\u00e9 incertaine. Je vous ai nomm\u00e9s commandeurs de la L\u00e9gion-d\u2019Honneur. Charles Mulli\u00e9, Biographie des c\u00e9l\u00e9brit\u00e9s militaires des arm\u00e9es de terre et de mer de 1789 \u00e0 1850, 1852"
   },
   {
    "name": "Louis-Antoine Prat",
    "id": "Q3260337",
    "text": "Louis-Antoine Prat (born 24 December 1944 in Nice) is a French art historian and art collector, specialized in drawings. Louis-Antoine Prat is the son of Georges Prat, a wealthy French businessman. Georges was an art collector: he possessed paintings, sculptures, furniture and drawings. Georges Prat died when Louis-Antoine Prat was six years old. He studied in both La Sorbonne and Sciences Po. He then followed the courses of the \u00c9cole du Louvre. Regularly exposed in France or other countries, the art collection of Louis-Antoine and V\u00e9ronique Prat in their apartment of the 7th arrondissement of Paris has often been the subject of publications. Their collection is mainly directed towards French drawings from 1600 to 1900. The first drawing bought by Louis and Veronique was a portrait of Max Ernst by Andr\u00e9 Breton, coming from the collection of Valentine Hugo. They donated a lot of their collection to French museums under usufruct. He is the first private art collector to have been exposed while living in the Louvre museum. Louis-Antoine Prat was elected president of the Soci\u00e9t\u00e9 des amis du Louvre in 2016. Les points de rep\u00e8re, Albin Michel, 1965 L'amateur d'absolu, La Table Ronde, 1983 La cigu\u00eb avec toi, La Table Ronde, 1984 Un requiem allemand, La Table Ronde, 1985 Trois reflets d'Argentine, La Table Ronde, 1986 Le tombeau du nouvelliste\u00a0: nouvelles, La Table Ronde, 1988 Belle encore et autres nouvelles, Somogy, 2019 La trahison, France Culture, 1969 La le\u00e7on d\u2019histoire, France Culture, 1969 (with D.-P. Larger) Parfois deux sans trois, France Culture, 1970 Pourquoi Fleur pleurait-elle\u00a0?, France Culture, 1971 Nuit de guerre au Louvre, Samsa, 2019 Nicolas Poussin, 1594-1665, Catalogue raisonn\u00e9 des dessins, Milan, Leonardo, 1994, 2 volumes (with Pierre Rosenberg) Antoine Watteau, 1684-1721, Catalogue raisonn\u00e9 des dessins, Milan, Leonardo, 1996, 3 tomes (with P. Rosenberg) Dessins romantiques fran\u00e7ais provenant de collections priv\u00e9es parisiennes, Paris, Mus\u00e9e de la Vie Romantique, 2001 Jacques-Louis David, 1748-1825, Catalogue raisonn\u00e9 des Dessins, Milan, Electa, 2002, 2 volumes (with Pierre Rosenberg) Th\u00e9odore Chass\u00e9riau. Obras sobre papel - \u0152uvres sur papier, Saint Domingue, 2004 Ingres, Paris, Louvre, collection Cabinet des Dessins, n\u00b0 4, 2004 Jacques-Louis David, Paris, Louvre, collection Cabinet des Dessins, n\u00b0 9, 2005 (with A. Serullaz) Ingres, Paris, Louvre, 2006 La collection Chennevi\u00e8res. Quatre si\u00e8cles de dessins fran\u00e7ais, Paris, 2007 Le dessin fran\u00e7ais au XIXe si\u00e8cle, Paris, 2011 Paul Delaroche, Le cabinet des Dessins, Editions Louvre-Le Passage, Paris, Louvre, 2012 Le dessin fran\u00e7ais au XVIIe si\u00e8cle, Paris Le dessin fran\u00e7ais au XVIIIe si\u00e8cle, Paris Officier et gentleman au 19e si\u00e8cle: la collection His de la Salle, Paris, 2019 \"The Prat, Louis-Antoine et V\u00e9ronique\". marquesdecollections.fr. Retrieved 2020-08-02. \"Louis-Antoine Prat, au nom du Louvre\". artnewspaper.fr. 2020-04-17. Archived from the original on 2020-08-02. Retrieved 2020-08-02. 1990-1991: New-York, Forth-Worth, Pittsburgh, Ottawa / 1995: Edimbourg, Oxford / 2004-2005: Los Angeles, Toleda, Naples, Philadelphia, Charleston / 2007: Barcelone / 2010: Sydney (site Lugt) \"La Force du dessin: Chefs-d'\u0153uvre de la Collection Prat\". Petit Palais. June 2020. Archived from the original on 2020-07-04. Retrieved 2020-08-11. \"Louis-Antoine et V\u00e9ronique Prat, le dessin \u00e0 tout prix\". Paris Match. 2020-08-03. Archived from the original on 2020-08-05. Retrieved 2020-08-10. \"Louis-Antoine Prat\u00a0: \"Je serais heureux de confier ma collection au Louvre ou \u00e0 Orsay\"\". T\u00e9l\u00e9rama. 2020-06-26. Archived from the original on 2020-06-28. Retrieved 2020-08-02. \"Boucher, C\u00e9zanne, Poussin en dessins, l'\u00e2me de la collection Prat\". connaissancedesarts.com. 2020-03-27. Archived from the original on 2020-08-02. Retrieved 2020-08-02. \"Louis-Antoine Prat \u00e9lu Pr\u00e9sident des Amis du Louvre\". amisdulouvre.fr. 2016-07-04. Retrieved 2020-08-02."
   },
   {
    "name": "Louis Delfino",
    "id": "Q3261686",
    "text": "Louis Delfino (5 October 1912 \u2013 11 June 1968) was a French fighter ace in World War II and a General in the French Air Force. Delfino was born on 5 October 1912 in Nice. As a boy, his father was killed in World War I. Delfino entered Saint-Cyr military academy in September 1931, graduated, and was promoted to second lieutenant in 1933. He joined the French Air Force and, after earning his wings on 27 July 1934, began his flying career as a reconnaissance pilot. In 1939, shortly before the outbreak of World War II, he joined Groupe de Chasse I/4 (GC I/4) in Reims. GC I/4 was moved to Wez-Thuisy in August 1939, and Delfino, now a captain and adjutant of the unit, saw little action in the opening months of the war. On 17 May 1940, he was named commandant of the GC II/9's 4th squadron. After the armistice, he rejoined his old group, GC I/4, in Dakar. In August 1943, he became deputy commandant, but the coastal patrol missions did not satisfy his adventurous temperament, so he applied for transfer to the Normandie-Niemen squadron. Delfino obtained his transfer to Normandie-Niemen on 28 February 1944. He succeeded Pierre Pouyade as the head of the regiment on 12 November. A major in June 1944, he was promoted to wing commander/lieutenant colonel in April 1945. He finished the war with sixteen confirmed victories and four additional claimed. On 1 January 1946, he became the leader of the 611th wing, composed of only one group \u2013 the Normandie-Niemen. On 11 August, he became commandant of the 11th wing upon its return from Indochina. As a colonel in 1951, he was named inspector of the fighter arm the following year. His tenure at this post had an important influence on the regulation and use of fighters. As commandant of defense zone 901 in 1954, he received his first stars in 1957. He then worked with the aerial territorial defense, of which he took command in May 1961. Promoted to air marshal/lieutenant-general in 1964, he became inspector general of the French Air Force. He died of a heart attack on 11 June 1968, at age 56. Ketley, Barry (1999). French Aces of World War 2. Osprey Publishing. pp.\u00a073\u201374. ISBN\u00a0978-1-85532-898-3. Retrieved 2009-01-09. Persyn, Lionel (May 1999). \"Louis Delfino: un Baroudeur sur le Front de l'Est\" [Louis Delfino: An Adventurer on the Eastern Front]. Avions: Toute l'A\u00e9ronautique et son histoire (in French) (74): 35\u201340. ISSN\u00a01243-8650."
   }
  ]
 },
 {
  "relation_id": "P19",
  "target_id": "Q3141",
  "target_name": "Melbourne",
  "samples": [
   {
    "name": "Anna Millward",
    "id": "Q517888",
    "text": "Anna Millward, n\u00e9e Wilson, (born 26 November 1971) is an Australian cycle racer. During her cycling career, she won the overall UCI points title in 2001, and twice was UCI overall World Cup points champion, winning a total of 5 World Cup races in her career. She also won two silver medals in the UCI Road World Championship competition in 1999 and twice won the Women's Challenge race (1996 and 2000). In the 2000 Sydney Olympics she finished fourth in both the time trial and the road race. In the month after her home Olympics, on 18 October, she broke the UCI women's Hour record in Melbourne with a distance of 43.501 km. Millward had broken the hour record for the first time in 22 years, but she was to hold it for less than a month (Jeannie Longo rode 44.767 km in November 2000). In the 1998 Commonwealth Games, she won gold in the time trial and bronze in the road race, she won a silver in the 2002 Commonwealth Games time trial. In 2000, a portrait of her by Simon Benz was hung in the Archibald Prize. Anna Millward (Wilson until her marriage in 2000) did not start out in life as an athlete. Instead, with the encouragement of her family, especially her father, who died when she was 11 years old, academics were given great emphasis in her upbringing. At that point in life, Millward concentrated on her youthful passion, the sciences. Later, at the urging of a teacher, she pursued a combined law and science degree at Monash University. The study of law gradually gained favor with her until she made it her primary study, eventually graduating with a degree in law in 1996. It was also while attending university that she discovered her other passion - the bicycle. Initially riding a bicycle commuting to and from school, Millward and some friends decided to enter the Great Victorian Bike Ride, a nine-day recreational tour. Millward traces her passion for the bike to this tour. Then in 1993, she decided to enter her first race, a lower grade event with her local club which she won. This marked the beginnings of an illustrious cycling career that would lead to many victories in prestigious events. 1996 1st A stage of the Tour of Majorca 6th Liberty Classic 1st Overall, Women's Challenge 1st Stage 5 2nd TT Stage Olympic team member (Australia) 18th UCI World Points Rankings 1997 1st Overall, Street Skills 2 stage victories, Sprint and Points jerseys 1st Australian National Time Trial Championships 2nd Australian National Road Race Championships 1998 Grande Boucle (Tour Cycliste Feminin) 1st Stage 6 14th Overall, Giro d'Italia Femminile (2.9.1) 1st Points Classification 1st Stage 4 1st Stage 7a 1st Stage 10 Women's Challenge 1st Boise to Idaho City Road Race 2nd Overall, Canberra Women's Cycling Classic (Tour de Snowy) Winner stages 3 and 5 1st Queen of the Mountains classification 2nd Overall, Street Skills Stage Race 1st Stage 4 1st Discovery Channel Women's Cycling Classic 1st Stage 1 1st Stage 3 1st Stage 4 1st Time Trial, Commonwealth Games 3rd Road Race, Commonwealth Games 1999 2nd Time Trial, World Championships 2nd Road Race, World Championships 1st Overall UCI Women's Road World Cup 1st GP Tell World Cup (Switzerland) 1st Tour de Suisse Feminin Prologue 1st GP des Nations Time Trial 1st New York City Women's Challenge 3rd Beneden-Maas World Cup (Netherlands) 4th Overall, Red Zinger Classic 1st Stage 3 Superweek 1st Stage 7 Women's Challenge (2.9.1) 1st Stage 1 1st Points jersey Montreal (Can) World Cup - 3rd place Tour de l'Aude (2.9.1) 1st Stage 6A 1st Athens Twilight Criterium 2nd LeFleur Criterium 6th Overall, Tour of Willamette 1st Prologue 1st Stage 3 1st Stage 4 1st Overall, Boulder-Roubaix 1st Stage 1 (Criterium) 1st Overall, Sea Otter Classic 1st Stage 1 1st Stage 3 3rd Street Skills Wine Country Classic 1st Graton Road Race 2nd Criterium Stage 1st Canberra (Aus) World Cup 5th Overall, Canberra Women's Cycling Classic (Tour de Snowy) 1st Stage 6 2000 Set World Hour Record - 43.5\u00a0km (since broken) Olympic Games 4th Time Trial 4th Road Race Thuringen-Rundfahrt (2.9.1) - 6th overall Winner prologue and stage 1 1st OverallWomen's Challenge (2.9.1) 2nd Points Classification 3rd Mountains Classification 1st Stage 1 1st Stage 10 6th Overall, Tour de l'Aude (2.9.1) 1st Stage 6 1st Australian National Road Race Championships 2nd Australian National Time Trial Championships 1st Canberra (Aus) World Cup 3rd Overall, Tour de Snowy (2.9.1) 1st Points Classification 1st Stage 2 1st Stage 6 1st Stage 7 2001 1st UCI World Points Rankings 1st Overall, UCI Women's Road World Cup 7th Time Trial World Championships 1st GP des Nations Time Trial (1.9.1) 6th Tour de Suisse F\u00e9minin (2.9.1) 1st Stage 1 1st Stage 2 1st Stage 3 7th GP Suisse F\u00e9minin (Swi) World Cup 3rd Troph\u00e9e International (Fra) World Cup Th\u00fcringen-Rundfahrt (2.9.1) 1st Prologue (Zeulenroda Time Trial, 6\u00a0km) 3rd Tour of Arlington (MA) 2nd Liberty Classic (USA) World Cup Tour de l'Aude (2.9.1) 3rd Points classification 1st Prologue 1st Stage 5 1st Stage 6 1st Xcelerate Twilight (Athens, GA) 2nd La Fl\u00e8che Wallonne (Bel) World Cup 2nd BMC Software Criterium (Austin, TX) 1st Overall, Sea Otter Classic (2.9.2) 1st Stage 1 1st Stage 3 1st Stage 4 1st Hamilton City (NZl) World Cup 1st Canberra (Aus) World Cup 4th Overall, Tour de Snowy (2.9.1) 1st Points classification 1st Stage 1 1st Stage 2 1st Stage 3 2002 2nd Time Trial, Commonwealth Games The Anna Millward Diary - cyclingnews.com \"Profile\". cyclebase.nl. Anna Wilson profile \"Monash alumni\". Archived from the original on 16 June 2005. Retrieved 14 September 2005.CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (link)"
   },
   {
    "name": "Kieran Pratt",
    "id": "Q518522",
    "text": "Kieran Pratt (born 15 May 1988) is an Australian professional golfer. Pratt was born in Melbourne. He won several amateur events in Australia before turning professional in 2010. Pratt joined the Asian Tour in 2011 and won his first title at the start of the 2012 season, the Zaykabar Myanmar Open. He also plays on the PGA Tour of Australasia. 2009 Dunes Medal, Port Phillip Amateur, Victorian Amateur Championship 2010 Lake Macquarie Amateur Asian Tour playoff record (1\u20130) Amateur Eisenhower Trophy (representing Australia): 2010 Sloan Morpeth Trophy (representing Australia): 2010 (winners) Australian Men's Interstate Teams Matches (representing Victoria): 2009 (winners), 2010 \"Kieran Pratt\". Archived from the original on 1 January 2011. Retrieved 9 February 2012. Pratt wins playoff for Myanmar Open title Kieran Pratt at the PGA Tour of Australasia official site Kieran Pratt at the Asian Tour official site Kieran Pratt at the Official World Golf Ranking official site v t e"
   },
   {
    "name": "Eugene Galekovic",
    "id": "Q518614",
    "text": "Eugen Josip Galekovic (/- \u02c8j\u0252s\u026ap \u0261\u0259\u02c8l\u025bk\u0259v\u026at\u0283/ YOS-ip g\u0259-LEK-\u0259-vitch; Croatian: Eugen Josip Galekovi\u0107, pronounced\u00a0[\u00eau\u02d0d\u0292in j\u01d2sip \u0261al\u00ea\u02d0ko\u02d0\u028bit\u0255]; born 12 June 1981) is an Australian former professional footballer who played as a goalkeeper. He is the current goalkeeper coach for Adelaide United. Galekovic's junior football was mostly played at Chelsea Hajduk in Melbourne's south-eastern suburbs. Galekovic played school football for St Bede's College. Galekovic started his career with Morwell based National Soccer League (NSL) side Gippsland Falcons as a 19-year-old in December 2000 before signing with South Melbourne the following season. He stayed with South Melbourne until the NSL's closure in 2003\u201304 where at season's end he secured a place on the list of Beira Mar in Portugal on the back of holding the number one spot for Australia's Olympic football campaign in Athens in 2004. The period at Beira Mar was generally unsuccessful for Galekovic, with him seeing little first team action and thus, he returned to Melbourne to sign for the city's inaugural A-League side Melbourne Victory for season 2005\u201306, debuting in the opening match against Sydney FC. Galekovic played 11 matches for the season in an unusual goalkeeper rotation policy employed by Melbourne manager Ernie Merrick in which the other 10 matches saw teammate Michael Theoklitos in goal. Galekovic was second choice keeper for the Victory in the 2006\u201307 season but an injury to Theoklitos gave Galekovic his first start of the season in the round 13 clash against Queensland Roar at Suncorp Stadium. On 30 October, Eugene signed for Melbourne Victory rivals Adelaide United as a replacement for injured keeper Daniel Beltrame and made his debut against the Queensland Roar at Hindmarsh Stadium. On 20 January 2008, Galekovic kept his first clean sheet for Adelaide in a 2\u20130 win over Brisbane at Hindmarsh Stadium. On 27 December 2008 Galekovic made a string of impressive saves to ensure Adelaide kept its 1\u20130 advantage over Perth Glory and in the process giving him his fifth clean sheet of the league season. In February 2010, Galekovic capped off another brilliant year by winning the Adelaide United Player of the Year Award. In the middle of the 2011\u201312 A-League Jon McKain resigned his role as captain at Adelaide United. It was then announced that Eugene Galekovic became captain. On 11 March 2016 Galekovic reached 250 appearances despite a 1\u20130 defeat to Melbourne City FC. On 16 June 2017 Galekovic signed a two-year deal with Melbourne City FC. Galekovic has been called up for Australia in a preliminary squad with teammates Scott Jamieson and Paul Reid after impressive performances in the A-League and the Asian Champions League. He made his first senior international football debut for Australia on 28 January 2009 in an AFC Asian Cup qualifying match versus Indonesia. He was disappointing in his last outing against Kuwait, by letting in two poor goals after Australia conceded a 2\u20130 advantage. After Brad Jones left the 2010 World Cup 23-man squad to help his son battle leukaemia, he was called in as a replacement, after missing selection in the 23-man squad first time around. Eugene was selected by Holger Osieck for a 2013 EAFF East Asian Cup qualifying tournament. He started the first match against hosts Hong Kong and came up with audacious stops to save Australia from humiliation as they won 1\u20130 with a solo effort from Brett Emerton. The other game that Galekovic was a part of a 9\u20130 thrashing of Guam. After a string good performances for Adelaide United, Holger Osieck selected Eugene Galekovic as part of his 23-man squad for the decisive 2014 FIFA World Cup qualification (AFC) match against Oman. He was part of the Australia squad for the 2014 World Cup, but did not play. CS = Clean sheets 1 \u2013 includes A-League final series statistics 2 \u2013 includes FIFA Club World Cup statistics; AFC Champions League statistics are included in season commencing after group stages (i.e. 2008 ACL in 2008\u201309 A-League season etc.) Melbourne Victory: A-League Championship: 2006\u201307 A-League Premiership: 2006\u201307 Adelaide United: FFA Cup: 2014 A-League Premiership: 2015\u201316 A-League Championship: 2015\u201316 Australia AFC Asian Cup: 2015 A-League Goalkeeper of the Year: 2008\u201309, 2009\u201310, 2013\u201314, 2014\u201315 Adelaide United Club Champion: 2008\u20132009, 2009\u201310 Adelaide United Player's Player of the Year: 2008\u20132009, 2009\u201310, 2011\u201312 A-League PFA Team of the Season: 2008\u201309, 2009\u201310, 2012\u201313, 2013\u201314, 2014\u201315 A-League All Stars: 2014 PFA A-League Team of the Decade: 2005\u201315 Individual Records Most Goalkeeper of the Year Awards: 4 \"2014 FIFA World Cup Brazil: List of Players: Australia\" (PDF). FIFA. 14 July 2014. p.\u00a03. Archived from the original (PDF) on 3 February 2020. \"Eugene Galekovi\u0107\". socceroos.com.au. Football Federation Australia. Archived from the original on 24 September 2015. Retrieved 19 June 2014. \"Roar bore Adelaide\". Football News. 11 February 2007. Retrieved 29 December 2008. \"Reds take glory in tough Boxing Day clash\". Adelaide United FC. 27 December 2008. Archived from the original on 14 April 2011. Retrieved 29 December 2008. \"Gallery: King of Coopers reaches 250\". Adelaide United. 11 March 2016. Archived from the original on 8 September 2017. Retrieved 15 December 2017. Windley, Matt (16 June 2017). \"Melbourne City swoop to sign Adelaide goalkeeper Eugene Galekovic\". Herald Sun. Adelaide United profile Oz Football profile Eugene Galekovic at National-Football-Teams.com"
   },
   {
    "name": "Kay Goldsworthy",
    "id": "Q523318",
    "text": "Kay Maree Goldsworthy AO (born 1956) is an Australian bishop of the Anglican Church of Australia. She is the current archbishop of Perth in the Province of Western Australia. Upon her installation as archbishop, on 10 February 2018, she became the first female archbishop in the Anglican Church of Australia. Previously, she served as diocesan bishop of the Diocese of Gippsland in the south-eastern Australian state of Victoria. Goldsworthy was born and raised in Melbourne, where she studied theology at Trinity College from 1980 to 1983. In 1986 she was ordained as one of the Anglican church's first female deacons in Australia and served as curate at parishes in Thomastown/Epping and Deer Park/St. Albans before moving to Western Australia to become school chaplain at Perth College in Mount Lawley. In 1992 she was ordained as one of a group of Australia's first female priests by the then archbishop, Peter Carnley. She served as rector of St David's parish, Applecross from 1995 to 2006. During this time she was appointed a canon of St George's Cathedral and subsequently Archdeacon of Fremantle. In 2007 she was appointed Archdeacon of Perth and the registrar of the Diocese of Perth. In April 2008, Goldsworthy was chosen to become an assistant bishop in the Diocese of Perth by the archbishop, Roger Herft. She became the first woman to be consecrated as a bishop in the Anglican Church of Australia at St George's Cathedral, Perth, on 22 May 2008. In 2013 she became the first woman already consecrated as a bishop, and the second Anglican woman, to be on a nomination list for election as a diocesan bishop in Australia (the Bishop of Newcastle election being the first). On 11 December 2014 she was elected to become the diocesan bishop of the Diocese of Gippsland and was installed on 21 March 2015. In the Australian 2017 Queen's Birthday Honours List, Goldsworthy was appointed an Officer of the Order of Australia (AO) for \"distinguished service to religion through the Anglican Church of Australia, as a pioneer and role model for women, to church administration, and to pastoral care and equality\". Goldsworthy has said that she supports an \"inclusive\" approach to same-sex marriage. She revealed in an interview that she voted in favour of same-sex marriage during Australia's plebiscite. As a bishop in Gippsland, she appointed an openly gay priest in a same-sex partnership. Women have served as Anglican bishops in a number of countries, including the United States, Canada and New Zealand, since 1989. In September 2007, the Australian church's appellate tribunal ruled that there was no constitutional impediment to women becoming bishops, but agreed to defer any appointments until 2008. The report of the appellate tribunal considered the following questions: Question 1: Is there anything in the Constitution which would now prevent the consecration of a woman in priest's orders as a bishop in this Church in a diocese which by ordinance has adopted the Law of the Church of England Clarification Canon 1992? Answer: As regards diocesan bishops: No, provided that the woman has been duly elected as the diocesan bishop and has had her election duly confirmed in accordance with the criteria for canonical fitness set out in s74(1) of the Constitution. A subsequent bishops' conference, in Newcastle, New South Wales, in April 2008, cleared the way for the first consecration of a woman as a bishop in Australia. Goldsworthy's appointment was opposed on conscientious grounds from some sections of the church, particularly in the Diocese of Sydney led by its then archbishop, Peter Jensen. The Sydney diocese indicated that if Goldsworthy visited in an official capacity she would be unable to perform any duties as a bishop and could only act as a deacon.[citation needed] David Mulready, then bishop of the Diocese of North West Australia, said \"I come from a part of the Anglican Church that takes the Bible seriously and believes that the Bible prohibits what is about to happen ... I think it's novel, I think it's provocative, I think it's divisive and the archbishop knows all of that.\" Christianity portal Ordination of women in the Anglican Communion Doogue, Geraldine (25 May 2008). \"COMPASS: A Woman Bishop\". ABC Religion & Ethics. Australian Broadcasting Corporation. Retrieved 4 May 2021. ABC Online\"Anglican Church appoints Australia's first female Archbishop Kay Goldsworthy\". 29 August 2017. Weber, David (10 February 2018). \"Kay Goldsworthy makes history in Perth by becoming the world's first female Anglican Archbishop\". ABC News. Retrieved 10 February 2018. \"First female Archbishop elected in Australia\". Anglicannews.org. 30 August 2017. Retrieved 5 September 2017. Charles Sherlock (16 April 2008). \"Female bishop sets Church on wider path\". eurekastreet.com. Ben Doherty (12 April 2008). \"From epiphany to bishop\". The Age. Melbourne. \"Australia's first woman bishop reignites row among Anglicans\". The West Australian. 13 April 2008. Gail Williams (11 April 2008). \"Bishop Kay Goldsworthy - up close and personal\". \"Australia's First Women Priests\". National Pioneer Women's Hall of Fame. Archived from the original on 21 February 2008. Retrieved 17 April 2008. Morris, Linda (23 May 2008). \"Blessing of history, as first woman bishop consecrated\". The Sydney Morning Herald. Retrieved 22 May 2008. \"Trinity alumna is Australia's first woman bishop\", Trinity Today, no. 67 (May 2008):19 \"Home | Journal of Contemporary Christian History\". Thechristians.com. Retrieved 5 September 2017. JOANNE MCCARTHY11 Mar 2013, 11 p.m. (11 March 2013). \"First woman bishop nominated | Newcastle Herald\". Theherald.com.au. Retrieved 5 September 2017. Gippsland Times \"Officer (AO) in the General Division of the Order of Australia\" (PDF). www.gg.gov.au. Archived from the original (PDF) on 6 September 2017. Retrieved 13 June 2017. \"Perth's new Anglican archbishop supports gay marriage\". The West Australian. 29 August 2017. Retrieved 24 July 2018. \"'God would oppose' the new female leader says WA bishop\". The West Australian. 15 February 2018. Retrieved 24 July 2018. McCarthy, Joanne (22 February 2016). \"Gay clergy 'tensions' before Anglican conference\". Newcastle Herald. Retrieved 24 July 2018. \"Report of the Appellate Tribunal\u00a0: Reference on Women Bishops; 26 SEP 2007\" (PDF). anglican.org.au. Archived from the original (PDF) on 20 July 2008. Retrieved 17 April 2008. Jeremy Halcrow (25 November 2007). \"Sydney firm on women bishops\". sydneyanglicans.net. Archived from the original on 19 April 2008. Media related to Kay Goldsworthy at Wikimedia Commons Official announcement of Goldsworthy's appointment as a bishop Goldsworthy, Kay in The Encyclopedia of Women and Leadership in Twentieth-Century Australia"
   },
   {
    "name": "Byron Kennedy",
    "id": "Q523976",
    "text": "Byron Eric Kennedy (18 August 1949 \u2013 17 July 1983) was an Australian film producer known for co-creating the Mad Max series of films with George Miller. Byron Kennedy was born in Melbourne. At the age of 18, he formed his own production company named \"Warlok Films\" and produced many amateur short films under this logo. In 1970, at the age of 21, he won The Kodak Trophy, Australia's Ten Best on Eight, for the short film \"Hobson's Bay\", a short documentary film about the Melbourne port suburb of Williamstown. This award enabled him to travel overseas and gain invaluable knowledge of the international film/television industry. Upon his return he embarked upon a television and film course at the University of New South Wales.[citation needed] Kennedy met George Miller at the University of Melbourne in 1969. The first mini-film made by both was Violence in the Cinema, filmed in Yarraville, Melbourne. The film won international acclaim and this led to the formation of the new film company \"Kennedy Miller\", which was incorporated in 1975 with both George Miller and Byron Kennedy as co-directors. Their first major movie together was the international smash hit Mad Max (1979). This film set a record for the highest-grossing film relative to budget, a record which was only broken with the advent of The Blair Witch Project (1999). In 1981, Kennedy produced the film Mad Max 2: The Road Warrior, the sequel to Mad Max, which grossed over $100 million worldwide. In 1983, at the age of 33, Kennedy was killed at Warragamba Dam in New South Wales, Australia, when the helicopter he was piloting crashed. In his honour, the Australian Film Institute, with George Miller as a panel member, established the Byron Kennedy Award. This award is bestowed upon those whose work is marked by their pursuit of excellence within the film and television industry and is sponsored by Kennedy Miller, Warner Bros., Village Roadshow, Greater Union, Cinemedia, and Steven Spielberg. The film Mad Max Beyond Thunderdome is dedicated to Kennedy. His original co-production company, Kennedy Miller, is now called Kennedy Miller Mitchell. Violence in the Cinema, Part 1 (1971) The Last of the Knucklemen (1977) Mad Max (1979) Mad Max 2 (1981) The Dismissal (1983), a miniseries produced for Network 10 Australia Bodyline (1984), a miniseries produced for Network 10 Australia The Cowra Breakout (1985), a miniseries produced for Network 10 Australia Vietnam (1987), a miniseries produced for Network 10 Australia The Dirtwater Dynasty (1988), a miniseries produced for Network 10 Australia Bangkok Hilton (1989), a miniseries produced for Network 10 Australia UPI (20 July 1983). \"BYRON KENNEDY, 33, PRODUCER OF FILM, 'THE ROAD WARRIOR'\". The New York Times. Moran, Albert; Vieth, Errol (2009). The A to Z of Australian and New Zealand Cinema. Lanham: Scarecrow Press. p.\u00a0174. ISBN\u00a09780810868311. Brennan, Richard (2007). Kennedy, Byron Eric (1949\u20131983) (published first in hardcopy). Australian Dictionary of Biography. National Centre of Biography, Australian National University. Retrieved 2 July 2017. \"A TRIBUTE TO BYRON KENNEDY\". Filmnews. 13 (7). New South Wales, Australia. 1 July 1983. p.\u00a03. Retrieved 20 December 2017 \u2013 via National Library of Australia. \"MAD MAX\". Filmnews. 9 (7). New South Wales, Australia. 1 July 1979. p.\u00a08. Retrieved 20 December 2017 \u2013 via National Library of Australia. \"George Miller an unlikely director of 'Mad Max II'\". The Canberra Times. 57 (17, 147). Australian Capital Territory, Australia. 8 September 1982. p.\u00a032. Retrieved 20 December 2017 \u2013 via National Library of Australia. Brew, Simon (1 April 2015). \"Dedications at the end of movies, and what they mean\". Den of Geek. Dennis Publishing. Retrieved 8 August 2015. \"Kennedy Miller Mitchell Filmography\". InBaseline. Retrieved 24 January 2010.[permanent dead link] Byron Kennedy at IMDb"
   },
   {
    "name": "Jeannie Gunn",
    "id": "Q524283",
    "text": "Jeannie Gunn OBE (pen name, Mrs Aeneas Gunn) (5 June 1870\u00a0\u2013 9 June 1961) was an Australian novelist, teacher and Returned and Services League of Australia (RSL) volunteer. Jeannie Taylor was born in Carlton, Melbourne, the last of five children of Thomas Johnstone Taylor. Taylor was a Baptist minister who went into business and later worked on the Melbourne Argus. Matriculating through Melbourne University after being educated at home, she ran a school with her sisters between 1889 and 1896, after which she worked as a visiting teacher. On New Year's Eve 1901, she married the explorer, pastoralist and journalist Aeneas James Gunn, in the Presbyterian Church. Shortly after, in early 1902, they travelled to Darwin (then called Palmerston) and then to Elsey, an outlying cattle station on the Roper River, near the current town of Mataranka. After a year at the Elsey, Jeannie Gunn's husband died in March 1903 from complications of malaria and she returned to live in Melbourne. She never returned to the Northern Territory. In Melbourne, after being encouraged by friends, she began writing the books for which she would become famous. The Little Black Princess: a True Tale of life in the Never-Never Land, published in 1905 and revised in 1909, chronicled the childhood of an Indigenous Australian protagonist named Bett-Bett. Gunn's second book, We of the Never Never (1908), was styled as a novel but was actually a recounting of her time in the Northern Territory with only the names of people changed to obscure their identities. We of the Never Never sold more than 300,000 copies over thirty years, was translated into German in the 1920s. In an 1931 poll by The Herald (Melbourne) its author was voted the third most popular Australian novelist after Marcus Clarke and Rolf Boldrewood. By 1990, over a million copies of the book had been sold. During the First World War, Gunn became active in welfare work for Australian servicemen overseas. At the end of the conflict she began campaigning for the welfare of returned servicemen, liaising with government departments and becoming a patron of the Monbulk RSL, attending every event they organised over two decades. Although she never completed another novel, she did publish further stories about the characters from her previous works. In 1939, she was appointed an Officer of the Order of the British Empire for her writing and advocacy work. Jeannie Gunn died at Hawthorn, in 1961. The memoirs of her work with the RSL, My Boys: A book of Remembrance, was published in 2000. We of the Never Never is regarded as being significant as a precursor of the 1930s landscape writers. Already in 1908, Australia was a significantly urbanised country. The book was seen to provide symbols of things that made Australia different from anywhere else, underwriting an Australian legend of life and achievement in the outback where \"men and a few women still lived heroic lives in rhythm with the gallop of a horse\" in \"forbidding faraway places\". In 1988 the book was referred to as a \"minor masterpiece of Australian letters\" by Penguin's New Literary History of Australia. In 1991 Elsey Land Claim No 132 was lodged by the Northern Land Council covering all of the old Elsey cattle station, an area of 5304 km2 (2062 square miles). Judge Peter Gray, Aboriginal Land Commissioner, submitted his report on the Elsey claim to the Aboriginal Affairs Minister, John Herron, on 28 November 1997 and a copy to the Administrator of the Northern Territory. Justice Gray's report referenced Gunn's work in trying to establish who were genuine traditional owners of the land under question, and who were not. Novels The Little Black Princess: a True Tale of life in the Never-Never Land (1905) We of the Never Never (1908) Non-fiction My Boys: A Book of Remembrance (2000) Rutledge, Martha (2000). \"Gunn, Jeannie (1870\u20131961)\". Melbourne University Press. Retrieved 13 March 2007. Forrest, Peter (1990). \"They of the Never Never\" (pdf \u2013 14 pages). Occasional Papers (no 18). Northern Territory Library Service. Retrieved 11 January 2008. Wilkinson, Jane (23 September 2000). \"Gunn, Jeannie (Mrs Aeneas) (1870\u20131961)\". Australian Women's Archives Project. Retrieved 13 March 2007. Ramsey, Alan (10 April 1999). \"Fighting for the Never Never\". Sydney Morning Herald (print) \u2013 transcript at The Mail Archive. Retrieved 11 January 2008. Works by Jeannie Gunn at Project Gutenberg Works by or about Jeannie Gunn at Internet Archive Works by Jeannie Gunn at LibriVox (public domain audiobooks) Forrest, Peter (1990). \"They of the Never Never\" (pdf \u2013 14 pages). Occasional Papers (no 18). Northern Territory Library Service. Retrieved 11 January 2008. O'Neill, Sally (1983). \"Gunn, Jeannie (1870\u20131961)\". Australian Dictionary of Biography. Melbourne University Press. ISSN\u00a01833-7538. Retrieved 11 January 2008 \u2013 via National Centre of Biography, Australian National University."
   },
   {
    "name": "Andy Griffiths",
    "id": "Q526057",
    "text": "Andrew Noel Griffiths (born 3 September 1961) is an Australian children's book author and comedy writer. He is most notable for his Just! series, which was adapted into an animated television series called What's with Andy?, his novel The Day My Bum Went Psycho, which was also adapted into a television series, and the Treehouse series, which has been adapted into several stage plays. Previously a vocalist with alternative rock bands Gothic Farmyard and Ivory Coast, in 1992 he turned to writing. He is well known for working with Terry Denton. Griffiths is noted as a supporter of children against what he views as \"cotton wool\" childhoods, and, along with Denton, was a noted supporter of the September 2019 climate strikes. Just Tricking! (1997) \u2013 alternative titles: Just Joking! and Just Kidding! Just Annoying! (1998) Just Stupid! (1999) Just Crazy! (2000) \u2013 alternative title: Just Wacky! Just Three for Free! (2000) Just Disgusting! (2002) Just Shocking! (2007) Just Macbeth! (2009) Just Doomed! (2012) The Bad Book (2004) The Very Bad Book (2010) The 13-Storey Treehouse (1 Sep 2011) The 26-Storey Treehouse (1 Sep 2012) The 39-Storey Treehouse (1 Sep 2013) The 52-Storey Treehouse (1 Sep 2014) The 65-Storey Treehouse (12 Aug 2015) The 78-Storey Treehouse (9 Aug 2016) The 91-Storey Treehouse (8 Aug 2017) The 104-Storey Treehouse (10 Jul 2018) The 117-Storey Treehouse (23 Jul 2019) The 130-Storey Treehouse (20 Oct 2020) The 143-Storey Treehouse (14 Oct 2021) The Treehouse Fun Book (activity book) (22 Mar 2016) The Treehouse Fun Book 2 (activity book) (28 Mar 2017) The Treehouse Fun Book 3 (activity book) (27 Mar 2018) Terry's Dumb Dot Story: A Treehouse Tale (World Book Day (UK and Ireland) 2018 special) (27 Feb 2018) The Treehouse Joke Book (24 Sep 2019) The Day My Bum Went Psycho (2001), published in the US as The Day My Butt Went Psycho Zombie Bums from Uranus (2003), published in the US as Zombie Butts From Uranus Bumageddon: The Final Pongflict (2005) published in the US as Butt Wars: The Final Conflict What Bumosaur is That? (2007), published in the US as What Buttosaur is That? What Body Part is That? (2011) Treasure Fever! (2008) Pencil of Doom! (2008) Mascot Madness! (2008) Robot Riot! (2009) Stinky Stories, illustrated by Jeff Raglus Fast Food and No Play Make Jack a Fat Boy (2006) The Cat on the Mat Is Flat (2006) The Big Fat Cow That Goes KAPOW! (2008) The Naked Boy and the Crocodile (2011) Andypedia (2012) Once Upon a Slime (2013) The Cat, the Rat, and the Baseball Bat (2013) Ed and Ted and Ted\u2019s Dog Fred (2014) Ashby, Emily (2015). \"The Day My Butt Went Psycho\". Common Sense Media. Retrieved 29 July 2020. Croll, Vanessa (29 July 2020). \"Coles announces world-first Little Treehouse collectables\". The Australian. Retrieved 29 July 2020. Woodhead, Cameron (29 July 2020). \"Rollicking slapstick as reluctant babysitters face sharks, whirlpool\". Sydney Morning Herald. Retrieved 29 July 2020. Gothic Farmyard Music (31 December 2014). \"Mowing Tentaclens and Weeding Giant Clams\" \u2013 via YouTube. \"How Can I Stop The Leak by IVORY COAST (Skippy the Butcher)\". YouTube. 26 June 2010. Retrieved 22 April 2013. Blau, Annika (16 September 2018). \"Andy Griffiths and Terry Denton are putting the 'anarchy' back into childhood\". Australian Broadcasting Corporation. Retrieved 29 July 2020. Fitzsimmons, Caitlin (18 September 2019). \"Bestselling Treehouse authors back students striking for climate action\". Sydney Morning Herald. Retrieved 29 July 2020. \"The 13-Storey Treehouse - Pan Macmillan AU\". Pan Macmillan Australia. Retrieved 16 February 2020. \"The 26-Storey Treehouse - Pan Macmillan AU\". Pan Macmillan Australia. Retrieved 16 February 2020. \"The 39-Storey Treehouse - Pan Macmillan AU\". Pan Macmillan Australia. Retrieved 20 February 2020. \"The 52-Storey Treehouse - Pan Macmillan AU\". Pan Macmillan Australia. Retrieved 20 February 2020. \"The 65-Storey Treehouse - Pan Macmillan AU\". Pan Macmillan Australia. Retrieved 20 February 2020. \"The 78-Storey Treehouse - Pan Macmillan AU\". Pan Macmillan Australia. Retrieved 20 February 2020. \"The 91-Storey Treehouse - Pan Macmillan AU\". Pan Macmillan Australia. Retrieved 20 February 2020. \"The 104-Storey Treehouse - Pan Macmillan AU\". Pan Macmillan Australia. Retrieved 20 February 2020. \"The 117-Storey Treehouse - Pan Macmillan AU\". Pan Macmillan Australia. Retrieved 20 February 2020. \"The 130-Storey Treehouse - Pan Macmillan AU\". Pan Macmillan Australia. Retrieved 16 January 2021. \"The Treehouse Fun Book - Pan Macmillan AU\". Pan Macmillan Australia. Retrieved 5 July 2020. \"The Treehouse Fun Book 2 - Pan Macmillan AU\". Pan Macmillan Australia. Retrieved 5 July 2020. \"The Treehouse Fun Book 3 - Pan Macmillan AU\". Pan Macmillan Australia. Retrieved 5 July 2020. \"The Treehouse Joke Book - Pan Macmillan AU\". Pan Macmillan Australia. Retrieved 11 February 2020. Children's literature portal Official website Griffiths profile on Macmillan.com Andy Griffiths discusses career and writing technique with Anna Burkey at State Library Victoria \u2013 ABC Splash Andy Griffiths at the Internet Speculative Fiction Database Andy Griffiths at Library of Congress Authorities, with 27 catalogue records"
   },
   {
    "name": "Pia Miranda",
    "id": "Q529706",
    "text": "Pia Miranda (born 1973) is an Australian actress whose career was launched with her role in the 2000 feature film Looking for Alibrandi, an Australian film based on the novel of the same name by Melina Marchetta. Miranda was the winner of Australian Survivor in 2019. Born in Melbourne, Victoria, Miranda spent the majority of her early life travelling throughout Australia with her family, attending a large number of schools. After completing her high school certificate at the Sacr\u00e9 C\u0153ur School, Miranda studied history and drama at La Trobe University before transferring to Victoria University, where she majored in drama and graduated with a Bachelor of Arts (Performance Studies) in 1996. After university, Miranda studied drama at the Atlantic Theater Company in New York for one year before playing Karen Oldman on the Australian soap Neighbours, from 1998 to 1999. At this time, she was also starring in the ABC television series 'Bondi Banquet', playing Jo Tognetti. This was the starting point for Miranda's future success within the Australian film and television industry, quickly being chosen for the role of Josephine Alibrandi in the hugely successful Australian movie Looking for Alibrandi, directed by Kate Woods in 1999.[citation needed] The movie was based on the novel written by Melina Marchetta in 1992, where seventeen-year-old Josephine Alibrandi deals with the stresses of Year Twelve, her illegitimacy, the reunion with her father, new-found companionship, the death of her close friend and life as a third-generation migrant in contemporary Australian society. Miranda co-starred with fellow prominent Australian actors Kick Gurry, Anthony LaPaglia, Greta Scacchi, Elana Cotta and Matthew Newton. The movie received critical acclaim, with Pia Miranda receiving the Australian Film Institute award in 2000 for Best Actress for her performance. Her role in Looking for Alibrandi also earned her a nomination in 2001 for an FCCA Award in the Best Actor - Female category which she lost to Julia Blake. In 2002, Miranda played a small role in the US movie, Queen of the Damned, although her scene was cut from the film as it appeared on the DVD. Also in 2002, Pia Miranda starred in The Doppelgangers. The movie was part of a project where eight Australian filmmakers were given a short film script by celebrated writer Brendan Cowell. Filmmakers had to name their own film and characters and adhere to a set of rules, such as shooting on digital cameras and making no dialogue changes. The project had limited success.[citation needed] Following The Doppelgangers, Miranda starred in another Australian film Garage Days, playing Tanya. The coming-of-age comedy revolved around a young Sydney band trying to gain a foothold in the competitive pub rock scene. The movie was well received within Australia and is available on DVD. In 2003, Miranda played the role of Leanne Ferris in Travelling Light, about two sisters growing up in Adelaide in the early 1970s. Following this, Miranda also starred in Right Here Right Now in 2004.[citation needed] Though Miranda is best known as a film actress, she has also featured in some television series. She was a recurring guest star on the long-running drama All Saints in 1998, the drama The Time of Our Lives in 2013 and 2014, and the popular Australian drama The Secret Life of Us, playing Talia. Miranda has also been featured in The Glass House, Grass Roots and the Australian talk shows The Panel and The Project. Miranda has also worked as a celebrity artist for A Midwinter Night's Dream, a ticketed charity auction of art with pillow cases as the medium and inspired by the childhood dreams of artists and celebrities, to raise money for War Child Australia and was a judge for the 2005 Project Greenlight competition alongside fellow actors such as Sam Worthington. Miranda's sister, Nicole, starred in the Australian film Moving Out with Vince Colosimo.[citation needed] In 2014, she performed in Standing on Ceremony, nine plays on gay marriage written by Neil LaBute and Paul Rudnick. Recently, Miranda starred in the popular Australian prison drama Wentworth in 2015. She has played a recurring role in the teenage comedy drama Mustangs FC as Jen since 2017. Miranda was a contestant on the sixth season of Australian Survivor. A long time fan of the Survivor series, Miranda's casting resulted from an interview with the television blog TV Tonight, where she revealed her \"Guilty Pleasure\" of Survivor. She ultimately won the series, winning the Final Jury Vote unanimously 9\u20130 over fellow finalist Baden Gilbert. In March 2001, Miranda married her boyfriend Luke Hanigan, lead singer and guitarist of the Australian band Lo-Tel, at the Elvis Presley chapel in Las Vegas after four months of dating. The couple have two children, Lily and James. What Zola Did on Monday (2020, written by Melina Marchetta) ISBN\u00a0978-1760895150 Looking for Alibrandi Melina Marchetta \"Go Pia Miranda - Class of 1990! - Sacre Coeur Glen Iris\". Facebook. 8 September 2019. Archived from the original on 18 September 2019. Retrieved 18 September 2019. Wulff, Alana (27 September 2018). \"La Trobe University Alumni on Turning Your Interests into Your Career\". Junkee. Archived from the original on 27 September 2018. Retrieved 18 September 2019. \"'Looking for Alibrandi': The story of three generations of Italian-Australian women living together\". Il Globo. 4 April 2019. Archived from the original on 18 September 2019. Retrieved 18 September 2019. \"Pia Miranda\". QT Sydney. Archived from the original on 18 September 2019. Retrieved 18 September 2019. \"The eyes have it\". The Sydney Morning Herald. 30 August 2003. Archived from the original on 18 September 2019. Retrieved 18 September 2019. Bennett, Sally (31 December 2013). \"Love and marriage lure Pia back to stage\". Herald Sun. Archived from the original on 18 September 2019. Retrieved 18 September 2019. \"Past Awards \u2013 2000\". AACTA Awards. Archived from the original on 23 April 2018. Retrieved 18 September 2019. \"Pia pressure\". The Sydney Morning Herald. 11 September 2003. Archived from the original on 18 September 2019. Retrieved 18 September 2019. \"Film Critics Circle of Australia Awards (2001)\". IMDb. Archived from the original on 18 September 2019. Retrieved 18 September 2019. \"The Project - Pia Miranda\". Facebook. 24 July 2019. Retrieved 18 September 2019. Bailey, John (2 January 2014). \"The way we wed\". The Sydney Morning Herald. Archived from the original on 18 September 2019. Retrieved 18 September 2019. Spira, Madi (14 March 2019). \"Pia Miranda: 'I won't let my kids watch Looking for Alibrandi'\". WHO Magazine. Archived from the original on 18 September 2019. Retrieved 18 September 2019. McKnight, Robert (22 May 2019). \"Major cast details leaked for AUSTRALIAN SURVIVOR: CHAMPIONS vs CONTENDERS\". TV Blackbox. Archived from the original on 22 May 2019. Retrieved 25 May 2019. Lilly, Alex (17 September 2019). \"Survivor fans are divided over Pia Miranda's controversial win\". Now To Love. Retrieved 18 September 2019. \"Lo and behold\". The Sydney Morning Herald. 12 September 2003. Archived from the original on 18 September 2019. Retrieved 18 September 2019. \"Luke Hanigan\". Australian-charts.com. Hung Medien. Archived from the original on 18 September 2019. Retrieved 18 September 2019. \"Planet of the Stereos - Lo-tel\". CD Baby Music Store. 2003. Archived from the original on 18 September 2019. Retrieved 18 September 2019. Hawker, Philippa (18 January 2014). \"Lunch with...Pia Miranda\". The Sydney Morning Herald. Archived from the original on 21 October 2014. Retrieved 18 September 2019. Todoroska, Valentina (17 September 2019). \"'I Was Really Worried': Pia Miranda Didn't Want Her Kids To Visit Her During 'Survivor'\". 10 daily. Archived from the original on 18 September 2019. Retrieved 18 September 2019. Pia Miranda at IMDb"
   },
   {
    "name": "Jessica Gower",
    "id": "Q531420",
    "text": "Jessica Gower (born 1977 in Melbourne, Victoria, also credited as Jess Gower) is an Australian actress. Gower's first claim to fame was as a starstruck but confused fan in a 2001 television commercial for Telstra featuring John Farnham and Glenn Wheatley. However, she is best known to Australian and international audiences as the character Sam in the first season of the Network Ten drama The Secret Life of Us. She also appeared in the Foxtel series Crash Palace, the Seven Network's All Saints and the 2002 film Blurred. She starred in episode 5 of series 2 of Wilfred as the Swedish dog. Her most recent project was the role of Chase, a villainous vampire on Blade: The Series, which debuted on Spike TV on 28 June 2006. The show was canceled after one season. Gower graduated from the Australian National Theatre Drama School in 2000. Jessica has been married to Puven Pather since 2004. They have a daughter named Sequoia. The Sun-Herald (28 October 2002). \"Secret life of Jess\". The Sydney Morning Herald. Fairfax. Retrieved 10 May 2009. Jessica Gower at IMDb Reg Seeton. \"Jessica Gower of Blade Interview\". UGO. Archived from the original on 7 January 2009. Retrieved 4 May 2009. v t e"
   },
   {
    "name": "Debbie Slimmon",
    "id": "Q531865",
    "text": "Deborah Lee \"Debbie\" Slimmon (born 3 April 1967) is a retired Australian women's basketball player. Slimmon played for the national team between 1987 and 1990, competing at the 1988 Olympic Games in Seoul. Slimmon also represented Australia at the 1985 FIBA Under-19 World Championship held in the United States. In the domestic competition, Slimmon was the Women's National Basketball League (WNBL) Most Valuable Player on two occasions; 1990 and 1992. Although Slimmon represented Australia at only one Olympic Games and at no World Championships, she is still considered one of Australia\u2019s best ever women basketballers. Slimmon was also named to the WNBL All-Star Five on four occasions; 1988, 1989, 1990 and 1995. In season 1990, Slimmon set a WNBL record with 553 points scored at an average of 22.1 per game. This record would remain for 12 years until broken by Penny Taylor in season 2001/02 with 570 points. WNBL Top Shooter Award WNBL All-Star Five Debbie Slimmon. Sports Reference LLC. Women's Basketball. Retrieved 2012-09-02. FIBA Archive. Player Search: Slimmon. Retrieved 2012-09-02. FIBA Archive. 1985 World Championship for Junior Women. Debbie Slimmon. Retrieved 2016-02-26. League Most Valuable Player. Women's National Basketball League. Retrieved 2012-09-02. Trailblazers: History of the WNBL MVP Award. Women's National Basketball League. News (21 March 2012). Retrieved 2012-09-02. Bulleen Boomers: Club History. Women's National Basketball League: News. Retrieved 2012-09-02. Howell, Stephen (20 January 5005). League pollsters find Jackson simply the best. The Age. Retrieved 2016-02-26. All Star Five. Women's National Basketball League. Retrieved 2012-09-02. Gary Turner leaves a Legacy behind. Women's National Basketball League. News (29 November 2010). Retrieved 2012-09-02. Basketball Australia. WNBL Top Shooters Award. Retrieved 2012-12-24."
   },
   {
    "name": "Garth Nix",
    "id": "Q536913",
    "text": "Garth Richard Nix (born 19 July 1963) is an Australian writer who specialises in children's and young adult fantasy novels, notably the Old Kingdom, Seventh Tower and Keys to the Kingdom series. He has frequently been asked if his name is a pseudonym, to which he has responded, \"I guess people ask me because it sounds like the perfect name for a writer of fantasy. However, it is my real name.\" Born in Melbourne, Nix was raised in Canberra. He attended Turner Primary School, Lyneham High School and Dickson College for schooling. While at Dickson College, Nix joined the Australian Army Reserve. After a period working for the Australian government, he traveled in Europe before returning to Australia in 1983 and undertaking a BA in professional writing at Canberra University. He worked in a Canberra bookshop after graduation, before moving to Sydney in 1987, where he worked his way up in the publishing field. He was a sales rep and publicist before becoming a senior editor at HarperCollins. In 1993 he commenced further travel in Asia, the Middle East and Eastern Europe before becoming a marketing consultant, founding his own company, Gotley Nix Evans Pty Ltd. From 1999 to 2002 he worked as a literary agent with Curtis Brown (Australia) Pty Ltd before becoming a full-time author. In addition to his work as a fantasy novelist, Nix has written a number of scenarios and articles for the role playing field, including those for Dungeons & Dragons and Traveller. These have appeared in related publications such as White Dwarf, Multiverse and Breakout!. He has also written case studies, articles and news items in the information technology field, his work appearing in publications such as Computerworld and PCWorld. Nix currently lives in Sydney with his wife Anna McFarlane, a publisher, and their sons Thomas and Edward The series was self-published and republished by Text Media in Melbourne. Described as books for \"Very Clever Babies Aged 3\u20136 Months\", they contain such words as ichthyologist, as used by the character Freddy the Fish. Very Clever Baby's First Reader (1988) Very Clever Baby's Ben Hur (1988) Very Clever Baby's Guide to the Greenhouse Effect (1992) Very Clever Baby's First Christmas (1998) Sabriel (1995) Lirael (2001) Abhorsen (2003) Clariel (2014) Goldenhand (2016) Terciel and Elinor (upcoming, November 2021) \"Nicholas Sayre and the Creature in the Case\" (2005). A novella produced for World Book Day and originally entitled \"The Creature in the Cave\". Reprinted under the new title in the collection Across the Wall: A Tale of the Abhorsen and Other Stories.) \"The Nine Gates of Death: An Extract of the Journal of Idrach the Lesser Necromancer\" (2009). A short story released on oldkingdom.com.au \"An Essay on Free Magic\". Short text released on the Old Kingdom website. \"To Hold the Bridge\". A novella original published in the Legends of Australian Fantasy anthology edited by Jack Dann and Jonathan Strahan. Reprinted in the collection To Hold the Bridge. \"Doctor Crake Crosses the Wall\". Short story included in the Australian edition of Goldenhand, also published on the official Australian Old Kingdom website. The Old Kingdom Chronicles (The Abhorsen Chronicles in the United States) (2009). This contained the first three Abhorsen books and \"The Creature in the Case\". The Fall (2000) Castle (2000) Aenir (2001) Above the Veil (2001) Into Battle (2001) The Violet Keystone (2001) Mister Monday (2003) Grim Tuesday (2004) Drowned Wednesday (2005) Sir Thursday (2006) Lady Friday (2007) Superior Saturday (2008) Lord Sunday (2010) Troubletwisters (2011) The Monster (2012) The Mystery (2013) The Missing (2014) Have Sword, Will Travel (2017) Let Sleeping Dragons Lie (2018) Spirit Animals Book 3: Blood Ties (2014, with Sean Williams) Serena and the Sea Serpent (2000, part of Aussie Bites series) \"The Calusari (1997), an adaptation of the X-Files episode of the same name The Ragwitch (1990), a children's fantasy novel Shade's Children (1997) A Confusion of Princes (2012), a young adult space opera novel Newt's Emerald (2015), a fantasy romance Frogkisser! (2017), a children's fantasy novel Angel Mage (2019), a young adult fantasy sci-fi novel The Left-Handed Booksellers of London (2020), a young adult fantasy novel 2007 \"Sir Hereward and Mister Fitz Go To War Again\", in Jim Baen's Universe 2008 \"Beyond the Sea Gate of the Scholar-Pirates of Sarsk\u00f6e\", in Fast Ships, Black Sails edited by Jeff Vandermeer and Ann Vandermeer 2010 \"A Suitable Present for a Sorcerous Puppet\", in Swords and Dark Magic, edited by Lou Anders and Jonathan Strahan 2013 \"Losing Her Divinity\", in Rags & Bones: New Twists on Timeless Tales, edited by Melissa Marr and Tim Pratt 2014 \"A Cargo of Ivories\", in Rogues, edited by George R. R. Martin and Gardner Dozois 2014 \"Home is the Haunter\", in Fearsome Magics, edited by Jonathan Strahan 2017 \"A Long, Cold Trail\", in The Book of Swords, edited by Gardner Dozois 2020 \"Cut me Another Quill, Mister Fitz\", in The Book of Dragons , edited by Jonathan Strahan The first three stories are collected in Sir Hereward and Mister Fitz: Three Adventures (2011). 2007 One Beastly Beast: Two Aliens, Three Inventors, Four Fantastic Tales - a book of short stories for younger readers Serena and the Sea Bill the Inventor Blackbread the Pirate The Princess and the Beastly Beast 2005 Across the Wall: A Tale of the Abhorsen and Other Stories 2005 \"Nicholas Sayre and the Creature in the Case\" (published for World Book Day) 2001 \"Under the Lake\" (from The Magazine of Fantasy & Science Fiction) 2005 \"Charlie Rabbit\" (from Kids' Night In collected for War Child) 1996 \"From the Lighthouse\" (from Fantastic Worlds anthology edited by Paul Collins) 2001 \"The Hill\" (from X-Changes: Stories for a New Century) 2001 \"Lightning Bringer\" (from Love & Sex anthology edited by Michael Cart) 1987 \"Down to the Scum Quarter\" (fromMyths and Legends, reprinted inBreakout! magazine in 1988) 2002 \"Heart's Desire\" (from The Magazine of Fantasy & Science Fiction) 2000 \"Hansel's Eyes\" (from A Wolf at the Door anthology edited by Ellen Datlow and Terri Windling) 2003 \"Hope Chest\" (from Firebirds anthology edited by Sharyn November) 1999 \"My New Really Epic Fantasy Series\" (from Swancon Program Book) 2000 \"Three Roses\" (from Eidolon magazine, Autumn 2000) 2004 \"Endings\" (from Gothic! Ten Original Dark Tales anthology edited by Deborah Noyes) 2015 To Hold the Bridge 2010 \"To Hold the Bridge: An Old Kingdom Story\" (fromLegends of Australian Fantasy anthology, edited by Jack Dann and Jonathan Strahan) 2011 \"Vampire Weather\" (from Teeth anthology, edited by Ellen Datlow and Terri Windling) 2008 \"Strange Fishing in the Western Highlands\" (from Hellboy: Oddest Jobs, edited by Christopher Golden_ 2008 \"Old Friends\" (from Dreaming Again anthology, edited by Jack Dann) 2011 \"The Quiet Knight\" (fromGeektastic anthology edited by Holly Black and Cecil Castellucci) 2012 \"You Won't Feel a Thing\" (from After anthology edited by Ellen Datlow and Terri Windling) 2012 \"A Handful of Ashes\" (from Under My Hat anthology, edited by Jonathan Strahan) 2012 \"The Big Question\" (fromElsewhere, Edinburgh Festival Special) 2009 \"Stop!\" (from The Dragon Book anthology edited by Jack Dann and Gardner Dozois) 2008 \"Infestation\" (from The Starry Rift anthology edited by Jonathan Strahan) 2011 \"The Heart of the City\" (from Subterranean Online magazine) \"Ambrose and the Ancient Spirits of East and West\" (from The Thackery T. Lambshead Cabinet of Curiosities anthology edited by Ann Vandermeer and Jeff Vandermeer) 2007 \"Holly and Iron\" (from Wizards anthology, edited by Jack Dann and Gardner Dozois) 2011 \"The Curious Case of the Moondawn Daffodils Murder: As Experienced by Sir Magnus Holmes and Almost-Doctor Susan Shrike\" (from Ghosts by Gaslight anthology edited by Jack Dann and Nick Gevers) 2009 \"An Unwelcome Guest\" (from Troll's-Eye View anthology edited by Ellen Datlow and Terri Windling) 2010 \"The Highest Justice\" (from Zombies vs. Unicorns anthology edited by Holly Black and Justine Larbalestier) 2012 \"Master Haddad's Holiday\" (a bonus story from the Australian printing of A Confusion of Princes) 2012 \"Sidekick of Mars\" (originally from the Under the Moons of Mars anthology edited by John Joseph Adams) 2011 \"Peace in Our Time\" (originally from the Steampunk! anthology edited by Kelly Link and Gavin J. Grant) 2011 Sir Hereward and Mister Fitz: Three Adventures 2007 \"Sir Hereward and Mister Fitz Go To War Again\" (from Jim Baen's Universe) 2008 \"Beyond the Sea Gate of the Scholar-Pirates of Sarsk\u00f6e\" (from Fast Ships, Black Sails anthology edited by Jeff and Ann Vandermeer) 2010 \"'A Suitable Present for a Sorcerous Puppet'\" (from Swords and Dark Magic anthology edited by Lou Anders and Jonathan Strahan) 1984 \"Sam, Cars and the Cuckoo\" in Warlock magazine no. 2 1996 \"The Kind Old Sun Will Know\" first published in Eidolon magazine 2005 \"Read It in the Headlines!\" in Daikaiju! Giant Monster Tales (ed. Robert Hood, Robin Pen) 2006 \"Dog Soldier\" first published in Jim Baen's Universe, 2006 2007 \"Bad Luck, Trouble, Death and Vampire Sex\" first published in Eclipse, edited by Jonathan Strahan 2009 The Nine Gates of Death: An Extract of the Journal of Idrach the Lesser Necromancer \u2013 Short Story released on oldkingdom.com.au 2010 \"The Highest Justice\" in Zombies vs. Unicorns (ed Justine Larbalestier, Holly Black) 2013 \"Crossing the Line\" first published in Fearie Tales, edited by Stephen Jones 2013 \"Fire Above, Fire Below\" first published by Tor.com 2014 \"Shay Corsham Worsted\" first published in Fearful Symmetries, edited by Ellen Datlow 2014 \"Happy Go Lucky\" first published in Kaleidoscope, edited by Alisa Krasnostein and Julia Rios 2015 \"By Frogsled and Lizardback to Outcast Venusian Lepers\" in Old Venus (edited by George R. R. Martin and Gardner Dozois, 2015 2019 \"Dislocation Space\" first published by Tor.com 2020 \"The Case of the Somewhat Mythic Sword\" first published by Tor.com 2020 \"The Necessary Arthur\" first published by Tor.com Nix, Garth (2007). Across the Wall. Harper Collins. ISBN\u00a0978-0-00-722146-2. \"Garth Nix\". AUSTLIT (austlit.edu.au). Retrieved 2014-08-02. Nix, Garth. \"Something about Garth Nix\". Garth Nix. Archived from the original on 23 July 2008. Retrieved 14 March 2008. Collins, Paul; Steven Paulsen; Sean McMullen (1998). The MUP Encyclopaedia of Australian Science Fiction and Fantasy. Melbourne: Melbourne University Press. p.\u00a0134. ISBN\u00a00-522-84771-4. \"Anna McFarlane\". linkedin. \"oldkingdom.com.au \u2013 The Nine Gates of Death: An Extract of the Journal of Idrach the Lesser Necromancer\". Retrieved 24 May 2020. \"residence\". Inside A Dog. Martin, George R. R. (19 June 2014). \"Not A Blog: Venus In March\". GRRM.livejournal.com. Archived from the original on 21 August 2014. Retrieved 27 September 2014. \"Dislocation Space\". Tor.com. Tor. 11 December 2019. \"The Case of the Somewhat Mythic Sword\". Tor.com. Tor. 29 January 2020. \"The Necessary Arthur\". Tor.com. Tor. 8 July 2020. Official website Interview by BookBanter Garth Nix at the Internet Speculative Fiction Database The Old Kingdom Chronicles (official) The Keys to the Kingdom (official) Garth Nix at Libraries Australia Authorities with catalogue search (subscription required) Garth Nix at Library of Congress Authorities, with 31 catalog records"
   },
   {
    "name": "Saharet",
    "id": "Q537772",
    "text": "Paulina Clarissa Molony (23 March 1878 \u2013 24 July 1964), known professionally as Saharet, was an Australian dancer who performed in vaudeville music houses as well as in Broadway productions in the United States as well as in Europe, earning considerable fame and notoriety. Saharet was born Paulina Clarissa Molony on 23 March 1878 in Richmond, a suburb of Melbourne, Australia to Irish-born tailor Benjamin Robert Molony and Elizabeth Foon (born 1858), a woman of part Chinese ancestry from Ballarat. Paulina had a half sister, Amelia Caroline Fook, from her mother's first marriage to James Ah Moy Fook, and two biological sisters, Martha Lily (born 1879) and Julia Millicent (born 1881). By her own account she was born in Melbourne on 24 March 1879. During her career her birth name was given as Clarice Campbell. It was also claimed she had been born in Ballarat, the birthplace of her mother, and had appeared on stage in Australia as a juvenile. It is unknown where she learned to dance, or how she found her way to the United States, but in May 1891, at the age of 13, she had joined the \"Liliputians\", a company performing at San Francisco's Baldwin Theater as \"Clarice Campbell\". In 1894 she had taken the stage name Saharet and toured the United States with Michael B. Leavitt's \"Spider and Fly\" vaudeville company, while in 1895 she was associated with the \"Night Owls\" vaudeville company. At the age of 18, in May 1896, she married Isaac Rosenstamm, a German-born entrepreneur from New York, later known as Ike Rose. Their daughter Caroline Madelon (Carrie) was born in November 1896 in New York. Rose managed her career, even for five years after the couple had drifted apart around 1906. Following the birth of her daughter, she appeared at Koster & Bial's Music Hall, 34th Street (Manhattan), Herald Square, New York City, along with a troupe of whirlwind dancers, and Adele Purvis-Onri. According to Leann Richards, the highlight of her short turn was doing the splits. Her onstage audacity combined with a risqu\u00e9 element, charmed audiences and earned her considerable fame. In a show billed Gayest Manhattan, Saharet admirably danced a French quadrille. In 1897, she appeared at the Palace Theatre, London, when her Australian roots were reported in Australian newspapers for the first time. Returning to New York, theatrical producer, E.E. Rice, obtained her services for The French Maid with one reviewer describing Saharet as an \"India rubber lady\" in her rendition of a \"dislocation dance\". In September 1897 she danced at the Olympia Roof Garden. The French Maid was presented in October by the Herald Square Theatre, a Theatre which also hosted a thirtieth annual benefit to aid the charity fund of New York Lodge #1 of the Benevolent and Protective Order of Elks in November. Saharet volunteered her time, as did Anna Held and Ross and Fenton, among others. She helped raise money for the mother and widow of William Hoey at the Herald Square in December. Saharet's 1898 tour of Europe established her as a star, for while Rose demanded a high salary or arranged a percentage deal, a string of publicity stunts also attracted crowds to see her. \"A competent dancer...by the time Ike Rose was finished marketing her charms, she was one of Europe's classical beauties.\" Saharet toured with Held as a special feature during the 1902 season. In April 1903 she danced at the Circle Theatre, Broadway, before departing on another tour of Europe. She was the star of a show at the American Music Hall, West, Manhattan, in March 1909, and was summoned to return by several curtain calls. At the height of her fame, between 1905 and 1914, she appeared in several German films. Artist Franz von Stuck (1863\u20131928) painted Saharet in a painting which hangs in the Landesmuseum in Oldenburg, Germany. In the portrait she has light blue eyes and brown hair. She is wearing a crimson jacket, white skirt, and red slippers. There is a red rose in her hair and her dress is abundant in lace and embroidery. Saharet has on a series of long necklaces with pendants. Another painting was done by Franz von Lenbach Following her divorce from Ike Rose, Saharet married Fritz von Frantzius, banker, broker, and art critic in 1913. After only a few days, she left her new husband for her dancing partner Jose Florido, and they were divorced six months later. In June 1917, she married another theatrical agent, German-born Maxim Phidias Lowe. In January 1919 and October 1920, she applied as a resident of Brooklyn and wife of a naturalized citizen for a U.S. passport in order to accompany her husband on trips to Europe. In 1919 she still listed her occupation as \"variety performer\", but in 1920 she listed \"housewife\". The couple divorced in 1930, but she retained the name Clarice Saharet Lowe until her death in 1964 in Battle Creek, Michigan. By that time she was without family, but for a half brother in New York, as her daughter Carrie had committed suicide after a disastrous car accident in 1950. 1897: Saharet 1905: Saharet, Bol\u00e9ro 1912: Des Lebens W\u00fcrfelspiel 1912: In a Golden Cage 1912: Hexenfeuer 1913: Mimosa-san 1914: On the Altar of Patriotism Nick Murphy, Saharet: The Dancer From Richmond, at the Forgotten Australian Actors website, 7 April 2018 Saharet at the History of Australian Theatre Archive, compiled by Leann Richards. Accessed 19 July 2017 Clarice Saharet Lowe's January 1919 and October1920 United States Passport Applications. Daily Herald, Mon 3 Feb 1913, Page 2, \"Two Strange Visitors; Saharet's identity explained\" Accessed 19 July 2017 \"Notes of the Week\", New York Times, 14 February 1897, pg. 11. \"New Variety Attractions\", The New York Times, 16 March 1897, pg. 9. Koster & Bial (Reason): American Treasures of the Library of Congress \"Notes of the Week\", The New York Times, 4 April 1897, pg. 16. Sunday Times, Sun 7 Nov 1897, Page 2 \"Who Saharet Is\" Accessed 20 July 2017 \"The Drama\", The New York Times, 17 October 1897, pg. SM12. \"Theatrical Gossip\", The New York Times, 10 July 1897, pg. 7. \"Theatrical Gossip\", The New York Times, 5 September 1897, pg. 18. \"Theatres\", The New York Times, 7 November 1897, pg. 11. \"The Hoey Benefit Popular\", The New York Times, 3 December 1897, pg. 7. Jim Steinmeyer (2005) The Glorious Deception; The Double Life of William Robinson, aka Chung Ling Soo, the Marvelous Chinese Counjurer page 202, Carroll and Graf Publishers, New York. ISBN\u00a0978-0-78671-770-5 \"Gossip of the Theatres\", The New York Times, 11 August 1902, pg. 7. \"In Vaudeville\", The New York Times, 19 April 1903, pg. 26. Cinema Treasures | Circle Theatre \"The Vaudeville Theatres\", The New York Times, 16 March 1909, pg. 9. \"Display Ad 26\u2014No Title\", The New York Times, 17 March 1909, pg. 18. The dancer Saharet. \u2013 Franz von Stuck \"In The World of Art And Artists\", The New York Times, 9 June 1907, pg. SMA6. \"The Regnant Wave of the Sensational Dance\", The New York Times, 23 August 1908, pg. SM7. Von Frantzius died of heart disease at the age of 54. He was born in Sawdin, West Prussia, and left an estate worth $11,250,000 when he died in January 1917. See \"F. von Frantzius Dies; Left $11,250,000\", The New York Times, 9 January 1917, pg. 3. Divorce of Maxim P. and Clarice S. Lowe in the Virginia, Divorce Records, 1918\u20131988 Saharet photographic image from the New York Public Library Digital Gallery \"Who was Saharet, the Australian Dancer.\" Jerry Adams & Graeme Petterwood Tasmanian Numismatist, April 2007, online edition"
   },
   {
    "name": "Goran Lozanovski",
    "id": "Q539649",
    "text": "Goran Lozanovski (born 11 January 1974) is a former Australian football (soccer) player of Macedonian descent, and current manager holding the role of senior coach at Westgate FC. Noted for his ability at taking set pieces, Lozanovski signed with South Melbourne in 1997 under Ange Postecoglou, where he would go on to win 2 National Soccer League grand finals in both the 1997\u20131998, and 1998\u20131999 seasons. In the 1999 Grand Final against Sydney United, Lozanovski was awarded the prestigious Joe Marston Medal in South Melbourne's 3\u20132 victory. Lozanovski's success at South Melbourne paved the way for him to link up with fellow Socceroo Mark Rudan at then-2. Bundesliga club Alemannia Aachen. However, his stay at the club would last only 12 games after being embroiled in the 'suitcase affair' corruption scandal in 2001, after financial irregularities arose following both Australian players transfers to the club. After Rudan was briefly arrested by German authorities over the scandal, charges were laid on the clubs treasurer Bernd Krings, who was convicted of financial fraud. Both Lozanovski and Rudan were eventually cleared, with both players departing the club shortly after. Returning home, Lozanovski had stints in South Australia with Adelaide City, Adelaide United, and Western Strikers during the dying years of the National Soccer League. He saw out his career in the Victorian State Leagues with Heidelberg United and Preston Lions respectively, where he retired in 2008. Following his retirement, Lozanovski immediately took up a head coaching position at Preston Lions. He would go on to briefly coach both Hume City, and his 2013 Grand Final opponents, Bentleigh Greens before joining Northcote City. During the 2012 season at Northcote, Lozanovski was promoted to head coach, following Peter Tsolakis' departure to South Melbourne. In 2013, Lozanovski took Northcote FC to their first ever Victorian Premier League Championship, defeating Bentleigh Greens in which would be the last season of the Victorian Premier League system, before it was re-branded into the National Premier Leagues Victoria. Lozanovski decided to resign as Manager at Northcote following the 2015 season and joined Port Melbourne SC as an Assistant Manager ahead of the 2016 season. South Melbourne FC National Soccer League Premiership: 1997-1998 National Soccer League Championship: 1997-1998,1998-1999 Joe Marston Medal: 1999 Preston Lions Victorian Premier League Premiership: 2007 Victorian Premier League Championship:2007 Northcote FC Victorian Premier League Premiership: 2013 Victorian Premier League Championship: 2013 Clark, Alan (1999). \"Grand Final report by Alan Clark South Melbourne v Sydney United\". OzFootball.net. Retrieved 1 December 2014. Schumacher, Wolfgang (6 November 2002). \"Anklage gegen Ex-Alemannen Rudan\" (in German). Aachener Nachrichten. Retrieved 11 May 2013. McDermott, Quentin (27 May 2002). \"Final Whistle?\". ABC TV. Retrieved 11 May 2013. \"Geldkoffer-Prozess: Frano Zelic entlastet Bernd Krings\" (in German). Alemannia Aachen. 21 October 2003. Archived from the original on 13 January 2016. Retrieved 11 May 2013. Pollock, Tom (28 March 2013). \"Lozanovski hopes old school approach will deliver success\". MFootball.com.au. Archived from the original on 11 April 2013. Retrieved 1 December 2014. \"Northcote defeat Bentleigh to win VPL crown\". FourFourTwo Australia. 19 October 2014. Retrieved 1 December 2014. http://northcotecity.com.au/announcement-goran-lozanovski-departs-northcote-city-fc/ \"Port Melbourne confirms 2016 coaching staff, signs Karvelis, Obradovic\". 31 October 2015. Oz Football profile"
   },
   {
    "name": "Archibald James Campbell",
    "id": "Q540087",
    "text": "Archibald James Campbell (18 February 1853 \u2013 11 September 1929) was an Australian civil servant in the Victorian (later Australian) government Customs Service. However, his international reputation rests on his expertise as an amateur ornithologist and naturalist. He was one of the principal founders of the Royal Australasian Ornithologists Union (RAOU) in 1901 and served as its President in 1909 and 1928. He was also a founder member of the Victorian Wattle Club in 1899 and the Bird Observers Club in 1905. Campbell was active in the Field Naturalists Club of Victoria from its inception in 1880, leading pioneering expeditions and writing for their journal. He wrote the classic field guide to oology (a branch of ornithology) in Australia: Nests and Eggs of Australian Birds, published in 1901. Campbell (the ornithologist) shared his personal names, Archibald James, with his father, so to avoid confusion the ornithologist will be referred to throughout this article as \"Campbell\", whilst his father will be named in full. Campbell's parents were both Scots from Glasgow. Archibald James Campbell (1817-1872) was born in an area of Glasgow known as the Gorbals, as was his future wife, Catherine Pinkerton (1833-1882). Travelling without other family members, the 22 year-old Archibald James Campbell arrived in Melbourne in June 1840, on the barque, the Statesman. He obtained employment in Melbourne, in the Victorian Education Department, but in 1851 he moved to the rural Werribee River area which was being taken over for agricultural/pastoral purposes. Before that, the Pinkerton extended family of twelve people had arrived in Melbourne on the barque Superb, in December 1839. By 1852, the Australian Electoral Roll records that several members of the Pinkerton family owned large tracts of freehold land on the Werribee River, used mainly to pasture sheep for the wool trade. In that year Archibald James Campbell married Catherine Pinkerton. The first of their children was their son, AJ Campbell, born in February 1853. William Campbell, Campbell's uncle, married Margaret Pinkerton (1829-1920), Campbell's aunt, in 1864. Years later, Margaret Pinkerton's 90th birthday was celebrated, and was described in a lengthy article in the Argus, 10 May 1919, p.\u00a06, providing many details of life in rural Victoria in the mid-1800s. Migrant families experienced for the first time the most basic living conditions, epidemics of serious diseases (for both humans and animals), and destructive natural hazards including fire, flood and drought. Landowners were also faced with another insuperable problem - the vanishing of their farm labourers whenever news of another discovery was reported in the Australian gold rushes of the 1850s and early 1860s. In addition, the cost of living increased dramatically because of the influx of diggers, and gold soon displaced wool as Australia's chief export commodity. Catherine and Margaret Pinkerton lost their mother, two siblings and a young cousin between 1855 and 1858, and Campbell's brother John Ecker Campbell died in 1860, aged 14 months. The head of the Pinkerton family, James, retired to Bacchus Marsh in 1862, and the Campbell family returned to Melbourne. On 18 February 1896, at the age of 16, Campbell obtained full-time work in the Victorian Government Customs Service as a \"Landing waiter\" (although several biographical articles give his job name as \"landing weigher\"). His next significant career step was confirmed on 12 September 1874 when his name appeared in The Argus (Melbourne) newspaper's list (page 7) of those who had passed the Civil Service Examination. The Victorian Customs Service was amalgamated with that of the other states in 1901, at the time of Federation, creating the Department of Trade and Customs (Australia). Campbell remained with the Service throughout his working life, until his retirement in July 1914. In the introduction to his presentation to the Field Naturalists Club of Victoria (FNCV) in 1883 Campbell explains that his topic, Oology (or o\u00f6logy), is a branch of ornithology that is devoted to the study of bird eggs and nests as an aid to identifying individual birds, and of learning about their movements and distribution across the country. The fact that Campbell was invited to speak at the FNCV indicates that, by the age of 30, he had become a recognized expert on Australian birds, nests and eggs. The FNCV was established in 1880 and is Victoria's oldest field naturalists club. Members are professional scientists, students and amateurs who study the natural world by going out into the environment. Since the establishment of the Club, members have regularly arranged field trips for research, published scientific papers in their journal the Victorian Naturalist, and have taken an active and public role in promoting conservation and protection. Campbell had close working relationships with other prominent scientists in the FNCV, amongst whom was Professor Walter Baldwin Spencer, head of the Department of Biology at Melbourne University, and Dudley Le Sou\u0451f, an ornithologist and zoo director. Le Sou\u0451f in particular shared the same special interests as Campbell, being a photographer and presenter of \"lantern lectures\", the owner of an impressive egg collection, and working with Campbell in establishing the RAOU and its journal, Emu. Campbell also freely acknowledged his debt to the Englishman who had become the pioneer of Australian ornithology, John Gould (1804-1881). Both men shared an absence of secondary and tertiary education; and both undertook self-education so thoroughly that they became pre-eminent in their fields, and the books they wrote quickly became the standard scientific texts on their chosen subjects. Gould's Birds of Australia provided a foundation for Campbell's 1883 presentation and 1901 book on Nests and eggs of Australian birds. Where Gould described many species of Australian birds new to science, Campbell added innovative information about eggs and nests. Both writers made use of the newest technology available to illustrate their scientific data. Until 1840, Gould's pictures of birds were drawn and painted by his wife Elizabeth Coxon; many were reproduced by means of the recently invented technique of hand-painted lithographs; forty years later, Campbell's images of nests, eggs and habitat were created by the cutting edge technology of photography. In his text Campbell frequently refers the reader to Gould's illustrations of the birds that he (Campbell) is writing about, e.g. in his entry on page 87 for the Magpie Lark Grallina cyanoleuca Campbell notes that the bird is illustrated in: \"Figure - Gould: Birds of Australia, fol., vol.ii, plate 54\". However, he does also include in his own text several coloured illustrations (that of the Rose robin, for instance), drawn by artists. Campbell received great acclaim during his lifetime, such as being invited to be a Colonial Member of the British Ornithologists' Union in 1902, and an Honorary Fellow of the American Ornithologists' Union in 1904 and this international recognition was important for the Australian ornithological community as a whole. Two leading Australian ornithological organisations owed their existence, at least in part, to Campbell, who was instrumental in their creation: the Royal Australasian Ornithologists Union (RAOU) founded in 1901, and the (Victorian) Bird Observers Club founded in 1905. After birds, Campbell's most intense fascination was with Australian native flora, and particularly wattle trees (acacias) of which there are currently thought to be 1070 species. Enthusiasm for wattles existed amongst naturalists in Tasmania, South Australia and New South Wales, as well as in Victoria. Campbell's advocacy resulted in the formation in 1899 of a 'Wattle Club' in Victoria, to promote public interest in wattles and organise bush excursions on the first day of September every year. With the advent of Federation in 1901, Campbell began campaigning to have one of the wattle species, the Golden Wattle Acacia pycnantha, nominated as Australia's national floral emblem (in the same way as Ireland has the shamrock, Scotland the thistle, and so on). The matter was contentious - R.T.Baker campaigned just as hard for the flower of the Waratah Telopea speciosissima to be chosen. However, the Waratah has remained as the floral emblem of the state of New South Wales. The official proclamation concerning the Golden Wattle as emblem did not occur for many decades (during the Australian Bicentenary celebrations in 1988) but on 19 September 1912 it was incorporated into the design which is still seen in the Coat of Arms, and was 'granted' under Royal Warrant by King George V. Efforts were made to unify the wattle-enthusiasts across Australian by creating the Wattle Federation of Australasia, inaugurated in Melbourne in January 1913, as reported in the Examiner, on Fri 17 Jan 1913, Page 7, in an article entitled 'The Wattle Federation': Three delegates from each state were invited to attend the function, at which the wattle federation was started. Tasmania alone failed to send delegates, but the promoters, finding that [Tasmanians] Dr. Purdy and Mr. Seager were in Melbourne, invited these gentlemen to attend ... The Prime Minister (Right Hon. A. Fisher) presided at the inaugural dinner. - Examiner, 1913 Another milestone was passed on 19 April 1984 when the wattle's green and gold colours became Australia's national colours. A formal proclamation was made by the Governor-General, Sir Ninian Stevens, that: \"green and gold ... shall be the national colours of Australia for use on all occasions on which such colours are customarily used\". Following the 1988 official selection of the Golden Wattle as Australia's floral emblem, the final step of the journey that Campbell had begun in 1901 was taken when, in 1992, consensus was reached amongst the Commonwealth and all states and territories that the first day of Spring (1 September) should be Wattle Day throughout Australia. Much of the evidence for Campbell's innovative work as a photographer is held by Museum Victoria, having been donated by Campbell himself, on 22 December 1915: This collection consists of 2,772 images taken by Archibald James Campbell. These are made up of a combination of black and white prints and glass negatives. Many of the images of birds and nests were used by Campbell in his book Nests and Eggs of Australian Birds, including the Geographical Distribution of the Species and Popular Observations Thereon, published in 1900. There is also a significant number of images taken by Campbell on his various field trips around Australia with groups such as the Ornithologists Union, Victorian Field Naturalists, The Working Men's College Photographic Club and his family. - Museum Victoria. His photographs provide not only a demonstration of the state of the art of photography in the 1880s but also a detailed historical record of conditions for the pioneering naturalists, who were sometimes accompanied on their expeditions by wives and children. For example, two of Campbell's photographs of the 1887-1888 FNCV expedition to King Island, Tasmania show the accommodation on the near-uninhabited island. Only the family of the lighthouse keeper and one kangaroo hunter were on the island to lend assistance to the group during their nineteen-day visit. As Campbell relates, when provisions were depleted and they began to run out of flour \"a little bran was mixed, to stay its rapid progress. As the flour became thinner so the bran increased; finally, the last \" mash \" was all bran.\" After retiring from employment, in 1914, Campbell's life continued to be filled with activity and events. After the loss of his first wife, Elizabeth Melrose Anderson (1855-1915), Campbell married again, to Blanche Duncan (1870-1953), and took up residence in Box Hill (which was still a rural area at that time). He continued his expeditions and his writing, and one of his retirement projects was to prepare a new book of text and photographs entitled Golden wattle, our national floral emblem. He died on 12 September 1929, after having prepared a speech for the RAOU, which was read out posthumously. Campbell is buried in the cemetery in St. Kilda, in what has become a somewhat dilapidated grave. He lies in the company of his father Archibald James Campbell, his mother Catherine Pinkerton, his sister Catherine Jane Campbell, his first wife, Elizabeth Melrose Anderson, their daughter Elizabeth Victoria Campbell, and his second wife, Blanche Duncan. Besides the scientific associations that he helped to bring into existence and which still exist in one form or another, Campbell left a large body of written and photographic work. Some of the key texts are mentioned below: Articles: The FNCV journal the Victorian Naturalist has two notable articles from Campbell which later also appeared in the Australasian: Campbell, AJ 1888, 'Field Naturalists Club of Victoria: expedition to King Island, 1887: official report', The Victorian Naturalist, 4, 129\u2013135. Campbell, AJ 1888, 'Field Naturalists Club of Victoria: expedition to King Island, 1887: narrative of the expedition', The Victorian Naturalist, 4, 146\u2013162. The National Library of Australia has many of Campbell's papers, in their collection entitled the A. J. Campbell Collection. Box 3 holds a scrapbook containing 77 articles by Campbell that were published in the \"Australasian\" 1893\u20131900. The journal Emu was published by the RAOU. Campbell contributed many articles to it, whilst also acting as co-editor for thirteen years. Books: Campbell, AJ 1883, Nests and Eggs of Australian birds, embracing papers on \"Oology of Australian birds\" read before the Field Naturalists Club of Victoria, published by the author, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia. Campbell, AJ 1974, Nests and eggs of Australian birds, including the geographical distribution of the species and popular observations thereon, Wren, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia. (First edition, 1901). Campbell, AJ 1921, Golden wattle, our national floral emblem, Osboldstone, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia. Mather, K 2017, 'King Island\u2019s lake of many names - Lake Flannigan: points of interest from the literature', The Victorian Naturalist, vol 134, iss 6, pp. 207\u2013214. Johns, F 1906, Johns's Notable Australians, George Robertson, Melbourne Victoria Australia, p. 42. Blainey, G 2016, The story of Australia's people: the rise and fall of new Australia, Penguin, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia, pp. 22-23. Black, M 2016, Up came a squatter\u00a0: Niel Black of Glenormiston, 1839-1880, New South Publishing, Sydney, NSW, Australia, pp. 129-130. Kissock, M and White, E 1931, A pioneering family, in the possession of the family, Australia. Mattingley, AH 1929, 'Obituary: Archibald James Campbell (1853-1929)', Emu: Austral ornithology, 29,3, p.228-230. Australia, 1904, Commonwealth Public Service List, Department of Trade and Customs, Canberra, ACT, Australia. Carland, R 2008, 'Archibald James Campbell, Naturalist (1853-1929)', Museums Victoria Collections, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia, accessed 26 Nov 2017, https://collections.museumvictoria.com.au/articles/1516. Campbell, AJ 1883, Nests and eggs of Australian birds, embracing papers on \"Oology of Australian birds\", read before the Field Naturalists' Club of Victoria, published by the author, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia. Smith, A 2010, 'The Field Naturalists Club of Victoria Inc (1880 - )', Encyclopedia of Australian Science, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia, accessed 22 Nov 2017, http://www.eoas.info/biogs/A001665b.htm. Chisholm, AH 1996, 'Gould, John (1804\u20131881)', Australian Dictionary of Biography, Canberra, ACT, Australia, accessed 21 Nov 2017, http://adb.anu.edu.au/biography/gould-john-2113. Gould, J 1848, The birds of Australia: in seven volumes, published by the author, London, England. Campbell, AJ 1901, Nests and eggs of Australian birds, including the geographical distribution of the species and popular observations thereon, Pawson and Brailsford for the author, Sheffield, England. Robin, L 2001, 'An Emu for a nation: a centenary reflection on the journal and its discipline', Emu: Austral ornithology, 102, 1, p.3. National Library of Australia 2002, Guide to the papers of Archibald Campbell MS9650, National Library of Australia, Canberra, ACT, Australia, p. 3. Walsh, N 2015, VicFlora: Flora of Victoria, Royal Botanic Gardens Victoria: Foundation Victoria, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia, accessed 27 Nov. 2017, https://vicflora.rbg.vic.gov.au/flora/taxon/dfe52d12-cc3f-4620-8a9b-ab8361322615. WorldWideWattle 2016, Wattle Day (1 September), Western Australian Herbarium and Department of Parks and Wildlife, Dalwallinu, Western Australia, Australia, accessed 29 Nov. 2017, http://worldwidewattle.com/infogallery/symbolic/wattleday.php. WorldWideWattle 2016, Australian coat of arms, Western Australian Herbarium and Department of Parks and Wildlife, Dalwallinu, Western Australia, Australia, accessed 29 Nov. 2017, http://worldwidewattle.com/infogallery/symbolic/coatofarms.php. Boden, A 1985, 'Golden wattles', Floral emblems of Australia, Australian National Herbarium, Canberra, ACT, Australia, accessed 15th Nov 2017, http://www.anbg.gov.au/emblems/aust.emblem.html. WorldWideWattle 2016, Australian national colours: green and gold, Western Australian Herbarium and Department of Parks and Wildlife, Dalwallinu, Western Australia, Australia, accessed 29 Nov. 2017, http://worldwidewattle.com/infogallery/symbolic/nationalcolours.php. Wattle Day Association n.d., History of Wattle Day, Australian Choice, Canberra, ACT, Australia, accessed 29 Nov. 2017, https://www.australianchoice.com.au/page/wattle-day.aspx Archived 1 December 2017 at the Wayback Machine. Campbell, AJ 1888, 'Field Naturalists\u2019 Club of Victoria expedition to King Island, November, 1887: official report', The Victorian Naturalist, 4, 9, January 1888, p. 131. Campbell , AJ 1921, Golden wattle, our national floral emblem, Osboldstone, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia. Floral Emblems of Australia World Wide Wattle Birds in Backyards BirdLife Australia Bush Heritage Australia Online copy of Birds of Australia, 1848, by J Gould, with illustrations by HC Richter and others Campbell family tree in Ancestry.com (membership required)"
   },
   {
    "name": "Kirsty Sword Gusm\u00e3o",
    "id": "Q540562",
    "text": "Kirsty Sword Gusm\u00e3o, AO (born Kirsty Sword; 19 April 1966) is an Australian-East Timorese activist who served as the First Lady of East Timor from 2002 until 2007. She is married to Xanana Gusm\u00e3o, former Prime Minister and President of East Timor, though they separated in 2015. She is the founding director of the Alola Foundation, which seeks to improve the lives of women in Timor-Leste, a nation with one of the world's lowest per capita GDPs. Sword was born in 1966 in Melbourne, Australia, to schoolteachers Brian and Rosalie Sword, and was raised there and in Bendigo. She attended Eaglehawk Primary School, where her father was the principal and her mother a music teacher in the 1970s. She was taught her first Indonesian words by her father when she was four years old. She was a promising ballet dancer, but decided not to pursue it as a career. As a teen, Sword travelled to Bali and Jakarta with her father and brother. After Golden Square Secondary College, she attended Monash University and the University of Melbourne in the 1980s where she completed a Bachelor of Arts (Honours) degree, majoring in Indonesian and Italian, and a Diploma of Education. In 1985, while studying Indonesian at Monash, Sword met Timor-Leste students and took up their struggle for independence. Her father Brian died in 1998. Sword worked as an administrative secretary with the Overseas Service Bureau (now Australian Volunteers International) until 1991, when she joined the Refugee Studies Program at Oxford University in England as assistant to the development coordinator. Later that year, she travelled to East Timor as a researcher and interpreter for a Yorkshire Television documentary film called In Cold Blood: The massacre of East Timor about political and social developments in the territory. From 1992 to 1996, Sword lived and worked in Jakarta, Indonesia, as an English teacher, humanitarian aid worker and human rights campaigner. At the same time, she became a clandestine activist and spy for the Timor-Leste (East Timorese) resistance to Indonesian rule. Her resistance code name was Ruby Blade, later changed to Mukya (tr. 'fragrant') by Xanana Gusm\u00e3o. Regarding the eventual media revelation that a member of a supposedly neutral organisation was spying against a host country, whether any lasting damage was done to the capacity of humanitarian aid and human rights organisations to work freely in Indonesia is difficult to assess, as none of the relevant agencies have been willing to make official statements, however there has been some open criticism of her conduct that pointed out the lives of aid workers in Indonesia may have been endangered by the spying activities. Sword has deflected these criticisms by stating she did not consider herself bound by the codes of conduct applicable to aid workers. Sword finally met Xanana Gusm\u00e3o face to face in December 1994 while he was serving a 20-year sentence in Jakarta's Cipinang prison for leading the East Timorese resistance group FRETILIN. Their first contact came when she taught him English by correspondence from 1992. Ultimately she bluffed her way into the prison at Christmas 1994 on the pretence of visiting an uncle. Xanana was released in 1999 and the couple married the following year in Dili, where they lived in the independent Timor-Leste with their three sons. In 2001 Sword Gusm\u00e3o brought the case of sex trafficking victim Juliana dos Santos to the attention of the United Nations Commission on Human Rights, as well as starting the Alola Foundation. From May 2002 to May 2007, Xanana was President of Timor-Leste and Sword Gusm\u00e3o was its First Lady. On 1 November 2003, she published an autobiography entitled A Woman of Independence. During the 2006 East Timorese crisis, Sword Gusm\u00e3o conducted media interviews and met Australian troops on behalf of her husband, who was immobile due to back pain. In May 2007, Xanana declined to run for another term as President, and was succeeded by his prime minister, Jos\u00e9 Ramos-Horta, Xanana became Prime Minister on 8 August. In October, Sword Gusm\u00e3o was appointed to the honorary position of Goodwill Ambassador for Education of Timor-Leste by Ramos-Horta. On 11 February 2008, national television reported that the motorcade of Gusm\u00e3o had come under gunfire one hour after President Ramos-Horta was shot in the stomach; according to the Associated Press, the two incidents raised the possibility of a coup attempt. During the assassination attempts, Sword Gusm\u00e3o was protecting her children from gunmen stalking their home. Also being sheltered was another woman and her four children, upon contacting Xanana by mobile phone Sword Gusm\u00e3o heard he was under gunfire. The Gusm\u00e3o family were reunited after negotiations between her guards and the gunmen allowed her through and, despite the risks of future attempts, Sword Gusm\u00e3o decided to remain in Timor-Leste. In early 2013 it was reported that Sword Gusm\u00e3o had undergone treatment for breast cancer. After 15 years of marriage, it was announced in March 2015 that Sword Gusm\u00e3o and her husband were separating. She now lives in Melbourne with the couple's three sons. On 14 May 2014, Sword Gusm\u00e3o was admitted to the degree of Doctor of the University (honoris causa) by Victoria University for her community service in championing the importance of education and improving the lives of women and children in Timor-Leste. In June 2015, Sword Gusm\u00e3o was appointed an Officer of the Order of Australia (AO) \"For distinguished service to Australia-Timor-Leste relations through the development of mutual cooperation and understanding, particularly in the education sector, and as an advocate for improved health and living conditions for the Timorese people.\" \"Queen's birthday honours\". Sydney Morning Herald. 8 June 2015. \"Alola Foundation honours the First Lady\" (PDF). Alola Foundation Ltd. September 2005. Archived from the original (PDF) on 20 May 2006. Retrieved 18 January 2009. \"About Fundasaun Alola\". Alola Foundation Ltd. Archived from the original on 18 June 2008. Retrieved 19 January 2009. Sword Gusm\u00e3o, Kirsty; Rowena Lennox (1 November 2003). A Woman of Independence: A Story of Love and the Birth of a New Nation. Sydney, NSW: Pan Macmillan. ISBN\u00a0978-0-7329-1197-3. \"Public lecture presented for the Castan Centre for Human Rights Law\". Monash University. 9 September 2008. Archived from the original on 3 March 2011. Retrieved 19 January 2009. McLean, Sandra (8 November 2003). \"Love and revolution\". The Courier Mail. Retrieved 19 January 2009. Scobie, Claire (11 October 2003). \"Years of Living Dangerously\" (PDF). Saturday Telegraph Magazine. Retrieved 18 January 2009.[permanent dead link] \"East Timor First Lady returns home to launch Victoria-wide Friendship Schools Project\" (PDF). Alola Foundation Ltd. 24 March 2003. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2 February 2010. Retrieved 18 January 2009. \"Enough Rope with Andrew Denton episode 86: Xanana and Kirsty Sword Gusm\u00e3o transcript\". Australian Broadcasting Corporation (ABC). 18 July 2005. Archived from the original on 3 April 2015. Retrieved 19 January 2009. \"Kirsty Sword Gusm\u00e3o\". Monash University. 29 October 2008. Archived from the original (PDF) on 6 October 2008. Retrieved 18 January 2009. Kirsty Sword Gusmao: A Dutiful Life. East Timor and Indonesia Action Network \"Abducted girl shows plight of 'sex slaves' from East Timor\". The Irish Times2. Retrieved 8 September 2020. \"East Timor: 'unexpected' progress made in talks between Jakarta, UN mission\". UN News. 18 May 2001. Retrieved 8 September 2020. \"The World Today - Gusmao in charge of military, Sword says\". Abc.net.au. 26 May 2006. Retrieved 4 January 2013. \"Ambassador for Education - Press release\". Alola Foundation Ltd. 24 October 2007. Archived from the original on 29 September 2008. Retrieved 18 January 2009. \"East Timor President Wounded in Attack\". The New York Times. 10 February 2008. Retrieved 19 January 2009.[dead link] Shanahan, Leo (13 February 2008). \"PM's wife tells of terror ordeal\". The Age. Melbourne. Retrieved 19 January 2009. Craig Butt. \"Gusmao's wife in Melbourne for cancer surgery\". Theage.com.au. Archived from the original on 5 January 2013. Retrieved 4 January 2013. Lindsay Murdoch. \"Xanana Gusmao and Kirsty Sword Gusmao announce separation\". smh.com.au. Retrieved 30 May 2015. \"Officers in the General Division of the Order of Australia\" (PDF). Governor General of the Commonwealth of Australia. Australian Honours Secretariat. 8 June 2015. p.\u00a038. Archived from the original (PDF) on 8 June 2015. Retrieved 8 June 2015. Alias Ruby Blade - documentary film depicts the life of Kirsty Sword Gusm\u00e3o Teacher, Rebel, Spy, First Lady \u2014 slideshow by Life magazine ABC Enough Rope interview with Xanana Gusm\u00e3o and Kirsty Sword Gusm\u00e3o ABC Australian Story episode \"Dangerous Liaison\" Sydney Morning Herald book review of A Woman of Independence Alola Foundation website"
   },
   {
    "name": "Angry Anderson",
    "id": "Q543548",
    "text": "Gary Stephen \"Angry\" Anderson AM (born 5 August 1947) is an Australian rock singer-songwriter, television presenter-reporter and actor. He has been the lead vocalist with the hard rock band Rose Tattoo since 1976. On Australia Day 26 January 1993, Anderson was made a Member of the Order of Australia for his role as a youth advocate. According to rock music historian, Ian McFarlane, \"over the course of a lengthy career, [the] gravel-throated vocalist ... has gone from attention-grabbing, rock'n'roll bad boy to all-round Australian media star.\" On 16 August 2006, Rose Tattoo were inducted into the Australian Recording Industry Association (ARIA) Hall of Fame. Gary Stephen Anderson was born on 5 August 1947 in Melbourne, Victoria, to an Australian father and Mauritian mother. He has a brother Rodney living in Melbourne. Anderson's nickname of \"Angry Ant\" developed \"during his youth after his aggressive and volatile nature got the better of him.\" According to Anderson, his father \"was a deeply troubled man... I've dealt with my rage, my pain... I was a very angry boy... When he was around he was a very explosive person.\" Anderson used his uncle, Ivan, as his role model, he \"was a cigarette-smoking, beer-drinking, leather jacket-wearing, motorcycle-riding drummer in a swing band.\" Anderson grew up in suburban Coburg and attended Coburg Technical School before working as a fitter and turner in a factory. Initially he wanted to be a blues guitarist, \"I wanted to be like all the great blues guitar players, then I wanted to be like Bob Dylan, then of course... John Lennon.\" Anderson found himself in a band with three possible guitarists and \"[t]he other two were much better than me, so the only other thing we needed was a singer... [we] had to sing 'Twist and Shout' without accompaniment. I just happened to be the best one at it.\" From 1971 to 1973, Anderson led rock group Peace Power and Purity and came to wider public notice as the lead vocalist with Buster Brown. He fronted the hard rock and blues rock band from its foundation in 1973, the original line-up included Phil Rudd on drums, who left in 1974 to join AC/DC. In 1975, Buster Brown released an album, Something to Say, on Mushroom Records/Festival Records before disbanding in November that year. In 1976 in Sydney, Rose Tattoo was formed by Peter Wells of the heavy metal band Buffalo. Anderson had relocated to Sydney and replaced the group's original singer Tony Lake. When their drummer Michael Vandersluys departed soon afterwards, he was replaced by Dallas Royall, who had been Rudd's replacement in Buster Brown. Their most popular single on the Australian Kent Music Report Singles Chart was \"Bad Boy for Love\" from 1977, which peaked at No.\u00a019. Rose Tattoo's 1981 tour of Europe included an appearance at the Reading Festival, where Anderson repeatedly head butted the amp stacks until his scalp started bleeding. Anderson's debut as an actor was a minor role in Bullamakanka (1983). Later, he appeared as the character Ironbar Bassey in the film Mad Max Beyond Thunderdome (1985). Filmink magazine later wrote that Anderson \"appeared in surprisingly few acting roles for someone with such renown as a presenter.\" Anderson joined as a guest vocalist with The Incredible Penguins, for a cover of \"Happy Xmas (War Is Over)\", a charity project for research on little penguins, which peaked at No.\u00a010 in December 1985. In 1987, he played Lenin in the musical Rasputin, composed by David Tyyd, at the State Theatre in Sydney. Anderson led Rose Tattoo through six studio albums until disbanding the group in 1987, by which time he was the only member remaining from the early line-up. During 1986, as Rose Tattoo was winding down following the recording of Beats from a Single Drum, Anderson joined The Party Boys for an Australian tour, but never recorded with them. By this time Anderson had established himself as an advocate on social issues and made regular appearances on the Channel Nine programs The Midday Show with Ray Martin and then A Current Affair as a human interest reporter. In 1987, Anderson had his biggest hit, when the uncharacteristic ballad \"Suddenly\" from the album, Beats from a Single Drum, was used as the wedding theme for the Neighbours episode in which the popular characters Scott Robinson and Charlene Mitchell married. Robinson was portrayed by Jason Donovan, while Mitchell's character was portrayed by pop singer, Kylie Minogue, who had issued her debut single in July as a cover version of \"Locomotion.\" \"Locomotion\" was at number\u00a0one on the Australian charts preventing \"Suddenly\" from reaching the top spot. Beats from a Single Drum had been planned as Anderson's debut solo release, but had initially been billed as a Rose Tattoo album due to contractual obligations; however, after the success of \"Suddenly\", it was re-released in 1988 as an Angry Anderson solo album. In November 1988, the single reached number\u00a0three on the UK Singles Chart after the episode aired there. With the dissolution of Rose Tattoo, Anderson pressed on with his solo career, releasing the album Blood from Stone in 1990 which provided the No.\u00a011 hit single \"Bound for Glory.\" He performed the song during the pre-match entertainment at the 1991 AFL Grand Final between Hawthorn and West Coast, appearing on top of a Batmobile. According to The Punch's Michael Phelan, Anderson's performance was \"a teeth-gnashing, eyeballs-bleeding, nails-scratching-down-a-blackboard rendition\" and rates it as the worst pre-game display in Australian sporting history. In 1992, Anderson acted in the Australian arena-style revival of Jesus Christ Superstar as Herod. On Australia Day (26 January) 1993, Anderson was made a Member of the Order of Australia with the citation, \"In recognition of service to the community, particularly as a youth advocate.\" Also that year, Rose Tattoo reunited to support Guns N' Roses on the Australian leg of their Use Your Illusion Tour, Guns N' Roses specifically requested The Tatts to support Them in Australia. However the reunion was short-lived and the band's members returned to their solo projects. From 1994, Anderson has used his contacts in the media to organise a Challenge where a particular charity's project was completed with support of community and business groups. Examples of these Challenges include constructing a playground for handicapped children within 48 hours, assisting drought affected farmers with reserve feed for their stock, organising Christmas presents for socially and economically disadvantaged children, building two respite units for people living with and affected by HIV AIDS and delivering artificial limbs for Cambodian land mine victims. Rose Tattoo reconvened in 1998 and undertook an Australian tour. The group has continued to perform despite five Rose Tattoo former band members dying of cancer: Dallas Royall (1991), Peter Wells (2006), Ian Rilen (2006), Lobby Loyde (2007), and Mick Cocks (2009). According to rock music historian, Ian McFarlane, \"over the course of a lengthy career, [the] gravel-throated vocalist ... has gone from attention-grabbing, rock'n'roll bad boy to all-round Australian media star.\" On 16 August 2006, Rose Tattoo were inducted into the Australian Recording Industry Association (ARIA) Hall of Fame. In the early years of the 2000s, Anderson participated in and organised a string of charity events. In 2002, Anderson played with former members of The Angels at the Bali Relief concert in Perth, Western Australia, held in aid of victims of the Bali bombing. Anderson is involved in the Dunn Lewis Youth Development Foundation, which is a lasting legacy of two of the 88 Australian lives lost in the bombings. In 2003, Anderson appeared in a cameo role as the character Kris Quaid in the independent Australian feature film Finding Joy. At the end of the film, he sings his hit \"Suddenly.\" Anderson appeared in a guest role in the Australian movie Suite for Fleur (2011), as Silas, Fleur's father, a carpenter and furniture maker living in Byron Bay. In December, Anderson joined Doc Neeson - The Angels, Mark Gable - The Choirboys, Buzz Bidstrup - The Angels, Phil Emmanuel and Matt Sorum (drummer for Guns N' Roses) on-stage to celebrate the opening of a Hard Rock Cafe in Darling Harbour. In January 2012, Anderson announced that Rose Tattoo would disband \u2013 he is a member of the National Party and is considering using his birth name, Gary, for \"political expediency\" when running as a candidate in the next federal election. In 2014, Anderson was featured on 7mate's successful television series Bogan Hunters as one of eight celebrity judges. Later that year, Anderson scored a role in the motion picture Fat Pizza vs. Housos. The film was shown in Australian cinemas from 27 November 2014 onwards. In July 2007, Anderson was criticised by some after espousing his views on Muslim immigration to Australia when he told the Sydney Daily Telegraph: It's not ill-conceived to look at certain people and question when they come out here what they bring with them ... We have strict quarantine laws and it should be the same when it comes to cultures that do not want to integrate. We should be very careful about where certain Muslims come from and what they believe. If you come here, you should behave yourself \u2013 it's as simple as that... If people come and live in any country and their way of life is so different they need their own special laws, then possibly they have to pick somewhere else to live. The idea of any Muslim being photographed for a passport or a licence with one of those shrouds on \u2013 sorry, it just can't happen. On 1 March 2010, he told a Federal Parliamentary Committee into the impact of violence on youth that life experience has taught him \"Aussies use their fists\" when they fight and that \"weapons were introduced by other cultures.\" In March 2011, Anderson declared he was a supporter of conservative politician Tony Abbott and his views against a tax on carbon dioxide emissions. He announced in October that year that he was joining the conservative National Party, and was interested in standing for a seat in the next Australian federal election. When asked whether his more 'leftie views' might be gagged (he supports same-sex marriage, for example) he replied, \"maintaining some sort of order and balance is about agreement, compromise, setting rules as the head of the house. I've learnt to be a part of the family. So I'm not going to say things in public that are going to embarrass the party.\" He was selected as the National candidate for the Division of Throsby in New South Wales under his birth name, Gary Anderson. Although he didn't win, his preferences helped the Coalition net a four-percent swing in the seat. In 2012, Anderson participated in the SBS doco-reality show Go Back To Where You Came From, in which six Australians, each with differing opinions on Australia's asylum seeker debate, were taken on a journey to which refugees have taken to reach Australia. At the outset of the series Anderson says that \"boat people\" who arrive in Australia illegally should be sent back to their countries of origin: \"If you come here illegally, I don't care about your story, first thing you do is you turn around and go back.\" Later in the series, after having met with refugees from Afghanistan who settled in Melbourne as well as visiting war-torn Kabul, Anderson softened his stand on the subject: \"Now I've been here and spoken to people, I don't want to turn away refugees, I don't want to turn away people who need to be reunited with their families. I don't want that. Who would want that? I don't want people to go on suffering needlessly, when we can give them somewhere safe to be. But I don't want them to come to Australia in boats.\" Again endorsed by the National Party in September 2014, this time in the New South Wales seat of Cessnock for the 2015 state election, Anderson withdrew his candidacy in February 2015, citing personal reasons. In 2016 Anderson was endorsed as an Australian Liberty Alliance candidate for the Senate representing New South Wales at the 2016 federal election. The Australian Liberty Alliance is a right wing group that opposes Muslim immigration to Australia. In Angry Anderson's 1994 biography, Angry \u2013 Scarred for Life, the author Karen Dewey describes his life as \"Sexually, physically and mentally abused he broke the brutal family pattern to become a besotted, devoted father of four.\" Anderson described how \"[t]here was physical and emotional violence in the family\" and a family friend began sexually abusing him from the age of five. In 1982, prior to one of Rose Tattoo's European tours, Anderson met Lindy Michael. The couple's daughter, Roxanne was born in 1983. Anderson and Michael married in January 1986 and have also had three sons, Galen, Blaine and Liam. By 2002, Anderson and Michael were divorced. Anderson is a single father and lives in the Sydney suburb of Beacon Hill. Although he does not believe in an omniscient god he attends the Baha'i temple regularly, \"the spirituality I have given myself over to is the divine.\" Having seen cancer claim the lives of five of his Rose Tattoo bandmates (Dallas Royall, Peter Wells, Ian Rilen, Lobby Lloyde and Mick Cocks), Anderson has become an advocate for men's health. He appeared in a TV campaign promoting awareness of prostate cancer. On 4 November 2018, Anderson's son Liam was killed in an attack in a park in Queenscliff, New South Wales. You're Not Alone (Australian Olympians song) At Last... Bullamakanka: The Motion Picture (1983) - Senator's Aide Mad Max Beyond Thunderdome (1985) - Ironbar Scuff the Sock (1987, TV Movie) - Plasterer Finding Joy (2002) - Kris Quaid Fat Pizza (2003) - Bikie Pizza (2005, TV Series) - Bikie Leader / Tattooist / Captain / Vietnam Vet Swift and Shift Couriers (2008-2011, TV Series) - Aaron 'Agro' Smith Suite For Fleur (2011) Housos vs. Authority (2012) - Angry Go Back To Where You Came From (2012, TV Series documentary) - Himself - Participant Housos (2011-2013; 2020, TV Series) - Angry Fat Pizza vs. Housos (2014) - Angry Bogan Hunters (2014, TV Series) - Himself - Celebrity Judge Dumb Criminals: The Movie (2015) - Angry Fat Pizza: Back in Business (2019 - 2021, TV Series) - Angry Dewey, Karen (1994). Angry \u2013 Scarred for Life. Chippendale, NSW: Pan Macmillan Australia. ISBN\u00a00-330-27372-8. Murray Engleheart. Blood, Sweat & Beers- Oz Rock from the Aztecs to Rose Tattoo . Published by Harper Collins Australia. 2010. (ISBN\u00a0978 0 7322 8935 5) Edward DuykerOf the Star and the Key: Mauritius, Mauritians and Australia, Australian Mauritian Research Group, Sylvania, 1988, p.\u00a0107. General Kimball, Duncan. \"Milesago: Australasian Music and Popular Culture 1964\u20131975\". Ice Productions. Retrieved 16 March 2012. McFarlane, Ian (1999). \"Whammo Homepage\". Encyclopedia of Australian Rock and Pop. St Leonards, NSW: Allen & Unwin. ISBN\u00a01-86508-072-1. Archived from the original on 5 April 2004. Retrieved 16 March 2012. Note: Archived [on-line] copy has limited functionality. Specific \"The American Society of Composers, Authors and Publishers (ASCAP)\". ASCAP. Archived from the original on 27 May 2010. Retrieved 22 May 2010. \"Angry Anderson\". Music Australia. National Library of Australia. 3 April 2007. Archived from the original on 13 June 2009. Retrieved 16 March 2012. McFarlane, 'Angry Anderson' entry at the Wayback Machine (archived 3 August 2004). Archived from the original on 3 August 2004. Retrieved 16 March 2012. Fidler, Richard (23 January 2007). \"Rose Tattoo's Angry Anderson\". 702 ABC Sydney. Australian Broadcasting Corporation (ABC). Archived from the original on 23 April 2012. Retrieved 16 March 2012. Coupe, Stuart; Donnithorne, Jacinta. \"Bio: Angry Anderson \u2013 \"Bound for Glory\"\". Rose Tattoo Pty Ltd. Retrieved 17 March 2012. McFarlane 'Buster Brown' entry at the Wayback Machine (archived 15 June 2004). Archived from the original on 3 August 2004. Retrieved 16 March 2012. McFarlane 'Rose Tattoo' entry at the Wayback Machine (archived 1 September 2004). Archived from the original on 1 September 2004. Retrieved 16 March 2012. Kent, David (1993). Australian Chart Book 1970\u20131992. St Ives, NSW: Australian Chart Book Ltd. ISBN\u00a00-646-11917-6. NOTE: Used for Australian Singles and Albums charting from 1974 until ARIA created their own charts in mid-1988. In 1992, Kent back calculated chart positions for 1970\u20131974. \"ARIA Hall of Fame \u2013 Rose Tattoo\" (Press release). Australian Recording Industry Association (ARIA). 12 July 2006. Retrieved 24 May 2010. Vagg, Stephen (14 July 2019). \"Australian Singers Turned Actors\". Filmink. Spencer, Chris; Nowara, Zbig; McHenry, Paul (2002) [1987]. \"Incredible Penguins\". The Who's Who of Australian Rock. notes by Ed Nimmervoll. Noble Park, Vic: Five Mile Press. ISBN\u00a01-86503-891-1. \"Angry Anderson\". Official Charts Company. Retrieved 16 March 2012. Hung, Steffen. \"Discography Angry Anderson\". Australian Charts Portal (Hung Medien). Archived from the original on 7 January 2016. Retrieved 16 March 2012. Phelan, Michael (30 September 2011). \"When Mr Loaf Meats AFL Anything Could Happen\". The Punch. News Limited (News Corporation). Retrieved 17 March 2012. \"Search Australian Honours \u2013 Anderson, Gary (Angry)\". It's an Honour. Government of Australia. 26 January 1993. Retrieved 16 March 2012. Nimmervoll, Ed. \"Rose Tattoo\". Howlspace \u2013 The Living History of Our Music. White Room Electronic Publishing Pty Ltd (Ed Nimmervoll). Archived from the original on 29 January 2003. Retrieved 22 January 2014. Ankeny, Jason. \"Rose Tattoo > Biography\". Allmusic. Rovi Corporation. Retrieved 17 March 2012. Australian Associated Press (AAP) (31 March 2006). \"Pete Wells remembered as loyal mate\". The Sydney Morning Herald. Fairfax Media. Retrieved 21 May 2010. Brown, Jen Jewel (25 November 2006). \"He Was the Goodtime Bad Boy of Rose Tattoo\". The Sydney Morning Herald. Fairfax Media. Retrieved 17 March 2012. Baker, Glenn A (24 April 2007). \"The Godfather of Australian's Heavy Rock\". The Sydney Morning Herald. Fairfax Media. Retrieved 17 March 2012. Australian Associated Press (AAP) (23 December 2009). \"Rose Tattoo Band Founder Dies\". The Daily Telegraph. Sydney: News Corporation. Retrieved 12 March 2012. Fantin, Viv (12 August 2006). \"Stars Line Up for ARIA Hall of Fame\" (PDF). Australian Recording Industry Association. Retrieved 12 March 2012.[dead link] \"Finding Joy Official Web Site\". findingjoy.com. Archived from the original on 14 April 2009. Retrieved 27 May 2009. Sharp, Annette; Christie, Joel; Harris, Amy (7 December 2011). \"Angry Anderson, Doc Neeson, Mark Gable, Buzz Bidstrup and Phil Emmanuel launch Hard Rock Cafe at Darling Harbour\". The Daily Telegraph. Sydney: News Limited (News Corporation). Retrieved 16 March 2012. \"How an Angry Young Man Took a Right Turn\". The Sydney Morning Herald. Fairfax Media. 15 January 2012. Retrieved 17 March 2012. \"Bogan Hunters - Series 1\". JB Hi-Fi. 17 July 2014. Archived from the original on 23 December 2014. Retrieved 9 November 2014. \"Fat Pizza Vs Housos\". Hoyts. Archived from the original on 29 November 2014. Retrieved 19 November 2014. McIlveen, Luke (3 July 2007). \"What's Making Anderson Angry?\". The Daily Telegraph. Sydney. Retrieved 7 July 2007. \"Beware Barbie Bombers and Jumping-Castle Jihadis\". The Sydney Morning Herald. Fairfax Media. 7 July 2007. Retrieved 7 July 2007. Kamper, Angela (2 March 2011). \"Angry Anderson Blames 'Other Cultures' for Spoiling Aussie Violence\". Adelaide Now. Retrieved 16 October 2011. Thompson, Jeremy (23 March 2011). \"Angry Anderson at Anti-Carbon Tax Rally in Canberra\". ABC News. Australian Broadcasting Corporation. Retrieved 16 October 2011. Johnston, Matt; Wright, Anne (23 March 2011). \"Carbon Tax Protesters Rally in Canberra, Melbourne\". Herald Sun. News Corporation. Retrieved 16 October 2011. MacKenzie, Bruce; Joyce, Jo (6 October 2011). \"Rock Star Ponders Turning Political in Page\". ABC News North Coast. Australian Broadcasting Corporation. Retrieved 16 October 2011. \"How an Angry Young Man Took a Right Turn\". The Sydney Morning Herald. Fairfax Media. 15 January 2012. Retrieved 17 March 2012. \"Throsby\". ABC election guide. Australia: ABC News. 2013. \"Series 2: Episode 2 | Videos | Go Back to Where You Came From\". SBS. 15 August 2012. Retrieved 21 February 2013. \"Angry withdraws as Nationals candidate\". The Land. 9 February 2015. Retrieved 4 June 2016. Boult, Adam (9 May 2016). \"Anderson is now candidate for anti-Islamic political party\". The Telegraph. London. Retrieved 4 June 2016. McCabe, Kathy (6 May 2016). \"Angry Anderson joins anti-Islam party to chase a Senate seat at the Federal election\". news.com.au. Australia. Retrieved 4 June 2016. \"Angry\u00a0: Scarred for Life / Karen Dewey\". Trove. National Library of Australia. Retrieved 16 March 2012. \"Prostate cancer\". Radio National. 4 June 2007. Retrieved 4 November 2018. \"Angry Anderson's son Liam dies after alleged assault on Sydney's northern beaches\". ABC News. 4 November 2018. Retrieved 4 November 2018. Peak positions for singles in Australia: All except noted: \"Discography Angry Anderson\". australian-charts.com. Hung Medien. Retrieved 15 September 2014. \"Discografie Angry Anderson\" (in Dutch). dutchcharts.nl. Hung Medien. Retrieved 30 May 2015. Roberts, David (2006). British Hit Singles & Albums (19th\u00a0ed.). London: Guinness World Records Limited. p.\u00a023. ISBN\u00a01-904994-10-5. Official website \"Rose Tattoo's Angry Anderson\" interview with Richard Fidler of Australian Broadcasting Corporation as an MP3 file."
   },
   {
    "name": "Laurie Main",
    "id": "Q543761",
    "text": "Laurence George \"Laurie\" Main (29 November 1922 \u2013 8 February 2012) was an Australian actor best known for hosting and narrating the children's series Welcome to Pooh Corner, which aired on The Disney Channel during the 1980s. Born in Melbourne, Main moved to the UK at the age of 16, making his acting debut in The Yellow Balloon. He emigrated to the United States in 1960, studying with Agnes Moorehead. His television and film guest appearances include Wagon Train, Alfred Hitchcock Presents, Maverick, I Spy, The Girl from U.N.C.L.E., Get Smart, The Andy Griffith Show, The Three Stooges Go Around the World in a Daze, That Girl, Ironside, The Monkees, Hogan's Heroes, Mayberry R.F.D., The Ghost & Mrs. Muir, Daniel Boone, Family Affair, Bewitched, The Partridge Family, McMillan & Wife, Land of the Lost, Little House on the Prairie, Punky Brewster and Murder, She Wrote. Main also appeared in The Facts of Life Goes to Paris in 1982. His stage work included The Diary of a Nobody (1954/5)\u00a0 and Waltz of the Toreadors (1956) in London's West End; and he made several appearances on Broadway. He also appeared on many television commercials. Main also did considerable voice work for Disney, having supplied the voice of Dr. Watson in the 1986 animated film The Great Mouse Detective. He also narrated the animated shorts Winnie the Pooh Discovers the Seasons (1981) and Winnie the Pooh and a Day for Eeyore (1983), as well as serving as the story reader on many Disney Read-Along records, audio cassettes and compact discs. Main died on 8 February 2012 in Los Angeles, California at the age of 89. The Yellow Balloon (1953) as Bibulous Customer The Master Plan (1955) as Johnny Orwell Shop Spoiled (1954) as Coffee Stall Customer Delavine Affair (1954) as Summit The Adventures of Robin Hood (1956, TV Series) as Cook The New Adventures of Charlie Chan (1958, TV Series) as Cecil Meadows The Whole Truth (1958) as Party Guest Fair Game (1958, TV Series) as George Square Sunday Night Theatre (1958-1959, TV Series) as Mihaly Farkas / Father Looe Dow Hour of Great Mysteries (1960, TV Series) as Connors Shirley Temple Theatre (1960, TV Series) as Archbishop of Canterbury The DuPont Show of the Month (1960, TV Series) Maverick (1960-1961, TV Series) as Crimmins / Marquis of Bognor Vanity Fair (1961, TV Series) Bachelor Father (1961, TV Series) as Beechim Wagon Train (1961, TV Series) as Father Francis Xavier Sweeney Alfred Hitchcock Presents (1961, TV Series) as Wilkins Play of the Week (1961, TV Series) as Roger Compton Jane Eyre (1961, TV Movie) as St. John Rivers Great Ghost Tales (1961, TV Series) as Sir Robert Tyne Alcoa Premiere (1961, TV Series) as Sergeant Hadley Ichabod and Me (1961, TV Series) as Arthur Barnsdall The Dick Powell Theatre (1961, TV Series) as Harold Elrod Hawaiian Eye (1962, TV Series) as Sir Wilfrid The Detectives Starring Robert Taylor (1962, TV series) as Colonel Driscoll The Phantom of the Opera (1962) as Forbes (uncredited) The Punch and Judy Man (1963) as 2nd Drunk The Three Stooges Go Around the World in a Daze (1963) as Carruthers (uncredited) The DuPont Show of the Week (1963, TV Series) as J.T. Cooper The Third Man (1963-1965, TV Series) as Dennis Nesbit The Jack Benny Program (1964, TV Series) as Dr. Granger I'd Rather Be Rich (1964) as Harrison My Fair Lady (1964) as Hoxton Man Not Hoston (uncredited) Honey West (1965, TV Series) as Antoine Munster, Go Home! (1966) as Minor Role (uncredited) I Spy (1966, TV Series) as Luchesi The Girl from U.N.C.L.E. (1966, TV Series) as Shah Karum Hogan's Heroes (1966-1969, TV Series) as Air Marshal Woodhouse / Colonel Wembley / Major Shawcross / Col. Franz Get Smart (1967, TV Series) as Dr. Ramsey The Scorpio Letters (1967, TV Movie) as Tyson The Andy Griffith Show (1967, TV Series) as Robling Flask The Iron Horse (1967, TV Series) as Father Jean Louis That Girl (1967, TV Series) as Grimsley / Maitre D' Bewitched (1967-1971, TV series) as Tour Guide / Guide / Francis The Guns of Will Sonnett (1968, TV Series) as Judge Ironside (1968, TV Series) as Harris The Monkees (1968, TV Series) as Mr. Friar Family Affair (1968-1970, TV Series) as Mr. Edgemont / Passenger / Mr. Smyser Target: Harry (1969) as Simon Scott Mayberry R.F.D. (1969, TV Series) as Thornton Avery The Ghost & Mrs. Muir (1970, TV Series) as Nero Daniel Boone (1965-1970, TV Series) as Stinch / Sir Samuel Peacham / Benjamin Franklin On a Clear Day You Can See Forever (1970) as Lord Percy Darling Lili (1970) as French General Night Chase (1970, TV Movie) as Tout Cat Ballou (1971, TV Movie) as Land Developer The Doris Day Show (1971, TV Series) as Father Kingsley Private Parts (1972) as Reverend Moon The Partridge Family (1972, TV Series) as Frederic La Forge McMillan & Wife (1973, TV Series) as Alfie The Strongest Man in the World (1975) as Mr. Reedy My Father's House (1975, TV Movie) as Food Editor Land of the Lost (1976, TV Series) as William Blandings Freaky Friday (1976) as Mr. Mills Herbie Goes to Monte Carlo (1977) as Duval Five Weeks in a Balloon (1977, TV Movie) (voice) Black Beauty (1978, TV movie) as Farmer Grey / Squire Douglas Gordon / Pipe Smoking Stable Owner (voice) Time After Time (1979) as Inspector Gregson ABC Weekend Specials (1979, TV Series) as Reggie The Competition (1980) as Judge Wyeth CBS Children's Mystery Theatre (1980, TV Series) as Dr. Watson Tarzan, the Ape Man (1981) as Club Member (voice) Winnie the Pooh Discovers the Seasons (1981, Short) as Narrator (voice) Little House on the Prairie (1981, TV Series) as Major Guffey The Facts of Life Goes to Paris (1982, TV Movie) as Reggie Winnie the Pooh and a Day for Eeyore (1983, Short) as Narrator (voice) Casablanca (1983, TV Series) as Wilf Parker Welcome to Pooh Corner (1983, TV Series) (voice) Monchhichis (1983, TV series) (voice) Cheech & Chong's The Corsican Brothers (1984) as Narrator Dumbo's Circus (1985, TV Series) (voice) My Chauffeur (1986) as Jenkins The Great Mouse Detective (1986) as Dr. Watson (archive sound) Punky Brewster (1988, TV series) as Announcer The New Yogi Bear Show (1988, TV series) (voice) Wicked Stepmother (1989) as Client Paddington Bear (1989-1990, TV Series) (voice) Rover Dangerfield (1991) (voice) Murder, She Wrote (1992, TV Series) as Man Mom and Dad Save the World (1992) as Chorus Master Robin Hood: Men in Tights (1993) as Wedding Guest The Thief and the Cobbler (1993) as The Brigand Piglet's Big Game (2003) as the Narrator \"Laurie Main, Narrator on TV's 'Welcome to Pooh Corner,' Dies at 89 | Hollywood Reporter\". The Hollywood Reporter. \"Laurie Main | Movies and Filmography\". AllMovie. \"Actor Laurie Main dies at 89\". Variety. 15 February 2012. \"Laurie Main\". aveleyman.com. Wearing, J. P. (16 September 2014). The London Stage 1950-1959: A Calendar of Productions, Performers, and Personnel. Rowman & Littlefield. ISBN\u00a09780810893085 \u2013 via Google Books. \"Production of The Waltz of the Toreadors | Theatricalia\". theatricalia.com. \"Laurie Main \u2013 Broadway Cast & Staff | IBDB\". ibdb.com. \"Laurie Main\". BFI. Minovitz, Ethan (16 February 2012). \"Disney actor and narrator Laurie Main dead at 89\". Big Cartoon News. Retrieved 16 February 2012. 3. Demetria Fulton previewed Main on The Facts of Life; episode titled, \"The Facts of Life Goes to Paris \u201c(09/25/1982). Laurie Main at IMDb Laurie Main at the Internet Broadway Database Laurie Main at the TCM Movie Database"
   },
   {
    "name": "David Bruce",
    "id": "Q544284",
    "text": "Major-General Sir David Bruce KCB FRS FRCP FRSE (29 May 1855 \u2013 27 November 1931) was an Australian-born British pathologist and microbiologist who investigated Malta fever (later called brucellosis in his honour) and African trypanosomiasis (sleeping sickness in humans and nagana in animals). He discovered a protozoan parasite transmitted by insects, later named Trypanosoma brucei after him. Working in the Army Medical Service and the Royal Army Medical Corps, his major scientific collaborator was his microbiologist wife Mary Elizabeth Bruce (n\u00e9e Steele), with whom he published more than thirty technical papers. Bruce was born in Melbourne, Australia, to Scottish parents: engineer David Bruce (from Airth) and his wife Jane Russell Hamilton (from Stirling), who had emigrated to Australia in the gold rush of 1850. He was an only child. He returned with his family to Scotland at the age of five. They lived at 1 Victoria Square in Stirling. He was educated at Stirling High School and in 1869 began an apprenticeship in Manchester. However, a bout of pneumonia forced him to abandon this and re-assess his career. He then decided to study zoology but later changed to medicine at the University of Edinburgh in 1876. He graduated in 1881. After a brief period as a general practitioner in Reigate, Surrey (1881\u201383), where he met and married his wife Mary, he entered the Army Medical School in Hampshire at the Royal Victoria Hospital, Netley. He passed the military examination in 1883 and joined the Army Medical Services (in which he served until 1919). For his first post he joined the Royal Army Medical Corps in 1884 and was stationed in Valletta, Malta. Bruce was appointed Assistant Professor of pathology at the Army Medical School in Netley in 1889, and served there for five years. He returned to military field service in 1894 and was posted to Pietermaritzburg, Natal, South Africa. He was assigned to investigate the case of cattle and horse sickness (called nagana) in Zululand. On 27 October 1894, he and his wife moved to Ubombo Hill, where the disease was most prevalent. When the Second Boer War broke out in 1899, accompanied by his wife, he ran the field hospital during the Siege of Ladysmith (2 November 1899 until 28 February 1900). For his service during the war he was promoted to Lieutenant-Colonel. In 1899, Bruce was awarded the Cameron Prize for Therapeutics of the University of Edinburgh. In 1900, he joined the army commission investigating dysentery in military camps, at the same time working for the Royal Society's Sleeping Sickness Commission. Bruce served as a member of the Army Medical Service Advisory Board from 1902 to 1911. In 1914 he became Commander of the Royal Army Medical College, the position he held until his retirement as a Major-General in 1919. He was immediately appointed chairman of the governing body of the Lister Institute. During his career he published more than ninety-seven technical articles, of which about thirty were coauthored by his wife. He died four days after his wife in 1931, during her memorial service. Both were cremated in London and their ashes are buried together in Valley Cemetery in Stirling, close to Stirling Castle, beneath a simple stone cross on the east side of the main north\u2013south path, near the southern roundel. They had no children. At the time of Bruce's service in Malta, British soldiers suffered an outbreak of what was called the Malta fever. In 1886, he led the Malta Fever Commission that identified the organism that caused the fever as a bacterium Micrococcus melitensis (later renamed Brucella melitensis). Themistocles Zammit, one of the members of the commission, discovered the carrier of the bacillus in 1905 to be goats' milk. Bruce discouraged the experiments being carried out by Zammit and doubted his ability as a microbiologist. Eventually, when he learned of the positive results linking the fever with unpasteurized goat milk, Bruce tried to discredit the role of Zammit and take credit to himself. To a certain extent he succeeded, as it was renamed after him as brucellosis; however, information about the role of Zammit eventually came to light. When he was transferred to South Africa, Bruce was sent to Zululand in 1894 to investigate the outbreak of cattle disease which the natives called nagana. In 1903, he identified the causative protozoan, and tsetse fly vector, of African trypanosomiasis (\"sleeping sickness\"). He was Surgeon-General for the duration of the First World War from 1914 to 1919 at the Royal Army Medical College, Millbank, London. Brucella is the genus and Brucellaceae is the family of the bacteria which was named after him in recognition of his discoveries. Brucella melitensis is the cause of undulant fever in man and of abortion in goats. It is usually transmitted by goat's milk. Trypanosoma brucei, the cause of sleeping sickness, is also named after him. Bruce was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society (FRS) in 1899. He served as editor of the Journal of the Royal Army Medical Corps between 1904 and 1908. He was the recipient of the Cameron prize of Edinburgh University in 1901. He received the Royal Society's Royal Medal in 1904, the Mary Kingsley Medal in 1905, and the Stewart prize of the British Medical Association. He was Croonian lecturer at the Royal College of Physicians in 1915. He was awarded the Leeuwenhoek Medal in 1915, created a Companion of the Bath (CB) in the 1905 Birthday Honours, knighted in 1908 and upgraded to a Knight Commander of the Bath (KCB) in 1918. He was president of the British Science Association during 1924\u20131925. Bruce's name features on the frieze of the London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine. Twenty-three names of public health and tropical medicine pioneers were chosen to feature on the School building in Keppel Street when it was constructed in 1926. b., J. R. (1932). \"Sir David Bruce. 1855-1931\". Obituary Notices of Fellows of the Royal Society. 1: 79. doi:10.1098/rsbm.1932.0017. Cook, G.C. (2007). Tropical Medicine: An Illustrated History of The Pioneers. Burlington (US): Elsevier Ltd. pp.\u00a0145\u2013156. ISBN\u00a0978-0-08-055939-1. \"Sir David Bruce\". www.whonamedit.com. Ole Daniel Enersen. Retrieved 30 January 2017. \"Bruce, Colonel David\". Who's Who. Vol.\u00a059. 1907. pp.\u00a0234\u2013235. Stirling's Talking Stones ISBN\u00a01-870-542-48-7 \"Former RSE Fellows 1783\u20132002\" (PDF). Royal Society of Edinburgh. Archived from the original (PDF) on 4 October 2006. Retrieved 19 September 2010. Brown, G. H. \"David (Sir) Bruce\". munksroll.rcplondon.ac.uk. Royal College of Physicians of London. Retrieved 30 January 2017. SACHS A (October 1951). \"A memorial to major-general Sir David Bruce, K.C.B., F.R.S\". Journal of the Royal Army Medical Corps. 97 (4): 293\u20135. PMID\u00a014889518. http://www.royalsoced.org.uk/cms/files/fellows/biographical_index/fells_indexp1.pdf Corbel, M.J.; Banai, M. (2015). \"Brucella\". Bergey's Manual of Systematics of Archaea and Bacteria. John Wiley & Sons. pp.\u00a01\u201330. doi:10.1002/9781118960608.gbm00807. ISBN\u00a09781118960608. Wyatt, Harold Vivian (October 2005). \"How Themistocles Zammit found Malta Fever (brucellosis) to be transmitted by the milk of goats\". Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine. 98 (10): 451\u2013454. doi:10.1258/jrsm.98.10.451. OCLC\u00a0680110952. PMC\u00a01240100. PMID\u00a016199812. Ellis, H. (March 2006). \"Sir David Bruce, a pioneer of tropical medicine\". British Journal of Hospital Medicine. 67 (3): 158. doi:10.12968/hmed.2006.67.3.20624. PMID\u00a016562450. S R Christophers: 'Bruce, Sir David (1855\u20131931)' (rev. Helen J Power), Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, Oxford University Press, 2004; online edn, Oct 2008, accessed 23 May 2014 Joubert, J.J.; Schutte, C.H.; Irons, D.J.; Fripp, P.J. (1993). \"Ubombo and the site of David Bruce's discovery of Trypanosoma brucei\". Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene. 87 (4): 494\u20135. doi:10.1016/0035-9203(93)90056-V. PMID\u00a08249096. Presidential Address to the British Association Meeting, held at Toronto in 1924 \"Behind the Frieze\". LSHTM. Archived from the original on 3 July 2012. Retrieved 21 February 2017. Laval R E (December 2006). \"Contribuci\u00f3n al estudio hist\u00f3rico de la brucelosis en Chile\" [A contribution to historical understanding of brucellosis in Chile]. Revista chilena de infectolog\u00eda (in Spanish). 23 (4): 362\u20136. doi:10.4067/S0716-10182006000400012. PMID\u00a017186086. Pai-Dhungat JV, Parikh F (May 2004). \"Sir David Bruce (1855\u20131931) postal stamps released to commemorate Anti-Brucellosis Congress-Malta 1964\". The Journal of the Association of Physicians of India. 52: 428. PMID\u00a015656037. Haas LF (April 2001). \"Sir David Bruce (1855\u20131931) and Thermistocles Zammit (1864\u20131935)\". Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery, and Psychiatry. 70 (4): 520. doi:10.1136/jnnp.70.4.520. PMC\u00a01737312. PMID\u00a011254779. Vassallo DJ (September 1996). \"The saga of brucellosis: controversy over credit for linking Malta fever with goats' milk\". Lancet. 348 (9030): 804\u20138. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(96)05470-0. PMID\u00a08813991. S2CID\u00a07966216. Grogono BJ (August 1995). \"Sir David and Lady Bruce. Part II: further adventures and triumphs\". Journal of Medical Biography. 3 (3): 125\u201332. doi:10.1177/096777209500300301. PMID\u00a011639830. S2CID\u00a027376006. Freeling P (June 1995). \"The Sir David Bruce Lecture, 1994. A matter of principles\". Journal of the Royal Army Medical Corps. 141 (2): 61\u20139. doi:10.1136/jramc-141-02-02. PMID\u00a07562740. Grogono BJ (May 1995). \"Sir David and Lady Bruce. Part I: A superb combination in the elucidation and prevention of devastating diseases\". Journal of Medical Biography. 3 (2): 79\u201383. doi:10.1177/096777209500300203. PMID\u00a011640041. S2CID\u00a039272119. Evans JA (1993). \"Sir David Bruce: the dawn of microbiology\". Veterinary History. 7 (3): 105\u20139. PMID\u00a011639304. Carne SJ (June 1991). \"Sir David Bruce Lecture 1990. \"Heads and tales\"\". Journal of the Royal Army Medical Corps. 137 (2): 63\u20138. doi:10.1136/jramc-137-02-02. PMID\u00a01875320. Morrell DC (June 1989). \"Sir David Bruce memorial lecture 1988\". Journal of the Royal Army Medical Corps. 135 (2): 43\u20138. doi:10.1136/jramc-135-02-02. PMID\u00a02671356. Mochmann H, K\u00f6hler W (1988). \"100 years of bacteriology\u2014history of the discovery of brucellosis. 1: Uncovering the etiology of Malta fever by the British military surgeon David Bruce and the Mediterranean Fever Commission\" [100 years of bacteriology\u2014history of the discovery of brucellosis. 1: Uncovering the etiology of Malta fever by the British military surgeon David Bruce and the Mediterranean Fever Commission]. Zeitschrift f\u00fcr \u00e4rztliche Fortbildung (in German). 82 (6): 287\u201390. PMID\u00a03043930. Duggan AJ (September 1977). \"Bruce and the African Trypanosomes\". The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene. 26 (5 Pt 2 Suppl): 1080\u20133. doi:10.4269/ajtmh.1977.26.1080. PMID\u00a020787.[permanent dead link] Boyd J (June 1973). \"Sleeping sickness. The Castellani-Bruce controversy\". Notes and Records of the Royal Society of London. 28: 93\u2013110. doi:10.1098/rsnr.1973.0008. PMID\u00a011615538. S2CID\u00a037631020. ROBERTSON M (April 1956). \"Some aspects of trypanosomiasis with particular reference to the work of Sir David Bruce\". The Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene. 59 (4): 69\u201377. PMID\u00a013332700. MACARTHUR W (September 1955). \"An account of some of Sir David Bruce's researches, based on his own manuscript notes\". Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene. 49 (5): 404\u201312. doi:10.1016/0035-9203(55)90003-1. PMID\u00a013267903. \"Nova et Vetera\". British Medical Journal. 1 (4925): 1337. May 1955. doi:10.1136/bmj.1.4925.1337. PMC\u00a02062064. PMID\u00a014363890. ROBERTSON M (April 1955). \"Sir David Bruce: an appreciation of the man and his work\". Journal of the Royal Army Medical Corps. 101 (2): 91\u20139. PMID\u00a014368591. TULLOCH WJ (April 1955). \"Sir David Bruce; an appreciation\". Journal of the Royal Army Medical Corps. 101 (2): 81\u201390. PMID\u00a014368590. DAVIES M (April 1955). \"A bibliography of the work of Sir David Bruce, 1887\u20131924\". Journal of the Royal Army Medical Corps. 101 (2): 122\u20139. PMID\u00a013248207. de Kruif, Paul (1926). \"IV Bruce: Trail of the Tsetse\". Microbe Hunters. Blue Ribbon Books. New York: Harcourt Brace & Company Inc. pp.\u00a0252\u2013277. Retrieved 14 October 2020. Bruce with wife \"Bruce, Sir David\"\u00a0. Encyclop\u00e6dia Britannica (12th\u00a0ed.). 1922. London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine biographical article"
   },
   {
    "name": "Jayney Klimek",
    "id": "Q544690",
    "text": "Jayney Miriam Klimek (born 18 August 1962 in Melbourne, Australia), is a Berlin-based Australian-born singer-songwriter. Jayney Miriam Klimek was born on 18 August 1962 and grew up in Melbourne. Her father, Alfons Klimek, and mother, Luisa n\u00e9e Cester (born January 29, 1916) had eight children: Eugenia, Lydia, Naomi, Greta, Alfons junior (born February 1956), Robert, and Jayney and her twin brother, Johnny. Johnny is a successful Hollywood composer. Their cousins Nic Cester and Chris Cester are founding mainstays of Australian hard rockers, Jet. Klimek studied classical singing and acting at the National Theatre, Melbourne and at John Gauci School of Film. In 1984 she relocated to Berlin to join her two brothers, Alf and Johnny, where they had formed The Other Ones with three local musicians. Jayney achieved chart success with The Other Ones. \"Holiday\" spent 20 weeks in the European Top Ten. Collaborations include work with Tony Banks on two of his solo albums Bankstatement and Still, Tangerine Dream (vocal arrangements for songs \"Chasing The Bad Seed\", \"All The Steps To Heaven\" and \"Blinded By The World's Desire\" for the album Purgatorio and vocals on Inferno), Paul van Dyk, Alphaville, the French band from Bordeaux XII Alfonso. Jayney co-wrote and performed lead vocals on Digital Tenderness Terranova. In 2005 she formed You Pretty Thing with Andreas Schwarz-Ruszczynski. Their Single \"Push It\" has become the longest running No.1 played track on RadioEins. In 2014 she released her first solo album \"Awake\" on Inflatable Records. The album was recorded in Berlin and London and produced by Gareth Jones (Depeche Mode, Erasure, Einst\u00fcrzende Neubauten). In 2016 Jayney made her acting debut in the Austrian film de:Hotel Rock\u2019n\u2019Roll. Jayney Klimek official website Inflatable Records Cester family story Jayney Klimek on Myspace Jayney Klimek Discographie \"Tangerine Dream \u2013 Purgatorio TDI Music \u2013 TDI CD036\". Vocal Arrangements for the second part of Dante Alighieri's \"La Divina Commedia\". Retrieved 23 July 2014. You Pretty Thing Archived 24 December 2007 at the Wayback Machine"
   },
   {
    "name": "Noni Hazlehurst",
    "id": "Q546940",
    "text": "Leonie Elva \"Noni\" Hazlehurst AM, (born 17 August 1953) is an Australian actress, director, writer, presenter and broadcaster who has appeared on television and radio, in dramas, mini-series and made for television films, as well also on stage and in feature films since the early 1970s. Hazlehurst has been honoured with numerous awards including Australian Film Institute Awards, ARIA Awards and Logies, including being inducted into the Hall of Fame in 2016. Hazlehurst was born in Melbourne. After attending St Leonard's College in Brighton East, Victoria, Hazlehurst studied Drama at Flinders University in South Australia from 1971 to 1973, where she resided at Flinders University Hall and graduated with a Bachelor of Arts degree in 1974. She has studied ballet, singing, piano, speech and drama. In the 1980s and 1990s, much of her work concentrated on children's television. Her parents were both English, and migrated to Australia in 1951. Along with roles at the ABC, her first television work was in guest lead roles in television serials produced by Crawford Productions. She played the regular role of Sharon Lewis in The Box in 1975 before joining the original cast of The Sullivans as Lil Duggan in late 1976. She was a Play School presenter from 1978 to 2001, and has been a National Ambassador or Patron for many children's events and charities, including Children's Week (1991-2007) and Barnardos. She has worked extensively for children. Hazlehurst has recorded several music and spoken word albums, including the children's music album Shout and Whisper (1988). Hazlehurst played the lead in miniseries Nancy Wake, The Shiralee, Ride on Stranger and Waterfront in the 1980s. From 1995 to 2005 Hazlehurst hosted the Seven Networks Better Homes and Gardens, a lifestyle show which is affiliated with the monthly magazine of the same name. In 2006, she starred in ABC's telemovie Stepfather of the Bride. From 2007 to 2011, she played Detective Superintendent Bernice Waverley on Channel Seven crime drama City Homicide. In 2010, she was a guest on The 7pm Project on Network Ten. In July 2011, as part of a rapidly growing internet meme, she read the book Go the Fuck to Sleep to camera in the style she formerly used on Play School. She immediately offered to record a reading of the book after being sent a copy by the publisher., Since 2013, she appears as Elizabeth Bligh in the 1950s-set Australian melodrama A Place to Call Home on the Seven Network, playing the wealthy matriarch of the family. The show was renewed for a second series which premiered in 2014, following the second series the show was briefly canceled yet the show was unexpectedly commissioned for a third series which came in 2015. The show then went into production for a fourth series which aired in 2016 and a fifth season airing in 2017 with the final sixth season airing in 2018. She also plays the role of Ambrose in ABC TV's The Letdown and will appear as Pamela in a new series The End in 2019. Hazlehurst has had starring roles in Australian films since the 1980s, including roles in Fatty Finn, Fran and Australian Dream). Her most prominent role during this decade was as the lead, Nora, in Monkey Grip (1982), based on Helen Garner's novel of the same name. The film, concerning the relationship between a single mother and a heroin addict, was a modest box office success in Australia and received generally favourable reviews from critics. She later starred in Little Fish in 2005, Candy in 2006, and Bitter & Twisted in 2008. Recent film roles include The Mule, Truth, The Broken Shore and Ladies in Black. Hazlehurst is a regular freelance presenter on 774 ABC Melbourne. Credits include The Man from Mukinupin, On Our Selection, Traitors, Hamlet, No Names, No Packdrill, Cut and Thrust, Frankie & Johnny in the Claire De Lune, for the STC: Navigating (Dir: Marin Potts) The Breath of Life, Woman in Mind, for the MTC: Grace, (Dir: Marion Potts), Madagascar, (Dir: Sam Strong) and The Heretic, (Dir: Matt Scholten). In 2014 she appeared in a critically acclaimed production of The Beauty Queen of Leenane (Dir: Declan Eames) for the Kin Collective at 45 Downstairs. In 2015 and 2016 Noni performed in a one-woman play, Mother, (Dir: Matt Scholten), written for her by Daniel Keene, on a national tour produced by If Theatre & Regional Arts Victoria. Mother received two Helpmann Awards nominations for Best Performance by a Female Actor in a Play and Best Regional Touring Production for If Theatre. Mother was performed at Belvoir Street Theatre in early 2018 and was presented at the Queensland Performing Arts Centre in August 2018. Hazlehurst won the 2018 Matilda Award for Best Female Actor in a Leading Role for Mother. Hazlehurst has also been an ambassador for Barnardo's Mother of the Year, and was awarded an Honorary Doctorate of Letters by her alma mater Flinders University in 2007. In 1994 a painting of Hazlehurst by artist Rosemary Valadon titled Noni Hazlehurst \u2013 Summer '94 Waiting Again was a finalist in the Archibald Prize. Hazlehurst married director Kevin Dobson, and she subsequently married John Jarratt in circa 1987. She and Jarratt have two sons. After separating from Jarratt in August 1999, she dated cameraman Ian Marden. Her son, William, is the former vocalist for Melbourne death pop band Storm The Sky. \"Yahoo Australia | News, email and search\". Connolly, Paul (4 October 2015). \"What I know about men\". Daily Life. Retrieved 5 March 2019. Trzcinski, Joanne (31 January 2009). \"Noni Hazlehurst, performer\". The Sunday Times. p.\u00a039. Hogan, Christine (26 March 2000). \"Time of her life\". The Sydney Morning Herald. p.\u00a04. Hutchinson, Jane (27 September 2009). \"Noni Hazlehurst\". Sunday Herald Sun Magazine. p.\u00a013. \"Noni Hazlehurst reads expletive-ridden 'children's' book\". The Sydney Morning Herald. 13 July 2011. \"Leonie (Noni) Elva HAZLEHURST\". Australian Honours Search Facility, Dept of the Prime Minister and Cabinet. Retrieved 28 October 2020. VIP mum Noni Hazlehurst \"The Sydney Morning Herald from Sydney, New South Wales, Australia on May 21, 1978 \u00b7 Page 83\". Lee Lewes, Jacqueline (21 October 1999). \"Bana gets into the act\". The Daily Telegraph. \"Some things you might not know about our Noni\". The Courier Mail. 30 June 2018. p.\u00a010. http://www.adelaidenow.com.au/entertainment/television/noni-hazlehursts-son-charlie-jarratt-in-fracas-on-twitter/news-story/9b3345cc9966a59a74c55376ab5bedd6?sv=f1c6cb2be0868bf323c8a79758ba8217 Noni Hazlehurst at IMDb"
   },
   {
    "name": "Ron Clarke",
    "id": "Q549365",
    "text": "Ronald William Clarke, AO, MBE (21 February 1937 \u2013 17 June 2015) was an Australian athlete, writer, and the Mayor of the Gold Coast from 2004 to 2012. He was one of the best-known middle- and long-distance runners in the 1960s, notable for setting seventeen world records. Clarke was born 21 February 1937 in Melbourne, Victoria. He attended Essendon Primary School, Essendon High School and Melbourne High School. His brother Jack Clarke and father Tom played Australian rules football in the Victorian Football League with Essendon. He was a qualified accountant. In 1956, when Clarke was still a promising 19-year-old, he was chosen to light the Olympic Flame in the Melbourne Cricket Ground during the opening ceremonies of the 1956 Summer Olympics in Melbourne. During the 1960s, Clarke won 9 Australian championships and 12 Victorian track championships ranging from 1500 m to 6 miles (9.7\u00a0km). He won the bronze medal in the 10,000 metre (m) race at the 1964 Summer Olympics when he was upset by Billy Mills, and never won an Olympic gold medal. However, Emil Z\u00e1topek gave him one of his own Gold medals, which Clarke described as one of his most cherished presents. At the 1968 Summer Olympics in Mexico City, Clarke collapsed and nearly died from altitude sickness sustained during the gruelling 10,000 m race final. Despite training in the Alps to get acclimatised to high altitudes at Mexico City, this could not put him on par with many opponents from Africa, who had always run at high altitude (with the notable exception of 5,000 m gold medalist and 10,000 m bronze medalist Mohammed Gammoudi of Tunisia, who was born and lived not far above sea level). Clarke finished in sixth place, but remembered nothing of the last lap. He recovered sufficiently to compete in the 5,000 metre heats a few days later. In the 1962 British Empire and Commonwealth Games, he won silver in the 3-mile event, and in the 1966 Games he won silver medals in the 3 miles (4.8\u00a0km) and 6 miles (9.7\u00a0km) events. During a 44-day European tour in 1965, he competed 18 times and broke 12 world records, including the 20,000 m (12.4 miles). On 10 July, at London's White City Stadium, he became the first man to run 3 miles in under 13 minutes, lowering the world record to 12:52.4. Four days later, in Oslo, he lowered his own 10,000 m world record by 36.2 seconds to 27:39.4, becoming the first man to break the 28 minute barrier. In 1965, Clarke beat the 10,000-metre world record in Turku, Finland, with a time of 28:14.0; however, it was never ratified, as it was said that permission to run was requested too late. He was elected Mayor of the Gold Coast, Queensland, in 2004, defeating the incumbent Gary Baildon. Clarke and his wife, Helen, first came to the Gold Coast for a holiday in 1957. The couple returned almost every year thereafter, and in 1995, after 14 years abroad, mainly in Europe, came back for good. Clarke resigned as Mayor of the Gold Coast on 27 February 2012, when he announced his nomination to run as an independent candidate for the seat of Broadwater in the 2012 Queensland state election. Clarke failed in this campaign, coming fourth and recording only a 4.6% primary vote. Former Australian Football League CEO Andrew Demetriou stated that Clarke as Mayor of the Gold Coast played a major role in the AFL establishing a new team Gold Coast Suns on the Gold Coast. In 2011, Clarke was part of the lobbying team that secured the 2018 Commonwealth Games for the Gold Coast, Queensland. In 1966, Clarke was appointed a Member of the Order of the British Empire (MBE) \"In recognition of service to athletics\". In 2000, he was awarded the Australian Sports Medal for \"Significant contribution as a competitor (Athletics)\". In 2001, he was awarded the Centenary Medal for \"Distinguished service to the eco-tourism industry\". In the 2013 Queen's Birthday Honours List, he was appointed an Officer of the Order of Australia (AO) \"for distinguished service to the community through a range of leadership roles with local government and philanthropic organisations, and to the promotion of athletics.\" 1965 \u2013 awarded the Prix Du President by the French Sports Academy 1965 \u2013 Helms Award for Australasia 1965 \u2013 ABC's Sportsman of the Year 1965 \u2013 Track & Field News Male Athlete of the Year 1965 \u2013 BBC Sportsman of the Year \u2013 Overseas Personality 1965 \u2013 World Sportsman of the Year by the International Association of Sports Writers 1982 \u2013 awarded Victorian Father of the Year. 1985 \u2013 inaugural inductee into the Sport Australia Hall of Fame 2000 \u2013 inaugural inductee into the Athletics Australia Hall of Fame in 2000. In 2005, Geelong Athletics honoured Clarke with an athletics meet to commemorate the 40th anniversary of his breaking the world record for the 20,000 metres and his one-hour run at Landy Field in October 1965. This meet is held annually as part of the Athletics Australia National Meet Series. On 15 March 2006, Ron Clarke was one of the final four runners who carried the Queen's Baton around the MCG stadium during the 2006 Commonwealth Games Opening Ceremony in Melbourne, Victoria, Australia. Emil Z\u00e1topek had great respect for Ron Clarke. In 1966 (often erroneously noted as 1968), he invited the Australian to Czechoslovakia, and as a parting gift he gave him his 1952 Olympic 10,000-metre gold medal with the following words: \"Not out of friendship but because you deserve it.\" Clarke died of kidney failure on 17 June 2015 at Allamanda Hospital in Southport, Queensland. Clarke is survived by his wife Helen and sons Marcus and Nicolas. His daughter Monique died of breast cancer in 2009. Prime Minister Tony Abbott and Opposition Leader Bill Shorten paid tribute to Clarke in Parliament on the day of his death by stating that a great Australian had been lost with his death. Herb Elliott, an Australian 1500-metre Olympic gold medallist, said \"Ron was a great man. His contribution to athletics was enormous. He was also a wonderful contributor to public health through lifestyle programs and gymnasiums and the communities in which he lived. Ron will be greatly missed\". John Landy, who famously helped Clarke when he fell during a mile race at the 1956 Australian Championships, said, \"Ron Clarke, by his running feats inspired Australian distance runners and in a world sense, demonstrated the potential athletics achievements possible.\" Frank Shorter, the 1972 Olympic marathon gold medallist, said: \"Ron Clarke was my idol. I grew up seeing Ron Clarke in the dark blue singlet with the V on it \u2013 to me that was the symbol of running.\" The Measure of Success\u00a0: a personal perspective. South Melbourne, Vic.\u00a0: Lothian Books, 2004. Run Easy. Melbourne\u00a0: Information Australia, 2001. Never Say Never\u00a0: Couran Cove Resort from dream to reality. Avalon, N.S.W.\u00a0: Banyan Tree Creative Services, 1999. Fixing the Olympics. Melbourne\u00a0: Information Australia, 1999. Enjoying Life\u00a0: a champion's guide to the good life. Melbourne\u00a0: Information Australia, 1999. Total Living\u00a0: for everyone who wants to be fitter, trimmer and smarter. London\u00a0: Pavilion, 1995. Ron Clarke's Running Book. Collingwood, Vic.\u00a0: Outback Press, 1979. Successful Athletics\u00a0: from beginner to expert in forty lessons, with Raelene Boyle. Melbourne\u00a0: Thomas Nelson, 1976. Ron Clarke Talks Track edited by Jon Hendershott. Los Altos, California\u00a0: Tafnews, 1972. Athletics the Australian Way. Melbourne\u00a0: Lansdowne, 1971. The Lonely Breed, with Norman Harris. London\u00a0: Pelham, 1967. The Unforgiving Minute, as told to Alan Trengrove. London\u00a0: Pelham, 1966. Olympic medalists in athletics Mayor of the Gold Coast \"Ron Clarke\". Sports Reference \u2013 Olympic Sports. Archived from the original on 6 August 2015. Retrieved 17 June 2015. Ron Clarke Archived 30 October 2017 at the Wayback Machine. trackfield.brinkster.net Johnson, Len (16 June 2015). \"The man who changed the world\". The Runner's Tribe. Archived from the original on 17 June 2015. Retrieved 17 June 2015. Organizing Committee of the XVI Olympiad, Melbourne, 1956. \"THE OFFICIAL REPORT OF THE ORGANIZING COMMITTEE FOR THE GAMES OF THE XVI OLYMPIAD MELBOURNE 1956\" (PDF). p.\u00a0227. Archived from the original (pdf-34.4 MB) on 12 September 2008. Retrieved 17 June 2015 \u2013 via www.la84foundation.org.CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) ('Snippet' Archived 17 June 2015 at the Wayback Machine via Google books) \"Ron Clarke\". athhistory.imgstg.com. Australian Athletics Historical Results. Archived from the original on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 18 June 2015. Nichols, Peter (19 June 2015). \"Ron Clarke obituary\". The Guardian. \"Ronald 'Ron' Clarke MBE\". Australian Commonwealth Games Association website. Archived from the original on 18 July 2015. \"Athletics Australia Hall of Fame\". Athletics Australia website. Archived from the original on 17 August 2015. Retrieved 17 June 2015. \"Australian IAAF World Record Holders * World Best Performances as of January 2008\". Athletics Australia website. Archived from the original on 9 June 2016. Retrieved 18 June 2015. \"Clarke's new record\". Canberra Times. 18 January 1965. Retrieved 19 June 2015. \"Clarke betters own world time\". Canberra Times. 2 February 1965. Retrieved 18 June 2015. \"Clarke has four world records ratified\". Canberra Times. 16 January 1966. Retrieved 18 June 2015. \"Clarke ill but still breaks record\". Canberra Times. 7 July 1966. Retrieved 18 June 2015. \"Clarke sets two world times\". Canberra Times. 19 December 1963. Retrieved 18 June 2015. \"Clarke shatters record\". Canberra Times. 16 July 1965. Retrieved 18 June 2015. \"Clarke smashes records\". Canberra Times. 28 October 1965. Retrieved 18 June 2015. \"Another record to Clarke\". Canberra Times. 29 June 1967. Retrieved 18 June 2015. \"Clarke races alone to record\". Canberra Times. 26 August 1968. Retrieved 18 June 2015. \"Clarke smashes world record\". Canberra Times. 4 December 1964. Retrieved 18 June 2015. \"Another record to Clarke\". Canberra Times. 4 March 1965. Retrieved 18 June 2015. \"Vale Ron Clarke \u2013 a fitting tribute by Paul Jenes and Brian Roe\". Athletics Australia website. Archived from the original on 18 June 2015. Retrieved 18 June 2015. Gold Coast City Council. \"Mayor Cr Ron Clarke MBE\". Archived from the original on 12 February 2012. Retrieved 17 June 2015. Kelly, James (27 February 2012). \"Clarke says Gold Coast needs independent MP\". ABC News. Archived from the original on 28 February 2012. Retrieved 6 March 2012. \"2012 State General Election \u2013 Broadwater \u2013 Booth Details\". Electoral Commission of Queensland. 2012. Archived from the original on 4 March 2014. Retrieved 6 August 2012. Smart, Nick (17 June 2015). \"Suns, says former AFL boss Andrew Demetriou\". Herald Sun. Retrieved 18 June 2015. Kimmorley, Sarah (17 June 2015). \"Legendary Australian athlete and former Gold Coast Mayor, Ron Clarke has died aged 78\". Business Insider Australia. Archived from the original on 17 June 2015. Retrieved 17 June 2015. \"CLARKE, Ronald William\". itsanhonour.gov.au. 11 June 1966. Archived from the original on 22 January 2015. Retrieved 17 June 2015. \"CLARKE, Ronald William\". It's an Honour. Archived from the original on 17 June 2015. Retrieved 17 June 2015. \"Queen's Birthday Honours List 2013\". Herald Sun. News Corp. 10 June 2013. Retrieved 17 June 2013. \"France honours Ron Clarke\". Canberra Times. 7 January 1967. Retrieved 18 June 2015. \"Helms award to Ron Clarke\". Canberra Times. 14 January 1966. Retrieved 18 June 2015. \"Past Winners\". BBC Sports Personality of the Year. Archived from the original on 21 November 2015. Retrieved 19 June 2015. \"Ron Clarke\". Sport Australia Hall of Fame. Retrieved 24 September 2020. \"Past winners\". Fathers Day Council of Victoria. Archived from the original on 17 June 2015. Retrieved 17 June 2015. \"Queen's Baton Relay\". Melbourne 2006 Commonwealth Games website. Archived from the original on 10 August 2015. Retrieved 17 June 2015. Bunrton, Simon (22 June 2012). \"50 stunning Olympic moments No 41: Emil Z\u00e1topek the triple-gold winner\". The Guardian. Archived from the original on 17 June 2015. Retrieved 17 June 2015. Richard Askwith, Today We Die a Little: Emil Z\u00e1topek, Olympic Hero to Cold War Legend, Vintage Digital, 2016 Weston, Paul (17 June 2015). \"Former Gold Coast mayor and Olympic medallist Ron Clarke dies, aged 78\". Gold Coast Bulletin. Archived from the original on 17 June 2015. Retrieved 17 June 2015. Anderson, Jon (17 June 2015). \"Australian athletics legend Ron Clarke dies aged 78\". Geelong Advertiser. Archived from the original on 17 June 2015. Retrieved 17 June 2015. \"Abbott, Shorten pay tribute to a great\". 9News.com.au. 17 June 2015. Archived from the original on 17 June 2015. Retrieved 17 June 2015. \"Vale Ron Clarke\". Australian Olympic Committee News, 17 June 2015. Archived from the original on 17 June 2015. Retrieved 17 June 2015. Johnson, Len. \"Former world record-holder Ron Clarke dies\". IAAF News, 17 June 2015. Archived from the original on 17 June 2015. Retrieved 18 June 2015. Ron Clarke at IMDb Athletics Australia Hall of Fame Sport Australia Hall of Fame Profile Ron Clarke at Australian Athletics Historical Results Australian Olympic Committee Profile \u2013 includes video footage"
   },
   {
    "name": "Clive Palmer",
    "id": "Q550879",
    "text": "Clive Frederick Palmer (born 26 March 1954) is an Australian businessman and politician. He has iron ore, nickel and coal holdings. Palmer owns many businesses such as Mineralogy, Waratah Coal, Queensland Nickel at Townsville, the Palmer Coolum Resort on the Sunshine Coast, Palmer Sea Reef Golf Course at Port Douglas, Palmer Colonial Golf Course at Robina, and the Palmer Gold Coast Golf Course, also at Robina. He owned Gold Coast United FC from 2008 to 2012. Palmer created the Palmer United Party in April 2013, winning the Sunshine Coast seat of Fairfax in the 2013 Australian federal election and sitting as an MP for one term. In 2018, after formally de-registering the party on 5 May 2017, Palmer revived his party as the United Australia Party, announcing that he would be running candidates for all 151 seats in the House of Representatives and later that he would run as a Queensland candidate for the Senate. In the 2019 federal election, despite extensive advertising, he and his party won no seats. Palmer has frequently been involved in legal cases relating to his businesses, and once listed litigation as one of his hobbies in Who's Who. He at times has been involved in complex cases, and journalist Hedley Thomas has written that Palmer's \"lawyers take legal steps, presumably on his instructions, that prolong litigation and rack up costs for the other side\" which can result in his opponents being unable to continue their case due to a lack of resources. Palmer has argued that the litigation he is involved in is justified as it rights wrongs. Palmer also attempted to use litigation as a gag order against his workers in his now defunct Queensland Nickel refinery; promising to pay the money he owed them only if they agreed not to make any disparaging comments about him. As of May\u00a02021[update], Palmer was the seventh richest Australian, when The Australian Financial Review assessed his net worth at A$13.01\u00a0billion on the 2021 Rich List. Palmer was born on 26 March 1954 at Footscray Hospital in Footscray, a suburb of Melbourne, Victoria. He spent his early years in the nearby suburb of Williamstown. His family moved to Queensland in 1963 and Palmer was largely raised on the Gold Coast, where he attended Aquinas College and Southport State High School, although he also attended Toowoomba Grammar School for a short time. Palmer's father, George, was a travel agent, and the family travelled the world extensively. George Palmer was also the proprietor of the Akron Tyre Co and the Akron Broadcasting Co and was the founder of Melbourne broadcasting station 3AK (now operating as SEN 1116). Palmer studied law, journalism and politics at the University of Queensland from 1973 to 1975, but did not finish the course. He later completed a Diploma of Law through the Queensland Bar Board, and worked as a clerk and interviewing officer for the Public Defender's Office. During the early to mid-1980s Palmer was a real estate agent. He did well from the property boom on the Gold Coast, and \"retired\" at the age of 29. In 1985 and 1986 Palmer founded three companies which undertook mining exploration in Western Australia (WA). These included Mineralogy, a company which in 2006 had 160\u00a0billion tonnes (160\u00d710^9 long tons; 180\u00d710^9 short tons) of iron ore reserves in the Pilbara Ranges, in remote northern Western Australia. In 2008, Palmer bought Waratah Coal. Palmer transferred Mineralogy to New Zealand in December 2018, and moved it again to Singapore in January 2019. Mineralogy has been involved in a long-running dispute with CITIC over a royalty payment. Mineralogy and CITIC entered into an agreement in 2006 to develop some of the iron ore reserves Palmer owns. In November 2017, Justice Kenneth Martin of the Supreme Court of Western Australia awarded Mineralogy nearly $200 million. Palmer said the decision was \"a win for Australian law over Chinese Communist government powerhouses\". As of May 2019, CITIC was suing Palmer and he had counter-sued them for $5 billion. In August 2020, the WA Parliament passed an emergency bill to block a legal claim against the government by Palmer, relating to Mineralogy. WA Attorney-General John Quigley estimated the claim as totalling $30 billion, which he described as \"rapacious\" and equivalent to the annual budget of WA. Palmer denied that estimate and mounted a challenge in the Federal Court to the legislation as unconstitutional. In 2009, he bought Queensland Nickel and the Palmer Nickel and Cobalt Refinery after BHP was going to close the refinery. In the first year after purchasing the refinery, Palmer gifted staff 50 Mercedes Benz cars and thousands of overseas holidays after the refinery turned a huge profit. On 18 January 2016, Queensland Nickel entered voluntary administration. Palmer declined to pay the entitlements of workers who lost their jobs when Queensland Nickel closed, stating that \"I have no personal responsibility, I retired from business over three years ago\". He also blamed the administrators for sacking the workforce. This forced the Federal Government to cover the workers' entitlements. In April 2019 Palmer announced that he intended to re-open the Queensland Nickel refinery and pay the $7.16 million still owed to workers following the 2019 federal election. The Special Purpose Liquidator of Queensland Nickel stated that Palmer's offer was inadequate as it did not cover the money owed to small businesses and was unclear whether he would repay the Federal Government. The Liquidator was seeking $200 million from Palmer, other individuals and related entities, with a trial to take place from July 2019. The Australian Government was also seeking to recover $70 million from Palmer personally to meet the costs of the payments it made to Queensland Nickel workers through the same trial. Palmer stated in April 2019 that the administrators should repay the government as they were responsible for sacking the refinery's workers, and not him. The Canberra Times reported that 218 workers were made redundant shortly before the operation was placed into voluntary administration. In August 2019 Palmer reached a settlement two weeks into a trial in the Queensland Supreme Court, understood to total $110m. He agreed to repay the federal government for the entitlements it has already paid under the Fair Entitlements Guarantee (FEG), \u201call other outstanding employee entitlements, and a full recovery for the majority of unsecured creditors\u201d. Palmer maintained his position that the scheme should never have been triggered by the liquidators in the first place and under the terms of the Settlement Agreement, the Special Purpose Liquidator withdrew all claims the SPL made against Palmer and all of the defendants associated with him.[citation needed]\u00a0All parties paid their own costs in the court matter; Palmer personally appeared in court and represented himself.[citation needed] A small number of debt claims against Mineralogy remain in dispute and before the courts. Palmer claimed that the settlement of the debts had left him \u201cvindicated\u201d. \u201cToday\u2019s settlement confirms the actions against me were nothing more than a witch-hunt designed to smear my good reputation\u201d, Palmer said. Palmer purchased the Coolum Hyatt Resort in 2011. He later announced plans to build a park featuring animatronic dinosaurs there. Palmer ordered more than 160 animatronic dinosaurs, which included an initial shipment of a 3.5-metre (11\u00a0ft) tall, 20-metre (66\u00a0ft) long T. rex, nicknamed \"Jeff\". Palmer received full council approval for the park on 25 July 2013, and it was expected to open to the public in 2014. On 14 December 2013, the dinosaur park, now called \"Palmersaurus\", was opened to the public. Palmer's installation of dinosaurs along the side of the resort's golf course led the Australian PGA Championship to be relocated from it. The Palmer Coolum Resort was mothballed in 2015 due to low occupancy rates, with 600 people losing their jobs over the period after Palmer purchased the complex. In 2017, the ABC reported that \"once regarded as one of south-east Queensland's most prestigious resorts, the site is a shadow of its former self and has been the centre of a legal battle between retirees who own villa shares and Clive Palmer\". In 2018 the Australian Securities and Investments Commission charged Palmer with violations of the Corporation Act in relation to an attempt to take over timeshare villas at the resort in 2012. Palmer has stated that the charges are an attempt to stop him standing for election. Palmer purchased the Gold Coast United football club in 2008. In October 2009, he made a decision to cap attendances of Gold Coast United home games at Skilled Park stadium to 5,000, in a bid to save money by avoiding transport subsidies on crowds over 5,000. After a widespread backlash and only 2,616 fans attending the next home game, and the intervention of Football Federation Australia (FFA), the idea was scrapped. On 29 February 2012, Ben Buckley and Frank Lowy announced that Palmer's licence for Gold Coast United FC was to be revoked for constant breaches of FFA rules and regulations and sought to pay out the contracts of the players for the remaining month of the season. Lowy stated that he acted in order to protect the integrity of the sport. However, Palmer stipulated that he would contest the decisions through legal action and claimed Lowy was a dictator. Despite a ruling ordering the removal of \"Freedom of Speech\" logos on team shirts, Palmer indicated they would remain. On 2 March 2012, Palmer lost his Supreme Court bid against Gold Coast United's expulsion from the A-League. In 2012, after the FFA revoked his Gold Coast United A-League licence, Palmer founded Football Australia \u2013 a competing organisation for the sport of football in Australia. In February 2013, at a press conference in New York, Palmer announced plans to build a modern-day replica of the liner RMS\u00a0Titanic. It was planned that Titanic II would be built in China and make its maiden voyage from Southampton to New York City in 2016 (later postponed to 2018). Palmer hoped to recreate the Titanic as closely as possible to its familiar external and internal appearance. According to Palmer, the Titanic II would be 883 feet (269\u00a0m) long, weigh 55,800 long tons (56,700\u00a0t) gross, and carry 2,435 passengers and 900 crew. Palmer said the Titanic II would honour the memories of those who died and survived on the Titanic. The Titanic was operated by the White Star Line and Palmer's company is named Blue Star Line. During the first half of 2015, evidence accumulated strongly suggesting that the project had been abandoned. The Blue Star Line trademark was listed as \"abandoned\". No construction had been ordered in the Chinese shipyard identified as the likely building site with the workers highly skeptical that the project would ever move beyond the proposal stage. In May 2016 it was reported by the administrators for an insolvent Palmer company, Queensland Nickel, that no significant money had been spent on the development of Titanic II in over two years. On 27 September 2018, in a press release on its official web site, the Blue Star Line announced that work on the project would recommence, but there has been no confirmation of that since. Despite the media release, the web site had not been updated since May 2014. In March 2020, as the\u00a0Covid-19 pandemic was spreading in Australia, Palmer placed a prominent media advertisement offering to personally fund one million doses of a \"cure\" for the disease. The medication would include hydroxychloroquine, which is established in other countries as an anti-malarial drug but is known to have serious side-effects. The Australian drugs regulator, the Therapeutic Goods Administration (TGA), had warned that this drug and its derivatives \u201cpose well-known serious risks to patients including cardiac toxicity potentially leading to sudden heart attacks, irreversible eye damage and severe depletion of blood sugar potentially leading to coma\u201d. The TGA stated that it was considering legal action against Palmer. Other experts also criticised Palmer, concerning safety as well as the ethics of potentially producing a shortage of the drug in countries where it is needed to combat malaria. However, it was later confirmed that the federal health department planned to import hydroxychloroquine for emergency use, with a written agreement for partial funding by Palmer. On 28 April, Palmer placed further prominent advertisements in News Corp media, claiming to have purchased 32.9 million doses of hydroxychloroquine. The TGA stated that no action would be taken with respect to either set of advertisements, since they were \"assessed as not intended to promote the sale of the product\u201d. However, the President of the Royal Australian College of General Practitioners, Harry Nespolon, warned that trials of the drug were still ongoing and were \"not looking particularly promising\u201d. He was also concerned that \"people may think that a cure is imminent and be lulled into a false sense of security so that they don\u2019t exercise social distancing responsibilities\u201d. In June 2021, as the Covid-19 pandemic continued, a Queensland radio network stopped playing an advertisement from Palmer that had stated: Australia has had one Covid-19 associated death in 2021. But the TGA reports that there\u2019s been 210 deaths and over 24,000 adverse reactions after Covid vaccinations. Authorised by Clive Palmer, Brisbane. The TGA had warned the network and Palmer that this was seriously misleading to the public: the figure of 210 deaths a few days or weeks after vaccination was statistically normal; only one of those deaths could be linked to the vaccination itself. The same month, it was reported that Palmer had sent letters to households across Australia urging against vaccination for Covid-19, based on the discredited death figures. This was reported again in July, and that Palmer had disregarded a further warning from the TGA. Palmer had requested that his name and logo be printed on the doses of donated hydroxychloroquine. The Department of Health denied Palmer's request. In July 2020, Palmer claimed that the closing of the borders by the Western Australian government owing to the Covid-19 pandemic was unconstitutional and challenged the WA legislation in the Federal Court. In response the Western Australian Premier Mark McGowan labelled Palmer an enemy of the state. Palmer also claimed that the border closure would \"destroy the lives of hundreds of thousands of people for decades\" and compared the death toll of COVID-19 with that of road accidents and influenza. By August, the Prime Minister of Australia Scott Morrison withdrew support of Palmer's legal challenge after receiving a public backlash on his previous supportive stance. Mark McGowan praised the Commonwealth for its withdrawal and indicated the Western Australian government would continue to fight the case and urging Palmer to withdraw the case labelling him \"Australia's greatest egomaniac\" and an \"Olympic scale narcissist\". As the issues moved to the constitutional level, they came to involve possible conflict between major constitutional principles: parliamentary sovereignty and the rule of law. On 6 November 2020, the High Court upheld the legislation. Challenges to the constitutionality of amendments to the Act made in 2020 failed in the High Court on 13 October 2021. In August 2021, Australian airline Qantas announced that it would require all of its 22,000 employees to be fully vaccinated against COVID-19. In reaction to this, the Palmer Group sold off its entire stake in Qantas. In June 2002, Palmer was appointed adjunct professor of business at Deakin University's Faculty of Business and Law, a role he held until 2006. During that time, he delivered a series of lectures as part of Deakin's MBA residential programs. In 2008, Palmer was appointed adjunct professor of management at Bond University on the Gold Coast. In December 2012, Palmer was appointed joint secretary general of the World Leadership Alliance, a new democracy-promoting council that included former US president Bill Clinton and Myanmar's opposition leader Aung San Suu Kyi. Palmer was named president of the alliance's business chapter, the World Economic Council. In December 2012, on Christmas Day, Palmer hosted a buffet lunch for 650 disadvantaged people, mostly children and their families. In July 2013, Palmer was referred to in an iPhone application as making light of Australian Prime Minister Julia Gillard by having sandwiches thrown at her. News Corp Australia publications were critical of the app, calling it sexist, while referring to his weight in an opinion poll with an option saying \"We should have one for big Clive Palmer\". On 4 March 2012, Palmer was named, amid controversy, as a National Living Treasure by the New South Wales Branch of the National Trust of Australia. In 2015, Palmer donated a house, car and food to victims of a house fire in Beenleigh that saw their son tragically lose his life. Palmer has been a regular poster of memes on his official Facebook page. The memes often have nonsensical or ironic undertones, and contain reoccurring themes \u2013 such as Rupert Murdoch's control of the media in Australia, contrasting himself with other political figures such as Prime Minister Malcolm Turnbull, or paying homage to Tim Tam packets and his pet \"Grog Dog\". Palmer was once required to provide an affidavit explaining a tweet sent out during a hearing on 1 December 2017. In September 2019, Palmer threatened to sue internet comedian Jordan Shanks for $500,000 for defamation relating to a YouTube video posted before the May 2019 election. The video created by Shanks called Palmer a \"dense Humpty Dumpty\" and a profane nickname that included \"Fatty\". Shanks responded that he had not defamed Palmer and being required to prove his claims in court would not help Palmer. Palmer was instrumental in the split of the South Australian conservatives in the 1970s, and was active in the Liberal Movement headed by former Premier of South Australia, Steele Hall. Palmer joined the Queensland division of the Nationals in 1974, having been influenced by the policies of Joh Bjelke-Petersen, Premier of Queensland at the time. From the early 1980s, he was involved in state politics, serving as the National Party's campaign director during the 1983 state election and as media spokesman during its 1986 election campaign, both of which were successful. Palmer was a backer of the aborted \"Joh for Canberra\" campaign, which attempted to get Queensland Premier Bjelke-Petersen elected as Prime Minister of Australia at the 1987 federal election. Palmer was elected to life membership of the party in 1992, which he retained after the state branches of the Nationals and Liberal Party merged to form the Liberal National Party of Queensland in 2008. In late April 2012, Palmer announced that he would contest Liberal National Party preselection for the Division of Lilley at the 2013 federal election, held by Wayne Swan, the then Deputy Prime Minister and Treasurer. However, in July that year, he announced his intention to seek preselection for a different seat, including possibly the Division of Kennedy, held by Bob Katter of Katter's Australian Party (formerly sitting as a National and an independent). Several months after announcing his intent to seek preselection, Palmer resigned his life membership of the Liberal National Party. His membership of the party had been suspended on 9 November 2012, following his comments on the actions of state government ministers. He was re-instated to the party on 22 November, but resigned the same day. In March 2012, Palmer accused Drew Hutton and Greenpeace of receiving funding from the CIA, due to Hutton's involvement in the preparation of a Greenpeace strategy titled \"Stopping the Australian Coal Export Boom\". His claims were dismissed by Greenpeace senior campaigner John Hepburn as \"ludicrous\", and he said that Greenpeace would not accept money from any government, corporation or secret service. His claims were also rejected by the CIA. On 25 April 2013, Palmer announced a \"reformation\" of the United Australia Party, which had been folded into the present-day Liberal Party in 1945, to stand candidates in the 2013 federal election, and had applied for its registration in Queensland. Another representative of a former South Australian political party, The United Party, lodged a formal objection to the registration of the name \"Palmer United Party\" with the Australian Electoral Commission (AEC). The AEC further determined that the names \"Uniting Australia Party\" and \"Palmer United Party\" were distinct and the name \"Palmer United Party\" was not prohibited. Palmer ran as the candidate in the Sunshine Coast seat of Fairfax for his party in the 2013 Australian federal election. In the first count he won by only 7 votes over Liberal National Party (LNP) candidate Ted O'Brien, triggering an automatic recount. While he had won only 26.5 percent of the primary vote, Palmer overtook O'Brien on Labor and Green preferences. During the recount, he filed many challenges to votes cast for O'Brien, and made unsupported claims that the Australian Electoral Commission was tainted by corruption. Ultimately, he was confirmed as winner with 50.3% of the vote \u2013 a margin of 53 votes. His party was also successful in the Senate in 2013, where three of his party members were elected and won a shared balance of power. The senators were elected in Queensland, Western Australia and Tasmania. But soon the party fell into disarray. The Tasmanian Senator Jacqui Lambie resigned from the Palmer United Party on 24 November 2014 announcing that she would remain in the Senate as an independent. Lambie's resignation followed several weeks of disagreements with Palmer. The Queensland Senator Glenn Lazarus also quit the party on 13 March 2015 citing issues with Palmer. In his maiden speech to federal parliament, Palmer implied that the government was \"deaf to the everyday struggles of all Australians\" and stated that \"the entrenchment of the two-party system in this country not only threatens democracy but destroys the creativity of the nation.\" Palmer was absent from Parliament more than any other MP in the 44th Parliament; he attended only 64 percent of sitting days in 2014 and 54 percent in 2015. He was rarely seen in his own electorate, preferring to reside at his Gold Coast residence. At one point, he went seven months without setting foot in Fairfax. His LNP opponent in 2013, O'Brien, claimed that many residents had come to him for help after not being able to get help from Palmer, to the point that many of them considered him their MP. In May 2016, Palmer announced he would not seek reelection to his seat of Fairfax or run for the Senate and retire from politics. This all but assured that Fairfax would revert to the LNP; like most Sunshine Coast seats, it would have been a comfortably safe LNP seat in a traditional two-party matchup. As expected, O'Brien reclaimed the seat for the LNP resoundingly. Palmer deregistered the party's state branches in September 2016, initially intending to keep it active at the federal level. However, in April 2017, he announced that the party would be wound up. In February 2018, Palmer announced his intention to resurrect his party and return to federal politics. The party was revived in June under its original name, the United Australia Party. Even when using the name Palmer United, the party continued to brand itself as a revival of the original UAP, claiming the three leaders of the original UAP \u2013 Joseph Lyons, Robert Menzies and Billy Hughes \u2013 as its former leaders.[citation needed] Former One Nation senator Brian Burston joined the United Australia Party in June 2018. In April 2019, Palmer stated that he would stand for the Senate in Queensland in the 2019 Australian federal election. Palmer spent $60 million at the 2019 election, with most of the advertising consisting of attacks on the Australian Labor Party (ALP). He and his party did not win any seats in the election. During the campaign for the 2020 Queensland state election, at which the United Australia Party endorsed 55 candidates, Palmer is estimated to have spent about $8 million in advertising. As in the 2019 federal election, the advertising mainly attacked the ALP, particularly alleging that Labor planned to impose a 20 per cent \"death tax\" to pay for its election promises, a claim that was dismissed by the ALP as a lie. No UAP candidates were elected. Ahead of the 2019 election, Palmer altered the lyrics of the Twisted Sister song \"We're Not Gonna Take It\" to \"Australia ain't gonna cop it\" in a national TV campaign for United Australia Party. Twisted Sister condemned the unauthorised use of the song. Palmer disputed Twisted Sister's claim that they held any copyright over the portion of the song used in the advertisements, as he composed the lyrics and the melody was derived from \"O Come, All Ye Faithful\". In April 2021, Palmer was ordered by the Federal Court of Australia to pay $1.5 million dollars in damages for copyright infringement. Palmer was also ordered to pay legal costs and to remove all copies of the song and accompanying videos from the internet. In March 2020, Palmer appeared in Brisbane Magistrates Court to answer four charges of fraud and other dishonesty, brought by the Australian Securities and Investments Commission (ASIC). The charges alleged improper transfers of money totalling several million dollars shortly before the 2013 general election, as fraud and dishonest use of Palmer's position as a company director (of Mineralogy) regarding funding of the Palmer United Party. Palmer denied that the charges relate to the collapse of Queensland Nickel, commenting: \"It's just a fabricated charge which will be dismissed pretty easily which is what we do with ASIC charges which are political in nature.\" The case was adjourned until 28 August, with Palmer still claiming that the charges were \"nonsense\". Each offence carries a potential prison sentence of up to five years and, for the fraud charges, up to 12 years. Palmer lives in a gated mansion on Sovereign Islands, an exclusive community on the Gold Coast. News Limited reports that property records reveal \"Mr Palmer, his family and associates own a total of 11 homes in the Sovereign Islands, a gated enclave developed on reclaimed land on the banks of the Southport Broadwater.\" Palmer also owns homes at Broadbeach Waters on the Gold Coast, Fig Tree Pocket in Brisbane and in Sofia in Bulgaria. Other holdings include properties in Brisbane, Jandowae on the Darling Downs, Queensland, Port Douglas in Queensland and Bora Bora, French Polynesia. In addition, his wife owns an undisclosed number of properties held in trust. He was reported to have spent more than A$20m during 2018\u201319 on luxury homes on the Gold Coast and in Brisbane and Perth. As of August 2020, he reportedly owns three adjoining houses in Fig Tree Pocket, costing $17.5m and on more than four hectares of land fronting the Brisbane River. Palmer was married to his first wife for 22 years. He has two adult children: a son, Michael and a daughter, Emily. His first wife, Susan Palmer, died from cancer in 2006. In 2007, he married Anna, and they have two daughters, Mary and Lucy. Palmer is a Roman Catholic and was a prominent member of Right to Life Australia while at university, organising pro-life rallies on campus. While watching a soccer game in October 2009, Palmer was thought to have suffered a heart attack, and was taken to hospital. However, doctors dismissed it as merely a heart palpitation. Palmer has also suffered from sleep apnoea. In 2016, the BRW Rich 200 estimated Palmer's net worth at A$600\u00a0million, by 2019 his estimated net worth had increased to A$4.09\u00a0billion and in 2021 was assessed as A$13.01\u00a0billion according to Financial Review 2021 Rich List. Up until 2013, the Forbes list included Australia's 40 richest people; it then expanded to 50 people. Biography portal Australia portal Queensland portal Business and economics portal Mineralogy (mining company) Palmer Nickel and Cobalt Refinery Palmer United Party Queensland Nickel Titanic II United Australia Party Stolz, Greg (9 November 2013). \"Questions over where new Member for Fairfax Clive Palmer will live\". News.com.au. News Ltd. Archived from the original on 30 January 2014. Retrieved 24 January 2014. \"Australia's Resourcehouse signs $60 bln deal with China\". The Sydney Morning Herald. 6 February 2010. Archived from the original on 14 April 2010. Retrieved 5 May 2010. \"Clive Palmer's $3bn Resourcehouse raising stalls\". The Australian. 28 November 2009. Bailey, Michael; Sprague, Julie-anne (27 May 2021). \"The 200 richest people in Australia revealed\". Australian Financial Review. Retrieved 28 May 2021. \"2019 Australia's 50 Richest\". Forbes Asia. January 2019. Retrieved 28 September 2019. \"Archived copy\". Archived from the original on 7 December 2017. Retrieved 7 December 2017.CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link) \"Archived copy\". Archived from the original on 4 December 2018. Retrieved 13 December 2018.CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link) Craddock, Robert (14 June 2008). \"Billionaire Clive Palmer behind Coast soccer team\". The Courier-Mail. Archived from the original on 27 May 2012. Retrieved 28 September 2009. Horn, Allyson (18 April 2019). \"Clive Palmer announces he will run for the Senate, drafts ex- NRL star for seat of Herbert\". ABC News. Archived from the original on 20 April 2019. Retrieved 18 April 2019. Thomas, Hedley (31 October 2013). \"Sue chief Clive Palmer circles wagons\". The Australian. Retrieved 12 May 2019. Smee, Ben. \"Clive Palmer gag clause: QN workers told to make no 'disparaging comments' if they want entitlements\". The Guardian. Retrieved 6 November 2020. \"Clive Palmer \u2013 extended interview: Part 1\" (transcript). Australian Story. Australian Broadcasting Corporation. 7 May 2012. Archived from the original on 8 May 2013. Retrieved 14 May 2013. \"Mr. Clive Frederick Palmer\" (PDF). The Brisbane Mining Club. 2007. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2 February 2013. Retrieved 26 April 2013. \"Clive Palmer's near death experience in AWW in 1967\". Australian Women's Weekly. 1 September 2014. Archived from the original on 17 December 2014. Retrieved 5 May 2015. Walker, R. R. (1973). The Magic Spark. 50 Years of Radio in Australia. Melbourne: Hawthorn Press. Shorten, Kristin (9 September 2013). \"Everything you need to know about Clive Palmer's life\". News.com.au. Archived from the original on 4 October 2013. Retrieved 5 May 2015. \"The Queensland 2006 rich list\". Brisbane Times. 20 July 2007. Archived from the original on 18 June 2013. Retrieved 26 April 2013. Palmer is a life member of the National Party and was the party's media spokesman during the 1986 state election. Yosufzai, Rashida (27 April 2019). \"Clive Palmer: The eccentric billionaire aiming at a political comeback\". SBS News. Retrieved 12 May 2019. \"Australasian announces ore reserve estimate for Balmoral South Project\" (PDF) (Press release). Australasian Resources Limited. 7 August 2006. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2 March 2017. Retrieved 28 September 2009. Fraser, Andrew; Burrell, Andrew (13 February 2010). \"The magnate's Chinese whispers\". The Australian. Retrieved 10 November 2011. Chenoweth, Neil (3 May 2019). \"The tricky business of Clive Palmer\". The Australian Financial Review. Retrieved 12 May 2019. Ingram, Tess (24 November 2017). \"Clive Palmer has a major legal victory over Citic\". The Australian Financial Review . Australia. Archived from the original on 24 November 2017. Retrieved 24 November 2017. McGowan, Michael (11 August 2020). \"Clive Palmer suing WA government for $30bn in move labelled 'rapacious' by attorney general\". The Guardian. Retrieved 11 August 2020. Knaus, Christopher (14 August 2020). \"Clive Palmer brands WA premier an 'outlaw' in fiery interview as state moves to block $30bn suit\". The Guardian. Retrieved 14 August 2020. \"Queensland Nickel: Our History\". Queensland Nickel. Archived from the original on 3 September 2015. Retrieved 16 January 2013. Thomson, James (21 November 2010). \"Billionaire Clive Palmer gives staff luxury cars and holidays in a Christmas bonus bonanza\". SmartCompany. 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Smee, Ben (5 August 2019). \"Clive Palmer settles Queensland Nickel lawsuit, agrees to pay sacked workers\". The Guardian. ISSN\u00a00261-3077. Retrieved 5 September 2019. Smee, Ben (6 August 2019). \"Clive Palmer held court in the Queensland Nickel trial. Then he settled\". The Guardian. Retrieved 6 August 2019. Hoffman, Bill (29 December 2015). \"Palmer Resort won't be restored until legal dispute is over\". Sunshine Coast Daily. Retrieved 10 May 2019. Skinner, Jo; Atkinson, Bruce (25 July 2013). \"Clive Palmer gets go-ahead to build world's biggest dinosaur park at Coolum Resort\". ABC News. Australia. Archived from the original on 28 July 2013. Retrieved 28 July 2013. \"Clive Palmer's dinosaur park Palmersaurus: Fun facts and controversies\". ABC News. Australia. 3 March 2015. Archived from the original on 15 April 2016. Retrieved 15 April 2016. \"Palmersaurus: Australian billionaire faces political extinction\". BBC News. 4 May 2016. Retrieved 10 May 2019. 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   },
   {
    "name": "Chris Ciriello",
    "id": "Q551263",
    "text": "Christopher Ciriello (born 1 October 1985) is an Australian field hockey player. He plays for the Victorian Vikings in the Australian Hockey League. He made his senior national team d\u00e9but in January 2008. He earned a gold medal at the 2010 Men's Hockey Champions Trophy and at the 2010 and 2014 Commonwealth Games, as well as a bronze medal at the 2012 Summer Olympics. Ciriello is from Endeavour Hills, Victoria. In 2004, he worked part-time at JB HI-FI and was in his first year at the Australian College of Natural Medicine where he was studying remedial therapy. That year, he lost 35 kilograms (77\u00a0lb) because of his busy personal and sport schedule that included training up to six times a week, with some days having two practices. His father and grandfather were both hockey players before him, and he himself took up hockey at the age of 4. He now lives in Perth with his wife Heidi Ciriello. Ciriello had a hockey scholarship with the Victorian Institute of Sport in 2004. In 2004, he was a member of Australia's U21 national team and competed at the qualifiers for the U21 Junior World Cup Oceania Qualifiers in New Zealand. Ciriello plays for the Doncaster Hockey Club. He plays for the Victorian Vikings in the Australian Hockey League. He played for the team in the first found of the 2011 season. In January 2008, Ciriello made his senior national team d\u00e9but at the Five Nations men's hockey tournament in South Africa. New national team coach Ric Charlesworth named the veteran Ciriello and fourteen players who had less than ten national team caps between them, in a bid to ready the team for the 2010 Commonwealth Games. In 2009, he represented the country on a tour of Europe. He competed in the third match of the tour against England where Australia won 5\u20134. In the game, he scored a hat trick. All three goals came off penalty shots during the first half. In 2009, he was a member of the national team during a five-game test series in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia against Malaysia. He represented Australia at the 2010 Commonwealth Games. In the gold medal match against India that Australia won 8\u20130, he scored a goal. His coach Ric Charlesworth described his performance at the Games as having \"taken his game to a new level\". In May 2011, he played in the Azlan Shah Cup for Australia. The Cup featured teams from Pakistan, Malaysia, India, South Korea, Britain and New Zealand. In December 2011, he was named as one of twenty-eight players to be on the 2012 Summer Olympics Australian men's national training squad. This squad was narrowed in June 2012. He trained with the team from 18 January to mid-March in Perth, Western Australia. In February during the training camp, he played in a four nations test series with the teams being the Kookaburras, Australia A Squad, the Netherlands and Argentina. In 2014, Ciriello showed why he is one of the most dangerous players in world hockey and one of the best drag flickers in the history of the game. The 'Big Dog', as he is nicknamed, slotted a hat trick of goals in both the finals of the World Cup and the Commonwealth Games leading Australia to victory. At the World Cup Cirello was the second highest scorer of the tournament with 7 goals while at the Commonwealth Games he led the field with 9 goals. In 2004, Ciriello coached year 9 at Wesley College in Glen Waverley, Victoria while his father Lou Ciriello coached year 10. Ciriello coached a top tier group of young female athletes at Southern River Hockey Club, based in the south of Perth, WA. Until recently, he was Analytical coach and Manager for the National Indian Men's Team based at Sports Authority of India Complex, Bangalore, India. \"Christopher Ciriello\". bbc.com. BBC Sport. Retrieved 6 July 2015. \"Kookaburras begin their Olympic Games Campaign\". Perth, Western Australia: Hockey Australia. 7 February 2012. Archived from the original on 21 March 2012. Retrieved 7 March 2012. Crossley, Lee (1 December 2004). \"Schedule tests rising star\". Leader\u00a0\u2013 Doncaster Templestowe. Melbourne, Australia. p.\u00a033. Retrieved 15 March 2012. \"Glasgow 2014 - Chris Ciriello Profile\". g2014results.thecgf.com. Retrieved 31 December 2015. Ryan, Conor (6 July 2011). \"Mission for 2012\u00a0\u2013 London Olympic quest drives Ford forward\". Leader\u00a0\u2013 Diamond Valley News. Melbourne, Australia. p.\u00a044. Retrieved 13 March 2012. \"Scoreboard\". The Daily Telegraph. Sydney, Australia. 13 June 2011. p.\u00a055. Retrieved 14 March 2012. \"Bulletin Wire: Fresh faces for next Kookaburras tour\". Bulletin Wire. Australia: Financial Times Information Limited\u00a0\u2013 Asia Africa Intelligence Wire. 20 December 2007. Retrieved 15 March 2012. \"Carroll, Abbott in new-look Kookaburras\". Northern Territory News. Darwin, Australia. 15 April 2009. p.\u00a046. Retrieved 15 March 2012. Martin, Lisa (11 June 2009). \"Bulletin Wire: Ciriello hits hat-trick for Kookaburras\". Bulletin Wire. Australia: Financial Times Limited\u00a0\u2013 Asia Africa Intelligence Wire. Retrieved 13 March 2012. \"Charlesworth welcomes son\". The Australian. Australia. Australian Associated Press. 2 October 2009. p.\u00a037. Retrieved 14 March 2012. Srivastava, Abhaya (14 October 2010). \"Australia rout India to win fourth men's hockey gold\". The Sydney Morning Herald. Sydney. Retrieved 9 March 2012. Craddock, Robert (15 October 2010). \"That's gold, Eddie Ockenden grabs perfect prize as Indians crushed\". Hobart Mercury. Australia. p.\u00a064. Retrieved 16 March 2012. Singh, Ajitpal (26 April 2011). \"New Straits Times (Malaysia): Aussies look powerful despite injury woes\". New Straits Times. Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. Retrieved 16 March 2012. \"Kookaburras name training squad for 2012 Olympic Games\". The Daily Telegraph. Sydney. Australian Associated Press. 14 December 2011. Retrieved 7 March 2012. \"FOR THE RECORD\". The Australian. Sydney, Australia. 15 December 2011. p.\u00a035. AUS_T-20111215-1-035-447690. Retrieved 9 March 2012. \"SCOREBOARD\". The Daily Telegraph. Sydney, Australia. 15 December 2011. p.\u00a0116. DTM_T-20111215-1-116-447684. Retrieved 9 March 2012. Chris Ciriello at the International Hockey Federation Chris Ciriello at the International Olympic Committee Chris Ciriello at the Australian Olympic Committee Chris Ciriello at Olympics at Sports-Reference.com (archived)"
   },
   {
    "name": "Harry Cobby",
    "id": "Q552163",
    "text": "Air Commodore Arthur Henry Cobby, CBE, DSO, DFC & Two Bars, GM (26 August 1894 \u2013 11 November 1955) was an Australian military aviator. He was the leading fighter ace of the Australian Flying Corps during World War\u00a0I, with 29 victories, despite seeing active service for less than a year. Born and educated in Melbourne, Cobby was a bank clerk when war broke out, and was prevented by his employer from enlisting in the Australian Imperial Force until 1916. After completing flight training in England, he served on the Western Front with No.\u00a04 Squadron AFC, operating Sopwith Camels. His achievements as a fighter pilot were recognised with the Distinguished Service Order, the Distinguished Flying Cross and two bars, and a mention in despatches. Acclaimed a national hero, Cobby transferred to the newly formed Royal Australian Air Force (RAAF) in 1921 and rose to the rank of wing commander. He left the Permanent Air Force (PAF) in 1936 to join the Civil Aviation Board, but remained in the RAAF reserve. Re-joining the PAF at the outbreak of World War\u00a0II in 1939, Cobby held senior posts including Director of Recruiting and Air Officer Commanding North-Eastern Area. In 1943, he was awarded the George Medal for rescuing fellow survivors of an aircraft crash. He was appointed Air Officer Commanding No.\u00a010 Operational Group (later Australian First Tactical Air Force) the following year, but was relieved of his post in the wake of the \"Morotai Mutiny\" of April 1945. Retiring from the Air Force in 1946, Cobby served with the Department of Civil Aviation until his death on Armistice Day in 1955. Arthur Henry Cobby was born in the Melbourne suburb of Prahran to Arthur Edward Stanley Cobby, a tram conductor, and his wife Alice. Known as Harry, the young Cobby completed his senior-level education at University College, Armadale, before being commissioned into the 46th Infantry (Brighton Rifles), a militia unit, in 1912. He later transferred to the 47th Infantry. When World War I broke out, Cobby attempted to enlist in the Australian Imperial Force but his employer, the Commonwealth Bank, refused to release him as his position of clerk was considered an essential occupation. He eventually managed to join the Australian Flying Corps (AFC) on 23\u00a0December 1916, despite a professed lack of interest in flying. He became a founding member of No.\u00a04 Squadron AFC, and embarked for England aboard RMS Omrah on 17\u00a0January 1917. No.\u00a04 Squadron arrived in England in March 1917 to undergo training in preparation for service on the Western Front. Equipped with Sopwith Camels, the unit was sent to France in December. Cobby later admitted to being so nervous about the prospect of going into battle that \"if anything could have been done by me to delay that hour, I would have left nothing undone to bring it about\". When he did see combat against the German Luftstreitkr\u00e4fte for the first time, he had only twelve hours solo flying experience. Cobby claimed an early victory, over a DFW reconnaissance plane, in February 1918, but this was credited only as \"driven down\" and not confirmed. Based in the Pas-de-Calais area, No.\u00a04 Squadron supported Allied forces during the German spring offensive that commenced the following month. Cobby's aerial opponents included members of Baron von Richthofen's \"Flying Circus\". On 21\u00a0March he shot down two of the formation's Albatros D.Vs, which were confirmed as his first official victories. Having proved himself a talented and aggressive pilot, Cobby's leadership abilities were recognised with his appointment as a flight commander on 14\u00a0May 1918, and promotion to captain on 25\u00a0May. Described as \"an imp of mischief\", he personalised his Sopwith Camel by fitting it with aluminium cutouts of comic actor Charlie Chaplin. Cobby again scored two kills in one day on 30\u00a0May near Estaires, when he destroyed an Albatros and an observation balloon, and repeated this feat the next day in the same area. He had been responsible for downing No.\u00a04 Squadron's first balloon at Merville earlier in May; although vulnerable to attack with incendiary bullets, these large observation platforms, nicknamed Drachen (Dragons), were generally well protected by enemy fighters and anti-aircraft defences, and were thus considered a dangerous but valuable target. Cobby was recommended for the Military Cross on 3\u00a0June 1918 in recognition of his combat success and for being a \"bold and skilful Patrol Leader, who is setting a fine example to his Squadron\". The award was changed to a Distinguished Flying Cross (DFC), appearing in the London Gazette on 2\u00a0July. Cobby shot down three German aircraft on 28\u00a0June and was recommended for a bar to his DFC, highlighting his then-current tally of 15 victories. On 15\u00a0July 1918, he and another pilot dived on five Pfalz scouts near Armenti\u00e8res, Cobby accounting for two of the enemy aircraft and his companion for one. The Australians were then pursued by four Fokker Triplanes but managed to evade their attackers. This action earned Cobby a recommendation for a second bar to his DFC, the citation noting that he had scored 21 kills to date and had \"succeeded in destroying so many machines by hard work and by using his brains, as well as by courage and brilliant flying\". The two bars to his DFC were gazetted on the same day, 21\u00a0September. On 16\u00a0August, Cobby led a bombing raid against the German airfield at Haubourdin, near Lille, the largest aerial assault by Allied forces up until then, resulting in 37 enemy aircraft being destroyed. The following day he led a similar attack on Lomme airfield and was recommended for the Distinguished Service Order as a result. Gazetted on 2\u00a0November, the citation for the award declared that \"The success of these two raids was largely due to the determined and skilful leadership of this officer\". The most successful air fighter is the most aggressive; but at the same time, a cool head and a fine sense of judgement are essential. Harry Cobby By the end of his active service, Cobby was in charge of Allied formations numbering up to 80 aircraft. Fellow No.\u00a04 Squadron ace, George Jones (later Chief of the Air Staff), described him as the unit's \"natural leader in the air and in all off-duty activities\"; his exploits made him a national hero. No.\u00a04 Squadron was recognised as the most successful fighter squadron in France, accounting for as many as 220\u00a0victories. In September 1918, Cobby was transferred to a training unit in England, where he found the strain of instructing pupils \"much worse than flying in France\". He continued applying for a return to the front until the war ended in November, and was mentioned in despatches by Field Marshal Sir Douglas Haig the same month (gazetted 27\u00a0December). Though Cobby's final tally for the war is often given as 29 aircraft and 13 observation balloons destroyed, claim-by-claim analyses of his victories credit him with 24 aircraft and five balloons, for a grand total of 29, making him the highest-scoring member of the AFC, as well as the service's only \"balloon-busting\" ace. His proudest boast was that as a flight commander he never lost a pilot over enemy territory. Still instructing in England following the end of the war, Cobby was chosen to lead the AFC's Anzac Day flypast over London before the Prince of Wales on 25\u00a0April 1919, in concert with a parade by Australian soldiers. By 2:30 in the afternoon, he was taking his 50-strong aerial formation through a series of wild stunts over the alarmed Prince's head, and later told the story that he flew so close to the marching soldiers that their bayonets almost pierced his undercarriage. Cobby later said that this was: \"probably the most foolish thing I have ever done\". He returned to Australia in May 1919, and married Hilda Maude Urban in Caulfield, Victoria, on 24\u00a0April 1920; the couple had a son and a daughter. Following the disbandment of the AFC, Cobby joined the newly formed Royal Australian Air Force in 1921. Ranked flying officer (honorary flight lieutenant), he was one of the original 21 officers on the air force's strength at its formation that March. His first posting, along with most of his colleagues, was to a mixed squadron equipped primarily with S.E.5s and DH.9s at No.\u00a01 Flying Training School, based at RAAF Point Cook. Flight Lieutenant Cobby became Commanding Officer (CO) of No.\u00a01 Squadron when it was reformed at Point Cook on 1\u00a0July 1925, serving in the position until August 1926. By 1927, Cobby had been promoted to squadron leader, and the following year went to England to attend RAF Staff College, Andover. Returning to Australia, he took over as CO of No.\u00a03 Squadron at RAAF Station Richmond, New South Wales, from Squadron Leader Frank Lukis on 13\u00a0January 1930. At this time, the position of No.\u00a03 Squadron commander doubled as CO of the base. Though popular with his staff, Cobby was not known for his attention to detail. In December 1930, the Chief of the Air Staff, Air Commodore Richard Williams, arrived for an inspection and found the base to be in such a state of untidiness that he ordered every man on parade and gave them what was described as \"an almighty dressing down\", threatening that Christmas leave would be cancelled unless the place was cleaned up. Having handed over to Squadron Leader Bill Bostock on 22\u00a0November 1931, Cobby was promoted to wing commander on 1\u00a0May 1933 and subsequently served as RAAF Director of Intelligence. In this position he headed an interdepartmental committee that was formed in August 1933 to examine the possibilities of air survey and aerial photography to further national development. The committee's findings, presented in April 1934, favoured employing government agencies for such work and ultimately led to the formation of the North Australian Survey Flight from staff and aircraft of No.\u00a01 Squadron in April 1935. The resulting surveys of Queensland and the Northern Territory provided valuable input for the establishment of military airfields and other installations following the outbreak of World War\u00a0II. Restless in the inter-war years, Cobby retired from the Air Force to join the Civil Aviation Board as Controller of Operations in 1936; he also contributed to aviation magazines such as Australian Airmen and Popular Flying. His civil aviation duties included aircraft inspection, the issuing of licences and airworthiness certificates, maintenance of radio and meteorological services, and RAAF liaison. After the creation of a new Department of Civil Aviation in November 1938, the Civil Aviation Board was reorganised and Cobby's position was made redundant. The civil aviation minister James Fairbairn \u2013 himself a World War I pilot \u2013 lobbied Prime Minister Robert Menzies on his behalf, stating it was \"unthinkable that Wing Commander Cobby's appointment should be terminated without some other position being found for him\". Cobby was a member of the Citizen Air Force (RAAF reserve) during his time with the Civil Aviation Board, and rejoined the Permanent Air Force following the outbreak of World War\u00a0II in September 1939. Promoted to group captain, he officially returned to active service on 25\u00a0July 1940 as Director of Recruiting, a role that traded on his public image. On 25\u00a0August 1942, he took over from Air Commodore Frank Lukis as Air Officer Commanding (AOC) North-Eastern Area in Townsville, Queensland. 1942 also saw the publication of High Adventure, Cobby's account of his experiences in World War\u00a0I; the foreword was written by Air Vice Marshal Jones, newly appointed Chief of the Air Staff and fellow No.\u00a04 Squadron veteran. Cobby was promoted to temporary air commodore in July 1943. On 7\u00a0September, he was travelling as a passenger on a Catalina flying boat when it crashed at Townsville. Although himself injured, Cobby helped rescue two other survivors, and was recommended for the George Medal for his \"outstanding bravery\". The award was gazetted on 10\u00a0March 1944. Cobby handed over command of North-Eastern Area in November 1943, and the following month was posted to Mount Martha, Victoria, as the Commandant of the RAAF Staff School (later RAAF Staff College), remaining in the post until he was fully recovered from his injuries. On 16\u00a0June 1944, he was appointed a Commander of the Order of the British Empire (CBE) for his conduct of air operations over New Guinea as AOC North-Eastern Area, the citation noting his \"good leadership, personal example, keen understanding and continued encouragement\". It is impossible to campaign under such conditions. The 1st Tactical Air Force R.A.A.F. is now either administered or directed by R.A.A.F. Headquarters (with Forward Echelon thrown in for luck), R.A.A.F. Command, G.H.Q., and the Commanding General, 13th Air Force. I do not relish the role of the Duke of Plaza Toro. Harry Cobby, October 1944 In August 1944, Cobby became AOC of No.\u00a010 Operational Group (No.\u00a010 OG), soon to be renamed the Australian First Tactical Air Force (1st TAF). In this role he commanded 20,000 personnel in the RAAF's major mobile strike force in the South West Pacific, consisting of fighter, close support, and airfield construction units. Cobby expressed misgivings concerning the command arrangements that saw RAAF Headquarters in Melbourne responsible for No.\u00a010 OG's administration, while its operational tasking was to be passed down through RAAF Command, the United States Thirteenth Air Force and Headquarters South West Pacific Area. He believed this required him to \"try and serve two masters\", a situation he found \"unworkable\". In the period 22\u201325 December 1944, 1st TAF flew 513 Kittyhawk and Beaufighter sorties against targets in Halmahera. The following month, it undertook a further 661 sorties against targets in Halmahera, Celebes, Morotai and the Vogelkop. By early 1945, Japanese air power in the South West Pacific had been virtually destroyed, and 1st TAF was increasingly assigned to garrison duties and harassing enemy bases on islands bypassed by US forces in their advance on the Philippines. During March and April, 1st TAF prepared for the invasion of Tarakan, an operation based around a mistaken judgement made by officers at Cobby's headquarters that the island's airstrip could be rapidly repaired and used to support the Borneo Campaign. The relegation of fighter units to what appeared to be strategically unimportant ground attack missions led to a crisis in morale that precipitated the so-called \"Morotai Mutiny\" in April 1945, when eight of Cobby's senior pilots, including Australia's leading ace in the war, Group Captain Clive Caldwell, tendered their resignations in protest. Although one of the \"mutineers\", Group Captain Wilf Arthur, had earlier voiced his concerns to Cobby and his headquarters staff regarding the efficacy of 1st TAF's tasking, the AOC was taken aback by the resignations. He spoke to the officers individually and as a group, asking them, \"Is this something against me, or having a go against me in this, because if so, if you feel that I have fallen down in my job, I will straight away ask to be recalled,\" to which they replied, \"It has nothing to do with you.\" Cobby reported the incident to his immediate superior, Air Vice Marshal Bill Bostock, who informed the Chief of the Air Staff, Air Vice Marshal Jones, and the Allied Air Forces Commander, Lieutenant General George Kenney. All made their way to Morotai and interviewed the pilots involved, and all concluded that Cobby should be relieved of his command. Bostock held Cobby responsible for the \"dangerously low level\" of morale in 1st TAF, but also noted \"it is clear that he has been badly served by his senior staff\". In the event, Jones transferred not only Cobby but also his staff officers, Group Captains Gibson and Simms, and Air Commodore Frederick Scherger took over command on 10\u00a0May. Cobby's departure was greeted with relief by Australian Army commanders, who were frustrated by the poor working relationship between 1st TAF and the Army units at Tarakan. Cobby defended his leadership of 1st TAF at the subsequent inquiry before Judge John Vincent Barry. During his testimony he declared that while his officers \"wished to do more in the war than they were doing\u00a0... it was not within the power of 1st T.A.F. to give them that more important or more interesting work\". He believed that his forces had played a significant part in making safe General MacArthur's flank during the Philippines Campaign. Barry nevertheless found that Cobby had \"failed to maintain proper control over his command\", and that his removal as 1st TAF commander was justified. Air Force historian Alan Stephens later described it as \"a personal and institutional tragedy that a genuinely great figure in RAAF history had to end his career in such circumstances\". The Oxford Companion to Australian Military History contends that Cobby's \"gallant service flying career\u00a0... became another victim of the weaknesses and feuding within the RAAF's senior leadership during the Pacific War\". Stephens summed up Cobby's military career by saying \"No Australian airman's experience better illustrates the tensions between 'command', 'leadership' and 'heroism'\", concluding that \"the qualities that make a hero do not easily translate into those needed by a commander, although they are likely to engender leadership\". Cobby was officially discharged from the Air Force on 19\u00a0August 1946. He was awarded the American Medal of Freedom on 15\u00a0April 1948, in recognition of his war service. The citation noted that from September 1944 to January 1945, he displayed \"exceptionally sound judgement and far sighted planning\u00a0... and materially assisted in support of the operations in the Philippine Liberation Campaign\". Cobby had rejoined the Civil Aviation Board (by then the Department of Civil Aviation) after leaving the RAAF and served as Regional Director, New South Wales, from 1947 to 1954. He was appointed Director of Flying Operations early the following year. On Armistice Day, 11\u00a0November 1955, Cobby collapsed in his Melbourne office and died later that day of hypertensive cerebrovascular disease at Heidelberg Repatriation General Hospital. His wife and children survived him. On 15\u00a0November, he was given a military funeral at St Mary's Church of England, Caulfield, and cremated at Springvale Crematorium. Harry Cobby's tally of victories in World War I was the highest by a member of the Australian Flying Corps (the top-scoring Australian aces of the war, Robert A. Little and Roderic (Stan) Dallas, flew with the British Royal Naval Air Service and Royal Air Force). His record as an ace wearing the Australian uniform has remained unbeaten. Air Marshal Sir Richard Williams, Director General of Civil Aviation from 1946 to 1955 and widely regarded as the \"Father of the RAAF\", described Cobby as \"a man whose personal story is threaded through the entire history of Australian service and civil aviation\". One of the aluminium cutouts of Charlie Chaplin that Cobby attached to his Sopwith Camel in World War\u00a0I later went on show at RAAF Museum, Point Cook, and the tail skid of one of his victims was displayed at the Australian War Memorial, Canberra. Cobby Street, in the Canberra suburb of Campbell, is named in his honour. Stephens; Isaacs, High Fliers, pp. 23\u201326 Isaacs, Australian Dictionary of Biography, pp. 41\u201342 Gration, \"Cobby\u00a0\u2013 an exemplary warrior\", p. 5 Newton, Australian Air Aces, pp. 25\u201328 Air Commodore Arthur Henry (Harry) Cobby at Australian War Memorial. Retrieved 21 February 2009. Arthur Henry Cobby Archived 25 May 2011 at the Wayback Machine at The AIF Project Archived 11 March 2009 at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved 26 January 2009. Australian Military History: The Australian Flying Corps at Australian War Memorial. Retrieved 12 April 2009. Cutlack, The Australian Flying Corps, pp. 226\u2013227 Stephens, The Royal Australian Air Force, pp. 20\u201321 Franks, Sopwith Camel Aces of World War 1, p. 94 Cutlack, The Australian Flying Corps, pp. 284\u2013286 Guttman, Balloon-Busting Aces of World War 1, pp. 6\u20138, 29\u201330 Recommendation: Military Cross at Australian War Memorial. Retrieved 14 April 2009. \"No. 30775\". The London Gazette (Supplement). 2 July 1918. p.\u00a07746. Recommendation: Bar to the Distinguished Flying Cross at Australian War Memorial. Retrieved 14 April 2009. Cutlack, The Australian Flying Corps, pp. 295\u2013296 Recommendation: Second bar to the Distinguished Flying Cross at Australian War Memorial. Retrieved 14 April 2009. \"No. 30913\". The London Gazette (Supplement). 21 September 1918. p.\u00a011248. \"No. 30989\". The London Gazette (Supplement). 2 November 1918. p.\u00a012959. Hart, Aces Falling, p. 62 Odgers, 100 Years of Australians at War, p. 98 Franks, Sopwith Camel Aces of World War 1, pp. 71\u201372 Stephens, The Royal Australian Air Force, p. 17 \"No. 31089\". The London Gazette (Supplement). 27 December 1918. pp.\u00a015217\u201315224. Shores et al., Above the Trenches, p. 110 Guttman, Balloon-Busting Aces of World War 1, pp. 29\u201330 Odgers, Air Force Australia, p. 43 Gillison, Royal Australian Air Force, p. 16 Archived 7 October 2015 at the Wayback Machine Coulthard-Clark, The Third Brother, pp. 42\u201343 RAAF Historical Section, Units of the Royal Australian Air Force, p. 5 Coulthard-Clark, The Third Brother, p. 318 Stephens, The RAAF in the Southwest Pacific Area, pp. 40\u201343 Roylance, Air Base Richmond, pp. 46, 123 Sutherland, Command and Leadership, p. 37 Roylance, Air Base Richmond, pp. 36\u201337 Coulthard-Clark, The Third Brother, p. 363 Wilson, The Eagle and the Albatross, p. 35[permanent dead link] Coulthard-Clark, The Third Brother, pp. 428\u2013429 Coulthard-Clark, The Third Brother, p. 310 Hazlehurst, Ten Journeys to Cameron's Farm, p. 339 Odgers, Air War Against Japan, p. 241 Cobby, Arthur Henry at World War 2 Nominal Roll. Retrieved 21 February 2009. Gillison, Royal Australian Air Force, p. 588 Archived 5 June 2009 at WebCite Stephens, The Royal Australian Air Force, pp. 20\u201321, 320 Ashworth, How Not to Run an Air Force!, p. 293 Garrisson, Australian Fighter Aces, pp. 57\u201363 Recommendation: George Medal at Australian War Memorial. Retrieved 14 April 2009. \"No. 36418\". The London Gazette (Supplement). 10 March 1944. p.\u00a01165. Hurst, Strategy and Red Ink, p. 3 \"No. 36566\". The London Gazette (Supplement). 16 June 1944. p.\u00a02873. Odgers, Air War Against Japan, pp. 297\u2013298 Stephens, The Royal Australian Air Force, pp. 168\u2013169 Odgers, 100 Years of Australians at War, pp. 214\u2013215 Stephens, The Royal Australian Air Force, pp. 123\u2013125 Stanley, Tarakan. An Australian Tragedy, p. 60 Group Captain Wilf Arthur quoted in Alexander, \"Cleaning the Augean stables\" Helson, Ten Years at the Top, pp. 207\u2013213 Alexander, \"Cleaning the Augean stables\" Odgers, Air War Against Japan, pp. 444\u2013445 Archived 18 April 2015 at the Wayback Machine Odgers, Air War Against Japan, pp. 443\u2013450 Archived 18 April 2015 at the Wayback Machine Odgers, Air War Against Japan, pp. 456\u2013459 Stanley, Tarakan. An Australian Tragedy, p. 96 Odgers, Air War Against Japan, p. 449 Archived 18 April 2015 at the Wayback Machine Stephens, Power Plus Attitude, p. 69 Dennis et al., The Oxford Companion to Australian Military History, pp. 135\u2013136 Sutherland, Command and Leadership, p. 84 Awarded: US Medal of Freedom at Australian War Memorial. Retrieved 14 April 2009. \"A hero's grandson honors the fallen...\" The Argus. Melbourne: National Library of Australia. 12 November 1955. p.\u00a01. Retrieved 10 November 2011. \"Family Notices\". The Argus. Melbourne: National Library of Australia. 14 November 1955. p.\u00a011. Retrieved 10 November 2011. Wilson, The Brotherhood of Airmen, pp. 30\u201331 Williams, Sir Richard at Australian Dictionary of Biography Online. Retrieved 14 April 2009. Cobby Street at ACT Planning and Land Authority. Retrieved 15 November 2011. Alexander, Kristen (1 September 2004). \"\"Cleaning the Augean stables\". The Morotai Mutiny?\". Sabretache. Military Historical Society of Australia. Ashworth, Norman (2000). How Not to Run an Air Force! The Higher Command of the Royal Australian Air Force During the Second World War: Volume 1. Canberra: RAAF Air Power Studies Centre. ISBN\u00a00-642-26550-X. Archived from the original on 6 October 2011. Coulthard-Clark, Chris (1991). The Third Brother. North Sydney: Allen & Unwin. ISBN\u00a00-04-442307-1. Cutlack, F.M. (1941) [1923]. The Official History of Australia in the War of 1914\u20131918 (11th edition): Volume VIII\u00a0\u2013 The Australian Flying Corps in the Western and Eastern Theatres of War, 1914\u20131918. Sydney: Angus & Robertson. OCLC\u00a0220900299. Dennis, Peter; Grey, Jeffrey; Morris, Ewan; Prior, Robin (2008) [1995]. The Oxford Companion to Australian Military History. South Melbourne: Oxford University Press. ISBN\u00a0978-0-19-551784-2. Franks, Norman (2003). Sopwith Camel Aces of World War 1. Oxford: Osprey. ISBN\u00a01-84176-534-1. Garrisson, A.D. (1999). Australian Fighter Aces 1914\u20131953. Fairbairn, Australian Capital Territory: Air Power Studies Centre. ISBN\u00a00-642-26540-2. Archived from the original on 24 November 2016. Gillison, Douglas (1962). Australia in the War of 1939\u20131945: Series Three (Air) Volume I\u00a0\u2013 Royal Australian Air Force 1939\u20131942. Canberra: Australian War Memorial. OCLC\u00a02000369. Gration, Air Marshal I.B. (September 2010). \"Cobby\u00a0\u2013 an exemplary warrior\". Sabretache. Military Historical Society of Australia. Guttman, Jon (2005). Balloon-Busting Aces of World War 1. Oxford: Osprey. ISBN\u00a01-84176-877-4. Hart, Peter (2007). Aces Falling: The Last of the First World War Fighter Aces, 1918. London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson. ISBN\u00a0978-0-297-84653-6. Hazlehurst, Cameron (2013). Ten Journeys to Cameron's Farm: An Australian Tragedy. ANU Press. doi:10.22459/TJCF.11.2013. ISBN\u00a0978-1-925-02101-1. Helson, Peter (2006). Ten Years at the Top (Ph. D thesis). Sydney: University of New South Wales. Hurst, Doug (2001). Strategy and Red Ink: A History of RAAF Staff College 1949\u20131999. RAAF Base Fairbairn: Aerospace Centre. ISBN\u00a00-642-26558-5. Isaacs, Keith (1981). \"Cobby, Arthur Henry\". Australian Dictionary of Biography: Volume 8. Melbourne: Melbourne University Press. Newton, Dennis (1996). Australian Air Aces. Fyshwyck, Australian Capital Territory: Aerospace Publications. ISBN\u00a01-875671-25-0. Odgers, George (1996) [1984]. Air Force Australia. Frenchs Forest, New South Wales: National. ISBN\u00a01-86436-081-X. Odgers, George (1968) [1957]. Australia in the War of 1939\u20131945: Series Three (Air) Volume II\u00a0\u2013 Air War Against Japan 1943\u20131945. Canberra: Australian War Memorial. OCLC\u00a0246580191. Odgers, George (1999). 100 Years of Australians at War. Sydney: Landsdowne Publishing. ISBN\u00a01-86302-669-X. RAAF Historical Section (1995). Units of the Royal Australian Air Force: A Concise History. Volume 3: Bomber Units. Canberra: Australian Government Publishing Service. ISBN\u00a00-644-42792-2. Roylance, Derek (1991). Air Base Richmond. RAAF Base Richmond: Royal Australian Air Force. ISBN\u00a00-646-05212-8. Shores, Christopher; Franks, Norman; Guest, Russell (1990). Above the Trenches: A Complete Record of the Fighter Aces and Units of the British Empire Air Forces, 1915\u20131920. London: Grub Street. ISBN\u00a00-948817-19-4. Stanley, Peter (1997). Tarakan: An Australian Tragedy. St Leonards, New South Wales: Allen & Unwin. ISBN\u00a01-86448-278-8. Stephens, Alan (1992). Power Plus Attitude: Ideas, Strategy and Doctrine in the Royal Australian Air Force 1921\u20131991. Canberra: Australian Government Publishing Service. ISBN\u00a00-644-24388-0. Archived from the original on 6 October 2011. Stephens, Alan (ed.) (1993). The RAAF in the Southwest Pacific Area 1942\u20131945. Canberra: RAAF Air Power Studies Centre. ISBN\u00a00-642-19827-6.CS1 maint: extra text: authors list (link) Stephens, Alan (2006) [2001]. The Royal Australian Air Force: A History. London: Oxford University Press. ISBN\u00a00-19-555541-4. Stephens, Alan; Isaacs, Jeff (1996). High Fliers: Leaders of the Royal Australian Air Force. Canberra: Australian Government Publishing Service. ISBN\u00a00-644-45682-5. Sutherland, Barry (ed.) (2000). Command and Leadership in War and Peace 1914\u20131975. Canberra: Air Power Studies Centre. ISBN\u00a00-642-26537-2.CS1 maint: extra text: authors list (link) Wilson, David (2005). The Brotherhood of Airmen. Crows Nest, New South Wales: Allen & Unwin. ISBN\u00a01-74114-333-0. Wilson, David (2003). The Eagle and the Albatross: Australian Aerial Maritime Operations 1921\u20131971 (Ph. D thesis). Sydney: University of New South Wales. Cobby, A.H. (1981) [1942]. High Adventure. Melbourne: Kookaburra Technical Publications. ISBN\u00a00-85880-044-6. World War I service record at National Archives of Australia"
   },
   {
    "name": "Patrick Kisnorbo",
    "id": "Q553373",
    "text": "Patrick Fabio Maxime Kisnorbo (born 24 March 1981) is an Australian former professional footballer who is currently head coach at A-League club Melbourne City. Kisnorbo was an Australian international with 18 caps. He is also known by his nickname Paddy. Kisnorbo played at centre-back but has also played as a defensive midfielder. He was a fans' favourite at Leicester City, accumulating over 100 appearances in his four years at the club. During his time with Leicester, he was at the centre of a number of refereeing controversies in which officiating calls were later shown to be wrong. He has also suffered some injuries that affected his playing ability for a time. Kisnorbo has represented Australia at international level in three tournaments; the 2002 and 2004 Nation Cups and the 2007 Asian Cup. He started his professional career at South Melbourne and later played for the Scottish club Hearts before joining Leicester and then transferring to Leeds United. Kisnorbo won the 2009\u201310 fans Player of The Season award and also the Players Player Award for Leeds United in his debut season. During his first two years at Leeds, Kisnorbo wore a headband bandage when playing football as 'tradition' after initially wearing it after suffering a head injury on his Leeds debut. Kisnorbo was born in Melbourne to a Mauritian father and an Italian mother who was from Trieste. Because of his mother's birth, Kisnorbo holds an Italian passport, which allows him to bypass European Union work permit restrictions. Kisnorbo began playing football as a youth in his hometown with Essendon City and Bulleen. He then played in the South Melbourne youth team for two seasons. After a string of stand-out performances for the youth team, Kisnorbo was selected for the senior team, which was competing in the now defunct National Soccer League. Kisnorbo performed like a seasoned veteran and cemented his spot at Centre Back as a youngster ahead of more experienced players at the club. Kisnorbo went on to make 67 appearances for the club and scored on 3 occasions. Kisnorbo made his move from South Melbourne to the Edinburgh-based Scottish Premier League club Hearts in July 2003, signing a two-year contract. He was recommended to Hearts by former player Dave McPherson. Kisnorbo quickly became a regular for the first team where he made 48 appearances in two seasons, scoring his only league goal in a 2\u20131 win over Hibernian on 24 October 2004. Kisnorbo also played in the UEFA Cup against such clubs as Bordeaux, Feyenoord, Schalke 04 and Ferencv\u00e1ros, and scored a goal against Portuguese club SC (Sporting Club) Braga. He spent 18 months at Hearts, playing a total of 64 competitive games, before his contract expired at the end of the 2004\u201305 season. It was not renewed by the club. Kisnorbo joined Leicester City in April 2005 after leaving Hearts, signing a pre-contract agreement in January. He followed former Hearts boss Craig Levein, teammates Mark de Vries and Alan Maybury across the border to the Midlands club. Kisnorbo's first goal for Leicester came on 15 October 2005 against Watford at Vicarage Road, which turned out to be the match winner. His initial appearances for Leicester were as a midfielder, and at first he failed to adjust and was booed by his own fans during a 2\u20131 defeat to Sheffield Wednesday. However, a move back to defence resulted in a change in fortunes for Kisnorbo, and his partnership with then-teammate Paddy McCarthy was instrumental in helping Leicester avoid relegation to League One that season. Transfer speculation linked Kisnorbo to Wigan Athletic at the end of the 2005\u201306 season, but he decided to extend his stay with Leicester by signing a new three-year contract, less than 12 months after joining the club. Kisnorbo began the 2006\u201307 season well, scoring two goals and putting in fine rear-guard displays against Coventry City and Southend United, helping the club survive relegation yet again. He was linked with a move to Fulham during the January transfer window. His performance in the 2006\u201307 season earned him the players' player of the season award from his teammates. It was also at this point that he became a fan favourite. In the 2007\u201308 season, Kisnorbo was relegated to League One with the club, but was also on the receiving end of no less than three controversial refereeing decisions. His first was a goal against Scunthorpe United on 20 October, which referee Scott Mathieson ruled out for an offside, depriving Leicester of an away win. Video replay showed that Kisnorbo's disallowed goal was actually onside, greatly frustrating him, while Leicester coach Gerry Taggart commented \"We have all seen the replay of Patrick's goal in the dressing room and he is clearly not offside.\" Kisnorbo's second was a red card by referee Phil Joslin for what the linesman claimed was a foul on Pablo Cou\u00f1ago. Joslin awarded Ipswich Town a penalty kick, and Ipswich won 3\u20131. Joslin admitted his mistake, and had the ban rescinded the following day after video replays showed Kisnorbo actually won the ball outside the penalty area. Leicester's then-manager Ian Holloway described the sending off as a \"complete kerfuffle\". The Leicester club was fined \u00a33,000 by The Football Association, however, because of Kisnorbo's teammates' angry appeals to Joslin during the game. Kisnorbo's third was another red card by referee Mike Pike for a foul on Billy Sharp on 5 April 2008. Pike awarded Sheffield United a penalty kick as they won 3\u20130. Video replays, however, showed no contact between the two, confirming that Sharp was diving. Holloway branded Pike's decision \"embarrassing\", saying \"that was the biggest blunder I've seen in a long time.\" Leicester also succeeded in their appeal against the second red card. Further misfortune came when Kisnorbo suffered damaged knee ligaments in 3\u20131 defeat to Sheffield Wednesday on 26 April 2008, sidelining him for six months. His injury badly affected Leicester's hopes of surviving in the Championship. He played his 100th game and scored his last ever goal for Leicester in a 2\u20130 home win over Ipswich on 26 December 2007. Kisnorbo returned to action the following season in a 3\u20130 reserve team win over Rushden & Diamonds on 2 October. He later returned for the first team coming on as a substitute in a 1\u20131 draw against Oldham Athletic on 18 October 2008. However, he was struck with another ligament injury to his other knee in a 3\u20130 FA Cup win over Stevenage Borough on 9 November, putting him out for two more months. Kisnorbo made his competitive return as a second-half substitute in a 1\u20130 win over Millwall on 14 March 2009, but by then was facing competition in the first team from teammates Wayne Brown, Jack Hobbs, Michael Morrison and Aleksandar Tunchev. He started just three games in the second half of the season, which saw the club secure their promotion as League One champions. \"\"I have to show Leicester next season what they are missing because I'm desperate to stay in the Championship.\"\" Patrick Kisnorbo, after being released by Leicester. It was reported on 28 April that manager Nigel Pearson told Kisnorbo he could leave on a free transfer the following summer as the club began their preparations for their Championship campaign the following season. Leicester on 29 May released Kisnorbo at the end of his contract, along with Paul Henderson, Marc Edworthy, Bruno Ngotty and Barry Hayles. Kisnorbo stated he was \"very disappointed to have been released\", and made it clear that he wanted \"to show Leicester next season what they are missing because I'm desperate to stay in the Championship.\" He had trials with Crystal Palace and Derby County, but was unable to secure a move to either club. On 22 July 2009, Kisnorbo signed for Leeds United on a two-year contract. He made his debut in a 2\u20131 win over Exeter City on 8 August. On his debut Kisnorbo suffered a head wound which required stitches, after receiving stitches to the wound off the pitch he came out wearing a head bandage. After playing for Australia on 12 August, Kisnorbo became Leeds's 100th full international player. Whilst at Leeds he established himself as a fans' favourite for his solid performances and his brave style of play. After suffering the head injury, which required 12 stitches, Kisnorbo wore a protective headband. He rejected plastic surgery to avoid losing his place in the team: \"I can't see myself going for [surgery] at the moment because I've got bigger things to worry about than getting this sorted.\" Kisnorbo scored his first goal for Leeds against Millwall on his return to the starting lineup after missing the previous game against Norwich City having picked up an illness on international duty. His international call-ups along with other internationals at Leeds resulted in games against Swindon Town and Bristol Rovers being postponed. Kisnorbo missed the games against Kettering Town, Oldham Athletic and local rivals Huddersfield Town through an injury he picked up in training. He had not recovered from injury to be able to have a part in the squad in the FA Cup replay to Kettering. Instead, the Australia international returned to the Leeds starting line up against Brentford. Kisnorbo played against Manchester United when Leeds won 1\u20130 away at Old Trafford on 3 January in the FA Cup, during which he and Richard Naylor \"bolted the door against the assaults of Wayne Rooney and Dimitar Berbatov\", after which he was described as a hero. Kisnorbo missed the Football League Trophy Northern Section Final first leg loss against Carlisle United with a calf injury. Kisnorbo returned to Leeds' starting lineup, and played the full 90 minutes, in the next game where Leeds earned a 2\u20132 draw against Tottenham Hotspur in the FA Cup. Kisnorbo was part of the Leeds defence, who were defeated 3\u20130 by Swindon Town. Kisnorbo was omitted from the Leeds squad in the next game against Colchester United after being ruled out by injury. The injury also forced him to miss the FA Cup replay at Elland Road against Tottenham Hotspur, the League One game against Hartlepool United and the Football League Trophy Northern Section final second leg against Carlisle. Kisnorbo's season prematurely ended after he suffered a suspected ruptured achilles tendon against Millwall in March, ending his hopes of playing in Leeds's promotion charge, and also his dream of playing in the 2010 FIFA World Cup. Leeds as a result signed Neill Collins on loan from Preston to cover his absence. In May 2010, he was selected in the Football League One PFA Team of the Year for the 2009\u201310 season. On the final day of the season Kisnorbo was named as the fans' Leeds United Player of the Season and also the Players' Player of the Season. Leeds were promoted to the Football League Championship after finishing in 2nd place in League 1 and thus earning automatic promotion. Kisnorbo joined the Leeds squad on the pre-season tour of Slovakia despite being injured. Grayson confirmed that Kisnorbo was looking to return from his Achilles tendon rupture injury around December/January time meaning he would miss at least half of the 2010/11 season for Leeds. Manager Simon Grayson revealed contract talks with Kisnorbo would start once the defender returned from injury and managed to prove his fitness. After having another operation on his injury in October 2010, Grayson said that Kisnorbo was looking to return later than planned, with an estimated return around February/March 2011. On 20 November, Grayson reiterated his desire to keep Kisnorbo but stated that he had to prove his fitness before being offered a new deal at Leeds. Kisnorbo got an infection on his Achilles tendon injury, and stepped up his rehab by going to the US for treatment. Kisnorbo returned to Leeds' training ground Thorp Arch during mid January. However, on 11 March 2011, it was confirmed that he would not play again in the 2010\u201311 season. As Kisnorbo's contract was set to expire in June 2011, he had to prove his fitness to the coaching staff at Leeds in the hope of earning a new contract, or be free to join another club. In March 2011, Kisnorbo returned to full training with Leeds after his long spell out injured. In Leeds' penultimate game of the season, against Burnley, Kisnorbo made the provisional squad but failed to make the substitutes bench. On 6 May, Grayson revealed the club were going to offer Kisnorbo a new contract on a short term deal, which, if he accepted, would allow him more time to earn a new long term deal once he proved his fitness. On 7 May, Kisnorbo was named on the bench for Leeds against Queens Park Rangers, the first time he was included in a matchday squad since suffering his ruptured Achilles tendon. Kisnorbo made his first appearance of the season as a second-half substitute against QPR in the final game of the season. With Kisnorbo only on a short term contract to prove his fitness, Crystal Palace and Brighton & Hove Albion were linked with signing the player. Manager Simon Grayson then claimed that he was looking for Kisnorbo to prove his fitness before offering him a longer term contract. After completing his injury rehab in his native Australia, Kisnorbo returned to pre-season training for Leeds United a week later than his teammates. After returning from his long injury lay off, and proving his fitness, Kisnorbo signed a new two-year contract at Leeds on 10 July. Kisnorbo revealed he wouldn't be wearing his iconic head bandage for the 2011\u201312 season as he wanted it to represent a new start for him. Kisnorbo scored the opening goal in the pre-season friendly victory against Newcastle United. Kisnorbo started for Leeds on the opening day of the season as they suffered a 3\u20131 defeat against Southampton. It was his first competitive start for Leeds since picking up his injury against Millwall 17 months earlier. Kisnorbo was handed the captaincy in the absence of suspended captain Jonny Howson on 16 August against Hull City. Kisnorbo scored an own goal against West Ham United on 21 August. Kisnorbo's poor form continued when he was sent off and gave away a penalty for Leeds in the match against Bristol City on 17 September. As a result of the suspension, Kisnorbo missed the League Cup game against fierce rivals Manchester United. After a spell on the bench due to the partnership of Tom Lees and Darren O'Dea, Kisnorbo came on as a substitute replacing O'Dea in Leeds' 1\u20131 draw against Cardiff City on 30 October. After starting in the 5\u20130 loss against Blackpool, Kisnorbo put in an impressive performance against his old side Leicester City on 6 November to help earn Leeds a clean sheet in a 1\u20130 win. Due to the knee injury sustained by Captain Jonny Howson, Kisnorbo took over the captain's armband, starting with Leeds' 1\u20131 draw against Watford on 10 December, in which Kisnorbo gave away a penalty which was saved by Leeds keeper Alex McCarthy with Leeds 1\u20130 down. The save proved crucial as Leeds scored a last minute equaliser. Kisnorbo's season was ended on 2 January when he sustained a serious knee injury in Leeds' 2\u20131 win over Burnley. In April, Kisnorbo revealed he had stepped up in his comeback and had started running again in training, but there was no timescale put on his return. Manager Neil Warnock revealed on 3 May that he was hoping that Kisnorbo may return from injury in time for the start of the 2012\u201313 pre-season. With Kisnorbo missing several pre-season games he wasn't allocated a number for the 2012\u201313 season, losing his number 3 squad number to Adam Drury. Kisnorbo returned to the Leeds squad on 4 August in the pre-season friendly against Preston North End. Kisnorbo was allocated the squad number 6 for the upcoming season and was named on the bench for the first game of the season against Shrewsbury Town on 11 August. Kisnorbo made his first start of the season on 28 August 2012 in a League Cup match against Oxford United. In January 2013, he signed for Ipswich Town on a one-month loan. On 3 May 2013, it was announced that Kisnorbo, along with 10 other players were being released from the club. On 9 September 2013, it was announced that Kisnorbo had signed a one-year contract with Melbourne City as a replacement for the injured Orlando Engelaar. He was appointed captain of Melbourne City for the 2014\u201315 season. On 1 May 2016, Kisnorbo announced his retirement from professional football. Kisnorbo was part of Australia's 2001 Youth World Cup campaign, playing five matches for the under-20 team in Oceania qualifiers, including a goal against Papua New Guinea. He remained on the squad for the finals, appearing in all the matches leading up to Australia's second-round elimination at the hands of Brazil. His performances in the under-20 level led to his first international appearance on 6 July 2002 against Vanuatu in Australia's first match of the 2002 OFC Nations Cup. He made three appearances in the tournament including the defeat to New Zealand in the final. In 2004 Kisnorbo was again selected for the squad for the Oceania Cup. In Australia's last group match against Solomon Islands he was sent off for receiving two yellow cards, ending his tournament. He declined to join the \"Olyroos\" squad for an Olympic preparation tour in July, electing to concentrate on cementing a place at Hearts in the pre-season. This decision harmed his national team aspirations, as he was left out of the squad that eventually lost to Iraq in the quarter-finals. Kisnorbo made appearances for Australia in friendlies against Ghana, Denmark, China and Uruguay. These performances led to his selection for the Australian 2007 AFC Asian Cup squad, playing in the first two group matches against Oman and Iraq. After Australia tied the first match and lost the second, Kisnorbo was dropped from the starting line-up amongst a host of changes. He played no further part in the tournament as Australia were eventually knocked out by Japan. It was widely regarded that Kisnorbo's poor performance at the Asian Cup had ruined his chances of ever returning to international level, and he remained outside the Australian national squad for over two years, however, following admirable performances with his new club Leeds United, Kisnorbo regained his international place in 2009 and started in a 3\u20130 friendly win over Republic of Ireland on 12 August 2009, nearly scoring a goal in the 22nd minute when his header was saved at pointblank range by goalkeeper Shay Given. On 5 September 2009, Kisnorbo scored his first goal for Australia in a game against South Korea. Kisnorbo was subsequently selected in the Australian squad for a friendly against the Netherlands on 10 October 2009. Kisnorbo's ruptured Achilles tendon injury suffered against Millwall in March 2010 ruled him out of the 2010 World Cup for Australia. In June 2011, Kisnorbo was recalled to the Australia national side for the first time since recovering from his Achilles tendon injury when he was called up to train with the national side in a non-playing role ahead of the friendly against Serbia. Upon retiring, Kisnorbo was appointed as an assistant youth coach at Melbourne City under Joe Palatsides, and was also an assistant coach for their W-League team. In July 2017, Kisnorbo was appointed head coach of the W-League team. In July 2018, Kisnorbo was appointed assistant coach of the Melbourne City men's team, with Rado Vido\u0161i\u0107 replacing him as manager of the W-League team. In September 2020, Kisnorbo was appointed head coach of Melbourne City, following the departure of Erick Mombaerts. In May 2021, Kisnorbo led Melbourne City to their first ever A-League trophy in that team's eleven-year history by claiming the A-League Premiers Plate. There was much admiration for the way Kisnorbo had instilled in the Melbourne City team a level of determination and fighting spirit which many attribute as characteristics that Kisnorbo himself had during his playing days. In June, Kisnorbo then guided City to their first A-League Championship, winning the double in his debut A-League coaching season. Again, he was credited with instilling a tenacious work-rate and hardened sense of self-belief in a very young team, made up partly of the club's academy graduates. 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    "name": "Madge Titheradge",
    "id": "Q555502",
    "text": "Madge Titheradge (2 July 1887 \u2013 14 November 1961) was an Australian-born actress who became a leading actress in the West End of London and on Broadway. She began as a child actress before the First World War, and went on to star in the 1920s and 1930s. Her range was unusually wide, including Shakespeare, pantomime, Ibsen, farce, drawing-room comedy and Ruritanian romance. Ill health forced her early retirement from the stage in 1938, and she lived in retirement until her death at her home in Surrey, aged 74. Titheradge was born in Melbourne, to a theatrical English family. She was the daughter of the actor George Titheradge and his wife Alma, n\u00e9e Saegert (Stage name Alma Santon); her younger brother Dion became an actor and playwright. She was educated at a private school in Hampstead, and in 1902, shortly after her fifteenth birthday, she appeared at the Garrick Theatre, London, as the Second Water Baby in Rutland Barrington's adaptation of The Water Babies. Barrington recalled in his memoirs \"Madge Titheradge was our premi\u00e8re danseuse and made a great success with her dance outside the little school-house, or rather cottage; she danced with such evident enjoyment of her work.\" Over the next three years Titheradge performed at a succession of West End theatres, including the Haymarket and His Majesty's, appearing at the latter as Mimi in Herbert Beerbohm Tree's production of Trilby. In 1907 she appeared at the Playhouse with Cyril Maude in a French farce adapted into English as \"French as He is Spoke\", and the following year played the same role in French at His Majesty's in the original version, L'Anglais tel qu'on le parle, with Coquelin a\u00een\u00e9. In 1908 Titheradge joined Lewis Waller's company, in which she played her first Shakespearian role, Princess Katherine in Henry V. In 1910 she married the actor Charles Quartermaine, with whom she appeared on stage in several productions. The marriage was happy at first, but the couple grew apart and in 1919 they divorced. Titheradge rejoined Waller for several later productions in London, New York and on tour in the US (1912) and Australia (1913) \u2013 her only return to the country in which she was born. In Australia she performed in A Marriage of Convenience and Henry V, a play that also featured her father George S. Titheradge. While there on tour she also played Peggy Admaston in E.G Hemmerde and Francis Neilson's A Butterfly on the Wheel. In London in December 1914 she played the name part in J. M. Barrie's Peter Pan, with Hilda Trevelyan as Wendy and the fifteen-year-old No\u00ebl Coward as Slightly. She made her screen debut in the 1915 film Brigadier Gerard starring opposite Waller. Her obituarist in The Times wrote of the next phase of her career: Thereafter came a number of variegated parts at Drury Lane, where she showed that she could enact a highly strung heroine of melodrama and the principal boy in pantomime with equal facility. Thus in 1916 she was in the \"autumn drama\" The Best of Luck; in successive pantomimes she was \"principal boy\" and after a season of film work in California she returned to Drury Lane in 1920 for what proved to be a spectacular success for the theatre, herself and the leading man, Godfrey Tearle \u2013 the stage version of Robert Hichen's novel The Garden of Allah. Titheradge's roles in the 1920s included Desdemona to Tearle's Othello (Court Theatre, 1921), Nora Helmer in Ibsen's A Doll's House (Playhouse, 1923) and Beatrice in Much Ado About Nothing with Tearle as Benedick (1926). She created two roles in plays by Coward: Nadya in The Queen Was in the Parlour (St Martin's, 1926), and Janet Ebony in Home Chat (Duke of York's, 1927). She then went to New York, and at the Majestic Theatre in January 1928, she played Anna, Baroness Ostermann in Ashley Dukes's \"The Patriot\". In 1928 Titheradge married an American businessman, Edgar Park, and temporarily retired. Sir John Gielgud, who greatly admired Titheradge, recalled that her husband lost his fortune in the Wall Street Crash of 1929, leading her to return to the stage. After nearly five years absence she reappeared in the West End at the Haymarket in December 1932 as Clary Frohner in Business with America. At the Globe in September 1933 she succeeded Fay Compton as Norma Matthews in \" Proscenium\", co-starring with Ivor Novello. One of her most celebrated roles came late in her career, when she played Julie Cavendish in \"Theatre Royal\" by Edna Ferber and George S. Kaufman directed by Coward at the Lyric Theatre in October 1934. She co-starred with Marie Tempest and the young Laurence Olivier in a thinly-disguised parody of the American theatrical family the Barrymores. At Wyndham's Theatre in, September 1936, again directed by Coward, she played the title role in Jacques Deval's comedy Mademoiselle, heading a cast that included Isabel Jeans, Greer Garson and Cecil Parker. During the run of the play her health began to decline; she suffered from severe arthritis, and after one more role \u2013 Edith Venables in \"A Thing Apart\", in March 1938 \u2013 she retired. Her husband died in that year. Titheradge died on 14 November 1961, at the age of 74, at her house in Fetcham, Surrey. Parker et al, pp. 2373\u20132374 \"Obituary: Miss Madge Titheradge\", The Times, 15 November 1961, p. 17 \"Titheradge, Madge\", Who's Who & Who Was Who, Oxford University Press. Retrieved 7 April 2019 (subscription required) Barrington, Chapter XI \"High Court of Justice\", The Times, 18 June 1919, p. 4 \"A Marriage of Convenience\". State Library Victoria (Australia) (Theatre Programme Collection). Cake & Sons. 1913. Retrieved 14 October 2020. \"Henry V\". State Library Victoria (Australia) (Theatre Programme Collection). Syd Day. Retrieved 14 October 2020. \"A Butterfly on the Wheel\" (Theatre Programme Collection). State Library Victoria (Australia). 1913. Retrieved 14 October 2020. \"Christmas at the Theatres\", The Times, 21 December 1914, p. 11 Mander & Mitchenson 2000, p.\u00a065. Mander & Mitchenson 2000, p.\u00a0166. Gielgud 1979, pp.\u00a0119\u2013120. Chaillet, Ned. \"Theatre Royal\", The Times, 8 June 1981, p. 11 \"Theatres\", The Times, 26 September 1936, p. 14 \"Madge Titheradge\", The Guardian, 15 November 1961, p. 7 Barrington, Rutland (1908). Rutland Barrington: A Record of Thirty-Five Years' Experience on the English Stage. London: Grant Richards. OCLC\u00a07745426. Gielgud, John (1979). An Actor and His Time. London: Sidgwick and Jackson. ISBN\u00a0978-0-283-98573-7. Mander, Raymond; Mitchenson, Joe (2000) [First published 1957]. Theatrical Companion to Coward. Barry Day and Sheridan Morley (2000 edition, ed.) (second\u00a0ed.). London: Oberon Books. ISBN\u00a0978-1-84002-054-0. Parker, John; Gaye, Freda; et\u00a0al. (1978). Who Was Who in the Theatre: Volume 4 \u2013 Q\u2013Z. Detroit. OCLC\u00a0310466463. Madge Titheradge at IMDb Madge Titheradge at the Internet Broadway Database"
   },
   {
    "name": "Allan Pease",
    "id": "Q556937",
    "text": "Allan Pease (born 1952 in Australia) is an Australian body language expert and author or co-author of fifteen books. Allan Pease and his wife Barbara have written 18 bestsellers \u2013 including 10 number ones \u2013 and given seminars in 70 countries. Their books are bestsellers in over 100 countries, are translated into 55 languages and have sold over 27 million copies. They appear regularly in the media worldwide and their work has been the subject of 11 television series, 4 stage plays, a number one box office movie and TV series, which attracted a combined audience of over 100 million. In 1991, Pease was invited to the Kremlin to host a body language training seminar for up-and-coming politicians including Vladimir Putin, then a 39-year-old former KGB officer, and has spent up to two months each year hosting seminars in Russia since then. In 2009 he set up a recording studio in Buderim, Queensland. Body language (1981) Signals (1984) Talk Language (1985, with Allan Garner) Write Language (1988, with Paul Dunn) Why Men Don't Listen and Women Can't Read Maps (1999, with Barbara Pease) Questions Are The Answers (2000) The Ultimate Book of Rude and Politically Incorrect Jokes (2001) Why Men Can Only Do One Thing at a Time & Women Never Stop Talking (2003, with Barbara Pease) Why Men Don't Have A Clue & Women Always Need More Shoes (2005, with Barbara Pease) Why Men Lie and Women Cry (2006, with Barbara Pease) The Definitive Book of Body Language (with Barbara Pease) (2006, a revision of the 1981 Body Language\") Easy Peasey: People Skills For Life (2007, with Barbara Pease) Why Men Want Sex & Women Need Love (2009, with Barbara Pease) Body Language in the Workplace (2011, with Barbara Pease) Body Language of Love (2012, with Barbara Pease) \"Tech, SMS dividing employees at workplace\". The Times of India. 9 April 2012. Archived from the original on 11 April 2012. Retrieved 18 May 2012. Amen, Allen (2009). The Brain in Love. Harmony. p.\u00a080. ISBN\u00a0978-0307587893. Archived from the original on 18 February 2017. Retrieved 29 October 2016. Byrka, Anastasiya (25 November 2013). \"The Aussie Who Taught Putin Body Language\". The Moscow Times. Retrieved 6 April 2019. Mccarty-O'Kane, Roxanne (18 January 2016). \"Sunshine Coast's Allan Pease is Russia's Person of the Year\". Sunshine Coast Daily. Retrieved 8 April 2019. \"Ausmusic Month: Making music in regional Australian studios\". ABC News. 21 November 2016. Retrieved 8 April 2019. Fuge, Nicole (15 June 2010). \"Pease builds world class studio\". Sunshine Coast Daily. Retrieved 8 April 2019. Clarke, Gordon (28 December 2009). \"Pease, the rock star?\". Sunshine Coast Daily. Retrieved 8 April 2019. Phipps, Robert (2012). Body Language: It's What You Don't Say That Matters. John Wiley & Sons. p.\u00a0213. ISBN\u00a09780857081742. Retrieved 8 April 2019 \u2013 via Google books. \"Why Men Don't Listen & Women Can't Read Maps (review)\". Library Journal. Archived from the original on 20 December 2013. Retrieved 20 December 2013. \"Why Men Don't Listen & Women Can't Read Maps (Review)\". Publishers Weekly. Archived from the original on 20 December 2013. Retrieved 20 December 2013. Eriksen, Christine (2013). Gender and Wildfire: Landscapes of Uncertainty. Routledge. pp.\u00a0127\u2013128. ISBN\u00a09781317699675. Retrieved 8 April 2019 \u2013 via Google Books. \"The Way You Move\". NYT. Archived from the original on 12 March 2014. Retrieved 20 December 2013. \"The definitive book of body language (review)\". Library Journal. Archived from the original on 20 December 2013. Retrieved 20 December 2013. O'Keeffe, Alice (22 May 2009). \"Sex on the brain\". The Bookseller. 5383: 18\u201319. Archived from the original on 10 November 2016. Retrieved 20 December 2013. Why Men Don't Listen and Women Can't Read Maps, 2007 German comedy film Official website v t e"
   },
   {
    "name": "John Peers",
    "id": "Q559692",
    "text": "John William Peers (born 25 July 1988) is an Australian professional tennis player who specialises in doubles. He won his first Grand Slam title at the 2017 Australian Open, where he and Henri Kontinen won the men's doubles event. Peers also finished runner up at the Wimbledon Championships and US Open in 2015 alongside Jamie Murray, and at the 2019 Australian Open with Kontinen. He is also a two-time Grand Slam semifinalist in mixed doubles. Peers reached his career-high ATP doubles ranking of world No. 2 on 3 April 2017, and his career-high singles ranking is world No. 456 in June 2012. Peers has won 24 doubles titles on the ATP Tour, including the 2016 and 2017 ATP Finals as well as three at Masters 1000 level, all with Kontinen. He has represented Australia in the Davis Cup since 2016, and also competed at the Olympic Games in 2016 and 2020 (though taking place in 2021), when Peers and Ashleigh Barty won the bronze medal in mixed doubles. His mother, Elizabeth Little, and sister, Sally Peers, are also former professional tennis players. Peers began the 2013 season playing with fellow Australian John-Patrick Smith, receiving a wildcard into the Australian Open. It was here that Peers gained his first Grand Slam victory, upsetting the Polish duo of Mariusz Fyrstenberg and Marcin Matkowski in their opening match; in the second round they fell to Sergiy Stakhovsky and Mikhail Youzhny in straight sets. In February, Peers teamed up with established doubles specialist Jamie Murray, a partnership that immediately looked to be a successful one, as the pair reached the semifinals of their first tournament together at the Open Sud de France. A couple of months later, Peers and Murray won their first title together, defeating 13-time Grand Slam champions and world No. 1 pair Bob and Mike Bryan in the final of the U.S. Men's Clay Court Championships after coming back from a set down. The pair played their first Grand Slam tournament together at the French Open, however despite taking out the 15th seeded team of Knowle and Pol\u00e1\u0161ek in the first round, they ultimately fell in their next match against the Colombian duo of Juan Sebastian Cabal and Robert Farah Maksoud. This however allowed them to compete at the Aegon Trophy, a Challenger event which they ultimately won. Peers and Murray then went on to have a fairly successful grass court season, reaching the quarterfinals of the Aegon Championships, and the semifinals of the Aegon Championships. They headed to Wimbledon in a confident mindset, however, went out in the first round to James Blake and J\u00fcrgen Melzer in a 5-set thriller that ended 14\u201312 in an 87-minute final set. Their early loss did not dishearten them however, and the pair went on to win their second title of the year a few weeks later, at the Cr\u00e9dit Agricole Suisse Open Gstaad. At the US Open, the pair had their most successful run at a Grand Slam tournament, making it all the way to the quarterfinals, defeating ninth seeds David Marrero and Fernando Verdasco on the way. In the end, the pair succumbed to eventual finalists Alexander Peya and Bruno Soares in three sets. Next up for the pair was the Asian swing of tournaments, where they had their best run of results to date, making two finals in a row and competing in their first Masters 1000 tournament as partners. At the PTT Thailand Open, the pair were seeded third and went on to win their third title of the year. Peers and Murray defeated multiple Grand Slam champion and former world No. 1 Leander Paes on their way to the final, where they defeated Tomasz Bednarek and Johan Brunstr\u00f6m in three sets. The following week, Peers and Murray reached their second final in a row, Peers' first ATP 500 final at the Rakuten Japan Open. Despite a close first set, the pair lost to established doubles pairing of Rohan Bopanna and Edouard Roger-Vasselin in straight sets. Peers competed in his first ever Masters 1000 tournament at the Shanghai Masters, where he and Murray defeated established doubles champions Julien Benneteau, Nenad Zimonji\u0107 and Robert Lindstedt on their way to the semifinals, where they lost in straight sets to Spanish duo of Marrero and Verdasco, in a closely fought contest that ended up being decided by two tiebreakers. Peers began the year with regular doubles partner Jamie Murray at the Brisbane International. The pair made it to the semifinals, before losing to Daniel Nestor and Mariusz Fyrstenberg in straight sets. Their next tournament was the Heineken Open. They made the quarterfinals before withdrawing from the tournament. At the Australian Open they were the 15th seeds (the first time they were a seeded pair in a Grand Slam tournament). They made the second round before losing to Raven Klaasen and Eric Butorac in straight sets. Peers played next at the 2014 ABN AMRO World Tennis Tournament with Julian Knowle while Jamie Murray was out with injury. The pair made it to the quarterfinals before losing to Julien Benneteau and \u00c9douard Roger-Vasselin. Peers next played at the 2014 Open 13 with Jesse Huta Galung, but the pair lost in the first round. Peers next played at the 2014 Dubai Tennis Championships with previous partner Julian Knowle, but they lost in the first round. Peers next played the BNP Paribas Open with regular partner Jamie Murraym but the pair lost in the first round to J Benneteau and \u00c9 Roger-Vasselin. They next played at the Sony Open Tennis but lost in straight sets to sixth seeds Daniel Nestor and Nenad Zimonji\u0107. Peers and Murray started their clay court season at the Grand Prix Hassan II where they were seeded second. They made the semi-finals before losing to Luk\u00e1\u0161 Dlouh\u00fd and Tomasz Bednarek in straight sets. They made a second consecutive semi-final at the BRD N\u0103stase \u021airiac Trophy before losing to top seeds Jean-Julien Rojer and Horia Tec\u0103u. At the BMW Open the pair defeated the top seeds Raven Klaasen and Eric Butorac in the semi-finals before defeating Colin Fleming and Ross Hutchins to win their first title of the year. They lost in the opening round of the Mutua Madrid Open, but managed to bounce back and reach the semi-finals of the D\u00fcsseldorf Open. They followed this up by reaching the third round of the French Open, which was both their best result at the tournament, where they were defeated by top seeds Bob and Mike Bryan. They followed up the defeat by making the final of the Aegon Championships defeating the Bryan brothers in the second round but were beaten by second seeds Alexander Peya and Bruno Soares. They then lost their opening match of the Aegon International. At Wimbledon they were seeded 14th and made the third round before losing in five sets to Alexander Peya and Bruno Soares. In August the pairing reached the final of the Winston-Salem Open as the third seeds but lost to the pairing of Cabal/Farah. In September, Murray/Peers also reached the final of the Malaysian Open as the second seeds but lost to fourth seeds Matkowski/Paes. The pair finished the year at the Swiss Indoors Open where they lost in the first round again to Matkowsi and Paes. Murray/Peers again began their year at the 2015 Brisbane International, where they defeated top seeds Rojer/Tecau in the first round before going on to win the title by defeating the pairing of Dolgopolov/Nishikori. The pair reached the third round at the 2015 Australian Open as the 16th seeds losing to 4th seeds Dodig/Melo. The pair's good form continued in Rotterdam, where after losing in the qualifying rounds they were handed a first-round match as lucky losers following a withdrawal. The pair went on to reach the final, before losing in a rematch against Rojer/Tecau. In April, the pair reached their third final of the year in Barcelona, but lost to Draganja/Kontinen. In May, the pair reached back-to-back quarterfinals at ATP 1000 Masters in Madrid and Rome. In Madrid they lost to Lopez/Mirnyi, and in Rome they lost to eventual finalists Granollers/Lopez. In July, Murray/Peers reached the final of the 2015 Wimbledon Championships losing to Rojer/Tecau in straight sets. The Olympic year brought changes to the doubles pairing. Also Peers chose a new partner, Henri Kontinen, to defend his title at the Brisbane International. The number 2 seeded pair reached the final beating the number 4 couple Inglot/Lindstedt, and went on to win the title by defeating Peers' compatriots Duckworth/Guccione. Peers and Kontinen separated for the next tournament in Sydney, and got beaten by the same opponents, the 4th seeds Bopanna/Mergea, in the second and the first round respectively. At the Australian Open Kontinen/Peers lost in the second round to Groth/Hewitt. As a member of the Australian Davis Cup squad, Peers played a World Group 1st round rubber with Lleyton Hewitt against the American couple Bryan/Bryan. The Australian pair lost, letting the United States take a 2\u20131 lead in the tie. Eventually, Australia lost the tie, which meant that it would have to face the play-offs. At the ABN AMRO World Tennis Tournament in Rotterdam, Kontinen/Peers managed to beat the 2nd seeds Dodig/Melo before losing to Mahut/Pospisil in the semifinals. The pair stuck together even though they had a series of first round defeats, until reaching quarterfinals at the Monte-Carlo Masters. They were defeated by Cabal/Farah, despite a promising victory over the top seeds Rojer/Tec\u0103u in the second round. In Munich Kontinen/Peers fought their way into the final to encounter Cabal/Farah again. This time the outcome was reversed allowing Peers to celebrate his second ATP tournament title of the year with his Finnish companion. At the Madrid Open Peers/Kontinen started well beating the second seeds Murray/Soares in the second round. In the quarterfinals the two had a new chance to beat Bopanna/Mergea, this time together, but they lost the match tie-break. In Rome they had to leave the tournament after another first round defeat. Also Roland Garros was a disappointment for the already consolidated pair, as they were sent home by Baker/Daniell already in the round of 32. In Halle Kontinen/Peers lost at the semifinals to Kubot/Peya. This prepared the players for the grass courts of Wimbledon, where they were to achieve their best Grand Slam tournament result so far. As 10th seeds the couple finally defeated Bopanna/Mergea by winning 8\u20136 the 5th set of the third round match. However, the pair's destiny was to get defeated in the next round by the top seeds Herbert/Mahut. Peers and Kontinen continued in Hamburg at the 500 series tournament. They played without dropping a set all the way to the final, to play against Nestor/Qureshi. Neither these opponents could steal a set from the number two seeded pair, which thus obtained their third ATP title together. Kontinen/Peers then headed to the American continent, reaching semifinals at the Citi Open and quarterfinals at Rogers Cup. Peers participated the Rio Olympics teaming with Chris Guccione. However, the pair lost their first match against the Argentine couple del Potro/Gonz\u00e1lez. In Cincinnati Peers tried to conquer the tournament with Kontinen, but they lost in the first round to Pouille/Tsonga. Their luck did not change by the time of US Open. After an initial victory over Delbonis/Pella, they were beaten in the second round by unseeded Lindstedt/Qureshi. In September Peers played again in the Davis Cup squad. With Sam Groth he defeated Martin/Zelenay of Slovakia, leading Australia to 3\u20130 victory that guaranteed a place in the following year's World Group. At the Japan Open in Tokyo, Peers and Kontinen did not get past the first round, losing to Lindstedt/Peya. At the Shanghai Masters the pair performed better, beating the 8th seeded Lindstedt/Pospisil in the second round and the top-seeded Myrray/Soares in the quarterfinals. By defeating the unseeded \u010cili\u0107/Pavi\u0107 in the semifinals they were one step away from winning the tournament, but their final opponents Isner/Sock grabbed the title with more relaxed playing. Peers and Kontinen then appeared at the Swiss Indoors, where they lost in the first round to second seeds Herbert/Mahut in straight sets. One week later at the BNP Paribas Masters event in Paris the duo made it all the way to the final without dropping a set where they again met Herbert and Mahut. This time they came out victorious in three sets to win their fourth title together and their first Masters title overall. Peers/Kontinen qualified in 5th position for the World Tour Finals in London and was placed in the Fleming/McEnroe group with L\u00f3pez/L\u00f3pez, Klaasen/Ram and Herbert/Mahut. They progressed to the semi-finals after defeating each of their opponents in the group stage. In the semi-finals Kontinen/Peers faced off against Bob Bryan and Mike Bryan and came out with a 7\u20136, 6\u20134 victory to move on to the final against Klaasen and Ram. They emerged victorious yet again, winning 2\u20136, 6\u20131 [10\u20138] to claim their biggest tournament win to date. Peers ended the year at No. 9 on the Doubles Rankings, boosted by his success later in the year. Peers began the new year with his regular doubles partner Kontinen at Brisbane as the second seeds, however lost in the first round to Nishikori/Thiem in three sets. The duo then arrived at the Australian Open as the fourth seeds. They easily won their first- and second-round matches against Gonzalez/Marrero and Baghdatis/Muller. Peers and Kontinen then faced Colombian pair Cabal and Farah and won in three gruelling tiebreakers to progress to the quarterfinals. There they faced the Australian duo of Sam Groth and Chris Guccione and won. In the semifinals, they faced another Australian pairing of Marc Polmans and Andrew Whittington. They progressed to their first Grand Slam final, where they won in straight sets against the Bryan brothers. Peers represented Australia at the 2020 Summer Olympics in two events. In doubles, Peers partnered Max Purcell and lost in round 1. In mixed doubles, Peers partnered Ashleigh Barty where they won bronze. Peers and Barty's bronze was Australia's first ever medal in an Olympic mixed doubles competition. (W) Won; (F) finalist; (SF) semifinalist; (QF) quarterfinalist; (#R) rounds 4, 3, 2, 1; (RR) round-robin stage; (Q#) qualification round; (P#) preliminary round; (DNQ) did not qualify; (A) absent; (Z#) Davis/Fed Cup Zonal Group (with number indication) or (PO) play-off; (G) gold, (F-S) silver or (SF-B) bronze Olympic/Paralympic medal; a (NMS) downgraded Masters Series/1000 tournament; (P) postponed; (NH) not held. SR=strike rate (events won/competed) To avoid confusion and double counting, these charts are updated at the conclusion of a tournament or when the player's participation has ended. Current after the 2021 BNP Paribas Open. Peers went to Mentone Grammar and led the 1STS team to two premierships, his first when he was in Year 7 in 2001 and his second when he was in Year 12 in 2006. Peers played varsity tennis for the Middle Tennessee State University Blue Raiders before transferring school to play for Baylor University Bears. While representing the Blue Raiders John earned all-conference honours from the Sun Belt in 2009 and 2010 in singles and doubles. Peers also received the Sun Belt Conference MVP in 2009. During his time at Baylor University John was named All-Big 12 in both singles and doubles and received ITA All-American honours in doubles. Paired with Roberto Maytin they finished the season ranked No. 5 in the National doubles ITA rankings Peers also earned ITA Texas Region Arthur Ashe Sportsmanship Award. \"John Peers Profile \u2013 Baylor Bears Official Athletic Site \u2013 BaylorBears.com\". Archived from the original on 24 May 2013. Retrieved 14 February 2013. \"ATP RANKINGS HISTORY\". \"Jamie Murray & John Peers beat Bryans to Houston doubles title\". BBC Sport. 14 April 2013. Retrieved 12 October 2013. \"Jamie Murray and John Peers win BMW Open doubles title\". BBC Sport. 4 May 2014. \"Murray and Peers beaten\". Sporting Life. 31 May 2014. \"Olympic Games Barty and Peers Claim Bronze\". Tennis Australia. 31 July 2021. Retrieved 1 August 2021. Official website John Peers at the Association of Tennis Professionals John Peers at the International Tennis Federation John Peers at the Davis Cup John Peers at Tennis Australia"
   },
   {
    "name": "Anne Pincus",
    "id": "Q565702",
    "text": "Anne Pincus (born Melbourne, 1961) is an Australian painter and sculptor. She currently lives in Munich, Germany. Pincus studied Visual Art at the Monash University, Gippsland campus from 1978 to 1983. Her Graduate Diploma in Religious Education from the La Trobe University, she received in 1992. In 1994 she moved to Germany. She participated in many group and solo exhibitions. 1984: \"Recent Works\", The Gallery, Akaroa, New Zealand 1993: \"Recent Paintings\", Melbourne Contemporary Art Gallery, Melbourne \"Shadow Stories\", Access Contemporary Art Gallery, Sydney 1997: \"Malerei\", Caf\u00e9 Gap, Munich 1998: \"ask the dust\", Access Contemporary Art Gallery, Sydney 1999: \"\u00d6lgem\u00e4lde\", Jazzclub Unterfahrt, Munich 2000: \"Distillations\", Access Contemporary Art Gallery, Sydney 2001: European Patent Office, Munich 2003: \"Transcience\" (installation), St. Rupert's Church, Munich 2004: \"of the body and other strange phenomena\", 84\u00a0GHz, Munich \"in der Schwebe\" (installation), Church of the Resurrection (Auferstehungskirche), Munich 2006: \"Parachute love\" (installation), St. Benedict's Church, Munich 2009: \"the latitude of shadows\", Galerie Kaysser, Munich 2010: \"swimming with medusa\", werkschau. galerie f\u00fcr objekte + bilder, Munich Official website \"ANNE PINCUS\u00a0:: GALERIE KAYSSER\u00a0:: MALEREI\u00a0::\". www.galerie-kaysser.de. Retrieved 6 September 2021. v t e"
   },
   {
    "name": "Anthony Hill",
    "id": "Q573347",
    "text": "Anthony Hill (born 9 June 1969 in Australia) is a squash player from Australia. He reached a career-high world ranking of World No. 5 in December 1999. Anthony Hill \u2013 PSA World Tour profile at the Wayback Machine (archived 2014-01-04) Anthony Hill at Squash Info v t e"
   },
   {
    "name": "Anthony Pateras",
    "id": "Q573745",
    "text": "Anthony Peter Pateras (born 1979) is an Australian-born composer, pianist and electronic musician. He has released several solo albums and collaborated with other artists. Pateras has performed and recorded in Australia, North America and Europe. At the APRA Music Awards' Art Music Awards, he has been nominated three times: 2011 for Performance of the Year for his composition, Refractions, performed by Clocked Out and Speak Percussion; 2012 for Work of the Year \u2013 Instrumental for Flesh and Ghost performed by Speak Percussion; and 2015 for Performance of the Year for Beauty Will Be Amnesiac or Will not Be at All performed by Synergy Percussion. Anthony Peter Pateras was born in 1979 and grew up in Melbourne. He received classical training on the piano. His early band, Elemenopede, was formed in Melbourne in 1996 and played local venues including the Punters Club, Fitzroy. The line-up was Pateras on keyboards, Greg Craske on guitar, Luke Fitzgerald on drums, Dan Flynn on vocals and Mark Woodford on bass guitar. They released an extended play, I'm with Stupid, in May 1998, launched at the Punters Club, but they had disbanded by early 2001. Pateras started tertiary education at LaTrobe University, studying composition with Graeme Leak, Neil Kelly and John McCaughey. In 2007 he completed his PhD at Monash University with Thomas Reiner. Pateras' thesis was, \"Exploratory combinations of composition, improvisation and electronics based on relationships between form and timbre.\" As an undergraduate Pateras scored numerous theatrical productions at La Mama, The Carlton Courthouse, LaTrobe Student Theatre and Belvoir St Theatre. He was a sound composer for a play, Carboni, written by John Romeril and performed at the Carlton Courthouse in June 1999. For William 37 (November\u2013December 2001) at La Mama, Pateras worked with Jeremy Collings on the soundscape, which Kate Herbert of The Herald Sun reviewed, \"[it] has some appropriate and interesting moments but is often too loud, intrusive and poorly placed.\" Between December 1999 and June 2001, he recorded Malfunction Studies, in Melbourne, New York and Copenhagen. Fellow musicians were Collings on cello, Elemenopede band mate Fitzgerald on percussion, Justine Anderson as soprano, Jane Burnside on clarinet, Kathy Cameron as alto, Tom Chiu on violin, Matt Dowling on violin, Emily Hayes as mezzo soprano, Luke Peyton on turntable and percussion, Helle Thun as soprano and Victorian College of the Arts' Percusion Ensemble on various percussion instruments. It was released as a CD album in 2002. From 2001 till 2006 Pateras scored short films; two of which were accepted in the Cin\u00e9fondation section at the Cannes Film Festival: Ben Hackworth's Martin Four (2001) and Pia Borg's Footnote (2004). He curated the Articulating Space concert series from 2001, which transformed into the Melbourne International Biennale of Exploratory Music, in 2008. Pateras' early works include the percussion solo Mutant Theatre, written for Vanessa Tomlinson and premiered in March 2001 at the Melbourne Museum. Mutant Theatre was issued as his solo album via John Zorn's Tzadik Records in January 2004. It was rated by AllMusic's staff writer as three-and-a-half stars out-of five. Pateras composed the tracks, provided piano, prepared piano and vocals, and conducted the session musicians as well as co-producing the work. \"Chromatophore for 8 amplified strings\" was composed for the inaugural Cybec Melbourne Symphony Orchestra 21st Century Composers' Program in 2003. The piece was selected as a Recommended Work at the International Rostrum of Composers in 2004, and in 2006 was performed at Walt Disney Concert Hall by the Los Angeles Philharmonic, conducted by Brett Dean. He toured with the Australian Chamber Orchestra in 2007, composing \"Autophagy, for amplified string quintet, prepared piano and electronics.\" The Sydney Morning Herald's critic Peter McCallum observed, \"[it's] a rough sound world of spikes, thuds and wispy slides like black lines painted roughly on bare brick.\" Both \"Chromatophore for 8 amplified strings\" and \"Autophagy\" appear on his solo album, Chromatophore (September 2008). AllMusic's Fran\u00e7ois Couture described the album, \"there is no real theme, genre, form, or instrumentation running through the six works... except [his] creativity and broad palette.\" Pateras composed and conducted a performance, Percussion Portrait, at the Melbourne Recital Centre in 2009. It brought together two groups: Clocked Out (Nozomi Omote, Vanessa Tomlinson) from Brisbane and Speak Percussion (Nat Grant, Peter Neville, Matthias Schack-Arnott, Eugene Ughetti) from Melbourne. Steven Hodgson of Australian Music Centre (AMC) reviewed the work's last part, Refractions (2008), \"highly sectionalised, progressing from texture to texture with a continued sense that pitch and rhythmic materials have been selected to serve the instrumental combination in use at any particular time.\" At the APRA Music Awards of 2011, Refractions, was nominated for an Art Music Award for Performance of the Year as delivered by Clocked Out and Speak Percussion. At the APRA Music Awards of 2012 Pateras was nominated for Art Music Award for Work of the Year \u2013 Instrumental for Flesh and Ghost, which was performed by Speak Percussion in September 2011. The judging panel described Flesh and Ghost, as \"a wonderfully epic piece where the composer utilises the 12-player percussion ensemble beautifully, creating a one sound world and a lovely sense of texture. It has a sense of space with spectrums of sound.\" Pateras provided the score for the psychological thriller film, Errors of the Human Body (2012), directed by Eron Sheean and starring Michael Eklund, Karoline Herfurth, T\u00f3mas Lemarquis and Rik Mayall. The soundtrack album was released on Editions Mego. In that year he composed Ontetradecagon \u2013 his interpretation of jazz musician, Miles Davis' work. Pateras performed it live-in-the-studio for Andrew Ford's The Music Show on Radio National. RealTime journalist Chris Reid determined, \"[it] pays homage to the experimentalism of both Davis and Stockhausen by exploring the conjunction of jazz improvisation and experimental music.\" The piece featured the composer on a Revox B77 tape recorder placed in the centre of the concert hall, with AAO members spaced about in six\u00a0groups. Synergy Percussion commissioned an hour-long percussion sextet from Pateras, Beauty Will Be Amnesiac or Will not Be at All for their 40th anniversary in 2014. The celebratory piece was premiered at Carriageworks. The Sydney Morning Herald's music critic David Vance noted \"As the sound sources migrate from skins to metal, wood, and glass, individually or in combination, so too does the experience of these changing sonorities.\" At the APRA Music Awards of 2015 he was nominated for Art Music Award: Performance of the Year for Beauty Will Be Amnesiac or Will not Be at All, as performed by Synergy Percussion. In 2016 BBC Symphony Orchestra presented Pateras' composition Immediata at Maida Vale Studios under Brett Dean, with Thomas Gould as soloist and Pateras on a Revox tape recorder. That same year Toronto Symphony Orchestra performed his Fragile Absolute at Roy Thomson Hall, also conducted by Dean. Pateras was a Fellow at Akademie Schloss Solitude in Stuttgart in 2018. While there he recorded pipe organ for the song, \"Troubled Air\", on SUNN O)))'s album, Life Metal (April 2019). Pateras' concert work, Pseudacusis, was commissioned by the 2019 Musica Sanae project to explore relationships between sound and medicine. Musica Sanae is a collaboration of three European realities: Phonurgia, Naples, In Situ Foundation, Soko\u0142owsko (Poland) and NK Projekt, Berlin. Pseudacusis was performed in Naples, Soko\u0142owsko, Krak\u00f3w and Berlin. According to Pateras it was inspired by \"auditory pareidolia, exploding head syndrome, otoacoustic emissions and psychoacoustics, in general.\" Pseudacusis, which was later issued as an album, is based on a live performance, on 27 September 2019, at the Sacrum Profanum Festival in Ma\u0142opolska Garden of Arts, Krak\u00f3w. Ben Harper of Boring Like a Drill reviewed the album, \"By the latter half of the work, you\u2019re wondering how much of the frenzied, stuttering percussion solos are happening in front of the audience and whether you hallucinated Pateras playing some cocktail lounge jazz rhapsody in amongst it all.\" Pateras has collaborated with various musical artists. He worked in bands: North of North, t\u0113t\u0113ma, Thymolphthalein, PIVIXKI, Beta Erko and Pateras/Baxter/Brown. He has formed duos with: Erkki Veltheim, Valerio Tricoli (as Astral Colonels), J\u00e9r\u00f4me Noetinger and Rohan Drape. Pateras has also collaborated with eRikm, Stephen O'Malley, Anthony Burr and Robin Fox. Pateras met Robin Fox at LaTrobe University in the late 1990s, where Fox was archiving recordings. Fox, an electro-acoustic improviser and composer, introduced Pateras to obscure Australian experimental music. In May 2003 Pateras and Fox released their duo album, Coagulate, via Synaesthesia Records. AllMusic's Couture opined, \"[it] is blatantly maximalist: loud, occasionally harsh, very in-your-face and occasionally quite entertaining.\" Their second collaborative album, Flux Compendium (March 2006), had Couture observe, \"the two electronicians toned down the harsh noise in favor of a more discreet \u2013 and intriguing \u2013 sound palette. It seems these two can build impromptu compositions out of any type of sound: breath, belches, coins, laughs, doors, and yes, even pure electronic tones.\" End of Daze, his third album with Fox, followed in January 2007, which Couture felt was, \"chock-full of exciting experimental music, and nicely sequenced into a fun yet challenging listen... Samples and glitches are digitally treated and combined on the fly to produce fast-paced pieces that stand somewhere between sound collage and digital noise music.\" In 2002 David Brown and Sean Baxter were performing in an art collaborative, Western Grey. Western Grey supported the launch of Pateras' album, Malfunction Studies at Footscray Community Arts Centre in July 2002. Consequently Pateras/Baxter/Brown were formed as a trio in Melbourne in that year, with Pateras on prepared piano, Brown on prepared guitar and Baxter on drums. Their first album, Ataxia, appeared in June 2004. Cyclic Defrost reviewer, Bob Baker Fish observed that on the album, \"the trio utilise a number of different techniques, yet repeatedly arrive at a similar minimal, almost silent location, which allows the individual sounds an additional emphasis or resonance.\" In 2020 Baker Fish described the trio's music as \"difficult to pin down but it was influenced by jazz, classical music, new music, extreme metal, sound art and free improvisational traditions.\" In Disclaimer, Baxter wrote, \"Pateras/Baxter/Brown was originally conceived as a radical free jazz trio.\" He elaborated: What rapidly coalesced in our discussions was to form a group combining traditional acoustic instrumentation to explore expanded sound-worlds with a conscientious collective listening dynamic, coherent compositional spontaneity and a total commitment to free improvisation. On their second album, Gauticle, AllMusic's Couture noticed, \"[they] play their instruments in unorthodox ways, looking for quiet, delicate sounds. Pateras spends most of his time inside the piano, hitting, scraping, and rubbing its strings.\" Peter Blamey wrote in RealTime, \"what is most interesting about this music is the way small percussive events coalesce into streams and layers of sound moving at different speeds, each of these layers containing elements from all 3 players.\" In an interview about the album, Baxter stated, \"these three very familiar acoustic instruments, each with traditionally unique sonic identities, have been approached by us in ways where their sounds become very unfamiliar.\" Sean Baxter died on 15 March 2020. Pateras, on piano, keyboards and electronics, formed a Melbourne-based experimental music duo, Pivixki (formatted as PIVIXKI), with Max Kohane on drums in 2009. They issued their debut self-titled album in August of that year. Jade Cantwell of TheDwarf.com.au cautioned, \"for the majority of listeners don't even bother. Demanding. Chaotic. Jarring. Off-putting.\" Their second album, Gravissima, appeared in 2010. Chicago Reader's Philip Montoro described Pivixki as grindcore piano, which \"plays a futuristic, fractalized rendition of the style, a la Gridlink or Atomsmasher.\" The duo sent a sampler to Ipecac Recordings, which was founded by Mike Patton (of Faith No More) and Greg Werckman (ex-DUH). Pateras caught up with Patton, when the latter visited Melbourne, they decided to perform together initially as Patton/Pivixki. Their show in San Francisco in 2011 was reviewed by Politusic's writer, who felt \"Just when you'd think the entire thing was about to dissolve into total chaos, they would snap together in an instant and transform the mood into yet another new form. The onstage chemistry between all three guys was intense and sometimes funny.\" In 2013 Pateras, who was then-based in Berlin, collaborated with Natasha Anderson, Sabina Maselli and Erkki Veltheim on a large-scale audio-visual work, Another Other, for the contemporary opera company, Chamber Made. It is response to Ingmar Bergman's film Persona (1966), Veltheim explained: It is not an adaptation, interpretation or version, you cannot recognise it in relation to the film. We see it as a new work that we say cannibalises the linear structure of the original. We take the skin off the film, extract the content and fill it with our own content.\" The production had a season in Castlemaine (2014) and Melbourne (February 2016). Owen Richardson of The Sydney Morning Herald gave the latter performance four-out-of-five stars. He described how the four performers, \"sit between two banks of seats, separated from the audience by semi-transparent screens: there are also screens behind the seats and to one side.\" Pateras collaborated again with Patton to establish the t\u0113t\u0113ma project. They released their first album Geocidal at the end of 2014. Danny Baraz of Janky Smooth felt it was, \"nothing short of an abstract, conceptual masterpiece. There are no hooks here. This will receive no radio play \u2013 except, possibly from the least commercial, college radio stations.\" The second album by the group, Necroscape, appeared in April 2020, with Pop Matters' Justin Vellucci declaring, \"[it] is not a record of hits; instead, it unfolds in Bizarro chapters as a catalog of misses... [they] flesh out some interesting sonic touches and have a grasp on ambiance, sure. But, sadly, the compliments have to end there.\" While the staff writer from Smells Like Infinite Sadness observed, \"[it's] very much a challenging listen... but its unique, crazy quilt mix of musical components should be just as engaging for any adventurous listener.\" The t\u0113t\u0113ma project performed live at the 2017 MONA FOMA festival, Hobart. Writing in The Guardian, Shaun Prescott assessed that \"t\u0113t\u0113ma didn't enrapture with anthems or token festival rock gestures, they enraptured with mood, with surprises, and with evocations rarely felt by audiences not inclined to spend their Friday and Saturday evenings in stuffy basement, warehouse or gallery venues.\" Pateras' Immediata, was cited by Musicworks' Ren\u00e9 van Peer as encapsulating his two compilation albums, Collected Works 2002\u20132012 (2012) and Collected Works Vol. II (2019) \u2013 each comprising five\u00a0CDs. Specifically, van Peer felt that with Immediata, Pateras \"synthesizes notation, improvisation and electroacoustic music.\" Philip Clark from Grammophone writes \"there's no particular aural distinction between his composed and improvised work.\" Music critic Peter Margasak notes \"Improvisation plays a big role in much of the music, but it's almost always situated within a rigorous compositional conceit.\" In an interview with The Quietus' Patrick Clarke, Pateras detailed his approach: I feel that there are two poles you oscillate between as an artist, and they interact differently depending on the person. You can refine one approach forever until it becomes a singular thing, or you try a bunch of experiments with different strategies and see what happens. I very much fall in the second category. The APRA Music Awards are held in Australia and New Zealand by the Australasian Performing Right Association to recognise songwriting skills, sales and airplay performance by its members annually. The Australian ceremonies began in 1982. In 2001, APRA joined forces with the Australian Music Centre (AMC) to present awards for Australian classical music, initially known as Classical Music Awards. From 2011 they were renamed as the Art Music Awards. Pateras has been nominated for Art Music Awards three times. 2004: Honourable Mention, Gaudeamus Music Week, for Twitch 2007: Ian Potter Emerging Composers Fellowship 2014: Sidney Myer Creative Fellowship 2017: ZKM GigaHertz Production Prize (shared with Valerio Tricoli) 2020: Michael Kieran Harvey Scholarship \"'Architexture' at APRA search engine\". APRA AMCOS (Australasian Performing Right Association, Australasian Mechanical Copyright Owners Society). Retrieved 2 October 2021. 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Boomkat. Archived from the original on 17 October 2021. Retrieved 21 October 2021. Couture, Fran\u00e7ois. \"I'm OK You're OK \u2013 Beta Erko | Songs, Reviews, Credits\". AllMusic. Retrieved 21 October 2021. Robin Fox: Composer, Group Member, Member of Attributed Artist, Source Materia; Vulk Makedonski: Composer; Martin Ng: Composer, Group Member, Member of Attributed Artist, Source Material; Anthony Pateras: Audio Production, Composer, Group Member, Member of Attributed Artist, Producer, Source Material Baker Fish, Bob (September 2005). \"Beta Erko \u2013 I'm Ok You're Ok (Quecksilber/Inertia)\". Cyclic Defrost. Archived from the original on 31 August 2010. Retrieved 21 October 2021 \u2013 via National Library of Australia. Pateras, Anthony; Griswold, Erik; Fox, Robin. \"Switch on a Dime\u00a0: Extended Pianos\". Retrieved 21 October 2021 \u2013 via National Library of Australia. Robin Fox: AudioMulch/optronics/virtualizer; Erik Griswold: prepared piano; Anthony Pateras: prepared piano Meyer, Bill (3 November 2016). \"Anthony Burr/Anthony Pateras \u2013 The Long Exhale (Immediata)\". dusted. Archived from the original on 20 December 2018. Retrieved 21 October 2021. \"The Long Exhale / Anthony Burr, Anthony Pateras\". Retrieved 21 October 2021 \u2013 via National Library of Australia. Olenwick, Brian (8 February 2018). \"Review: 176 (Chris Abrahams / Anthony Pateras) \u2013 Music in Eight Octaves (Immediata)\". The Squid's Ear. Archived from the original on 17 October 2021. Retrieved 21 October 2021. 176 is the piano duo of Anthony Pateras and Chris Abrahams and the music herein was performed in 2005 while being mixed, mastered and re-mastered between 2006 and 2016. \"R\u00eave Noir / Stephen O'Malley, Anthony Pateras\". Retrieved 21 October 2021 \u2013 via National Library of Australia. Materials recorded live in concert, Instants Chavir\u00e9s, Montreuil, France, 2011. Additional materials recorded at the Peggy Glanville-Hicks House, Paddington, Australia, 2016. Mixed and produced by Anthony Pateras at Gold Tony Love's Audio Hell, Sydney, 2016. Mastered by Lachlan Carrick at Moose Mastering, Melbourne, 2016. Layout by Shehab Tariq at Implant Media, Melbourne, 2017. V\u00f6ssling, Lutz (27 August 2019). \"Musikkultur | ErikM & Anthony Pateras \u2013 \u00bbAlb\u00e9do\u00ab\". skug (in German). Archived from the original on 3 September 2019. Retrieved 22 October 2021. \"Anthony Pateras, eRikm \u2013 Alb\u00e9do (LP+CD)\". Soundohm. Retrieved 22 October 2021. \"J\u00e9r\u00f4me Noetinger and Anthony Pateras \u2013 A Sunset for Walter\". Boomkat. Retrieved 22 October 2021. \"Black Sea \u2013 Fennesz | Credits\". AllMusic. Retrieved 28 September 2021. \"History of the Classical Music Awards\u00a0: Australian Music Centre\". www.australianmusiccentre.com.au. Retrieved 20 July 2021. Wolf, Dr. Peter. \"Gaudeamus Week Amsterdam September 2004\". www.musicalpointers.co.uk. Retrieved 28 September 2021. \"Anthony Pateras: composer\". Hollywood Bowl. September 2006. Retrieved 28 September 2021. \"The Ian Potter Music Commissions 2007 Fellowships\". Philanthropy Australia. Retrieved 26 September 2021. \"2014 Sidney Myer Creative Fellows Announced\". Australian Arts Review. Retrieved 26 September 2021. \"Giga-Hertz Award 2017: Award Ceremony\". Zentrum f\u00fcr Kunst und Medien. Retrieved 26 September 2021. Dy, Pearl. \"Outstanding composer-pianist announced as 2020 Michael Kieran Harvey Scholarship recipient\". Third Sector. Retrieved 26 September 2021. Official website Anthony Pateras discography at Discogs"
   },
   {
    "name": "Kim Brennan",
    "id": "Q576663",
    "text": "Kimberley Jean \"Kim\" Brennan AM (n\u00e9e Crow; born 9 August 1985) is a retired Australian rower. She is a sixteen-time national champion, two-time World Champion, three-time Olympian and Olympic gold medallist. Crow was born in Melbourne and went to school at Templestowe Heights Primary School from prep to year 4 then Ruyton Girls' School from year 5. Her father Max Crow was a Victorian Football League footballer between 1974 and 1986. She is a qualified lawyer and has been a regular columnist for The Age. She married Beijing Olympic double sculls gold medallist Scott Brennan in Hobart, Tasmania on 30 December 2015 and became known as Kim Brennan. The couple has a son, Jude, born in 2018. Crow was a 400 m hurdler and she won the silver medal at the 2001 World Youth Championships in Athletics. She won the Australian junior title at the Australian Athletics Championships for the seasons 2001\u20132002 and 2003\u20132004. At the 2003\u20132004 Australian Athletics Championships, she finished fourth in the senior final behind Jana Pittman and was the ranked the second Australian. In 2005, Crow took up rowing after a leg injury ended her hurdling career. Crow rows from the Melbourne University Boat Club in Melbourne and represents Victoria at the national level. At the Australian Rowing Championships in 2012, 2015 & 2016 she won the Nell Slater Trophy in the Interstate Women's Single Scull representing Victoria. During the Victorian women's eights' twelve year consecutive victory run from 2005 to 2016, Crow was seated in the boat on nine occasions for nine Queen's Cup victories up till 2016. On five occasions at the Interstate Regatta she has raced in both the eight and the single scull on the same day, winning both titles on three occasions. She was coached by Lyall McCarthy at Rowing Australia's Centre of Excellence in Canberra. In Melbourne University Boat Club colours she contested the Australian national single sculls title at the Australian Rowing Championships five times from 2010 to 2014. She won that championship from 2011 to 2014. Crow with her partner Sarah Cook finished fourth in the women's coxless pair B-Final at the 2008 Beijing Olympics. At the 2012 London Olympic Games, Crow won a silver medal in the women's double sculls (with Brooke Pratley) and a bronze medal in the women's single sculls. At the 2015 world rowing championships Crow qualified the single scull for Australia to race at Rio 2016. At those 2016 Summer Olympics, Brennan won the women's single scull and took the gold medal, leading the race from start to finish. In May 2019, Brennan was announced as Australia's joint Deputy Chef de Mission, alongside fellow Olympians, Susie O'Neill and Evelyn Halls for the Tokyo 2020 Olympic Games. Crow was in the seven seat of Australian women's eight that won the bronze medal at the 2006 World Rowing Championships. She teamed with Kerry Hore to win silver medals in the Women's double scull at the 2010 and 2011 World Rowing Championships. At the 2013 World Rowing Championships in Chungju, Crow won gold in the single scull taking a lead from the 300\u00a0m mark and holding it to the line. In the same event at the 2014 World Rowing Championships in Amsterdam, Crow took silver behind New Zealand's Emma Twigg. Crow became a dual world champion when she won gold in the single scull at the 2015 World Rowing Championships in Aiguebelette, defeating 2012 Summer Olympics champion Miroslava Knapkov\u00e1. On 3 November 2018, Brennan officially announced her retirement from rowing at the Rowing Australia annual awards. She stated \u201cWhile I\u2019ve known within myself for some time that I am happy to leave my competitive rowing career behind me, the arrival of Jude has put the decision beyond any doubt. I\u2019m loving every minute with him, and, on a personal level, I can\u2019t imagine now being able to give the time and energy necessary to be successful in rowing at the top level\". Rowing Australia President Rowing Australia President, Rob Scott said, \u201cKim has been an integral member of Australia's rowing team for over 10 years while also being a fantastic role model within the Australian Rowing Team and the broader Australian sporting community. Her performances on the world stage speak for themselves, but I am sure that one her proudest moments in the green and gold are when she won her Olympic gold medal at the Rio 2016 Olympic Games. Brennan announced her retirement from rowing in November 2018, after the birth of her son. She stated she still wants to be involved in rowing and the Olympic movement long into the future. She is Chair of the Australian Olympic Committee's (AOC) Athletes Commission and a full voting member on the AOC Board. 2010 & 2011 \u2013 Rowing Australia Awards \u2013 Female Athlete of the Year with Kerry Hore 2012 & 2013 \u2013 Rowing Australia Awards \u2013 Female Athlete of the Year 2012, 2013 & 2016 \u2013 Victorian Female Athlete of the Year 2013 & 2016 \u2013 AIS Sport Performance Awards \u2013 Female Athlete of the Year 2013 \u2013 International Rowing Federation \u2013 Female Athlete of the Year 2013 \u2013 Australian Women's Health Prime Minister's Women in Sport Award 2016 \u2013 ACT Sports Awards \u2013 Female Athlete of the Year 2016 \u2013 Women's Health I Support Women in Sport (ISWIS) Awards \u2013 Sportswoman Of The Year 2017 \u2013 Member of the Order of Australia \u2013 for significant service to rowing, to the welfare of elite athletes, to sport as a gold medallist at the Rio 2016 Olympic Games, and to the community. 2018 \u2014 named as one of The Australian Financial Review 100 Women of Influence in the Arts, Culture and Sport category \"Olympians awarded top Australia Day Honours\". Archived from the original on 14 April 2018. Retrieved 8 August 2017. \"Champion in a hurry: Kim Crow\". Australian Sports Commission website. Archived from the original on 3 March 2017. Retrieved 6 September 2015. Jeffrey, Nicole (5 January 2016). \"New name for rower Kim Crow doesn't change her quest for gold\". The Australian. Retrieved 5 January 2016. Dutton, Chris (14 September 2018). \"Olympic champion rower Kim Brennan nominated as woman of influence\". The Sydney Morning Herald. Archived from the original on 16 September 2018. Retrieved 16 September 2018. \"Kim Brennan Retires From International Rowing - Row360\". Row360. 5 November 2018. Archived from the original on 26 November 2018. Retrieved 26 November 2018. \"Kim Crow\". Australian Athletics Historical Results. Archived from the original on 22 December 2015. Retrieved 7 September 2015. \"Aust Champion\". Archived from the original on 16 April 2017. Retrieved 31 March 2015. \"Kim Crow\". Rowing Australia website. Archived from the original on 24 June 2015. Retrieved 6 September 2015. \"Austn W1X Cships History at Guerin Foster\". Archived from the original on 18 September 2015. Retrieved 5 June 2018. \"Kim Crow results\". Sport Reference \u2013 Olympics. Archived from the original on 10 September 2015. Retrieved 7 September 2015. \"Key appointments to leadership teams for Tokyo 2020 announced\". olympics.com.au. Retrieved 3 May 2019. \"Kim Crow results\". World Rowing website. Archived from the original on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 7 September 2015. \"Kim Crow regains single sculls world title\". SBS News. 7 September 2015. Retrieved 6 September 2015. \"Rio 2016 Olympic gold medallist to focus on career and family\". Rowing Australia website. Archived from the original on 4 November 2018. Retrieved 4 November 2018. Halloran, Jessica (13 September 2015). \"Kim Crow chasing rowing perfection as she prepares for Rio Olympic Games\". Daily Telegraph. Retrieved 13 September 2015. \"Rower of the Year Awards\". Rowing Australia website. Archived from the original on 18 November 2016. Retrieved 14 December 2016. \"Victorian Female Athlete of the Year\". Vicsport website. Archived from the original on 20 December 2016. Retrieved 14 December 2016. \"Chalmers claims two AIS awards to complete fairy tale year\". Australian Sports Commission website. Archived from the original on 20 April 2018. Retrieved 14 December 2016. \"Kim Crow named best female rower at 2013 World Rowing Awards\". ABC News. 8 November 2013. Archived from the original on 20 December 2016. Retrieved 14 December 2016. \"WOMen's HEALTH 'I SUPPORT WOMEN IN SPORT' AWARDS\" (PDF). Womensport NSW. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2 April 2017. Retrieved 14 December 2016. Dutton, Chris (9 December 2016). \"Rio Olympic Games golden girl Kim Brennan and NBA star Patty Mills win ACT sport awards\". Canberra Times. Archived from the original on 9 December 2016. Retrieved 14 December 2016. Ellis, Alice. \"Kim Brennan Named ISWIS Sportswoman Of The Year\". Australian Women's Health. Archived from the original on 20 December 2016. Retrieved 14 December 2016. Lulham, Amanda (26 January 2017). \"Rio Olympic women dominate Australia Day honours list\". Daily Telegraph. Archived from the original on 16 December 2019. Retrieved 26 January 2017. \"Member (AM) in the General Division of the Order of Australia (A-L)\" (PDF). 2017 Australia Day Honours List. Office of the Governor-General of Australia. 26 January 2017. Archived from the original (PDF) on 21 March 2019. Retrieved 26 January 2017. Patten, Sally (17 October 2018). \"Women of Influence 2018 winner fights for recognition of Indigenous Australians\". Australian Financial Review. Archived from the original on 18 October 2018. Retrieved 18 October 2018. Kim Brennan at Rowing Australia Kimberley Brennan at World Rowing (archived) Kim Crow at the International Olympic Committee Kimberley Brennan at the International Olympic Committee Kim Crow at Olympics at Sports-Reference.com (archived) Kim Crow-Brennan at Olympics at Sports-Reference.com (archived)"
   },
   {
    "name": "Geoffrey Blainey",
    "id": "Q593424",
    "text": "Geoffrey Norman Blainey AC FAHA FASSA (born 11 March 1930) is an Australian historian, academic, best selling author and commentator. He is noted for having written authoritative texts on the economic and social history of Australia, including The Tyranny of Distance. He has published over 40 books, including wide-ranging histories of the world and of Christianity. He has often appeared in newspapers and on television. He held chairs in economic history and history at the University of Melbourne for over 20 years. In the 1980s, he was visiting professor of Australian Studies at Harvard University. He received the 1988 Britannica Award for 'exceptional excellence in the dissemination of knowledge for the benefit of mankind', the first historian to receive that award and was made a Companion of the Order of Australia in 2000. He was once described by Graeme Davison as the \"most prolific, wide-ranging, inventive, and, in the 1980s and 1990s, most controversial of Australia's living historians\". He has been chairman or member of the Australia Council, the University of Ballarat, the Australia-China Council, the Commonwealth Literary Fund and the Australian War Memorial. He chaired the National Council for the Centenary of Federation. His name sometimes appears in lists of the most influential Australians, past or present. The National Trust lists Blainey as one of Australia's \"Living Treasures\". He served on the boards of philanthropic bodies, including the Ian Potter Foundation (1991-2014) and the Deafness Foundation Trust since 1993, and is patron of others.[citation needed] Biographer Geoffrey Bolton in 1999 argues that he has played multiple roles as an Australian historian: He first came to prominence in the 1950s as a pioneer in the neglected field of Australian business history ... He produced during the 1960s and 1970s a number of surveys of Australian history in which explanation was organized around the exploration of the impact of the single factor (distance, mining, pre-settlement Aboriginal society) ... Blainey next turned to the rhythms of global history in the industrial period.... Because of his authority as a historian, he was increasingly in demand as a commentator on Australian public affairs. In 2006, the Melbourne historian John Hirst made his assessment: \"Geoffrey Blainey, the most prolific and popular of our historians\". Alan Atkinson, author of a 3-volume history of Australia, called Blainey \"our most eminent living historian\" in a long review that mingles criticism with praise. Blainey was born in Melbourne and raised in a succession of Victorian country towns before attending Wesley College and the University of Melbourne. While at university he resided at Queen's College and was editor of Farrago, the newspaper of the University of Melbourne Student Union. After graduating, Blainey took a freelance writing assignment and travelled to the Mount Lyell mining field in Tasmania to research and write the history of the Mount Lyell Mining and Railway Company, at Queenstown. In the 1950s, many older residents could remember the beginnings of the community. The resultant book, The Peaks of Lyell (1954), achieved six editions.^ He then wrote a history of his university: The University of Melbourne: A Centenary Portrait (1956). He married Ann Warriner Heriot in 1957, who as Ann Blainey has become an internationally regarded biographer. Blainey has published over 40 books, including his highly acclaimed A Short History of the World. His works have ranged from sports and local histories to interpreting the motives behind the British settlement of Australia in The Tyranny of Distance; covering over two centuries of human conflict in The Causes of War (1973); examining the optimism and pessimism in Western society since 1750 in The Great See-Saw; Aboriginal Australia in Triumph of the Nomads (1975) and A Land Half Won (1980); and his exploration of the history of Christianity in A Short History of Christianity (2011). He has also written general histories of the world and the \"tempestuous\" 20th century. Triumph of the Nomads is \"a book which has done more than any other to open Australian minds to the pre-European past of their land\" , according to Ken Inglis of the ANU. Blainey was also \"the first writer to make that daring comparison that Aboriginal societies differed as much from one another as do the nations of Europe\". The Causes of War has become one of the most cited works in founding modern scholarship on international conflict (as at Sep 2020 - 2095 citations on Google Scholar). It is commonly cited by the Hoover Institution as a foundation work in the field. He has revisited some of his earlier successes to take into account new discoveries and scholarship - Triumph of the Nomads and A Land Half Won were revised as The Story of the Australia's People Vol 1\u00a0: The Rise and Fall of Ancient Australia and The Story of the Australia's People Vol 2: The Rise and Rise of a New Australia . Throughout the course of his career, Blainey has also written for newspapers and television. The Blainey View (1982) was a history of Australia shown in ten episodes on ABC television. In 1961, he began teaching economic history at the University of Melbourne, was made a professor in 1968, and was given the Ernest Scott chair in history in 1977. In 1982 he was appointed dean of Melbourne's Faculty of Arts. From 1994 to 1998, Blainey was foundation Chancellor of the University of Ballarat. He was visiting professor of Australian Studies at Harvard University. In the academic field, he was on the board of the Melbourne University Press in the early 1960s, deputy dean of the Economics Faculty in the early 1970s, president of the council of Queen's College in the University of Melbourne from 1971 to 1989, and on the national selection committee for the Harkness Fellowships from 1977 to 1989 (chairman 1983\u201389). Blainey was invited by Prime Minister Harold Holt in 1967 to sit on the advisory board of the Commonwealth Literary Fund, serving until its abolition in 1973 (chairman 1971\u201373). He then became inaugural chairman of the Literature Board of the Australia Council for the Arts (Later called Australia Council), set up by the Whitlam government. He served on the Council from 1977\u20131981. Following Whitlam's election promise to introduce a Public Lending Right Scheme for authors, Blainey was appointed chairman of the committee representing authors, publishers and librarians that, in 1973, recommended the scheme adopted by the government a year later. Australia's scheme differed from the pioneering scheme adopted in Denmark in 1946. Blainey represented writers on the small group instructed to find the new national anthem that Whitlam had promised. From that initiative came a public poll supporting the long-standing Australian patriotic song, \"Advance Australia Fair\". In December 1973, Blainey was an Australian delegate to the first UNESCO conference held in Asia, in Yogyakarta, Java; it recommended cultural policies for Asia.[citation needed] Blainey was deputy chairman in 1974 and 1975 of the Whitlam government's Inquiry into Museums and National Collections, whose report ultimately led to the completion in Canberra, in 2001, of the National Museum of Australia with its emphasis on indigenous history. Most of the Inquiry's report had been drafted by Blainey and his colleague, Professor JD Mulvaney.[citation needed] In 1976, he became an inaugural commissioner on the Australian Heritage Commission, set up by the Fraser government to decide on conservation and environmental matters. On the first council of the National Museum set up by the Hawke Government in 1984 he was a short-term member.[citation needed] He was chairman of the Australia Council for four years and Chairman of the Australia-China Council from its inception in 1979 until June 1984. In 2001, he was the Chairman of the National Council for the Centenary of Federation. From 1994 to 1998, he was the Foundation Chancellor of the University of Ballarat. He was an inaugural member and later the chairman of the National Council for the Centenary of Federation and spoke at the centenary celebration of the opening of the federal parliament in May 1901.He was an inaugural member and later the chairman of the National Council for the Centenary of Federation and spoke at the centenary celebration of the opening of the federal parliament in May 1901.[citation needed] In 2001, Blainey presented the Boyer Lectures on the theme This Land is all Horizons: Australian Fears and Visions. Under the Howard government, he served as a member of the council of the Australian War Memorial in Canberra from 1997 to 2004, an appointment initially criticised in parliament by Laurie Brereton of the Labor opposition but approved in other circles. There was no opposition when his first three-year term was renewed.[citation needed] At the Constitutional Convention, held in Canberra for 10 days in February 1998 to debate and vote on whether Australia should become a republic (and if so what kind of a republic), he was a non-elected delegate. He argued that Australia was already a \"de facto republic\" and that any further change should be made only if the case was very powerful. With his ally, George Mye from the Torres Strait Islands, he was the leading critic of the adopted proposal that any citizen whose name was on the general electoral roll, even a migrant of only two years' standing, should automatically be eligible to be president of the proposed republic of Australia. After the decisive failure in 1999 of the referendum to make Australia a republic, Blainey and the constitutional lawyer, Professor Colin Howard, were singled out by the Australian republicans' leader, Malcolm Turnbull, as deserving a special share of the blame. He alleged that the pair had unduly shaped the official information posted to all electors. In their defence, it was contended that their influence was fair, for they operated in an official committee chaired by the neutral Sir Ninian Stephen, lawyer and former governor general. Blainey served on the National Council for the Centenary of Federation from 1997 to 2002 (chairman from May 2001, succeeding Archbishop Peter Hollingworth), and chairman of the Council of the Centenary Medal from 2001\u201303. Later appointments included membership of the History Summit in Canberra in 2006 and the federal committee set up in 2007 to recommend a national curriculum for teaching Australian history.[citation needed] He sat, from 1997 to 2004, on the Council of the Royal Humane Society of Australasia which recommended awards for acts of civilian bravery.[citation needed] In the 1970s, 1980s and 1990s, he was a weekly or fortnightly columnist for The Australian, the Melbourne Herald, or the Melbourne Age; he also wrote often for the Sydney Bulletin, the Australian Business Monthly and other national journals.[citation needed] Booklets listing these articles and other works have been published by the library of Monash University. The latest booklet was last updated in about 2001.[citation needed] As a book reviewer, he has written for many Australian, UK and US publications. His ten-part series on Australian history, \"The Blainey View\", appeared on ABC television in 1982\u201383, the ABC's most ambitious venture so far on Australian history. Graham Kennedy, the television star, narrated the continuity script. Blainey is well known for speeches, often without notes, on historical and contemporary topics.[citation needed] In most anthologies of notable Australian speeches, present and past, one of his addresses is reprinted. On television and stage in later years, Max Gillies the comedian cleverly mimicked some speeches.[citation needed] He has served on the boards of philanthropic bodies, including the Ian Potter Foundation from 1991 to 2015 and the Deafness Foundation Trust since 1993, and is patron of others.[citation needed] Blainey has, at times, been a controversial figure too. In the 1980s, he queried the level of Asian immigration to Australia and the policy of multiculturalism in speeches, articles and a book All for Australia.[citation needed] He was said by leftist critics to be closely aligned[citation needed] with the former Liberal-National Coalition government of John Howard in Australia, with Howard shadowing Blainey's conservative views on some issues, especially the view that Australian history has been hijacked by social liberals. As a result of these stances, Blainey is sometimes associated with right-wing politics. Blainey himself is a member of no political party.[citation needed] On 17 March 1984, Blainey addressed a major Rotary conference in the Victorian city of Warrnambool. He regretted that the Hawke Labor Government in \"a time of large unemployment\" was bringing many new migrants to the areas of high unemployment, thus fostering tension. He blamed the government, not the migrants themselves. Criticising what he viewed as disproportionately high levels of Asian immigration, then running at 40 per cent of the annual intake, he added: \"Rarely in the history of the modern world has a nation given such preference to a tiny ethnic minority of its population as the Australian Government has done in the past few years, making that minority the favoured majority in its immigration policy\". Three days later, in response to the prediction of the \"increasing Asianisation\" of Australia made by Labor's Immigration Minister Stewart West, Blainey argued: \"I do not accept the view, widely held in the Federal Cabinet, that some kind of slow Asian takeover of Australia is inevitable. I do not believe that we are powerless. I do believe that we can with good will and good sense control our destiny.... As a people, we seem to move from extreme to extreme. In the past 30 years the government of Australia has moved from the extreme of wanting a white Australia to the extreme of saying that we will have an Asian Australia and that the quicker we move towards it the better\". Blainey's speech, along with subsequent articles and a book on the subject, ignited nationwide controversy, especially in the Australian federal parliament which had not debated the principles of the immigration policy for many years. Some critics argued that Blainey's views were moderate and not racist, citing the idea that \"All peoples of the world are worthy and deserve respect\" was the 'prime principle' of Blainey's book, All for Australia, which he wrote on the topic. However, in All for Australia he criticised the belief that \"immigration policy should primarily reflect the truth that all 'races' are equal. On the contrary, an immigration policy should not, any more than a trade or tariff policy, be designed primarily to reflect that fact\". According to Blainey, the Australian government's immigration policy was increasingly being influenced by multicultural ideology to the detriment of the national interest and the majority of Australians. He argued: \"We are surrendering much of our own independence to a phantom opinion that floats vaguely in the air and rarely exists on this earth. We should think very carefully about the perils of converting Australia into a giant multicultural laboratory for the assumed benefit of the peoples of the world\". Blainey also warned that the \"crimson thread of kinship\" invoked by Sir Henry Parkes was being undermined, stating: \"The cult of the immigrant, the emphasis on separateness for ethnic groups, the wooing of Asia and the shunning of Britain are part of this thread-cutting.\" His views were to receive the support of a majority of Australian voters, both Labor and non-Labor voters, as a national Gallup poll confirmed in August. Victorians especially disapproved of the University of Melbourne's conduct in this matter. In contrast, while Blainey was briefly in Europe in May, a professor and 23 other history teachers from the University distributed a public letter distancing themselves from what they called his \"racialist\" views. Other historians, including lecturers in Asian history, refused the request to sign the letter. After a crowd of left-wing students and marchers broke into the heavily guarded building where Blainey was conducting a tutorial in historical research, he was advised by the university on security grounds that it must cancel all his future addresses within the University for the rest of 1984. In Brisbane on 5 July, when he gave a memorial address in honour of a deceased Queensland businessman in the Mayne Hall at the University of Queensland and chaired by the chancellor Sir James Foots, noisy protesters tried to dislocate the meeting. These and similar protests were major items in the national television news. Blainey continued to express his views periodically on television, radio and his own newspaper columns but not in his own university. He retained his main position as Dean of the Faculty of Arts. Blainey and his family were subject to threats of violence, prompting him at the police's request to remove his name and address from the public telephone book and organise security for his home. According to fellow historian Keith Windschuttle: \"The immediate consequence of all this was that Blainey, easily Australia's best and most prolific living historian, was effectively silenced from speaking at his own university.... This violation of academic freedom, clearly the worst in Australian history, provoked no protest at all from the university's academic staff association, nor from the university council, let alone his own departmental colleagues.\" On the so-called \"Blainey affair\", Australian prime minister John Howard would remark: \"Nowhere, I suggest, have the fangs of the left so visibly been on display as they were in a campaign based on character assassination and intellectual dishonesty through their efforts to trash the name and reputation of that great Australian historian Geoffrey Blainey.\" In December 1988, Blainey resigned from the University of Melbourne and resumed his former career as a freelance historian. In 1994, the Victorian government appointed him to the honorary position of foundation chancellor of the new University of Ballarat. Subsequently, in December 2007, the University of Melbourne granted a Doctor of Laws to Blainey and declared that he was, in Australia, probably a unique professional historian, noting that he had fostered wide public interest in history. The citation observed that \"few graduates of this University have exerted greater influence on national life\". Blainey has been an important contributor to the debate over Australian history, often referred to as the History Wars. In his 1993 Sir John Latham Memorial Lecture, Blainey coined the phrases \"Black armband view of history\" versus the contrasting \"three cheers\" view (see History wars). The phrase \"Black armband view of history\" began to be used, pejoratively or otherwise, by some Australian commentators and intellectuals about historians and journalists, judges and clergymen, whom they viewed as having presented an unfairly critical portrayal of Australian history since European settlement.[citation needed] Blainey coined the term the \"Black armband view of history\" to refer to those historians and academics, usually leftist, who denigrated Australia's past to an unusual degree and even accused European Australians of genocide against Aborigines. Former Liberal Prime Minister Malcolm Fraser described the Australian history wars as a branch of the \"culture wars\" and attributed Blainey with having initiated the wider wars in his immigration speeches of 1984. Reflecting on the Australian Bicentenary in 1988, Blainey accused some academics and journalists of depicting Australian history since European colonisation as essentially a \"story of violence, exploitation, repression, racism, sexism, capitalism, colonialism, and a few other 'isms'.\" Blainey also accused multiculturalists of having \"little respect for the history of Australia between 1788 and 1950,\" claiming that in their eyes \"Australia was a desert between 1788 and 1950 because it was populated largely by people from the British Isles and because it seemed to have a cultural unity, a homogeneity which is the very antithesis of multiculturalism.\" Blainey referred to the contrasting positive histories as the \"three cheers\" school. To some extent my generation was reared on the Three Cheers view of history. This patriotic view of our past had a long run. It saw Australian history as largely a success. While the convict era was a source of shame or unease, nearly everything that came after was believed to be pretty good. There is a rival view, which I call the Black Armband view of history. In recent years it has assailed the optimistic view of history. The black armbands were quietly worn in official circles in 1988. The multicultural folk busily preached their message that until they arrived much of Australian history was a disgrace. The past treatment of Aborigines, of Chinese, of Kanakas, of non-British migrants, of women, the very old, the very young, and the poor was singled out, sometimes legitimately, sometimes not.... The Black Armband view of history might well represent the swing of the pendulum from a position that had been too favourable, too self congratulatory, to an opposite extreme that is even more unreal and decidedly jaundiced. \u2014\u2009Geoffrey Blainey, In Our Time, Melbourne, 1999 Critics of Blainey's article claimed that it was anti-Aboriginal. Yet, Blainey applauded the \"many distinctive merits\" of the traditional Aboriginal way of life. Moreover, Blainey's earlier book Triumph of the Nomads, was highly sympathetic to Aboriginal people, as the title indicates. It is still said to be the only narrative history of Aboriginal Australia before 1788, and a pioneering work. It was listed by the National Book Council in 1984 as one of the ten most significant Australian books of the previous 10 years. Blainey has been critical of Bruce Pascoe's work, Dark Emu, regarding Aboriginal life prior to 1788 stating that there existed \"no evidence that there was ever a permanent town in pre-1788 Australia with 1000 inhabitants who gained most of their food by farming\" as claimed by Pascoe. During the launch of his 2015 book The Story of Australia's People Volume 1: The Rise and Fall of Ancient Australia, Blainey predicted the History Wars would continue in the public arena for some time as \"it is in the nature of history and of most intellectual activities, and the more so in a nation where the main strands of history \u2014 Aboriginal and European \u2014 are utterly different.\" In June 2020, Blainey was critical of iconoclast destructions of historical monuments and public statues following the George Floyd protests. Blainey viewed the destructions as rallying against Western Civilization, calling for a tempered approach to acknowledging the West's \"virtues\", in addition to its shortcomings. Geoffrey Blainey was made a Fellow of the Royal Historical Society of Victoria in 1967. In 1975 he was made an Officer of the Order of Australia for his contribution to Australian literature. He was awarded a Companion of the Order of Australia in the Australia Day Honours list of 2000 for his service to academia, research and scholarship. The following year he was awarded a Centenary Medal for his services to the Centenary of Federation, of which he was Council chairman in 2001 and previously a member. At the United Nations in New York in 1988, he was one of five intellectuals, including the American economist John Kenneth Galbraith and the Mexican poet Octavio Paz, who were awarded gold medals for \"excellence in the dissemination of knowledge for the benefit of mankind\". Blainey's book The Causes of War, much read in military academies and American universities, was said to be one reason for the award. He is an emeritus professor of the University of Melbourne, and a fellow of the Australian Academy of the Humanities and of the Academy of Social Sciences in Australia. In 2002 the degree of Doctor of Letters was conferred on Professor Blainey in recognition of his contribution to the University of Ballarat and the community in general. In 2010, Blainey was Victorian State finalist for Senior Australian of the Year. In 2016 Blainey's The Story of Australia's People Volume 1: The Rise and Fall of Ancient Australia won the Prime Minister's Literary Awards for History. The University of Melbourne has established \"The Geoffrey Blainey Scholarship for Honours in Economic History\" for students undertaking academic study in 'economic history' in honour of Blainey's academic contributions. Blainey, Geoffrey (1954). The Peaks of Lyell. Melbourne: Melbourne University Press. \u2014 (1956). The University of Melbourne\u00a0: a centenary portrait. With illustrations by N. H. Oliver. Melbourne University Press. Johns and Waygood, 1856-1956, Caulfield & Sons, Melbourne, 1956. A Centenary History of the University of Melbourne, Melbourne University Press, Carlton, Vic.; London, Cambridge University Press, 1957. Gold and Paper: A history of The National Bank of Australasia, Georgian House, Melbourne, Victoria (Australia) 1958. Mines in the Spinifex: The Story of Mount Isa Mines, Angus and Robertson, Sydney, NSW, 1960. The Rush That Never Ended: A History of Australian Mining, Melbourne University Press, Melbourne, Vic., 1963. A History of Camberwell, Jacaranda Press in association with the Camberwell City Council, Brisbane, 1964. The Tyranny of Distance: How Distance Shaped Australia's History, Sun Books, Melbourne, Vic., 1966. Winner of the C. Weickhardt award for Australian literature Wesley College: The First Hundred Years, Robertson & Mullens, Melbourne, 1967 (with J.H. Morrissey and S.E .K. Hulme ) The Rise of Broken Hill, Macmillan of Australia, Melbourne, Vic., 1968. Across a Red World, Macmillan, Melbourne, Vic., 1968. The Steel Master: A Life of Essington Lewis, Macmillan of Australia, South Melbourne, Vic., 1971, ISBN\u00a09780333119624. The Causes of War, Macmillan, London, 1973. Triumph of the Nomads: A History of Ancient Australia, Macmillan, South Melbourne, Vic., 1975. SBN 333 17583 2 A Land Half Won, Macmillan, South Melbourne, Vic., 1980. The Blainey View: Book of the ABC Television Series, Macmillan, South Melbourne, Vic., 1982 Gold and Paper 1858-1982: A History of the National Bank of Australasia, Macmillan, South Melbourne, 1983. Our Side of the Country: The Story of Victoria, Metheun Haynes, North Ryde, N.S.W., 1984. All for Australia, Methuen Haynes, North Ryde, N.S.W., 1984. Making History, McPhee Gribble & Penguin, Ringwood, 1985 (with CMH Clark and RM Crawford). The Great Seesaw: A New View of the Western World, 1750-2000, Macmillan, South Melbourne Vic., Basingstoke, 1988. A Game of Our Own: The Origins of Australian Football, Information Australia, Melbourne, Vic., 1990. Odd Fellows: A History of IOOF Australia, Allen & Unwin, Sydney, N.S.W., 1991. Blainey, Eye on Australia: Speeches and Essays of Geoffrey Blainey, Schwartz Books, Melbourne, Vic., 1991. Sites of the Imagination: Contemporary Photographers View Melbourne and Its People, National Gallery of Victoria, Melbourne, 1992 (with Isobel Crombie). Jumping Over the Wheel, Allen & Unwin, St. Leonards, N.S.W., 1993. The Golden Mile, Allen & Unwin, St. Leonards, 1993. A Shorter History of Australia, William Heinemann Australia, Port Melbourne, Vic., 1994. White Gold: The Story of Alcoa of Australia, Allen & Unwin, St. Leonards, N.S.W., 1997. In Our Time, Information Australia, Melbourne, Vic., 1999. A History of the AMP 1848\u20131998, Allen & Unwin, St Leonards, N.S.W., 1999. A Short History of the World, Penguin Books Australia Ltd., Vic., 2000. This Land is All Horizons: Australia's Fears and Visions, (Boyer Lectures) ABC Books, Sydney, 2001. A Very Short History of the World, Penguin Books Australia Ltd., Vic., 2004. Black Kettle & Full Moon: Daily Life in a Vanished Australia, Penguin Books Australia Ltd., Vic., 2004. A Short History of the Twentieth Century, Penguin Books Australia Ltd., Vic., 2006. ISBN\u00a09780143006145 A History of Victoria, Cambridge University Press, New York, 2006. Sea of Dangers: Captain Cook and His Rivals, Penguin Books Australia Ltd., Vic., 2009.ISBN\u00a09781742282336 A Short History of Christianity, Penguin Books Australia Ltd., Vic., 2011. ISBN\u00a09780670075249 The Story of Australia's People, Volume 1: The Rise and Fall of Ancient Australia, Penguin Books Australia Ltd., Vic., 2015 ISBN\u00a09780670078714 \"Australian Exceptionalism. A Personal View\" in Only in Australia. The History, Politics and Economics of Australian Exceptionalism, Oxford University Press, 2016. The Story of Australia's People, Volume 2: The Rise and Rise of a New Australia, Penguin Books Australia Ltd., Vic., 2016.ISBN\u00a09780670078028 Before I Forget: An Early Memoir, Hamish Hamilton, 2019. ISBN\u00a09781760890339 Captain Cook's Epic Voyage, (revision of Sea of Dangers), Viking, 2020. ISBN\u00a0978-1-76089-509-9 Allsop, Richard (December 2019). Geoffrey Blainey\u00a0: writer, historian, controversialist. Monash University Publishing (published 2019). ISBN\u00a0978-1-925835-62-5. Deborah Gare; Geoffrey Bolton; Stuart Macintyre; Tom Stannage, eds. (2003). The Fuss that Never Ended: The Life and Work of Geoffrey Blainey. Melbourne, Victoria: Melbourne University Press. ISBN\u00a00-522-85034-0. \"Geoffrey Blainey\". Encyclopedia Britannica Online. 7 March 2021. Archived from the original on 28 September 2018. Retrieved 17 July 2021. \"Professor Geoffrey Blainey\". BBC Entertainment. Archived from the original on 11 May 2013. Retrieved 22 April 2013. \"Professor Geoffrey Blainey AC - State Finalist Senior Australian of the Year 2010\". Australian of the Year Honour roll. Archived from the original on 21 April 2013. Retrieved 22 April 2013. \"A Short History of Christianity \u2013 Geoffrey Blainey (Penguin Group)\". Prime Minister's Literary Awards 2012 shortlists. Australian Office for the Arts. Archived from the original on 26 April 2013. Encyclop\u00e6dia Britannica,\"Book of the Year, 1988\", Chicago, p. 15 \"Award Citation\". Prime Minister and Cabinet - Australian Honours Search Facility. 2000. Archived from the original on 29 January 2019. Retrieved 13 September 2020. Davison, Graeme (2003). \"Blainey, Geoffrey Norman (1930-)\". The Oxford Companion to Australian History. Oxford University Press. p.\u00a074. ISBN\u00a09780191735165. Archived from the original on 17 July 2021. Retrieved 17 July 2021. \"The most influential Australians\". Sydney Morning Herald. 22 January 2001. Archived from the original on 6 November 2020. Retrieved 17 July 2021. The Bulletin, Sydney, 26 June 2006 \"The Bulletin's top 100 - Reprint\". Sydney Morning Herald. 27 June 2006. Archived from the original on 10 December 2018. \"Australia's 100 Living National Treasures\", National Trust of NSW, 1997, 2004, 2012 \"Geoffrey Blainey\". AustLit. 10 January 2017. Archived from the original on 24 January 2021. Retrieved 17 July 2021. \"Our Living Treasures\" Archived 14 November 2013 at the Wayback Machine, The Age, 18 November 2003. Bolton, Geoffrey. \"Geoffrey Blainey\" in Kelly Boyd, ed. Encyclopedia of Historians and Historical Writing, vol 1 (1999) pp. 93-95. ISBN\u00a09781884964336 Hirst, John (2010). \"Where Best to Look? The First XI Books\". Looking for Australia\u00a0: Historical Essays. Black Inc. pp.\u00a07\u20138, 57, 136. ISBN\u00a09781863954860. Atkinson, Alan (18 April 2015). \"Triumph of Unity\". Review. The Australian. Archived from the original on 17 July 2021. Retrieved 13 September 2020. \"Ann Blainey\". Willy Lit Fest. 12 September 2020. Archived from the original on 26 November 2020. Retrieved 11 September 2020. \"Ann Blainey\". Black Inc. 31 March 2009. Archived from the original on 22 January 2021. Retrieved 17 July 2021. \"Geoffrey Blainey\". Penguin Books Australia. Archived from the original on 9 August 2020. Retrieved 11 September 2020. Inglis, Ken (1987). \"Triumph of the Nomads\". Overland (106): 7. Schake, Kori (23 January 2014). \"War: The Gambling Man's Game\". defining ideas. Hoover Institution. Archived from the original on 12 December 2018. Retrieved 13 September 2020. Wickham, Dorothy (November 2005). \"Professor Emeritus Geoffrey Blainey (1930\u2013); Historian and author; Foundation Chancellor of the University of Ballarat\". UB Honour Roll. Federation University. Archived from the original on 14 September 2006. Retrieved 6 April 2020. Who's Who in Australia, 2013, p. 287 Annual Report (Report). Australian Council for the Arts. 1973. pp.\u00a029\u201330. Archived from the original on 17 July 2021. Retrieved 17 July 2021. Who's Who in Australia, various editions since 1965 \"This Land is all Horizons: Australian Fears and Visions\". Boyer Lectures. Australian Broadcasting Corporation. 2001. Archived from the original on 23 November 2007. Retrieved 11 February 2007. Constitutional Convention - Transcript of Proceedings Wednesday 4 February 1998 (PDF), pp.\u00a0221\u2013223 Constitutional Convention - Transcript of Proceedings Friday 6 February 1998 (PDF), pp.\u00a0380, 382, 400\u2013401, 419\u2013420 Turnbull, Malcolm (1 January 1999). Fighting for the Republic: The Ultimate Insider's Account. Hardie Grant Books. ISBN\u00a0978-1864981070. Graeme Blundell, King: The Life and Comedy of Graham Kennedy, Pan Macmillan, 2003, pp. 124, 356\u201370 ISBN\u00a09781405035668 \"Great Australian Speeches\", edited by Pamela Robson, Murdoch Books, 2009, pp. 180\u201390 McKenna, Mark (10 November 1997). \"Different Perspectives on Black Armband History\". Research Papers 1997\u201398. Australian Parliamentary Library. Archived from the original on 4 April 2009. Retrieved 19 August 2018. The Age, and Warrnambool Standard, 19 March 1984 Source: The Age, 20 March 1984 Blainey, Geoffrey. All for Australia, Sydney, 1984, p.164 Melbourne Herald, 27 August 1984 citing an Australian Public Opinion Polls survey of 2182 voters Letter to the Age of 19 May 1984 signed by 24 historians Morgan, Hugh (2006). \"Can Australia Survive the 21st Century?\". The Wilfred Brookes Memorial Lecture. Deakin University Melbourne Sun News Pictorial ABC TV, 19 June 1984 Courier Mail 6 July 1984 Windschuttle, Keith. Stuart Macintyre and the Blainey affair Archived 10 April 2015 at the Wayback Machine. Quadrant, v.52, no.10, Oct 2008: 30\u201335. Blainey's comments in interview with Frank Devine of Quadrant published in October 2006 Press Release from University of Melbourne Smith, Katherine (2007). \"University of Melbourne honours Geoffrey Blainey's contribution to Australian history\". University of Melbourne. Archived from the original on 27 December 2007. Retrieved 14 December 2007. Malcolm Fraser and Margaret Symons, Fraser: the Political Memoirs, Melbourne University Publishing, 2011, see index and pp. 616\u20137 Blainey, Geoffrey. Eye on Australia\u00a0: Speeches and Essays of Geoffrey Blainey, Schwartz Books, Melbourne, Vic., 1991, 272 pp. Gordon, Michael (6 September 2003). \"Going down in history\". The Age. Archived from the original on 3 September 2007. Retrieved 11 February 2007. Blainey, In our Time, p. 11 Triumph of the Nomads, Macmillan, Melbourne, 1975, and Outlook Press, NY, 1976 and subsequent Sun Books editions Annual Report of National Book Council, 1985. \"Best-selling Aussie book 'debunked'\". NewsComAu. 12 June 2021. Archived from the original on 2 July 2021. Retrieved 2 July 2021. Blainey, Geoffrey (21 February 2015). \"Geoffrey Blainey: \"I can see parts of our history with fresh eyes\"\". The Australian. Archived from the original on 22 May 2015. Retrieved 13 June 2015. \"Geoffrey Blainey on the vandalism of historic statues, and the geopolitics of Coronavirus conspiracies\". ABC Radio National. 18 June 2020. Archived from the original on 17 July 2021. Retrieved 23 April 2021. It's an Honour Archived 3 March 2016 at the Wayback Machine \u2013 Companion of the Order of Australia It's an Honour Archived 13 October 2008 at the Wayback Machine \u2013 Centenary Medal \"Australian of the Year Awards\". www.australianoftheyear.org.au. Archived from the original on 6 November 2018. Retrieved 18 December 2018. Collier, Peter (20 April 2021). \"The Geoffrey Blainey Scholarship for Honours in Economic History\". Scholarships. Archived from the original on 23 April 2021. Retrieved 23 April 2021. Bolton, Geoffrey. \"Geoffrey Blainey\" in Kelly Boyd, ed. Encyclopedia of Historians and Historical Writing, vol 1 (1999) pp 93\u201395 Allsop, Richard (2020). Geoffrey Blainey. Australian History. Monash University Publishing. ISBN\u00a09781925835625. Works by Geoffrey Blainey Works about Geoffrey Blainey ABC Interview with audio"
   },
   {
    "name": "Rodney Heath",
    "id": "Q593460",
    "text": "Rodney Wilfred Heath (15 June 1884 \u2013 26 October 1936) was an Australian tennis player. Heath was the second son of F. W. Heath who was the official timekeeper at the Victorian Racing Club and Victorian Amateur Turf Club. Rodney's brother C. V. Heath won the South Australian men's singles title in 1902. In June 1915 Heath left Australia to join the Royal Flying Corps in England. He was promoted to the rank of major two years later. In 1916 Heath was injured when he crash-landed his plane after flying into a snowstorm en route from England to France. Heath was the Men's Singles champion at the inaugural Australasian Championships in 1905 defeating Albert Curtis in four sets. He won again it five years later, in 1910, after a victory in the final against Horace Rice in three straight sets. In 1911 he played in the Davis Cup challenge round in New Zealand against the United States and defeated William Larned in four sets. In 1919 he reached the final of the Wimbledon Men's Doubles tournament with Randolph Lycett. On 26 October 1936, 9 months before his 53rd birthday, Heath was found dead in the bedroom of his sister's home in Melbourne, Australia. It is said that Heath died from melanoma in his stomach. \"Rodney Heath: Career match record\". thetennisbase.com. Tennismem SAL. Retrieved 27 July 2018. \"Rodney Heath\". www.tennis.co.nf. \"Death of MR. R. W. Heath\". The Argus. Melbourne: National Library of Australia. 27 October 1936. p.\u00a09. \"Personal\". The Argus. Melbourne: National Library of Australia. 23 June 1915. p.\u00a08. \"Rod. Heath's Accident\". The Farmer & Settler. Sydney: National Library of Australia. 20 April 1916. p.\u00a04. Collins, Bud (2010). The Bud Collins History of Tennis (2nd\u00a0ed.). [New York]: New Chapter Press. pp.\u00a0355, 357, 692, 693. ISBN\u00a0978-0942257700. \"Inter-state Tennis. Australasian Championship\". The Age. 27 November 1905. Retrieved 23 February 2011 \u2013 via Google News Archive. \"Player Profiles \u2013 Rodney Heath\". Tennis Australia. Retrieved 3 August 2012. \"Davis Cup Player Profile \u2013 Rodney Heath\". International Tennis Federation (ITF). Retrieved 12 August 2012. \"Australian Open Results Archive / Men's Singles\". Australian Open official website. Archived from the original on 10 September 2015. Retrieved 11 October 2015. \"Australian Open Results Archive / 1906 Men's Doubles\". Australian Open official website. Retrieved 11 October 2015. \"Australian Open Results Archive / Men's Doubles\". Australian Open official website. Archived from the original on 21 September 2015. Retrieved 11 October 2015. \"Australian Open Results Archive / 1911 Men's Doubles\". Australian Open official website. Archived from the original on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 11 October 2015. \"Wimbledon Rolls of Honour / Gentlemen's Doubles\". Wimbledon official tournament website. Retrieved 11 October 2015. Rodney Heath at the Association of Tennis Professionals Rodney Heath at the International Tennis Federation Rodney Heath at the Davis Cup Rodney Heath at Tennis Australia"
   },
   {
    "name": "Samantha Richards",
    "id": "Q602531",
    "text": "Samantha Richards (born 24 February 1983) is an Australian basketball guard from Melbourne, Victoria who played her junior basketball in Nunawading. She has played professionally in Australia for the WNBL's Dandenong Rangers, the Australian Institute of Sport, the Perth Lynx and the Bulleen Boomers. She has also played professionally in Europe. Richards has been a member of the Australia women's national basketball team on the U19, U21, University and Senior teams. Richards was born on 24 February 1983 in Melbourne. She is 168 centimetres (66\u00a0in) tall. Richards is a guard, specialising as a point guard. She played her junior basketball for Nunawading. Richards has played basketball in Europe. In 2007, she signed to play with AZS PWSZ Gorzow in Poland. In 2009, she was playing for a Czech team. Richards played for the Dandenong Rangers in 1998, and 1998/1999 WNBL seasons. In 1999, she earned a scholarship with the Australian Institute of Sport (AIS) and played with the WNBL AIS team in 1999/2000. She rejoined Dandenong for the 2001/2002 season and continued to play for them during the 2002/2003 and 2003/2004 seasons, and was a key player in their Grand Final victory in 2003/2004. Her 2004 Dandenong team competed in the FIBA World League. She played for the Dandenong Rangers in 2004/2005. That season, her team won the league championship, Richards being a key part. She continued to play for the team in 2005/2006 and 2006/2007, missing the first third of the 2006/2007 season because she was injured. That season, she was the team's co-captain alongside Caitlin Ryan. This season, she was 25 years old. In the team's 66\u201361 loss to the Adelaide Lightning, she scored only five points, while attempting only a pair of three-point shots that she lost. In 2008, she was named as one of the players on the Dandenong Rangers Team of the Decade. Richards joined the Perth Lynx in 2007/2008. In a December 2007 game against her former team the Rangers, she scored 23 total points, 14 of them in the first half. She played for the Perth Lynx in 2008/2009. In a December 2008 game against the Christchurch Sirens, she scored 12 points in 66\u201361 win for the Sirens. She missed a pair of three-point shots in the clutch that would have tied the game for her team. Following the loss, her team remained in tenth and last position on the WNBL's ladder. Richards played for the Bulleen Boomers in 2011/2012. That season, she was named to the WNBL's All-Star Five. Richards has represented Australia on U19, U21 and University level, and made her international debut in 2001, in the U19 World Championships for Australia. She has 20 caps for Australia's junior national team and 18 caps for the Australian Young national team. She was part of the Australian side at the 2003 FIBA U21 Women's Championships in Croatia and the 2007 Australian World University gold medal-winning team. Richards was a member of the Australian Opals in 2005 and 2007. In 2007, she was a member of the Australia women's senior team that won a gold medal at the Oceania World Qualifications series. and by March 2007, she was named to the national team what would prepare for the 2008 Summer Olympics. Richards was with the Opals in 2008 and participated in a week-long training camp with the national team in Canberra in late March, early April. She played in a three-game test series Taiwan in May 2008. Richards continued to play for the Opals in 2009, playing in a Canberra-hosted return game against New Zealand in the Oceania Championship on 2 September, having gotten permission from her Czech club to participate. Her team ended up winning a gold medal at the FIBA Oceania Women's Championships. In mid-2010, she participated in a tour of China, USA and Hungary. In 2010, she participated in the Salamanca Invitational Basketball Tournament in Spain. Her team beat Spain 85\u201364. They also beat the United States. As the team's guard, she helped prevent turnovers in the game against Spain. In 2010, she was a member of the senior women's national team that competed at the World Championships in the Czech Republic. Richards was a member of the 2011 Opals squad. In July 2011, she participated in the Olympic qualification competition, returning to the team following an injury. She was named to the 2012 Australia women's national basketball team. She was scheduled to participate in the national team training camp held from 14 to 18 May 2012 at the Australian Institute of Sport. At the 2012 Summer Olympics, she was part of the Australian team that won the bronze medal. \"Sam Richards\". london2012.olympics.com.au. Australian Olympic Committee. 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Archived from the original on 30 December 2012. Retrieved 8 May 2012. \"Rangers name shining stars\". Star News Group. 20 March 2008. Archived from the original on 31 December 2012. Retrieved 8 May 2012. \"Youth and experience net Rangers victory | Star Dandenong | Star News Group Local News, Sport, Entertainment\". Starnewsgroup.com.au. 13 December 2007. Archived from the original on 30 December 2012. Retrieved 8 May 2012. \"Another home win for Chch Sirens\u00a0\u2014 sport\". Stuff.co.nz. 1 January 2009. Retrieved 8 May 2012. \"Sirens survive assault\u00a0\u2014 sport\". Stuff.co.nz. 1 January 2009. Retrieved 8 May 2012. Travis King (17 February 2012). \"Kristi eyes fourth Games\u00a0\u2014 Local News\u00a0\u2014 Sport\u00a0\u2014 Basketball\". Bendigo Advertiser. Retrieved 6 May 2012. Tanya Paolucci (15 October 2011). \"Spirit strives to silence Bulleen's big guns\u00a0\u2014 Local News\u00a0\u2014 Sport\u00a0\u2014 Basketball\". Bendigo Advertiser. Retrieved 8 May 2012. Kerry, Craig (27 March 2012). \"Suzy Batkovic wins WNBL gong\u00a0\u2014 Local News\u00a0\u2014 Sport\u00a0\u2014 Basketball\u00a0\u2014 Newcastle Herald\". Theherald.com.au. Retrieved 8 May 2012. Australian Institute of Sport; Basketball Australia (2011). AIS Basketball 2011. Canberra: Australian Sports Commission. p.\u00a049. \"Hammonds set to fight Fire with fire\". The Age. 15 February 2003. Retrieved 8 May 2012. \"Anstey in from the cold to join Tigers\u00a0\u2014 Basketball\". The Age. 10 March 2005. Retrieved 8 May 2012. \"Jessica Foley Selected To 'Price Attack' Opals Team For 2005\u00a0:: Foley has set a school record with 66 three-pointers this season\". Cstv.com. 9 March 2005. Retrieved 8 May 2012. Australian Institute of Sport; Basketball Australia (2011). AIS Basketball 2011. Canberra: Australian Sports Commission. p.\u00a047. \"Phillips keeps Opals place\". The Advertiser. 12 March 2007. Retrieved 8 May 2012. \"Opals twelve for Beijing test selected\". SportsAustralia.com. 8 April 2008. Archived from the original on 19 December 2013. Retrieved 8 May 2012. \"Three Olympic dreams likely over | Sports News\". Fox Sports. 2 May 2008. Retrieved 8 May 2012. \"Big names bounced from Opals as Games dream fades\u00a0\u2014 Beijing2008 \u2013 Sport\". The Sydney Morning Herald. Retrieved 8 May 2012. \"Opals hit road for world title lead-up\". Nine MSN. 30 June 2010. Archived from the original on 22 July 2015. Retrieved 8 May 2012. \"Opals down Spain in final tune-up\". Nine MSN. 19 September 2010. Archived from the original on 30 December 2012. Retrieved 8 May 2012. Australian Institute of Sport; Basketball Australia (2011). AIS Basketball 2011. Canberra: Australian Sports Commission. p.\u00a045. \"Opals count down to Olympics\". Nine MSN. 23 July 2011. Archived from the original on 24 July 2011. Retrieved 8 May 2012. \"Basketball Australia\u00a0: 2012 Squad\". Basketball Australia. 2012. Retrieved 1 May 2012. \"AUS\u00a0\u2014 Opals announce training camp squad\". FIBA. Retrieved 6 May 2012. \"basketball women results - Basketball - London 2012 Olympics\". olympic.org. Retrieved 21 May 2015. Sports portal"
   },
   {
    "name": "Natalie Gauci",
    "id": "Q603832",
    "text": "Natalie Rose Gauci (born 26 November 1981) is an Australian musician, producer and teacher. Gauci undertook music tuition at the Victorian College of the Arts, formed her own band that played gigs in Melbourne, while also working as a music teacher. After an appearance on national radio station Triple J's talent contest, Unearthed, she successfully auditioned for the fifth series of Australian Idol in 2007 and went on to win the series. Gauci subsequently signed a record deal with Sony BMG Australia and in November that year released her debut single, \"Here I Am\", which reached number\u00a0two on the ARIA Singles Chart and gained a gold accreditation. The next month her debut album, The Winner's Journey, followed. It peaked at number\u00a0eleven on the ARIA Albums Chart and was certified platinum. In 2010 she formed Tune in Tokyo, an electro-pop band, with producer Paul Brandoli, they released two singles, \"Dreamer\" (November 2010) and \"Ray of Love\" (April 2012). On 1 July 2012 Gauci released her second studio album, jazz-oriented Ha Ha Ha, on The Gauch Records and followed on 3 September with an alternative-electronic EP, Elektrik Field. By August that year Gauci was living and working in London both as a recording artist and music teacher. Natalie Gauci was born on 26 November 1981 and grew up in Melbourne. Her father is Maltese and was born in Marsa, Malta and her mother is Italian. Gauci is the eldest child with two siblings. Gauci started secondary school at Emmaus College, Vermont South and completed her final two years at Box Hill Institute of TAFE, before studying music at the Victorian College of the Arts. In August 1996 Gauci acted as 'ORCA Girl' on Australian science fiction TV series, Ocean Girl, Season 3, Episode 3, \"Draining the Spaceship\". From the age of 17, she began writing songs. Gauci performed as a session musician, and in 2002, she began writing her debut three-track extended play, Take It or Leave It, which was released in 2006. As well as lead vocals Gauci also provided piano; on the EP she was backed by Simon Burke on Hammond organ and Rhodes keyboard, John Castle on bass guitar and producer, Michael Carmona on percussion, Cory Jach on lead guitar, Barney Loveland on bass guitar and Haydn Meggitt on drums. It had been recorded at Castle's home studio, The Shed, in Camberwell. In 2006 she formed the Natalie Gauci Band with herself on lead vocals and keyboards, Jules Pascoe on electric and double bass, Conrad Tracey on drums and percussion, and Kumar Shome on electric and acoustic guitar. They played soul, pop, and jazz at local pubs, clubs, weddings, and corporate functions. Gauci uploaded work from Take It or Leave It to the national radio station, Triple J's website, and was subsequently chosen for the Unearthed talent competition and gained radio airplay and coverage. To help fund her work, Gauci worked as a vocals teacher at the Academy of Mary Immaculate, Fitzroy; and Assumption College, Kilmore. In 2007 Natalie Gauci auditioned in Melbourne for the fifth series of TV talent competition, Australian Idol. She performed an original song, \"Free Falling\", co-written by Gauci with James Kempster; and a rendition of Gloria Gaynor's \"I Will Survive\". Judges, Ian Dickson and Mark Holden, were impressed by Gauci's latter performance, with Dickson commenting \"I think you can win this competition\". Fellow judge, Marcia Hines, warned that such a comment had been \"the kiss of death\" for contestants in the past. Gauci advanced to the next round, and continued to impress the judges, resulting in her selection in the top 24. Her performance of \"Hurt\" by Christina Aguilera did not gain enough public votes to proceed to the top 12. However, she was selected by the judges to perform in the wildcard, an episode from which four contestants would be chosen to complete the top\u00a012. Gauci performed \"Feeling Good\" by Nina Simone. She did not gain enough votes, but was selected by the judges to be the final top\u00a012 member. Gauci progressed through the top\u00a012 knockout phase; it was not until the eighth week, with five contestants remaining, that she appeared in the bottom three\u2014those with the three lowest number of votes for that week. Her performances have earned acclaim; The Courier-Mail noted her renditions of Rihanna's \"Umbrella\", Kate Bush's \"Running Up that Hill\", and Gnarls Barkley's \"Crazy\" as highlights. Her performances of \"Umbrella\", Divinyls' \"Boys in Town\", and Morgan Lewis's \"How High the Moon\" earned \"touchdowns\" from Holden. Gauci and Matt Corby were the two contestants on the show's grand finale. At the conclusion of each series, a \"Winner's Single\" is released. The 2007 winner's single, \"Here I Am\", was written by Lindy Robbins and Tom Leonard, who had previously written for the Backstreet Boys. Both Corby and Gauci were critical of the track, with Gauci professing confusion as the demo version had male vocals \u2013 she adapted it to be consistent with her jazz music style. While Corby felt it was \"not something I'd choose to release ... Yes, I'm being diplomatic. Even though this competition has made me look like I'm into pop, I'm really not\". On 25 November 2007, Gauci was declared the winner of Australian Idol 2007. She became the first contestant to progress to the top\u00a012 through a judges' lifeline and then win the competition. On 25 November 2007 Natalie Gauci released her winner's single, \"Here I Am\", as a digital download. It was then issued as a CD single on 28 November 2007, which included as a B-side, her original track, \"All in My Mind\". \"Here I Am\" debuted on the ARIA Singles Chart at number\u00a0two. It was the first debut single by an Australian Idol winner that did not reach number\u00a0one. \"Here I Am\" sold 7,463 copies in its first week, lower than all previous winners' debut singles. Her debut album, The Winner's Journey, was released on 8 December 2007. Unlike Damien Leith's Winners Journey of the previous year, Gauci's CD/DVD did not include Australian Idol stage performances. Instead it had an interview with John Foreman and recorded versions of the songs performed during her time on the show. This drew criticism with Fremantle Media, producers of Australian Idol, suggesting Gauci's record label, Sony BMG, had deliberately excluded the material. The album debuted on the ARIA Albums Chart at number\u00a0twelve, before reaching its peak of number\u00a0eleven in its second week on the chart. The album sold 11,489 copies in its first week, compared to Leith's 89,257 copies the previous year.[dead link][dead link] Paul Cashmere of the Undercover website criticised the show for its commercialism, accusing it of using Gauci as a \"victim to feed the corporations and their shareholders\". Sony BMG then released a second DVD titled, The Final Two, on 17 December 2007. It had separate performances on the show by Gauci and Corby. In January 2008 Gauci commenced her Winner's Journey Tour across Australia. She took three musicians from the Natalie Gauci Band, as well as a long time keyboard collaborator and music director, while she sang and played the piano. In August 2009 Natalie Gauci left Sony Music because \"she felt pushed and prodded\" by the label. In January 2010 Gauci collaborated with a European record label, Sorry Shoes, and issued a new single, \"Without You\", in May. In 2010 Gauci formed Tune in Tokyo, an electro-pop and dance music band, with producer Paul Brandoli. As the group's lead singer, Gauci's look and sound had changed. She told the Daily Telegraph that she had changed her style after hanging out in Melbourne's gay dance clubs with musician, and her then-husband, Hamish Cowan (Cordrazine). Gauci explained, \"That's where I came out of my shell. I didn't have anyone telling me what to do. Tune in Tokyo is just one part of what I want to do. We got a lot of feedback straight away, which was great because it gave me confidence about the project\". On 4 November 2010 they released their debut single, \"Dreamer\", which peaked at No.\u00a03 on the ARIA Clubs Chart. It was co-written by Brandoli and Gauci. She revealed that she was working on the group's debut album and that she had made a cameo for a 2011 film, Big Mamma's Boy, which stars actress, Holly Valance. Tune in Tokyo's second single, \"Ray of Love\", appeared in April 2012. In 2011 Gauci travelled to Europe, where she worked with producers and DJ's, by August 2012 she had moved to London where she continued her recording and teaching music careers. She has performed under the name Nellie Bell from about 2013 to mid-2015. During early 2012 Gauci toured Europe including Spain, Belgium, Italy, The Netherlands and Germany before settling in Sweden. There she co-wrote a new single, \"Just Dance\", with local songwriters, Jonas and Jeanette von der Burg, which was issued on Four on the Floor Records in May. The actual release of the single however, was ultimately cancelled. On 20 November an Italian duo of DJ-producers, Jack & Joy (aka Max Bondino and Luca Loi) issued their single, \"We Are the Stars\" featuring Gauci, on Adaptor Recordings. In July Gauci released her second studio album, a jazz effort, Ha Ha Ha, on The Gauch Records. In September she released an alternative-electronic EP, Elektrik Field. In August 2017 she stated that she would release several EP:s, \"over the coming months\". In 2020 she was a contestant in the ninth season of The Voice (Australian TV series)], with the audition song \"The Greatest\" and choose team Guy. Gauci was eliminated in the battle rounds. In October 2021, Gauci released \"Pictures of Mars\", the lead single from her album of the same name, which is set for release in 2022. On 28 March 2009 Gauci married Hamish Cowan, the lead singer of art rock band, Cordrazine. Gauci provided backing vocals for \"Some Day We'll All Come Together\" on Cordrazine's second album, Always Coming Down (August 2010). Cowan declared \"I would love to do a duet with her, she inspires me and is my muse... Nat's passion and unwillingness to compromise her art and vision keeps me focused and betters me in every way.\" The couple separated in March 2011 with Gauci announcing in June, \"I married Hamish and he was really supportive and encouraging. He gave me confidence and courage to pursue what I wanted, and not what others wanted ... We had a strong and passionate relationship. Very intense. It didn't work out the way we planned ... Hamish and I have separated and decided not to get back together\". Gauci's jazz album, Ha Ha Ha (July 2012), deals with the relationship, Sunday Herald Sun's Nui Te Koha reported that it would \"detail Gauci's personal and professional highs and lows, including a split from her husband of two years\". During the marriage (2009\u201311) she used the name Natalie Cowan. Gauci had worked as a personal trainer for Australian Idol judge, Ian \"Dicko\" Dickson during 2009\u201310. \"'When I Left You' at APRA search engine\". Australasian Performing Right Association (APRA). Archived from the original on 8 April 2014. Retrieved 3 April 2013. True, Chris. \"Natalie Gauci > Overview\". Allmusic. (All Media Guide). Retrieved 14 April 2008. Mifsud, Jennifer (10 December 2007). \"Down-to-earth Singer Living Life of the Stars\". The Times. Malta: Allied Newspapers Limited. Retrieved 14 April 2008. \"Melbourne's Natalie Gauci Ready for Australian Idol Final\". Herald Sun. News Corporation. 16 November 2007. Archived from the original on 12 February 2009. Retrieved 17 August 2008. \"Natalie Gauci\". Music Theatre Australia. Retrieved 30 July 2012. Zuk, Tony. \"Ocean Girl: Episode Guide: Series 3: 'Episode 3:03 (29)'\". Australian Television Information Archive (Tony Zuk). Retrieved 4 April 2013. \"Natalie Gauci\". TV.com. Retrieved 4 April 2013. Adams, Cameron (13 December 2007). \"Australian Idol Natalie Gauci Tuned in for Success\". Herald Sun. News Corporation. Archived from the original on 19 December 2007. Retrieved 14 April 2008. Take It or Leave It (EP liner notes). Gauci, Natalie. 2006.CS1 maint: others in cite AV media (notes) (link) \"Natalie Gauci\". Unearthed. Triple J. Retrieved 14 April 2008. Gauci, Natalie. \"Biography\". Natalie Gauci Official Website. Archived from the original on 4 February 2007. Retrieved 2 March 2016. \"Natalie Gauci\". Destra Media. National Library of Australia. Retrieved 3 April 2013. \"Performing Arts Staff and Students\". Academy of Mary Immaculate. Archived from the original on 20 July 2008. Retrieved 14 April 2008. \"'Free Falling' at APRA search engine\". Australasian Performing Right Association (APRA). Retrieved 3 April 2013.[dead link] Staff Writers (4 September 2007). \"Wildcard Entrants Complete Australian Idol Top 12\". news.com.au. (News Corporation). Archived from the original on 12 February 2009. Retrieved 29 September 2008. \"Best Birthday Gift for Idol Winner\". The Courier-Mail. Queensland Newspapers (News Corporation). 26 November 2007. Archived from the original on 11 February 2009. Retrieved 4 April 2013. \"'Here I Am' at APRA search engine\". Australasian Performing Right Association (APRA). Retrieved 4 April 2013. Adamson, Kate (18 November 2007). \"Idol Single a Dud\". The Daily Telegraph. News Corporation. Archived from the original on 12 February 2009. Retrieved 30 September 2008. Savage, Jay (18 November 2007). \"Idol Finalists Pan Winner's Single\". ninemsn. Archived from the original on 11 February 2009. Retrieved 4 April 2013. \"Crowd Gathering at Opera House for Idol Final\". news.com.au (News Corporation). Australian Associated Press (AAP). 25 November 2007. Archived from the original on 12 February 2009. Retrieved 4 April 2013. \"Natalie Gauci's Idol Search for Lost Love\". The Courier-Mail. News Corporation. 9 December 2007. Archived from the original on 11 February 2009. Retrieved 4 April 2013. \"'All in My Mind' at APRA search engine\". Australasian Performing Right Association (APRA). Retrieved 5 April 2013. \"Discography Natalie Gauci\". australian-charts.com. Hung Medien. Retrieved 6 January 2011. Cashmere, Paul (3 December 2007). \"Australia Has Spoken, Idol Sales a Disaster\". Undercover (Paul Cashmere, Ros O'Gorman). Archived from the original on 11 February 2009. Retrieved 4 April 2013. \"The Winner's Journey \u2013 Natalie Gauci \u2013 Album\". iTunes Store. (Apple Inc). Retrieved 15 December 2010. \"Australian Idol winner Natalie Gauci's Poor Sales\". Herald Sun. News Limited (News Corporation). Retrieved 15 December 2010. Hung, Steffen. \"Natalie Gauci \u2013 The Winner's Journey\". Australian Charts Portal (Hung Medien). Retrieved 4 April 2013. Cashmere, Paul (17 December 2007). \"Idol Album Fizzes\". Undercover (Paul Cashmere, Ros O'Gorman. Archived from the original on 24 October 2009. Retrieved 4 April 2013. Turner, Tonya (29 December 2007). \"Natalie Gauci is a Realistic Australian Idol\". The Courier-Mail. News Corporation. Retrieved 3 October 2008. \"Australian Idol - The Final Two: Natalie Gauci/ Matt Corby @ EzyDVD\". EzyDVD. Archived from the original on 26 September 2008. Retrieved 15 December 2010. \"Australian Idol Natalie Gauci Goes Her Own Way, Parts with Sony\". Herald Sun. The Herald and Weekly Times (News Corporation). Retrieved 15 December 2010. \"Idol Natalie doing it her way\". Herald Sun. The Herald and Weekly Times (News Corporation). 27 November 2010. Retrieved 29 November 2010. Reines, Ros; Christie, Joel; Harris, Amy; Moran, Jonathon; Halliwell, Elle; Sharp, Annette (29 January 2010). \"Natalie Gauci's Single About to Drop, Two Years After Australian Idol\". Sydney Confidential. The Daily Telegraph. News Limited (News Corporation). Retrieved 7 February 2010. \"2009/10 - Sorry Shoes Records, Radio Shows, Events & Mixed Media Artists\". Sorry Shoes. 2017. Retrieved 17 July 2017. \"'Without You' \u2013 Single \u2013 Natalie Gauci\". iTunes Store. (Apple Inc). Archived from the original on 10 November 2012. Retrieved 29 November 2010. Davies, Rebecca (12 December 2010). \"Ex Idol winner launches new dance act\". Digital Spy. Digital Spy Limited. Retrieved 15 December 2010. \"'Dreamer' (Radio Edits) \u2013 Single \u2013 Tune in Tokyo\". iTunes Store. Apple Inc. Retrieved 14 December 2010. McCabe, Kathy (12 December 2010). \"Former Idol winner Natalie Gauci relaunches career in Tune in Tokyo\". News.com.au. News Limited. Retrieved 15 December 2010. \"'Dreamer' at APRA search engine\". Australasian Performing Right Association (APRA). Retrieved 5 April 2013. \"'Ray of Love' (Remixes): Tune in Tokyo\". Amazon.com. 13 April 2012. Retrieved 5 April 2013.[dead link] Chin, Talitha (5 October 2012). \"More Bang for Your Buck: Australian Idol Natalie Gauci Offers Music Lessons in London\". Cultural Economist. Talitha Chin. \"Chiswick Theatre Arts Open Day\". Chiswick. 29 August 2012. Retrieved 2 March 2016. Lambie, Paige (28 October 2015). \"Interview: Natalie Gauci\". T'hud. Retrieved 2 March 2016. \"27. Nellie Bell Showcase\". Aus & NZ Festival Program 2015. May 2015. p.\u00a017. Retrieved 2 March 2016. Bayliss, Marc Calleja (4 May 2012). \"Natalie Gauci Releasing New Single in Malta\". Esc Flash Malta. Marc Calleja Bayliss. Retrieved 5 April 2013. \"'Just Dance' at APRA search engine\". Australasian Performing Right Association (APRA). Retrieved 5 April 2013. \"'We Are the Stars' (Original Album) \u2013 Single \u2013 Jack & Joy ft Natalie Gauci\". iTunes Store (Apple Inc). Retrieved 20 November 2012. Te Koha, Nui (12 June 2011). \"Natalie Gauci Laughing It Off\". Sunday Herald Sun. News Corporation. Retrieved 3 April 2013. Chris (16 August 2012). \"Natalie Gauci \u2013 Ha Ha Ha Album Review\". Parx-e Web Zine. Clear Springs Entertainment. Retrieved 5 April 2013. \"Elektrik Field \u2013 Natalie Gauci \u2013 Album\". iTunes Store. (Apple Inc). Retrieved 5 April 2013. \"Idol Gauci is back on song\". Retrieved 28 August 2017. \"Natalie Gauci Wears The David Bowie Spacesuit for Blackstar for Her \"Pictures of Mars\" Video\". 5 October 2021. Retrieved 9 October 2021. \"Natalie Gauci's single about to drop, two years after Australian Idol\". News.com.au. News Limited. Archived from the original on 6 September 2012. Retrieved 16 December 2010. \"Natalie Gauci, Hamish Cowan Don't Sing at Their Wedding\". The Daily Telegraph. News Corporation. 30 March 2009. Retrieved 3 April 2013. \"Always Coming Down Cordrazine Come Back\". Living in the Land of Oz. 11 August 2010. Retrieved 2 March 2016. Moran, Jonathon (6 February 2010). \"Dicko sheds his moobs and beergut\". The Daily Telegraph (Sydney). Retrieved 17 July 2017. Moran, Jonathon (6 February 2010). \"Ian \"Dicko\" Dickson drops 16\u00a0kg in six months with Jen4Men\". The Courier-Mail. Queensland Newspapers. Archived from the original on 14 June 2012. Retrieved 15 December 2010. \"ARIA Charts - Accreditations - 2007 Albums\". Australian Recording Industry Association (ARIA). Retrieved 16 December 2010. \"Happiness by Natalie Gauci\". Apple Music. 24 April 2020. Retrieved 9 October 2021. \"ARIA Charts - Accreditations - 2007 Singles\". Australian Recording Industry Association (ARIA). Retrieved 16 December 2010. Music portal Australia portal Official website Natalie Gauci at IMDb"
   },
   {
    "name": "Antun Kovacic",
    "id": "Q610016",
    "text": "Antun Kovacic (born 10 July 1981) is a former Australian footballer. Melbourne Victory recruited Kovacic from Oakleigh Cannons as a short-term replacement for the injured Daniel Piorkowski towards the end of the 06/07 season, featuring in two games. He also played for several years in the now defunct National Soccer League with the Melbourne Knights. In June, 2008 Kovacic began trialling with the Newcastle Jets and impressed in two pre-season games, including one against the Central Coast Mariners. In early July Kovacic signed with the Newcastle Jets on a two-year deal to bolster their defence. In March, 2009, Kovacic moved to Ulsan Hyundai Horang-i to take up the club's '3+1' ACL roster spot. He returned to Australia for one season, helping Richmond Eagles to the Victorian Premier League Premiership and Grand Final in 2010. In February 2014, Kova\u010di\u0107 returned to the Melbourne Knights. With the Knights, he won the Dockerty Cup, helping the club to their first piece of silverware in 18 years. At the end of the season, Kovacic retired from competitive football. Kovacic on trial to fill Newcastle defensive hole Archived 20 June 2008 at the Wayback Machine Jets keen on Kovacic but search for strikers continues Archived 16 August 2008 at the Wayback Machine Leeson, Josh (7 July 2008). \"Newcastle preparing to unleash Joel, Jade\". The Newcastle Herald. Archived from the original on 15 August 2008. Retrieved 2008-07-08. \uc6b8\uc0b0, \ub9c8\ucf00\ub3c4\ub2c8\uc544-\ud638\uc8fc \uc6a9\ubcd1 \uc601\uc785...'3+1' \ub9c8\ubb34\ub9ac (in Korean). Osen sports. 5 March 2009. Retrieved 5 March 2009.[permanent dead link] http://www.melbourneknights.com.au/news/club-news/kovacic-returns-to-knights-stadium/ Antun Kovacic \u2013 K League stats at kleague.com (in Korean) profile at newcastlejets.com.au"
   },
   {
    "name": "Havana Brown",
    "id": "Q610701",
    "text": "Havana Brown or DJ Havana Brown (born Angelique Frances Meunier; 14 February 1985) is a Mauritian\u2013Australian DJ, singer, recording artist, record producer, songwriter and dancer. In 2008, Brown signed with Island Records Australia as a DJ for the record company, and began releasing her Crave compilation album series, which featured remixes of songs from other artists. This led to her touring with international artists, including Britney Spears, Rihanna, the Pussycat Dolls, Chris Brown and Enrique Iglesias. Brown made her debut as a recording artist in 2011, with the single \"We Run the Night\", which reached number five on the Australian ARIA Singles Chart and was certified triple platinum by the Australian Recording Industry Association (ARIA). The single earned Brown two ARIA Music Award nominations for Breakthrough Artist Single and Highest Selling Single. Following this success, Brown signed a US record deal with Universal Republic via producer RedOne's label 2101 Records. A remix of \"We Run the Night\", featuring American rapper Pitbull, was produced by RedOne and released in the United States. It reached number one on the US Hot Dance Club Songs chart and number 26 on the US Billboard Hot 100 chart. The remix was included on Brown's first EP, When the Lights Go Out, which was released in July 2012. Brown was also one of the contestants in the second season of the Australian version of the TV series I'm a Celebrity...Get Me Out of Here! in 2016, where she came 6th. Brown has been engaged to her Manager Vince Deltito since 2015. Deltito was a child star on Australian variety program Young Talent Time for six years from the age of 11. Brown was born in Melbourne, Australia to Mauritian parents of French descent from the island of Rodrigues and grew in both Australia and Rodrigues, which she used to visit frequently. Before she started to DJ, she was signed to a record label in the United Kingdom with a group called Fishbowl. They were about to release their first single under the label, but the group fell apart and Brown turned to DJing. She then began performing at venues around Melbourne and worked with promotions around Australia. In 2008, Brown signed to Island Records Australia, after being approached by a boss of the label, who asked her if she was interested in doing a compilation album. She has since been releasing her Crave compilation series through the label. In October 2008, Brown supported Rihanna on the Australian leg of her Good Girl Gone Bad Tour. In May 2009, she served as a support act for the Pussycat Dolls during the Australian leg of their Doll Domination Tour. Brown also supported Britney Spears during the European leg of her 2009 Circus Tour. She earned the same support role for the Australian leg of the tour in November 2009. Since December 2009, Brown has provided mixes every Saturday night on Party People, a radio show which broadcasts across Australia by the Today Network. In April 2011, Brown was a supporting act for Chris Brown's Australian leg of his F.A.M.E. Tour. On 29 April 2011, Brown released her debut single \"We Run the Night\", which was written and produced by Cassie Davis and Snob Scrilla of the production duo More Mega. The song peaked at number five on the ARIA Singles Chart and was certified triple platinum by the Australian Recording Industry Association (ARIA), for selling 210,000 copies. On 4 September 2011, Brown told The Daily Telegraph that she had signed a US recording contract with Universal Republic Records via producer RedOne's label 2101 Records. The official remix of \"We Run the Night\", featuring additional production by RedOne and a rap verse by American rapper Pitbull, was released in the United States on 27 September 2011. It peaked at number one on the US Hot Dance Club Songs chart. Brown's second single \"Get It\" was released on 9 September 2011, and peaked at number 38 on the ARIA Singles Chart. On 20 April 2012, Brown released a promotional single titled \"City of Darkness\". Brown's debut EP When the Lights Go Out was released on 17 July 2012. The Australian version of the EP included five new songs, while the US version included the RedOne remix of \"We Run the Night\". On 18 July 2012, she appeared as a musical guest on America's Got Talent. In August 2012, Brown became a supporting act, alongside Timomatic and Taio Cruz, for Pitbull's Australian leg of his Planet Pit World Tour. Brown represented Australia at the first ABU TV Song Festival 2012, which took place at the KBS Concert Hall in Seoul, South Korea on 14 October 2012. \"Big Banana\", featuring R3hab and Prophet of 7Lions, was released as the third single from When the Lights Go Out on 4 December 2012. It was Brown's second single to peak at number one on the US Hot Dance Club Songs chart. It also peaked at number 15 on the US Dance/Electronic Songs chart. In Australia, \"Big Banana\" peaked at number 18 on the ARIA Singles Chart, and at number 2 on the ARIA Dance Singles Chart. The song was certified gold by the Australian Recording Industry Association (ARIA), denoting sales of 70,000 copies. \"Spread a Little Love\" was released as the fourth single from the EP but failed to chart. Brown's debut studio album Flashing Lights was released on 11\u00a0October\u00a02013, which debuted at number\u00a0six on the ARIA Albums Chart. It features collaborations with RedOne, R3hab, Cassie Davis, Snob Scrilla and Afrojack. Flashing Lights also features previously released tracks \"We Run the Night\", \"Big Banana\" and \"You'll Be Mine\". The album was in the process of creation from 2011 when she released \"We Run the Night\", which sold over one million copies in the United States and charted across the globe. Brown spent 2012 and 2013 primarily based in the U.S. working on the album. The lead single \"Flashing Lights\" was released on 23\u00a0August\u00a02013 and peaked at number\u00a068 on the ARIA Singles Chart. \"Flashing Lights\" peaked at number one on the Hot Dance Club Songs chart marking her third number one in the US on that chart. The second single \"Warrior\" was released on 27\u00a0September\u00a02013, debuted at number\u00a032 before peaking at number\u00a011 and was certified platinum for sales of over 70,000 copies. On 14\u00a0October\u00a02013, Brown performed \"Warrior\" on season five of The X Factor Australia. On 27 March 2014, Brown released the single \"Whatever We Want\", which peaked at number 35 on the ARIA Singles Chart. Brown's next single \"Better Not Said\" was released on 9\u00a0September\u00a02014, and peaked at number 79. In January 2015, she released her eleventh lead single \"No Ordinary Love\", which is a dance version of Sade's song of the same name. On 24 July 2015, Brown released her new single entitled \"Battle Cry\", featuring guest vocals from Bebe Rexha and Savi. Brown claimed Janet Jackson as her biggest influence, stating \"she's my idol\" and \"I want to be Janet Jackson! But the DJ-slash-Janet Jackson\u2014I want to be able to put on big shows, I want dancers, I want fireworks, I want it all.\" Studio albums Flashing Lights (2013) EPs When the Lights Go Out (2012) Headlining Oz Tour (2013\u201314) Supporting act Rihanna's Good Girl Gone Bad Tour: Australian leg (2008) The Pussycat Dolls Doll Domination Tour: Australian leg (2009) Britney Spears's Circus Tour: Europe and Australia legs (select dates) (2009) Chris Brown's F.A.M.E. 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   },
   {
    "name": "Cecilia Dart-Thornton",
    "id": "Q610771",
    "text": "Cecilia Dart-Thornton is an Australian author of fantasy novels, notably the Bitterbynde Trilogy. The Bitterbynde Trilogy follows the journey of a mute, amnesiac foundling through a world of beauty and peril. The Ill-Made Mute (2001) The Lady of the Sorrows (2002) The Battle of Evernight (2003) A four-part epic fantasy describing the adventures that befall a cursed and gifted family. The Iron Tree (2005) The Well of Tears (2005) Weatherwitch (2006) Fallowblade (2007) Long the Clouds Are Over Me Tonight (Published in the anthology Emerald Magic: Great Tales of Irish Fantasy; Tor Books, 2004) The Stolen Swanmaiden (Published in Australian Women's Weekly, September 2005) The Lanes of Camberwell (Published by Harper Collins in the anthology Dreaming Again, 2008) The Enchanted (Published by Harper Collins in the anthology Legends of Australian Fantasy, 2010) Emerald Magic Archived November 13, 2005, at the Wayback Machine Australian Women\u2019s Weekly Archived July 20, 2006, at the Wayback Machine Harper Collins Archived 2008-07-21 at the Wayback Machine The Enchanted at HarperCollins. Accessed 12 August 2015 Official website Bibliography at Fantastic Fiction Cecilia Dart-Thornton at the Internet Speculative Fiction Database Cecilia Dart-Thornton at Library of Congress Authorities, with 7 catalogue records"
   },
   {
    "name": "Kirstie Marshall",
    "id": "Q612417",
    "text": "Kirstie Claire Marshall, OAM (born 21 April 1969) is an Australian aerial skier and Victorian state politician. Marshall was an ex-gymnast who became an aerial skier at Mount Buller, Victoria. During her skiing career Marshall won over 40 World Cup medals, including 17 World Cup gold medals. Marshall competed in aerial skiing as a demonstration sport at the 1992 Albertville Winter Olympics, and as a medal event at the 1994 Lillehammer and 1998 Nagano games, where she came sixth and fourteenth, respectively. In December 2002, aged 33, Marshall was elected as a Member of Parliament in the Victorian Legislative Assembly for the Labor Party. On 26 February 2003, she was ejected from the Lower House chamber for breastfeeding her 11-day-old baby, Charlotte Louise. A section of the Parliamentary rules, namely Standing Order 30, states: \"Unless by order of the House, no Member of this House shall presume to bring any stranger into any part of the House appropriated to the Members of this House while the House, or a Committee of the whole House, is sitting.\" As there is no age limit to 'strangers in the House' (non-elected persons), only MPs and certain parliamentary staff are allowed in the House during sitting times. Subsequently, the Speaker of the House set aside a room in which female MPs can feed their children without violating the Standing Orders. Marshall was born in Melbourne on 21 April 1969 and grew up in the Melbourne suburb of Black Rock with parents, Ron and Anne, older sister, Sascha and younger brother, Carey. She attended Black Rock Primary school (Prep - Yr 6), then Mentone Girls High School (now Mentone Secondary College) before transferring to Firbank Girls' Grammar School in Yr 9. She moved to Taylors College for year 12. Marshall, along with her siblings, started skiing from the age of 4 at the Mount Baw Baw ski resort in Victoria, Australia. In 1981 the family became regular skiers at the Mount Buller ski resort, one of the largest ski resorts in Victoria. In 1987 she joined Team Buller, a Freestyle ski team run by Geoff Lipshut, Peter Braun, Eyal Talmore, Tim Skate and David Freedman based on Mount Buller. The creation of a skier-exchange program for Freestyle Aerialists saw three Japanese skiers spend the 1987 winter in Mount Buller one of whom, Takayo Yokoyama, was nearing the end of his career and was interested in becoming an International coach. With little prospects in his native country, the chance meeting in Australia saw Marshall being offered a four-month scholarship in Inawashiro, Listel Ski Fantasia, the center for Freestyle Skiing in Japan, with Takayo as her coach. Following the 1988 Australian Freestyle competition where she placed first, Marshall decided to follow the European winter and compete on the four-month World Cup Season. Sponsored by a Melbourne-based travel company, she headed overseas as the only Australian representative in either Aerials, Moguls or Ballet (Acrobatics). While not truly competitive with her single back layout and single front tuck, she completed her rookie season finishing in 10th position, at that time one of the highest placing by an Australian winter athlete, male or female, in any winter sport other than Lyn Gross (La Clusaz World Cup Aerials). Malcolm Milne (World Cup Downhill) Steve Lee (World Cup Downhill) Zali Steggall (World Cup Slalom). In 1990 Marshall won her first World Cup event. In 1992, she was crowned World Champion, with six World Cup victories, and competed in aerial skiing as a demonstration sport at the 1992 Albertville Winter Olympics. She was Australia's flag bearer at the 1994 Lillehammer Winter Olympics, where she was placed sixth in the women's aerial skiing event \u2013 the nation's best Olympic result at the time. She also competed in the 1998 Nagano Winter Olympics. Marshall set several world records over the course of her skiing career, including becoming the first woman in history to score over 100 points on a single competition jump, with a score of 104.37. Her 17th career World Cup gold medal in 1998 tied her for the all-time record for career World Cup aerial victories with Canadian skier Marie Claude Asselin, who retired in 1984. She has been a board member of the Olympic Winter Institute of Australia since her retirement from skiing. Marshall discovered current Australian aerial skier, David Morris, while attending a gymnastics display at his local club, which is within her electorate of Forest Hill. On 3 September 2002, Victorian State Premier Steve Bracks announced that Marshall had been nominated for preselection as a Labor candidate in the Victorian state seat of Forest Hill. In the election that followed, she won the seat of Forest Hill with a swing of more than 10%. On 27 February 2003, twelve days after giving birth to her first child, daughter Charlotte Louise, Marshall attended the first sitting of parliament following the 2002 election. When official proceedings commenced whilst she was still breastfeeding her newborn, the Speaker of the House ejected Charlotte (and therefore her mother) from the chamber as \"only MPs and certain parliamentary staff are allowed in the House during sitting times\". The controversy that followed was headline news and led to widespread debate in the community regarding the merits of women breastfeeding in public or at workplaces. Marshall was re-elected for the seat of Forest Hill in the 2006 state election. She lost her seat in 2010, with local residents citing her choice to live in Richmond rather than the electorate and media reportage of avoiding interviews as key reasons. A statement issued by her office on election day stated \"Kirstie will not be doing any interviews today or tonight. She will not be having any (photo) shots done during the day or at her function tonight.\" Marshall received an Australian Sports Medal in 2000 and a Medal of the Order of Australia in 2003. She was inducted into the Sport Australia Hall of Fame in 2010. \"Marshall, Kirstie Claire, OAM\". It's an Honour. Archived from the original on 2 November 2013. Retrieved 31 October 2013. Evans, Hilary; Gjerde, Arild; Heijmans, Jeroen; Mallon, Bill; et\u00a0al. \"Kirstie Marshall\". Olympics at Sports-Reference.com. Sports Reference LLC. Archived from the original on 3 August 2009. Retrieved 24 September 2020. Australian Broadcasting Corporation: Victorian MP and baby ejected from House Archived 11 March 2007 at the Wayback Machine \"Kirstie Marshall\". Sport Australia Hall of Fame. Retrieved 25 September 2020. The Age Newspaper: Charlotte makes a meal of question time[1] Archived 30 October 2007 at the Wayback Machine Parliament of Australia: Representatives \"Archived copy\" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 11 June 2007. Retrieved 16 June 2007.CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link) The Age:Sinking feeling has Marshall turning camera shy Archived 30 November 2010 at the Wayback Machine Herald Sun:Olympian Kirstie crashes in poll Archived 24 September 2020 at the Wayback Machine \"Marshall, Kirstie: Australian Sports Medal\". It's an Honour. Archived from the original on 2 November 2013. Retrieved 31 October 2013. Kirstie Marshall at the International Ski Federation Kirstie Marshall at the International Olympic Committee Kirstie Marshall at the Australian Olympic Committee Kirstie Marshall at the Sport Australia Hall of Fame Kirstie Marshall at Olympedia"
   },
   {
    "name": "John Stillwell",
    "id": "Q616266",
    "text": "John Colin Stillwell (born 1942) is an Australian mathematician on the faculties of the University of San Francisco and Monash University. He was born in Melbourne, Australia and lived there until he went to the Massachusetts Institute of Technology for his doctorate. He received his PhD from MIT in 1970, working under Hartley Rogers, Jr who had himself worked under Alonzo Church. From 1970 until 2001 he taught at Monash University back in Australia and in 2002 began teaching in San Francisco. In 2005, Stillwell was the recipient of the Mathematical Association of America's prestigious Chauvenet Prize for his article \u201cThe Story of the 120-Cell,\u201d Notices of the AMS, January 2001, pp.\u00a017\u201324. In 2012 he became a fellow of the American Mathematical Society. Stillwell is the author of many textbooks and other books on mathematics including: Classical Topology and Combinatorial Group Theory, 1980, ISBN\u00a00-387-97970-0 Mathematics and Its History, 1989, 3rd edition 2010, ISBN\u00a00-387-95336-1 Geometry of Surfaces, 1992, ISBN\u00a00-387-97743-0 Elements of Algebra: Geometry, Numbers, Equations, 1994, ISBN\u00a00-387-94290-4 Numbers and Geometry, 1998, ISBN\u00a00-387-98289-2 Elements of Number Theory, 2003, ISBN\u00a00-387-95587-9 The Four Pillars of Geometry, 2005, ISBN\u00a00-387-25530-3 Yearning for the Impossible: The Surprising Truths of Mathematics, 2006, ISBN\u00a01-56881-254-X Naive Lie Theory, 2008, ISBN\u00a00-387-98289-2 Roads to Infinity, 2010, ISBN\u00a0978-1-56881-466-7 The Real Numbers: An Introduction to Set Theory and Analysis, 2013, ISBN\u00a0978-3319015767 Elements of Mathematics: From Euclid to Godel, 2016, ISBN\u00a0978-0691171685 Reverse Mathematics: Proofs from the Inside Out, 2018, ISBN\u00a0978-0691177175 Stillwell, John (1982). \"The word problem and the isomorphism problem for groups\". Bulletin of the American Mathematical Society. (N.S.). 6 (1): 33\u201356. doi:10.1090/s0273-0979-1982-14963-1. MR\u00a00634433. Stillwell, John (1983). \"Efficient computations in groups and simplicial complexes\". Transactions of the American Mathematical Society. 276 (2): 715\u2013727. doi:10.1090/s0002-9947-1983-0688973-8. MR\u00a00688973. Lenard, Andrew; Stillwell, John (1983). \"An algorithmically unsolvable problem in analysis\". Proceedings of the American Mathematical Society. 88 (1): 129\u2013130. doi:10.1090/s0002-9939-1983-0691292-2. MR\u00a00691292. Stillwell, John (1987). \"The occurrence problem for mapping class groups\". Proceedings of the American Mathematical Society. 101 (3): 411\u2013416. doi:10.1090/s0002-9939-1987-0908639-5. MR\u00a00908639. Stillwell, John (2012). \"Poincar\u00e9 and the early history of 3-manifolds\" (PDF). Bulletin of the American Mathematical Society. (N.S.). 49 (4): 555\u2013576. doi:10.1090/s0273-0979-2012-01385-x. Profile at University of San Francisco Archived 2010-09-29 at the Wayback Machine Mathematics Genealogy Project Mathematics Genealogy Project Story of the 120-Cell MAA awards page List of Fellows of the American Mathematical Society, retrieved 2013-08-05. Freudenburg, Gene (1996-01-01). \"Review of Elements of Algebra\". The American Mathematical Monthly. 103 (2): 186\u2013189. doi:10.2307/2975124. JSTOR\u00a02975124. Hunacek, Mark (2007-01-01). \"Review of The Four Pillars of Geometry\". The Mathematical Gazette. 91 (521): 375\u2013378. doi:10.1017/S0025557200181951. JSTOR\u00a040378384. Biss, Daniel (June\u2013July 2007). \"Review: Yearning for the Impossible, by John Stillwell\" (PDF). Notices of the AMS. 54 (6): 722\u2013723."
   },
   {
    "name": "Daniel Greig",
    "id": "Q616882",
    "text": "Daniel Greig (born 13 March 1991) is an Australian speed skater. He was selected for Australia as a speed skater during the 2014 Winter Olympics for the men's 500, 1000 and 1500 m events. During the 2014 World Sprint Speed Skating Championships he won a bronze medal. Greig is Australia's best speed skater, currently holding records in the 500m, 1000m and 1500m events. Greig's formative years were spent as a world class inline skater. At age 17 he began taking the steps to make the Olympics and moved to the Netherlands to learn how to skate on ice. In 2013 Greig showed his rapid progression in the sport with a strong series of finishes before capping it off in 2014 with a bronze medal at the World Championships in Nagano and competing in the Sochi Winter Olympics. He currently holds the Australian national record for the 500 and 1000 m. Grieg studied a Bachelor of Mechanical Engineering (Honours) at Deakin University. Evans, Hilary; Gjerde, Arild; Heijmans, Jeroen; Mallon, Bill; et\u00a0al. \"Daniel Greig\". Olympics at Sports-Reference.com. Sports Reference LLC. Archived from the original on 18 April 2020. Retrieved 16 January 2020. \"Daniel Greig\". Olympics.com.au. Retrieved 11 January 2014. \"Elite Athlete Program Profiles\". Deakin University. Retrieved 10 August 2020. Daniel Greig at the International Skating Union Daniel Greig at the International Olympic Committee Daniel Greig at the Australian Olympic Committee Daniel Greig at Olympics.com v t e"
   },
   {
    "name": "Jenna O'Hea",
    "id": "Q622730",
    "text": "Jenna O'Hea (born 6 June 1987) is an Australian professional basketball player who currently plays for the Southside Flyers in the Women's National Basketball League (WNBL). O'Hea is also currently the captain of Australia's national team, the Opals. O'Hea was the captain of the Australian Women's basketball team (Opals) at the 2020 Tokyo Olympics. The Opals were eliminated after losing to the USA in the quarterfinals. O'Hea played for the Nunawading Spectres at junior level, and represented her home state of Victoria at the U16, U18 and U20 levels. She played for Victoria Metro in the Australian under-16 championships in 2001 and 2002, and at the Australian under-18 Championships in 2003. She also represented Victoria in netball at the U16 Championships in New Zealand. In 2003, O'Hea was awarded a scholarship with the Australian Institute of Sport (AIS), earning the Betty Watson Rookie of the Year Award. She had 19 caps with the Australian U19 Gems team in 2003, 2004 and 2005, and was a member of the team that won a gold medal in the Oceania World Qualification Series in 2004. but missed the World Championship through injury. She had 17 caps with the Australian U21 Sapphires, which she led in scoring at the 2007 World Championships in Russia, netting 132 points in eight games to average 16.5 per game which was also fourth best in the tournament. She averaged 5.3 rebounds and 3.4 assists per game. The team won the silver medal. O'Hea played part of the 2005 season with the Australian Institute of Sport team in the Women's National Basketball League (WNBL), before joining the Dandenong Rangers for the 2005/2006 season, in which her team were runners up. She averaged 5.1 points per game and 2.8 rebounds per game this season, but had to deal with a foot injury. In the 2006/2007 season she played in the forward position for the Rangers. She avoided training during the early part of so as not to aggravate a foot injury. Nonetheless, in the first seven games of the season, she averaged 21.8 points and 5.6 rebounds per game. In one game against Bulleen, she scored 28 points. In those seven games, she only shot under 20 points only two times. Her team lost only in the two games she did not play. That season, she was coached by Gary Fox. In the team's 66\u201361 preliminary loss to the Adelaide Lightning, O'Hea scored 28 points and had a field goal percentage of 55%. She led the game in scoring. She was with the Bendigo Spirit for the 2007/2008 season, and then played her first season with the Bulleen Boomers in 2009/2010. The Boomers were runners-up in the WNBL Grand Finals. She was described as a rising star in the WNBL in August 2010 by the Australian Broadcasting Corporation. For most of the 2010/2011 season, she dealt with two injuries, the first of which left her on the bench for four weeks. Her second was a knee injury. She finished the season with an average of 12 points per game, 4 rebounds and 5 assists per game. The Boomers won the championship that season and she was named to the WNBL All-Star Five. She played for the Dandenong Rangers in 2011/2012, again helping her team to win the WNBL's championship. She played for the Dandengong Rangers again in 2012, and re-signed with the team in May 2012 for the 2012/2013 season. She played in France in 2008/2009 with Arras Pays d'Artois Basket F\u00e9minin in the F\u00e9d\u00e9ration Fran\u00e7aise de Basket-Ball, and in the American Women's National Basketball Association (WNBA) for the Los Angeles Sparks in the 2011\u20132013 seasons, before being traded to the Seattle Storm for the 2014 season. Play media In March 2007, O'Hea was named to the national team what would prepare for the 2008 Summer Olympics. She participated in a week-long training camp with the national team in Canberra in late March and early April 2008, but did not make her Opals debut until 2009. She was named in the 2010 Opals World Championship Squad. In mid-2010, she participated in a tour of China, USA and Hungary, and in 2010, was a member of the senior women's national team that competed at the World Championships in the Czech Republic. She missed the Olympic qualification series in July 2011 because of WNBA commitments, but was named to the 2012 team. In February 2012, she was named to a short list of 24 eligible players to represent Australia at the 2012 London Olympics. Opals teammate Lauren Jackson named O'Hea and Belinda Snell as players who would step up after Penny Taylor was injured and ruled out for London. O'Hea participated in the national team training camp held from 14 to 18 May 2012 at the Australian Institute of Sport. The local paper expected that she would be an Olympic starter in the 2012 Games. Opal players who make the team wear Dunlop Volleys shoes, which are highly coveted by O'Hea. In early May 2012, O'Hea and several of her national team teammates did a strength conditioning effort in the lead up to the mid-May training camp. O'Hea, like all the other members of the 2020 Tokyo Olympics Opals women's basketball team, had a difficult tournament. The Opals lost their first two group stage matches. They looked flat against Belgium and then lost to China in heartbreaking circumstances. In their last group match the Opals needed to beat Puerto Rico by 25 or more in their final match to progress. This they did by 27 in a very exciting match. However, they lost to the USA in their quarterfinal 79 to 55. Jenna O'Hea was born in Traralgon, Victoria on 6 June 1987, and was educated at Caulfield Grammar School in Melbourne, from which she graduated in 2006. She has two brothers, Matthew and Luke. Both have played basketball; Matt for the Melbourne Tigers, and her other and older brother Luke in Ireland. She is 185 centimetres (73\u00a0in) tall and weighs 79 kilograms (12\u00a0st 6\u00a0lb). Her best friend is Opals teammate Kathleen MacLeod. Sports portal List of Australian WNBA players List of Caulfield Grammar School people \"London 2012 \u2013 2012 Australian Opals squad named\". London2012.olympics.com.au. 16 February 2012. Archived from the original on 24 April 2012. Retrieved 2 May 2012. \"Jenna O'Hea\". london2012.olympics.com.au. Australian Olympic Committee. Retrieved 17 January 2014. \"Basketball O'HEA Jenna - Tokyo 2020 Olympics\". olympics.com. Retrieved 12 October 2021. \"Basketball Australia\u00a0: Jenna O'Hea\". Basketball.net.au. Retrieved 5 May 2012. \"Round 10 Preview\". SportsAustralia.com. 8 December 2006. Archived from the original on 12 March 2012. Retrieved 5 May 2012. Australian Institute of Sport; Basketball Australia (2011). AIS Basketball 2011. Canberra: Australian Sports Commission. p.\u00a060. This is a booklet published by the Australian Sport Commission, has a copyright notice on the page following the cover page. \"Past Athletes\u00a0: Australian Institute of Sport\u00a0: Australian Sports Commission\". Ausport.gov.au. Archived from the original on 12 February 2014. Retrieved 11 May 2012. Australian Institute of Sport; Basketball Australia (2011). AIS Basketball 2011. Canberra: Australian Sports Commission. p.\u00a049. This is a booklet published by the Australian Sport Commission, has a copyright notice on the page following the cover page. \"Dandenong Rangers: Jenna O'Hea\". WNBL.com.au. Archived from the original on 26 February 2011. Retrieved 11 May 2012. Australian Institute of Sport; Basketball Australia (2011). AIS Basketball 2011. Canberra: Australian Sports Commission. p.\u00a047. This is a booklet published by the Australian Sport Commission, has a copyright notice on the page following the cover page. \"O'Hea Puts Best Foot Forward\". Herald Sun. Retrieved 8 May 2012. \"Lightning strikes out Rangers | Star Dandenong | Star News Group Local News, Sport, Entertainment\". Starnewsgroup.com.au. 8 February 2007. Archived from the original on 30 December 2012. Retrieved 8 May 2012. Basketball Australia; Smith-Gander, Diane, eds. (2011). \"Bulleen Boomers\". IiNet WNBL Finals Series (2010/2011\u00a0ed.). WNBL: 4\u20135. Official Programme \"Jackson, Taylor to lead Opals into worlds \u2013 ABC News (Australian Broadcasting Corporation)\". Abc.net.au. 19 August 2010. Retrieved 8 May 2012. \"AUS \u2013 Opals announce training camp squad\". FIBA. Retrieved 6 May 2012. Ward, Roy (7 May 2012). \"WNBL: O'Hea to stay with Rangers \u2013 Local News \u2013 Sport \u2013 Basketball\". The Greater Dandenong Weekly. Archived from the original on 30 December 2012. Retrieved 11 May 2012. \"Rangers star O'Hea in form for London\". Theage.com.au. 5 May 2012. Retrieved 11 May 2012. \"O'Hea, Jenna\" (in French). Archived from the original on 19 April 2014. Retrieved 16 May 2012. \"Opals count down to Olympics\". Wwos.ninemsn.com.au. Archived from the original on 24 July 2011. Retrieved 8 May 2012. \"Sparks Sign Australian National Team Member Jenna O'Hea\". WNBA. Archived from the original on 9 January 2015. Retrieved 16 May 2012. \"Seattle Storm Completes Trade with Los Angeles\". WNBA. Retrieved 11 May 2014. \"Phillips keeps Opals place\". Adelaide Now. 12 March 2007. Retrieved 8 May 2012. \"Opals twelve for Beijing test selected\". SportsAustralia.com. 8 April 2008. Archived from the original on 19 December 2013. Retrieved 8 May 2012. \"Opals hit road for world title lead-up\". Wwos.ninemsn.com.au. Archived from the original on 22 July 2015. Retrieved 8 May 2012. Australian Institute of Sport; Basketball Australia (2011). AIS Basketball 2011. Canberra: Australian Sports Commission. p.\u00a045. This is a booklet published by the Australian Sport Commission, has a copyright notice on the page following the cover page. \"Basketball Australia\u00a0: 2012 Squad\". Basketball Australia. 2012. Retrieved 1 May 2012. \"Lauren Jackson says others must fill void left by injured Penny Taylor\". Daily Telegraph. 3 May 2012. Retrieved 5 May 2012. \"Australian Olympic Team for Tokyo 2021\". The Roar. Retrieved 14 October 2021. O'Hea, Jenna (12 May 2012). \"Jenna O'Hea's Olympic diary\". Herald-Sun. Retrieved 16 May 2012. Jenna O'Hea at FIBA Jenna O'Hea at Olympics at Sports-Reference.com (archived) WNBL profile WNBA profile Basketball Australia profile Jenna O'Hea's Olympic diary (2012 London Olympics blog in News Limited newspapers)"
   },
   {
    "name": "Rachel Jarry",
    "id": "Q622733",
    "text": "Rachel Jarry (born 6 December 1991) is an Australian professional basketball player for the Southside Flyers of the Women's National Basketball League (WNBL). She started playing basketball as a five-year-old and as a youngster in national competitions, she represented the state of Victoria. In Australia's WNBL, she has played for the Dandenong Rangers, the Australian Institute of Sport and the Melbourne Boomers. She was drafted by the WNBA's Atlanta Dream in 2011 and was traded to the Lynx on the same day. She has been a member of the Australia women's national basketball team on both the junior and senior level. Jarry was born on 6 December 1991 and grew up in Williamstown, Victoria. She is 186 centimetres (73\u00a0in) tall. Jarry went to a Canberra school in 2008 for Year 11. As a 19-year-old, she was described as the sports pinup girl of the western Melbourne, Australia suburbs. In 2012, when not playing basketball, she was attending university full-time. Jarry is a guard or forward and started playing basketball as a five-year-old. She currently trains five days a week, three of which are in the gym where she does weight training. She played junior basketball for the Altona Gators. Jarry represented Victoria in national competitions from 2006 to 2009, including at the 2006 Australian under-16 national championships. and for Victoria Metro at the 2007 and 2008 Australian under-18 national championships. At the 2007 competition in Tasmania, she was one of the youngest members of her team. She represented Victoria in their gold medal win at the Australian under-20 national championships in 2009. In 2010, Jarry was named the SEABL's Most Valuable Player as a member of the Ballarat Lady Miners. In 2007, Jarry was listed by Dandenong Rangers as a rookie for the WNBL team. Jarry was offered an AIS scholarship in November 2007 when she was 15 years old. She moved to Canberra in January 2008 in order to join the team. In her debut WNBL season for the AIS, Jarry averaged 11.1 points per game, 5.5 rebounds per game and shot 45.6 percent from the floor in 20 games. After graduating from the institute, she joined the reigning runners-up Bulleen Boomers as one of two graduates, the other being Elizabeth Cambage. In her first season with the Boomers, Jarry averaged 10.5 points and 5.9 rebounds off the bench in all 24 games, including the two playoff games. In her second season with Bulleen, Jarry was promoted to the starting-five in place of injured teammate, Hanna Zavecz. Midway through the season, she suffered a serious knee injury in a game versus the AIS and missed four games. Luckily, the injury was not a bad as first thought. Throughout the season, Jarry averaged 13.4 points and 5.8 rebounds in 20 games, including two playoff games. Jarry was an integral part of the Boomers first championship in franchise history. She was an AIS scholarship holder in 2008 and 2009, playing for the WNBL team in the 2008/2009 season. Jarry played for the Bulleen Boomers during the 2009/2010 season, where her team had a Grand Finals appearance. She played in the 2010/2011 WNBL Grand Final for the Bulleen Boomers. Late in the season, she injured her knee. Prior to this injury, she averaged a league leading 14.1 points per game. She played 20 regular season games for the team. In 2011/2012, she played for the Bulleen Boomers. She averaged 15.5 points per game and 7.5 rebounds per game. She was named to the WNBL's All-Star Five. By May 2012, she had re-signed with the Boomers to play for them in 2012/2013. She was drafted by the Atlanta Dream in 2011 as the eighteenth overall pick. The Dream traded her to the Minnesota Lynx on draft day. She learned she was drafted on Twitter. On 11 February 2013, the Lynx signed Jarry to a contract. Jarry earned a roster spot as a guard for the defending Western Conference champions. She made her WNBA debut on 1 June 2013 in a victory over the Connecticut Sun. Jarry gradually gained playing time as the 2013 season progressed, and scored in double figures twice as a reserve. The Lynx would go on to win the 2013 WNBA championship. In February 2017, it was announced that Jarry signed with the Atlanta Dream. Jarry has represented Australia on the junior team, called the Gems, in 25 games. In 2009, she was a member of the Gems's team that competed at the Under-19 World Championships in Thailand where the team finished fifth overall. Jarry was named to the 2012 Australia women's national basketball team. She was scheduled to participate in the national team training camp held from 14 to 18 May 2012 at the Australian Institute of Sport. List of Australian WNBA players Brad Graham Creative, ed. (2012). \"Five Minutes with... Rachael Jarry\". Play up (Official Event Program) (19\u201325 February\u00a0ed.). South Melbourne, Australia: Basketball Australia: 26. \"London 2012 - 2012 Australian Opals squad named\". Australian Olympic Committee. 16 February 2012. Retrieved 2 May 2012. \"Bulleen Boomers: Rachel Jarry\". WNBL. Retrieved 2 May 2012. \"Jarry on track for stardom | Star Sunshine, Ardeer, Albion\". Star News Group. 27 November 2007. Archived from the original on 26 February 2011. Retrieved 7 May 2012. \"Rachel Jarry joins elite\u00a0\u2014 Local News\u00a0\u2014 Sport\u00a0\u2014 Basketball\". Maribyrnong Weekly. 20 April 2011. Retrieved 6 May 2012.[permanent dead link] \"Rachel Jarry\". online database. Sporting Pulse. Retrieved 11 February 2011. Australian Institute of Sport; Basketball Australia (2011). AIS Basketball 2011 (This is a booklet published by the Australian Sport Commission, has a copyright notice on the page following the cover page.). Canberra: Australian Sports Commission. p.\u00a059. \"Past Athletes\u00a0: Australian Institute of Sport\u00a0: Australian Sports Commission\". Ausport.gov.au. Archived from the original on 12 February 2014. Retrieved 11 May 2012. Australian Institute of Sport; Basketball Australia (2011). AIS Basketball 2011 (This is a booklet published by the Australian Sport Commission, has a copyright notice on the page following the cover page.). Canberra: Australian Sports Commission. p.\u00a058. Smith-Gander, Diane, ed. (2011). \"Bulleen Boomers\". IiNet WNBL Finals Series (Official Programme) (2010/2011\u00a0ed.). Basketball Australia, WNBL: 4\u20135. Travis King (29 March 2012). \"Tess Madgen ponders leaving the Spirit\u00a0\u2014 Local News\u00a0\u2014 Sport\u00a0\u2014 Basketball\". Bendigo Advertiser. Retrieved 9 May 2012. \"AUS\u00a0\u2014 Opals announce training camp squad\". FIBA. Retrieved 6 May 2012. Travis King (17 February 2012). \"Kristi eyes fourth Games\u00a0\u2014 Local News\u00a0\u2014 Sport\u00a0\u2014 Basketball\". Bendigo Advertiser. Retrieved 7 May 2012. Kerry, Craig (27 March 2012). \"Suzy Batkovic wins WNBL gong\u00a0\u2014 Local News\u00a0\u2014 Sport\u00a0\u2014 Basketball\u00a0\u2014 Newcastle Herald\". Theherald.com.au. Retrieved 8 May 2012. \"Rangers star O'Hea in form for London\". The Age. 5 May 2012. Retrieved 11 May 2012. \"Minnesota Lynx sign Australian Rachel Jarry\". Twin Cities. 10 February 2013. Retrieved 10 September 2017. Lynx vs. Sun, 1 June 2013 Archived 4 June 2013 at the Wayback Machine Transactions Australian Institute of Sport; Basketball Australia (2011). AIS Basketball 2011 (This is a booklet published by the Australian Sport Commission, has a copyright notice on the page following the cover page.). Canberra: Australian Sports Commission. p.\u00a045. \"Basketball Australia\u00a0: 2012 Squad\". Basketball Australia. 2012. Retrieved 1 May 2012."
   },
   {
    "name": "Kathleen MacLeod",
    "id": "Q622735",
    "text": "Kathleen MacLeod (born 23 October 1986) is an Australian basketball player who was part of the Australian team that won the bronze medal at the 2012 Summer Olympics. MacLeod is from Melbourne. She has four siblings, two brothers and two sisters. She is 168 centimetres (66\u00a0in) tall. MacLeod is a guard. As a competitor at the 2005 Australian Under-20 national championships, she won the Bob Staunton Award. She played junior basketball for the Victorian-based Nunawading Spectres. She played basketball in Hungary in 2008/2009 and France in 2009/2010. MacLeod had a scholarship with the Australian Institute of Sport in 2003 and 2004, and was a member of their team during the 2003/2004 and in 2004/2005 seasons. MacLeod joined and played the Dandenong Rangers during the 2005/2006 season, and continued to play for them in 2006/2007. She missed the first third of the season because she was injured. In the team's 66-61 preliminary loss to the Adelaide Lightning, she scored only 11 points as the only other player on the team to score in the double digits. For the 2007/2008 season, MacLeod was a member of the Bendigo Spirit. In a January 2008 game against Townsville, she scored 28 points in an 83\u201378 loss for Bendigo. MacLeod played for the WNBL's Dandenong Rangers in 2010/2011, where she was the team's leader alongside Abby Bishop. In a February 2011 game victory for the Dandenong Rangers over Townsville Fire with a score of 70\u201354, she scored 14 points. She continued to play for Dandenong in 2011/2012, helping guide her team to the WNBL's championship. She was named to the WNBL's All-Star Five. She played guard for the Rangers. MacLeod was a member of the 2005 Opals. In March 2007, she was named to the national team what would prepare for the 2008 Summer Olympics. In late March, early April 2008, she participated in a week-long training camp with the national team in Canberra. She played in a three-game test series Taiwan in May 2008. She was named to the 2012 Australia women's national basketball team. She was scheduled to participate in the national team training camp held from 14 to 18 May 2012 at the Australian Institute of Sport. Sports portal WNBL Rookie of the Year Award \"Kathleen Macleod\". london2012.olympics.com.au. Australian Olympic Committee. Retrieved 17 January 2014. \"London 2012 - 2012 Australian Opals squad named\". Australian Olympic Committee. 16 February 2012. Archived from the original on 24 April 2012. Retrieved 2 May 2012. \"Dandenong Rangers: Kathleen Macleod\". WNBL.com.au. Archived from the original on 20 April 2012. Retrieved 11 May 2012. \"Kathleen MacLeod Bio, Stats, and Results\". Olympics at Sports-Reference.com. Archived from the original on 18 April 2020. Retrieved 13 May 2016. Brad Graham Creative, ed. (2012). \"The Bob Staunton Award\". Play up (19\u201325 February\u00a0ed.). South Melbourne, Australia: Basketball Australia. Official Event Program: 8. Australian Institute of Sport; Basketball Australia (2011). AIS Basketball 2011. Canberra: Australian Sports Commission. p.\u00a060. This is a booklet published by the Australian Sport Commission, has a copyright notice on the page following the cover page. \"Past Athletes\u00a0: Australian Institute of Sport\u00a0: Australian Sports Commission\". Australian Institute of Sport. Archived from the original on 12 February 2014. Retrieved 11 May 2012. \"O'Hea Puts Best Foot Forward\". Herald Sun. Retrieved 8 May 2012. \"Lightning strikes out Rangers | Star Dandenong | Star News Group Local News, Sport, Entertainment\". Starnewsgroup.com.au. 8 February 2007. Archived from the original on 30 December 2012. Retrieved 8 May 2012. \"Lightning edge out Sydney in a thriller\u00a0\u2014 ABC Sydney\u00a0\u2014 Australian Broadcasting Corporation\". Australian Broadcasting Corporation. 1 February 2008. Retrieved 9 May 2012. Smith-Gander, Diane, ed. (2011). \"The Season That Was; Basketball Australia\". IiNet WNBL Finals Series (2010/2011\u00a0ed.). WNBL: 3. Official Programme \"Dandenong snuffs out struggling Fire\u00a0\u2014 ABC News (Australian Broadcasting Corporation)\". Australian Broadcasting Corporation. 13 February 2011. Retrieved 9 May 2012. \"AUS\u00a0\u2014 Opals announce training camp squad\". FIBA. Retrieved 6 May 2012. \"Basketball Australia\u00a0: 2012 Squad\". Basketball Australia. 2012. Retrieved 1 May 2012. \"Anstey in from the cold to join Tigers\u00a0\u2014 Basketball\". The Age. 10 March 2005. Retrieved 8 May 2012. \"Jessica Foley Selected To 'Price Attack' Opals Team For 2005\u00a0:: Foley has set a school record with 66 three-pointers this season\". Cstv.com. 9 March 2005. Retrieved 8 May 2012. \"Phillips keeps Opals place\". The Advertiser. 12 March 2007. Retrieved 8 May 2012. \"News Article\". SportsAustralia.com. 8 April 2008. Archived from the original on 19 December 2013. Retrieved 8 May 2012. \"Three Olympic dreams likely over | Sports News\". Fox Sports. 2 May 2008. Retrieved 8 May 2012. \"Big names bounced from Opals as Games dream fades\u00a0\u2014 Beijing2008 - Sport\". The Sydney Morning Herald. Retrieved 8 May 2012."
   },
   {
    "name": "Chris Wilson",
    "id": "Q635367",
    "text": "Christopher John Wilson (2 December 1956 \u2013 16 January 2019) was an Australian blues musician who sang and played harmonica, saxophone and guitar. He performed as part of the Sole Twisters, Harem Scarem and Paul Kelly and the Coloured Girls, and fronted his band Crown of Thorns. Wilson's solo albums are Landlocked (June 1992), The Long Weekend (March 1998), Spiderman (2000), King for a Day (July 2002), Flying Fish (2012) and the self titled Chris Wilson (2018). In March 1996, Wilson collaborated with Johnny Diesel in a blues project, Wilson Diesel, which issued an album, Short Cool Ones, composed mostly of \"soul and R&B standards\". It peaked at No.\u00a018 on the ARIA Albums Chart. Outside of his music career Wilson taught English at various secondary schools in Melbourne for about 20\u00a0years. On 24 July 2018, Wilson's management announced that he had been diagnosed with pancreatic cancer and was unlikely to perform again. A fundraising concert at the Corner Hotel was announced and quickly sold out. Fellow musician and friend Suzannah Espie set up a GoFundMe page which raised over AU$100,000 in just a few days before ceasing to accept further donations. In 2020, Wilson was inducted into the Music Victoria Hall of Fame. Christopher John Wilson was born in 1956. He grew up in Alphington, an inner-Melbourne suburb. He completed his tertiary studies, and worked as an English teacher at various Melbourne secondary schools for \"some 20 years\". In 1984, Wilson joined Sole Twisters; the R&B band included Brian Horne, Barry Palmer, his brother Craig Palmer, Jeff Pickard, and Nigel Sweeney. His early influences were Australian blues groups, Chain and Carson. In September 1985, Wilson, on harmonica and saxophone, and Barry Palmer on lead guitar, joined a neo-Blues group, Harem Scarem, alongside Peter Jones on drums, Charles Marshall on guitar, Christopher Marshall on lead vocals and Glen Sheldon on bass guitar. This line-up recorded their debut studio album, Pilgrim's Progress for Au Go Go Records, which was released in December 1986. While a member of Harem Scarem, Wilson provided harmonica on Paul Kelly and the Coloured Girls' debut album, Gossip (September 1986). By May 1987 Wilson had left Harem Scarem, he joined Kelly's 45-date tour of North America promoting Gossip. Wilson acknowledged Kelly for extending his repertoire beyond harmonica, \"I was asked on as a sax player too and I didn't play all that much sax when [Kelly] asked. But he had that faith in me that I'd get my act together.\" During that year Wilson also guested on the Hunters & Collectors' album What's a Few Men? (November 1987), on Paul Kelly and the Coloured Girls' next album, Under the Sun (December), and played with hard rockers X. In 1987, Wilson formed his own band, Crown of Thorns, with Barry Palmer and Chris Rodgers on double bass, bass guitar and fiddle Stuart Coupe of The Canberra Times described the group's sound as \"a diverse amalgam, recalling everything from Tim Buckley to Captain Beefheart and American blues\". While Wilson felt his group was not only a blues band as \"there's elements of country and straight rock 'n' roll\". Their debut release was a six-track extended play, Gnawing on the Bones of Elvis, which was produced by the band and appeared in April 1988. Australian musicologist, Ian McFarlane, noted it was \"sparsely recorded ... [which] mixed one side of electric blues including Willie Dixon's 'Bring It on Home', and one side of acoustic folk tunes\". Crown of Thorns released a studio album, Carnival (February 1989), using a line up of Wilson, Palmer and Rodgers, joined by Justin Brady on violin, Barbara Waters on guitar, vocals and mandolin (ex-Hollowmen) and former bandmate Jones on drums. The album was produced by Wilson and Waters with Chris Thompson. McFarlane described it as a \"more fully realised work than the debut. [It] mixed blues, country and folk with a great deal of verve and authority\". It contained Wilson's composition \"The Ballad of Slim Boy Fat\", which was a \"highlight\" of the album with its \"spectacular blues/gospel\" style. In 1990 the group released another studio album, Babylon, with Wilson, Rodgers and Waters joined by Ashley Davies on drums (ex-White Cross). Late in 1990 he formed a briefly existing group, The Pub Dogs, with Wilson on harmonica and lead vocals, Barry Palmer on electric and acoustic guitars, Graham Lee on pedal steel guitar and backing vocals (ex-The Triffids); and Marko Halstead on acoustic guitar, mandolin and backing vocals (of The Blackeyed Susans). They issued a live EP, Scatter's Liver: Pub Dogs Live on the Wireless in the next year on Shock Records, which had been recorded at radio station Triple J's studios in Melbourne on 22 October 1990. In August 1991 Wilson provided lead vocals for the debut solo album by Robin Casinader (ex-the Wreckery), All This Will Be Yours. During 1992 Wilson formed the Chris Wilson Band and released an EP, The Big One, in May and a studio album, Landlocked, in June. The line-up were Wilson and Rodgers with Jen Anderson on violin (The Black Sorrows), Rebecca Barnard on backing vocals (ex-Stephen Cummings Band), Peter Luscombe on drums (The Black Sorrows), and Shane O'Mara on guitars (Stephen Cummings Band). Los Angeles Times' reviewer, Mike Boehm, felt that on the album \"he sometimes becomes bogged down with self-conscious attempts at poetic imagery, and that high-voltage vocal style can seem strident\". In June 1992, Wilson and Crown of Thorns performed a combined tour promoting recent material. Laurie White caught their gig at Tilley's which \"a privileged few will remember for an age (if only I'd taken a Walkman like one lucky bootlegger)\" with Wilson described as \"a huge writhing gospel cyber punk, [who] sings and plays harp with such venom and power it's impossible to ignore him against melancholy songs (reminiscent of Archie Roach at his most tearful). The change in gear is exhilarating if not frightening\". Wilson followed with another EP, Alimony Blues, in October; it had a cover version of Booker T. Jones' \"Born Under a Bad Sign\", which McFarlane declared had Wilson's vocals \"backed by [O'Mara's] blistering guitar work, [and] was one of the finest renditions ever committed to record\". In March 1993, Wilson and fellow Australian singer-songwriters Barnard, Kelly, Archie Roach, Deborah Conway and David Bridie each performed a set at a Hollywood concert, The Melbourne Shuffle. Boehm described Wilson as \"a big, denim-clad slab of a man with a shaven head and the look of a street tough or a stevedore. In contrast to such reserved performers as Kelly ... he had a taste for the monumental. His big, rangy, high-impact voice supported his flair for the dramatic flourish and the grand gesture\". As a performer Wilson showed \"a dry, laconic wit between songs, [he] was a fervent, let-it-all-out wailer when he began to sing\". At the ARIA Music Awards of 1993, Wilson was nominated for ARIA Award for Best Male Artist and Breakthrough Artist \u2013 Album for Landlocked. In June 1993 Wilson, Charlie Owen, and three former members of The Triffids: David McComb, Robert McComb and Graham Lee guested on Acuff's Rose's debut studio album, Never Comin' Down. On 20 May 1994 Wilson's performance at the Continental Hotel in Prahran was recorded for Live at the Continental, which was released in October. The album provided Wilson with another nomination for Best Male Artist at the ARIA Music Awards of 1995. Wilson toured extensively and played at many festivals, both in Australia and overseas, and shared stages with Bob Dylan, and with Johnny Diesel. He provided backing vocals on the Merril Bainbridge song \"Under the Water\" for her album The Garden (1995). In March 1996, Wilson Diesel released a collaborative album, Short Cool Ones, on Mushroom Records, with Wilson on lead vocals and harmonica, and Diesel on lead vocals and lead guitar. Short Cool Ones peaked at No.\u00a018 on the ARIA Albums Chart. McFarlane described it as including \"15 soul and R&B standards ... and a sole original, 'Other Man'\". \"Other Man\" was written by Diesel (aka Mark Lizotte). Other performers were Dean Addison on bass guitar, Angus Diggs on drums, and Rob Woolf on keyboards and backing vocals. Paul Petran of Radio National's Live on Stage felt Short Cool Ones was \"one of the most successful blues albums in Australian history\". Wilson's next solo album, The Long Weekend, was released in March 1998 as a 2\u00d7 CD set. McFarlane noted the album had \"22 excellent tracks, [it] drew on blues, gospel and country elements\". In May Wilson supported Kelly at the Metro in Melbourne where Wilson was \"crashing through a slightly hollow mix with a bunch of the good stuff, picking the eyes out of his recent Long Weekend thing, and throwing in some older selections \u2013 the 'best done by Elvis' Mystery Train being a big blow, as is the pump action 'Shoot Out at Seven Eleven', while the big ballady 'Too Many Hearts' again is a glory and must be a single, surely\". At the ARIA Music Awards of 1998 Wilson received another nomination as Best Male Artist, for The Long Weekend. In November he appeared at the Mushroom 25 Concert both as a solo artist and in Wilson Diesel. In January 1999 Wilson was a support act for Elvis Costello on an Australian tour. By 2000, Wilson had formed Chris Wilson and the Spidermen with Rodgers, Shannon Bourne on guitar, and Dave Folley on drums. Wilson issued a solo album, Spiderman, which was recorded at Studio 335, Southbank with Wilson, O'Mara and Thompson co-producing; O'Mara also guested on two tracks. Rhythms Magazine's readers' poll rated Spiderman as the Best Australian Blues Album of 2000. Melbourne Blues Rock website's Tim Slingsby reviewed the album in September 2011 and noted it was \"a mix of covers and originals. ... [The covers] are given a real personal touch one could easily think Wilson and gang had crafted the songs themselves\". Slingsby felt the \"production allows both the guitar and harmonica to stand out on tracks, trade off licks, and then fall back to accompany the other instruments. Overall the album has a strong dynamic range with slower, sultry songs inserted amongst the more lively tracks without dropping off in feel\". During May 2002 Wilson recorded his next album at two studios in Melbourne with Kerryn Tolhurst producing. King for a Day, which was released in July 2002. Along with Bourne, Folley and Rodgers, the album featured Tolhurst (guest guitars, piano, mandolin and tipple), Cyndi Boste (guest lead vocals), Sarah Carroll (guest lead vocals) and Skip Sail (guest banjo). In March 2003 Richard Sharman of I-94 Bar website reviewed Chris Wilson and The Spidermen's gig at the Bridge Hotel in Sydney, and found that Wilson's \"voice was magnificent ranging from soft tenderness to a bellowing roar that raised shivers at the back of my neck. His voice sounded better than ever and his harp playing was superb \u2013 this boy can play!\" On 26 October 2013, Wilson Diesel reunited to perform the entire Short Cool Ones album at the Sydney Blues & Roots Festival. On 30 October 2019, Chris Wilson was inducted into the Blues Music Victoria Inc Hall of Fame as the 2019 Peoples Choice, Victorian Blues Legend.[citation needed] In 2020, Wilson was inducted into the Music Victoria Awards' Hall of Fame. Wilson and his wife Sarah had two sons. He died 16 January 2019, having been diagnosed with pancreatic cancer in 2018. The ARIA Music Awards is an annual awards ceremony that recognises excellence, innovation, and achievement across all genres of Australian music. On 30 October 2019, Wilson was inducted into the Blues Music Victoria Inc Hall of Fame as the 2019 Peoples Choice, Victorian Blues Legend[citation needed] The Music Victoria Awards is an annual awards ceremony celebrating Victorian music. In 2020, Wilson was inducted into its Hall of Fame. General McFarlane, Ian (1999). \"Whammo Homepage\". Encyclopedia of Australian Rock and Pop. St Leonards, NSW: Allen & Unwin. ISBN\u00a01-86508-072-1. Archived from the original on 5 April 2004. Retrieved 27 November 2013. Note: Archived [on-line] copy has limited functionality. Specific Carmody, Broede (17 January 2019). \"'Magnificent Australian': Chris Wilson dies after cancer diagnosis\". The Sydney Morning Herald. Retrieved 17 January 2019. \"A Chris Wilson benefit is happening next month\". Beat Magazine. Archived from the original on 6 August 2018. Retrieved 6 August 2018. Carmody, Broede (24 July 2018). \"Community rallies behind blues singer Chris Wilson after cancer diagnosis\". The Sydney Morning Herald. Retrieved 6 August 2018. \"Mary Mihelakos, Chris Wilson set for Music Victoria hall of fame\". The Music Network. 9 October 2020. Retrieved 9 October 2020. \"'Ballad of Slim Boy Fat' at APRA search engine\". Australasian Performing Right Association (APRA). Retrieved 27 November 2013. McFarlane, 'Chris Wilson' entry at the Wayback Machine (archived 19 April 2004). Archived from the original on 19 April 2004. Retrieved 27 November 2013. Shun Wa, Annette (22 July 1999). \"Chris Wilson\". Studio 22. Australian Broadcasting Corporation (ABC). Retrieved 28 November 2013. Coupe, Stuart (14 August 1988). \"Gentle Giant Wears a Crown of Thorns\". The Canberra Times (ACT\u00a0: 1926\u20131995). National Library of Australia. p.\u00a014. Retrieved 27 November 2013. Petran, Paul (3 October 2003). \"Live on Stage: Chris Wilson and The Spidermen\". Live on Stage. Radio National. (Australian Broadcasting Corporation (ABC)). Retrieved 1 December 2013. \"Biography\". Chris Wilson Official Website. Archived from the original on 21 November 2013. Retrieved 27 November 2013. Holmgren, Magnus. \"Chris Wilson\". Australian Rock Database. Passagen (Magnus Holmgren). Archived from the original on 31 May 2012. Retrieved 1 December 2013. McFarlane. \"'Harem Scarem' entry\". Archived from the original on 15 June 2004. Retrieved 15 June 2004. Holmgren, Magnus. \"Harem Scarem\". Australian Rock Database. Passagen (Magnus Holmgren). Archived from the original on 3 October 2012. Retrieved 27 November 2013. Holmgren, Magnus. \"Crown of Thorns\". Australian Rock Database. Passagen (Magnus Holmgren). Archived from the original on 6 December 2000. Retrieved 27 November 2013. Holmgren, Magnus. \"The Pub Dogs\". Australian Rock Database. Passagen (Magnus Holmgren). Archived from the original on 3 October 2012. Retrieved 28 November 2013. Pub Dogs; Triple J (Radio station: Melbourne, Vic.) (1991), Scatter's Liver: The Pub Dogs, Live on the Wireless, Crawdaddy Records. National Library of Australia, retrieved 28 November 2013, A JJJ recording taken from Live at the Wireless, JJJ FM, Melbourne 22nd October 1990. McFarlane, 'The Wreckery' entry at the Wayback Machine (archived 9 August 2004). Archived from the original on 9 August 2004. Retrieved 28 November 2013. Boehm, Mike (24 March 1993). \"Pop Music Reviews: Down Underexposed: Handful of Mostly Unsung Australian Singer-Songwriters Deserve a Closer Look from U.S.\" Los Angeles Times. p.\u00a02. Retrieved 28 November 2013. \"Good Times. Concert Review \u2013 Chris Wilson and Crown of Thorns, Tilley's, June 20\". The Canberra Times (ACT\u00a0: 1926\u20131995). National Library of Australia. 25 June 1992. p.\u00a033. Retrieved 28 November 2013. \"ARIA Awards \u2013 History: Winners by Year 1993: 7th Annual ARIA Awards\". Australian Recording Industry Association (ARIA). Archived from the original on 12 May 2009. Retrieved 13 June 2012. McFarlane, 'Acuff's Rose' entry at the Wayback Machine (archived 3 August 2004). Archived from the original on 13 August 2004. Retrieved 28 November 2013. \"ARIA Awards \u2013 History: Winners by Year 1995: 9th Annual ARIA Awards\". Australian Recording Industry Association (ARIA). Archived from the original on 26 September 2007. Retrieved 13 June 2012. Australian (ARIA) chart peaks: Top 50 peaks: \"australian-charts.com > Chris Wilson in Australian Charts\". Hung Medien. Retrieved 29 July 2020. Top 100 peaks to December 2010: Ryan, Gavin (2011). Australia's Music Charts 1988\u20132010 (PDF\u00a0ed.). Mt. Martha, VIC, Australia: Moonlight Publishing. p.\u00a0304. \"'Other Man' at APRA search engine\". Australasian Performing Right Association (APRA). Archived from the original on 2 December 2013. Retrieved 28 November 2013. Smith, Craig (1 May 2000). \"Short Cool Ones\". Australian Blues. Archived from the original on 5 June 2000. Retrieved 28 November 2013. Clelland, Ross (12 May 1998). \"Paul Kelly/Chris Wilson & Crown of Thorns\". The Drum Media (394). Dumbthings: Official Website of Paul Kelly. Archived from the original on 30 January 2005. Retrieved 28 November 2013. \"ARIA Awards \u2013 History: Winners by Year 1998: 12th Annual ARIA Awards\". Australian Recording Industry Association (ARIA). Archived from the original on 27 September 2011. Retrieved 13 June 2012. \"Releases\u00a0:: Spiderman\". Australian Music Online. Archived from the original on 20 December 2004. Retrieved 1 December 2013. Slingsby, Tim (15 September 2011). \"Reviews \u2013 (Album) Chris Wilson \u2013 Spiderman\". Archived from the original on 3 December 2013. Retrieved 1 December 2013. Wilson, Chris (2002), King for a Day, Forge. National Library of Australia, retrieved 1 December 2013 Purvis, Ray (5 December 2002). \"King Chris II\". The West Australian. Chris Wilson Official Website. Archived from the original on 26 January 2014. Retrieved 1 December 2013. Sharman, Richard (14 March 2003). \"Bluesman Chris Wilson at Sydney's Bridge Hotel\". Archived from the original on 30 November 2013. Retrieved 1 December 2013. \"Wilson / Diesel\". Sydney Blues & Roots Festival. 26 October 2013. Archived from the original on 3 December 2013. Retrieved 30 November 2013. \"Chris Wilson and Diesel Reunite for Sydney Blues Festival\". Rhythms Magazine. Archived from the original on 3 December 2013. Retrieved 30 November 2013. Reed, Olivia; Adams, Cameron (18 January 2019). \"Chris Wilson remembered as 'giant of the music industry' following pancreatic cancer death\". Geelong Advertiser. News Pty Ltd. Retrieved 18 January 2019. Boulton, Martin (18 January 2019). \"'Courageous and strong until the end': The legacy of Chris Wilson\". The Sydney Morning Herald. Retrieved 20 January 2019. \"Chris Wilson (6)\". Discogs. Retrieved 17 January 2019. \"CHRIS WILSON 'Chris Wilson' CD\". The Basement Discs. Retrieved 17 January 2019. \"ARIA Top 50 Albums Chart\". Australian Recording Industry Association. 1 February 2021. Retrieved 30 January 2021. \"Bluey The Album debuts at #1 on the ARIA Charts\". ARIA. 31 January 2021. Retrieved 18 February 2021. \"Mr Black & Blues With Special Guest Chris Wilson (6) \u2013 Blow these Tracks\". Discogs. Retrieved 17 January 2019. \"Chris Wilson (6) \u2013 Live at Cherry\". Discogs. Retrieved 17 January 2019. Portrait of Chris Wilson by Jacquelin Mitelman, 1997. Held at National Library of Australia"
   },
   {
    "name": "Erin Phillips",
    "id": "Q635785",
    "text": "Erin Victoria Phillips OAM (born 19 May 1985) is an Australian rules footballer for the Adelaide Football Club in the AFL Women's (AFLW) competition, a radio host, and a former professional basketball player. She played nine seasons in the Women's National Basketball Association (WNBA) for five different teams and is a two-time WNBA champion. She also represented Australia on the women's national basketball team, winning a gold medal at the 2006 FIBA World Championship for Women and serving as a co-vice captain at the 2016 Summer Olympics. Additionally, Phillips has played five seasons in the AFLW, in which she is a two-time premiership player and two-time league best and fairest. Phillips's father Greg played professional Australian rules football for Port Adelaide, where he won eight premierships and earned an induction into the Australian Football Hall of Fame. Phillips played only Australian rules football until age 13, switching to basketball because of the lack of professional opportunities for female footballers at the time. She made her debut in the Women's National Basketball League (WNBL) for the Adelaide Lightning, her hometown team, at the age of 17 and was named to the All-WNBL Team three times by the age of 22, finally winning a WNBL championship in 2008 in her last year with the team. Phillips was drafted into the WNBA in 2005 by the Connecticut Sun. With the Indiana Fever, she established herself as a starter and won her first WNBA title in 2012. She won another WNBA title two years later with the Phoenix Mercury. During her basketball career, Phillips played both point guard and shooting guard, excelling at three-pointers and employing a physical style of play. Following her retirement from the WNBA, she was also an assistant coach for the Dallas Wings, the last team she played for in the league. With the launch of the AFLW in 2017, Phillips began her football career at age 31 as a co-captain of Adelaide. Despite not having played competitive football in nearly 18 years, she quickly emerged as the league's best player and one of its biggest stars. She won the AFLW best and fairest award by a wide margin in both 2017 and 2019, as well as the AFLW Grand Final best on ground as a member of Adelaide's premiership teams in both years. Phillips plays as a midfielder and is also one of the leading goal scorers in the competition. Erin Victoria Phillips was born on 19 May 1985 in the Melbourne suburb of Carlton to Julie and Greg Phillips. She grew up with her two older sisters Rachel and Amy in Adelaide. Her father was a professional Australian rules football defender who played most of his career with the Port Adelaide Football Club in the South Australian National Football League (SANFL), where he served as captain for three years, won eight premierships, and was named to the club's all-time Greatest Team in 2000. He also competed in the Victorian Football League (VFL), which was later renamed as the modern Australian Football League (AFL), as a member of the Collingwood Football Club. Her father was inducted into the Australian Football Hall of Fame in 2020. Phillips has said she \"wanted to be an AFL footballer since [she] could walk and talk, and wanted to be exactly like [her] dad\". Her father was impressed with her athleticism at a young age, commenting, \"Some kids who are born with this gift just stand out and you could always see that with Erin.\" Phillips began competing in football with the SMOSH West Lakes Football Club (then known as the St. Michael's Old Scholars and Hindmarsh Football Club) under-9 side, where she was the only girl on the team. Her under-11 team won the grand final. She was also named the best and fairest player on her under-13 team. John Cahill, one of her father's coaches at Port Adelaide, praised Phillips's ability, saying she was \"as good a 14-year old as I've ever seen play football\" in comparison to Port Adelaide Hall of Famers such as her father, Russell Ebert, and Gavin Wanganeen. Phillips had the opportunity to train with Port Adelaide on occasion while growing up. Phillips began playing basketball at the age of 13. She decided to switch her sporting focus from football to basketball at the age of 14 due to the lack of opportunities at the time for female footballers to play professionally. Her father had also introduced her to Rachael Sporn, a member of the Australian national basketball team, around this time. As a junior, Phillips played for the West Adelaide Bearcats. She represented South Australia Metro in the under-16 and under-18 Australian national championships, winning the Norma Connolly Trophy as a member of the under-16 championship team in 1999. Phillips was also a member of the South Australia under-20 championship team in 2004, where she won the Bob Staunton Award as the most outstanding player in the women's tournament. Phillips made her professional basketball debut with the Adelaide Lightning in the Women's National Basketball League (WNBL) in 2002 at age 17. She played six consecutive seasons with the team through 2008. Adelaide made the finals in all six of those years. Phillips had earned an Australian Institute of Sport scholarship to join their WNBL team in 2003, but never played for them after being replaced before the start of that season. Phillips emerged as a breakout star in her third year and was named to the All-WNBL Team (then known as the WNBL All-Star Five) at the end of the 2004\u201305 season. Averaging 15.0 points, 8.6 rebounds, and 5.3 assists per game that season, she was second in the league in assists behind only her teammate Jennifer Screen who had 5.9 per game. Phillips was also fourth in the league in offensive rebounds with 3.1 per game and fifth in steals with 5.1 per game. Adelaide finished fourth on the ladder and lost their semifinal to the Sydney Uni Flames 94\u201393 in overtime. Before the game, the Adelaide team had been involved in a car accident that injured some of the players and delayed the start of the game. Phillips had 40 points in the loss. This was the third consecutive year that Sydney eliminated Adelaide in the finals. Phillips continued to be one of the best players in the league through the remainder of her WNBL career. She was named to the All-WNBL Team again in 2006 and 2007. During the 2005\u201306 season, she averaged 15.7 points, 7.5 rebounds, and a league-leading 4.9 assists per game. She was also fifth in free throw percentage at 80.0%. Adelaide finished in a three-way tie for first with a 14\u20137 record and entered the finals in the second position based on the tiebreak criteria. They lost both of their finals, which were against the Dandenong Rangers and the Canberra Capitals, the two other teams with the same record as them. The second loss to Canberra, who were led by Lauren Jackson, in the preliminary final again came in overtime and was highlighted by Phillips scoring 23 points. Phillips's 2006\u201307 season ended early after 17 games when she tore the anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) in her right knee during a collision with Canberra player Tully Bevilaqua. She finished the season with a career-high 16.5 points per game to go along with 7.2 rebounds and 4.9 assists per game. This was the second consecutive season she led the league in assists per game. For the second year in a row, Adelaide lost to Canberra in the preliminary final. The 2007\u201308 season was Phillips's last that she played in the WNBL. She was not ready to return from her ACL injury at the start of the year and ended up playing only 17 out of 24 games during the regular season. Although Phillips did not make the All-WNBL Team, her teammates Tracy Gahan and Jessica Foley were named to the team as they led Adelaide to a 21\u20133 record, earning them the minor premiership. Phillips had slight drops in her averages, finishing the year with 14.6 points, 5.4 rebounds, and 3.3 assists per game. After Adelaide lost the semifinal to Sydney Uni, they defeated Dandenong to set up a rematch with Sydney Uni in the WNBL Grand Final. Adelaide won the grand final 92\u201382 for Phillips's first and only WNBL championship. Phillips scored 16 points in the game, second on her team behind Renae Camino who had 32 and was named Grand Final MVP. Seven years later, Phillips planned to return to the WNBL for the 2015\u201316 season. After originally wanting to return to the Adelaide Lightning, she became the first player to sign with the South East Queensland Stars, a new WNBL franchise. However, Phillips never played for the team due to injury and the franchise dissolved at the end of their first season due to financial difficulties. Phillips ranks in the top ten all-time for the Adelaide Lightning in points, assists, rebounds, and steals as of 2019[update]. She is tenth in points with 1498, sixth in assists with 423, seventh in rebounds with 731, and ninth in steals with 139. The Connecticut Sun of the Women's National Basketball Association (WNBA) selected Phillips in the second round of the 2005 WNBA Draft with the 21st overall pick. She was the only player taken in the draft who did not play college basketball in the United States and one of two international players drafted along with fifth overall pick Sancho Lyttle. She did not play during the 2005 WNBA season, instead choosing to play on tours and in training camps with the national team in Australia to increase her chances of making the team. Phillips decided to join the Sun for the 2006 season despite national team coach Jan Stirling's saying it would hurt her chances of playing in the FIBA World Championship later that year, which was scheduled to begin just a week after the end of the WNBA Finals. Phillips played in all 34 games in her debut season. She was named a starter in the 22nd game of the season after an injury to Nykesha Sales and ended up starting the last 13 games. The Sun won their first eleven games with Phillips as a starter as part of a franchise-record twelve-game win streak. She recorded a season-high six assists in her first game as a starter, and then had season-bests of 19 points and 6\u00a0rebounds a few games later. Overall, Phillips averaged 5.4 points and 2.5 assists per game. She was also ninth in the league in free throw shooting percentage at 88.0%. Led by their top scorer Katie Douglas and point guard Lindsay Whalen, the Sun finished the regular season with the best record in the WNBA at 26\u20138. With Sales back from injury, Phillips returned to the bench for the playoffs, where the Sun swept the Washington Mystics 2\u20130 in the Eastern Conference Semifinals. However, they were eliminated in the Eastern Conference Finals 2\u20131 by the Detroit Shock, the eventual champions. Phillips's only start in the playoffs came in the first game of that series, a loss on the road. Phillips missed the entire 2007 season while recovering from an ACL injury suffered during the offseason while playing in the WNBL in Australia. She did not return to the WNBA until the second half of the 2008 season after missing the first half of the season to train with the Australian national team for the Olympics, which took place in August in the middle of the WNBA season. Phillips played in eight regular season games, all off the bench. In the last game of the season, she scored 18 points and recorded a career-high eight rebounds. Overall, she shot a career-high field goal percentage of 46.4%. Although the Sun finished second in the Eastern Conference, they were eliminated in the Eastern Conference Semifinals by the third-place New York Liberty, losing the decisive third game of the series at home by four points. Phillips began the 2009 season as a starter. After starting the first 18 games of the season, Phillips and Amber Holt lost their starting roles to bench players and fellow guards Anete J\u0113kabsone-\u017dogota and Tan White. As a starter, she averaged 9.3 points, 3.2 rebounds, and 1.9 assists per game. She finished the season with a low three-point field goal percentage of 29.3%, shooting just 20.9% off the bench. The Sun did not make the playoffs that season due to the tiebreak criteria, despite finishing tied for fourth with the Mystics and Chicago Sky. The Sun attempted to trade Phillips before the start of the 2010 season. She was at risk of losing playing time after the team signed experienced guards Renee Montgomery and Kara Lawson to complement J\u0113kabsone-\u017dogota and White. They were unable to find a trade and did not sign her to the team roster. Phillips ultimately did not play the 2010 WNBA season. Before the start of the 2011 WNBA season, Phillips and fellow Australian Belinda Snell signed with the Seattle Storm. Less than three months later, however, Phillips was traded to the Indiana Fever in April as part of a three-team deal that sent Katie Smith to the Storm from the Mystics, a trade Smith had requested. The Fever were led by team veteran forward Tamika Catchings as well as Phillips's former Sun teammate Katie Douglas. After beginning the season coming off the bench, Phillips won a starting role following a season-ending injury to point guard Briann January ten games into the season. She started a career-best 22 games that year, and averaged a career-best 8.6 points per game to go along with 2.8 rebounds and 2.4 assists per game. Phillips was also eighth in the league in three-point field goal percentage, shooting 42.6%. She scored a career-high 21 points on two separate occasions, both losses to the Atlanta Dream. The Fever entered the playoffs as the top seed in the Eastern Conference. They defeated the New York Liberty 2\u20131 in the Conference Semifinals before losing to the Atlanta Dream 2\u20131 in the Conference Finals. Phillips's best playoff game was the winner-take-all Game\u00a03 of the Conference Semifinals in which she scored 12 points and recorded five steals in the Fever's 10-point victory. \"I thought Erin Phillips had one hell of a series. You've got to have somebody other than your star player stepping up. Phillips was consistently a player that made plays, and that's what the Finals are about.\" \u2014WNBA Finals opposing coach Cheryl Reeve praising Phillips's performance in the series following the injury to Katie Douglas After beginning the 2012 season as a starter, Phillips was moved to the bench after five games, but ended up receiving more playing time coming off the bench. She also started the last three games of the season with January and Shavonte Zellous both missing a week due to concussion-like symptoms. The final two games were two of Phillips's best of the season, as she scored 19 and 21 points. Although both players returned for the playoffs for the second-seeded Fever, Phillips started every game in the playoffs except for the first. She saw an increased role on the team after an ankle injury kept Katie Douglas out of the rest of the playoffs following Game\u00a02 of the Conference Finals. The Fever defeated the Dream in the Conference Semifinals and then Phillips's former team, the Sun, in the Conference Finals, both in three games. In the WNBA Finals, the Fever defeated the defending champion Minnesota Lynx 3\u20131 for the WNBA title. Phillips scored at least 10 points in all five games Douglas missed, including 15 points in the winner-take-all game of the Conference Semifinals and 18 points and 8\u00a0rebounds in the series-clinching Game\u00a04 of the WNBA Finals. Overall in the WNBA Finals, she averaged 13.5 points in 35 minutes per game while compiling a 46.7% three-point field goal percentage. Winning the WNBA title vindicated Phillips, who was left off the 2012 Australian Olympic team roster for choosing to play the entire WNBA season instead of sitting out the first half like some of her compatriots in the league. She also finished the regular season third in the league in three-point field goal percentage, shooting 43.8%. Just before the start of the 2013 season in late May, Phillips tore her meniscus in her right knee, an injury that kept her out until early July. She ended up playing only 18 games, starting just six of them. Phillips made a career-high five three-pointers in her first start of the year in mid-August. She finished the season second in the WNBA in three-point field goal percentage, shooting 47.9%. Despite having a losing record, the Fever made the playoffs and swept the top-seeded Chicago Sky in the Conference Semifinals. Their season came to an end when they were swept by the Atlanta Dream in the Conference Finals. Two months before the start of the 2014 season, Phillips was traded to the Phoenix Mercury with a second-round draft pick in return for forward Lynetta Kizer and a first-round draft pick. She joined two of her compatriots on the team, fellow guard Penny Taylor and new coach Sandy Brondello. Led by a five-time WNBA scoring champion in Diana Taurasi and a perennial league leader in blocks in Brittney Griner, the Mercury finished the season with the best record in the WNBA at 29\u20135, leading the league in both offensive and defensive rating. Phillips missed only one game during the season. After beginning the year as a starter for the first nine games, she lost her starting role to Taylor. She started only one more game the rest of the season, matching her career-high with 21 points. Phillips led the WNBA in three-point field goal percentage, shooting 44.9%. The Mercury dominated the playoffs, defeating the Los Angeles Sparks, the Minnesota Lynx, and the Chicago Sky to win the WNBA title. The only game they lost in the playoffs was Game\u00a02 of the Conference Finals to the defending champion Lynx. Six of the team's eight playoff wins were by at least 14 points. Phillips's best games in the playoffs were the Game\u00a02 loss in the Conference Finals in which she had 10 points and 4\u00a0assists, and Game\u00a02 of the WNBA Finals in which she had 7\u00a0points and 3\u00a0assists. Phillips signed with the Los Angeles Sparks in the offseason. She played only 12 games during the 2015 season due to knee issues both early and late in the season. She finished the year with a career-low 26.7% three-point field goal percentage. Phillips missed the playoffs, where the fourth-seeded Sparks were eliminated in the first round by the Minnesota Lynx. During the offseason, Phillips was traded to the Dallas Wings for Riquna Williams and the sixth overall pick in the 2016 WNBA Draft. She was named a co-captain of the new team, which had just relocated and was known as the Tulsa Shock in previous years. Phillips also ended up scoring the first points in Dallas Wings' history. She began the season as a starter before settling into a bench role for much of the rest of the season, averaging only 14.6 minutes per game, the second-lowest of her WNBA career. The Wings finished the season with an 11\u201323 record and did not make the playoffs. A week before the start of the 2017 season, the Wings waived Phillips. She retired from the WNBA several days later. Regular season Playoffs Phillips joined Ramat Hasharon in the Israeli Ligat ha'Al following the end of the 2008 WNBA season. This was the first year she did not return to the WNBL in Australia during the offseason. Phillips played only the first half of the season for Ramat Hasharon, averaging 11.6 points, 5.3 assists, and 2.8 rebounds per game in 10 regular season games. In the middle of the season, she injured her right knee during the second quarter of the Israeli Cup final in late December. Although she did not require surgery, Phillips returned to Australia for physical therapy and did not play another game with the team. Ramat Hasharon lost the Israeli Cup final. Phillips began playing in the Polska Liga Koszyk\u00f3wki Kobiet (PLKK) in the 2009\u201310 WNBA offseason following her last year with the Connecticut Sun. She joined Lotos Gdynia in her first PLKK season, playing nearly the entire year. In 30 games, she averaged 10.9 points, 5.3 rebounds, and 4.3 assists per game, with a three-point field goal percentage of 44.1%. The team won the league championship after finishing second in the regular season. Gdynia also competed in EuroLeague Women, where Phillips was named an All-Star for the Rest of the World team against Europe. The following offseason, Phillips signed with Wis\u0142a Can-Pack Krak\u00f3w, where she played for the next four seasons. In her first two seasons, she won both the regular season and the league championships. In EuroLeague Women, they were eliminated in the quarterfinals during the 2010\u201311 season and finished in eighth place during the 2011\u201312 season. Phillips led the team in scoring in the EuroLeague during her first season in Krak\u00f3w with 14.9 points per game. She was also named a PLKK All-Star in her first two seasons with Krak\u00f3w. Phillips moved to the Slovak Women's Basketball Extraliga for the 2014\u201315 season, playing for perennial league champions Good Angels Ko\u0161ice. The team won the league title as part of their stretch of 15 consecutive titles from 2004 through 2018. Phillips played seven games in both the Extraliga and the EuroLeague, averaging 7.4 points, 3.4 rebounds, and 3.4 assists per game in the Extraliga, as well as 10.4 points, 3.3 rebounds, and 3.3 assists per game during the EuroLeague season. Phillips began training with the Australian women's national basketball team, the Opals, in 2005. She chose to participate in training camps and tours with the national team instead of joining the Connecticut Sun in the WNBA, who had drafted her in May of that year. She played several exhibition tournaments in China in July, and then helped the Opals qualify for the following year's World Championships in August with their victory in the Oceania Qualifying Series against the hosts New Zealand in August. Phillips's first major senior international tournament was the Commonwealth Games in March 2006, which were hosted by Melbourne and were including basketball for the first time. At home in Australia, the Opals won the gold medal in the women's basketball event, defeating New Zealand in the final by a lopsided margin. Phillips played an important role in the semifinal win against England. The following month, the national team hosted the Opals World Challenge in Canberra, where they defeated the United States women's national basketball team, who had not lost a game in seven years, for the first time since 1998. After the World Challenge event, Phillips decided to forgo training with the Opals that summer to begin her WNBA career. National team coach Jan Stirling was against her decision, saying, \"Erin has made a call which will obviously adversely affect her chances for a world championship berth.\" Nonetheless, Stirling ended up naming Phillips to the national team for the FIBA World Championship for Women in Brazil that September after praising her performance in her first WNBA season. Stirling commented, \"Erin's been\u00a0... playing very, very well. She is definitely a young developing player we've got earmarked for Beijing and to get a worlds under her belt is a bonus when you move the clock forward to [the Olympics].\" Australia went undefeated and won the gold medal at the World Championship, their first gold medal at any major international competition. They defeated the hosts Brazil in the semifinals and then Russia in the final after Russia had upset the United States in the semifinals. Phillips had a minor role on the team during the tournament, averaging 2.0 points and 1.1 assists in 7.4 minutes per game. Despite being unable to play for the Opals in 2007 due to an ACL injury, Phillips was assured a place on the national team in their preparation for the 2008 Summer Olympics in Beijing. She returned to play with the national team in April 2008 and missed the first half of the WNBA season to continue training with them up until and through the Olympics in August. In addition to exhibitions against New Zealand, Russia, and Chinese Taipei, Phillips was with the team for the Good Luck Beijing event, a warm-up tournament to help Beijing prepare their operations. Without their full team, Australia won only two out of six games. The Opals regrouped for the Olympics. They swept their round robin group, winning all five of those games by more than 15 points. They then won both their quarterfinal game against the Czech Republic and their semifinal game against China by more than 30 points. Nonetheless, Australia finished as silver medallists after losing the gold medal match to the United States 92\u201365 in a lopsided game, their third consecutive runner-up finish to the United States at the Olympics. After the Connecticut Sun could not trade Phillips for the 2010 WNBA season, she instead trained with the national team, winning exhibition tournaments in Hungary during July and in Spain during September. The 2010 international season culminated with the FIBA World Championship for Women in the Czech Republic. Although Australia's only round robin loss was to the United States, they were defeated in the quarterfinals by the Czech Republic, the tournament hosts. Australia finished in fifth place after winning the 5th-to-8th-place consolation bracket. Phillips had more playing time in the tournament than in the previous World Championship, averaging 4.1 points, 2.7 rebounds, and 1.3 assists in 13.6 minutes per game. Although Phillips participated in training camps with the national team in preparation for the 2012 Summer Olympics in London, she was not named to the team. The Australian press and the WNBA regarded her omission as a surprise. Nonetheless, Phillips knew she was hurting her chances of making the team by playing the full WNBA season instead of skipping the first half of the year to keep training with the Opals like Lauren Jackson. She decided to play the full season because she thought it was better preparation and she wanted to honour her contract with the Indiana Fever. The Opals won the bronze medal in London, and Phillips ended up winning her first WNBA title. Phillips returned to the national team as one of 33 players selected to prepare for the 2014 FIBA World Championship for Women in Turkey. She was named to the team for the World Championship, having won the WNBA Finals just 15 days before the Opals' first game in the tournament. Australia swept their round robin group and won their quarterfinal game against Canada. After a 12-point semifinal loss to the United States, the Opals defeated the hosts Turkey for the bronze medal. Unlike her previous two World Championships where she had little playing time off the bench, Phillips established herself in the team's regular starting lineup, leading the team in minutes per game, and was third in scoring and second in assists. Overall, she averaged 8.7 points, 4.0 assists, and 4.0 rebounds in 26.2 minutes per game. In the loss against the United States, she led the team in scoring with a game-high 19 points and made her only three three-pointers of the tournament on six such shots. The last major international tournament of Phillips's career was the 2016 Summer Olympics in Rio de Janeiro. Phillips and Laura Hodges were voted co-vice captains by their teammates, while Penny Taylor was voted captain. Despite sweeping their round robin group, Australia were upset in the quarterfinals 73\u201371 by Serbia in a game where the Opals had 26 turnovers. Phillips had 10 points and 4\u00a0assists in the loss. Overall, she averaged 4.7 points, 3.2 assists, and 2.0 rebounds in 23.5 minutes per game while playing as a starter. The loss to Serbia ended the Opals' streak of five consecutive Olympics with a medal. Phillips officially retired from competitive basketball in January 2018. Phillips was a guard, and could play both the point guard and shooting guard positions. Her versatility allowed her to play as a combo guard between both of those positions. Phillips's first WNBA coach Mike Thibault compared her to Women's Basketball Hall of Famer Michele Timms, another Australian point guard. He also said she was \"one of the best rebounding guards we've had\". With her background in the much more physical sport of Australian rules football, Phillips had a physical style of play in basketball as well. Thibault commended her ability to take contact while driving to the basket, comparing her to then-teammate Lindsay Whalen in that regard. Phillips also excelled at taking offensive charges while on defence and was a good perimeter defender. Phillips was one of the best three-point shooters in the WNBA during her career, ranking top ten in the league in three-point field goal percentage five times in the eight seasons where she played enough to qualify for the rankings. Her best rankings in three-point field goal percentage came in three consecutive years when she finished third in 2012, second in 2013, and first in 2014. Although she did not lead the league in 2013, her 47.9% three-point field goal percentage that year ranks 13th overall in WNBA history as of 2020. Phillips's career three-point field goal percentage of 38.1% ranks 34th all-time as of 2020. Phillips was also an excellent free-throw shooter. Her 84.4% career free throw percentage ranks 33rd all-time in the WNBA as of 2020. Following her release by the Dallas Wings and retirement from the WNBA immediately before the start of the 2017 WNBA season, Phillips was named the Wings' director of player and franchise development a week later. Shortly after the end of the season, Phillips was promoted to assistant coach of the team for 2018, replacing Bridget Pettis. She coached alongside fellow assistant coach Taj McWilliams-Franklin and under head coach Fred Williams, who had been the team's head coach in Phillips's last year as a player in the WNBA as well. She retained her position the following year as the Wings hired new head coach Brian Agler. She had turned down the opportunity to interview for that head coaching vacancy in order to return to Australian rules football in the AFLW during the offseason. Phillips left the coaching staff following the 2019 WNBA season in search of opportunities in Australia. With the AFL planning to launch a national Australian rules football women's competition in 2017, Phillips agreed to become a marquee signing for Port Adelaide, her father's club in the SANFL, if they received a licence for the inaugural AFL Women's (AFLW) season. By March 2016, however, Port Adelaide decided not to bid for a licence for 2017 in order to focus on their plan to play the first AFL game in China that same year. As a result, Phillips instead ended up signing with the Adelaide Football Club as a rookie, a spot reserved for footballers coming from other sports. She had previously stated it was \"highly unlikely\" that she would join Adelaide if Port Adelaide were not granted a licence. Phillips later reneged, saying, \"When the Adelaide Crows contacted me I was just so blown away how professional they were and how committed they were, not only just in getting me to play but how committed they were to the women's game itself.\" She also commented that she thought \"[her] time had passed at playing football\" when Port Adelaide did not pursue a licence. Phillips had not played in a football match since participating in the Little Heroes Slowdown in 2004, a charity match featuring retired AFL and SANFL players as well as celebrities. She was named best on ground in that game. Before she returned to training in 2016, the last time she had played football in a competitive league was 17 years earlier at 13 years old. Phillips was named as a co-captain of Adelaide for the inaugural 2017 AFLW season, along with Chelsea Randall, one of the club's marquee signings. Although Phillips received approval from the Dallas Wings to play in the AFLW during the WNBA offseason, medical insurance on her WNBA contract did not cover any injuries from playing Australian rules football. Despite the possibility of an injury voiding her WNBA contract or the fact that her salary was about ten times higher in the WNBA compared to the AFLW, Phillips decided to play in the league at her own risk. The 2017 AFLW competition consisted of eight teams playing a home-and-away schedule of seven games, one against each of the other teams. At the end of the season, the top two teams on the ladder would contest the Grand Final. Adelaide had a strong start to the season, winning their first two games with the largest margin of victory in each week. Phillips was awarded best on ground in both games, receiving the maximum three votes that were to be tallied at the end of the season to decide the competition's best and fairest. She led the Crows in goals in the first game of the season with three. Although Adelaide trailed at three-quarter time against Carlton in Round\u00a03, Phillips led her team to victory with the only goal of the final term, which she kicked from a long distance of 60 metres. Phillips was awarded best on ground for the third and final time during the home-and-away season in Adelaide's Round\u00a04 win, leading the Crows with 18 disposals. Adelaide and the Brisbane Lions entered their Round\u00a05 encounter as the only remaining unbeaten teams in the competition, even though the press had not expected either team to be top two on the ladder. After Adelaide led at three-quarter time, they lost the game after conceding the only goal of the final term. This was the only game of the season that Phillips did not receive any votes as one of the three best players on the ground. She received an additional two votes in both of the last two games of the season. Adelaide lost their next game as well to Melbourne, who were led by Daisy Pearce. With the loss, the Crows were left with the same number of wins as Melbourne and retained the second position on the ladder only by virtue of their much better points percentage. After Melbourne began the last round with a win, Adelaide needed to win their game against Collingwood to finish second on the ladder. Although Adelaide trailed by seven points entering the final term, they won the game with the only five goals in the last quarter, the first two from Sarah Perkins who had four in total and the next two from Phillips who kicked three in total. The inaugural 2017 AFLW Grand Final was a rematch of Adelaide's Round\u00a05 loss to Brisbane, who won the right to host the match as minor premiers. Adelaide won by a score of 4.11 (35) to 4.5 (29), never trailing in the match. Phillips won best on ground, having recorded 28 disposals, 7\u00a0marks, and 7\u00a0tackles, all personal season-bests and team-highs in the game. She also kicked both of Adelaide's goals in the second half. Phillips ended the year as the third-leading goalkicker in the AFLW with ten goals. At the AFLW Awards, Phillips was named the inaugural AFLW best and fairest, finishing the season with 14 votes, four ahead of the Western Bulldogs' Ellie Blackburn and Melbourne's Karen Paxman. Her match-winner from Round\u00a03 against Carlton was also named the AFLW Goal of the Year. She was also a finalist for AFLW Mark of the Year for an on-the-shoulders mark that she took against Melbourne, losing the award to Darcy Vescio. Phillips also won the AFLW Players' Most Valuable Player Award. Phillips struggled with a right quad injury through much of the 2018 season. She first injured the quad in the preseason and then aggravated it the day before the start of the season, keeping her out for the first two games. Adelaide lost both of the those games without Phillips, which were against Brisbane and Melbourne. When Phillips returned, Adelaide resumed winning as Phillips starred with four of Adelaide's six goals and two of their five behinds, earning best on ground. However, this was the only game of the year where Phillips earned any votes. After a draw against Greater Western Sydney in heavy rain, Adelaide won their next two games in Round\u00a05 and Round\u00a06. Phillips's quad injury forced her to miss the second half of the Round\u00a05 win. She recovered to kick three goals the following week. Just like in 2017, Adelaide entered their Round\u00a07 game against Collingwood needing a win to make the AFLW Grand Final. This time, however, Adelaide squandered a 17-point lead in the second quarter and lost the game after defender Chelsea Randall missed the second half due to a concussion. With the expansion of the AFLW to 10 teams for the 2019 season, the league was restructured into two conferences. The number of home-and-away games was kept at seven, and the finals system was expanded to include one pair of preliminary finals before the grand final. Adelaide opened the season with a one-point loss to the Western Bulldogs, the reigning premiers, largely as a result of kicking an inaccurate 1.11 (17). Despite the loss, Phillips earned two votes with 18 disposals and two behinds. From the next game on, Phillips and the Adelaide Crows dominated the rest of the season. They did not lose another game, and Phillips received three votes for best on ground in five of the six remaining games. After their 13-point Round\u00a02 win against Carlton, Adelaide won each of their last five home-and-away games by at least 29 points. They won the minor premiership after finishing tied with Fremantle with six wins, but had a markedly better percentage in part due to defeating them by 42 points in Round\u00a04 in Fremantle's only loss. Phillips had a season-high 25 disposals as well as two goals in that win against Fremantle. She kicked a season-high three goals one week earlier against Geelong. \"It's pretty emotional\u00a0... It's an absolute dream come true, not just for our girls but for Carlton as well. To play in front of this crowd means so much and is incredible for women's footy.\" \u2014Phillips reflecting on the unexpected record attendance at the 2019 AFLW Grand Final and the game after tearing her ACL and winning best on ground Adelaide continued their dominance into the finals, winning their preliminary final against Geelong by a season-high margin of 66 points and keeping their opponents scoreless through three-quarter time. They held Geelong to just seven points, the lowest score in AFLW history at the time. Phillips had 23 disposals in the game, trailing only her teammate Ebony Marinoff who had 27. Adelaide faced Carlton in the 2019 AFLW Grand Final. In front of 53,034 fans, a record for a standalone women's sporting event in Australia, Adelaide won convincingly by a score of 10.3 (63) to 2.6 (18). Despite not playing the final quarter after tearing the ACL in her left knee late in the third quarter, Phillips was named AFLW Grand Final best on ground for the second time. She had 18 disposals and kicked two goals before leaving the game. She received a standing ovation when she was taken off the field on a stretcher. At the end of the season, Phillips won her second AFLW best and fairest award. She accumulated 19 out of 21 possible votes from her seven matches, and finished eight votes ahead of Fremantle's Dana Hooker. Like in 2017, she was the third-leading goalkicker in the AFLW, this time behind teammates Stevie-Lee Thompson and Danielle Ponter. Phillips made the All-Australian team for the second time, and was also named captain of the team. She again won the AFLW Players' Most Valuable Player Award. For the 2020 season, the league expanded to 14 teams and the season was extended to eight games. An additional round of finals was added, allowing three of the seven teams from each conference and six in total to make the finals. Phillips was not ready to return from her ACL injury until Round\u00a04. In her return, Adelaide lost to Carlton in a rematch of the previous year's grand final. Phillips had 13 disposals in the loss. After missing Round\u00a05 due to soreness resulting from not playing for 11 months, Phillips played one more game the following week. After Round\u00a06, the AFLW cancelled the remainder of the home-and-away season in favour of starting the finals early due to the global COVID-19 pandemic. Even though the finals were also expanded from six to eight teams, Adelaide did not qualify with just two wins in their first six matches. Ultimately, the finals series was cancelled due to the pandemic after only the first round was played. Before the start of the 2021 season, Phillips relinquished her role as co-captain with Randall, setting up Randall to be appointed sole captain of the team. The league was restructured back to a single ladder in which the top six teams made the finals and the top two teams received byes into the preliminary finals. Adelaide entered the last round third on the ladder behind Brisbane and Collingwood. Although they were never in the top two because of losses to Fremantle and Melbourne, they were able to finish on top of the ladder by defeating Collingwood after Brisbane's loss earlier in the round. Phillips played better in the first half of the season, being named best on ground twice, first in Round 1 against West Coast and then in Round 4 against Brisbane. She also earned one vote in each of her team's next two games, including against Gold Coast when Adelaide scored 85 points, the second-highest total in AFLW history at the time. She kicked at least one goal in the first six games of the season, highlighted by four of her team's six goals against Brisbane, tying her career high for goals in a game. In the second half of the season, Phillips struggled with an injury to her left knee that was first aggravated in Round 5 and not disclosed until after the season ended. After Round 6, she did not receive any more votes. Although Phillips scored two goals in Adelaide's preliminary final win against Melbourne, she did not reach ten disposals in either of her finals games, despite tallying at least fourteen in all of her home-and-away games. Adelaide lost the 2021 AFLW Grand Final to Brisbane. Phillips had minor surgery on her left knee a week later. Overall, she was named to her third All-Australian team and finished the season as Adelaide's leading goalkicker for the second time. Phillips plays primarily as a midfielder who is also a goal-scoring threat like a forward. She excels at being able to read plays in order to capitalize on opportunities, such as creating set shots for her teammates off of free kicks. Phillips was the all-time AFLW leading goalkicker at the end of 2019, having kicked 28 goals in the league's first three seasons. She is capable of kicking goals in a variety of ways. She can kick from long distances such as her 60-metre AFLW Goal of the Year in 2017, or from sharp angles in the pocket. In addition to scoring goals, Phillips is prolific at score involvements, leading the league in that statistic by wide margins in 2017, 2019, and 2021. Although Phillips is not one of the bigger players in the competition, she is tough and physical\u00a0\u2013 useful traits for taking marks either in the air or after bodying off defenders to establish positioning. She is not considered one of the faster players in the league due to her relative age compared to other players. Statistics are correct to the end of the 2021 season. Phillips is married to American former basketball player Tracy Gahan. The two of them met when they became teammates on the Adelaide Lightning in the WNBL in 2006, and became a couple the following year. They married in 2014 in the United States before same-sex marriage was legalised in Australia. They have three children: son and daughter twins born in 2016, and a second son born in 2019. Phillips and Gahan have split their time between living in Texas and Adelaide. Phillips was one of many female athletes in Australia who advocated for the legalisation of same-sex marriage in the lead-up to the nationwide marriage law postal survey in late 2017. The positive support found in the survey led to its legalisation before the end of that year. While Phillips does not see herself as a leading advocate for LGBT rights, she has presented her marriage openly and wants to be seen as a role model to others in this respect, in particular to young girls and both male and female athletes. Phillips has also been the co-host of a weekday Adelaide morning radio show with Mark Soderstrom on the Mix 102.3 station. The show is eponymously named Erin Phillips & Soda in the Morning. She began hosting permanently in December 2020 after Jodie Oddy departed from the show. Phillips had previously co-hosted on a temporary basis when Oddy was on maternity leave. Phillips's sister Amy is married to Australian rules footballer Shaun Burgoyne, who has played for Port Adelaide and Hawthorn. Phillips also played on the same football team as Burgoyne's younger brother Phil when they were children. Phillips was the Adelaide Lightning's WNBL Ambassador during the 2005\u201306 season as part of a program to promote the league's athletes as role models. She has also served as a club ambassador for Port Adelaide, and has participated in their Community Youth program to educate primary school students on physical and mental health. Phillips was awarded the Medal of the Order of Australia in the 2021 Queen's Birthday Honours, for \"service to Australian rules football, and to basketball\". 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Navaratnam, Dinny (2 April 2019). \"Phillips crowned AFLW's best for a second time\". AFLW. Archived from the original on 23 March 2020. Retrieved 7 April 2020. \"AFL Women's Premier Season \u2013 Every Goalkicker 2019\". Australian Football. Retrieved 24 May 2020. \"All-conquering AFLW star hopes sons will follow in their mothers' footsteps\". Australian Broadcasting Corporation. 2 April 2019. Archived from the original on 3 April 2019. Retrieved 2 April 2019. Black, Sarah (1 April 2019). \"Superstar Crow clinches second MVP award\". AFLW. Archived from the original on 22 March 2020. Retrieved 7 April 2020. Gaskin, Lee (1 March 2020). \"Blues' win spoils superstar Crow's comeback in Grand Final rematch\". AFLW. Archived from the original on 7 April 2020. Retrieved 7 April 2020. \"AFLW: Phillips withdrawn from North clash\". Adelaide Football Club. 6 March 2020. Archived from the original on 7 April 2020. Retrieved 7 April 2020. \"AFLW goes straight into finals after Covid-19 forces shortened season\". The Guardian. 18 March 2020. Archived from the original on 7 April 2020. Retrieved 7 April 2020. Hytner, Mike (22 March 2020). \"AFLW goes straight into finals after Covid-19 forces shortened season\". The Guardian. Archived from the original on 25 March 2020. Retrieved 7 April 2020. \"'Right time to make a change': Crows superstar steps down as captain\". AFLW. 17 January 2021. Retrieved 7 February 2021. \"AFLW: Randall named as Adelaide's first standalone women's captain\". Adelaide Football Club. 17 January 2021. Retrieved 17 January 2021. \"AFLW scraps conferences for 2021 season, introduces ticketed matches\". The Guardian. Australian Associated Press. 10 December 2020. Retrieved 31 July 2021. \"2021 NAB AFL Women's Competition \u2013 Finals Structure\". AFLW. 25 March 2021. Retrieved 31 July 2021. Healy, Jonathan. \"Crows snatch top spot, Pies set for cut-throat final\". AFLW. Retrieved 31 July 2021. \"Demolition job: Crows smash Suns with highest ever score\". AFLW. Retrieved 31 July 2021. Whiting, Michael. \"Phillips masterclass powers to Crows to thrilling win\". AFLW. Retrieved 31 July 2021. \"Injury Update: Erin Phillips\". Adelaide Football Club. 18 April 2021. Retrieved 31 July 2021. \"Erin Phillips Will Require Knee Surgery To Determine Her Footy Future\". iHeartRadio. 18 April 2021. Retrieved 31 July 2021. Michael, Luke (10 April 2021). \"Crows head to another Grand Final, but skipper will miss\". AFLW. Retrieved 31 July 2021. Phelan, Jennifer (17 April 2021). \"Third time lucky: Lions nab first flag after epic decider\". AFLW. Retrieved 31 July 2021. Zita, David (20 April 2021). \"Two AFLW greats reach footy immortality as All-Australian squad revealed\". Fox Sports. Retrieved 31 July 2021. \"AFL Women's Premiership Season \u2013 Every Goalkicker 2017 to 2019\". Australian Football. Archived from the original on 20 June 2020. Retrieved 24 May 2020. \"AFLW Player Stats\". AFLW. Retrieved 31 July 2021. Black, Sarah (6 February 2020). \"Sarah Black's top 30: And the AFLW's No.1 player is ...\" AFLW. Archived from the original on 22 March 2020. Retrieved 27 June 2020. \"Erin Phillips\". Australian Football. Archived from the original on 4 April 2019. Retrieved 4 April 2019. Nash, Tammye (15 June 2018). \"Winging her way to success\". Dallas Voice. Archived from the original on 21 March 2020. Retrieved 4 April 2020. Polkinghorne, David (30 March 2017). \"Chief minister Andrew Barr says AFLW star Erin Phillips shows marriage equality 'inevitable'\". The Age. Archived from the original on 2 April 2017. Retrieved 2 April 2017. Fjeldstad, Jesper (8 February 2017). \"Crows AFLW player Erin Phillips opens up about her wife Tracy Gahan and new twins\". Daily Telegraph. Retrieved 13 February 2017. \"Erin Phillips welcomes a third baby with wife Tracy Gahan\". MSN. 1 August 2019. Archived from the original on 25 February 2020. Retrieved 4 April 2020. Warby, Danielle (8 May 2018). \"Are elite sportswomen changing what coming out looks like?\". The Guardian. Archived from the original on 2 March 2020. Retrieved 4 April 2020. McFarlane, Glenn (4 April 2017). \"Erin Phillips says same-sex marriage is a basic human right after breakout AFLW season\". Herald Sun. Archived from the original on 25 October 2017. Retrieved 4 April 2020. Collins, Carolyn; Eccleston, Roy (2019). Trailblazers: 100 inspiring South Australian women. Wakefield Press. p.\u00a0216. ISBN\u00a0978-1743056905. Kelly, Vivienne (15 December 2020). \"Erin Phillips takes over Jodie Oddy's spot on Mix 102.3 Breakfast\". Radio Today. Retrieved 10 April 2021. Burgoyne, Shaun (1 April 2019). \"Erin Phillips always strives for greatness\". AFL Players. Archived from the original on 24 December 2019. Retrieved 4 April 2020. Gailberger, Jade (25 March 2015). \"Port Adelaide's Power Community Youth Program helps players and pupils\". The Advertiser. Retrieved 4 April 2020. \"Queen's Birthday 2021 Honours \u2013 the full list\". Sydney Morning Herald. Nine Entertainment Co. 13 June 2021. Retrieved 13 June 2021. Erin Phillips's profile on the official website of the Adelaide Football Club Erin Phillips at AustralianFootball.com Basketball portal Biography portal Sports portal"
   },
   {
    "name": "Brian McGuire",
    "id": "Q640436",
    "text": "Brian McGuire (13 December 1945 \u2013 29 August 1977) was a racing driver and constructor from Australia. McGuire travelled over to the UK from Australia with another hopeful young driver, Alan Jones, but did not enjoy his countryman's success. McGuire entered two Formula One British Grands Prix. With his privately run Williams FW04 at the 1976 British Grand Prix, he found himself as a reserve entry and was denied a chance to compete. For the 1977 race, he modified his Williams FW04 and renamed it the McGuire BM1, but failed to pre-qualify. McGuire was killed practicing this car during a Shellsport G8 Championship race at Brands Hatch later that year. (key) (Races in bold indicate pole position; races in italics indicate fastest lap.) (key) (Races in bold indicate pole position; races in italics indicate fastest lap.) (key) (Races in bold indicate pole position, races in italics indicate fastest lap) (key) (Races in bold indicate pole position, races in italics indicate fastest lap) \"The Grand Prix Who's Who\", Steve Small, 1995. 1976 Shellsport International Series, GEL Motorosport Information - The Formula One Archive, retrieved 27 April 2011. 1977 Shellsport G8 International Series, GEL Motorosport Information - The Formula One Archive, retrieved 27 April 2011. v t e v t e"
   }
  ]
 },
 {
  "relation_id": "P19",
  "target_id": "Q826561",
  "target_name": "Halifax",
  "samples": [
   {
    "name": "Ed Sheeran",
    "id": "Q47447",
    "text": "Edward Christopher Sheeran MBE (/\u02c8\u0283\u026a\u0259r\u0259n/; born 17 February 1991) is an English singer-songwriter. He has sold more than 150 million records worldwide, making him one of the world's best-selling music artists. He has 84.5 million RIAA-certified units in the US, and two of his albums are in the list of the best-selling albums in UK chart history: \u00d7 at number 20, and \u00f7 at number 34. In December 2019, the Official Charts Company named him artist of the decade, with the most combined success in the UK album and singles charts in the 2010s. Sheeran's debut album, + (pronounced \"plus\"), was released in September 2011 and topped the UK Albums Chart. It contained his first hit single \"The A Team\". In 2012, Sheeran won the Brit Awards for Best British Male Solo Artist and British Breakthrough Act. Sheeran's second studio album, \u00d7 (pronounced \"multiply\"), was released in June 2014 and was named the second-best-selling album worldwide of 2015. In the same year, \u00d7 won Album of the Year at the 2015 Brit Awards, and he received the Ivor Novello Award for Songwriter of the Year from the British Academy of Songwriters, Composers and Authors. A single from \u00d7, \"Thinking Out Loud\", earned him the 2016 Grammy Awards for Song of the Year and Best Pop Solo Performance. Sheeran's third album, \u00f7 (pronounced \"divide\"), was released in March 2017, and was the best-selling album worldwide of 2017. The first two singles from the album, \"Shape of You\" and \"Castle on the Hill\", broke records in a number of countries by debuting in the top two positions of the charts. He also became the first artist to have two songs debut in the US top 10 in the same week. By March 2017, Sheeran had accumulated ten top 10 singles from \u00f7 on the UK Singles Chart, breaking the record for most top 10 UK singles from one album. His fourth single from \u00f7, \"Perfect\", reached number one in the US, Australia and the UK, where it became the Christmas number one in 2017. The world's best-selling artist of 2017, he was named the Global Recording Artist of the Year. Released in 2019, his fourth studio album No.6 Collaborations Project debuted at number one in most major markets, and spawned three UK number one singles, \"I Don't Care\", \"Beautiful People\" and \"Take Me Back to London\". Globally, Spotify named him the second most streamed artist of the decade. Beginning in March 2017, his \u00f7 Tour became the highest-grossing of all time in August 2019. An alumnus of the National Youth Theatre in London, Sheeran's acting roles include appearing in the 2019 film Yesterday. Edward Christopher Sheeran was born in Halifax, West Yorkshire, England on 17 February 1991. His early childhood home was on Birchcliffe Road in nearby Hebden Bridge. His father was a curator at Cartwright Hall in Bradford and his mother worked at Manchester City Art Gallery. In December 1995 he moved with his family from Hebden Bridge to Framlingham in Suffolk, where he attended the independent Brandeston Hall preparatory school (now Framlingham College Prep School), then Thomas Mills High School, also in Framlingham. He has an older brother named Matthew, who works as a composer. Sheeran's parents, John and Imogen, are from London. His paternal grandparents are Irish, and Sheeran has stated that his father is from a \"very large\" Catholic family. John is an art curator and lecturer, and Imogen is a culture publicist turned jewellery designer. His parents ran Sheeran Lock, an independent art consultancy, from 1990 to 2010. Sheeran sang at a local church choir at the age of four, learned how to play the guitar at age eleven, and began writing songs while at Thomas Mills High School in Framlingham. A 2004 school report described him as a \"natural performer\", and his classmates also voted him \"most likely to be famous\". He was accepted at the National Youth Theatre in London as a teenager. He successfully auditioned for Youth Music Theatre UK in 2007 and joined their production of Frankenstein in Plymouth. He is a patron of Youth Music Theatre UK (now renamed British Youth Music Theatre) and of Access to Music, where he studied Artist Development. Sheeran is a second cousin of Northern Irish broadcaster Gordon Burns, who hosted the British game show The Krypton Factor. Sheeran began recording music in 2004 and independently released his first collection of work, tiled Spinning Man. He has been friends with fellow English singer, Passenger, since he was 15, with the two playing the same gig in Cambridge. He moved to London in 2008 and began playing in small venues. In 2008, he auditioned for the ITV series Britannia High. He also opened for Nizlopi in Norwich in April 2008, after being one of their guitar technicians. In the autumn of 2009, Sheeran began studying music at the Academy of Contemporary Music (ACM) in Guildford, Surrey as an undergraduate at the age 18, but left without permission in the same year to support hip-hop artist Just Jack. He released another EP in 2009, You Need Me, and also collaborated several times with Essex singer Leddra Chapman, including CeeLo Green's \"Fuck You\". In February 2010, Sheeran posted a video through SB.TV, and rapper Example invited Sheeran to tour with him. In the same month, he also released his critically acclaimed Loose Change EP, which featured his future debut single, \"The A Team\". Sheeran began to be seen by more people over the internet through YouTube and his fan base expanded, with him also receiving praise from The Independent newspaper and Elton John. He played a Station Session in St. Pancras International in June 2010. Some of the episode is on their Facebook page Sheeran also self-released two other EPs in 2010, Ed Sheeran: Live at the Bedford and Songs I Wrote with Amy, which is a collection of love songs he wrote in Wales with Amy Wadge. When in Los Angeles in 2010, he was invited to perform at The Foxxhole, a club run by actor Jamie Foxx, which ended with an invitation to stay at Foxx's home. On 8 January 2011, Sheeran released another independent EP, No. 5 Collaborations Project, featuring grime artists such as Wiley, Jme, Devlin, Sway and Ghetts. With this EP, Sheeran gained mainstream attention for having reached number 2 in the iTunes chart without any promotion or label, selling over 7,000 copies in the first week. Three months later, Sheeran put on a free show to fans at the Barfly in Camden Town. Over 1,000 fans turned up, so Sheeran played four different shows to ensure everyone saw a gig, including a gig outside on the street after the venue had closed. Later that month, Sheeran was signed to Asylum Records. On 26 April 2011, Sheeran appeared on the TV music show Later... with Jools Holland, where he performed his debut single \"The A Team\". Six weeks later, \"The A Team\" was released as a digital download in the UK. The release served as the lead single from Sheeran's debut studio album, + (pronounced \"plus\"). \"The A Team\" entered the UK Singles Chart at number three, selling over 58,000 copies in the first week. It was the best-selling debut single and the overall eighth-best selling single of 2011, selling 801,000 copies. The lead single also became a top ten hit in Australia, Germany, Ireland, Japan, Luxembourg, New Zealand, Norway and the Netherlands. During a headline set in the BBC Introducing tent at Glastonbury Festival 2011, Sheeran announced that \"You Need Me, I Don't Need You\" would be released on 26 August as the second single from the album. The second single peaked at number four on the UK Singles Chart. \"Lego House\" was released as the third single, reaching the top ten on the Australian, Irish and New Zealand Singles Charts. The music video for \"Lego House\" features actor Rupert Grint, as a play on their similar appearance. \"Drunk\", released on 19 February 2012, became Sheeran's fourth consecutive top ten single in the UK, peaking at number nine. Sheeran released + on 12 September 2011. The album received generally favourable reviews from music critics. + debuted at number one on the UK Albums Chart for sales of 102,000 copies. By end of 2011, sales of the album in the UK stand at 791,000; it became the second best-selling debut album and the ninth biggest-selling album there. The album has been certified platinum six times by the British Phonographic Industry, denoting shipments of 1,800,000 copies. As of March 2012, the album had sold 1,021,072 copies in the UK. The album also reached the top five in Australia, Canada, Ireland, New Zealand and the US. The song, \"Moments\", on the debut album by boy band One Direction, released in November 2011, was co-written by Sheeran. At the 2012 Brit Awards on 21 February, Sheeran won the Brit Awards for Best British Male Solo Artist, and British Breakthrough Act of the Year. On 10 January 2012, it was announced that Sheeran would support Snow Patrol on their US tour from late March until May. His song, \"Give Me Love\", was featured in the episode \"Dangerous Liaisons\" of The Vampire Diaries. At the Ivor Novello Awards in May 2012, Sheeran's \"The A Team\" bested Adele's \"Rolling in the Deep\" and Florence and the Machine's \"Shake It Out\" for Best Song Musically and Lyrically. Sheeran performed \"The A Team\" at the Diamond Jubilee of Queen Elizabeth II concert held on The Mall outside Buckingham Palace on 4 June 2012 and a cover of Pink Floyd's \"Wish You Were Here\" at the closing ceremony of the 2012 Summer Olympics in London on 12 August 2012. Taylor Swift contacted Sheeran after hearing his music while touring Australia in March 2012. He later co-wrote and provided vocals for \"Everything Has Changed\", a single featured on Swift's fourth studio album, Red. Sheeran also contributed two songs to One Direction's second studio album, Take Me Home, released in November 2012; the single \"Little Things\" became the group's second number-one in the UK. Sheeran's album peaked at No. 5 on the Billboard 200, while \"The A Team\" reached No. 16 on the US Billboard Hot 100. In late 2012 and early 2013, he headlined a US tour of 6,000\u20139,000 capacity venues. \"The A Team\" received a nomination for Song of the Year at the 2013 Grammy Awards. Elton John, who runs Sheeran's management company, canvassed the award organisers to get Sheeran a performance slot at the ceremony but was told that Sheeran alone was not high-profile enough. John decided to appear with Sheeran to circumvent this problem. Sheeran was also featured on some tracks from Irish singer Foy Vance's fourth album Joy of Nothing. From March to September 2013, Sheeran played at arenas and stadiums across North America as the opening act for Swift's The Red Tour. According to Sheeran, it was then his biggest tour, and he added a scarlet RED tattoo to commemorate it. In October 2013, Sheeran headlined three sold-out shows at New York's Madison Square Garden. At the concert, Sheeran debuted new songs, including \"Tenerife Sea\", a future track on his second studio album. Sheeran released \"I See Fire\" on 5 November 2013. The song is featured in the end credits of the film The Hobbit: The Desolation of Smaug, the film's soundtrack, and on the deluxe version of his second album. Sheeran was nominated for Best New Artist at the 2014 Grammy Awards. On 24 March 2014, Sheeran performed at the Teenage Cancer Trust charity concert at the Royal Albert Hall in London where he unveiled \"Take It Back\", a track that would appear on the deluxe version of the second album. \"Sing\", the lead single, was released on 7 April 2014. Sonically, the song is a departure from Sheeran's previous recordings. \"Sing\" was intended to create hype over the album release, but from concern that this might alienate Sheeran's fan base, \"One\", an acoustic ballad, was released on 16 May 2014; \"One\" also marked the first of several promotional singles released leading to the album release. By early June 2014, \"Sing\" had earned Sheeran his first number-one single in the UK. Sheeran's second studio album, \u00d7 (pronounced \"multiply\"), was released worldwide on 23 June 2014. Spanning three years, Sheeran wrote more than 120 songs for the album. The album features tracks produced by Rick Rubin, Pharrell Williams and Benny Blanco, as well as that of Gosling's. \u00d7 peaked at number one in both the UK Albums Chart and the US Billboard 200. To support the album, Sheeran embarked on a world tour starting on 6 August 2014 at Osaka, Japan. On 27 September 2014, Sheeran was one of the headline acts at the Melbourne Cricket Ground prior to the 2014 AFL Grand Final. Following \"Don't\", \"Thinking Out Loud\" was released on 24 September 2014 as the album's third single. Unlike his previous music videos, Sheeran took the lead role in the single's accompaniment, where he performed a ballroom dance. It became his second single to reach number one in the UK, and it also spent eight weeks at number two on the US Billboard Hot 100 (with only \"Uptown Funk\" by Mark Ronson featuring Bruno Mars keeping it from top spot). In 2014, combined streams on Sheeran's catalogue in Spotify reached 860 million; Spotify named him the most-streamed artist and \u00d7 the most-streamed album. In the same year, the album made Sheeran iTunes' best-selling artist in the UK, Ireland and New Zealand. \u00d7 was nominated for Album of the Year at the 57th Grammy Awards. Sheeran performed \"Thinking Out Loud\" alongside John Mayer, Questlove and Herbie Hancock at the ceremony. On 25 February, Sheeran won British Male Solo Artist and British Album of the Year for \u00d7 at the 2015 Brit Awards. On 21 May he received the Ivor Novello Award for Songwriter of the Year. On 21 June, Sheeran co-hosted the 2015 Much Music Video Awards in Toronto, where he performed the singles, \"Thinking Out Loud\" and \"Photograph\"; he also won two awards, Best International Artist and Most Buzzworthy International Artist or Group. On 27 June, Sheeran performed as the opening act for The Rolling Stones in their Zip Code Tour date in Kansas City's Arrowhead Stadium. On 10\u201312 July 2015, Sheeran performed sold-out shows at London's Wembley Stadium. The shows, which were announced in November 2014, were part of his world tour. The concert was documented and aired on 16 August 2015 on NBC; the one-hour special Ed Sheeran \u2013 Live at Wembley Stadium also included behind-the-scenes footage. In November 2015 Sheeran released the DVD Jumpers for Goalposts: Live at Wembley Stadium; the title is a nod to playing concerts at Wembley Stadium, the home of English football. In 2015, Sheeran wrote \"Love Yourself\" for Justin Bieber's fourth album. Sheeran had initially planned to put the song on his third album \u00f7 and added that the track would have been scrapped before Bieber took the song. In August 2015, he sang along with Macklemore on the track \"Growing Up\". On 26 September, Sheeran performed at the 2015 Global Citizen Festival in Central Park's Great Lawn in New York, an event organised by Coldplay lead singer, Chris Martin, that advocates an end to extreme global poverty. Sheeran headlined the festival along with Beyonc\u00e9, Coldplay, and Pearl Jam. The festival was broadcast on NBC in the US on 27 September and the BBC in the UK on 28 September. Sheeran co-hosted the 2015 MTV Europe Music Awards on 25 October in Milan, Italy. He won the awards for Best Live Act and Best Live Stage; the latter was in recognition for his performance at the 2014 V Festival in England. Sheeran won the Breakthrough award at the 2015 Billboard Touring Awards. His single from \u00d7, \"Thinking Out Loud\", earned him two Grammy Awards at the 2016 ceremony: Song of the Year and Best Pop Solo Performance. In May 2016, \u00d7 was named the second-best-selling album worldwide in 2015, behind 25 by Adele. On 13 December 2016, after a year long hiatus and social media break, Sheeran tweeted a picture and changed his Twitter, Facebook and Instagram to a light blue, implying the release of a new album \u2013 each of Sheeran's previous albums were a single coloured background with a solid mathematical symbol. On 2 January, he posted a 10-second video on Twitter and other social media showing what was the cover design of his forthcoming album entitled \u00f7 (pronounced \"divide\") which was released on 3 March 2017. The album debuted at number one in the UK, the US, Germany, Australia, Canada and other major markets. With first week sales of 672,000 it is the fastest selling album by a male solo artist in the UK, and third fastest in UK chart history behind 25 by Adele and Be Here Now by Oasis. It had the biggest first week sales of 2017 in the US, until it was surpassed by Taylor Swift's Reputation. On 6 January, Sheeran released two singles, \"Shape of You\" and \"Castle on the Hill\"; the theme of the latter single influences Sheeran's upbringing in his home town of Framlingham in Suffolk, with the castle referring to Framlingham Castle. Following the release of these singles, Sheeran co-hosted the BBC Radio 1 Breakfast Show with Scott Mills where it was inferred that he would possibly make an appearance at the Glastonbury Festival in 2017. It was also during this show that Sheeran used a new Martin guitar that featured the \u00f7 logo (of his new album) on both the headstock and body of the acoustic guitar. Both singles went on to break the Spotify day one streaming record, with a combined total of over 13 million streams in 24 hours. On 13 January, \"Shape of You\" and \"Castle on the Hill\" entered the UK Singles Chart at number one and number two, the first time in history an artist has taken the top two UK chart positions with new songs. The same day he also became the first artist to debut at number one and number two on the German Single Charts. On 15 January, the songs debuted at number one and number two on the ARIA Singles Chart, the first time this has been achieved in the history of the Australian chart. On 17 January, \"Shape of You\" debuted at number one on the US Billboard Hot 100, while \"Castle on the Hill\" entered at number six; this made Sheeran the first artist ever to have two songs simultaneously debut in the US top 10. On 26 January, Sheeran announced dates for the beginning of the Divide Tour with shows in Europe, South America and North America from 17 March until 14 June 2017. On 17 February, Sheeran released \"How Would You Feel (Paean)\". Though not an official single, the song peaked at number two in the UK. By 11 March 2017 Sheeran had accumulated ten top 10 singles from \u00f7 on the UK Singles Chart, breaking Scottish DJ Calvin Harris's record of nine top 10 singles from one album. On 25 June, Sheeran headlined the final night of Glastonbury, performing in front of 135,000 people. At the 2017 MTV Video Music Awards Sheeran was named Artist of the Year. The fourth single from \u00f7, \"Perfect\", reached number one in the UK and Australia, and a stripped-down acoustic version of the song titled \"Perfect Duet\", a collaboration with Beyonc\u00e9, reached number one in the US and the UK, becoming the year's UK Christmas number one. On 7 November, Taylor Swift revealed that Sheeran collaborated on the song \"End Game\" for her sixth studio album Reputation. The song, which also features rapper Future, was released on 10 November. On 4 December, Sheeran was named Spotify's most streamed artist of 2017 with 6.3\u00a0billion streams. He has Spotify's biggest album of the year with \u00f7 streamed 3.1\u00a0billion times, and the top song with \"Shape of You\" with 1.4\u00a0billion streams. On 5 December 2017, hip-hop artist Eminem announced that Sheeran had collaborated on the song \"River\" for his ninth studio album Revival. On working with Eminem, Sheeran stated, \"He is one of the reasons I started writing songs, and was such a pleasure to work with him.\" Speaking on The Late Late Show on Irish television on 15 December, Sheeran stated he has a theme song written for a James Bond film in case he gets the call from producers of the film series. In December 2017, Sheeran appeared on BBC Radio 1's Live Lounge, performing his song \"Perfect\" and a duet of The Pogues' festive classic \"Fairytale of New York\" with Anne-Marie. On 3 January 2018, \"Shape of You\" was named the best selling single of 2017 in the UK, and the best selling single of 2017 on the Billboard Hot 100 in the US. The same day, \u00f7 was named the best selling album of 2017 in the UK, and the US. As the best-selling artist worldwide for 2017 the IFPI named him the Global Recording Artist of the Year. At the 2018 Brit Awards held at the O2 Arena in London on 21 February, Sheeran performed \"Supermarket Flowers\", and received the Global Success Award from Elton John and Rolling Stones guitarist Ronnie Wood. Sheeran played to over 950,000 people in Australia and New Zealand in March and April, making it the biggest concert tour in Australasian music history, overtaking the previous record set by Dire Straits in 1986. In April, the IFPI named \u00f7 the best-selling album worldwide of 2017. At the 2018 Billboard Music Awards on 20 May, Sheeran performed \"Galway Girl\" from Phoenix Park in Dublin, Ireland, and picked up six awards, including Top Artist and Top Hot 100 Artist. In 2018 Sheeran wrote songs for boy bands. \"Trust Fund Baby\", by Why Don't We, was released on 1 February 2018, and \"Summer On You\", by PrettyMuch, was released on 21 June 2018. On 10 May 2019, Sheeran released the single \"I Don't Care\", a duet with Justin Bieber, from his fourth studio album No.6 Collaborations Project. On Spotify, \"I Don't Care\" debuted with 10.977 million daily global streams, breaking the platform's single-day streaming record. The song debuted at number one in the UK, Australia and other markets, and number two in the US. On 31 May, \"Cross Me\" featuring Chance the Rapper and PnB Rock, debuted at number 9 in the UK. Released on 28 June 2019, \"Beautiful People\" featuring Khalid debuted at number 3 in the UK and number 4 in Australia. On 5 July, Sheeran released two new songs, \"Best Part of Me\" featuring Yebba, and \"Blow\" with Bruno Mars and Chris Stapleton. On 12 July, he released the album, along with \"Antisocial\" with Travis Scott. The album debuted at number one in the UK, the US, Australia and other markets. As of 9 August 2019, his four albums have spent a combined 41 weeks at number one in the UK, the most weeks at number one in the UK Album Charts in the 2010s, five weeks more than Adele in second. On 26 August, Sheeran wrapped up the 260-show Divide Tour with the last of four homecoming gigs in Ipswich, Suffolk. On 30 August, the seventh single from the album, \"Take Me Back to London\" featuring Stormzy, reached number one in the UK. In 2019, Sheeran co-wrote country music singer Kenny Chesney's single \"Tip of My Tongue\". In December 2019, Sheeran was named artist of the decade by the Official Charts Company for being the most successful performer in the UK album and singles charts of the 2010s. Eight of his songs featured in the Official Chart Company's chart of the decade with three songs inside the top 5 \u2013 \"Shape of You\" was named number one. Globally, Spotify named him the second most streamed artist of the decade behind Drake. On 21 December 2020, after being on hiatus after having his first child with Cherry Seaborn in August, he released the surprise single, \"Afterglow\". On 25 June 2021, Sheeran released \"Bad Habits\", the lead single from his upcoming fifth studio album. His 10th UK number one single, the song spent eleven consecutive weeks at the top of the UK Singles Chart and Irish Singles Chart, topped the charts in Australia, Canada and Germany among others, and peaked at number two on the Billboard Hot 100 in the US. His eleventh week at number one in the UK saw him become the first British solo artist to notch up 52 weeks at Number 1 across his catalogue, with only Elvis Presley (80 weeks) and The Beatles (69 weeks) achieving more weeks at the summit. On 19 August, Sheeran announced that his fifth studio album would be called = (pronounced equals) and released on 29 October 2021 with a total of 14 songs. The cover was painted by him during the first COVID-19 lockdown, and is based on the last changes his life had during the last four years, marriage, having a child and losing friends. The promotional single \"Visiting Hours\" was released alongside the announcement. On 9 September he was part of the 2021 Kickoff Experience ahead of the NFL season opening game. Released on 10 September, \"Shivers\" dethroned \"Bad Habits\" at the top of the UK and Irish singles charts. In 2017, the team behind TLC's song \"No Scrubs\" were given writing credits on Sheeran's hit song \"Shape of You\" after fans and critics found similarities between elements of the two songs. Also in 2017, Sheeran settled out of court over claims his song \"Photograph\" was a \"note-for-note\" copy of the chorus in the song \"Amazing\" by X Factor UK winner Matt Cardle. In 2018, legal action was brought against Sheeran, Sony/ATV Music Publishing and Atlantic Records by the estate and heirs of the late producer Ed Townsend, who co-wrote the song \"Let's Get It On\" with Marvin Gaye. US District Judge Louis Stanton rejected Sheeran's call for a legal case accusing him of copying parts of the song in \"Thinking Out Loud\" to be dismissed in January 2019. Stanton said that a jury should decide but that he found \"substantial similarities between several of the two works' musical elements\". A previous case by Townsend's estate was dismissed without prejudice in February 2017. Sheeran's earliest memories include listening to the records of Joni Mitchell, Bob Dylan and Elton John's Greatest Hits. According to Sheeran, the album that introduced him to music was Van Morrison's Irish Heartbeat. During his childhood his father took him to live concerts that would inspire his musical creations. These included seeing Eric Clapton at the Royal Albert Hall, Paul McCartney in Birmingham, and Bob Dylan. On the influence of Clapton, Sheeran states, \"He's the reason I started playing guitar\". He singled out Clapton's performance at the Party at the Palace in the grounds of Buckingham Palace, \"I was eleven when I saw Eric Clapton play at the Queen's Golden Jubilee concert in June 2002. I remember him walking on stage with this rainbow-coloured Stratocaster and playing the first riff of 'Layla'. I was hooked. Two days later I bought a black Stratocaster copy for \u00a330 that came with an amp. All I did for the next month was try to play that 'Layla' riff.\" He has also cited The Beatles, Nizlopi and Eminem as his biggest musical influences. According to Sheeran, he had a stutter in his speech when he was younger, and he credited rapping along to Eminem's The Marshall Mathers LP for helping him stammer less. He was also inspired by \"Cannonball\" singer-songwriter Damien Rice in 2002, with Sheeran stating, \"seeing him play this small club in Ireland, I was able to meet him, and he was unbelievably cool. I went straight home and started writing songs. I would not be doing what I'm doing now if he'd been a jerk.\" He also played the guitar to Westlife's Greatest hits album when he was ten, citing them as one of his influences. Sheeran collaborated with his idol Eric Clapton in April 2016, with Sheeran stating to People magazine, \"I sang on Eric Clapton's album I Still Do. It's one thing having him on mine, but being on his, that's an honour that you can't ever pinpoint on how great that is. I did something for his record, and I was credited as 'Angelo Mysterioso,' appearing as a guest on Clapton's \"I Will Be There\", in addition to performing the song with Clapton on stage, and he did something for my record performing a guitar solo on \"Dive\" on Sheeran's album \u00f7 and was credited as 'Angelo Mysterioso.'\" Sheeran also cited Taylor Swift as one of his influences, suggesting in 2015 their respective success drives each other on. Sheeran and his work have influenced various recording artists, including Shawn Mendes, Louis Tomlinson, Camila Cabello, and Cody Simpson, while English singer Hrvy has called him \"such a good songwriter\". In March 2015, Sheeran announced he was setting up a record label, Gingerbread Man Records, which is a deal with Warner Music Group. The label was launched in August 2015 alongside its accompanying YouTube channel. Jamie Lawson, the label's first signee, met Sheeran while they were both in London's folk circuit. Lawson released his self-titled debut album on 9 October 2015, which has earned him a number one in the UK Albums Chart. Sheeran signed his second artist, Foy Vance, in November 2015. Maisie Peters also signed with the label in 2021. On 29 September 2019, Sheeran announced he is teaming up with his manager Stuart Camp and have opened a bar located on Portobello Road in Notting Hill. The bar is called \"Bertie Blossoms\", and named after his wife Cherry Seaborn. Sheeran performed a gig in Bristol, which raised \u00a340,000 for a charity that reaches out to street sex workers. \"It's good to show insight that these people are real people with real emotions and they deserve the same charity work as anyone else,\" Sheeran said. \"There's a lot more popular charities that get a lot of attention. And with certain subjects like this they're often washed over and people don't necessarily give them the attention they deserve.\" Tickets were available to those taking part in the charity's Give it up for One25 campaign by giving something up for 125 hours and hitting the \u00a340,000 fundraising mark. Sheeran frequently gives away his clothes to charity shops around Suffolk, his home county. An ambassador for East Anglia's Children's Hospice, he has donated clothes to the St Elizabeth Hospice charity shop in his home town Framlingham, including eight bags of clothes to the shop in February 2014. In 2016 he donated 13 bags of clothes to the shop. The tartan shirt worn by Sheeran when he met Renee Zellweger's character, Bridget, in Bridget Jones's Baby, was auctioned online to raise further funds for the hospice. On 15 November 2014, Sheeran joined the charity supergroup Band Aid 30 along with other British and Irish pop acts, recording the latest version of the track \"Do They Know It's Christmas?\" at Sarm West Studios in Notting Hill, London, to raise money for the West African Ebola virus epidemic. In November 2015, Sheeran supported the No Cold Homes campaign by the UK charity, Turn2us. Sheeran was one of nearly thirty celebrities, which included Helen Mirren, Jeremy Irons and Hugh Laurie, to donate items of winter clothing to the campaign, with the proceeds used to help people in the country struggling to keep their home warm in winter. Sheeran teamed up with the cast of the BBC3 mockumentary sitcom People Just Do Nothing to perform a charity single for the BBC's biennial telethon Comic Relief which aired in March 2017. He appeared in a November 2017 episode of Gogglebox along with other UK celebrities such as Ozzy Osbourne, former Oasis frontman Liam Gallagher, and Labour Party leader Jeremy Corbyn as part of Channel 4 and Cancer Research UK's Stand Up to Cancer fundraising campaign. In December 2019, he launched his own music foundation, Ed Sheeran Suffolk Music Foundation (ESSMF). In the statement, Sheeran stated it will help artists aged under 18 with \"small but hopefully useful grants\". In May 2020, Sheeran donated \u00a3170,000 to his former school Thomas Mills High School in Framlingham, Suffolk. The donations, which have been made over a two-year period via the Ed Sheeran Suffolk Music Foundation, helped the school to purchase items such as MacBooks, cameras and a photography darkroom. The same month, Sheeran made a donation to Ipswich Hospital. In June 2020, Sheeran made a \"founding gift\" to launch Suffolk Community Foundation's \"Rebuilding Local Lives Appeal\" in response to the COVID-19 pandemic on the celebration day of the county, \"Suffolk Day\". Sheeran has donated over \u00a31 million to local charities in Suffolk amid the COVID-19 pandemic, including to a children's hospital ward. Sheeran's parents organised The Ed Sheeran Made in Suffolk Legacy Auction on 23 October 2020 which ran until 8 November. The auction had 220 lots, including items donated by other celebrities such as David Beckham, Kylie Minogue and Usain Bolt. Sheeran has donated some of his personal items including handwritten lyrics from his song \"Perfect\", lego bricks he played with as a kid, handmade You Need Me EP from 2009 and a \u00a33 ticket to his first gig at the British Legion in Framlingham. The auction was made to raise money for Suffolk charities such as GeeWizz and Zest who both support children and young adults in the county, including redeveloping a playground for kids with special educational needs and disabilities in Ipswich. In November Sheeran sold one of his paintings, marking the first and only time his art has been made available for sale, which he titled \"Dab 2 2020\", to the same auction. Later that month, Sheeran backed footballer Marcus Rashford's free school meals campaign and opened his own breakfast club at his Notting Hill restaurant, Bertie Blossoms. He announced on his Instagram that he provided hot breakfasts for \"anyone who is normally entitled to a free school meal or who is struggling in these strange times\". Sheeran's charity, the Framlingham Foundation Trust, is reported to have donated money to give a primary school teacher to take an imperative course to help children create songs with untraditional instruments which will benefit children with learning difficulties. Sheeran made his acting debut in 2014, a cameo role as himself on New Zealand soap opera Shortland Street, filmed while he was in the country for a one-off performance. In May 2015, he appeared as himself and performed on a live episode of the NBC sitcom Undateable. Later that year, while in Australia, he recorded scenes for the soap Home and Away, as a character based on himself. After recording a cover version of Foy Vance's \"Make It Rain\" for Sons of Anarchy, Sheeran was cast by creator Kurt Sutter to play Sir Cormac in the medieval drama The Bastard Executioner on FX. Sheeran also appeared as himself in the 2016 film Bridget Jones's Baby in a scene where Bridget Jones, played by Ren\u00e9e Zellweger, encounters the singer at the Glastonbury Festival. In July 2017, Sheeran appeared in a scene on Game of Thrones opposite Maisie Williams, who plays Arya Stark. David Benioff explained that since Williams was a big fan of the singer, they wanted to have Sheeran appear on the show to surprise Williams, and that they had tried to get him on for years. It received a mix of positive and very negative reviews. In June 2019, Sheeran made his debut appearance in an advertisement for Heinz Tomato Ketchup. A lifelong fan of the product \u2014 he has it with everything from fish and chips to his morning sausage \"butty\" to upmarket dinners, carries a bottle on tour, and has a Heinz Ketchup tattoo on his arm \u2014 he put forward an idea he had written for their next TV campaign, and the company responded. A representative from Heinz started that \"1/3 of @HEINZ Instagram posts include people mentioning or tagging Ed, dating all the way back to 2014.\" Poking fun at people who turn their nose up at those who ask for ketchup in fancy restaurants, the advert sees him walking into a \"super posh\" restaurant while narrating the message he had sent to the company. As the other wealthy diners look on in horror at the sight of a ketchup bottle, he flips the bottle, bangs it against his hand to budge the ketchup and smothers it all over his food. The company released a limited edition ketchup product known as Ed Sheeran X Heinz ketchup, also known as \"Heinz Edchup\". Released in June 2019, Sheeran appeared as himself in a supporting role in the Richard Curtis/Danny Boyle film Yesterday, a film about a struggling singer-songwriter who wakes up to find that no one but he remembers the Beatles. In early 2011, after securing recording and publishing deals, Sheeran purchased and renovated a farm near Framlingham, Suffolk, where he was raised. He has stated that he hopes to raise a family there. During 2013, he lived between Hendersonville, Tennessee and Los Angeles, California. In 2014, he bought a house in South London. Sheeran was in a relationship with Scottish singer-songwriter Nina Nesbitt (who was in his music video for \"Drunk\") in 2012, before breaking up. Nesbitt is the subject of Sheeran's songs \"Nina\" and \"Photograph\", while most of Nesbitt's album, Peroxide, is about Sheeran. In 2014, Sheeran was in a relationship with Athina Andrelos, who works for chef Jamie Oliver. She is the inspiration of Sheeran's song \"Thinking Out Loud\". They broke up in February 2015. He is also close friends with singer-songwriter Taylor Swift, and collaborated on her albums Red (original and re-recorded versions) and Reputation. Since July 2015, Sheeran has been in a relationship with childhood friend and former secondary school classmate Cherry Seaborn. They announced their engagement in January 2018 and were married a year later. She is the inspiration of the song \"Perfect\". It was reported on 12 August 2020 that the couple were expecting their first child. On 1 September, Sheeran announced on Instagram that Seaborn had given birth to a baby girl the previous week. They named their daughter Lyra Antarctica Seaborn Sheeran. Sheeran is a supporter of his local football club Ipswich Town and will be the club's shirt sponsor for the 2021\u201322 season. A logo of the mathematical symbols from Sheeran's albums alongside the word 'Tour' will feature on the shirts. Additionally, Sheeran was named in the club's squad list and given the squad number of 17. A collector of Panini's FIFA World Cup sticker album, he completed the 2014 World Cup album. Appearing as a guest on BBC Radio 4's Desert Island Discs on 7 May 2017, Sheeran chose His Dark Materials by Philip Pullman as his book of choice, and a lifetime supply of ketchup as the one inanimate luxury item that he would take with him on a desert island. In June 2015, Forbes listed his earnings at $57\u00a0million for the previous 12 months, and ranked him the 27th-highest-earning celebrity in the world. In July 2018, Forbes named Sheeran 9th on their list of the highest paid celebrities. According to The Sunday Times Rich List of 2019, Sheeran is worth \u00a3160 million ($207 million) as the 17th richest musician in the UK. Sheeran's net worth is estimated at \u00a3200 million in 2020. On 24 October 2021, Sheeran tested positive for COVID-19 less than a week before the release of his fifth album. Sheeran publicly opposed Brexit (the United Kingdom leaving the European Union), and supported \"remain\". Following the June 2016 referendum result where the British public voted to leave, Sheeran was among a group of British musicians (which included Sting, Queen drummer Roger Taylor, Pink Floyd drummer Nick Mason and Damon Albarn of Blur and Gorillaz) who signed a letter to then Prime Minister Theresa May, drafted by Bob Geldof in October 2018, calling for \"a 2nd vote\". Stating that Brexit will \"impact every aspect of the music industry. From touring to sales, to copyright legislation to royalty collation\", the letter adds: \"We dominate the market and our bands, singers, musicians, writers, producers and engineers work all over Europe and the world and in turn, Europe and the world come to us. Why? Because we are brilliant at it ... [Our music] reaches out, all inclusive, and embraces anyone and everyone. And that truly is what Britain is.\" In 2017, Sheeran publicly endorsed the centre-left British Labour Party and described himself as a \"fan\" of its then-leader Jeremy Corbyn, while adding that \"I'm not Mr Political. I vote the way I feel I should, but won't tell somebody else what to do.\" In 2021, Sheeran, along with several other celebrities, urged the United States Congress to pass the proposed Equality Act, which would expand the Civil Rights Act in order to outlaw discrimination against LGBT people. Sheeran stated in the open letter that the Act is \"essential to protect [...] the most marginalized communities.\" On 19 October 2015, Sheeran received an honorary degree from the University of Suffolk in Ipswich for his \"outstanding contribution to music\". Sheeran commented: \"Suffolk is very much where I call home. Receiving this recognition is a real privilege.\" He was appointed Member of the Order of the British Empire (MBE) in the 2017 Birthday Honours for \"services to music and charity\". Sheeran received the award from Prince Charles at Buckingham Palace on 7 December 2017. In 2012, he was named a baron of Sealand. In addition to having the highest-grossing concert tour and being one of the world's best-selling music artists with more than 150 million records sold, Sheeran has received a number of awards. As of 2019, he has received four Grammy Awards (including Song of the Year in 2016 for \"Thinking Out Loud\"), five Brit Awards (including British Male Solo Artist in 2015), and six Billboard Music Awards (including Top Artist in 2018). In 2015 and 2018, he received the Ivor Novello Award for Songwriter of the Year from the British Academy of Songwriters, Composers, and Authors. Although he regards Suffolk as home having moved to the county as a young child, Sheeran was recognised by his county of birth in a 2018 poll when he was ranked the fourth greatest Yorkshireman ever behind Monty Python comedian Michael Palin, and actors Sean Bean and Patrick Stewart. + (2011) \u00d7 (2014) \u00f7 (2017) = (2021) No. 5 Collaborations Project (EP, 2011) No.6 Collaborations Project (2019) + Tour (2011\u20132013) \u00d7 Tour (2014\u20132015) \u00f7 Tour (2017\u20132019) +\u2013=\u00f7x Tour (2022) Snow Patrol's Fallen Empires Tour (North American select dates) (2012) Taylor Swift's The Red Tour (all North American dates) (2013) The Rolling Stones's Zip Code Tour (Kansas City only) List of Official Subscription Plays Chart number-one songs of the 2010s Biography portal England portal Pop music portal \"In 2004, I made my very first album, Spinning Man, named after a picture that my dad had. I burnt the CDs myself and made the covers. 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   },
   {
    "name": "Annie Broadbent",
    "id": "Q172287",
    "text": "Annie Broadbent was a British gymnast. She won a bronze medal in the women's team event at the 1928 Summer Olympics. Evans, Hilary; Gjerde, Arild; Heijmans, Jeroen; Mallon, Bill; et\u00a0al. \"Annie Broadbent\". Olympics at Sports-Reference.com. Sports Reference LLC. Archived from the original on 18 April 2020. Retrieved 3 November 2016. Annie Broadbent at the International Olympic Committee v t e v t e"
   },
   {
    "name": "Oliver Smithies",
    "id": "Q216318",
    "text": "Oliver Smithies (23 June 1925 \u2013 10 January 2017) was a British-American geneticist and physical biochemist. He is known for introducing starch as a medium for gel electrophoresis in 1955, and for the discovery, simultaneously with Mario Capecchi and Martin Evans, of the technique of homologous recombination of transgenic DNA with genomic DNA, a much more reliable method of altering animal genomes than previously used, and the technique behind gene targeting and knockout mice. He received the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 2007 for his genetics work. Smithies was born in Halifax, West Yorkshire, England, to William Smithies and his wife Doris, n\u00e9e Sykes. His father sold life insurance policies and his mother taught English at Halifax Technical College. He had a twin brother and a younger sister. He attended a primary school in the nearby village of Copley and then went to Heath Grammar School in Halifax. He said that his love of science came from an early fascination with radios and telescopes. He attended Balliol College, Oxford on a Brackenbury Scholarship, initially reading medicine. He studied anatomy and physiology, winning a prize in anatomy, and graduated with a first-class Bachelor of Arts degree in animal physiology, including biochemistry, in 1946. Inspired by tutorials from Alexander G. Ogston on applying physical chemistry to biological systems, Smithies then switched away from medicine to earn a second bachelor's degree in chemistry. He published his first research paper, co-written with Ogston, in 1948. In 1951, he received a Master of Arts degree and a Doctor of Philosophy in biochemistry under Ogston's supervision; his thesis was entitled \"Physico-chemical properties of solutions of proteins\". Smithies was awarded a Commonwealth Fund fellowship to take up a post-doctoral position in the United States, in the laboratory of J. W. Williams at the University of Wisconsin\u2013Madison's Department of Chemistry. A problem with acquiring a U.S. visa, due to a condition of the Commonwealth Fund fellowship, then forced him to leave the U.S. From 1953 to 1960, he worked as an associate research faculty member, under insulin researcher David A. Scott, in the Connaught Medical Research Laboratory at the University of Toronto in Canada. He learned medical genetics from Norma Ford Walker at the Hospital for Sick Children in Toronto. In 1960, Smithies returned to the University of Wisconsin\u2013Madison, where he worked in the Department of Genetics until 1988 as, successively, assistant, associate and Leon J. Cole and Hilldale Professor of Genetics and Medical Genetics. Subsequently, he was the Excellence Professor of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine at the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill. He continued to work in his lab there daily into his eighties. He co-authored a total of more than 350 research papers and reviews, dating from 1948 to 2016. Smithies developed the technique of gel electrophoresis using a starch matrix, as a sideline of (unproductive) research into an insulin precursor molecule, at the University of Toronto. This improved the ability to resolve proteins by electrophoresis. He was assisted technically in his later electrophoresis work by Otto Hiller. He used starch electrophoresis to reveal differences between normal human plasma proteins, and in collaboration with Norma Ford Walker, showed that the variation was inherited, which stimulated his interest in genetics. While at the University of Wisconsin in the 1980s, Smithies developed gene targeting in mice, a method of replacing single mouse genes using homologous recombination. Mario Capecchi also developed the technique independently. This research is the basis of methods used worldwide to investigate the role of particular genes in a wide range of human diseases including cancer, cystic fibrosis and diabetes. In 2002, Smithies worked with his wife, Nobuyo Maeda, studying high blood pressure using genetically altered mice. Smithies won the 2001 Albert Lasker Award for Basic Medical Research, jointly with Martin Evans (Cardiff University) and Mario Capecchi (University of Utah), for their work on homologous recombination. He received the Wolf Prize in Medicine, with Capecchi and Ralph L. Brinster, in 2002/3. He won the 2007 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine, jointly with Capecchi and Evans, \"for their discoveries of principles for introducing specific gene modifications in mice by the use of embryonic stem cells.\" His other awards include two Gairdner Foundation International Awards (1990 and 1993), the North Carolina Award for Science (1993), the Alfred P. Sloan, Jr. Prize from the General Motors Foundation, jointly with Capecchi (1994), the Ciba Award from the American Heart Foundation (1996), the Bristol Myers Squibb Award (1997), the Association of American Medical Colleges' Award for Distinguished Research, jointly with Capecchi (1998), the International Okamoto Award from the Japan Vascular Disease Research Foundation (2000), the O. Max Gardner Award, the highest award for faculty in the University of North Carolina system (2002), the Massry Prize of the Meira and Shaul G. Massry Foundation (2002), shared with Capecchi, the March of Dimes Prize in Developmental Biology, jointly with Capecchi (2005), and the American Institute of Chemists Gold Medal (2009). Smithies was elected to the United States National Academy of Sciences (1971), the American Academy of Arts and Sciences (1978), the American Association for the Advancement of Science (1986), the Institute of Medicine (2003), and as a foreign member of the Royal Society (ForMemRS; 1998). He received honorary degrees from the University of Chicago (1991), the University of S\u00e3o Paulo (2008) and the University of Oxford (2011). A blue plaque to him was erected by the Halifax Civic Trust. Smithies married Lois Kitze, a virologist at the University of Wisconsin, in the 1950s; they separated in 1978. His second wife, Nobuyo Maeda, is a pathology professor at the University of North Carolina. Smithies was a naturalized American citizen, and, despite being color-blind, was a licensed private airplane pilot who enjoyed gliding. He described himself as an atheist. Smithies died on 10 January 2017 at the age of 91. \"Fellows of the Royal Society\". London: Royal Society. Archived from the original on 16 March 2015. Smithies, Oliver (1951). Physico-chemical properties of solutions of proteins. jisc.ac.uk (DPhil thesis). University of Oxford. EThOS\u00a0uk.bl.ethos.672736. Oliver Smithies, Tom Coffman (2015). \"A Conversation with Oliver Smithies\". Annual Review of Physiology. 77: 1\u201311. doi:10.1146/annurev-physiol-021014-071806. PMID\u00a025668016.CS1 maint: uses authors parameter (link) Smithies, Oliver (December 1955). \"Zone electrophoresis in starch gels: group variations in the serum proteins of normal human adults\". The Biochemical Journal. 61 (4): 629\u2013641. doi:10.1042/bj0610629. ISSN\u00a00264-6021. PMC\u00a01215845. PMID\u00a013276348. Smithies, Oliver (2001). \"Forty years with homologous recombination\". Nature Medicine. 7 (10): 1083\u20131086. doi:10.1038/nm1001-1083. ISSN\u00a01078-8956. PMID\u00a011590419. S2CID\u00a026845944. Williams, R. (2011). \"Oliver Smithies: Born Inventor\". Circulation Research. 108 (6): 650\u2013652. doi:10.1161/RES.0b013e318216f105. ISSN\u00a00009-7330. PMID\u00a021415407. Gitschier, Jane (2015). \"The Whole of a Scientific Career: An Interview with Oliver Smithies\". PLOS Genetics. 11 (5): e1005224. doi:10.1371/journal.pgen.1005224. ISSN\u00a01553-7404. PMC\u00a04447374. PMID\u00a026020970. \"The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 2007\". The Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 8 October 2007. Skipper, Magda (2005). \"An Interview With Oliver Smithies\". Nature Reviews Genetics. 6 (5): 350. doi:10.1038/nrg1627. ISSN\u00a01471-0056. PMID\u00a015880879. S2CID\u00a033591979. \"Oliver Smithies - Biographical\". Nobelprize.org. Nobel Media. 2014. Retrieved 13 January 2017. Altman, Lawrence K. (9 October 2007). \"3 Win Nobel in Medicine for Gene Technology\". The New York Times. Retrieved 10 October 2007. Kolata, Gina (17 October 1995). \"Scientist at Work: Oliver Smithies; Sprinting Along for Five Decades\". The New York Times. Retrieved 10 October 2007. \"Oliver Smithies Interview: Session 1\" (PDF). UCLA Oral History of Human Genetics. 27 October 2005. Archived from the original (PDF) on 13 January 2017. Retrieved 13 January 2017. But that tells you about my religious affiliation, which is not very strong, and I must say I\u2019m not even an agnostic. I\u2019m just an atheist in real life. \"Smithies wins top award from Massry Foundation\". University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill News Service. Retrieved 10 October 2007. Mark Derewicz (1 January 2008). \"Life at the Bench\". Endeavors. Retrieved 13 January 2017. \"Bibliography\". Dr. Oliver Smithies Research Archive. University of North Carolina. Retrieved 13 January 2017. \"Oliver Smithies, Carolina's first Nobel laureate, passes away at 91 \u2013 The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill\". The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill. 11 January 2017. Oliver Smithies: Biography, Royal Society, retrieved 13 January 2017 \"2001 Albert Lasker Award for Basic Medical Research\". Lasker Foundation. Archived from the original on 30 September 2007. Retrieved 1 October 2007. Gurdon, Sir John (March 2012). Wolf Prize in Medicine 1978\u20132008. World Scientific. doi:10.1142/7565. ISBN\u00a0978-981-4291-73-6. \"Oliver Smithies MA, PhD: Recipient of the Canada Gairdner International Award, 1990\". Gairdner Foundation. Retrieved 13 January 2017. \"Oliver Smithies MA, PhD: Recipient of the Canada Gairdner International Award, 1993\". Gairdner Foundation. Archived from the original on 16 January 2017. Retrieved 13 January 2017. North Carolina Award for Science, 1993 Archived 15 August 2008 at the Wayback Machine: NC Awards website. Retrieved on 23 January 2008. \"Previous Prize Winners: Alfred P. Sloan, Jr. Prize (1990 - 2002)\". General Motors. Archived from the original on 19 November 2005. Retrieved 13 January 2017. \"Institute of Medicine elects Oliver Smithies\". University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill News Service. Retrieved 10 October 2007. \"Oliver Smithies wins major award from Japanese research foundation\". University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill News Service. Retrieved 10 October 2007. \"March of Dimes Awards $250,000 Prize to Pioneers in Genetic Research\". March of Dimes. Retrieved 14 November 2014. \"Gold Medal Award Winners\". American Institute of Chemists. Retrieved 18 January 2015. \"Commencements; First Lady Urges Tolerance at Northeastern Graduation\". The New York Times. 16 June 1991. Retrieved 10 October 2007. \"Oliver Smithies receives the Doctor Honoris Causa\". University of S\u00e3o Paulo. Retrieved 13 January 2017. \"Honorary degrees awarded at Encaenia\". University of Oxford. Archived from the original on 2 May 2013. Retrieved 16 May 2013. \"List of Blue Plaques\". Halifax Civic Trust. Archived from the original on 30 April 2019. Retrieved 30 April 2019. \"The y-chromosome is the biggest threat to humanity\". The Local. 10 December 2007. Retrieved 23 January 2008. Gellene, Denise (11 January 2017). \"Oliver Smithies, Tinkerer Who Transformed Genetics and Won a Nobel, Dies at 91\". The New York Times. Retrieved 12 January 2017. Smithies' Lab Page Oliver Smithies on Nobelprize.org"
   },
   {
    "name": "John E. Walker",
    "id": "Q235184",
    "text": "Sir John Ernest Walker FRS FMedSci (born 7 January 1941) is a British chemist who won the Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 1997. As of 2015[update] Walker is Emeritus Director and Professor at the MRC Mitochondrial Biology Unit in Cambridge, and a Fellow of Sidney Sussex College, Cambridge. Walker was born in Halifax, Yorkshire, the son of Thomas Ernest Walker, a stonemason, and Elsie Lawton, an amateur musician. He was brought up with his two younger sisters (Judith and Gen) in a rural environment and went to Rastrick Grammar School. At school, he was a keen sportsman and specialized in physical sciences and mathematics during his final three years there. He received a Bachelor of Arts degree in Chemistry from St Catherine's College, Oxford. Walker began his study of peptide antibiotics with Edward Abraham at Oxford in 1965 and received his Doctor of Philosophy degree in 1969. During this period, he became interested in developments in molecular biology. From 1969 to 1971, Walker worked at the University of Wisconsin\u2013Madison, and from 1971\u20131974 in France. He met Fred Sanger in 1974 at a workshop at the University of Cambridge. This resulted in an invitation to work at the Laboratory of Molecular Biology of the Medical Research Council, which became a long-term appointment. Among the other staff was Francis Crick, who was well known for his discovery of the molecular structure of DNA. At first, he analyzed the sequences of proteins and then uncovered details of the modified genetic code in mitochondria. In 1978, he decided to apply protein chemical methods to membrane proteins. In this way, Walker characterized the subunit composition of proteins in the mitochondrial membrane and the DNA sequence of the mitochondrial genome. His landmark crystallographic studies of the F1-ATPase, the catalytic region of the ATP synthase (done in collaboration with crystallographer Andrew Leslie), from bovine heart mitochondria revealed the three catalytic sites in three different conformations imposed by the position of the asymmetric central stalk. This structure supported the binding change mechanism and rotary catalysis for the ATP synthase (and related enzymes), one of the catalytic mechanisms proposed by Paul Boyer. This work, published in 1994, led to Walker's share of the 1997 Nobel prize for chemistry. Since this structure, Walker and his colleagues have produced most of the crystal structures in the PDB of mitochondrial ATP synthase, including transition state structures and protein with bound inhibitors and antibiotics. Scientists trained in Walker's group at the MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology in Cambridge or MRC Mitochondrial Biology Unit have gone on to determine crystal bacterial complex I and cryo-EM maps of mitochondrial complex I and vacuolar type ATPases. Students and postdoctoral research fellows who studied with John Walker who have gone on to independent research careers include: Derek Narendra, Assistant Clinical Investigator (NIH, NINDS) Jan Pieters Abrahams, Postdoctoral Fellow (Leiden)[citation needed] Ignacio Arechaga, Postdoctoral Fellow (Santander)[citation needed] Matthew Bowler, PhD student (ESRF)[citation needed] Susan Buchanan, Postdoctoral Fellow (NIH)[citation needed] Elena Cabezon, Postdoctoral Fellow (Santander)[citation needed] Ian Collinson, Postdoctoral Fellow (Bristol)[citation needed] Ian Fernley, PhD student (MRC)[citation needed] Nicholas Gay, PhD student (Cambridge)[citation needed] Georg Groth, Postdoctoral Fellow (D\u00fcsseldorf)[citation needed] Rene Lutter, Postdoctoral Fellow (AMC)[citation needed] Bruno Miroux, Postdoctoral Fellow (Paris)[citation needed] Mark Van Raaj, Postdoctoral Fellow (CNB Spain)[citation needed] John Rubinstein, PhD student (Toronto)[citation needed] Matti Saraste, Postdoctoral Fellow (EMBL)[citation needed] Leonid Sazanov, Postdoctoral Fellow (IST Austria)[citation needed] Daniela Stock, Postdoctoral Fellow (Sydney)[citation needed] Walker was elected an EMBO Member in 1984. He shared his Nobel Prize with the American chemist Paul D. Boyer for their elucidation of the enzymatic mechanism underlying the synthesis of adenosine triphosphate. They also shared the prize with Danish chemist Jens C. Skou for research unrelated to theirs (Discovery of the Na+/K+-ATPase). Sir John was knighted in 1999 for services to molecular biology. He is a member of the Advisory Council for the Campaign for Science and Engineering. He was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society (FRS) in 1995. Walker is also a Foreign Associate of the National Academy of Sciences and an Honorary Fellow of St Catherine's College, Oxford. He became a foreign member of the Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences in 1999. In 2012 he was awarded the Copley Medal. Walker married Christina Westcott in 1963, and has two daughters. Interview by Alan Macfarlane 14 January 2008 (video) \"John E. Walker - Facts\". \"John E. Walker\". people.embo.org. EMBO. \"WALKER, Prof. John Ernest\". Who's Who. ukwhoswho.com. 1996 (online Oxford University Press\u00a0ed.). A & C Black, an imprint of Bloomsbury Publishing plc. (subscription or UK public library membership required) (subscription required) Anon (1995). \"Sir John Walker FMedSci FRS\". royalsociety.org. London: Royal Society. Archived from the original on 17 November 2015. One or more of the preceding sentences incorporates text from the royalsociety.org website where: \u201cAll text published under the heading 'Biography' on Fellow profile pages is available under Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.\u201d --\"Royal Society Terms, conditions and policies\". Archived from the original on 25 September 2015. Retrieved 9 March 2016.CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (link) Walker, John Ernest (1969). Studies on naturally-occurring peptides. bodleian.ox.ac.uk (DPhil thesis). University of Oxford. EThOS\u00a0uk.bl.ethos.711292. Walker, John (2014). \"Frederick Sanger (1918\u20132013) Double Nobel-prizewinning genomics pioneer\". Nature. 505 (7481): 27. Bibcode:2014Natur.505...27W. doi:10.1038/505027a. PMID\u00a024380948. \"The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1997\". John Walker interviewed by Alan Macfarlane 14 January 2008 (film) Freeview Video of Fredrick Sanger in conversation with John Walker by the Vega Science Trust A three part video interview with Sir John Walker by the Vega Science Trust Walker, J. E.; Saraste, M; Runswick, M. J.; Gay, N. J. (1982). \"Distantly related sequences in the alpha- and beta-subunits of ATP synthase, myosin, kinases and other ATP-requiring enzymes and a common nucleotide binding fold\". The EMBO Journal. 1 (8): 945\u201351. doi:10.1002/j.1460-2075.1982.tb01276.x. PMC\u00a0553140. PMID\u00a06329717. John E. Walker publications indexed by the Scopus bibliographic database. (subscription required) \"John Walker - Curriculum vitae - Mitochondrial Biology Unit\". cam.ac.uk. John E. Walker on Nobelprize.org , accessed 29 April 2020 \"NINDS - Faculty\". \"Advisory Council of the Campaign for Science and Engineering\". Archived from the original on 28 August 2010. Retrieved 11 February 2011. \"John Walker - Honours and Awards - Mitochondrial Biology Unit\". cam.ac.uk. Anon. \"J.E. Walker\". Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences. Archived from the original on 14 February 2016. Retrieved 14 February 2016. \u00a0This article incorporates text available under the CC BY 4.0 license."
   },
   {
    "name": "Kate Thompson",
    "id": "Q276607",
    "text": "Kate Thompson (born 10 November 1956) is a British-Irish writer best known for children's novels. Most of her children's fiction is fantasy but several of her books also deal with the consequences of genetic engineering. Katharine Anna Thompson was born in Halifax, Yorkshire, the youngest child of the social historians and peace activists E. P. Thompson and Dorothy Towers. She has lived in Ireland since 1981 and many of her books are set there. She worked with horses and travelled in India, then settled in 1984 in Inagh in the west of Ireland with her partner Conor Minogue. They have two daughters, Cliodhna and Dearbhla. She is an accomplished fiddler with an interest in Irish traditional music, which is reflected in The New Policeman. She won two major annual awards for The New Policeman (Bodley Head, 2005), set in modern Kinvara and the Irish mythological T\u00edr na n\u00d3g: the Guardian Children's Fiction Prize and the Whitbread Children's Book Award. It also won the Dublin Airport Authority Children's Book of the Year Award for 2005. She has won the Bisto Children's Book of the Year Award four times, for The Beguilers, The Alchemist's Apprentice, Annan Water and The New Policeman. Creature of the Night was shortlisted for the 2008 Booktrust Teenage Prize and the 2009 Carnegie Medal. Thompson, Kate, 1956-\". Library of Congress Name Authority File. Library of Congress. Retrieved 2013-06-01. LC cites email from author, 14 January 2010. \"katethompson.info ~Biography\" Archived 27 May 2013 at the Wayback Machine Guardian Children's Fiction Prize 2005 (top page). guardian.co.uk. Retrieved 2012-08-01. \"2009 Awards: Carnegie shortlisted books\". CILIP. Archived from the original on 22 February 2012. Retrieved 10 June 2012. Children's literature portal Ireland portal Official website The music of time: Julia Eccleshare talks to Kate Thompson, winner of the 2005 Guardian Children's Fiction Prize (The Guardian, 30 September 2005) Author of the month: Kate Thompson (Dina Rabinovitch, The Guardian, 24 January 2006) Kate Thompson at the Internet Speculative Fiction Database"
   },
   {
    "name": "James Stansfeld",
    "id": "Q326126",
    "text": "Sir James Stansfeld GCB (5 March 1820\u00a0\u2013 17 February 1898) was a British Radical and Liberal politician and social reformer who served as Under-Secretary of State for India (1866), Financial Secretary to the Treasury (1869\u201371) and President of the Poor Law Board (1871) before being appointed the first President of the Local Government Board (1871\u201374 and 1886). Stansfeld was born at Akeds Road, Halifax, the only son of James Stansfeld Sr (1792\u20131872) and his wife Emma Ralph (1793\u20131851), daughter of John Ralph (d.1795), minister of the Northgate-End Unitarian chapel, Halifax and his wife, Dorothy (1754\u20131824). Stansfeld's father, James Sr, was the sixth son of David Stansfield (1755\u20131818) of Hope Hall, Halifax, and his wife Sarah Wolrich (1757\u20131824), daughter of Thomas Wolrich (1719\u201391) of Armley House, Leeds. He was a descendant of the Stansfeld family of Stansfield and Sowerby, Yorkshire, and a distant cousin of the politician William Crompton-Stansfield and the soldiers James Rawdon Stansfeld, Thomas Wolryche Stansfeld and John R. E. Stansfeld. James Sr was originally a member of a firm of solicitors, Stansfeld & Craven, and subsequently served as a county-court judge in the Halifax district. James Stansfeld Jr's sister, Mary (d.1885), married the Liberal MP George Dixon. Brought up as a nonconformist, Stansfeld was in 1837 sent to University College, London, and graduated BA in 1840 and LLB in 1844. He was admitted a student of the Middle Temple on 31 October 1840, and was called to the bar on 26 January 1849; he does not seem, however, to have practised as a barrister, and later in life derived his income mainly from a brewery at Fulham. On 27 July 1844, Stansfeld married Caroline, second daughter of William Henry Ashurst, a radical and friend of Giuseppe Mazzini, to whom Stansfeld was introduced in 1847: they became close. Stansfeld also sympathised with the Chartist movement, even if Feargus O'Connor denounced him. He took an active part in propagating radical opinions in the north of England, frequently spoke at meetings of the Northern Reform Union, and was one of the promoters of the association for the repeal of \"taxes on knowledge\". In 1859, Stansfeld was returned to Parliament as a Radical member for Halifax, which he continued to represent for over thirty-six years. He voted consistently on the Radical side, but his chief energies were devoted to promoting the cause of Italian unity. He was selected by Giuseppe Garibaldi as his adviser when the Italian patriot visited England in 1862. In 1863, he moved in the House of Commons a resolution of sympathy with the Poles. Stansfeld became Civil Lord of the Admiralty in April 1863. In 1864, as the result of charges made against him by the French authorities, in connection with Greco's conspiracy against Napoleon III, Disraeli, in the House of Commons, accused him of \"being in correspondence with the assassins of Europe.\" Stansfeld was vigorously defended by John Bright and William Edward Forster, and his explanation was accepted as quite satisfactory by Palmerston. Nevertheless, he only escaped a vote of censure by ten votes, and accordingly resigned office in April 1864. In 1865, he was re-elected for Halifax, and became the seventh Under-Secretary of State for India in February 1866 (until July) under Lord Russell. He served in Gladstone's first administration (1868)\u201374) as a third Lord of the Treasury between December 1868 and November 1869, as Financial Secretary to the Treasury between 2 November 1869 and 17 March 1871, and as the twelfth and last President of the Poor Law Board (with a seat in the cabinet) from March to August 1871, before being appointed the first President of the Local Government Board, on 19 August 1871, a post he held until the Liberals lost power in February 1874. He was sworn of the Privy Council in February 1869. The remainder of his life was mainly spent in endeavouring to secure the repeal of the Contagious Diseases Acts, and in 1886 this objective was attained. He did not serve in Gladstone's second administration (1880\u20135), and declined the twice-repeated offer of the Deputy Speakership. He later returned to government in Gladstone's third administration on 3 April 1886, when he again became President of the Local Government Board. However, the government fell in July of the same year. Stansfeld did not serve in Gladstone's last administration (1892)\u20135) and refused a peerage. However, before Lord Rosebery left office in June 1895, Stansfeld was appointed Knight Grand Cross of the Order of the Bath in the 1895 Birthday Honours. He retired as MP for Halifax in the same month. Stansfeld married Caroline, second daughter of William Henry Ashurst, on 27 July 1844. Their son was the barrister-at-law Joseph James Stansfeld (b. 1852). After his wife's death, on 22 June 1887, Stansfeld married his second wife, Frances, widow of Henry Augustus Severn of Sydney. Stansfeld died, aged 77, at his residence, Castle Hill, Rotherfield, Sussex, on 17 February 1898, and was buried at Rotherfield on 22 February 1898. William Crompton-Stansfield Field House, Sowerby Dunninald Castle Stansfeld, J. (1885). History of the Stansfeld Family of Stansfield in the Parish of Halifax and its numerous branches. Leeds. pp.\u00a0183\u2013246. Pollard 1901. \"No. 23465\". The London Gazette. 5 February 1869. p.\u00a0584. Alan Ruston (2004). \"Sir James Stansfeld\". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (online\u00a0ed.). Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/26288. Retrieved 4 February 2021. (Subscription or UK public library membership required.) Attribution \u00a0This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain:\u00a0Pollard, Albert Frederick (1901). \"Stansfeld, James\". In Lee, Sidney (ed.). Dictionary of National Biography (1st supplement). 3. London: Smith, Elder & Co. Leigh Rayment's Historical List of MPs Hansard 1803\u20132005: contributions in Parliament by James Stansfeld Portraits of Sir James Stansfeld at the National Portrait Gallery, London Ruston, Alan. \"Stansfeld, Sir James (1820\u201398)\". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (online\u00a0ed.). Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/26288. (Subscription or UK public library membership required.) United Kingdom portal Biography portal Politics portal"
   },
   {
    "name": "Henry Briggs",
    "id": "Q335086",
    "text": "Henry Briggs (1 February 1561 \u2013 26 January 1630) was an English mathematician notable for changing the original logarithms invented by John Napier into common (base 10) logarithms, which are sometimes known as Briggsian logarithms in his honour. The specific algorithm for long division in modern use was introduced by Briggs c. 1600 AD. Briggs was a committed Puritan and an influential professor in his time. Briggs was born at Daisy Bank, Sowerby Bridge, near Halifax, in Yorkshire, England. After studying Latin and Greek at a local grammar school, he entered St John's College, Cambridge, in 1577, and graduated in 1581. In 1588, he was elected a Fellow of St John's. In 1592 he was made reader of the physical lecture founded by Thomas Linacre; he would also read some of the mathematical lectures as well. During this period, he took an interest in navigation and astronomy, collaborating with Edward Wright. In 1596, he became first professor of geometry in the recently founded Gresham College, London, where he also taught astronomy and navigation. He lectured there for nearly 23 years, and made Gresham College a centre of English mathematics, from which he would notably support the new ideas of Johannes Kepler. He was a friend of Christopher Heydon, a writer on astrology, though Briggs himself rejected astrology for religious reasons. He once called astrology, \"a mere system of groundless conceits\". At this time, Briggs obtained a copy of Mirifici Logarithmorum Canonis Descriptio, in which Napier introduced the idea of logarithms. It has also been suggested that he knew of the method outlined in Fundamentum Astronomiae published by the Swiss clockmaker Jost B\u00fcrgi, through John Dee. Napier's formulation was awkward to work with, but the book fired Briggs' imagination \u2013 in his lectures at Gresham College he proposed the idea of base 10 logarithms in which the logarithm of 10 would be 1; and soon afterwards he wrote to the inventor on the subject. Briggs was active in many areas, and his advice in astronomy, surveying, navigation, and other activities like mining was frequently sought. Briggs in 1619 invested in the London Company, and he had two sons: Henry, who later emigrated to Virginia, and Thomas, who remained in England. Briggs died on 26 January 1630, and was buried in the chapel of Merton College, Oxford. Dr Smith, in his Lives of the Gresham Professors, characterizes him as a man of great probity, a condemner of riches, and contented with his own station, preferring a studious retirement to all the splendid circumstances of life. The lunar crater Briggs is named in his honour. In 1616 Briggs visited Napier at Edinburgh in order to discuss the suggested change to Napier's logarithms. The following year he again visited for a similar purpose. During these conferences the alteration proposed by Briggs was agreed upon; and on his return from his second visit to Edinburgh, in 1617, he published the first chiliad of his logarithms. In 1619 he was appointed Savilian Professor of Geometry at the University of Oxford, and resigned his professorship of Gresham College in July 1620. Soon after his settlement at Oxford he was incorporated Master of Arts. In 1622 he published a small tract on the Northwest Passage to the South Seas, through the Continent of Virginia and Hudson Bay. The tract is notorious today as the origin of the cartographic myth of the Island of California. In it Briggs stated he had seen a map that had been brought from Holland that showed the Island of California. The tract was republished three years later (1625) in Pvrchas His Pilgrimes (vol 3, p848). In 1624 his Arithmetica Logarithmica was published, in folio, a work containing the logarithms of thirty thousand natural numbers to fourteen decimal places (1-20,000 and 90,001 to 100,000). This table was later extended by Adriaan Vlacq to 10 places, and by Alexander John Thompson to 20 places in 1952. Briggs was one of the first to use finite-difference methods to compute tables of functions. He also completed a table of logarithmic sines and tangents for the hundredth part of every degree to fourteen decimal places, with a table of natural sines to fifteen places, and the tangents and secants for the same to ten places; all of which were printed at Gouda in 1631 and published in 1633 under the title of Trigonometria Britannica; this work was probably a successor to his 1617 Logarithmorum Chilias Prima (\"The First Thousand Logarithms\"), which gave a brief account of logarithms and a long table of the first 1000 integers calculated to the 14th decimal place. Briggs discovered, in a somewhat concealed form and without proof, the binomial theorem. English translations of Briggs's Arithmetica and the first part of his Trigonometria Britannica are available on the web. A Table to find the Height of the Pole, the Magnetical Declination being given (London, 1602, 4to) \"Tables for the Improvement of Navigation\", printed in the second edition of Edward Wright's treatise entitled Certain Errors in Navigation detected and corrected (London, 1610, 4to) A Description of an Instrumental Table to find the part proportional, devised by Mr Edward Wright (London, 1616 and 1618, 12rno) Logarithmorum Chilias prima (London, 1617, 8vo) (http://locomat.loria.fr contains a reconstruction of this table) Lucubrationes et Annotationes in opera posthuma J. Neperi (Edinburgh, 1619, 4to) Euclidis Elementorum VI. libri priores (London, 1620. folio) A Treatise on the North-West Passage to the South Sea (London, 1622, 4to), reprinted in Samuel Purchas's Pilgrims, vol. iii. p.\u00a0852 Arithmetica Logarithmica (London, 1624, folio) (http://locomat.loria.fr contains a reconstruction of this table) Trigonometria Britannica (Goudae, 1633, folio) (http://locomat.loria.fr contains a reconstruction of this table) two Letters to Archbishop James Usher Mathematica ab Antiquis minus cognita. Some other works, as his Commentaries on the Geometry of Peter Ramus, and Remarks on the Treatise of Longomontanus respecting the Quadrature of the Circle have not been published. CORDIC algorithm \"Henry Briggs - Oxford Reference\". Cite journal requires |journal= (help) David C. Lindberg, Ronald L. Numbers (1986). \"God and Nature\", p. 201. Cedric Clive Brown (1993), \"Patronage, Politics, and Literary Traditions in England, 1558-1658\", Wayne State University Press. p. 153: \"Henry Briggs, the professor of mathematics, was a close friend of William Crashaw, and a committed Puritan venturer in the Virginia Company. Reijer Hooykaas (1974). \"Scientific progress and religious dissent\", Open University Press. p. 19: Like most Londoners, the founders and supervisors, as well as most of the professors, were in favour of Puritanism which in those days was the parallel 'modern' movement in politics and religion. The first professor of geometry (from 1599 to 1620) was Henry Briggs. Briggs numbered among his friends practically all the scientists of the day: Edward Wright, William Oughtred, Mark Ridley, and Lord Napier, to name but a few. Theologically, he was strongly puritan, having close relations with James Ussher... \"Briggs, Henry (BRGS577H)\". A Cambridge Alumni Database. University of Cambridge. Keith Thomas (2003). \"Religion and the Decline of Magic\". Penguin UK. \"Henry Briggs, who had abandoned the study of astrology, partly because he found no certainty in its rules, but also because he feared that 'to those who addicted themselves to the practice of divining astrology, the Devil did at first secretly lend his assistance, and at length gradatim (unless God graciously prevented) entince them into contract.\" The National Cyclopaedia of Useful Knowledge, Vol III, (1847), London, Charles Knight, p.808 Menso Folkerts, Dieter Launert, Andreas Thom (2015). \"Jost B\u00fcrgi's Method for Calculating Sines\". arXiv:1510.03180 [math.HO].CS1 maint: uses authors parameter (link) Boddie, Southside Virginia Families p 104. Bruce, I. (2002). \"The Agony and the Ecstasy: The Development of Logarithms by Henry Briggs\". The Mathematical Gazette. 86 (506): 216\u2013227. doi:10.2307/3621843. JSTOR\u00a03621843. \"The Difference Method of Henry Briggs\". Archived from the original on 29 March 2012. Retrieved 24 April 2012. \"Some Mathematical Works of the 17th & 18th Centuries Translated mainly from Latin into English\". 17centurymaths.com. Retrieved 24 April 2012. \u00a0This article\u00a0incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain:\u00a0Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). \"Briggs, Henry\". Encyclop\u00e6dia Britannica (11th\u00a0ed.). Cambridge University Press. Article at Encyclop\u00e6dia Britannica Media related to Henry Briggs (mathematician) at Wikimedia Commons 400 Years of Geometry at Gresham College, lecture by Robin Wilson on Henry Briggs, given at Gresham College, 14 May 2008 (available for video, audio and text download) O'Connor, John J.; Robertson, Edmund F., \"Henry Briggs\", MacTutor History of Mathematics archive, University of St Andrews"
   },
   {
    "name": "Charlie Hodgson",
    "id": "Q360694",
    "text": "Charles Christopher Hodgson (born 12 November 1980) is a retired English rugby union player, having previously been a player for Sale Sharks and Saracens. His position was fly-half and he is the leading Premiership points scorer of all time. Hodgson also played for England, until announcing his international retirement in 2012. Hodgson made 18 consecutive starts at fly half for England between 2004 and 2006. Born on 12 November 1980 in Halifax, West Yorkshire, Hodgson was educated at Bradford Grammar School; the school hosts a rugby tournament for under-12s called the Charlie Hodgson Cup. He was a huge Halifax rugby league fan long before he ever played rugby union. A family friend invited him to Old Brodleians rugby club and his first game was for the opposition, as they were short. He has also played for Old Brodleians, Durham University and Yorkshire. He was first picked for Yorkshire by Keith Dyas. He marked his England d\u00e9but with a record-breaking 44-point haul against Romania in November 2001, the most by any England player in a test match, when England won 134\u20130. He was selected at centre in the 2003 Six Nations. He played 2 games at centre, only to be demoted to the subs bench for the third match against Italy. It was in this game he picked up a serious injury. He made a return to action during the 2003/04 season, after having been sidelined for eight months with a ruptured cruciate ligament in his left knee. The injury had denied him selection for the 2003 World Cup and another injury kept him out of the 2004 Six Nations. He played at fly-half during the 2004 summer tour to the Southern Hemisphere, for all three internationals against New Zealand and Australia. He was named Man of the Match against Canada in the Autumn of that year. Hodgson has received criticism for not being Jonny Wilkinson and his inconsistent goal kicking, which was partly responsible for England's disappointing performance in the 2005 Six Nations championship.[citation needed] Hodgson was selected for the 2005 British & Irish Lions tour of New Zealand. Whilst playing for England against South Africa on 18 November 2006, Hodgson ruptured the cruciate ligament in his right knee that ensured he would miss the rest of the 2006/07 season. Subsequently, he did not appear for England throughout the whole of 2007, missing the 2007 Rugby World Cup through injury, just as he had in 2003. Hodgson made his return to the England squad for the 2008 Six Nations Championship. Hodgson was dropped during England's tour of New Zealand in 2008 as he was perceived to have a weak defence. After two years away from the international side, Hodgson was selected to play for England in May 2010. During his time away from the England set-up, Hodgson had improved his defence enough to impress the new coach, Martin Johnson. Hodgson was selected for England's June tour of New Zealand. He was selected at fly-half for the first test but was subbed early in the second half because of some defensive errors most notably the missed tackle on centre Ma'a Nonu which led to a try. He took no further part in the tour. Hodgson's next game for England was against the Barbarians on 29 May 2010 however he was substituted in the first half due to a facial injury.[citation needed] Hodgson was included in Johnson's squad to tour Australia in June 2010, although he did not play in the Tests. Although not originally in England's squad for the 2010 autumn internationals, Hodgson was called up as cover after Wilkinson suffered a shoulder injury. In England's 21\u201311 defeat to South Africa Hodgson sustained what was thought to be a bruised foot; however, it was later discovered that the suspected bruise was a broken foot. In June 2012, Hodgson announced his retirement from international Rugby. Hodgson first played for Sale Sharks against French club Auch in 2000. Sale Sharks is where Hodgson has seen his greatest success in winning the 2005/06 Guinness Premiership in a dominant victory over Leicester Tigers at Twickenham. In the final he contributed 6 penalties, a conversion and a drop goal. Hodgson has been voted Sale Sharks player of the season three times: 2008, 2009, and 2010. In an attempt to correct a long-standing shoulder problem, Hodgson underwent surgery in August 2010. Although he missed the start of the 2010/11 season, he recovered to take his place in Sale's team in September. He returned from injury on 2 January 2011, taking part in Sale's 28\u201322 win against Saracens. Just over a week later, Hodgson signed a three-year contract with Saracens, stating that he wanted a \"new challenge\". Sale's chief executive, Mick Hogan, paid tribute to Hodgson, saying that \"Without doubt, he will be considered among the greatest players to ever play for Sale Sharks\". Towards the end of the seasons, in April, Hodgson scored his 1,000th point at Edgeley Park. He passed the landmark in a match against Gloucester; Hodgson assumed the role of captain for the game and victory helped Sale avoid relegation. During his time at Saracens he won two Premiership titles in 2015 and 2016, as a replacement in both finals. He also helped Saracens win the European Champions Cup in 2016, again as a replacement in the final. In 2016, Hodgson Announced his retirement from rugby union. On 23 June 2007, Hodgson married Daisy Hartley at Bolton Abbey in Yorkshire. The couple have five children. List of top English points scorers and try scorers \"RFU Official Site of the RFU, Governing Body of Rugby Union in England\". Rugby Football Union. Archived from the original on 22 June 2012. Retrieved 24 September 2011. Griffiths, John (27 September 2010). \"Two Tests in the same day, the longest tour, England No.10s and South Africa's Highveld record\". scrum.com. Retrieved 7 December 2010. Cleary, Mick (22 December 2007). \"Charlie Hodgson wants another England try\". The Daily Telegraph. Retrieved 8 December 2010. \"From school to country\". Bradford Grammar School. Archived from the original on 5 September 2011. Retrieved 8 December 2010. \"Torn ACL\".[dead link] \"Hodgson & Sheridan out for season\". BBC Sport. 20 November 2006. Retrieved 7 December 2010. \"Vainikolo named in England squad\". BBC. 9 January 2008. Retrieved 9 January 2008. \"England to Fast Track Vainikolo\". Sportinglife. 9 January 2008. Archived from the original on 5 June 2011. Retrieved 9 January 2008. \"Charlie Hodgson and David Strettle back for England\". BBC Sport. 26 May 2010. Retrieved 7 December 2010. \"England call up Hodgson for injured Jonny Wilkinson\". BBC Sport. 25 October 2010. Retrieved 7 December 2010. \"Croft suffers injury blow\". scrum.com. 28 November 2010. Retrieved 7 December 2010. \"Charlie Hodgson and Lee Mears announce England retirement\". Retrieved 5 September 2013. \"Sale 45-20 Leicester\". BBC. 27 May 2006. Retrieved 9 February 2014. \"Awards Dinner\u00a0\u2013 The Hall of Fame\". Sale Sharks. Retrieved 23 December 2010. \"Hodgson's timely return boosts Sale\". scrum.com. 27 September 2010. Retrieved 7 December 2010. \"Anglesea hopes Sale Sharks can find their bite\". Manchester Evening News. 31 December 2010. Archived from the original on 3 January 2011. Retrieved 2 January 2011. \"Sale 28\u201322 Saracens\". BBC Sport. 2 January 2011. Retrieved 1 January 2011. \"Charlie Hodgson to leave Sale Sharks for Saracens\". BBC Sport. 10 January 2011. Retrieved 12 January 2011. \"Sale 36\u201331 Gloucester\". BBC Sport. 8 April 2011. Retrieved 22 April 2011. \"Premiership final: Bath 16-28 Saracens\". BBC. 30 May 2015. Retrieved 11 October 2020. \"Premiership final: Saracens 28-20 Exeter Chiefs\". BBC. 28 May 2016. Retrieved 11 October 2020. \"Saracens beat Racing 92 to win first European Champions Cup\". BBC. 14 May 2016. Retrieved 11 October 2020. \"Bio\". CharlieHodgson.com. Archived from the original on 14 June 2010. Retrieved 8 December 2010. Profile at England Rugby Profile at Sale Sharks Guinness Premiership profile Career stats at Statbunker"
   },
   {
    "name": "Benjamin Frobisher",
    "id": "Q376976",
    "text": "Benjamin Frobisher (1742 \u2013 April 14, 1787) was born in England, the son of Joseph Frobisher and Rachel Hargrave and immigrated to Canada about 1763. Two brothers also immigrated to Canada and all three were involved with the fur trade and its expansion into the northwest. In 1770, the three brothers, partnered with Richard Dobie, had a successful fur trading expedition which went up the Saskatchewan River well past Fort Bourbon situated near the mouth of that river. More successful expeditions followed and in 1779 the Frobishers set up a company that owned two of the sixteen shares in the North West Company established that year. They were among the shareholders who got their fur trade goods from the London merchant John Strettell. At the time of Benjamin's death, the northwest was beginning to be the most important region in the fur trade and a time when the North West Company was on the point of having almost total control of the area's trade. He was one of the seventeen original founding members of the Beaver Club. Ouellet, Fernand (1979). \"Frobisher, Benjamin\". In Halpenny, Francess G (ed.). Dictionary of Canadian Biography. IV (1771\u20131800) (online\u00a0ed.). University of Toronto Press. v t e"
   },
   {
    "name": "David Hartley",
    "id": "Q379902",
    "text": "David Hartley FRS (/\u02c8h\u0251\u02d0rtli/; baptized 21 June 1705 Old Style; died 28 August 1757) was an English philosopher and founder of the Associationist school of psychology. David Hartley was born in 1705 in the vicinity of Halifax, Yorkshire. His mother died three months after his birth. His father, an Anglican clergyman, died when David was fifteen. Hartley was educated at Bradford Grammar School and in 1722 was admitted as a Sizar to Jesus College, Cambridge. He received his BA in 1726 and MA in 1729. In April 1730 he became the first layperson to be Master of Magnus Grammar School (Magnus Church of England Academy), Newark, and it was there that he began to practice medicine. On 21 April 1730, Hartley married Alice Rowley (1705\u201331). The couple moved to Bury St Edmunds, and Alice died there giving birth to their son David Hartley (the Younger) (1731\u20131813). While in Bury, Hartley met his second wife, Elizabeth Packer (1713\u201378), the fifth child and only daughter of Robert Packer (died 1731) and Mary Winchcombe, a wealthy and influential family with estates in Gloucestershire, Oxfordshire, and Berkshire, including Donnington Castle, Shellingford, and Bucklebury, Berks. (Mary Winchcombe was the daughter of Sir Henry Winchcombe, Bart., and the sister of Frances, wife of Henry St John, 1st Viscount Bolingbroke.) Despite the opposition of Elizabeth's family, David and Elizabeth wed on 25 August 1735, after agreeing to a severe set of restrictions that kept the \u00a35,000 Elizabeth received upon her marriage completely out of the hands of her husband. Their first child, Mary (1736\u20131803), was born eleven months later. In 1736 the family moved to London, and then in 1742 to Bath, Somerset. When Elizabeth's last surviving elder brother died without issue in 1746, their son Winchcombe Henry (1740\u201394) inherited the family estates, making the family (though not Hartley himself) the possessors of significant wealth. Hartley died in Bath on 28 August 1757. He was buried at St. John the Baptist Church, Old Sodbury, Glos. At Cambridge, Hartley studied with Nicholas Saunderson, who, though blind since infancy, became the fourth Lucasian Professor of Mathematics. Hartley was later instrumental in raising the subscription for the posthumous publication of Saunderson's Elements of Algebra (1740). Upon graduation, Hartley declined to sign the Thirty-nine Articles, a requirement for ordination in the Church of England. Although one point at issue may have been the doctrine of the Trinity, Hartley's main dissent from orthodox teaching was his commitment to universal reconciliation. Writing to his friend Joseph Lister in 1736, Hartley stated he believed \"That Universal Happiness is the Fundamental Doctrine both of Reason & Scripture\", adding that \"nothing is so irreconcilable [with] Reason as eternal Punishment, nothing so contrary to all the Intimations God has given us in his Works. Have you read Sr. Is. Newton\u2019s Commt. upon Danl. & the Apocalypse?\" For Hartley, on the gates of hell there could be no locks. In the same letter to Lister, Hartley writes that \"a Man who disregards himself, who entirely abandons Self-Interest & devotes his Labours to the Service of Mankind, or in that beautiful and expressive phrase of the Scriptures, who loves his neighbor as himself is sure to meet with private Happiness\". This conviction became a guiding principle in Hartley's life, and it led him to devote himself to a various philanthropic projects. These include the publication of Saunderson's Elements of Algebra and the promotion of the shorthand system of his friend John Byrom (a system that Hartley believed could be a \"universal character\" and step toward the creation of a philosophical language). Moreover, shortly after turning to medicine, Hartley became an advocate of variola inoculation for smallpox. Variolation confers personal immunity, and if widespread would be a \"service to mankind\" by furthering herd immunity. However, deliberate infection with the smallpox virus ran the risk of disfigurement or death. (Queen Caroline, wife of George II, was an advocate and had three of their children variolated, but Jonathan Edwards died from it in 1758.) The public good, then, could appear to be at odds with private interest. In his first publication, Some Reasons why the Practice of Inoculation ought to be Introduced into the Town of Bury at Present (1733), Hartley developed a statistical argument to show that the conflict is only apparent, that being inoculated furthers both the public good and a person's self-interest. By the time of his move to London in 1736, Hartley was known other campaigners of variolation, such as Hans Sloane and James Jurin, president of the Royal Society. He also had the support of important Whig families in Suffolk, notably of Charles Townshend, 2nd Viscount Townshend ('Turnip' Townshend). Hartley's daughter Mary wrote that \"the old Lord Townshend (then Secretary of State) treated him with as much kindness as he had had been an additional son, and all the sons and daughters as an additional brother\". He was inducted into the Royal Society, and he also became a physician to Thomas Pelham-Holles, 1st Duke of Newcastle, and his wife. In 1736 he offered to \"recommend\" John Byrom to George II. By 1740, Hartley was known to every physician in London and to other medical men throughout Europe. He had thrown himself into a controversial attempt to harmonize private interest and public good. Hartley had started to experience symptoms of \"the stone\" (bladder stone) in early 1736. A bladder stone, sometimes as large as an egg, could function as a ball-cock on a toilet tank, causing an inability to urinate, excruciating pain, and sometimes death. (Benjamin Franklin, a sufferer, sometimes had to stand on his head to relieve himself.) Treatment by surgical removal (lithotomy) was a procedure many failed to survive. Hartley thought a Mrs. Joanna Stephens had developed a lithontriptic, an oral medicine that would dissolve a stone in situ. He published Ten Cases of Persons who have Taken Mrs. Stephens\u2019s Medicines for the Stone (1738), which includes an unsparing account of his own agonies. To make a proprietary medicine freely available to the public, Hartley convinced Parliament to pay Stephens \u00a35,000 for her \"secret\". With Stephens's recipe in hand, Hartley set to work with Stephen Hales, along with two colleagues in France, to locate the medicine's chemically active ingredients. These were slaked lime (calcium hydroxide) and Alicant soap (predominantly potassium oleate, like other soaps an alkaline salt of a fatty acid). Hales had shown that some bladder stones rapidly dissolved in boiled soap-lye (caustic potash, potassium hydroxide). What was needed, then, was a safely ingestible preparation that would turn a person's urine alkaline; and this, they concluded, is what the slaked lime and soap combination did. In 1739 Hales won the Copley Medal for his work, and the following year Hartley published their results in a Latin volume, De Lithontriptico, in Basel and Leiden, the latter being home at the time to the foremost medical school in Europe. In 1742 Hartley and his family moved to Bath, Somerset. He continued to practise medicine, and he devoted himself to writing his major work, Observations on Man, His Frame, His Duty, and His Expectations, published in 1749 by Samuel Richardson. He was a vegetarian. In the 18th century, \"Observations\" appears in the titles of scientific works \u2013 compare Benjamin Franklin's Experiments and Observations on Electricity (1751) and Joseph Priestley's Experiments and Observations of Different Kinds of Air (1774). Priestley, Hartley's champion, would declare that Hartley's work \"contains a new and most extensive science. \u2026 [T]he study of it will be like entering upon a new world. \u2026\" The science is the science of \"man\", and the \"new world\" is the one embodied in the human \"frame\" itself. The result, on the one hand, is a \"vast haystack of a book\". As one would expect from a physician with an inquiring mind and active medical practice, Hartley draws together a wide range of observations \u2013 to name a few, on phantom limbs, savant syndrome, and the experiences and mental development of the blind and the deaf (OM 1, props. 34, 69, 78, 80, and 93). On the other hand, just as Newton's law of universal gravitation unified celestial and terrestrial mechanics, Hartley proposed a single \"law\" \u2014 \"association\" \u2014 to account for any and all observations of \"man\". Hartley's many observations are meant to be illustrations of the law. Moreover, \"association\" has explanatory power. For example, in the section \"The Affections by which we rejoice at the Misery of Others\" (OM 1.1.4.97\u201398), Hartley presents a detailed analysis of the process by which an abused, bullied child becomes an abusive, bullying adult. He traces out how the child's automatic gesture of raising an arm to ward off a blow becomes, through a series of associative substitutions, the fist the adult raises to strike a child. An initial defensive gesture becomes a general aggressive stance, and thus the source of the insulting words and threatening actions by which the adult \"goes on multiplying perpetually \u2026 the occasions of anger and the expressions of it\". Nonetheless, Hartley believed that it was no-one's destiny to be permanently trapped in such a hell. He was, rather, a religious visionary, and his fundamental belief breathtakingly optimistic: that association \"has a tendency to reduce the state of those who have eaten of the tree of the knowledge of good and evil, back again to a paradisiacal one\" (OM 1.1.2.14, Cor. 9). From this vantage point, Hartley's Observations on Man is a psychological epic, a story of \"paradise regained\" \u2014 but an epic describing, ultimately, the life of each human being. Like John Locke, he asserted that, prior to sensation, the human mind is a blank slate. By a growth from simple sensations, those states of consciousness which appear most remote from sensation come into being. And the one law of growth of which Hartley took account was the law of contiguity, synchronous and successive. By this law he sought to explain, not only the phenomena of memory, which others had similarly explained before him, but also the phenomena of emotion, of reasoning, and of voluntary and involuntary action (see Association of Ideas). A friend, associate, and one of his chief advocates, was Joseph Priestley (1733\u20131804), the discoverer of oxygen. Priestley was one of the foremost scientists of his age. Hartley's physical theory gave birth to the modern study of the intimate connection of physiological and psychical facts. He believed that sensation is the result of a vibration of the minute particles of the medullary substance of the nerves, to account for which he postulated, with Newton, a subtle elastic ether, rare in the interstices of solid bodies and in their close neighbourhood, and denser as it recedes from them. Pleasure is the result of moderate vibrations, pain of vibrations so violent as to break the continuity of the nerves. These vibrations leave behind them in the brain a tendency to fainter vibrations or \"vibratiuncles\" of a similar kind, which correspond to \"ideas of sensation.\" This accounts for memory. The course of reminiscence and of the thoughts generally, when not immediately dependent upon external sensation, is accounted for by the idea that there are always vibrations in the brain on account of its heat and the pulsation of its arteries. The nature of these vibrations is determined by each man's past experience, and by the circumstances of the moment, which causes one or another tendency to prevail over the rest. Sensations which are often associated together become each associated with the ideas corresponding to the others; and the ideas corresponding to the associated sensations become associated together, sometimes so intimately that they form what appears to be a new simple idea, not without careful analysis resolvable into its component parts. Starting from a detailed account of the phenomena of the senses, Hartley tried to show how, by the above laws, all the emotions, which he analyses with considerable skill, may be explained. Locke's phrase \"association of ideas\" is employed throughout, \"idea\" being taken as including every mental state but sensation. He emphatically asserts the existence of pure disinterested sentiment, while declaring it to be a growth from the self-regarding feelings. Voluntary action is explained as the result of a firm connexion between a motion and a sensation or \"idea,\" and, on the physical side, between an \"ideal\" and a motory vibration. Therefore, in the Freewill controversy Hartley took his place as a determinist. It was only with reluctance, and when his speculations were nearly complete, that he came to a conclusion on this subject in accordance with his theory. Conjecturae quaedam de sensu, motu, et idearum generatione, Appendix to De Lithontriptico a Joanna Stephens nuper invento Dissertatio Epistolaris (Bath, 1746); repr. in Samuel Parr (ed.), Metaphysical Tracts by English Philosophers (1837); trans. Robert E.A. Palmer Various Conjectures on the Perception, Motion, and Generation of Ideas, with an Introduction and notes by Martin Kallich (Augustan Reprint Society, Publication no. 77\u20138, Los Angeles, 1959). Observations on Man, His Frame, His Duty, and His Expectations. In Two Parts (1749; 2nd edn, trans. from the German, with A Sketch of the Life and Character of David Hartley by his son David Hartley, 1791; 1st edn repr. with an Introduction by Theodore L. Huguelet, Delmar, New York, 1976). Prayers and Religious Meditations (Bath, 1810; R. Cruthwell, 1814). David Hartley also published numerous medical works. Allen, Richard C. (23 September 2004). \"Hartley, David (bap. 1705, d. 1757), philosopher and physician\". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography. 1 (online\u00a0ed.). Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/12494. (Subscription or UK public library membership required.) Allen 1999, pp. 35\u201337. Hartley to Lister, 13 March 1736, quoted in Allen 1999, p. 44. Quoted in Allen 1999, p. 44. Allen 1999, 231\u201333. Quoted in Allen 1999, p. 53. Allen 1999, p. 49. Selzer, Richard (1974). Mortal Lessons: Lessons on the Art of Surgery. New York: Simon and Schuster, Touchstone Books. p.\u00a089. Allen 1999, p. 61. Preece, Rod (2009). Sins of the Flesh: A History of Ethical Vegetarian Thought. University of British Columbia Press. pp.\u00a0207\u2013209. Priestley, Joseph (1774). An Examination of Dr. Reid's \"Inquiry into the Human Mind on the Principles of Common Sense,\" Dr. Beattie's \"Essay on the Nature and Immutability of Truth,\" and Dr. Oswald's \"Appeal to Common Sense on Behalf of Religion\". London: J. Johnson. pp.\u00a0xix. Webb, Robert K. (1998). \"Perspectives on David Hartley\". Enlightenment and Dissent. 17: 17\u201347, at 28. Because the text of the Observations is unchanged throughout the editions, citation is to part, chapter, section, and proposition. The 1791 folio edition numbers all the propositions consecutively, so that prop. 1 of part 2 is given as proposition 100, prop. 2 as 101, etc. See Allen 1999, pp. 19\u201321. \u00a0One or more of the preceding sentences\u00a0incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain:\u00a0Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). \"Hartley, David\". Encyclop\u00e6dia Britannica. 13 (11th\u00a0ed.). Cambridge University Press. p.\u00a035. Allen, Richard C. (1999). David Hartley on Human Nature. Albany, N.Y.: SUNY Press. ISBN\u00a00-7914-4233-0 James, William, The Principles of Psychology (New York, 1890). Rousseau, George S. (2004). Nervous Acts: Essays on Literature, Culture and Sensibility. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan. ISBN\u00a01-4039-3454-1 (Paperback) ISBN\u00a01-4039-3453-3 (Hardcover) Walls, Joan. (1982). \"The Philosophy of David Hartley and the Root Metaphor of Mechanism: A Study in the History of Psychology,\" Journal of Mind and Behavior 3:\u00a0259\u201374. Walsh, Richard T. G. (2017). \"David Hartley\u2019s Enlightenment Psychology: From Association to Sympathy, Theopathy, and Moral Sensibility\", Journal of Theoretical and Philosophical Psychology 37, no. 1: 48\u201363. https://doi.org/10.1037/teo0000047. Webb, Robert K. (1998). \"Perspectives on David Hartley,\" Enlightenment and Dissent 17: 17\u201347. Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). \"Hartley, David\"\u00a0. Encyclop\u00e6dia Britannica (11th\u00a0ed.). Cambridge University Press. \"David Hartley,\" by Richard C. Allen, Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy \"Hartley, David (1705-1757),\" by Richard C. Allen, Routledge Encyclopedia of Philosophy David Hartley by Victor L. Nuovo, in \"The Dictionary of Eighteenth-Century British Philosophers\", Thoemmes Press."
   },
   {
    "name": "Herbert Akroyd Stuart",
    "id": "Q386972",
    "text": "Herbert Akroyd-Stuart (28 January 1864 \u2013 19 February 1927) was an English inventor who is noted for his invention of the hot bulb engine, or heavy oil engine. Akroyd-Stuart was born in Halifax, Yorkshire, but lived in Australia for a period in his early years. He was educated at Newbury Grammar School (now St. Bartholomew's School) and Finsbury Technical College in London. He was the son of Charles Stuart, founder of the Bletchley Iron and Tinplate Works, joining his father in the business in 1887. In 1885, Akroyd Stuart accidentally spilt paraffin oil (kerosene) into a pot of molten tin. The paraffin oil vaporised and caught fire when in contact with a paraffin lamp. This gave him an idea to pursue the possibility of using paraffin oil (very similar to modern-day diesel) for an engine, which unlike petrol proved difficult to vaporise in a carburettor because its volatility is insufficient. His first prototype engines were built in 1886. In 1890, in collaboration with Charles Richard Binney, he filed Patent 7146 for Richard Hornsby and Sons of Grantham, Lincolnshire, England. The patent was entitled: \"Improvements in Engines Operated by the Explosion of Mixtures of Combustible Vapour or Gas and Air\". One such engine was sold to Newport Sanitary Authority, but the compression ratio was too low to get it started from cold, and it needed a heat poultice to get it going. Akroyd-Stuart's engines were built from 26 June 1891 by Richard Hornsby and Sons as the Hornsby Akroyd Patent Oil Engine under licence and were first sold commercially on 8 July 1892. It was the first internal combustion engine to use a pressurised fuel injection system. The Hornsby-Akroyd engine used a comparatively low compression ratio, so that the temperature of the air compressed in the combustion chamber at the end of the compression stroke was not high enough to initiate combustion. Combustion instead took place in a separated combustion chamber, the \"vaporizer\" (also called the \"hot bulb\") mounted on the cylinder head, into which fuel was sprayed. It was connected to the cylinder by a narrow passage and was heated either by the cylinder's coolant or by exhaust gases while running; an external flame such as a blowtorch was used for starting. Self-ignition occurred from contact between the fuel-air mixture and the hot walls of the vaporizer. By contracting the bulb to a very narrow neck where it attached to the cylinder, a high degree of turbulence was set up as the ignited gases flashed through the neck into the cylinder, where combustion was completed. As the engine's load increased, so did the temperature of the bulb, causing the ignition period to advance; to counteract pre-ignition, water was dripped into the air intake. Hot bulb engines were produced until the late 1920s, often being called \"semi-diesels\", even though they were not as efficient as compression ignition engines. They had the advantage of comparative simplicity, since they did not require the air compressor used by early Diesel engines; fuel was injected mechanically (solid injection) near the start of the compression stroke, at a much lower pressure than that of Diesel engines. Richard Hornsby and Sons built the world's first oil-engined railway locomotive LACHESIS for the Royal Arsenal, Woolwich, England, in 1896. They also built the first compression-ignition powered automobile. Sweden Similar engines were built by Bolinder in Sweden and some of these still survive in canal boats. United States Hot bulb engines were built in the USA by the De La Vergne Company of New York City, later the New York Refrigerating Company \u2013 inventing the modern refrigerator in 1930, who purchased a licence in 1893. Both the Diesel engine, and the Akroyd engine run the same kind of fuel, petroleum oil, which has led to a dispute about whether or not the Diesel engine is based upon the Akroyd engine. The fact that the Diesel engine's operating principle differs from the operating principle Rudolf Diesel describes in his essay Theory and Construction of a Rational Heat Motor further contributed to this. The Akroyd engine was the first functional internal combustion engine that could use petroleum oil as fuel. It was operational in 1891, six years before the Diesel engine first ran. However, after the Diesel engine had proven successful, \"Diesel engine\" became the synonym for an engine that ran on any sort of petroleum oil. \"Oil engines\" that used the Akroyd operating principle were called \"Semi-Diesel\", and the name \"Akroyd\", which had been associated with oil engines, fell out of use. Therefore, Herbert Akroyd Stuart sought to replace the term Diesel engine with Akroyd engine in the early 20th century. Herbert Akroyd Stuart had two patents, No. 7146 Improvements in Engines Operated by the Explosion of Mixtures of Combustible Vapour or Gas and Air, and No. 15994. In the former, the Akroyd engine's operating principle is described as follows: \"... at the desired part of this compression stroke, the supply of liquid hydrocarbon is forced, in a spray form, on to the heated vaporiser, which almost instantly changes it into a gas...\". Early Akroyd engines indeed operated on this principle. Rudolf Diesel had a patent on the combustion process described in his essay (DRP 67207). The Diesel engine neither operates on the process described in the Akroyd patent, nor on the process described in the DRP 67207 patent. It operates instead on a different operating principle, also invented by Rudolf Diesel (patented in 1893, DRP 82168), which is why Diesel is in fact the Diesel engine's inventor. However, Diesel never admitted that his engine operated on a \"secret\" operating principle, and claimed that the Diesel engine operates on the (impossible) operating process described in the DRP 67207 patent. The key difference between the Akroyd and Diesel engines is the ignition: In an Akroyd engine, an ignition device \u2013 the so-called \"hot bulb\" or \"vaporiser\" \u2013 ignites the fuel, because the compression is too low for compression ignition (<300\u00a0kPa). A Diesel engine on the other hand has no discrete ignition devices. The fuel instead ignites due to high heat caused solely by piston compression inside the cylinder (>3000\u00a0kPa). Since higher compression leads to better efficiency, the lower-pressure Akroyd engine consumes ~ 80% more fuel than a Diesel engine doing the same work. In 1900, he moved to Australia and set up a company Sanders & Stuart with his brother Charles, late in life moving back to Yorkshire, England. He died on 19 February 1927 in Halifax of throat cancer, and was buried in All Souls church in Boothtown, Halifax. The University of Nottingham has hosted the Akroyd-Stuart Memorial Lecture on occasional years in his memory since 1928. One was presented by Sir Frank Whittle in 1946. Akroyd Stuart had worked with Professor William Robinson in the late 19th century, who was professor of engineering from 1890 to 1924 at University College Nottingham. Akroyd-Stuart also left money to the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Royal Aeronautical Society and Institute of Marine Engineering, which provided for their respective bi-annual Akroyd-Stuart Prizes. History of the internal combustion engine \"Victoria Road\". Bletchley Archaeological & Historical Society. Retrieved 29 July 2007. \"The Akroyd Oil Engine\". Ray Hooley's \u2013 Ruston-Hornsby \u2013 Engine Pages. Archived from the original on 24 May 2011. Retrieved 29 July 2007. \"Diesel has come a long way but still doesn't get the tax breaks it deserves\". The Scotsman, Scotland on Sunday. 16 January 2003. Archived from the original on 25 May 2012. Retrieved 29 July 2007. Ransome-Wallis, Patrick (2001). Illustrated Encyclopedia of World Railway Locomotives. Courier Dover Publications. p.\u00a027. ISBN\u00a00-486-41247-4. McNeil, Ian (1990). An Encyclopaedia of the History of Technology. Taylor & Francis. pp.\u00a0310\u2013311. ISBN\u00a00-415-01306-2. Wrangham, D.A. (1956). The Theory & Practice of Heat Engines. Cambridge University Press. p.\u00a0664. Friedrich Sass: Geschichte des deutschen Verbrennungsmotorenbaus von 1860 bis 1918, Springer, Berlin/Heidelberg 1962, ISBN\u00a0978-3-662-11843-6. p. 420 Friedrich Sass: Geschichte des deutschen Verbrennungsmotorenbaus von 1860 bis 1918, Springer, Berlin/Heidelberg 1962, ISBN\u00a0978-3-662-11843-6. p. 417 Friedrich Sass: Geschichte des deutschen Verbrennungsmotorenbaus von 1860 bis 1918, Springer, Berlin/Heidelberg 1962, ISBN\u00a0978-3-662-11843-6. p. 418 Friedrich Sass: Geschichte des deutschen Verbrennungsmotorenbaus von 1860 bis 1918, Springer, Berlin/Heidelberg 1962, ISBN\u00a0978-3-662-11843-6. p. 517, 518 Friedrich Sass: Geschichte des deutschen Verbrennungsmotorenbaus von 1860 bis 1918, Springer, Berlin/Heidelberg 1962, ISBN\u00a0978-3-662-11843-6. p. 419 Friedrich Sass: Geschichte des deutschen Verbrennungsmotorenbaus von 1860 bis 1918, Springer, Berlin/Heidelberg 1962, ISBN\u00a0978-3-662-11843-6. p. 416 Webb, Brian (1973). The British Internal Combustion Locomotive 1894\u20131940. David & Charles. ISBN\u00a00715361155. Biography Relation to the Ruston and Hornsby history. History of his Oil Engine at the Anson Engine Museum De La Vergne Oil Engine used for Marconi's first broadcast IMechE Herbert Akroyd Prize (sic) Immortalised by naming a range of bollards after him All Souls Church, Halifax US Patent 845140 Combustion Engine, dated 26 February 1907. US Patent 502837 Engine operated by the explosion of mixtures of gas or hydrocarbon vapor and air, dated 8 August 1893. US Patent 439702 Petroleum Engine or Motor, dated 4 November 1890."
   },
   {
    "name": "Leonard Bairstow",
    "id": "Q389462",
    "text": "Sir Leonard Bairstow, CBE, FRS, FRAeS (25 June 1880 \u2013 8 September 1963) was an English aeronautical engineer. Bairstow is best remembered for his work in aviation and for Bairstow's method for arbitrarily finding the roots of polynomials. Bairstow was born in Halifax, Yorkshire, the son of Uriah Bairstow, a wealthy and keen mathematician. As a boy, Leonard went to Queens Road and Moorside Council Schools before going to Heath Grammar School which he attended briefly before going to the Council Secondary School - then known as the Higher Grade School. A scholarship took him to the Royal College of Science where he secured a Whitworth Scholarship which enabled him to carry out research into explosion of gases. He then went to the National Physical Laboratory at Bushy Park where ultimately he became head of aeroplane research work. He made a major analytical contribution to the report of the R101 inquiry, which sought to discover how the airship disaster occurred. He held the Zaharoff Chair of Aviation at Imperial College London from 1920-1949 and became Professor Sir Leonard Bairstow. For a time his assistant there was Beatrice Mabel Cave-Browne-Cave, a pioneer in the mathematics of aeronautics. He became a member of the Royal Society of London and the Royal Aeronautical Society. 1939 England and Wales Register G. Temple (2004). \"Bairstow, Sir Leonard\". In McConnell, Anita (ed.). Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (online\u00a0ed.). Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/30543. (Subscription or UK public library membership required.) England & Wales, National Probate Calendar (Index of Wills and Administrations), 1861-1941 Fage, A.; Nayler, J. L.; Relf, E. F.; Temple, G. (1965). \"Leonard Bairstow 1880-1963\". Biographical Memoirs of Fellows of the Royal Society. 11: 22\u201340. doi:10.1098/rsbm.1965.0002. R101 Inquiry Works by or about Leonard Bairstow at Internet Archive v t e"
   },
   {
    "name": "Paddy Kenny",
    "id": "Q444563",
    "text": "Patrick Joseph Kenny (born 17 May 1978) is a former professional footballer who played as a goalkeeper. Born in Halifax, West Yorkshire, Kenny began his career with Bradford Park Avenue before turning professional in the summer of 1998 upon signing for Neil Warnock's Bury. He was reunited with Warnock in 2002 after he joined Sheffield United where he spent much of his career and enjoyed notable success; performing in League Cup and FA Cup semi-finals, two play-off finals, and then promotion to the Premier League in 2005\u201306. Kenny would later sign for Warnock once again in 2010, joining Queens Park Rangers after his time at Sheffield United ended on a sour note when he spent much of his final season on the sidelines having failing a drugs test the previous summer. During his first season at QPR he would achieve his second promotion to the Premier League and his first Championship winners medal. He remained as first choice goalkeeper the next season as QPR beat relegation on the final day of the season, before he was reunited with Warnock for the fourth time when he signed for Leeds United in 2012. He stayed at Leeds for two years, before brief spells with Bolton Wanderers, Oldham Athletic (on loan), Ipswich Town, Bury, and Rotherham United. Kenny started his career at Ovenden West Riding in the West Riding County Amateur League. He joined Bradford Park Avenue in August 1997, playing semi-professionally whilst working as an engineer in the week. He was an ever-present in the Northern Premier League during the 1997\u201398 season, playing 55 games in league and cup. He had trials at Birmingham City and Bradford City, before he was signed by Neil Warnock at Bury in September 1998 for a \u00a310,000 fee following a recommendation from Avenue's manager Trevor Storton. With Dean Kiely in goal for the \"Shakers\", Kenny was loaned out to Whitby Town in the Northern Premier League to gain some first team experience in March 1999. He played a total of eight games for the \"Seasiders\". Two months later Kiely was sold to Charlton Athletic, giving Kenny the chance to become Bury's regular goalkeeper. He made his Division Two debut for Bury on 7 August 1999 in a 2\u20131 win over Gillingham at Gigg Lane. He went on to become an ever-present in both the 1999\u20132000 and 2000\u201301 campaigns. Andy Preece's Bury were relegated into Division Three at the end of the 2001\u201302 season. Kenny initially joined Neil Warnock's Sheffield United on loan as cover for injured keeper Simon Tracey. He made his debut for the \"Blades\" in a 2\u20131 defeat to Coventry City at Highfield Road on 10 August 2002, and subsequently went on to become first choice goalkeeper. After three months the loan deal was made permanent for a \u00a345,000 fee. On 26 May 2003, he played at the Millennium Stadium in the Division One play-off final, as United lost 3\u20130 to Wolverhampton Wanderers. He was voted United's Player of the Season in 2002\u201303 after keeping goal as United reached the semi-finals of the FA Cup and League Cup, where they were beaten by Arsenal and Liverpool respectively. \"Paddy is one of the best signings I've ever made. I think he's one of the best goalkeepers in the game. I wouldn't swap him for David James, Chris Kirkland, Paul Robinson or David Seaman. The first thing I did was put him on a diet. He was eating burgers, pizzas and chips - and that was in the same day. Look at the shape of him. He's the sort of player people don't pay much attention to, but he's one of the first names on the team sheet because he's so reliable.\" \u2014\u2009Despite struggling with his weight throughout his career, Kenny's reliability made him a particular favourite of Neil Warnock. He was injured for three months of the 2003\u201304 season, but upon his recovery he regained his first team place from loanee Paul Gerrard. Kenny featured 48 times in the 2004\u201305 season as United finished six points outside the play-off places. He played every minute of United's promotion campaign to the Premier League in 2005\u201306. In February 2006 Sheffield United faced promotion rivals Reading. With the scores level at 1-1 Reading were awarded a last minute penalty, however Kenny saved Dave Kitson's effort. In November 2006, despite being told by club manager Neil Warnock to keep a low profile, Kenny went for a night out in Halifax. He became involved in a drunken brawl outside a curry house with a former friend, who admitted to having an affair with Kenny's wife. The fight ended with Kenny having his eyebrow bitten off and requiring 12 stitches. The affair brought an end to his marriage. He continued to be a key member of the United team in their season in the top flight but was unable to help prevent the club from being relegated on the final day of the 2006\u201307 season. In a match against Blackburn Rovers in September 2006 Kenny saved a Lucas Neill penalty in a 0\u20130 draw. His opposite number Brad Friedel also saved two penalties in the same match. Back in the Championship he maintained his position of being the club's number one keeper for the 2007\u201308 campaign. With the team struggling Kenny maintained fine form with the only low point coming in February; despite making several excellent saves, he mistakenly knocked the ball into his own net in extra time in an FA Cup fifth round replay against Middlesbrough, a goal which knocked Sheffield United out of the cup. Kenny began to voice disquiet over his contract situation at the end of 2008, despite manager Kevin Blackwell insisting that the club were set to open talks on a new deal. Despite this Kenny was dropped for the Boxing Day game against Wolverhampton Wanderers after being late for training and he was placed on the transfer list a few days later. He returned to the first team after sitting out two league games and was again ever present until the end of the 2008\u201309 season, including an appearance at Wembley Stadium in the Championship play-off final. Although United missed out on promotion Kenny agreed a contract extension a few days later, effectively signalling his removal from the transfer list. Only a few weeks after signing a contract extension it was reported that Kenny had failed a drug test after the previous season's play-off semi-final. Kenny tested positive for ephedrine, a banned substance, believed to have been contained in a cough medicine he bought over the counter. Following an FA hearing in September 2009, Kenny was banned from all professional football for nine months. He was not allowed to go to Bramall Lane, so had to train on his own away from his teammates and coaches. Despite an unsuccessful appeal against his ban, Sheffield United still opted to agree a new contract extension with Kenny during his enforced absence from first team football. \"The barrister was adamant I would get three months backdated and I would be able to come back at the start of the season. So when at the hearing they said 'we agree you've not taken it to enhance performance, but we are hitting you with a nine-month ban for negligence', it was a massive shock.\" \u2014\u2009Kenny had taken over-the-counter ChestEze medicine, which contained ephedrine hydrochloride, but still received a lengthy ban. Despite having only recently signed an extended deal with Sheffield United, Kenny signed a three-year contract for former boss Neil Warnock's side Queens Park Rangers in June 2010. Although Kenny did not wish to part with them, Sheffield United activated a clause that had been inserted into his contract allowing him to leave should another club table a \u00a3750,000 bid for his services. The move meant his wages were doubled to \u00a320,000-a-week. He was voted the club's Player of the Season for the 2010\u201311 season as the \"R's\" won promotion as champions of the Championship. Kenny continued to remain Rangers number one keeper in their first season back in the Premier League, making 33 starts and keeping seven clean sheets. QPR retained their Premier League place on the final day of the 2011\u201312 season, despite Kenny conceding an injury time goal to Sergio Ag\u00fcero to lose the title deciding game against Manchester City. Despite Kenny's good form during the 2011\u201312 season, new manager Mark Hughes decided to sign England keeper Robert Green from West Ham United before the 2012\u201313 campaign began, effectively ensuring that Kenny would lose his place in the first team, and as such Kenny was subsequently made available for a transfer. Soon after Kenny's departure from the club, QPR wrote a formal letter of complaint to Leeds United over abusive texts allegedly sent by Kenny to their technical director Mike Rigg and chairman Tony Fernandes. The texts were reported to have mocked the club's poor first result of the season and, in particular, the performance of Green; Kenny subsequently had his Twitter account deleted. Kenny signed for Leeds United on a three-year contract in July 2012, linking up with manager Neil Warnock for a fourth time in his career. Having been allocated the number one shirt for the 2012\u201313 season, Kenny made his competitive d\u00e9but for Leeds in the first game of the season against Shrewsbury Town in the League Cup. Playing regularly for his new side, Kenny made his 500th senior career appearance on 23 October against Charlton Athletic. The 2012\u201313 season ended with Kenny being United's only ever present in the Championship, playing every minute of each 46 league games. On 22 February 2014, Kenny missed his first league game since signing for Leeds, due to an ongoing injury he picked up against Nottingham Forest earlier in the 2013\u201314 season. Leeds signed Jack Butland on loan who went straight into the first team and made his debut in a 0\u20130 draw with Middlesbrough, where he received the man of the match award. Kenny wasn't named in a matchday squad after the signing of Jack Butland, with goalkeeper Alex Cairns favoured ahead of Kenny as the club's second choice goalkeeper. On 25 April, Kenny's agents brought out a statement confirming that Kenny was fit and available for selection despite his absence from the matchday squads. On 30 June 2014, Kenny was left out of Leeds' two week pre-season training camp to Santa Cristina in Italy. On 3 July, the Professional Footballers' Association investigated alleged media reports that Kenny had been dropped due to his birthdate falling on the 17th of a month, with owner Massimo Cellino having a deep superstition of the number 17. However, Kenny's agent Paul Masterton, laughed off the claims that Kenny had been dropped due to his birthdate falling on the 17th of a month. On the same day, Leeds signed goalkeeper Stuart Taylor increasing speculation about Kenny's long-term future at the club. On 1 August 2014, Kenny wasn't assigned a Leeds squad number for the 2014\u201315 season, with new signing Marco Silvestri taking over Kenny's previous 1 squad number. On 18 August, Kenny left Leeds by mutual consent. Kenny signed for Bolton Wanderers on a short-term deal on 19 September 2014 to provide competition for Andy Lonergan after \u00c1d\u00e1m Bogd\u00e1n was ruled out with injury. After just two months at the Macron Stadium operating solely as an unused substitute, Kenny was loaned out to Oldham Athletic after manager Lee Johnson lost faith in Paul Rachubka. He played three League One games for Oldham. On 19 January 2015, Bolton confirmed that Kenny had left the club at the expiration of his contract. On 20 January 2015, Kenny joined Ipswich Town on a short-term deal. He did not feature in the 2014\u201315 season as Bartosz Bia\u0142kowski held on to his first team place. In August 2015 he began training with Port Vale, managed by former teammate Rob Page; though nominally only at Vale Park to maintain his fitness he was also considered for a short-term contract as first choice goalkeeper Chris Neal was out injured. On 6 November 2015, Kenny joined Bury on a short-term contract. He cancelled his contract after 13 days due to a calf injury, saying he did not wish to take money off the club if he was unable to play. In February 2016, Kenny was signed by Neil Warnock at Rotherham United on a deal until the end of the 2015\u201316 season; it was the fifth time that Warnock has signed the goalkeeper. After leaving Rotherham, Kenny reunited with former teammate Rob Page in the summer of 2016 as player-goalkeeping coach at Northampton Town. In January 2017, Kenny left Sixfields due to new manager Justin Edinburgh appointing David Kerslake as his new assistant manager. In August 2017, Kenny joined Maltby Main of the Northern Counties East Football League. He made his league debut on 12 August in a 1\u20130 loss at Worksop Town; he started the match, but had to be substituted due to injury in the eleventh minute. He made one further appearance for the Miners in the FA Vase, starting against Ashton Athletic before again being substituted. Although born in England, Kenny qualified to play for the Republic of Ireland as both his parents are Irish. He was called up by manager Brian Kerr and made his debut in 2004 as late substitute in a 2\u20131 win against the Czech Republic, before going on to make his first start in a 1\u20130 friendly victory over Jamaica. Kenny won seven caps before deciding to retire from international football in 2007, asking then manager Steve Staunton not to consider him for selection to allow him to sort out personal issues. Despite declaring himself ready to play for Ireland again multiple times from 2008 onwards he was never called up again. 2 appearances in FA Trophy, 2 appearances in West Riding County Cup, 2 appearances in Northern Premier League Challenge Cup, 1 appearance in Northern Premier League President's Cup, 5 appearances in Northern Premier League First Division Cup Appearances in Football League Trophy Appearances in play-offs Appearance in FA Vase Sheffield United Football League Championship runner-up: 2005\u201306 Queens Park Rangers Football League Championship: 2010\u201311 Individual PFA Team of the Year: 2010\u201311 Championship Queens Park Rangers Player of the Year: 2010\u201311 Football League Championship Golden Glove: 2008\u201309 Sheffield United Player of the Year: 2002\u201303, 2005\u201306 List of Republic of Ireland international footballers born outside the Republic of Ireland \"Premier League Player Profile\". Premier League. Retrieved 17 May 2012. \"Kenny: Patrick Joseph (Paddy)\". ozwhitelufc.net.au. Retrieved 5 August 2015. \"Paddy Kenny: 'Drugs ban made me see how lucky I am to be a footballer'\". The Independent. 4 April 2011. Retrieved 5 August 2015. \"Blades bring in Kenny\". BBC Sport. 16 July 2002. Retrieved 6 August 2015. \"Coventry 2\u20131 Sheff Utd\". BBC Sport. 10 August 2002. Retrieved 28 November 2007. \"Wolves back in big time\". BBC Sport. 26 May 2003. Retrieved 6 August 2015. Mullock, Simon (13 April 2003). \"Michelin Man Wants the Shirt Off Seaman's Back\". Daily Mirror. Retrieved 6 August 2015. \"Gerrard joins Blades\". BBC Sport. 29 August 2003. Retrieved 6 August 2015. \"Sheff Utd 1-1 Reading\". BBC. 14 February 2006. Retrieved 27 September 2016. \"Warnock furious after Kenny brawl\". BBC Sport. 16 November 2006. Retrieved 30 December 2008. \"Paddy's wife speaks out...\" Halifax Courier. 19 November 2006. Retrieved 6 August 2015. \"Sheff Utd 0-0 Blackburn\". BBC. 9 September 2006. Retrieved 15 September 2015. \"Middlesbrough 1\u20130 Sheff Utd (aet)\". BBC Sport. 27 February 2008. Retrieved 27 February 2008. \"Kenny may quit United\". The Sheffield Star. 18 December 2008. Retrieved 29 December 2008. \"No problem with Kenny talks\". The Sheffield Star. 19 December 2008. Retrieved 19 December 2008. \"Blades drop 'late' Paddy\". The Sheffield Star. 27 December 2008. Retrieved 29 December 2008. \"Blades put Kenny on transfer list\". BBC Sport. 29 December 2008. Retrieved 29 December 2008. \"Double player boost\". BBC Sport. 28 May 2009. Archived from the original on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 8 July 2009. \"Goalkeeper Kenny fails drugs test\". BBC Sport. 7 July 2009. Retrieved 7 July 2009. \"Keeper suspended for nine months\". Sheffield United F.C. 7 September 2009. Archived from the original on 3 March 2016. Retrieved 7 September 2009. \"Paddy boost\". Sheffield United F.C. 7 November 2009. Archived from the original on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 17 November 2009. \"Kenny joins QPR in \u00a3750,000 deal\". Sheffield United F.C. 7 June 2010. Archived from the original on 13 November 2013. Retrieved 7 June 2010. McDonnell, Daniel (26 February 2011). \"Kenny's Indian summer\". Independent. Retrieved 6 August 2015. \"Kenny and Mackie delighted with promotion\". BBC Sport. 7 May 2011. Retrieved 7 May 2011. \"Man City 3\u20132 QPR\". BBC Sport. Retrieved 13 May 2012. \"Manchester City v QPR \u2013 as it happened\". The Guardian. 13 May 2012. Retrieved 13 May 2012. \"Rangers open to Kenny offers\". Sky Sports. 6 July 2012. Retrieved 7 October 2012. \"Paddy Kenny: QPR will take no action over text messages\". BBC Sport. 24 August 2012. Retrieved 24 August 2012. \"Paddy Kenny joins Leeds United from QPR\". BBC Sport. 11 July 2012. Retrieved 28 September 2020. \"New squad numbers announced\". Leeds United A.F.C. 3 August 2012. Archived from the original on 9 November 2013. Retrieved 3 August 2012. \"Shrewsbury Live\". Leeds United A.F.C. 11 August 2012. Archived from the original on 30 October 2013. Retrieved 11 August 2012. \"United v Charlton\". Leeds United A.F.C. 23 October 2012. Archived from the original on 1 January 2014. Retrieved 23 October 2012. \"Middlesbrough 0-0 Leeds United\". BBC. 22 February 2014. \"Kenny 'fit for selection'\". Teamtalk. 25 April 2014. Retrieved 25 April 2014. \"PRE-SEASON: PLAYERS ARRIVE IN ITALY\". Leeds United. 30 June 2014. Retrieved 30 June 2014. \"Paddy Kenny dropped by Massimo Cellino because of birth date\". BBC Sport. 3 July 2014. Retrieved 3 July 2014. \"Leeds United confirm sale of 75 per cent to Massimo Cellino\". Sky Sports. 7 February 2014. Retrieved 7 February 2014. \"Paddy Kenny's agent denies birth date is reason for the goalkeeper being excluded at Leeds\". Sky Sports. 3 July 2014. Retrieved 3 July 2014. \"Leeds United sign Stuart Taylor\". ITV. 3 July 2014. Retrieved 3 July 2014. \"SQUAD NUMBERS RELEASED\". Leeds United. 1 August 2014. Retrieved 1 August 2014. \"Paddy Kenny leaves Leeds United by mutual consent\". BBC Sport. 18 August 2014. Retrieved 21 August 2014. \"Paddy Kenny: Bolton Wanderers sign former Leeds goalkeeper\". BBC Sport. 19 September 2014. Retrieved 19 September 2014. \"Paddy Kenny completes loan move to Oldham\". Bolton Wanderers Football Club. 27 November 2014. Retrieved 27 November 2014. \"Paddy Kenny leaves Bolton Wanderers\". Bolton Wanderers Football Club. 19 January 2015. Retrieved 19 January 2015. \"Paddy Kenny: Ipswich Town sign veteran goalkeeper\". BBC Sport. 20 January 2015. Retrieved 21 January 2015. Baggaley, Mike (4 August 2015). \"Rob Page not ruling out deal for Paddy Kenny\". The Sentinel. Archived from the original on 12 August 2015. Retrieved 6 August 2015. \"Bury sign Kenny as Hussey stays\". BBC Sport. 6 November 2015. Retrieved 9 November 2015. \"Paddy Kenny: Bury goalkeeper cancels contract because of injury\". BBC Sport. 19 November 2015. Retrieved 19 November 2015. Woodcock, Ian (19 February 2016). \"Paddy Kenny and Neil Warnock: The players managers love to sign\". BBC Sport. Retrieved 22 February 2016. https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/football/36499801 \"Cobblers boss Justin Edinburgh appoints David Kerslake as his assistant\". www.northamptonchron.co.uk. Retrieved 15 February 2017. \"Archived copy\". Archived from the original on 23 August 2017. Retrieved 23 August 2017.CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link) https://www.clubwebsite.co.uk/maltbymainfootballclub/309536/Matches/report/6429455 \"Player Match List (1st team) - Maltby Main Football Club\". www.maltbymainfc.co.uk. Retrieved 1 April 2020. Doyle, Garry (14 January 2004). \"I might not sound like it but I'm Irish.. and it's always been my No 1 ambition to line out for my country\". Daily Mirror. Retrieved 6 August 2015. \"Keeper Kenny to earn his first start for Ireland\". RTE. Retrieved 9 September 2019. \"Kenny to take a break\". Football Association of Ireland. 27 January 2007. Retrieved 30 December 2008. \"Paddy on hunger\". Sheffield United F.C. 16 October 2008. Retrieved 30 December 2008. \"Kenny comes out of international retirement\". Irish Examiner. 28 April 2010. Retrieved 28 April 2010. \"Season statistics\". Bradford Park Avenue Programme. versus Whitley Bay: programme supplement (as original match was postponed). 1 April 1998. \"Season Statistics\". Bradford Park Avenue Programme. versus Stourbridge (FA Trophy). 24 October 1998. \"Games played by Paddy Kenny in 1998/1999\". Soccerbase. Centurycomm. Retrieved 4 September 2013. \"Games played by Paddy Kenny in 1999/2000\". Soccerbase. Centurycomm. Retrieved 4 September 2013. \"Games played by Paddy Kenny in 2000/2001\". Soccerbase. Centurycomm. Retrieved 4 September 2013. \"Games played by Paddy Kenny in 2001/2002\". Soccerbase. Centurycomm. Retrieved 4 September 2013. \"Games played by Paddy Kenny in 2002/2003\". Soccerbase. Centurycomm. Retrieved 4 September 2013. \"Games played by Paddy Kenny in 2003/2004\". Soccerbase. Centurycomm. Retrieved 4 September 2013. \"Games played by Paddy Kenny in 2004/2005\". Soccerbase. Centurycomm. Retrieved 4 September 2013. \"Games played by Paddy Kenny in 2005/2006\". Soccerbase. Centurycomm. Retrieved 4 September 2013. \"Games played by Paddy Kenny in 2006/2007\". Soccerbase. Centurycomm. Retrieved 4 September 2013. \"Games played by Paddy Kenny in 2007/2008\". Soccerbase. Centurycomm. Retrieved 4 September 2013. \"Games played by Paddy Kenny in 2008/2009\". Soccerbase. Centurycomm. Retrieved 4 September 2013. \"Games played by Paddy Kenny in 2009/2010\". Soccerbase. Centurycomm. Retrieved 4 September 2013. \"Games played by Paddy Kenny in 2010/2011\". Soccerbase. Centurycomm. Retrieved 4 September 2013. \"Games played by Paddy Kenny in 2011/2012\". Soccerbase. Centurycomm. Retrieved 4 September 2013. \"Games played by Paddy Kenny in 2012/2013\". Soccerbase. Centurycomm. Retrieved 4 September 2013. \"Games played by Paddy Kenny in 2013/2014\". Soccerbase. Centurycomm. Retrieved 4 September 2013. \"Games played by Paddy Kenny in 2014/2015\". Soccerbase. Centurycomm. Retrieved 4 September 2013. \"Games played by Paddy Kenny in 2015/2016\". Soccerbase. Centurycomm. Retrieved 9 November 2015. \"Games played by Paddy Kenny in 2016/2017\". Soccerbase. Centurycomm. Retrieved 10 June 2016. Paddy Kenny at Soccerway \"Spurs' Gareth Bale wins PFA player of the year award\". BBC Sport. 17 April 2011. Retrieved 24 May 2018. \"League honour golden six\". Football League. 21 May 2009. Retrieved 10 January 2013. Paddy Kenny at Soccerbase"
   },
   {
    "name": "William Edward Soothill",
    "id": "Q449695",
    "text": "William Edward Soothill, FRGS (1861 \u2013 1935) was a Methodist missionary to China who later became Professor of Chinese at University College, Oxford, and a leading British sinologist. Born in Halifax, Yorkshire in January 1861, Soothill matriculated at London University. He entered the ministry of the United Methodist Free Church arriving in China in 1882 and spent 29 years as a missionary in Wenzhou, China. Another leading missionary there until 1909 was Grace Stott who led the China Inland Mission there. Soothill founded a hospital, a training college, schools and 200 preaching stations. In 1911 Soothill became President of the Imperial University at Shansi. Upon his return to England in 1920 he was appointed the Shaw Professor of Chinese at Oxford University, becoming a Fellow of University College, Oxford. In 1921, he was awarded the Order of Wen-Hu (third class) by the Republic of China in recognition of services rendered in connection with the Chinese Labour Corps in France. In 1926 he was a member of Lord Willingdon's delegation to China on the settlement of the Boxer Rebellion indemnities. He is best known for his translation into English of the Analects of Confucius and his Dictionary of Chinese Buddhist Terms with Sanscrit and English Equivalents. He married Lucy Farrar in 1884. She wrote an account of their years in China entitled A Passport to China. He and his wife Lucy were the parents of Dorothea, Lady Hosie, who was the wife of the diplomat Sir Alexander Hosie. Lady Hosie was the author of a number of books about China. William Edward Soothill (1900). The student's four thousand [characters] and general pocket dictionary (2\u00a0ed.). American Presbyterian Mission Press. p.\u00a0420. Retrieved 2011-07-06. William Edward Soothill (1903). The student's four thousand ...: characters and general pocket dictionary, Volume 3 (3\u00a0ed.). American Presbyterian Mission Press. p.\u00a0420. Retrieved 2011-07-06. William Edward Soothill (1908). The student's four thousand tzu and general pocket dictionary (6\u00a0ed.). American Presbyterian Mission Press. pp.\u00a0211. Retrieved 2011-07-06. The Student's Four Thousand and General Pocket Dictionary (1899) A Mission in China (1906,1907) The Analects of Confucius (1910) China and Education, with Special Reference to the University for China (1912) The Three Religions of China (1913; revised edition 1929) Timothy Richard of China (1924) China and the West: A sketch of their Intercourse (1925) A History of China (1927) China and England (1928) The Lotus of the Wonderful Law: or, The Lotus Gospel (1930) A Dictionary of Chinese Buddhist Terms: with Sanskrit and English Equivalents and a Sanskrit-Pali Index (1937, with Lewis Hodous) The Hall of Light: A study of Early Chinese Kingship, edited by Lady Hosie and G. F. Hudson (1951) The Methodist Archives Biographical Index: Minutes of Conference 1958 and Encyclopedia of World Methodism (1974) Who's who in the Far East. Hong Kong: The China Mail. June 1906. pp.\u00a0295\u20136. Anderlini, Jamil (2014-11-07). \"The rise of Christianity in China\". www.ft.com. Retrieved 2020-07-30. \"Stott, George (1835\u20131889), missionary\". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (online\u00a0ed.). Oxford University Press. 2004. doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/49394. Retrieved 2020-07-30. (Subscription or UK public library membership required.) Dorothea (n\u00e9e Soothill), Lady Hosie (1885-1959), Writer and lecturer; second wife of Sir Alexander Hosie; daughter of W. E. Soothill; National Portrait Gallery John Young Friend of China: Lady Dorothea Hosie (1885-1959) Young, John (2012). \"William E. Soothill (1861-1935): Missionary and Sinologist\" (PDF). Methodist Heritage. Retrieved 20 April 2015. \"William E. Soothill,\" Biographical Dictionary of Chinese Christianity"
   },
   {
    "name": "Gerald B. Whitham",
    "id": "Q455572",
    "text": "Gerald Beresford Whitham (13 December 1927 \u2013 26 January 2014) was a British\u2013born American applied mathematician and the Charles Lee Powell Professor of Applied Mathematics (Emeritus) of Applied & Computational Mathematics at the California Institute of Technology. He received his Ph.D. from the University of Manchester in 1953 under the direction of Sir James Lighthill. He is known for his work in fluid dynamics and waves. Whitham was born in Halifax, West Yorkshire. He received his Ph.D. from University of Manchester in 1953. He was a Faculty Member in the Department of Mathematics at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology during 1959\u20131962. He left MIT to join California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California where he was instrumental in setting up the applied mathematics program in 1962. Whitham is a Fellow of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences since 1959. In 1965, Whitham was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society. Whitham received the Norbert Wiener Prize in Applied Mathematics in 1980, jointly awarded by the Society for Industrial and Applied Mathematics (SIAM) and the American Mathematical Society (AMS). This prize was awarded \"for an outstanding contribution to applied mathematics in the highest and broadest sense.\" Whitham was honored \"for his broad contributions to the understanding of fluid dynamical phenomena and his innovative contributions to the methodology through which that understanding can be constructed\". Whitham, G. B. (1952). \"The flow pattern of a supersonic projectile\". Communications on Pure and Applied Mathematics. 5 (3): 301\u2013348. doi:10.1002/cpa.3160050305. Whitham, G. B. (1954). \"A note on a paper by G. C. McVittie\". Quarterly of Applied Mathematics. 12 (3): 316\u2013318. doi:10.1090/qam/63835. MR\u00a00063835. (See George C. McVittie.) Lighthill, M. J.; Whitham, G. B. (1955). \"On kinematic waves I. Flood movement in long rivers\". Proceedings of the Royal Society of London. Series A. Mathematical and Physical Sciences. 229 (1178): 281\u2013316. doi:10.1098/rspa.1955.0088. S2CID\u00a018301080. Lighthill, M. J.; Whitham, G. B. (1955). \"On kinematic waves II. A theory of traffic flow on long crowded roads\". Proceedings of the Royal Society of London. Series A. Mathematical and Physical Sciences. 229 (1178): 317\u2013345. doi:10.1098/rspa.1955.0089. S2CID\u00a015210652. Whitham, G. B. (1965). \"Non-linear dispersive waves\". Proceedings of the Royal Society of London. Series A. Mathematical and Physical Sciences. 283 (1393): 238\u2013261. doi:10.1098/rspa.1965.0019. S2CID\u00a0123343879. Whitham, G. B. (1965). \"A general approach to linear and non-linear dispersive waves using a Lagrangian\". Journal of Fluid Mechanics. 22 (2): 273\u2013283. doi:10.1017/S0022112065000745. Seliger, R. L.; Whitham, G. B. (1968). \"Variational principles in continuum mechanics\". Proceedings of the Royal Society of London. Series A. Mathematical and Physical Sciences. 305 (1480): 1\u201325. doi:10.1098/rspa.1968.0103. ISSN\u00a02053-9169. S2CID\u00a0119565234. Fornberg, B.; Whitham, G. B. (1978). \"A Numerical and Theoretical Study of Certain Nonlinear Wave Phenomena\". Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences. 289 (1361): 373\u2013404. doi:10.1098/rsta.1978.0064. S2CID\u00a07333207. G. B. Whitham, Linear and Nonlinear Waves, John Wiley & Sons (1974). Gerald B. Whitham Gerald B. Whitham at the California Institute of Technology James Lighthill at the Mathematics Genealogy Project MIT Mathematics Faculty Donald Cohen: Marvelous Mathematics, Myriad Manifestations \"List of Active Members by Class\" (PDF). American Academy of Arts and Sciences. 7 November 2008. Retrieved 2009-03-25. \"Directory of Fellows and Foreign Members\". The Royal Society. 17 February 2009. Retrieved 2009-03-25. Norbert Wiener Prize in Applied Mathematics Fowler, Richard G. (June 1975). \"Review of Linear and Nonlinear Waves by G. B. Whitham\". Physics Today. 28 (6): 55\u201356. doi:10.1063/1.3069011. Gerald B. Whitham at the Mathematics Genealogy Project"
   },
   {
    "name": "Hannah Cockroft",
    "id": "Q478589",
    "text": "Hannah Lucy Cockroft MBE, DL (born 30 July 1992) is a British wheelchair racer specialising in sprint distances in the T34\u00a0classification. She holds the world records for the 100\u00a0metres, 200\u00a0metres, 400\u00a0metres, 800\u00a0metres and 1500\u00a0metres in her classification and the Paralympic records at 100\u00a0metres, 200\u00a0metres, 400\u00a0metres and 800\u00a0metres. Competing for Great Britain at the 2012 Summer Paralympics, she won two gold medals. She won three further gold medals at the 2016 Summer Paralympics in Rio de Janeiro. Cockroft was born on 30 July 1992 in Halifax, West Yorkshire. She suffered two cardiac arrests after birth which left her with permanent damage in numerous areas of her brain, resulting in weak hips, deformed feet and legs and mobility problems and affecting the fine motor skills in her hands. Her disability means she uses a wheelchair for long distances but she does have an ability to walk short distances. Cockroft competes on the track as a T34 athlete. After being turned away from sport throughout her primary education, Cockroft competed at secondary school in swimming, seated discus and wheelchair basketball. As a result of a silver medal performance in the seated discus at the UK School Games, she attended a British Paralympic Association talent day at Loughborough University in October 2007. Here, she was given her first opportunity to try an elite racing wheelchair by Dr Ian Thompson, husband of former wheelchair racer Tanni Grey-Thompson. Thompson went on to coach her for the first year of her career. In 2008 a dance academy she attended gave the proceeds from programme sales at its annual show to help her buy her own racing chair, but when it arrived, its made-to-measure set up was incorrect, so her father, a welder, modified the wheelchair to fit. After returning to the UK School Games that year, and taking gold in her first competitive 100\u00a0metres race, she was subsequently invited to join the Great Britain Paralympic Team shortly after the Beijing Paralympics. In 2009, Cockroft participated in her first ever road race; the London Mini Marathon, taking the Champion title in the girls 14\u201319 age group category. By 2010, Cockroft was being coached by Peter Eriksson, head Paralympic coach at UK Athletics. She again competed in the London Mini marathon, retaining her title as the female champion and at the Knowsley disability athletics challenge in May, she broke her first World Record in the T34 400\u00a0metres, recording a time of 65.51 seconds. Later that month, Cockroft sat her A-level exams, became prom Queen and broke seven more world records, all in the space of eight days. At the Aviva and UK Athletics Awards in December, Hannah received the Best British Paralympic Performance award for 2010. Cockroft made her senior Great Britain team debut at the age of 19, at the 2011 IPC Athletics World Championships in Christchurch, New Zealand. Here, she took gold in the T34 100\u00a0metres and the T34 200\u00a0metres. Later that year she made her junior representative debut at the IWAS World Junior Championships, winning both the 200\u00a0metres and 400\u00a0metres. Her performances earned her a second Best British Paralympic Performance award in November 2011 and honorary lifetime membership of her athletics club, Leeds City AC. In May 2012, Hannah became the first Paralympic athlete to break a world record in the London Olympic Stadium, recording a time of 18.56 seconds to win the T34 100\u00a0metres. She broke the record again at the Swiss National Championships later that month, finishing in 17.60 seconds. On 31 August 2012, Cockroft lined up in her first Paralympic Games final and won Great Britain's first track gold medal since 2004, and first track and field gold medal of the 2012 Summer Paralympics, winning the final of the 100\u00a0metres\u00a0T34 in 18.05\u00a0seconds, a Paralympic record. On 6 September, she won another gold medal in 200\u00a0metres\u00a0T34 in 31.90\u00a0seconds, also a Paralympic record. In honour of her achievements at London 2012, Royal Mail issued two postage stamps featuring Cockroft and painted two post boxes gold in her home town of Halifax. She was awarded the freedom of Calderdale at a homecoming event at the Halifax Piece Hall and was named an MBE in the 2013 New Year Honours. In 2013, Cockroft changed her coaching team to Australian-born Jenni Banks OAM. On 28 July, Cockroft won the T33/T34 100\u00a0metres race at the Anniversary Games at the Olympic Stadium with a stadium record time of 17.80\u00a0seconds. Later that month, at the IPC Athletics World Championships in Lyon, Cockroft retained both her T34 100\u00a0metres and T34 200\u00a0metres titles. Hannah was named in the 2013 BBC Sports Personality of the Year shortlist, coming 7th overall. She was the first Paralympian to ever be nominated for the award outside of a Paralympic year. In March, Cockroft competed in and won a Sport Relief edition of Strictly Come Dancing, dancing with Pasha Kovalev. On 1 June, Cockroft recorded a new world-record time of 3.53.57 over 1500\u00a0metres during the Bedford International Games. In August, Hannah took Gold in 100\u00a0metres and for the first time competed in the 800\u00a0metres, winning gold at her first IPC European Championships that were held in Swansea. These were the last major championship medals missing from her collection. She later took her fourth title as British Athletics Para athlete of the year and was named Athletics Weekly female para athlete of the year. 2015 saw Cockroft lose her first-ever race after a 7-year domination. At the Newham open meet in July, Cockroft came second to British compatriot Kare Adenegan over 400\u00a0metres. She pulled it back later in the day with a win over the 800\u00a0metres. In Doha at the IPC World Championships at the end of the season, Hannah retained her world champion title over the 100\u00a0metres, and won her first gold medals over the 400\u00a0metres and 800\u00a0metres, on a world championship stage. At the 2016 Rio Summer Paralympic Games, Cockroft won three gold medals, retaining her title in the Women's 100\u00a0metres T34 Final, and winning the Women's 400\u00a0metres T34 Final, recording a new world-record time of 58.78\u00a0seconds, and the Women's 800\u00a0metres T34 Final. She broke the Games record in all three events. Upon her return home, she was appointed Deputy Lieutenant of West Yorkshire. In 2017, Cockroft raced over the 1500\u00a0metres for the third time in her career, breaking the T34 World record with a time of 3.50.22. She now held the full set of T34 World Records for the first time. At the same meet, held in Arbon in Switzerland, she also demolished her 400\u00a0metre World record set the previous year at the Rio 2016 Paralympic Games, and her 800\u00a0metre World Record, recording a new time of 1.55.73. In July, she returned 'home' to the QEII Olympic Stadium in Stratford to compete in her fourth World Championships. Although suffering from food poisoning the night before the T34 100\u00a0metres final, Cockroft powered home to take gold in a new world-record time of 17.18 seconds. She also became world champion over the 800\u00a0metres and 400\u00a0metres, making her a 10-time world champion and the most decorated British athlete in World Championship history. Cockroft was named British Sportswoman of the year by the Sports Journalists Association for her achievements. She was the first Paralympic athlete to ever win the award in its 57-year history. 2018 saw Cockroft's first defeat on the international stage. After topping the podium for seven years, the 26-year-old won silver in the T34 100\u00a0metres at the World Para Athletics European Championships in Berlin. She then went on to regain her European Champion title over the 800\u00a0metres, after missing the event in 2016. 2018 also saw Cockroft take on a presenting role on popular British TV programme, BBC Countryfile. In June 2021, Cockroft was among the first dozen athletes chosen to represent the UK at the postponed 2020 Paralympics in Tokyo. At the end of June, she was in Manchester for the British Athletic Championships where she was first in a mixed classification 400\u00a0metres wheelchair race in front of Sammi Kinghorn and Mel Woods. She successfully retained her women's 100\u00a0metres T34 Paralympic title after winning gold at the Tokyo Paralympics with a new world record timing of 16.39\u00a0seconds. It was also her third consecutive Paralympic gold medal in women's 100\u00a0metres event and her sixth Paralympic gold medal. Cockroft left her home and training base in Yorkshire to study journalism and media at Coventry University in 2013. She moved back to her home town of Halifax in 2016 to prepare for the Rio Paralympic Games. She has ambitions to work in television media after her athletics career. In October 2014 she launched 17 Sports Management Limited (\"17\"), a sports management company. She cites Canadian wheelchair racer Chantal Petitclerc as her sporting inspiration. Petitclerc, winner of 15 Paralympic gold medals and formerly coached by Eriksson, has been involved with Cockroft's development as a mentor and advisor. Hannah hates fish, and believes she may have ichthyophobia. In March 2019 she appeared on a special Stand Up To Cancer episode of The Great British Bake Off on Channel 4. Hannah is a proud ambassador of Forget Me Not Children\u2019s Hospice, a local charity near her hometown of Halifax. She was awarded the Freedom of the Borough of Calderdale on 13 September 2012. Cockroft was appointed Member of the Order of the British Empire (MBE) in the 2013 New Year Honours List for services to athletics. In 2014 Cockcroft was awarded an honorary degree by the University of Bradford. In 2016 Cockcroft was awarded an honorary degree by York St John University In October 2016, Cockroft was appointed Deputy Lieutenant of West Yorkshire. 2012 Olympics gold post boxes in the United Kingdom \"Team GB: Hurricane Hannah Breezes Into Final\". Team GB. Retrieved 8 September 2012. \"London 2012 Athletes: Hannah Cockroft\". ParalympicsGB. Archived from the original on 9 July 2016. Retrieved 10 September 2012. \"Hannah Lucy Cockroft- Double World Champion\". Facebook. Retrieved 12 September 2012. \"IPC Athletics Records\". www.paralympic.org. Retrieved 10 September 2012. \"Paralympics 2012: Cockroft wins first GB track gold\". BBC Sport. 31 August 2012. Retrieved 1 September 2012. \"Paralympics 2012: Hannah Cockroft wins second sprint gold\". BBC Sport. 6 September 2012. Retrieved 6 September 2012. \"Rio 2016 Paralympic Results\". \"Hannah Cockroft remembers her fifth birthday, 1997\". Daily Telegraph. 7 March 2014. Archived from the original on 26 January 2018. Retrieved 4 March 2020. Marsh, Jennie (29 August 2012). \"London 2012 Paralympics: Ten essential facts about \u2026 Hannah Cockroft\". Evening Standard. London. Retrieved 10 March 2020. \"Hannah Cockroft\". Leeds Gold. Archived from the original on 24 December 2012. Retrieved 11 September 2012. Williams, Richard (31 August 2012). \"Hannah Cockroft burns up the track to relight a flame at Paralympics\". The Guardian. Retrieved 11 September 2012. \"London 2012 Athletes: Hannah Cockroft\". ParalympicsGB. Archived from the original on 9 July 2016. Retrieved 10 September 2012. Steinberg, Jacob (18 August 2012). \"Paralympics 2012: Hannah Cockroft fears freeze on London's big stage\". The Guardian. Retrieved 10 September 2012. \"Hannah Cockroft\". London 2012. Archived from the original on 11 September 2012. Retrieved 11 September 2012. \"London 2012 Athletes: Hannah Cockroft\". ParalympicsGB. Archived from the original on 9 July 2016. Retrieved 10 September 2012. \"London 2012 Athletes: Hannah Cockroft\". ParalympicsGB. Archived from the original on 9 July 2016. Retrieved 10 September 2012. \"Paralympics 2012: Cockroft wins first GB track gold\". BBC Sport. 31 August 2012. Retrieved 1 September 2012. \"Paralympics 2012: Hannah Cockroft wins second sprint gold\". BBC Sport. 6 September 2012. Retrieved 6 September 2012. \"Another stamp for Hannah's second gold medal win!\". Halifax Courier. 10 September 2012. Retrieved 10 September 2012. \"Location of Hannah Cockroft's second golden post box revealed\". Halifax Courier. 19 September 2012. Retrieved 28 September 2012. \"Hannah Cockroft awarded Freedom of Calderdale\". BBC News. 13 September 2012. Retrieved 14 September 2012. \"Crowds welcome Hannah home!\". Halifax Courier. 13 September 2012. Retrieved 14 September 2012. \"Anniversary Games: Alan Oliveira world record, Jonnie Peacock PB\". BBC Sport. BBC. 28 July 2013. Retrieved 28 July 2013. \"IPC Athletics: Hannah Cockroft and Aled Davies win gold medals\". BBC Sport. BBC. 20 July 2013. Retrieved 21 July 2013. \"IPC Athletics: Hannah Cockroft secures sprint double in Lyon\". BBC Sport. BBC. 22 July 2013. Retrieved 22 July 2013. \"Sport Relief does Strictly\". Wheelchair Dance Support Association (UK). Archived from the original on 14 July 2014. Retrieved 12 June 2014. \"Bedford International Games \u2013 Results\" (PDF). Bedford International Games. Retrieved 12 June 2014. \"Gold and silver in Paralympics 100m for Coventry's Hannah Cockroft and Kare Adenegan\". Coventry Telegraph. 11 September 2016. Retrieved 16 September 2016. \"Paralympics 2016: Britain surpass Beijing 2008 gold medal total as Sarah Storey and Hannah Cockroft triumph\". The Independent. 15 September 2016. Retrieved 16 September 2016. \"Rio Paralympics: Halifax's Hannah Cockroft leads golden streak to beat London 2012 tally\". Yorkshire Post. 16 September 2016. Retrieved 16 September 2016. \"British team for Paralympics starts to take shape\". AW. 23 June 2021. Retrieved 24 June 2021. \"Muller British Champs (Sunday): Jemma and Beth book Tokyo tickets\". Scottish Athletics. 27 June 2021. Retrieved 23 July 2021. Media, P. A. (29 August 2021). \"Cockroft breaks T34 100m world record to claim sixth Paralympic gold\". The Guardian. Retrieved 29 August 2021. \"Cockroft wins third successive 100m gold\". BBC Sport. Retrieved 29 August 2021. Hannah Cockroft launches sports management company \"London 2012 Athletes: Hannah Cockroft\". ParalympicsGB. Archived from the original on 9 July 2016. Retrieved 10 September 2012. Hart, Simon (6 September 2012). \"Paralympics 2012: Hannah Cockroft destroys the field as she wins T34 200m final to claim gold for Great Britain\". The Telegraph. Retrieved 11 September 2012. \"Hannah Cockroft Q&A\". Channel 4. Archived from the original on 10 September 2012. Retrieved 10 September 2012. \"No. 60367\". The London Gazette (Supplement). 29 December 2012. p.\u00a024. \"2013 New Year's Honours\" (PDF). Retrieved 29 December 2012. \"Hannah Cockroft receives honorary degree\". BBC. 17 July 2014. Retrieved 2 August 2014. Lewis, Haydn (15 November 2016). \"Degree of success for York St John\". York Press. Retrieved 11 November 2019. Leeds City Athletics Club Hannah Cockroft at Power of 10 Hannah Cockroft at the International Paralympic Committee Hannah Cockroft at IPC.InfostradaSports.com Hannah Cockroft at the British Paralympic Association"
   },
   {
    "name": "Linda Riordan",
    "id": "Q501883",
    "text": "Linda June Riordan (n\u00e9e Haigh; 31 May 1953) is an English Labour Co-operative politician who was the Member of Parliament (MP) for Halifax from the 2005 general election until standing down in 2015. Riordan was born in Halifax and graduated from the University of Bradford. She served as a Calderdale councillor for eleven years, representing the Ovenden ward from 1995 to 2006, when she stood down to devote herself full-time to her role as an MP. She worked as private secretary for her predecessor as Halifax's Labour MP Alice Mahon between 2001 and 2005, and was active in the local Co-operative Party as secretary and treasurer. She was chosen as the Labour candidate from an all-women shortlist but her candidature was at first opposed by the Party's ruling National Executive Committee owing to concerns about selection process. She was later allowed to stand. Riordan was elected in 2005 and returned to Parliament with a reduced majority in 2010 She served on various select committees including the Justice Committee, the Procedure Committee, the Environmental Audit Select Committee, the European Scrutiny Committee and the all-Party Crossrail Committee. She was one of 16 signatories of an open letter to Ed Miliband in January 2015 calling on the party to commit to oppose further austerity, take rail franchises back into public ownership and strengthen collective bargaining arrangements In February 2015 she announced that she would be standing down at general election in May, citing ill health. In December 2010 it was revealed that Riordan had secretly repaid \u00a3105.86 in wrongly claimed expenses. The repayment came about after Riordan had used House of Commons stationery for party political purposes. Riordan apologised, blaming volunteers for the incident. In October 2012, the Commons Speaker John Bercow blocked the release of data showing which MPs were letting their homes to other MPs for financial gain. However, a study of parliamentary records was published in The Daily Telegraph. This article listed problematic expense claims of Riordan and 26 other MPs, and said that she received rental income from a flat she owned in London which was rented out through an agency to fellow Labour MP Iain McKenzie and was, at the same time, able to claim expenses on another flat she rented in the city under an arrangement allowed by IPSA rules. Riordan, along with other MPs, said that under new rules she was banned from receiving mortgage interest expenses by IPSA and, as a result, had been forced to let the property. Days after the report, Riordan put the flat on the market, having previously tried to sell the flat in 2010. She pledged to ensure that any profit she gained from the sale would be paid back to the taxpayer. She was married to Alan Riordan from 1979 until his death in April 2007, of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease at the age of 65. \"No. 59418\". The London Gazette. 13 May 2010. p.\u00a08739. \u2018RIORDAN, Linda\u2019, Who's Who 2013, A & C Black, an imprint of Bloomsbury Publishing plc, 2013; online edn, Oxford University Press, December 2012; online edn, November 2012 Profile, ukwhoswho.com; accessed 7 May 2015. Linda Riordan - Parliamentary candidates Archived 6 March 2012 at the Wayback Machine, ukpolitics.telegraph.co.uk; accessed 7 May 2015. Victory for councillor in Labour candidate battle, YorkshirePost.co.uk; accessed 7 May 2015. \"Halifax MP Linda Riordan to stand down at general election\". BBC. 12 February 2015. Retrieved 8 April 2015. Eaton, George (26 January 2015). \"The Labour left demand a change of direction - why their intervention matters\". New Statesman. Retrieved 5 April 2015. http://www.parliament.uk/documents/pcfs/written-evidence/2008-09/rectified/riordan-baines-290708.pdf MPs' expenses: the secret deals revealed, telegraph.co.uk; accessed 7 May 2015. Expenses scandal: Labour MP made thousands letting flat to fellow member, Daily Telegraph, 2012-10-19. Retrieved 2013-02-10. MPs in expenses row defend renting arrangements, The Guardian, 2012-10-19. Retrieved 2013-02-10. Linda Riordan promises to pay back profit on flat sale after renting to fellow Labour MP, The Daily Telegraph, 2012-10-22. Retrieved 2013-02-10. Update on Halifax MP Linda Riordan revelations \u2013 she says flat will be put up for sale, Halifax Courier, 23 October 2012; retrieved 10 February 2013. MP's tribute to husband, Alan, 65, HalifaxCourier.co.uk; accessed 7 May 2015. Profile at Parliament of the United Kingdom Contributions in Parliament at Hansard Voting record at Public Whip Record in Parliament at TheyWorkForYou Guardian Unlimited Politics - Ask Aristotle: Linda Riordan MP"
   },
   {
    "name": "Andy McDermott",
    "id": "Q526647",
    "text": "Andy McDermott (born 2 July 1974) is a British thriller author and former magazine editor, film critic, and journalist. He is best known for his Nina Wilde and Eddie Chase novels. Andy McDermott was born in Halifax, England on 2 July 1974. He graduated from Keele University in Staffordshire and currently lives in Bournemouth, where he works as a full-time writer. Before becoming an author he was a journalist and editor of magazines such as Hotdog Magazine and DVD Review; he has also worked as a cartoonist, graphic designer, and videogame reviewer, and has written for the award-winning British sci-fi comic 2000AD. 2007 The Hunt for Atlantis (ISBN\u00a0978-0-7553-3911-2) 2008 The Tomb of Hercules (ISBN\u00a0978-0-7553-3914-3) 2008 The Secret of Excalibur (ISBN\u00a0978-0-7553-4550-2) 2009 The Covenant of Genesis (ISBN\u00a0978-0-7553-4553-3) 2009 The Cult of Osiris (US/Canada title: The Pyramid of Doom) (ISBN\u00a0978-0-7553-7745-9) 2010 The Sacred Vault (India Title: The Vault of Shiva) (ISBN\u00a0978-0-7553-7783-1) 2011 Empire of Gold (ISBN\u00a0978-0-7553-5467-2) 2012 Temple of the Gods (US/Canada title: Return to Atlantis) (ISBN\u00a0978-0-7553-5471-9) 2013 The Valhalla Prophecy (ISBN\u00a0978-0-7553-8064-0) 2014 Kingdom of Darkness (ISBN\u00a0978-0-7553-8072-5) 2015 The Last Survivor (Short Story) 2015 The Revelation Code (ISBN\u00a0978-1-1019-6529-0) 2016 The Midas Legacy (ISBN\u00a0978-0-7553-8081-7) 2017 King Solomon's Curse (ISBN\u00a0978-1-4722-3686-9) 2018 The Spear of Atlantis (ISBN\u00a0978-1-4722-3689-0) 2019 The Resurrection Key (ISBN\u00a0978-1-4722-3692-0) 2023 The Lord of the Dead 2020 Operative 66 (ISBN\u00a0978-1-472-26377-3) 2021 Rogue Assett (ISBN\u00a0978-1-472-26383-4) 2006 Final Destination: Death of the Senses (ISBN\u00a01-84416-385-7) 2013 The Persona Protocol (ISBN\u00a0978-0-755-38068-8), published in the US & Canada as The Shadow Protocol Critical reception for McDermott's work has been mixed to positive[citation needed]. Publishers Weekly praised Hunt for Atlantis and The Covenant of Genesis. \"Magazines must find a niche to survive\". printmigration.wordpress.com. Retrieved July 18, 2012. \"MAGAZINE ARTICLES: UNITED KINGDOM\". space1999.net. Archived from the original on September 6, 2008. Retrieved July 18, 2012. \"THARG'S FUTURE SHOCKS\". 2000ad.org. Retrieved July 18, 2012. http://www.andy-mcdermott.com/books.html \"Fiction Review: Hunt for Atlantis\". publishersweekly.com. Retrieved July 18, 2012. \"Fiction Review: The Covenant of Genesis\". publishersweekly.com. Retrieved July 18, 2012. Official site"
   },
   {
    "name": "J. S. Fletcher",
    "id": "Q548040",
    "text": "Joseph Smith Fletcher (7 February 1863\u00a0\u2013 30 January 1935) was an English journalist and author. He wrote more than 230 books on a wide variety of subjects, both fiction and non-fiction, and was one of the most prolific English writers of detective fiction. Fletcher was born in Halifax, West Yorkshire, the son of a clergyman. His father died when he was eight months old, and after which his grandmother raised him on a farm in Darrington, near Pontefract. He was educated at Silcoates School in Wakefield, and after some study of law, he became a journalist. At age 20, Fletcher began working in journalism, as a sub-editor in London. He subsequently returned to his native Yorkshire, where he worked first on the Leeds Mercury using the pseudonym A Son of the Soil, and then as a special correspondent for the Yorkshire Post covering Edward VII's coronation in 1902. Fletcher's first books published were poetry. He then moved on to write numerous works of historical fiction and history, many dealing with Yorkshire, which led to his selection as a fellow of the Royal Historical Society. Michael Sadleir stated that Fletcher's historical novel, When Charles I Was King (1892), was his best work. Fletcher wrote several novels of rural life in imitation of Richard Jefferies, beginning with The Wonderful Wapentake (1894). In 1914, Fletcher wrote his first detective novel and went on to write over a hundred more, many featuring the private investigator Ronald Camberwell. Fletcher is sometimes incorrectly described as a \"Golden Age of Detective Fiction\" author, but he is in fact an almost exact contemporary of Conan Doyle. Most of his detective fiction works considerably pre-date that era, and even those few published within it do not conform to the closed form and strict rules professed, if not unfailingly observed, by the Golden Age writers. He was married to the Irish writer Rosamond Langbridge, with whom he had one son, Rev. Valentine Fletcher, who has subsequently held various ministries across Yorkshire, including Bradford and Sedbergh. Fletcher died in Surrey 1935, one week short of his 72nd birthday. He was survived by his wife Rosamond and son Valentine. Frank Carisbroke's Stratagem (1888) Andrewlina (1889) Mr. Spivey's Clerk (1890) When Charles the First Was King (1892) In the Days of Drake (1895) Where Highways Cross (1895) Mistress Spitfire (1896) Baden Powell of Mafeking (1900) Lucian the Dreamer (1903) Perris of the Cherry-Trees (1913) The King versus Wargrave (1915) The Rayner-Slade Amalgamation (1917) Paul Campenhaye (1918) The Chestermarke Instinct (1918) The Borough Treasurer (1919) The Middle Temple Murder (1919) The Talleyrand Maxim (1919) Scarhaven Keep (1920) The Herapath Property (1920) The Lost Mr. Linthwaite (1920) The Orange-Yellow Diamond (1920) The Markenmore Mystery (1921) The Root of All Evil (1921) Wrychester Paradise (1921) In the Mayor's Parlour (1922) Ravensdene Court (1922) The Middle of Things (1922) The Million Dollar Diamond (1923) The Charing Cross Mystery (1923) The Kang-He Vase (1924) The Safety Pin (1924) Sea Fog (1925) The Bedford Row Mystery (1925) The Cartwright Gardens Murder (1925) The Mill of Many Windows (1925) Dead Men's Money (1928) Murder at Wrides Park (1931) Murder in Four Degrees (1931) Murder of the Ninth Baronet (1932) The Borgia Cabinet (1932) The Solution of a Mystery (1932) Green Ink and other stories (1935) Todmanhawe Grange (completed after his death by Edward Powys Mathers as Torquemada, 1937) Miscellaneous Stories (1907) Mr. Poskitt's Nightcaps (1910) The Secret of the Barbican and Other Stories (1924) The Juvenile Poems of Joseph S. Fletcher (1879) Early Poems by Joseph Smith Fletcher (1882) Anima Christi (1884) \"J.S. Fletcher Dies; Popular Novelist\". The New York Times. 1 February 1935. p.\u00a021. Freeman, Sarah (8 May 2006). \"How Fame Eluded a Man of Many Words\". Yorkshire Post. Archived from the original on 26 April 2012. Greene, Hugh (editor) (1973). \"Introduction\". Further Rivals of Sherlock Holmes. Penguin Books. ISBN\u00a00-14-003891-4.CS1 maint: extra text: authors list (link) Sutherland, John (1990). The Stanford Companion to Victorian Fiction. Stanford University Press. p.\u00a0228. ISBN\u00a00-8047-1842-3. https://www.imdb.com/name/nm0282024/bio bio Torquemada; Fletcher, J. S. (1937). \"Introduction by Torquemada\". Todmanhawe Grange. Thornton Butterworth. Classics, Delphi. \"Collected Works of J. S. Fletcher\". Delphi Classics. Retrieved 2 April 2020. Ellis, Roger and Richard Williams, J. S. Fletcher: A Bibliographical Checklist of the British First Editions. Dragonby Press, 2013. ISBN\u00a0978-1-871122-21-3 Works written by or about Joseph Smith Fletcher at Wikisource Works by J. S. Fletcher in eBook form at Standard Ebooks Works by J. S. Fletcher at Project Gutenberg Works by J. S. (Joseph Smith) Fletcher at Faded Page (Canada) Works by or about J. S. Fletcher at Internet Archive Works by J. S. Fletcher at LibriVox (public domain audiobooks)"
   },
   {
    "name": "Arthur Edward Ellis",
    "id": "Q570759",
    "text": "Arthur Edward Ellis (8 July 1914 \u2013 23 May 1999) was an English football referee. He was born in Halifax, West Yorkshire. Ellis was a referee in The Football Association competitions and in FIFA international competitions. He refereed at the 1950, 1954 and 1958 World Cups; running the line in the 1950 FIFA World Cup Final and Third Place Play-off in 1958 and refereeing the Third Place Play-off in 1954. Ellis is most remembered for refereeing the notorious 1954 Battle of Berne and the first leg of the 1960-61 second round tie in the European Cup between Real Madrid CF and FC Barcelona. In the closing minutes of that match Ellis waved down a flag as Sandor Kocsis strode into the Madrid penalty area, and awarded a penalty when the Hungarian was fouled. The resulting score equalised the tie. Ellis also journeyed with the English touring side in Argentina in the Summer of 1953. He was the referee in charge of the abandoned game in Buenos Aires against Argentina on 17 May when it rained so much that he called the players off the field after 23 minutes. This tour began, three days before, with the representative match in the River Plate stadium. Ellis had been bitten by a mosquito and been told he could not officiate but he refused to follow the medical advice and was later dubbed 'the yellow rat' by some of the English players for his performance. An Argentinian side San Lorenzo were the opponents during the abandoned game at Highfield Road, against Coventry City in January 1956. In the first half, after awarding a penalty, Ellis was kicked by Jose Sanfilippo and abandoned the game when the player refused to walk from the field of play. \"Those people\", Ellis wrote, \"must learn sportsmanship and we must teach them. South Americans are more excitable and more passionate than we are. They do crazy things, impulsively, then a few minutes later they are genuinely and deeply sorry\". Ellis' role in the first European Cup competition was extensive, refereeing those matches played by Hibernian from the second round until the semi-final before being selected for the Final in Parc des Princes, Paris. Ellis had been informed that he would need to provide the linesmen for the European Cup match against Rot-Weiss Essen. He wrote: \"I managed to obtain the services of Jimmy Catlin (Rochdale) and Frank Ellis, then on the Yorkshire League and now a Football League linesman. He is my younger brother. We officiated first at the first leg and, at the request of UEFA, the same three \u2013 with Frank Ellis of the Yorkshire League still included! \u2013 were again appointed to take the second round (both legs) between Hibernian and the Swedish champions. We also acted in the second leg of the semi-final involving Hibernian and the fine French team Rheims. \"I was chosen to referee the first-ever Final of this new competition ... Just when I thought that the linesmen ... would be there once more, the Football Association stepped in and said it would soon be regarded by others as a closed shop. Despite the request of Rheims for an 'unchanged team', I was given two linesmen this time \u2013 Messrs. J. Parkinson, of Blackburn, and Tommy Cooper, of Bolton.\" Ellis became well known in the UK for acting as a referee in the gameshow It's a Knockout, where his dipstick became internationally recognised. He also featured as a pools panellist under Lord Brabazon. Ellis died of prostate cancer in 1999 aged 84. Ellis published his autobiography in 1954 \"Refereeing Around the World\", which detailed the high points of his refereeing career as well as showing 19 pictures. 'England v Argentina: World Cups and other Wars', (ed. Downing) p.\u00a063) Downing European Champions' Cup 1955-56 \u2013 Details, RSSSF. The Final Whistle, 1962, ed. Ellis, pp.\u00a094\u20135 Almanack: Pools panel draw a veil, The Independent, 27 March 1994. Hill, Jeffrey (2004). \"Ellis, Arthur Edward (1914\u20131999)\". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (online\u00a0ed.). Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/72380. (Subscription or UK public library membership required.) Arthur Ellis referee profile at Soccerway Arthur Ellis referee profile at WorldFootball.net Arthur Ellis at WorldReferee.com"
   },
   {
    "name": "John Lawton",
    "id": "Q637654",
    "text": "John Cooper Lawton (11 July 1946 \u2013 29 June 2021) was a British rock and blues vocalist best known for his work with Lucifer's Friend, Uriah Heep and the Les Humphries Singers. Lawton began his musical career in North Shields, UK, in the early '60s with The Deans, a bunch of kids who decided at random that he should be singer. He then moved on to West One and later Stonewall which included John Miles, Vic Malcolm (later of Geordie) and Paul Thompson (later of Roxy Music). After Stonewall finished their stint at Top Ten Club in Hamburg in 1969, Lawton decided to stay in Germany, after having been offered the job as singer with legendary German rock cult band Lucifer's Friend (1969\u20131976 and 1979\u20131995) with whom he recorded seven studio albums. He also joined the Les Humphries Singers, in the early '70s (which included the Eurovision Song Contest in '76). In 1976 Lawton joined Uriah Heep as their frontman, recording the albums Firefly, Innocent Victim, Fallen Angel and Live in Europe '79, touring Europe and the U.S. until September 1979. During his longstanding career Lawton has worked with some big names of rock, on various projects, including Roger Glover's \"Butterfly Ball\" live at the Royal Albert Hall in 1975, featuring David Coverdale, Glenn Hughes, Ian Gillan and Twiggy. He sang on Eddie Hardin's \"Wizard's Convention II\" with Chris Farlowe, Denny Laine, Paul Jones and Tony Ashton. Lawton worked with some of the finest record producers, including Tony Clarke (Moody Blues), Jimmy Miller (Rolling Stones), and Harold Faltermeyer (Pet Shop Boys), who produced the titles Lawton sang on the Lenny McDowell Project \"Lost Paradise\". Lawton sang with German rock band Rebel, later known as Zar, on three albums, during the late '80s -'90s including their hit singles \"Line of Fire\" and \"Eagles Flight\", and moved on to Volker Barber's classical project \"Excalibur\". He also sang on several German commercials, including the \"Colgate Gel\" TV spots, the \"Peter Stuyvesant Travel\" spots, the Stuyvesant single \"Come Together\" and a stint for Harley Davidson Motorbikes. Lawton formed GunHill, later known as JLB (John Lawton Band), in January 1994, touring the UK and Europe. In 1995 he briefly rejoined Uriah Heep for 2 weeks, to tour South Africa and Austria with Deep Purple, filling in for their singer Bernie Shaw, who was suffering from voice problems at the time. Inspired by German top producer Robert Papst and his partner Reinhold Hoffman, Lawton re-recorded one of the Les Humphries Singers' favourites, the 1970s hit \"Mama Loo\", in January 1998. In August 2000, his solo album Still Paying My Dues to the Blues, produced by Robert Papst, was released in Europe, UK and Scandinavia, by Hypertension Music Hamburg and distributed through EDEL Germany. (The album has been re-released in 2010) During the 4th Uriah Heep Annual Convention in London, May 2000, plans were made for a one-off concert by the so-called Hensley/Lawton Band. Lawton was joined by former Heep keyboardist Ken Hensley, for the first time 21 years after Lawton's departure from Uriah Heep in 1979. With them were Paul Newton (their original bassist), and 2 members of Lawton's band Reuben Kane on lead guitar and Justin Shefford on drums. They played a collection of old Heep classics and some of Hensley & Lawton's solo songs, and the concert was recorded for a CD release called The Return. In 2001 Lawton teamed up with Ken Hensley to form the Hensley Lawton Band. After extensive touring, during Spring and Summer of 2001, culminating with a concert in Hamburg, Germany, featuring a full orchestra and a new rendition of Heep's old classic \"Salisbury\", both Ken and John returned to their respective solo careers. On 7 December 2001, both John Lawton and Ken Hensley appeared on stage with Uriah Heep during the annual Magician's Birthday Party at the Shepherd's Bush Empire in London. This concert was recorded and released as a CD/DVD. The John Lawton Band - \"JLB\" was taken on by Classic Rock Productions in 2001 to record the acoustic CD Steppin' It Up, which features John & Steve Dunning. One More Night Live at the Mean Fiddler, CD & DVD, was recorded in 2002, which was followed in 2003 by JLB's Sting in the Tale CD, an original studio rock album. Later that year followed another Live CD & DVD Shakin' The Tale. JLB had been touring extensively with their last gig in Hamburg, September 2004, when Lawton decided to take an indefinite break. In May 2006 Lawton joined forces with Dutch guitarist Jan Dum\u00e9e (ex-Focus) to form the On The Rocks project. On The Rocks - \"OTR\" featured Brazilian musicians Ney Concei\u00e7\u00e3o on bass, Xande Figueiredo on drums, and Marvio Ciribelli on keyboards. Lawton and Dum\u00e9e wrote and recorded the tracks for the debut album Mamonama, released in October 2008. In September 2008 John Lawton appeared on stage at the Heepvention 2008 in Spain, with former Uriah Heep members Ken Hensley, Lee Kerslake and Paul Newton, together with Jan Dumee from the OTR project on guitar. In December 2008 John entered the world of television by presenting the Bulgarian travel documentary series \"John Lawton presents\" which also includes music from the Mamonama album. Made by the Bulgarian TV company \"Skat\", the films feature interesting historical landmarks of Bulgarian towns and cities, traditional festivities and interviews with the city mayors and local people. So far the series consists of 19 documentaries, including the municipalities of Karnobat, Sozopol, Tsarevo, Primorsko, Burgas, Smolyan, Pamporovo, Varna, Malko Tarnovo, Velingrad, Shumen, Popovo winter, Popovo spring, Chepelare, Lovech, Kavarna, Stara Zagora, Nedelino. In 2009 John again joined Ken Hensley, Lee Kerslake and Paul Newton to appear at Heepvention 2009 in Salo, Finland with a Finnish guitarist completing the line-up. In March 2010, John made his acting debut in the motion picture Love.net, filmed and produced by Bulgarian film company Miramar Film. Part of John's scenes were shot at Liscombe Park, UK, featuring a guest appearance by Uriah Heep guitarist Mick Box, with the remainder filmed in Sofia. He also recorded the movie's soundtrack song - Tonight. The film was premiered in Sofia on 26 March 2011. In November 2011, Lawton teamed up with Bulgarian band Diana Express to record the album \"The Power of Mind\" which was composed by Dr. Milen Vrabevski. The album was released in 2012. Lawton died unexpectedly in June 2021, at the age of 74. (pre-Lucifer's Friend) Asterix - 1970 Lucifer's Friend - 1970 Where the Groupies Killed the Blues - 1972 I'm Just a Rock 'n' Roll Singer - 1973 Banquet - 1974 Mind Exploding - 1975 Mean Machine - 1981 Sumogrip - 1994 Awakening - 2015 Too Late To Hate - 2016 Black Moon - 2019 We'll Fly You To The Promised Land - 1971 We Are Goin' Down Jordan - 1971 Singing Detonation - 1971 Old Man Moses - 1971 Mexico - 1972 Sound '73 - 1973 Mama Loo (= La Onu Cantante) - 1973 Live in Europe - 1973 Carnival - 1973 Sound '73/II - 1973 The World Of - 1973 Kansas City - 1974 Sound '74 - 1974 One of These Days - 1974 Rock 'n Roll Party - 1974 Amazing Grace & Gospeltrain - 1975 Party on the Rocks - 1975 Firefly - 1977 Innocent Victim - 1977 Fallen Angel - 1978 Live in Europe 79 - (recorded 1979, released 1986) The Magician's Birthday Party - (live - recorded 2001, released 2002) Magic Night - (live - recorded 2003, released 2004) Heartbeat (also released as HardBeat; 1980) Still Payin' My Dues... (2000) Heartbeat (Expanded) (Red Steel 2000) Heepsteria! (Several solo, Gunhill & JLB contributions) (Red Steel 2000) Stargazer - 1982 Rebel/Zar (Remastered 2 on 1) (Red Steel 2001) Live Your Life Forever - 1990 Rebel/Zar (Remastered 2 on 1) (Red Steel 2001) One Over the Eight - 1995 Night Heat - 1997 Live in Germany '99 - 1999 The Return (Live at Heepvention 2000) - 2000 Steppin' It Up - 2002 One More Night (Live) - 2002 Sting in the Tale - 2003 Shakin' the Tale (Live) - 2004 Mamonama - 2008 The Power of Mind (with Maxim Goranov Band; 2012) My Kind of Lovin' (2014) Strong, Martin C. (2002). The Great Rock Discography, pp. 109-110. Edinburgh: Canongate Books Ltd. Former Uriah Heep Singer John Lawton Dead at 74 Official website On The Rocks official website Official Uriah Heep website \"Les Humphries Singers fan site\". Archived from the original on 27 October 2009. Retrieved 8 October 2010. Interview with John Lawton"
   },
   {
    "name": "George Dyson",
    "id": "Q648043",
    "text": "Sir George Dyson KCVO (28 May 1883\u00a0\u2013 28 September 1964) was an English musician and composer. After studying at the Royal College of Music (RCM) in London, and army service in the First World War, he was a schoolmaster and college lecturer. In 1938 he became director of the RCM, the first of its alumni to do so. As director he instituted financial and organisational reforms and steered the college through the difficult days of the Second World War. As a composer Dyson wrote in a traditional idiom, reflecting the influence of his teachers at the RCM, Hubert Parry and Charles Villiers Stanford. His works were well known during his lifetime but underwent a period of neglect before being revived in the late 20th century. Dyson was born in Halifax, Yorkshire, the eldest of the three children of John William Dyson, a blacksmith, and his wife, Alice, n\u00e9e Greenwood, a weaver. Dyson senior was also organist and choirmaster at a local church, and both parents were members of amateur choirs. They encouraged their son's musical talent, and at the age of 13 he was appointed as a church organist. Three years later he secured an FRCO (Fellowship of the Royal College of Organists), and in 1900 he won an open scholarship to the Royal College of Music (RCM) where he studied composition with Sir Charles Villiers Stanford. He supported himself during his years studying at the RCM by working as assistant organist at St Alfege Church, Greenwich. He won the Arthur Sullivan prize for composition while still an RCM student, and in 1904 was awarded a Mendelssohn Scholarship, which enabled him to spend three years in Italy, Austria and Germany. He met leading musicians including Richard Strauss, whose style is believed to have influenced Dyson's early compositions. His symphonic poem Siena (1907) was considered by The Times to stand out from many works by other young composers, but the score has not survived. When he returned to Britain in 1907 Dyson was appointed director of music at the Royal Naval College, Osborne, on the recommendation of Sir Hubert Parry, director of the RCM. From there he moved to Marlborough College in 1911. On the outbreak of the First World War in 1914 Dyson joined the Royal Fusiliers, becoming grenadier officer of the 99th infantry brigade. In that role he wrote a training pamphlet on grenade warfare for which he became well known. In 1916, incapacitated by shell-shock, he was invalided back to England. Parry recorded in his diary how shaken he was when he saw Dyson, \"a shadow of his former self\". In November 1917 Dyson married Mildred Lucy Atkey (1880\u20131975), daughter of a London solicitor. They had a son, Freeman, who became a noted theoretical physicist and mathematician, and a daughter, Alice. In 1917 Dyson received the degree of DMus from the University of Oxford. After a long convalescence Dyson was commissioned as a major in the newly formed Royal Air Force (RAF), serving until 1920. In this capacity, organising RAF bands, he completed the short score of Henry Walford Davies's RAF March Past, adding a slow middle section and fully scoring the whole piece. In 1920 Dyson's composing career advanced when his Three Rhapsodies for string quartet were chosen for publication under the Carnegie Trust's publication scheme. In 1921 he took up the posts of music master at Wellington College and professor of composition at the RCM. In 1924, while remaining at the RCM he switched schools, moving to Winchester. His biographer Lewis Foreman comments that it was during his dual tenure at the RCM and Winchester that \"the various strands of his mature career as a composer developed\". In addition to teaching at the RCM and Winchester and directing the school's music, Dyson was conductor of an adult choral society, and a visiting lecturer at Liverpool and Glasgow universities; composing had to be fitted into what spare time he had. Works from this period include the cantata In Honour of the City (1928), described by The Musical Times as \"a virile fantasia for chorus and orchestra [which] illustrates memorably the composer's talent for diatonic melody of impressive eloquence, his predilection for enharmonic modulation contrived with apposite ingenuity, and his accomplished handling of orchestral subtleties.\" Foreman writes that the cantata was so successful that Dyson soon produced a more ambitious piece, The Canterbury Pilgrims (1931) \"a succession of evocative and colourful Chaucerian portraits \u2026 and probably his most famous score\". British choral festivals commissioned new works from Dyson. For the Three Choirs Festival he composed St Paul's Voyage to Melita (1933) and Nebuchadnezzar (1935) and for Leeds, The Blacksmiths (1934). Purely orchestral works included a Symphony in G (1937), which The Times praised for originality, underivative nature and avoidance of \"the freakishly obscure or the pompously grandiose\". From the early 1930s Dyson and others had been concerned about the future of amateur music making in Britain, which was under increasing pressure from the Great Depression and what Dyson called \"the invasions of mechanical music\" \u2013 the gramophone and the radio. With the aid of the Carnegie Trust Dyson co-founded the National Federation of Music Societies in 1935 as an umbrella organisation and financial bulwark for music groups and performing societies. In 1938 Dyson was appointed director of the RCM on the retirement of Sir Hugh Allen; he took great pride in being the first former student of the RCM to become its director. He secured funding for the college from the University Grants Committee, and set up a pension scheme for the staff. He instituted an overhaul of the college's facilities, from rehearsal space down to lavatories, to provide a better working environment for the students. He also modernised the curriculum and examination system of the college. He held the strong view that with first-rate performances of music now easily and regularly available on radio and record, people now coming into the musical profession needed to attain the highest standards if they were to compete. His emphasis on technical excellence led to criticism; The Times said that he \"reversed the humanistic trend that had been the ideal of the college\". When the Second World War began in 1939 many educational and other organisations were evacuated from London to avoid the expected bombing. Dyson was adamant that the RCM should remain in its home in South Kensington. His decision had important consequences beyond the college, as other institutions followed suit, with the result that continuity of training was possible and standards were maintained. At the RCM, Malcolm Sargent took charge of the college orchestra, and Karl Geiringer, displaced by the Nazis from the Gesellschaft der Musikfreunde in Vienna, joined the faculty. After the war, Dyson had to deal with a surge in demand for places at the college: students who had interrupted their studies to join the armed forces and the post-war generation of new applicants swelled the numbers of applicants, and Dyson and his board were obliged to make the requirements for entry more stringent. His emphasis on practical musicianship led him to cull the college's library and archives, disposing of many old books and manuscripts, to the outrage of some colleagues. Dyson's encouragement of talent sometimes showed itself in a willingness to depart from normal practice when he felt it necessary. Although Colin Davis, as a clarinet student, was not allowed to take part in the conducting class because his pianistic skills were judged inadequate, Malcolm Arnold fared better: even though he decamped from the college, Dyson encouraged him to return and smoothed his path in doing so; for Julian Bream Dyson made special arrangements to enable him to pursue his guitar studies, not hitherto part of the college's curriculum. Dyson received a knighthood in the 1941 New Years Honours List and was appointed Knight Commander of the Royal Victorian Order (KCVO) in 1953. He held honorary degrees from the universities of Aberdeen and Leeds and honorary fellowships of the Royal Academy of Music and Imperial College London. In 1952 Dyson retired from the RCM. He moved to Winchester, and enjoyed what Foreman describes as \"a remarkable Indian summer\" of composition, although by this time his music seemed old-fashioned to some listeners. His late works were published and performed, but did not, according to Foreman, \"have quite the immediate following\" of the music from earlier in his career. Dyson died at his home in Winchester on 28 September 1964, aged 81. Dyson said of himself as a composer, \"My reputation is that of a good technician \u2026 not markedly original. I am familiar with modern idioms but they are outside the vocabulary of what I want to say\". The music critic of The Times remarked that Dyson's works had a certain ambiguity, \"due probably to the fact that great musical skill was allied, exceptionally, with an extrovert temperament.\" The same writer observed that although everything Dyson wrote was well made, he never developed a personal idiom, \"nor engendered much emotional sap in his larger works\". Dyson's biographer Paul Spicer writes that of the composer's works only The Canterbury Pilgrims and two sets of evening canticles in D and F are performed with any frequency. Dyson himself chose to include the following works in his Who's Who entry: In Honour of the City, 1928; The Canterbury Pilgrims, 1931; St Paul's Voyage, 1933; The Blacksmiths, 1934; Nebuchadnezzar, 1935; Symphony, 1937; Quo Vadis, 1939; Violin Concerto, 1942; Concerto da Camera and Concerto da Chiesa for Strings, 1949; Concerto Leggiero for Piano and Strings, 1951; Sweet Thames Run Softly, 1954; Agincourt, 1955; Hierusalem, 1956; Let's go a-Maying, 1958; and A Christmas Garland, 1959. In addition to those mentioned by the composer, the Dyson Trust lists the following compositions as available as at 2017: A Spring Garland, Children's Suite for orchestra, Evening Service in C Minor, Evening Service in D, Morning Service in D, Prelude, Fantasy and Chaconne for cello and orchestra, Te Deum Laudamus, and Three Rhapsodies for string quartet. The Trust has published a full list of works, totalling nine orchestral works, seven chamber works, thirteen pieces or sets of pieces for piano, four solo organ pieces, twenty works for chorus and orchestra, seventy-nine works for chorus with piano, or organ or unaccompanied, five hymns, six songs, and thirteen lost or destroyed works from the composer's early career. Foreman writes that a revival of Dyson's music was started by Christopher Palmer, who published George Dyson: a Centenary Appreciation (1984) and Dyson's Delight (1989), a selection of Dyson's uncollected articles and talks on music, and also promoted the first modern recordings of Dyson's music. The Sir George Dyson Trust was established in 1998, with the declared aim of advancing public education in the understanding and appreciation of Dyson's music, and making available his manuscripts, writings, scores, drafts and memoranda for the encouragement of the study of his work.Freeman Dyson, who died aged 96 on 28 February 2020, was also a champion of his father's music. Grenade Warfare: Notes on the Training and Organisation of Grenadiers (1915) The New Music (1924) The Progress of Music (1932) Fiddling While Rome Burns (1954) Foreman, Lewis. \"Dyson, Sir George (1883\u20131964)\", Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, Oxford University Press, 2004. Retrieved 20 November 2017 (subscription or UK public library membership required) Spicer, p. 15 Spicer, p. 35 \"Dyson, Sir George\", Who Was Who, online edition, Oxford University Press, 2014. Retrieved 20 November 2017 (subscription required) Foreman, Lewis. \"Dyson, Sir George\", Grove Music Online, Oxford University Press. Retrieved 20 November 2017. (subscription required) \"Music\", The Times, 21 May 1909, p. 1 France, John (29 July 2008). \"British Classical Music: The Land of Lost Content: George Dyson\u00a0: Siena Overture\". British Classical Music. Retrieved 9 January 2020. Foreman, Lewis. Notes to Naxos CD 8.557720 (2004) Hull, Robert H. \"George Dyson\", The Musical Times, September 1933, pp. 800\u2013801 (subscription required) \"Queen's Hall: Dr Dyson's New Symphony\", The Times, 17 December 1937, p. 14 Dyson, George. \"Towards National Co-operation: An Outline and a Policy\", The Musical Times, February 1936, pp. 121\u2013125 (subscription required) Spicer, p. 238 Spicer, p. 240 Spicer, p. 242 \"Obituary: Sir George Dyson\", The Times, 30 September 1964, p. 17 Spicer, p. 245 Spicer, p. 247 Spicer, p. 272 Spicer, pp. 276\u2013277 Blyth, p. 8 Spicer, p. 232 Spicer, pp. 295\u2013296 Spicer, p. 394 Spicer, p. 1 \"Works\", Sir George Dyson Trust. Retrieved 22 November 2017 \"Sir George Dyson: List of Works\", Sir George Dyson Trust. Retrieved 22 November 2017 \"Welcome\", Sir George Tyson Trust. Retrieved 22 November 2017 'Freeman Dyson, Math Genius Turned Visionary Technologist, Dies at 96' in the New York Times, 28 February 2020 Blyth, Alan (1972). Colin Davis. London: Ian Allan. OCLC\u00a0675416. Spicer, Paul (2014). Sir George Dyson: His Life and Music. Woodbridge: Boydell Press. ISBN\u00a0978-1-84383-903-3. Media related to George Dyson (composer) at Wikimedia Commons Sir George Dyson Trust Free scores by George Dyson in the Choral Public Domain Library (ChoralWiki) Performance of Dyson Fantasy for cello and orchestra on YouTube by Julian Lloyd Webber and the Academy of St Martin in the Fields conducted by Neville Marriner Audio track of Dyson Magnificat in F available from Cardiff Cathedral Choir.org"
   },
   {
    "name": "Julie Kirkbride",
    "id": "Q682694",
    "text": "Julie Kirkbride (born 5 June 1960) is a British Conservative politician. She was the Member of Parliament for the Conservative stronghold of Bromsgrove from the 1997 to the 2010 general elections. Kirkbride was born in Halifax, West Riding of Yorkshire. Her father was a lorry driver, who died when she was seven. Her mother was a secretary at Rowntree Mackintosh (now owned by Nestl\u00e9). She went to the Highlands School (now North Halifax Grammar School) in Illingworth, Halifax. She studied at Girton College, Cambridge from 1978\u201381, receiving an MA in Economics and History, and serving as vice-president of the Cambridge Union Society in 1981. From 1981\u20132, she worked as a journalist for the Parliamentary Weekly House Magazine. She went to the Graduate School of Journalism of the University of California Berkeley from 1982\u20133. She was a researcher for Yorkshire Television from 1983\u20136, a producer for BBC News and Current Affairs from 1986\u20139, then worked as a producer at the ITN Parliamentary Unit from 1989\u201392. She was the political correspondent of The Daily Telegraph from 1992\u20136 and social affairs editor of The Sunday Telegraph from 1996 until 1997. In 1997 general election Kirkbride was elected MP of Bromsgrove, a seat which had consistently been Conservative since the 1970s. She was re-elected in 2001 election and 2005 election with over 50 percent of votes. Kirkbride was the Conservative spokesman on Culture, Media and Sport from 2003 to 2004, but was replaced in a reshuffle by the party leader at that time, Michael Howard. On 10 November 2006, it was revealed that she had links with the Midlands Industrial Council, which has donated millions of pounds to the Conservative Party. She stood down as a Member of Parliament before the 2010 general election, as a result of public anger over her expenses claims. In October 2010, after she had stood down, the Parliamentary Commissioner for Standards cleared her of any wrongdoing and dismissed the complaints against her. On 14 May 2009, her husband Andrew MacKay, the Conservative Member for Bracknell, resigned from his position as parliamentary aide to David Cameron, in the wake of the furore over Parliamentary expenses after what was described as an \"unacceptable\" expenses claim. MacKay and Kirkbride owned two homes: one in her constituency of Bromsgrove; and a house close to Parliament in Westminster. In a case of so-called double-dipping, according to The Daily Telegraph, Mackay had used his Additional Costs Allowance to claim more than \u00a31,000 a month in mortgage interest payments on their joint Westminster house \u2013 even though he did not have a residence in his Bracknell constituency \u2013 while Kirkbride used her Additional Costs Allowance to claim over \u00a3900 a month to pay the mortgage for their family home in her constituency. \"This means,\" reports The Daily Telegraph, \"they effectively had no main home but two second homes \u2013 and were using public funds to pay for both of them\". During 2008\u20139, MacKay claimed a total of \u00a323,083 under Additional Costs Allowance, while Kirkbride claimed \u00a322,575. They also claimed for each other's travel costs, with Kirkbride claiming \u00a31,392 to meet spouse travel, while MacKay claimed \u00a3408. Julie Kirkbride employed her sister at taxpayers' expense as her secretary despite her sister living 140 miles from the constituency. Kirkbride also extended her mortgage to pay for a \u00a350,000 extension to her house, which she said was to provide a separate bedroom for her son, and claimed for this on expenses. She said she allowed her brother to stay rent free in her house some of the time so that he could care for her son, Angus, while she undertook constituency work in the evening. Kirkbride also suggested that criticism of her expense claims could deter women from entering Parliament. On 28 May 2009, Kirkbride cancelled a meeting in her Bromsgrove constituency to discuss the expense claims, and it was announced that owing to press criticism of her expense claims, she intended to stand down at the next election. In a letter to Cameron, she said, \"My principal concern has to be for my very loyal local supporters in Bromsgrove whose trust in me has been very humbling in the last few weeks ... I also must take into account the effects on my family.\" A petition in the Bromsgrove constituency demanding Kirkbride's resignation had attracted over 5,000 signatures. Kirkbride also lost the trust of party activists: the results of a poll on the ConservativeHome website showed that 81% of those responding (a self-selecting sample) thought Kirkbride should go and only 6% that she should remain as a Conservative MP. Shortly before her decision to stand down, she had stated that it never crossed her mind that she was doing anything wrong; however, she was also quoted as saying that it was \"hugely upsetting to realise I have let people down\". On 5 November, she reversed her decision, telling a meeting of the Executive Council of Bromsgrove Conservative Association that she wanted to be considered as their candidate for the next general election. On 18 December she announced she would indeed stand down, in a Christmas and New Year message on her website saying \"this is entirely my decision\". The Legg review of MPs expenses declared that Kirkbride had to pay back \u00a329,243, the fifth highest total of all MPs. Kirkbride's husband Andrew MacKay had to pay back \u00a331,193, ranking third. Both MPs had paid back the amount in full by the time of the release of the report on 4 February 2010. Kirkbride was one of 98 MPs who voted in favour of legislation which would have kept MPs' expense details secret. In October 2010, the Parliamentary Commissioner of Standards rejected complaints of her expenses and upheld that she had been within the rules to claim her Bromsgrove property as a second home, to allow her brother to stay to look after her child and to extend her mortgage to provide a further bedroom. On the issue of the second home he wrote: \"I have concluded that Mr MacKay was wrong to designate the Bromsgrove property as his main home. Given that, it would be unreasonable to hold that Ms Kirkbride could not make legitimate claims from parliamentary resources for the home in her constituency which she had identified as her second home\". On the issue of the extended mortgage he wrote: \"I conclude, therefore, that Ms Kirkbride was within the rules in claiming interest on the additional mortgage which she, with her husband, took out in April 2008 to extend her Bromsgrove constituency property by building a third bedroom for it so that she had somewhere for her child carer to stay while she was busy on her parliamentary duties\". On the issue of her brother, the Commissioner concluded: \"I consider that it would be an unduly harsh interpretation of the rules to require a member to meet the living costs of having a person stay overnight in their home when that person was there to look after their dependant child so that they could perform their parliamentary duties. Ms Kirkbride's son was at an age when it was essential that someone should be with him in the evening and overnight. The arrangement enabled Ms Kirkbride to continue with her constituency duties as a Member of Parliament\" Kirkbride has been a trustee of the charity Volunteering Matters since 2016. In 2019, she became a non-executive director of the education inspectorate Ofsted That same year she also became a trustee of the education charity the New Schools Network. She had previously been the girlfriend of Conservative MP Stephen Milligan before his death by auto-erotic asphyxiation in 1994. In August 1997, she married Andrew MacKay, the Conservative Member for Bracknell, and their son was born in October 2000. \"Julie Kirkbride biography\". Julie Kirkbride. Archived from the original on 2 January 2010. Retrieved 30 January 2010. \"Bromsgrove\". The Guardian. London. Retrieved 29 July 2009. Nick Watson (10 November 2006). \"Programmes | Politics Show | West Midlands: Industrial dosh\". BBC News. Retrieved 1 May 2010. \"House of Commons Standards and Privileges Committee \u2013 Fifth Report: Mr Andrew Mackay and Ms Julie Kirkbride\", 19 October 2010 \"UK | UK Politics | Tory MP quits post over expenses\". BBC News. 14 May 2009. Retrieved 1 May 2010. Beckford, Martin; Porter, Andrew (14 May 2009). \"Andrew Mackay resigns over 'unacceptable' claims: MPs' expenses\". London: The Daily Telegraph. Retrieved 14 May 2009. \"UK | UK Politics | Expenses row MP faces more claims\". BBC News. 24 May 2009. Retrieved 1 May 2010. \"MPs Kirkbride and Moran to quit\", BBC News Online. Retrieved 28 May 2009. \"MPs' expenses: Julie Kirkbride claims criticism could mean fewer women in Parliament\". The Daily Telegraph. London. 28 May 2009. \"Julie Kirkbride to stand down as MP\". skynews. 28 May 2009. Retrieved 28 May 2009. Webster, Philip (28 May 2009). \"Julie Kirkbride to quit over expenses scandal\". The Times. London. Retrieved 1 May 2010. \"Julie Kirkbride stands down to joy of Bromsgrove constituents\", Timesonline, 29 May 2009. Retrieved 29 May 2009. The petition was in part organised by then members of the Respect Party. The chairperson of the campaign, Louise Marnell, dismissed claims of party political motivation: \"I was just a normal housewife who wants to see a bit of decency and honesty. It\u2019s been astonishing the amount of support we\u2019ve received. And respect to Julie for listening to the people.\" Mulholland, H\u00e9l\u00e8ne (28 May 2009). \"Julie Kirkbride and Margaret Moran to quit over expenses\". London: guardian.co.uk. Retrieved 28 May 2009. \"Julie Kirkbride tells Bromsgrove Conservatives she wishes to be their candidate at the general election\". ConservativeHome. 6 November 2009. \"Tory MP Julie Kirkbride will stand down after all\". BBC News Online. London. 18 December 2009. Retrieved 18 December 2009. \"Merry Christmas & Happy New Year\". Julie Kirkbride's website. Archived from the original on 3 January 2010. Retrieved 19 December 2009. H\u00e9l\u00e8ne, H\u00e9l\u00e8ne (4 February 2010). \"Husband-and-wife MPs ordered to repay \u00a360,000\". Guardian. London. Retrieved 4 February 2010. Hamilton, Fiona (20 May 2007). \"How your MP voted on the FOI Bill\". The Times. London. \"House of Commons Standards and Privileges Committee \u2013 Fifth Report:Mr Andrew Mackay and Ms Julie Kirkbride\", 19 October 2010, paras 252, 257, 260 \"OUR PEOPLE\". Volunteering Matters. \"New Ofsted Board Members\". Gov.uk. Retrieved 1 September 2020.. \"Trustees\". New Schools Network. \"julie kirkbride-she longed to be a politician\". halifaxcourier. Retrieved 7 June 2009. \"kirkbride julie\". politics.co.uk. Archived from the original on 27 May 2011. Retrieved 7 June 2009. Bromsgrove Conservatives Contributions in Parliament at Hansard 1803\u20132005 Voting record at Public Whip Record in Parliament at TheyWorkForYou Profile: Julie Kirkbride BBC News, 21 October 2002 The Page 3 Debate, BBC News, 14 January 2003 Interview: Julie Kirkbride, Ben Davies, BBC News, 4 October 2004 West Midlands: Industrial dosh..., Nick Watson, The Politics Show at BBC News, 10 November 2006 Commissioners Report Standards and Privileges Committee \u2013 Fifth Report Mr Andrew Mackay and Ms Julie Kirkbride, 19 October 2010"
   },
   {
    "name": "John Wolfenden, Baron Wolfenden",
    "id": "Q731835",
    "text": "John Frederick Wolfenden, Baron Wolfenden, CBE (26 June 1906, Swindon, Wiltshire \u2013 18 January 1985, Guildford, Surrey) was a British educationalist probably best remembered for chairing the Wolfenden Committee whose report, recommending the decriminalisation of homosexuality, was published in 1957. He was headmaster of Uppingham and Shrewsbury private schools. He was the son of George Wolfenden and Emily Hannah Gaukroger, both born in Halifax, Yorkshire. George Wolfenden became an official of the West Riding Education Authority based in Wakefield, Yorkshire, where John attended Queen Elizabeth Grammar School. He won a scholarship to Oxford. Having studied in Oxford, Wolfenden became a don at Magdalen College, Oxford, in 1929. John Wolfenden was the headmaster of Uppingham School (1934\u20131944) and Shrewsbury School (1944\u20131950) and chairman of various government committees which mostly focused on education and problems with youth. In 1950 he became Vice-Chancellor of the University of Reading and found time to write two books, Family Affair and The Steele Age, both part of the series of 'Take Home Books'. In 1957, Wolfenden chaired an independent committee initiated by the Central Council of Physical Recreation which investigated the role of various statutory and voluntary groups in sport in the United Kingdom. The committee published its report in 1960, and fifty years later it was still an influential work in its field. In 1962, the Privy Council appointed Wolfenden as Chairman of the Council for the Training of Health Workers and the Council for the Training in Social Work, two bodies established by the Health Visiting and Social Work (Training) Act 1962. Wolfenden was director of the British Museum from 1969 to 1973. He was the father of Jeremy Wolfenden, a foreign correspondent for The Daily Telegraph and a British spy. In his essay The Gap\u2014The Bridge, Wolfenden discusses the problems with institutional dichotomy. Wolfenden was appointed a Commander of the Order of the British Empire (CBE) in 1942, and was knighted in 1956. He was created a life peer on 12 July 1974 with the title Baron Wolfenden, of Westcott in the County of Surrey. Wolfenden report \"Wolfenden, John Frederick\". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (online\u00a0ed.). Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/31852. (Subscription or UK public library membership required.) \"Wolfenden Report Full Text\" (PDF). \"Sport and the Community\". Central Council of Physical Recreation. 2 September 1960. Archived from the original on 19 October 2013. Retrieved 18 October 2013. Ministry of Health, Circular 24/62, 19 October 1962, Copy held by Kendal Archives, WC/W/A1568/Box 9/W/2/1 Frenceh, Philip (24 June 2007), \"We saw the light, but too late for some\", The Observer, retrieved 15 August 2015 \"No. 40829\". The London Gazette. 13 July 1956. pp.\u00a04075\u20134076. \"No. 46352\". The London Gazette. 24 September 1974. p.\u00a07918. Works by or about John Wolfenden, Baron Wolfenden in libraries (WorldCat catalog) Stamford Hill Library Plaque National Portrait Gallery"
   },
   {
    "name": "Ernest Lister",
    "id": "Q883288",
    "text": "Ernest Lister (June 15, 1870\u00a0\u2013 June 14, 1919) was an American businessman and politician who served as the eighth governor of Washington from 1913 to 1919. Born in Halifax, England, Lister immigrated with his family in 1884, to be near his uncle, who was mayor of Tacoma, Washington. Lister began working as an iron-molder in his brother's foundry in Tacoma. He operated a foundry and woodworking shop as well as working in real estate and insurance. He owned Lister Construction Company from 1903 to 1912, and President of Lister Manufacturing Company. He married Mary Alma Thornton on February 28, 1893, and they had two children, Florence and John Ernest. He was elected to the Tacoma City Council in 1894 as a Populist. After a successful management of Governor John Rankin Rogers' campaign in 1896, Lister was appointed chairman of the State Board of Control. Lister became the only elected Democrat (but the first to be elected outright into the office as a member of that party) in Washington's executive branch of government when he was elected in 1912. He was sworn into the office on January 11, 1913, re-elected in 1916, and remained in it until his death six years later. As governor, he supported agricultural aid, irrigation and reclamation projects, and state industrial accident insurance. He vetoed legislation that would have denied civil rights to members of the Industrial Workers of the World. And his efforts helped bring the eight-hour work day to the Pacific Northwest. He became ill during his second term and relinquished his office to the Lieutenant Governor. Lister died one day before his forty-ninth birthday, on June 14, 1919, from heart and kidney disease, in Seattle, Washington. He is interred at Tacoma Cemetery, Tacoma, Washington. List of Governors of Washington \"Ernest Lister\". Washington Secretary of State. Retrieved October 11, 2012. \"Ernest Lister\". National Governors Association. Retrieved October 11, 2012. \"Ernest Lister\". National Governors Association. Retrieved October 11, 2012. \"Ernest Lisster\". The Political Graveyard. Retrieved October 11, 2012. Meany, Edmond S (1915). Governors of Washington\u00a0: territorial and state. University of Washington.Available online through the Washington State Library's Classics in Washington History collection Washington Secretary of State Ernest Lister at Find a Grave The Political Graveyard National Governors Association"
   },
   {
    "name": "Richard Haking",
    "id": "Q955135",
    "text": "General Sir Richard Cyril Byrne Haking GBE, KCB, KCMG (24 January 1862 \u2013 9 June 1945) was a British general who commanded XI Corps in the First World War. Arguments over the late release of Haking's Corps on the first day of the Battle of Loos were instrumental in forcing the resignation of Sir John French as Commander-in-Chief of the British Expeditionary Force (BEF). Haking is remembered chiefly for the high casualties suffered by his forces (including many Australian troops) at the second Battle of Fromelles, launched while the Battle of the Somme was underway 80\u00a0km to the south, although at least one British historian has sought to defend his reputation, regarding him as an \"intelligent and capable man\" unfairly maligned in the popular mythology of the war. Although blocked from further promotion he continued to command XI Corps \u2013 including in Italy in the winter of 1917\u201318 and in Flanders in April 1918 \u2013 until the end of the war. He was the League of Nations High Commissioner for the Free City of Danzig in the early 1920s. Haking was probably born in Halifax, West Yorkshire, the son of a clergyman, Reverend Richard Haking. He attended Sandhurst then was commissioned into the 67th (South Hampshire) Regiment of Foot (which that year became part of the Hampshire Regiment) on 22 January 1881. Haking saw active service in Burma 1885\u20137, and was promoted captain in 1889. He married Rachel Buford Hancock, daughter of Sir Henry James Burford-Hancock, on 28 September 1891; they had no children. Haking studied at Staff College 1896\u201397. He was Deputy Assistant Adjutant-General for Cork District 1898\u201399. He was promoted major in 1899. He served on the staff in the Boer War, then returned to Staff College, first as a lecturer 1901\u20134, then as Deputy Assistant Adjutant-General (DAAG) 1904\u20136. Whilst on the faculty at Camberley he was promoted lieutenant-colonel in 1903 and colonel in 1905. Haking was GSO1 (chief of staff) to 3rd Division 1906\u201308 then Brigadier-General General Staff (BGGS) Southern Command in 1908. He was honoured with the Companion of the Order of the Bath (CB) in 1910. According to Andy Simpson, in the Edwardian period \"he established a reputation as a sound tactical thinker\". His book Company Training (1913) was partly inspired by Haig's 1909 Field Service Regulations. The book espoused the pre-war belief that morale and leadership were the most important factor in winning a battle. He also argued that the attacker would have the advantage over the defender, even if numerically inferior, and deprecated the idea that modern weapons had made defence superior to attack. The book was reprinted during the first part of the war, at least. The book was considered \"first class\" and in Gordon Corrigan's view \"even today ... has a freshness about it and an insight into human characteristics that would not be out of place in a modern military work\". Haking was given command of the 5th Infantry Brigade in September 1911, and took it to the Western Front on the outbreak of war in August 1914, as part of Douglas Haig's I Corps. On 23 August 1914\u2014the day of the Battle of Mons\u2014in accordance with a request by Smith-Dorrien, GOC II Corps, Haig sent Haking with three battalions to make contact with II Corps on Haig's left, but Haking reported back that he had made no contact with the enemy. He helped force the Petit Morin during the Battle of the Marne. During the advance after the Marne, Haking's brigade was at the forefront at the Battle of the Aisne, and on 14 September his was one of the few units to fight its way onto the Chemin des Dames after the crossing of the River Aisne. Haig recorded that Haking's 5th Brigade made good progress on the eastern slopes of the Beaulne ridges, reaching the ridge of Tilleul de Courtacon, before having to pull back on meeting opposition. However, on that day he received a head wound that required three months' recuperation. He returned to the front in November. On 21 December 1914 he was promoted to command the 1st Division from 21 December 1914, with the rank of major-general. His division took part in the Battle of Aubers Ridge (also known as the first Battle of Fromelles) in May 1915, where the three attacking divisions suffered a total of 11,600 casualties and where he argued for further attacks despite the clear failure of the first assault. His attacking brigades lost over 50% of their fighting strength in little over an hour. He was not blamed for what Simpson describes as the \"flawed artillery plan and lack of artillery support\" at Aubers Ridge. With the BEF expanding massively in size, Haking was one of the divisional commanders (he was fourth in order of seniority after Thomas Morland, Henry Horne and Hubert Gough) whom Haig recommended to the Prime Minister, H.H. Asquith on 8 July 1915 as suitable for command of corps and armies in due course, although only Horne and Gough attained the latter level of command. On 1 September Haig recommended Haking, as a known \"thruster\", for command of XI Corps, part of First Army. The promotion was not confirmed until 4 September as Sir John French, Commander-in-Chief BEF, was ill. Haking would hold this command until the end of the war. Haking's corps took part as a reserve in the Battle of Loos in September 1915. He later told the Official Historian, James Edward Edmonds, that he had thought Haig wanted XI Corps to fill the gap between Hubert Gough's I Corps and Henry Rawlinson's IV Corps in the offensive, not act as a reserve at all. Before the battle Haking spoke to the men of 2nd Guards Brigade. One observer recorded that he \"spoke very confidently, comparing the German line to the crust of a pie, behind which, once broken, he said, there is not much resistance to be expected. He ended up by saying \"I don\u2019t tell you this to cheer you up. I tell it you because I really believe it\". He assured his commanders that there would be no German resistance once their line had been broken (letter of Lt-Col Rowland Feilding to his wife, 16 Sep 1915). Although \"everyone was too optimistic\", Haking's promises to Regimental officers that there would be \"very little opposition\" were \"altogether misleading\" and a \"most regrettable travesty of the real facts\" (testimony of various colonels to the Official Historian in the mid-1920s). XI Corps were committed to battle (21st and 24th Division, both New Army formations, but not the Guards Division which was to be held back at first), tired and hungry after an overnight march to conceal their presence from the enemy, at 2.30pm on 25 September, the first day of the battle. GHQ released the Guards Division to First Army control at 1.45pm on 26 September, and it spent the day marching up to the front. Haking was ordered (at 11.30pm) to submit plans for it to attack the next day. The next day Haig wanted to call off the attack, but Haking felt it would not be possible to do so in time. Haking also lifted the artillery barrage off the German front positions to bombard more distant targets at 3pm, an hour before the attack was due to begin \u2013 Rawlinson, who visited him at 10am, thought this a bad idea, but kept his doubts to himself. Under pressure from Haig, XI Corps issued orders to 3 Guards Brigade that they were not to attack unless 2 Guards Brigade had already been successful, but these orders were not issued until the former had already left their trenches. XI Corps suffered another 8,000 casualties on the second day. Nick Lloyd agrees with Prior & Wilson that the blame for the decision to continue the attack on the second day lies with Haig, although he points out that Haking took his men forward without any doubts. Nick Lloyd argues that Haking \"proved unequal to the task\" of welding XI Corps into a fighting formation. Poor relations between staff \"do not reflect well on his managerial skills\". Although Haking was not personally responsible for the attacks on 25 and 26 September, he offered no dissent to Haig's plans and his subsequent plans shared Haig's underestimation of the enemy and \"traditional\" view of artillery (i.e. that it was an adjunct to the infantry attack, rather than grasping the importance of concentrated artillery fire in making such an attack possible). The late release of Haking's XI Corps on the first day was thought \u2013 supposedly \u2013 to have thrown away a chance of breakthrough and decisive victory. French blamed poor First Army staffwork and traffic control, whilst Haig alleged that French had released the reserve too late. On the day itself Rawlinson had telephoned Haking at 12.20pm urging him to get the reserves forward, and wrote on the telephone log that Haking reported \"traffic\" difficulties. In a letter of 10 October Haking blamed difficulties as his divisions moved through the administration areas of I Corps and IV Corps. However, Haking later \u2013 after a meeting with Haig \u2013 claimed that this had been based on \"memory of verbal statements made to (him)\" by the commanders of 21st and 24th Divisions on the night of 25 September. He now wrote that \"the most careful arrangements were made by First Army to ensure that the roads were kept clear\". He then blamed \"indifferent march discipline\" (Haig was blaming the delay on \"bad march discipline\" \u2013 almost exactly the same phrase). In the final paragraph of his report he wrote that \"there is none to blame except GHQ and they know it\". Nick Lloyd writes \"it is hard to avoid the conclusion that Haking was deliberately falsifying or \"cooking\" his evidence to make it more palatable to (Haig)\". Haig\u2019s and Haking\u2019s slur was bitterly resented by a number of officers who later testified to the Official Historian in the 1920s about traffic congestion and poor direction by the Military Police. Haking was also one of those who criticised French's deployment of the reserve to King George V when the King visited the front in October, as part of the moves which led to French's enforced resignation. In Simpson\u2019s view Loos was a \"disaster\" but \"Haking escaped censure on this occasion \u2026 he was \u2026 quick to back Haig in the subsequent intrigues against French, and after Haig became commander-in-chief the security of Haking\u2019s position was not in doubt\". A subsequent attack ensued on 13 October. In some respects, writes Nick Lloyd, this was better-planned than what had gone before. Haking insisted that the attacking brigades be given precise orders as to their objectives, and the direction and timing of their advance. Care was taken to see that troops were supplied with grenades, that they took machine guns forward with them, and that they kept communications trenches clear. 18-pounder guns were to be kept in the front line to give covering fire as the men went over the top, a tactic used at the Battle of Festubert earlier in the year, whilst at a First Army conference on 6 October it was agreed that XI Corps would be supported by \"every available gun\" and by smoke over a wide front (i.e. forcing the Germans to disperse their own fire). Attempts were also made to assimilate tactical lessons from recent assaults and in some divisions to train on scale models. On 10 & 12 October divisional artillery concentrated on wire cutting whilst heavier guns concentrated on destroying enemy strongpoints. Haking persuaded himself that the enemy were \"shaken and disorganised\" (\"little more than wishful thinking\" in Nick Lloyd's view) and that enough artillery and gas was now available to win a decisive victory (in the event the bombardment did little damage to the German positions). Once again Haking gave a series of highly optimistic speeches to the attacking brigades. However, on the day of the attack, and apparently at Haking's insistence, the heavy guns were again \"lifted\" from the German front line an hour before the 2pm attack, leaving them to be bombarded only by shrapnel \u2013 a tactic used by the Guards Brigade earlier in the battle. Haking ignored advice from Haig (on the telephone on 28 September) to suggest that this had been a bad idea, although in accordance with Army doctrine at the time Haig once again delegated the decision to Haking as the \"man on the spot\". Haking appears to have thought that High Explosive fire might disperse British gas (although gas was, this time, being used as an adjunct to the attack rather than a decisive weapon in itself), but he also wanted to give the Germans \"a chance to run away\". Stuart-Wortley, GOC 46th Division, was under Haking's command for the attack. He later complained that he and his troops had been \"hurried into the trenches\" with barely enough time \"to become acquainted with the actual position\". Haking overruled his wish to launch a careful step-by-step attack, telling him that he would \"reach Fosse 8 without firing a shot\". In Nick Lloyd's description Haking was \"seriously misleading the troops under his command\" or else \"simply ignorant\". The attack went so badly that Lt-Col J. C. Wedgwood MP sent a report to the Prime Minister. The future Air Vice Marshal Philip Game, then serving as GSO1 to 46th Division, wrote frequently in letters to his wife (10, 11, 24 November, 8, 10, 20 December 1915) of how Haking interfered frequently with his planning. Game described Haking as \"a vindictive bully\" and \"really impossible, untruthful, a bully and not to be trusted\" (letters of December 1915 and April 1916). In May 1916 Haking complained that a unit had \"dirt on their clothes\" \u2013 they had in fact just come out of the trenches. Haking claimed in May 1916 that no division could be considered a fighting unit until they had carried out a successful trench raid. In John Bourne's view \"Haking had already begun to achieve a reputation as something of a loose cannon \u2026 he did more than anyone in the BEF to encourage trench raids and \"the spirit of the bayonet\"\". Haking launched what John Bourne describes as \"an unnecessary and unsuccessful attack\" against a German position called the Boar's Head (19\u201330 June 1916). Haking suggested a First Army attack towards Fromelles, not towards Lille as originally planned. Bourne writes: \"that (Fromelles) took place at all owed most to the ambition and willingness of Haking to carry it out, and his unshakeable confidence that it would work. Fromelles is difficult to justify as the point for an attack, even a feint attack\" as it was flat ground, broken up by water obstacles, and overlooked by Aubers Ridge. Fromelles lay near the boundary of Second and First Armies, opening the possibility of participation by Second Army, whose GOC Plumer was reluctant to mount a diversionary attack at Ypres or Messines. Haking's plan did not take into account the earlier failure on the same ground in May 1915. Haking \"was most optimistic\" about the upcoming Somme offensive (Millward War Diary, 22 June 1916). At a conference of his corps commanders (8 July) Monro (GOC First Army) said that the Battle of the Somme was progressing \"favourably\", but ordered Haking to prepare a plan on the assumption that he was to be assisted by a division of Second Army and some extra artillery (on the same day 4th Australian Division was ordered south to the Somme but instructed to leave behind its artillery). Haking presented a scheme to Monro (9 July) for a two-division attack over a front of 4,200 yards, aiming to capture part of Aubers-Fromelles Ridge, which lay a mile or so behind the German line. Monro initially rejected this plan in favour of a Canadian attack at Vimy Ridge, but after pressure from GHQ \u2013 caused by the movement of German reserves from Lille to the Somme sector \u2013 informed Haking (13 July) that it was to go ahead. That day Haking's plan was approved at a conference at Choques, attended by Maj-Gen Butler (Deputy Chief of Staff, BEF) with Major Howard in attendance, Maj-Gen Barrow (Chief of Staff First Army) and Maj-Gen Harington (Chief of Staff Second Army). Plumer (GOC Second Army) also approved the plan at another meeting that day, and at another subsequent meeting, and it was agreed that the bombardment \u2013 by the equivalent of five or six division's worth of artillery \u2013 should start on 14 July, with a view to an attack on 17 July to capture and hold the German first line. Haking now learned that Second Army were only allocating him the equivalent of two divisions' worth of artillery (that of 4th and 5th Australian Divisions), not three as promised. Haking was also concerned at the shortage of ammunition and the inexperience of the Australian gunners. He therefore reduced the planned width of the attack to around 3,500 yards, apparently in the belief that he had sufficient artillery to cover this effectively. General Walker refused to let 1st Australian Division take part in Fromelles, for which insubordination he would most likely have been relieved had he been commanding British troops. Instead the 5th Australian Division under J W McCay took part \u2013 the division was inexperienced and had only been in France a short time. The attack was overlooked by a German fortification called the Sugar Loaf. Butler reiterated Haig's conditions that sufficient guns and ammunition for counter-battery work be available at a meeting with Haking, Monro, Plumer, Barrow and Harington on 16 July, and at the meeting pointed out that intelligence reports of the movement of German reserves meant that the attack was no longer so urgently required. Haking was, however, \"most emphatic\" that the troops were \"worked up \u2026 ready and anxious\" to attack and that a delay would be poor for morale. Butler again reiterated Haig's concerns in a memo (17 July). Haking told his divisional commanders (at a conference on the afternoon of 16 July) that he wanted to avoid a repetition of what had happened on the Somme on 1 July, when the Germans had had time to man their parapets before the British crossed No Man's Land. The artillery was to stay \"on, not over\" the German positions until the infantry attacked (although he thought that the bombardment over a relatively narrow frontage would \"reduce the defenders to a state of collapse before the assault\"), and that the infantry were to be deployed in No Man's Land ready to \"rush forward together\" when the signal was given. Haking issued a letter \"to be read to all troops\", although he \"trust(ed) them not to disclose it to anyone\". The letter gave details of the artillery bombardment, including plans for a feint \u2013 deepening of the range of the bombardment and \"show(ing of) bayonets over the parapet\" \u2013 to tempt the Germans from their front-line dugouts so that they could then be shelled again \u2013 and also disclosed that the objective was to be limited to the German first line. The plan was thus well known, even to \"the Mademoiselles\" behind the British lines, although in practice the Germans, holding the high ground, could see enough of the British lines to guess that an attack was coming. In the event the attack was postponed because of rain (which made it hard for artillery to register targets). Haking opened his advanced corps HQ at Sailly at 6am on 17 July \u2013 a sign that he did not expect the attack to be postponed for long, let alone cancelled. At 8.30am he sent a despatch in which, contradicting the assurances he had given, he admitted that many of the Australian gunners had never fired on the Western Front before, and that many of the infantry were \"not fully trained\" and \"do not appear to be very anxious for the attack to be delivered\". Eventually the start times (11am for artillery, 6pm for the infantry attack) were fixed for 19 July. Although only the German front line was the target, plans were being discussed for further advances, possibly by night, in the event of complete success being achieved. A \"surprise\" attack was launched after an 11-hour bombardment, at 6pm on 19 July. He launched an attack by two divisions (61st British Division \u2013 consisted of 182nd, 183rd and 184th Brigades under the command of Major-General Colin Mackenzie \u2013 and 5th Australian Division) which cost 7,000 casualties. 18th and 14th Australian brigades managed to cross No Mans Land, but then suffered greater casualties in the retreat than in the original attack. 15th and 184th Australian brigades suffered severe casualties crossing No Mans Land for no result. A further attack at 9pm was cancelled by 61st Division, but one Australian battalion attacked alone and suffered severe casualties. This earned the undying disgust of the commander of the Australian 15th Brigade, Brigadier-General Harold 'Pompey' Elliott, who had seen 80% of his two assaulting battalions killed, wounded or captured by night-fall. The truth appears to be slightly more complicated. Haking, in possession of incomplete information, initially ordered a renewal of the attack the next day. Having received fresh information about the three brigades of 61st Div. at 8.20pm he ordered the 9pm attack to be abandoned and that 183 and 184 brigades return to or remain in their own front line. The 5th Australian Division was ordered to consolidate its gains, ready to assist another attack by 61st Division the following morning, whilst McCay was ordered not to reinforce Elliott's 15th Brigade but rather to withdraw any survivors of the initial assault. These orders were then confirmed again by XI Corps HQ just after 9pm. Pompey Elliott received orders, time stamped 9.25pm, telling him that he might withdraw 59th Battalion if he thought its attack unlikely to succeed. Elliott later claimed in his notes on the battle that McCay had only learned at 8.35pm, from 61st Division, that the latter's attack had been cancelled, too late to stop 58th Battalion going forward, and that the blame therefore lay with Haking. Paul Cobb puts the blame with McCay and his staff for not processing Haking's orders quickly enough. Whilst 58th Australian Battalion were attacking, Haking changed his mind again on the basis of fresh information: McCay informed him that 8th and 14th Brigades were holding their positions in the German lines, whilst an RFC plane had misinterpreted flares, probably let off by Germans, as indicating the presence of BEF troops. At 10pm Haking's chief of staff, Brigadier-General W.H. Anderson, met with McCay and his chief of staff Lt-Col Wagstaff. Haking now ordered British 184th Brigade to attack the Sugar Loaf at 3am to assist the Australians, whilst McCay was authorised to reinforce his forward positions. McCay had information about 8th and 14th Brigades, but sent a message (10.30pm) to Elliott's brigade asking for an update. Elliott was himself none the wiser \u2013 he knew that 60th Battalion were trying to hold their position in the German lines, but as yet had no information about 58th Battalion attack, and replied (at 11.30pm) that although he was concerned about German machine gun fire he was willing to make another attempt on the Sugar Loaf provided he was reinforced by 57th Battalion. An hour later Elliott learned of the failure of 58th Battalion attack, and notified McCay at once. Haking then cancelled the night attack at 12.10am after learning that 61st Division had suffered too many casualties already and that trenches were blocked with wounded men. A 5am conference was held at Sailly, with Monro, Mackenzie, McCay and Barrow. During the meeting an up-to-date report was received from 5th Australian Division HQ, and Monro and Haking ordered that 14th Brigade was to be withdrawn from the German front line rather than reinforced. Haking regarded the battle as over on 2pm on 20 July, when 5th Australian Division returned to the command of II ANZAC Corps. His advance Corps HQ at Sailly closed down an hour later. Monro and Haking concurred with McCay's veto of a proposal (21 July) that an informal local truce be negotiated in the Australian sector to allow the wounded to be collected, although this was in accordance with official GHQ policy at the time. Four days after the battle, Haking's four-page report accompanied Mackenzie's paper to First Army Headquarters. He wrote that 61st Division was \"not sufficiently imbued with the offensive spirit to go in like one man at the appointed time\". He conceded that the Australian Division had \"attacked in the most gallant manner and gained the enemy\u2019s position\" but added that they \"were not sufficiently trained to consolidate the ground gained\", a phrase which caused angst in the Australian press and was quoted by Bean in the Australian Official History. He claimed that \"The artillery preparation was adequate. There were sufficient guns and sufficient ammunition\" and that \"the wire was properly cut and the assaulting Battalions had a clear run into the enemy\u2019s trenches\", omitting to mention that on 17 July he had mentioned that some gunners had never before fired on the Western Front, and that many of the casualties resulted from machine guns fired from positions that the bombardment had failed to suppress. He claimed that \"the lessons to be learnt from the attack apply more to the Divisions which took part than to ordinary trained Divisions\" ... \"the attack, though it failed, ha(d) done both divisions a great deal of good\" ... and that \"with two trained Divisions the position would have been a gift after the artillery bombardment; with these two new Divisions there was a good chance of success but they did not quite attain it\", omitting to mention that he had had a good Division (the 1st) in May 1915. He also wrote that \"the attack \u2026 has done both Divisions a great deal of good\" and also listed the chronology of dates and postponements, claiming that he had been \"directed to attack\". An intelligence report of 14 August wrote that no withdrawals of German troops had taken place from the Fromelles sector. Gordon Corrigan stresses that the battle \"did prevent the Germans from shifting reserves south to the Somme battlefield, and cannot be said to have been without point\". By 26 July Haking had received McCay's report and was more generous in his praise of the Australians, although he blamed 61st Division for failing to take the Sugar Loaf. Wilson (diary 30 July 1916) described Fromelles at the time as \"a botch job\". Captain Philip Landon testified to Edmonds in 1938 that it had been \"as good an illustration as there was of the reckless extravagance in expenditure of life (italics in original) which ruled the minds of some of the subordinate commanders, like Gen Haking, at this stage of the war\" ... \"the weakness of GHQ lay in not seeing that a Corps Commander, left to himself, would also be tempted to win glory for his Corps by spectacular success, and would be prodigal in using the Divisions which passed through his hands for this purpose\". Colonel E.R. Clayton later testified to Edmonds that Haking's \"undue optimism was one of the direct causes of failure\" of the attack at Fromelles. In the Official History Wilfrid Miles later wrote scathingly of the lack of preparation and the pointlessness of an attack by inexperienced troops, to seize a position which they could not possibly have held against counterattacks, and blames First Army for not cancelling the operation. Harold Elliott later (in 1930) criticised Haking for exaggerating the amount of artillery that would be available, and for attacking without surprise. He exonerated McCay and argued that Haking, after Major Howard's report (which Haig had annotated to permit the attack only on condition that sufficient guns and ammunition were available) had persuaded Monro, who in turn persuaded Butler, and that Haking had been keen to win glory for himself. He also stressed how Haking had ignored suggestions from Monro that the attack be postponed because of the rain, and was scornful of Haking's after-battle report. Andy Simpson writes that Fromelles was \"a costly failure\" but \"although the Australian Official Historian blamed Haking for the affair, fault also lay with the First Army and the 5th Australian Division itself\". Sheffield describes Haking as acquiring a reputation as a \"butcher\" and an organiser of pointless \"stunts\". Haking was one of the few First World War generals to have gained this label while the fighting was still taking place rather than after the war ended. However, it has also been claimed that he acquired the nickname amongst Australian troops from his propensity for ordering trench raids, and that \"it is not even known how pejorative the appellation really was\" given that amongst Australians \" \"bastard\" is almost a term of affection\" His promotions may have resulted from Haig's patronage, but later attempts by Haig to obtain an Army command for him were unsuccessful. Monro (3 August 1916) recommended Haking as his successor as GOC First Army. When it became known that Haking was the front-runner, Wilson \u2013 who had been acting Army Commander earlier in the year and who was also considered for the promotion this time \u2013 wrote (5 August) \"it only shows how hopelessly out of touch GHQ is with what we all think of Haking\". Haig placed Haking in acting command of First Army from 7 August to 29 September 1916. A letter from the CIGS Robertson (10 August) said that the War Committee vetoed Haking's promotion. The command went instead to Horne. The affair may have caused a curtailing of Haig's powers to make senior appointments. Haking believed that the Germans on the Somme were \"very tired, confused & rather demoralised\" and \"in a bad way\" (Wilson diary 29 August 1916). Haking and his XI Corps took no part in the Somme, which Simpson argues \"does not argue for much faith in Haking\u2019s competence \u2026 at general headquarters\". Haking was honoured with the Knight Commander of the Order of the Bath (KCB) in 1916. Liddell Hart later claimed that Haking had reported Broadwood (57th Division) in early 1917 for \"lack of fighting spirit\". Haking protested to Horne (GOC First Army) on 18 March 1917 about how he was expected to hold a four-division stretch of front with two divisions, putting too much strain on the units involved. Horne met with him personally to discuss his concerns. After being sent to reinforce the Italian Front following the disastrous Battle of Caporetto from November 1917 to March 1918, XI Corps was returned to the Western Front and was stationed at B\u00e9thune. It was almost immediately engaged by the assault in the German spring offensive of that year. Overall, the Corps protected the Channel ports, although some sections of the Corps were all but destroyed by the German \"Georgette\" Offensive. In particular the 2nd Portuguese Division suffered 7,000 casualties and 300 officers (out of a divisional strength of 20,000) in the Battle of Estaires. Haking and his Corps \"did well\" in the halting of this offensive. Haking was not a believer in \"defence in depth\", but Andy Simpson argues that this was not necessarily a bad thing, as 55th (West Lancashire) Division under his command \u2013 fresh troops holding old fortifications \u2013 were able to hold their positions and even establish a defensive flank despite the rout of the Portuguese division to their south. Lloyd George told the War Cabinet (11 April) that the Liberal War Committee (a committee of backbench MPs) had made \"very serious protests\" to him that afternoon against the retention of \"incompetent\" officers like Gough (who had just been sacked after his Fifth Army had borne the brunt of the German March Offensive) and Haking. Unlike Gough, Haking retained his command. General Gomes da Costa later wrote (in O corpo de exercito portugues na Grande Guerra: A batalha do Lys) of \"the esteem in which I held General Haking \u2026 who always showed himself through his knowledge of the Portuguese language, extremely intelligent and clever, a fine soldier and a loyal friend\". Haking conducted a successful attack at La Bassee in June 1918. Simpson writes that his \"performance continued to be far more convincing than earlier in the war\". On 17 October 1918 his corps entered the line as part of Birdwood's Fifth Army. Corrigan writes that that autumn Haking \"earned a high reputation in the British Offensive which ended the war\" whilst Simpson writes that \"(h)is promise before the First World War was never realised during it, but he undoubtedly showed far more skill with the soldiers of 1918 than with those under his command in 1915\u201316\". Haking was honoured with the Knight Commander of the Order of St Michael and St George (KCMG) in 1918. After the war, in Corrigan's view, \"his ... career was distinguished\": he became chief of the British section of the Armistice Commission in 1918\u201319, commander of the British military mission to Russia and the Baltic Provinces in 1919 and commander of Allied troops in the plebiscite area of East Prussia and Danzig in 1920, before becoming High Commissioner to the League of Nations in Danzig in 1921\u201323. Haking was appointed Knight Grand Cross of the Order of the British Empire (GBE) in the 1921 New Year Honours. He became General Officer Commanding the British Troops in Egypt 1923\u201327 and was promoted to full general in 1925. He retired in 1927. Haking died of secondary colon cancer at Old Mill Cottage, Bulford, Wilts on 9 June 1945. The funeral took place at Bulford on 12 June 1945, with military honours. His wealth at death was \u00a35,579 12s 1d (around \u00a3200,000 at 2016 prices) as of 26 Nov 1945. Corrigan, Gordon (2003). Mud, Blood and Poppycock. London: Cassell. pp.\u00a0201\u20132. ISBN\u00a00-304-36659-5. Beckett & Corvi, 2006, p208, Matthew 2004, pp.\u00a0495\u2013496. Beckett & Corvi, 2006, p208, Travers 1987, p286-7 Beckett & Corvi, 2006, p208 Travers 1987, p286-7 Beckett & Corvi, 2006, p208 Travers (1987, p286-7) states that he was at Staff College in 1892. Beckett's date is presented in the article, being from a more recent book. Travers 1987, p286-7 Beckett & Corvi, 2006, p208, Travers 1987, p286-7 Travers 1987, p286-7 Travers 1987, p286-7 Beckett & Corvi, 2006, p208 Travers 1987, p48 The Great War \u2013 Les Carlyon \u2013 Pan MacMillan Australia, 2006 p45. Corrigan, Gordon (2003). Mud, Blood and Poppycock. London: Cassell. p.\u00a0201. ISBN\u00a00-304-36659-5. Beckett & Corvi, 2006, p208, Sheffield 2005, p62 Sheffield 2005, p61, 70 the ODNB gives the date of his wound as 16 Sep 1914. Beckett & Corvi, 2006, p208, Cobb 2007, p12 Lloyd 2006, p64 Robbins 2005, p56-7 the ODNB article states that he was given the command in August 1915 Lloyd 2006, p64 Beckett & Corvi, 2006, p208, Travers 1987, p17 Lloyd 2006, p181 Robbins 2005, p74 Lloyd 2006, p88-9 Haig requested the release of the reserve very early in the morning, soon after the attack began, and an order was indeed telephoned from GHQ after 9am. However, French also insisted on visiting Army and Corps Headquarters later in the morning to give his final permission. However, it also seems to be the case that traffic control prevented the reserves moving up. Nick Lloyd argues that French was partly to blame for the confusion for not having decided when the reserves were to be released. General Frederick Barton Maurice of GHQ later blamed himself for not having gone into sufficient detail when briefing Haking as he assumed that the reserves would be passing into First Army control and Haig\u2019s staff would sort the matter out. It is also only fair to point out that lessons were learned and traffic control during offensives was sharply improved thereafter.(Lloyd 2006, pp. 93, 220) Lloyd 2006, pp. 191\u201392 Lloyd 2006, pp. 156, 181 Lloyd 2006, pp. 215\u201316 Lloyd 2006, pp. 88\u201389 Beckett & Corvi, 2006, p208, Matthew 2004, pp. 495\u201396 Lloyd 2006, p204 Lloyd 2006, pp. 205\u201307, 211 Robbins 2005, p32 Robbins 2005, p14 Lindsay 2011 p70 Robbins 2005, p16 Travers 1987, p140 Beckett & Corvi 2006, p133 Beckett & Corvi 2006, p134 Beckett & Corvi 2006, p133 Cobb 2007, p12 Robbins 2005, p75 Cobb 2007, pp. 15\u201316 Cobb 2007, p17 Beckett & Corvi 2006, p134 Major Howard, one of Haig\u2019s staff, had inspected the front on 14 July, and Elliott (15th Brigade) showed him the 400-yard wide stretch of No Mans' Land, overlooked by the Sugar Loaf, which his troops were expected to cross. Howard reported his concerns to Haig and to Harington. Haig provisionally approved the operation (15 July). Cobb 2007, pp. 19\u201320 Cobb 2007, pp. 21, 26\u201327 Cobb 2007, pp. 21\u201322 Cobb 2007, p. 42 Beckett & Corvi 2006, p134 C. E. W. Bean \u2013 The Official History of Australia in the War of 1914\u20131918 \u2013 Volume III \u2013 The AIF in France:1916 \u2013 p 442. Beckett & Corvi 2006, p134 Beckett & Corvi 2006, p134 Beckett & Corvi 2006, p135 Cobb 2007, pp. 70\u201371 Cobb 2007, pp. 72\u201373 Cobb 2007, p74 Cobb 2007, p73 Cobb 2007, pp. 89\u201390 Cobb 2007, p104 Cobb 2007, p100 Cobb 2007, pp. 145\u201347, 160 C. E. W. Bean \u2013 The Official History of Australia in the War of 1914\u20131918 \u2013 Volume III \u2013 The AIF in France:1916 \u2013 p 444. Cobb 2007, p147 Corrigan, Gordon (2003). Mud, Blood and Poppycock. London: Cassell. p.\u00a0202. ISBN\u00a00-304-36659-5. Cobb 2007, p145 Robbins 2005, p4 Robbins 2005, p75 Beckett & Corvi 2006, p136 Cobb 2007, pp. 156\u201357 Sheffield 2005, p61 Corrigan, Gordon (2003). Mud, Blood and Poppycock. London: Cassell. p.\u00a0202. ISBN\u00a00-304-36659-5. Sheffield 2005, p215 Travers 1987, pp. 12\u201313 Beckett & Corvi, 2006, p208, the War Committee was a Cabinet Committee which discussed strategy in 1915\u201316. Some accounts confuse this with the War Council, a gathering of soldiers and politicians which discussed strategy in 1914\u201315 Sheffield 2005, p218 Beckett & Corvi, 2006, p208, Travers 1987, pp. 12\u201313 Robbins 2005, p75 Beckett & Corvi, 2006, p208 Robbins 2005, p32, 69 Simpson 2006, p74 Corrigan, Gordon (2003). Mud, Blood and Poppycock. London: Cassell. p.\u00a0202. ISBN\u00a00-304-36659-5. Simpson 2006, p146 Farrar-Hockley 1975, pp. 380\u201382 Cobb 2007, p181 Corrigan, Gordon (2003). Mud, Blood and Poppycock. London: Cassell. p.\u00a0202. ISBN\u00a00-304-36659-5. Beckett & Corvi, 2006, p208, Corrigan, Gordon (2003). Mud, Blood and Poppycock. London: Cassell. p.\u00a0202. ISBN\u00a00-304-36659-5. \"No. 32178\". The London Gazette (Supplement). 1 January 1921. p.\u00a07. Travers 1987, pp. 286\u201387 \"Measuring Worth - Measures of worth, inflation rates, saving calculator, relative value, worth of a dollar, worth of a pound, purchasing power, gold prices, GDP, history of wages, average wage\". Archived from the original on 31 March 2016. Beckett, Dr Ian F.; Corvi, Steven J., eds. (2006). Haig's Generals. London: Pen & Sword. ISBN\u00a09781844158928. Cobb, Paul (2007). Fromelles 1916. Stroud: The History Press. ISBN\u00a0978-0-7524-5601-0. Farrar-Hockley, General Sir Anthony (1975). Goughie. London: Granada. ISBN\u00a00246640596. Lindsay, Patrick (2011). Our Darkest Day: Battle of Fromelles. Hardie Grant Books. ISBN\u00a0978-1-7427-0192-9. Lloyd, Nick (2006). Loos 1915. Stroud: The History Press. ISBN\u00a0978-0-7524-4676-9. Matthew, Colin, ed. (2004). Dictionary of National Biography. 24. Essay on Haking by A. Simpson. Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN\u00a0978-0198614111. Robbins, Simon (2005). British Generalship on the Western Front. Abingdon: Routledge. ISBN\u00a00-415-40778-8. Sheffield, Gary; Bourne, John (2005). Douglas Haig Diaries and Letters 1914\u201318. London: Phoenix. ISBN\u00a0978-0297847021. Simpson, A. (2006). Directing Operations: British Corps Command on the Western Front 1914\u201318. Stroud: Spellmount. ISBN\u00a0978-1-86227-292-7. Travers, Tim (1987). The Killing Ground. Allen & Unwin. ISBN\u00a00-85052-964-6. Biography"
   },
   {
    "name": "John Pawson",
    "id": "Q1036920",
    "text": "John Ward Pawson CBE (born 1949, Halifax, England) is a British architectural designer whose work is known for its minimalist aesthetic. Pawson was born and brought up in Halifax, Yorkshire, the youngest of five children. Coming from a wealthy family, he was schooled at Eton. After a period in the family textile business Pawson left for Japan in his mid-twenties, moving to Tokyo during the final year of his stay, where he visited the studio of Japanese architect and designer Shiro Kuramata. On his return to England he enrolled at the Architectural Association School of Architecture in London, leaving to establish his own practice in 1981. Pawson's work focuses on ways of approaching fundamental problems of space, proportion, light and materials. Whilst private houses have remained at the core of the work, projects have spanned a wide range of scales and building typologies, from the Sackler Crossing across the lake at the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, a flagship store for Calvin Klein and major commissions for Ian Schrager, to ballet sets, yacht interiors, a new Cistercian monastery in Bohemia and a Second World War telecommunications bunker in Berlin. John Pawson transformed a former bunker into The Feuerle Collection. The practice is currently involved in the creation of a new permanent home for the Design Museum in London. An exhibition of Pawson's work was held at the Design Museum in September 2010. In May 2018, Pawson's first photography exhibition took place at The Store X, 180 Strand, London. All 320 images from his series Spectrum, first published as a book by Phaidon of the same name, were shown as an architectural installation. The immersive experience used the entirety of the gallery space, where the chromatic spectrum was legible from both ends of the room. He was appointed a Commander of the Order of the British Empire (CBE) in the 2019 New Year Honours for services to Design and Architecture. Blueprint Architect of the Year (2005) RSA Royal Designer for Industry (2005) Region Skane Award (2006) Wallpaper* House of the Year (2006) Stephen Lawrence Prize (2008) Fondazione Frate Sole International Prize for Sacred Architecture (2008) RIBA National Award (2008) RIBA Arts & Leisure Regional Award (2008) RIBA London Special Award (2008) German Design Council Interior Designer of the Year (2014) London's Cannelle Cake Shop, several Calvin Klein stores; such as the ice palace on Madison Avenue, work for Jigsaw (clothing retailer), New Wardour Castle apartments (2001), the Nov\u00fd Dv\u016fr Monastery, Abbaye Notre-Dame de Sept-Fons, Czech Republic (2004), Hotel Puerta America, Madrid (2005), Medina House in Tunis, and the Sackler Crossing, a walkway over the lake at the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew (2006). \"\"Pathetic\" architecture watchdog gives Dezeen ultimatum over Pawson story\". Dezeen. 1 August 2013. Retrieved 19 August 2013. Llewellyn Smith, Julia (24 April 2012). \"John Pawson: lost in space\". The Telegraph. Retrieved 27 April 2015. \"My Secret Life: John Pawson, architect, 61\". The Independent. 11 September 2010. Retrieved 27 April 2015. John Pawson JohnPawson.com \"John Pawson - the Feuerle Collection\". Kieran Long \"John Pawson shows aspiration without arrogance\", Archived 2010-10-06 at the Wayback Machine Evening Standard (thisislondon website), 21 September 2010 Chevalier, Michel (2012). Luxury Brand Management. Singapore: John Wiley & Sons. ISBN\u00a0978-1-118-17176-9. John Pawson: Plain Space, Rowan Moore, The Observer, 19 September 2010 John Pawson official website John Pawson biography Sackler Crossing"
   },
   {
    "name": "Charles Illingworth",
    "id": "Q1064957",
    "text": "Charles Frederick William Illingworth CBE (8 May 1899 \u2013 23 February 1991) was a British surgeon who specialised in gastroenterology. Along with a range of teaching and research interests, he wrote several surgical textbooks, and played a leading role in university and medical administration. Born in West Yorkshire, he served as a fighter pilot in the First World War before resuming medical studies in Edinburgh. After working and teaching in the Royal Infirmary of Edinburgh in the 1920s and 1930s, Illingworth was appointed Regius Professor of Surgery, Glasgow, in 1939. Over the next 25 years, he established the Glasgow School of surgery, with generations of his students influencing surgical research and teaching in Britain and abroad. His textbooks were also highly influential, including his co-authorship of Text Book of Surgical Pathology (1932). Illingworth travelled and lectured widely, and helped initiate and present a 1963 television series on postgraduate medical training. His research included early work in the 1960s on hyperbaric oxygen therapy. Illingworth's administrative and leadership roles included his Presidency of the Royal College of Physicians and Surgeons of Glasgow (1962 to 1964) and Dean of Faculties at the University of Glasgow (1978 to 1981). His honours included a knighthood (1961), Honorary Surgeon to the Queen in Scotland (1961 to 1965), and a range of honorary degrees. Honorary fellowships included those conferred by the Royal College of Surgeons of England, the Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, and the Royal College of Physicians and Surgeons of Canada. For his devotion to surgical science, Illingworth was awarded the 1964 Lister Medal. In retirement, Illingworth wrote biographies of William Hunter and Hector Hetherington. He also helped establish the charity Tenovus-Scotland in 1967, and was awarded the Nuffield Trust's Rock Carling Fellowship for 1970. Portraits of Illingworth by Alberto Morrocco are held at the Hunterian Museum and Art Gallery and the Royal College of Physicians and Surgeons of Glasgow, and the annual Illingworth Prize for medical students is administered by the University of Glasgow. Illingworth's autobiography, There is a History in All Men's Lives, was published in 1988. Charles Frederick William Illingworth was born on 8 May 1899 in Halifax, West Yorkshire. His pre-university education took place at Heath Grammar School (sometimes referred to as Halifax Grammar School) up until 1915. In 1916, he began medical studies at the University of Edinburgh. His studies were interrupted by military service during the First World War when, in 1917, he joined the Royal Flying Corps. Illingworth saw action in France in 1918, which ended when he was shot down (forced landing) in August over the Somme and held as a prisoner-of-war at Ingolstadt, Bavaria, Germany. After returning home following the end of the war, he continued his studies at Edinburgh and graduated MB ChB (Bachelor of Medicine, Bachelor of Surgery) in 1922. After qualifying as a medical doctor, Illingworth undertook a period as house physician at the Derbyshire Royal Infirmary. He then continued with further training in his chosen speciality of surgery, studying and working from 1922 in the Royal Infirmary of Edinburgh with Harold Stiles and David Wilkie. By 1925, Illingworth had qualified FRCSEd (Fellow of the Royal College of Surgeons of Edinburgh). In the period 1926\u20137, he studied abroad at the Barnes Hospital, St Louis, Missouri, USA (now the Barnes-Jewish Hospital): \"During the years 1926\u201327 the following men arrived for various prolonged periods of study [...] C. F. W. Illingworth, of Edinburgh, Scotland, came here as a fellow of the Association of Surgeons of Great Britain and Ireland and stayed a year. He obtained his fellowship under the direction and help of Professor Wilkie of Edinburgh, who sent him here. He in turn was replaced by Bruce Dick, also of the University of Edinburgh, who came on a fellowship of the International Health Board of the Rockefeller Foundation and stayed eight months. Both Dr. Illingworth and Dr. Dick co-operated with Dr. Gopher in some experimental studies.\" The following year (1928) Illingworth married Eleanor Mary Bennett, with whom he had four sons. In 1929, Illingworth's thesis was awarded with a Gold Medal. During this period in Edinburgh, Illingworth also wrote or co-wrote two surgical textbooks which remained in print for many years, going through many editions. Text Book of Surgical Pathology (1932) was co-authored with Bruce M. Dick, and went through twelve editions by 1979. The other textbook, Short Text Book of Surgery (1938) reached a ninth edition by 1972. In the three years before the outbreak of the Second World War, Illingworth held the position of Conservator of the Museum of the Royal College of Surgeons of Edinburgh (1936\u20131939). By 1939, he had obtained his ChM (Master of Surgery) qualification. It was in 1939, with the country facing the upheaval and uncertainties of the Second World War, that Illingworth moved from Edinburgh to take up the role of Regius Professor of Surgery, Glasgow. He was appointed to this Chair during the leadership of that university by Hector Hetherington, and he held this position for 25 years, from 1939 to 1964. Illingworth, who arrived at a low point in the history of the faculty, worked to raise and re-establish the status of the University of Glasgow Medical School, playing \"a major role in establishing the University's high reputation in the practice and teaching of surgery after the Second World War\". According to the Oxford Dictionary of National Biography: \"Under Illingworth's leadership, the Glasgow school achieved worldwide renown for excellence in the practice and teaching of medicine and surgery, and also in research\". Illingworth continued to write on surgical methods, with revisions to existing works along with the publication of new textbooks. Text Book of Surgical Treatment (1942) was issued in a fourth edition in 1952. He was also awarded lectureships and travelled abroad during this period, such as when he delivered the 1958 Strauss Lecture under the title 'The Endocrine Aspects of Breast Cancer'. In 1960, Illingworth was the first McLaughlin Foundation-Edward Gallie Visiting Professor, in which capacity he visited several universities and hospitals in Canada to teach and lecture. Illingworth's research included studies of the medical use of oxygen under pressure. In 1961, he gave the Legg Memorial Lecture at King's College Hospital Medical School on 17 November under the title 'Treatment of Arterial Occlusion under Oxygen at Two-atmospheres Pressure'. The Daryl Hart Lectureship of 1962 was on the same topic: 'Experimental and Clinical Observations Under Hyperbaric Oxygenation' Illingworth's work on hyperbaric oxygenation in the early 1960s came to be seen as one of the landmarks in the development of hyperbaric oxygen therapy. Illingworth's support of medical training extended beyond the traditional settings of universities and medical schools, and included the use of the medium of television. In 1963, he and his colleagues introduced a series of television programmes for doctors on Scottish Television. There were twelve episodes in the series (titled 'Post-Graduate Medicine'), broadcast monthly from 11 March 1963: \"for hospital doctors and general practitioners and [...] in the nature of a post-graduate class\". In addition to these new methods, Illingworth continued his lecturing and teaching, and in 1963 was appointed a visiting professor at the University of Sheffield. Over the course of a week in November of that year, he lectured to both the public, students and fellow doctors, and delivered the Ernest Finch Memorial Lecture in memory of Sir Ernest Finch. In 1964, Illingworth formally retired from hospital work. His retirement as Regius Professor of Surgery at the University of Glasgow was announced in December 1963 in the London Gazette by the Scottish Home and Health Department, along with the news of his appointed successor Andrew Watt Kay, though the retirement did not take effect until the following year on 30 September 1964. As well as practising, teaching and administrating as Glasgow's Regius Professor of Surgery, Illingworth also held positions within the hierarchies of a range of medical and learned societies, colleges and associations. In 1955 he was President of the Association of Surgeons of Great Britain and Ireland, and President for two terms of the Society of Academic and Research Surgery (1956 and 1957). In the early 1960s, Illingworth played a central role in the history of the Royal College of Physicians and Surgeons of Glasgow, or the Glasgow Faculty of Physicians and Surgeons as it was then known. From 1960 to 1962 he served two annual terms of that organisation's Visitorship, followed from 1962 to 1964 by two annual terms as President of what was by then called the Royal College of Physicians and Surgeons of Glasgow. It was during this period, in 1963, that Illingworth was granted the title of Fellow of the Royal College of Surgeons of Glasgow (FRCSGlas). This award followed the recent name change (instigated by Illingworth's predecessor as President) that changed the Glasgow Faculty of Physicians and Surgeons from a Faculty to a Royal College. This period also saw attempts made to standardise and consolidate the range of diplomas offered across the UK medical colleges, with some of these changes proposed and debated by Illingworth during his leadership of the College. The following year, furthering his contributions to administration, Illingworth was one of those organising the Lister Centenary events held in Glasgow from 26 to 29 September 1965; he was also involved in appeals to raise funds during the commemorative period. The celebrations saw delegates from around the world attending a two-day scientific meeting arranged by Illingworth at the University of Glasgow. The conclusion of the event included a graduation ceremony on 29 September 1965 when honorary degrees were conferred on \"twelve eminent medical men from various countries\", including Illingworth himself who received an Honorary Doctor of Laws (LL.D.) degree. A few days later, a similar event was held to celebrate the Moynihan Centenary at the University of Leeds. Illingworth again received an Honorary Doctor of Laws (LL.D.) degree along with three others (Sir Harry Platt, Lord Brock, Jan Nuboer), with the ceremony taking place on 4 October 1965. The ceremony had been preceded by Illingworth delivering the Moynihan Centenary Lecture. On 6 October 1965, Illingworth gave a talk at the Royal Philosophical Society of Glasgow titled 'Joseph Lister \u2013 Surgeon-Biologist'. On 14 October 1965, again as part of the Lister Centenary celebrations, Illingworth delivered a talk titled 'Lister's Legacy to Humanity' at the Washington Hilton Hotel, Washington DC, USA, to the Washington branch of the English-Speaking Union. This dinner and talk was attended by some 400 guests, including former US Vice-President Richard Nixon, former Governor of New Jersey and president of pharmaceutical company Warner-Lambert Alfred E. Driscoll, and Senator Joseph Lister Hill, with the wife of the latter recalling the event in her memoirs. As part of the event, Illingworth on behalf of the Glasgow Royal Infirmary, received an oil portrait of Lord Lister, commissioned by Warner-Lambert from US artist Norman Rockwell. The Lister Centenary celebrations occurred in the year following Illingworth's formal retirement, but he continued to be active in administrative and honorary roles with colleges, societies and at the University of Glasgow well into his later years, with several of the positions reflecting his interest in the history of medicine. From 1974 to 1980, he served as Honorary Librarian of the Royal College of Physicians and Surgeons of Glasgow. From 1978 to 1981 he was Dean of Faculties at the University of Glasgow. From 1979 to 1981 he was President of the Scottish Society of the History of Medicine. The contributions made by Illingworth to the surgical profession were recognised by a range of professional and civil honours. In 1946, he was appointed CBE (Commander of the Order of the British Empire). This was followed in 1961 by the title of Knight Bachelor, granted as part of the Queen's Birthday Honours List. He was also appointed Honorary Surgeon to the Queen in Scotland and held this position from 1961 to 1965. Following his retirement, Illingworth was Extra Surgeon to the Queen in Scotland from 1965 until his death. Numerous national medical associations conferred honorary fellowships on Illingworth, both within Britain and abroad. He was made an Honorary Fellow of the American College of Surgeons ('Abdominal Surgery', 1954). Four years later, he was made an Honorary Fellow of the Royal College of Surgeons of England. At the awarding ceremony on 11 June 1958, he delivered a speech addressing those starting out on their medical careers. University honours, in addition to the Honorary Doctor of Laws degrees received in 1965 during the Lister and Moynihan centenaries, included two Honorary Doctor of Science (D.Sc.) degrees, one from the University of Sheffield (1962), and one from the University of Belfast (July 1963). That same year, it was announced that Illingworth would receive the Lister Medal. The announcement of the award in the Annals of the Royal College of Surgeons of England stated that it was for: \"...his devotion to surgical science over a long period; and in particular for his contributions to knowledge of jaundice and diseases of the biliary tract, of peptic ulcer, and of the endocrine aspects of the treatment of cancer; and for his perception of the importance of the use of oxygen in treatment under hyperbaric conditions as a field for physiological research.\" Illingworth's Lister Oration was delivered on 9 April 1964 at the Royal College of Surgeons of England in London under the title 'On the Interdependence of Science and the Healing Art'. The Lister Medal itself was presented following the Oration, both events taking place as part of what was then known as the Lister Festival. A few months later, Illingworth delivered the Lister Lecture of the Canadian Medical Association in Vancouver, Canada, on 24 June 1964, under the title 'Wound Sepsis\u2014From Carbolic Acid to Hyperbaric Oxygen'. As a recognised elder statesman of his profession, more honorary fellowships followed. One such had been conferred earlier in the year when Illingworth was made an Honorary Fellow of the Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, together with two other surgeons: Sir Arthur Porritt and Erik Husfeldt. In 1965, Illingworth was invited by the Council of the College of Physicians, Surgeons and Gynaecologists of South Africa to give the 1965 Louis Mirvish Memorial Lecture. He was also invited as a distinguished guest to the 45th South African Medical Congress (MASA), and was made an Honorary Fellow of the College of Surgeons of South Africa. Illingworth travelled abroad again the following year to receive the Honorary Fellowship of the Royal College of Physicians and Surgeons of Canada. This was conferred on 21 January 1966 at the College's 35th Annual Convocation, held at the Place des Arts in Montreal, Canada. He was one of three honoured that year, along with Lord Brock and Sir Peter Medawar. Following his retirement in 1964, Illingworth held the title of Emeritus Professor of Surgery at the University of Glasgow, and continued to carry out locum work into his seventies. In these later years, he still travelled and lectured, with plans reported in August 1966 for a three-month stay in Kenya to co-ordinate planning in a new medical school. He gave the 14th MacEwen Memorial Lecture at the University of Glasgow on 21 November 1967, under the title 'The Advancement of Surgery'. Also in 1967, Illingworth was one of the founders of Tenovus-Scotland, a medical charity established by ten initial donors in a similar way to the Tenovus cancer charity based in Wales. Other charity fund-raising by Illingworth included organising a concert in October 1969. This was performed by the Scottish National Orchestra and conducted by Sir Arthur Bliss. This helped fund a research unit at the University of Glasgow for kidney diseases. Two biographies by Illingworth were published in this period. The Story of William Hunter (1967) is a first-person account and history of the 18th-century Scottish anatomist William Hunter. A review in Medical History stated that: \"William Hunter has been neglected by medical historians in comparison with his brother John. Sir Charles Illingworth's book has done much to make good this deficiency and will, it is hoped, reawaken interest in him, not only as one of the leading gynaecologists of the eighteenth century but also as a pioneer in the promotion of reform and improvement in medical education.\" The second biography was of Hector Hetherington, the Principal of the University of Glasgow who had appointed Illingworth to the university's Regius Chair of Surgery in 1939. Illingworth's University Statesman: Sir Hector Hetherington (1971) was excerpted in The Glasgow Herald, and reviewed in The Economist. Illingworth continued to write on healthcare training and reform, writing the monograph The Sanguine Mystery (1970), subtitled: This Bloody and Butcherly Department of the Healing Art. This work was produced for his Rock Carling Fellowship, also forming the topic of the Rock Carling Lecture for 1970 from the Nuffield Trust. An article by Illingworth on medical training was published in The Times in July 1971. The death of his wife Mary (Lady Illingworth) was announced in The Glasgow Herald in December of that year. Many years later, Illingworth published an autobiographical account of his life, with royalties going to the Tenovus-Scotland charity he had helped found. Titled There is a History in All Men's Lives (1988), it had been previewed in The Glasgow Herald in December 1987, and was reviewed in the British Medical Journal in April 1988. Three years later, Illingworth died on 23 February 1991 in Glasgow at the age of 91. The portrait of Illingworth held at the Hunterian Museum in Glasgow, dated 1965, was painted by Alberto Morrocco. A different portrait by Alberto Morocco, from 1966, is held at the Royal College of Physicians and Surgeons of Glasgow. Illingworth's legacy includes the University of Glasgow's Illingworth Prize, which he established in 1964, \"awarded annually on the recommendation of the Regius Professor of Surgery\" for displays of \"scholarship and general achievement\" by a third-year medical student. Illingworth and his family's connections with Tenovus-Scotland continue to be commemorated by one of its grants, the Lady Illingworth Award. The impact of Illingworth on his profession was summed up in an obituary written in 2008 for one of his students and successors: \"The school of surgery founded in Glasgow by Sir Charles Illingworth came to dominate academic surgery in Britain for a generation or more. Sir Charles's pupils occupied more than 20 chairs of surgery in this country and abroad, and played an important role in shaping the mould of surgical research and teaching.\" Lectures and papers 9 October 1950 (RCSEng) \u2013 Carcinoma of the Head of the Pancreas, Ann R Coll Surg Engl. 1951 January; 8(1): 53\u201363. 8 October 1954 (RCSEng) \u2013 Massive Gastro-Intestinal Haemorrhage, Ann R Coll Surg Engl. 1955 May; 16(5): 337\u2013341. William Hunter's manuscripts and letters: the Glasgow collection, Med Hist. 1971 April; 15(2): 181\u2013186. Some old books and ancient coins from the Hunter Collection, Med Hist. 1973 April; 17(2): 168\u2013173. Textbooks and books Text Book of Surgical Pathology (1932) with Bruce M. Dick Short Text Book of Surgery (1938) Text Book of Surgical Treatment (1942) Peptic Ulcer (monograph, 1953) The Story of William Hunter (1967) The Sanguine Mystery (1970) University Statesman: Sir Hector Hetherington (1971) Royal College of Physicians and Surgeons of Glasgow (1980) There is a History in All Men's Lives (1988) Most sources give Illingworth's second name with the spelling 'Frederick', but some, including the 'self-written' obituary in the British Medical Journal (initialled CFWI), use the spelling 'Frederic'. The lecture's formal name is the Thomas Percy Legg Memorial Lecture, established to commemorate Thomas Percy Legg (1872\u20101930). The first programme (which Illingworth introduced) was 30 minutes long and broadcast late in the evening just after 11pm. Two photographs of Illingworth from 1963 in the episode 'Peptic Ulcer: A Surgeon Cross-Questioned' from this series were published in a history of the Royal College of Physicians and Surgeons of Glasgow. It was the Association of Surgeons of Great Britain and Ireland that had sent Illingworth to the USA on a travelling fellowship nearly 30 years previously. A photograph of Illingworth in 1962 as President at the centre of a formal group portrait of Council members was published in a history of the Royal College of Physicians and Surgeons of Glasgow. While a number of changes occurred to the levels of memberships and fellowships relating to physicians, the award of FRCSGlas remained unchanged. A black-and-white photograph of the awarding ceremony at Leeds University is held in the papers of Sir Harry Platt at the John Rylands University Library at the University of Manchester. See 'Mounted photograph: Moynihan Centenary (1965)' in GB 133 PLA \u2013 Papers of Sir Harry Platt; 'PLA/11 \u2013 Photographic material; PLA/11/2/7/8': \"Black and white photograph of the Moynihan Centenary at the University of Leeds, 4 October 1965, the photograph includes Platt, Lord Brock, Jan Nuboer and Sir Charles Illingworth as honorary graduates and the vice-chancellor of the University\" An example of the duties carried out in Scotland by physicians and surgeons of the Royal Household is described in The Glasgow Herald in its report of 22 September 1962 concerning a foot injury suffered by Her Majesty the Queen Mother; Illingworth was among those attending to the royal patient. The Louis Mirvish Memorial Lecture was titled 'Massive Haemorrhage from Peptic Ulcer', and was scheduled to be delivered three times: Johannesburg, 21 June 1965; Cape Town, 24 June 1965; Durban 6 July 1965. The MASA conference took place in Port Elizabeth from 27 June to 3 July 1965. The Rock Carling Fellowship was founded as a memorial to Ernest Rock Carling (1877\u20131960), one of the Trustees of the Nuffield Provincial Hospitals Trust. The title is a quote from Shakespeare's Henry IV, Part 2. \"Sir Charles Illingworth\". BMJ. 302 (6776): 588\u2013589. 9 March 1991. doi:10.1136/bmj.302.6776.588. PMC\u00a01669412. Brooks, C. J. W. (2004). \"Illingworth, Sir Charles Frederick William (1899\u20131991)\". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography. Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/38658. Retrieved 8 April 2012. (subscription or UK public library membership required) \"Illingworth, Sir Charles (Frederick William)\" (subscription required). Who Was Who. A & C Black, 1920\u20132008; online edition, Oxford University Press. December 2007. Retrieved 8 April 2012. Annual report 1926\u201327. Barnes Hospital, St. Louis. 1927. \"Sir Charles Illingworth\". The Times (63951). London. 26 February 1991. p.\u00a016. \"Review and Notice of Book: A Textbook on Surgical Pathology\". British Journal of Surgery. 19 (76): 665\u2013666. April 1932. doi:10.1002/bjs.1800197623. Details of Illingworth's conservatorship of this museum are found in \"History of the Museum\" (PDF). Royal College of Surgeons of Edinburgh. pp.\u00a032\u201333. Retrieved 9 April 2012. This source is based upon the 1978 work The Museum of the Royal College of Surgeons of Edinburgh by Violet Tansey and D.E.C. Mekie. A photograph of Illingworth is on page 32. Moss, Michael; Rankin, Moira; Richmond, Lesley (2001). Who, Where and When: The History & Constitution of the University of Glasgow. University of Glasgow. ISBN\u00a00-85261-734-8. \"University of Glasgow Story: People: Sir Charles Illingworth\". University of Glasgow. Retrieved 16 September 2012. \"Textbook of Surgical Treatment\". Ulster Medical Journal. 21 (2): 198. November 1952. PMC\u00a02480022. \"Strauss Lectures\". University of Washington School of Medicine. Archived from the original on 12 October 2008. Retrieved 8 April 2012. Illingworth, C. F. (April 1961). \"Canadian visit: report of the First McLaughlin-Gallie Professorship\". Canadian Journal of Surgery. 4 (4): 379\u2013382. PMID\u00a013717530. Illingworth, C. (17 November 1962). \"Treatment of Arterial Occlusion under Oxygen at Two-atmospheres Pressure\". British Medical Journal. 2 (5315): 1271\u20131275. doi:10.1136/bmj.2.5315.1271. PMC\u00a01926618. PMID\u00a013956344. \"Daryl Hart Lectureship\". Duke University School of Medicine. Archived from the original on 8 March 2012. Retrieved 8 April 2012. K. K. Jain, ed. (2009). \"Chapter 1: The History of Hyperbaric Medicine\" (PDF). Textbook of Hyperbaric Medicine (5th, revised and updated\u00a0ed.). Hogrefe Publishing. p.7, Table 1.3 'Landmarks in the Development of Hyperbaric Oxygen (HBO) Therapy'. ISBN\u00a0978-0-88937-361-7. Archived from the original (PDF) on 24 September 2015. Retrieved 19 September 2012. \"TV Programme as Aid to Doctors\". The Times (55633). London. 23 February 1963. p.\u00a010. \"Television and Radio Programmes\". The Glasgow Herald. 11 March 1963. p.\u00a014. Hull, Andrew; Geyer-Kordesch, Johanna (1999). The Shaping of the Medical Profession: The History of the Royal College of Physicians and Surgeons of Glasgow, 1858\u20131999, Volume 2. Continuum International Publishing Group. photographs 12 and 13 between pp.96\u201397. \"Travelling Surgeon\". The Glasgow Herald. 22 July 1963. p.\u00a06. \"No. 43180\". The London Gazette. 10 December 1963. p.\u00a010099. \"ASGBI Past Presidents\". Association of Surgeons of Great Britain and Ireland. Archived from the original on 16 March 2012. Retrieved 8 April 2012. \"Past Presidents and Honorary Secretaries\". Society of Academic and Research Surgery. Retrieved 10 April 2012. Hull, Andrew; Geyer-Kordesch, Johanna (2003). \"Office Bearers\". The Shaping of the Medical Profession: The History of the Royal College of Physicians and Surgeons of Glasgow, 1858\u20131999, Volume 2 (2nd\u00a0ed.). Continuum International Publishing Group. p.\u00a0250. Hull, Andrew; Geyer-Kordesch, Johanna (2003). \"Office Bearers\". The Shaping of the Medical Profession: The History of the Royal College of Physicians and Surgeons of Glasgow, 1858\u20131999, Volume 2 (2nd\u00a0ed.). Continuum International Publishing Group. p.\u00a0246. Hull, Andrew; Geyer-Kordesch, Johanna (1999). The Shaping of the Medical Profession: The History of the Royal College of Physicians and Surgeons of Glasgow, 1858\u20131999, Volume 2. Continuum International Publishing Group. photograph 14 between pp.96\u201397. Hull, Andrew; Geyer-Kordesch, Johanna (2003). \"The Royal College 1960\u20131972\". The Shaping of the Medical Profession: The History of the Royal College of Physicians and Surgeons of Glasgow, 1858\u20131999, Volume 2 (2nd\u00a0ed.). Continuum International Publishing Group. pp.\u00a0192\u2013197. \"Good Response To Lister Appeal\". The Times (56438). London. 28 September 1965. p.\u00a012. \"Glasgow Degrees Ceremony\". The Times (56440). London. 30 September 1965. p.\u00a014. \"Lister Centenary\". Annals of the Royal College of Surgeons of England. 37 (5): 322\u2013324. November 1965. PMC\u00a02311866. PMID\u00a05321895. \"University News\". The Times (56380). London. 22 July 1965. p.\u00a015. \"Moynihan Centenary\". Annals of the Royal College of Surgeons of England. 37 (5): 320\u2013322. November 1965. PMC\u00a02311867. PMID\u00a05321894. \"Philosophical Journal: Index\". Royal Philosophical Society of Glasgow. Retrieved 9 April 2012. Illingworth, Charles (1966). \"Joseph Lister \u2013 Surgeon-Biologist\". Philosophical Journal. 3: 73. Hill, Henrietta McCormick (2010). A Senator's Wife Remembers: From the Great Depression to the Great Society. NewSouth Books. p.\u00a0239. ISBN\u00a0978-1603060561. McCormack, Patricia (26 October 1965). \"English Doctor Discusses American Obesity Factors\". Schenectady Gazette. p.\u00a011. \"Lister Address in Washington\". The Glasgow Herald. 14 October 1965. p.\u00a07. Hull, Andrew; Geyer-Kordesch, Johanna (2003). \"Office Bearers\". The Shaping of the Medical Profession: The History of the Royal College of Physicians and Surgeons of Glasgow, 1858\u20131999, Volume 2 (2nd\u00a0ed.). Continuum International Publishing Group. p.\u00a0253. \"The Presidents of the Society\". Scottish Society of the History of Medicine. Retrieved 16 September 2012. The dates of Illingworth's presidency are at \"Sir Charles Illingworth (1900\u20131990)\". Scottish Society of the History of Medicine. Retrieved 16 September 2012. \"No. 42370\". The London Gazette (Supplement). 10 June 1961. p.\u00a04144. Blandy, John Peter; Craig, Christina, eds. (2000). \"Sir Charles Frederick William Illingworth\". Lives of the Fellows of the Royal College of Surgeons of England, 1991\u20131996. Royal College of Surgeons of England. p.\u00a0153. ISBN\u00a0978-0902166967. \"Queen Mother's Foot Injury\". The Glasgow Herald. 22 September 1962. p.\u00a01. \"No. 43650\". The London Gazette. 14 May 1965. p.\u00a04655. \"Honorary Fellows of the American College of Surgeons\". American College of Surgeons. Archived from the original on 18 March 2012. Retrieved 8 April 2012. \"Ceremony of Presentation of Diplomas\" (PDF). Annals of the Royal College of Surgeons of England. 23 (1): 53\u201360. July 1958. PMC\u00a02413666. \"Honorary Graduates\" (PDF). University of Sheffield. Archived from the original (PDF) on 29 October 2013. Retrieved 8 April 2012. \"Lister Medal\". Annals of the Royal College of Surgeons of England. 33 (5): 281. November 1963. PMC\u00a02311639. PMID\u00a019310390. Illingworth, Charles Frederick William (July 1964). \"On the Interdependence of Science and the Healing Art\". Annals of the Royal College of Surgeons of England. 35 (1): 1\u201314. PMC\u00a02311728. PMID\u00a014172019. \"The Lister Festival\". Annals of the Royal College of Surgeons of England. 34 (6): 409\u2013414. June 1964. PMC\u00a02311717. PMID\u00a019310422. The description on page 409 is followed by a photograph on page 410 of Illingworth after being presented with the medal. Illingworth, Charles (14 November 1964). \"The Lister Lecture, 1964: Wound Sepsis\u2014From Carbolic Acid to Hyperbaric Oxygen\". Canadian Medical Association Journal. 91 (20): 1041\u20131045. PMC\u00a01928284. PMID\u00a014214226. \"Three Surgeons Honoured\". The Glasgow Herald. 18 February 1964. p.\u00a010. \"Honorary Fellows: The College of Medicine of South Africa \u2013 As at 21 September 2004\" (PDF). Transactions. 48 (2): 44. July\u2013December 2004. Archived from the original (PDF) on 8 March 2014. Retrieved 19 September 2012. Illingworth, Charles Frederic W (CS) (1965) Glasgow, UK \"Passing Events\" (PDF). South African Medical Journal: 508. 19 June 1965. \"45th South African Medical Congress (MASA): Summary of Scientific and Social Programmes\" (PDF). South African Medical Journal: 508. 19 June 1965. Graham, Donald C. (5 March 1966). \"The Thirty-Fifth Annual Meeting of the Royal College of Physicians and Surgeons of Canada \u2013 Part I\". Canadian Medical Association Journal. 94 (10): 505\u2013511. PMC\u00a01935238. The awarding of the honorary fellowship is described on page 510 and includes a photograph. \"Bound for Kenya\". Evening Times. 2 August 1966. p.\u00a05. Published the following year and reviewed in \"The Advancement of Surgery. The Fourteenth Macewen Memorial Lecture in the University of Glasgow on 21 November, 1967, by Sir Charles Illingworth, Emeritus Professor of Surgery in the University of Glasgow. 8\u00bd \u00d7 5\u00bd in. Pp. 22. 1968. Glasgow: Jackson, Son\". BJS. 55 (7): 564. July 1968. doi:10.1002/bjs.1800550734. \"About Tenovus Scotland\". Tenovus Scotland. Archived from the original on 1 March 2012. Retrieved 9 April 2012. \"Concert Date\". Evening Times. 1 October 1969. p.\u00a03. \"Research Unit for Glasgow\". The Glasgow Herald. 27 May 1970. p.\u00a05. Dobson, Jessie (April 1968). \"Book Reviews: The Story of William Hunter, by Charles Illingworth, Edinburgh and London, E. & S. Livingstone, 1967, pp. viii, 134, illus., 35s\". Medical History. 12 (2): 214\u2013215. doi:10.1017/S0025727300013181. \"Hector Hetherington \u2013 III: Vintage years as Principal at Gilmorehill\". The Glasgow Herald. 12 June 1971. p.\u00a015. Outram, George (4 September 1971). \"Long time passing\". The Economist (6680). p.\u00a048. Illingworth, Charles Frederick William (1970). The Sanguine Mystery: This Bloody and Butcherly Department of the Healing Art. Nuffield Provincial Hospitals Trust. ISBN\u00a09780900574252. The Nuffield Provincial Hospitals Trust Ninth Report. Nuffield Provincial Hospitals Trust. 1975. p.\u00a066. For more on the Rock Carling Fellowship, see \"The Rock Carling Fellowship\". The Nuffield Trust. Archived from the original on 22 September 2012. Retrieved 16 September 2012. Illingworth, Charles Frederick William (27 July 1971). \"The Case for Taking Another Look at Training System\". The Times (58235). London. p.\u00a0I. \"Death of Lady Mary Illingworth\". The Glasgow Herald. 29 December 1971. p.\u00a015. \"Carving a Surgical Career\". The Glasgow Herald. 24 December 1987. p.\u00a08. \"Medicine and Books: In brief...\" British Medical Journal. 296 (6628): 1060\u20131062. 9 April 1988. doi:10.1136/bmj.296.6628.1060. PMC\u00a02545573. \"Hunterian Art Gallery Collections: GLAHA 44236: Sir Charles Illingworth\". University of Glasgow. Archived from the original on 16 April 2014. Retrieved 12 September 2012. \"Sir Charles F. W. Illingworth, President of the Royal College of Physicians and Surgeons of Glasgow (1962\u20131964)\". Art UK. Retrieved 12 September 2012. \"Illingworth Prize\". University of Glasgow. Retrieved 9 April 2012. \"Awards\". Tenovus-Scotland. Archived from the original on 1 March 2012. Retrieved 9 April 2012. \"Professor Sir Robert Shields: Academic and surgeon\". The Scotsman. 16 October 2008. Retrieved 10 April 2012. Images and likenesses Two group photographs that include Illingworth, from his time at the Edinburgh Royal Infirmary, hosted on the SCRAN archives on behalf of the Lothian Health Services Archives: (I) Residents, Royal Infirmary of Edinburgh; Summer Session 1923 (II) Surgical Clinical Tutors, Royal Infirmary of Edinburgh (SCRAN) Head-and-shoulders photograph accompanying a description of his time as conservator of the Museum of the Royal College of Surgeons of Edinburgh in the 1930s, available on page 32 of History of the Museum (Royal College of Surgeons of Edinburgh) 1965 portrait by Alberto Morrocco at Glasgow's Hunterian Museum (Hunterian Museum and Art Gallery, University of Glasgow) Presentation of Illingworth's 1965 portrait, published in The Scotsman (Scran ID: 000-000-531-956-C) Illingworth being presented with a scroll at the University of Glasgow in 1965, published in The Scotsman (Scran ID: 000-000-531-188-C) 1966 portrait by Alberto Morrocco at the Royal College of Surgeons and Physicians of Glasgow (BBC \u2013 Your Paintings) Photograph in old age at Sir Charles Illingworth (Scottish Society of the History of Medicine) Further reading The Royal College of Physicians and Surgeons of Glasgow: a short history based on the portraits and other memorabilia (Tom Gibson, Macdonald Publishers, 1983) \u2013 includes an entry on Illingworth For more on Illingworth's role in the history of medicine in Glasgow, see The Shaping of the Medical Profession: The History of the Royal College of Physicians and Surgeons of Glasgow, 1858\u20131999, Volume 2 by Andrew Hull and Johanna Geyer-Kordesch (Continuum International Publishing Group, 1999, second edition 2003) For an account by a surgeon who worked under Illingworth, see \"Sir Charles Illingworth, CBE A Master of Surgical Training\", by Patrick Forrest, published in the Summer 2005 issue of SUMMONS, the newsletter of the Medical and Dental Defence Union of Scotland (MDDUS)"
   },
   {
    "name": "Christopher Bailey",
    "id": "Q1086512",
    "text": "Christopher Paul Bailey CBE (born 11 May 1971) is a British fashion designer who was president and chief creative officer of Burberry. In May 2014, he took up the role of chief creative officer and president, following the departure of former CEO Angela Ahrendts. In February 2018, he was succeeded as chief creative officer by Riccardo Tisci. Christopher Paul Bailey was born in Yorkshire, England, the son of a carpenter and a window dresser for Marks and Spencer. He graduated from the Royal College of Art with a master's degree in 1994, where he was later awarded an honorary fellowship in 2004 and, in 2013, an honorary-doctorate degree. From 1994 to 1996 he was the womenswear designer at Donna Karan and senior designer of womenswear at Gucci in Milan from 1996 to 2001. He joined Burberry in May 2001 as design director and became creative director in 2004, and chief creative officer in November 2009. In 2008, Bailey, alongside Angela Ahrendts, established the Burberry Foundation, dedicated to helping young people realise their dreams and potential through the power of their creativity. The Burberry Foundation invests in select charities focused on supporting young people in the key cities in regions where the majority of Burberry employees live and work, and where they are able to participate in volunteer roles. On 15 October 2013, Bailey was named as the next CEO of Burberry following Angela Ahrendts's departure to Apple in mid-2014. Bailey took up the role of chief creative officer and CEO on 1 May 2014. Bailey is credited with transforming the fortunes of the company, turning it into the luxury industry's digital leader and overseeing a reinvigoration of the company's design. Bailey masterminded the design of Burberry's largest store, 121 Regent Street in London, opened in 2012, a bricks-and-mortar incarnation of the brand's website. He also oversaw the design and development of the 160,000-square-foot (15,000\u00a0m2) Burberry Global Headquarters at Horseferry House in London, opened in 2009.[citation needed] In July 2016, it was announced that Marco Gobbetti, CEO of C\u00e9line, would be the next CEO of Burberry. Gobbetti took over from Bailey in November 2017, who then transitioned to the role of president while also retaining the title of chief creative officer. In July 2017, Gobbetti replaced Bailey as CEO. Bailey resigned from the board in March of 2018 and departed entirely from Burberry the following December. While in Milan, Bailey met and began dating Geert Cloet, brand designer for Miu Miu. He split his time between his home in Milan and England. When Cloet was diagnosed with brain cancer in 2004, he and Bailey moved to Yorkshire to be near Bailey's family. Cloet died the next year. Bailey has been in a relationship with British actor Simon Woods since 2009, and they married in 2012. They have two daughters, Iris and Nell. In May 2014 Bailey became the first openly gay executive among FTSE 100 corporations. Bailey is mentoring emerging British creative talent from UK institutions including the Royal College of Art and the University of Huddersfield. 2004 \u2013 Honorary fellowship, the Royal College of Art where Bailey graduated from with a master of arts degree in 1994 2005 \u2013 Designer of the Year, British Fashion Awards (UK) 2006 \u2013 Honorary-doctorate degree, the University of Westminster, where Bailey graduated from with a BA in 1990 2007 \u2013 Menswear Designer of the Year 2007, British Fashion Awards (UK) 2007 \u2013 Honorary degree, doctorate of science from the University of Huddersfield, Yorkshire 2008 \u2013 Menswear Designer of the Year 2008, British Fashion Awards (UK) 2009 \u2013 Designer of the Year, British Fashion Awards (UK) 2009 \u2013 Honorary Patron of the University Philosophical Society, Trinity College, Dublin 2009 \u2013 Appointed Member of the Order of the British Empire (MBE) in Her Majesty Queen Elizabeth II Birthday 2009 Honours List for Services to the Fashion Industry 2010 \u2013 International Award, Council of Fashion Designers of America 2011 \u2013 Honorary-doctorate degree from Sheffield Hallam University, Yorkshire 2013 \u2013 Menswear Designer of the Year 2013, British Fashion Awards (UK) 2013 \u2013 Honorary-doctorate degree, Royal College of Art, London \"Marco Gobbetti Named CEO at Burberry; Christopher Bailey to Become President\". businessoffashion.com. 11 July 2016. Retrieved 1 March 2018. Friedman, Vanessa; Paton, Elizabeth (31 October 2017). \"Christopher Bailey, Burberry Chief Creative Officer, Is Leaving\". The New York Times. Retrieved 1 March 2018. \"Archived copy\". Archived from the original on 2 May 2014. Retrieved 1 May 2014.CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link) \"Archived copy\". Archived from the original on 2 May 2014. Retrieved 1 May 2014.CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link) Topping, Alexandra (1 March 2018). \"Burberry names Riccardo Tisci to replace star designer Christopher Bailey\". The Guardian. Retrieved 1 March 2018. \"The Class of 2009: Stylemaker of the year: Christopher Bailey\". Out Magazine. Retrieved 7 December 2009. McDowell, Colin (6 September 2009). \"Christopher Bailey: Burberry's golden boy\". The Times. Retrieved 7 December 2009. Alexander, Hilary (7 December 2009). \"Christopher Bailey collects his MBE\". Telegraph. Archived from the original on 10 December 2009. Retrieved 7 December 2009. Sowray, Bibby (28 June 2013). \"Burberry's Christopher Bailey to receive honorary-doctorate degree\". The Telegraph. Retrieved 1 May 2014. Jones, Dolly (11 November 2009). \"All Hail Bailey\". Vogue. Retrieved 7 December 2009. \"Archived copy\". Archived from the original on 2 May 2014. Retrieved 1 May 2014.CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link) WWD Staff (25 February 2014). \"Anna Wintour, Christopher Bailey Spotted in London\". WWD. Retrieved 26 February 2014. Roberts, Andrew (9 April 2014). \"Burberry Designer CEO Shows Shift to Creatives in Luxury\". Bloomberg. Retrieved 1 May 2014. Irwin, Rosamund (14 September 2012). \"Top of the Shops\". ES Magazine. Retrieved 1 May 2014. Davies, Rob (11 July 2016). \"Burberry's Christopher Bailey makes way for new CEO\". The Guardian. Retrieved 1 March 2018. Kirton, Hayley (11 July 2016). \"Christopher Bailey named president of Burberry, replaced as chief exec\". cityam.com. Retrieved 1 March 2018. Chaudhuri, Saabira (11 July 2016). \"Burberry's Christopher Bailey Replaced as CEO by Marco Gobbetti\". Wall Street Journal. Retrieved 1 March 2018 \u2013 via www.wsj.com. Vandevelde, Mark (18 May 2017). \"Burberry sales rise as Bailey bows out as chief executive\". Financial Times. United Kingdom. Retrieved 18 May 2017. \"Christopher Bailey, Burberry Chief Creative Officer, Is Leaving\". The New York Times. 31 October 2017. Horyn, Cathy (12 March 2006). \"Tea and Sympathy\". The New York Times. Retrieved 3 January 2019. The Tatler List, Christopher Bailey \"Wedding bells for Burberry's Christopher Bailey and Actor Simon Woods\". ohnotheydidnt.livejournal.com. Mower, Sarah (19 March 2018). \"Goodbye Christopher Bailey\". Vogue. Retrieved 2 January 2020. Stanford Graduate School of Business, Former BP CEO John Browne: Why Coming Out is Good Business, 24 September 2014. Barton, Laura (4 September 2013). \"Burberry's Christopher Bailey on his obsession with music\". Guardian. Retrieved 1 May 2014. Alexander, Hilary (9 December 2009). \"British Fashion Awards: Christopher Bailey named designer of the year\". Telegraph. Archived from the original on 12 December 2009. Retrieved 10 December 2010. Alexander, Hilary (8 June 2010). \"Christopher Bailey wins CFDA international award in New york\". Telegraph. Retrieved 1 May 2014. Alexander, Ella (10 March 2011). \"Bailey is given honorary doctorate\". Vogue.co.uk. Retrieved 1 May 2014. Jones, Nina (2 December 2013). \"Christopher Kane, Miuccia Prada Among Honorees at British Fashion Awards\". WWD. Retrieved 3 December 2013. Christopher Bailey at FMD"
   },
   {
    "name": "Craig Fleming",
    "id": "Q1138537",
    "text": "Craig Fleming (born 6 October 1971) is an English former footballer who played as a defender. Fleming is currently First Team Assistant Coach at Premier League club Southampton, a position he has held since 2018. Fleming began his professional career with his hometown club Halifax Town (69 appearances, no goals) where he made his debut aged 16. He also picked up the Barclays Player of the Month award at the same age. In the summer of 1991 he moved to Oldham Athletic, where he made 192 appearances, scoring one goal. His spell at Oldham included three seasons in the top division in the early 1990s. In this period, Manchester United manager Alex Ferguson described Fleming as \"the best man-to-man marker in the country\" after playing some memorable games against a young Ryan Giggs. In 1993, he was involved in Oldham Athletic's great escape when they narrowly avoided relegation from the Premier League on goal difference. He became captain of the Latics in 1997 which was also the season when he left Boundary Park for Carrow Road, the home of Norwich City for a fee of \u00a3600,000. In his first season with the Canaries he suffered some injury setbacks but this was soon behind him and he became a first team regular for nearly 10 seasons. In this time he also had spells of captaining his team and was a well-respected member of the squad. In 2003, Fleming was voted into the Norwich City F.C. Hall of Fame. On 23 October 2004, he made his 300th senior appearance for Norwich City in their home match against Everton. Fleming was a key figure in the Norwich side that won the first division championship in the 2003\u20132004 season, and the supporters recognised his outstanding contribution \u2013 not just during that season but over several years \u2013 by voting him Norwich City player of the year ahead of Darren Huckerby (2nd) and Robert Green (3rd). During Norwich's Premiership season Fleming played every minute of every game, spending the most minutes on the pitch of any top flight player. To mark the fact that the 2006\u201307 season was his tenth with the club, Norwich City granted Fleming a testimonial match against Newcastle United which took place at Carrow Road on 26 July 2006. This game finished 2\u20131 to Newcastle with Fleming playing for the majority of the game. In January 2007 Fleming joined Wolverhampton wanderers on a one-month loan deal and played once against Cardiff City. There was increasing speculation that AFC Bournemouth would attempt to sign Fleming during the January transfer window in 2007, but Rotherham United were the club to snap him up on a free transfer on 31 January. Fleming signed for non-league King's Lynn shortly after the start of the 2007\u201308 season, where he was under the management of former coach Keith Webb. On 12 March 2008, however. Fleming announced his retirement due to a persistent ankle injury. Fleming ended his Norwich City career finishing 11th in the all-time appearance list after clocking up 382 appearances. In 2008, Fleming joined Lowestoft Town as first-team coach guiding them to two successful promotion seasons. In the 2009\u201310 season they were promoted from Isthmian League Division One North to Isthmian League Premier Division. Subsequently, in 2014 Lowestoft were play off champions and promoted to the Conference league.[citation needed] Fleming has finished studying his UEFA 'A' licence.[citation needed] In March 2015, he left Lowestoft Town and joined the Southampton F.C. Academy as under-18 coach. After a very successful stint at the u.18s lead coach, Craig Fleming was promoted to the u.23s. Hoping Southampton can bounce back to the top division in the Premier League 2, the season started brightly for his team. Due to circumstances in the 1st team with Mark Hughes being sacked, Craig got the opportunity in Southampton's first team at an away game vs Tottenham. Since the new manager has joined Southampton (Ralph Hasenh\u00fcttl) he's been impressed with Craig and has kept him in Southampton's first team. During his time at Norwich, Fleming became patron of two charities, The Matthew Project and Radio Broadland Kidz. During his testimonial season he held events to raise money for both charities, including a hike 'n' bike around Norfolk in which he raised in excess of \u00a323,000. In January 2009, Fleming became an Ambassador for Sport in Norfolk. In this role he visits schools and other youth organisations to help encourage young people to achieve through hard work and dedication. Staniforth, Tommy (1 July 1997). \"Juninho likely to prefer Atletico\". The Independent. Independent Print Limited. Retrieved 12 April 2012. \"Wolves 1\u20132 Cardiff\". BBC Sport. 20 January 2007. Retrieved 5 August 2012. \"Millers swoop for veteran Fleming\". BBC Sport. 31 January 2007. Retrieved 25 March 2007. The Pink'un[permanent dead link] [1] Bullen, Terry (March 2015). \"Fleming to join Southampton\". Lowestoft Town FC. Retrieved 8 August 2015. Easterby, Tom (26 March 2015). \"Ex-Canary Fleming relishing Norwich test\". Southampton FC. Retrieved 8 August 2015. Craig Fleming at Soccerbase Career information at ex-canaries.co.uk"
   },
   {
    "name": "Avril Elgar",
    "id": "Q1242648",
    "text": "Avril Elgar (1 April 1932 \u2013 17 September 2021) was an English stage, radio and television actress. Elgar was born in Halifax, West Riding of Yorkshire. She trained at the London Old Vic Theatre School. At the National Theatre, she appeared in productions of Victoria Benedictsson's The Enchantment, Pam Gems' Stanley, and Julian Mitchell's Half Life. She appeared in drama and comedy roles and in many series on British television including Dixon of Dock Green, Midsomer Murders and Tales of the Unexpected. She played Ethel Pumphrey, the sister of Mildred Roper in George and Mildred. She was married to the American actor-director James Maxwell, from 1952 until his death in 1995. Together they had two sons. Maxwell directed her in a production of The Corn is Green at Manchester's Royal Exchange Theatre. Elgar died aged 89 on 17 September 2021 in Bristol. Room at the Top (1959) Ladies Who Do (1963) Spring and Port Wine (1970) The Medusa Touch (1978) Betrayal (1983) Thirteen at Dinner (1985) Wilde (1997) The Diary of a Nobody directed by Ken Russell (1964) Gideon's Way episode 'The Firebug' (1965) Dixon of Dock Green episodes 'The Root of all Evil' and 'Slim Jim' (1965) Dixon of Dock Green episode 'The Pact' (1966) Softly, Softly episode 'All That Glitters' (1966) The Wednesday Play, Jonathan Miller's Alice in Wonderland - playing the 'peppercook' (1966) Boy meets Girl episode 'There was I, waiting...' (1967) Z-Cars episode 'A Little Bit of Respect' parts 1 and 2 (1967) Theatre 625 episode 'To see how far it is', scripted by Alan Plater (1968) Callan episode 'Land of Light and Peace' (1969) Detective episode 'Hunt for the Peacock', Hugh Leonard dramatization of H R F Keating novel (1969) Leon Garfield's Smith episodes 'God Save the King!' and 'The Black Angel' (1970) ITV Playhouse The Style of the Countess script Simon Gray, director Michael Apted (1970) Ryan International episode The Muck Raker (1970) Play for Today episode I Can't see my Little Willie (1970) Paul Temple episode The Quick and the Dead (1971) Public Eye episode I Always Wanted a Swimming Pool (1971) The Befrienders episode A Case of no Resolution (1972) Budgie, second series (1972) as Mrs Silverstone Carrie's War (1974) Bedtime Stories episode The Water Maiden (1974) The Stars Look Down (1975) Headmaster TV series episode First Day (1977) Romance TV series episode Moths (1977) Rosie (1977\u20131979) George and Mildred (1976\u20131979), as Ethel Pumphrey, Mildred Roper's sister. Shoestring episode Looking for Mr.Wright (1980) Tales of the Unexpected episode Back for Christmas (1980) Tales of the Unexpected episode The Moles (1982) Play for Today episode Under the Skin (1982) Objects of Affection (TV series) episode our Winnie (1982) The Bank Manager's Wife TV play adapted from a novel by Valerie Kershaw (ITV - Central) (1982) The Citadel (1983) Sakharov (1984) Minder series 6 episode Give Us This Day Arthur Daley's Bread (1985) Them and Us (T.V. series) episode Flash-Point (1985) A Taste for Death (miniseries) (1988) Campion episode Police at the Funeral parts 1 and 2 (1989) Poirot episode The King of Clubs (1989) Rides (1993) Catherine Cookson's The Glass Virgin miniseries (1995) Midsomer Murders episode The Killings at Badgers Drift (1997) Goodnight Mister Tom (1998) My Family episode Tis Pity she's a Whore (2001) Heartbeat episode Dirty Len (2002) Waking the Dead episode Walking on Water (2003) Casualty episode Finding Faith (2004) New Tricks episode (2004) Doctors episode Pardon (2004) Doctors episode You'll Be a Man, My Son (2008) Her roles in the theatre include\u00a0:- Young Macduff and second witch, Macbeth at the Royal Court Theatre, London (1958) Norah, Epitaph for George Dillon by John Osborne and Anthony Creighton. Directed by William Gaskill at the Royal Court Theatre, London (1958) Lucille, Danton's Death by George Buchner Directed by Casper Wrede for the 59 Theatre Company at the Lyric Theatre (Hammersmith) (1959) Asta, Little Eyolf by Henrik Ibsen. Directed by Casper Wrede for the 59 Theatre Company at the Lyric Theatre (Hammersmith) (1960) The Blood of the Bambergs by John Osborne. Directed by John Dexter at the Royal Court Theatre, London (1962) Under Plain Covers by John Osborne. Directed by Jonathan Miller at the Royal Court Theatre, London (1962) Alice Maitland, The Voysey Inheritance by Harley Granville-Barker at the Royal Court Theatre, London (1966) Olga, The Three Sisters by Anton Chekov at the Royal Court Theatre, London (1967) Aase, Peer Gynt by Henrik Ibsen. Directed by Michael Elliott for 69 Theatre at the University Theatre, Manchester (1970) Agatha, The Family Reunion by T S Eliot. Directed by Michael Elliott for 69 Theatre at the Royal Exchange (1973) Agatha, The Family Reunion by T S Eliot. Directed by Michael Elliott at the Royal Exchange, Manchester (1979) Miss Moffatt, The Corn is Green by Emlyn Williams. Directed by James Maxwell at the Royal Exchange, Manchester (1981) Hope Against Hope adapted and directed by Casper Wrede at the Royal Exchange, Manchester (1983) The Queen, Cymbeline at the Royal Exchange, Manchester (1984) Miss Havisham, Great Expectations adapted by James Maxwell at the Royal Exchange, Manchester (1985) Mrs Perkins, The Admirable Crichton by J M Barrie at the Royal Exchange, Manchester (1985) Linda, Death of a Salesman by Arthur Miller. Directed by Greg Hersov at the Royal Exchange, Manchester (1985) Aglae, Court in the Act by Maurice Hennequin. British premiere directed by Braham Murray at the Royal Exchange, Manchester (1986) Wendy, Among Barbarians by Michael Wall. World premiere directed by James Maxwell at the Royal Exchange, Manchester (1989) Amanda Wingfield, The Glass Menagerie by Tennessee Williams. Directed by Ian Hastings at the Royal Exchange, Manchester (1989) Mrs Bennett, Pride and Prejudice. World premiere adapted and directed by James Maxwell at the Royal Exchange, Manchester (1991) The Innocents by William Archibald. Directed by Robert Delamere at the Greenwich Theatre, London. (1991) Lady Bracknell, The Importance of Being Earnest by Oscar Wilde. Directed by James Maxwell at the Royal Exchange, Manchester (1994) Hedda Gabler by Henrik Ibsen. Directed by Braham Murray at the Royal Exchange, Manchester (2001) Les Blancs by Lorraine Hansberry. Directed by Greg Hersov and Marianne Elliott at the Royal Exchange, Manchester (2001) Richard III. Directed by Michael Grandage at the Crucible Theatre, Sheffield (2002) Mrs Wilberforce, The Ladykillers adapted by Giles Croft. Directed by Ben Crocker at the Northcott Theatre, Exeter (2005) The Concierge, The Enchantment by Victoria Benedictsson. Directed by Paul Miller at the Royal National Theatre, London (2007) Maria, Uncle Vanya by Anton Chekhov. Directed by Andrew Hilton for Shakespeare at the Tobacco Factory, Bristol Old Vic (2009) Coveney, Michael (29 September 2021). \"Avril Elgar obituary\". The Guardian. Retrieved 29 September 2021. \"Avril Elgar\". BFI. Archived from the original on 25 July 2012. nt-online.org.uk/27021/company-members/avril-elg \"George & Mildred\". comedy.co.uk. Benedick, Adam (27 August 1995). \"Obituary:Avril Elgar\". The Indeperndent. Retrieved 29 September 2021. Murray, Braham (2007). The Worst It Can Be Is a Disaster. London: Methuen Drama. ISBN\u00a0978-0-7136-8490-2. The Royal Exchange Theatre Company Words & Pictures 1976-1998, 1998, ISBN\u00a00-9512017-1-9 Avril Elgar at IMDb Portraits of Avril Elgar at the National Portrait Gallery, London"
   },
   {
    "name": "Eric Portman",
    "id": "Q1351564",
    "text": "Eric Harold Portman (13 July 1901 \u2013 7 December 1969) was an English stage and film actor. He is probably best remembered for his roles in several films for Michael Powell and Emeric Pressburger during the 1940s. Born in Halifax, Yorkshire, he was the second son of Matthew Portman (1868\u20131939), a wool merchant, and his wife, Alice, n\u00e9e Harrison (1870\u20131918). His birth was registered with the middle name of Harold but he would later adopt his mother's maiden name as his middle name. He was educated at Rishworth School in Yorkshire and, in 1922, started work as a salesman in the menswear department at the Marshall & Snelgrove department store in Leeds and acted in the amateur Halifax Light Opera Society. He made his professional stage debut in 1924 with Henry Baynton's company. In 1924, Robert Courtneidge's Shakespearian company arrived in Halifax. Portman joined the company as a 'passenger' and appeared in their production of Richard II at the Victoria Hall, Sunderland which led to Courtneidge giving him a contract. Portman made his West End debut at the Savoy Theatre in London, in September 1924, as Antipholous of Syracuse in The Comedy of Errors. He was engaged by Lilian Baylis for the Old Vic Company. In 1928, Portman played Romeo at the rebuilt Old Vic. He became a successful theatre actor. In 1933, Portman was in Diplomacy at the Prince's Theatre with Gerald du Maurier and Basil Rathbone. In the 1930s, he began appearing in films, starting with an uncredited bit in The Girl from Maxim's (1933) directed by Alexander Korda. In 1935, he appeared in four films, including Maria Marten or Murder in the Red Barn with Tod Slaughter. He also made Hyde Park Corner with Gordon Harker and directed by Sinclair Hill; Old Roses and Abdul the Damned. In 1936 Portman had a stage hit playing Lord Byron in Bitter Harvest. After Hearts of Humanity (1936), he played Giuliano de' Medici in Hill's The Cardinal (1936). Portman made another film with Tod Slaughter, The Crimes of Stephen Hawke (1936), and was in Moonlight Sonata (1937). He went to the US and played in Madame Bovary on Broadway for the Theatre Guild of America. He also had a small role in The Prince and the Pauper (1937), but disliked Hollywood and did not stay long. He was back on Broadway in I Have Been Here Before by J. B. Priestley. Portman's last London stage show was Jeannie. In the semi-autobiographical play Dinner with Ribbentrop by screenwriter Norman Hudis, a former personal assistant to Portman, Hudis relates a claim made often by Portman that in 1937, before the start of the Second World War, he had had dinner in London with Joachim von Ribbentrop (then the German Ambassador to Britain). Portman claimed that Ribbentrop had told him that \"when Germany wins the war, Portman would be installed as the greatest English star in the New Europe\" at a purpose-built film studio in Berlin. In 1941 he had his first important film role playing a Nazi on the run Hirth in Powell and Pressburger's 49th Parallel, which was a big hit in the US and Britain. Portman was established as a star and signed a long term contract with Gainsborough Pictures. Portman was in Powell and Pressburger's follow up, One of Our Aircraft Is Missing (1942), which reworked the story of The 49th Parallel to be about Allied pilots in occupied Holland. He played a Belgian resistance leader in Uncensored (1942) from director Anthony Asquith, and a German pilot in Squadron Leader X (1943) with director Lance Comfort. Portman was a sailor in Asquith's We Dive at Dawn (1943) and a factory supervisor in Millions Like Us (1943) from Launder and Gilliat. He was in another war story in Comfort's Escape to Danger (1943), then was back with Powell and Pressburger for A Canterbury Tale (1944). Portman had the lead in Great Day (1945) with Flora Robson and in the expensive colonial epic Men of Two Worlds (1946). In 1945, exhibitors voted him the 10th most popular star at the British box office. He maintained that ranking the following year. He made some thrillers \u2013 Wanted for Murder (1947), Dear Murderer (1947) and The Mark of Cain (1947). He was a hangman in Daybreak (1948), then made Corridor of Mirrors (1948) and The Blind Goddess (1948). He made two films for the new producing team of Maxwell Setton and Aubrey Baring, The Spider and the Fly (1949) and Cairo Road (1950). Portman was one of many names in The Magic Box (1951) and then made an Ealing comedy, His Excellency (1952), playing a trade unionist who becomes Governor of a British colony. For Baring and Setton, he made South of Algiers (1953) then had a big hit on stage in Terence Rattigan's Separate Tables and on film in The Colditz Story (1955). Portman had a supporting part in The Deep Blue Sea (1955) and Child in the House (1956). He had the lead in The Good Companions (1957). He played the bogus Major in Terence Rattigan's play Separate Tables in 1956\u201357 on Broadway. For this performance, he was nominated for a Tony Award (Best Actor (Dramatic)). In 1958 he appeared on Broadway in a short-lived production of Jane Eyre as Rochester. Portman had better luck the following year in a production of Eugene O'Neill's A Touch of the Poet, which had a long run. In contrast, Flowering Cherry by Robert Bolt, with Portman in the title role, only lasted five performances on Broadway. Later film roles included in The Naked Edge (1961), Freud: The Secret Passion (1962), West 11 (1963), The Man Who Finally Died (1963), The Bedford Incident (1965), and The Spy with a Cold Nose (1966). In 1962 Portman was in a stage adaptation of A Passage to India that ran for 109 performances on Broadway. Near the end of his life he played character roles including Number Two in the TV series The Prisoner, appearing in the episode \"Free For All\" (1967), as well as films including The Whisperers (1967) and Deadfall (1968), both for director Bryan Forbes. His final film was Assignment to Kill (1968). Portman was homosexual, although newspapers never reported this during the mid-1950s when homosexuality was illegal in the UK. Newspapers refrained from identifying his sexuality throughout the 1960s when it could still have damaged his career. His partner was actor Knox Laing. In the early 1920s he was an amateur in Halifax Light Opera. While there he was romantically involved with Eliza Jane Thornton, his leading lady. After appearing in The Silver Box together, they both went to London to work professionally, though eventually Thornton returned to Halifax. Portman died at age 68 at his home in St Veep, Cornwall on 7 December 1969 from heart disease. He was buried in St. Veep parish church. A blue plaque was erected by the Halifax Civic Trust. The Girl from Maxim's (1933) (uncredited) Old Roses (1935) Abdul the Damned (1935) Hyde Park Corner (1935) Maria Marten, or The Murder in the Red Barn (1935) The Cardinal (1936) The Crimes of Stephen Hawke (1936) Hearts of Humanity (1936) Moonlight Sonata (1937) The Prince and the Pauper (1937) The Singing Marine (1937) (uncredited) The Constant Nymph (1938 TV film) (uncredited) A Hundred Years Old (1938 TV film) The Rivals (1938 TV film) The Gamblers (1939 TV film) She Stoops to Conquer (1939 TV film) A Night at the Hardcastles (1939 TV film) The Pelican (1939 TV film) 49th Parallel (1941) One of Our Aircraft Is Missing (1942) Uncensored (1942) Squadron Leader X (1943) We Dive at Dawn (1943) Millions Like Us (1943) Escape to Danger (1943) A Canterbury Tale (1944) Great Day (1945) Wanted for Murder (1946) Men of Two Worlds (1946) Dear Murderer (1947) The Mark of Cain (1947) Corridor of Mirrors (1948) Daybreak (1948) The Blind Goddess (1948) The Spider and the Fly (1949) Cairo Road (1950) The Magic Box (1951) His Excellency (1952) South of Algiers (a.k.a. The Golden Mask, 1953) The Colditz Story (1955) The Deep Blue Sea (1955) Child in the House (1956) The Good Companions (1957) The Naked Edge (1961) Freud (1962) August for the People (1963 TV film) West 11 (1963) The Man Who Finally Died (1963) The Bedford Incident (1965) The Spy with a Cold Nose (1966) The Whisperers (1967) Assignment to Kill (1968) Deadfall (1968) \"Portman, Eric Harrison (1901\u20131969)\". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (online\u00a0ed.). Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/38769. (Subscription or UK public library membership required.) \"Malcolm Bull's Calderdale Companion\u00a0: Foldout\". Freepages.history.rootsweb.ancestry.com. Retrieved 19 July 2016. \"ABOUT ERIC PORTMAN\". Morwell Advertiser (2911). Victoria, Australia. 3 September 1942. p.\u00a07 (morning.). Retrieved 29 August 2017 \u2013 via National Library of Australia. \"Dinner with Ribbentrop\". Rudeguerrilla.org. 6 May 2004. Retrieved 11 June 2012. \"Dinner with Ribbentrop\". Retrieved 25 September 2014. http://www.powell-pressburger.org/Reviews/Portman/WhoIs.html#Note \"Eric Portman's New Yorkshire Role\". Glen Innes Examiner. 18 (2376). New South Wales, Australia. 10 May 1945. p.\u00a04. Retrieved 29 August 2017 \u2013 via National Library of Australia. \"CROSBY and HOPE try their luck in Alaska\". The Mercury. Hobart, Tasmania. 2 March 1946. p.\u00a03 Supplement: The Mercury Magazine. Retrieved 24 April 2012 \u2013 via National Library of Australia. \"FILM WORLD\". The West Australian. Perth. 28 February 1947. p.\u00a020 (2nd edition). Retrieved 27 April 2012 \u2013 via National Library of Australia. Earnshaw, Tony (19 January 2014). \"Eric Portman: Forgotten movie idol\". The Yorkshire Post. Retrieved 17 October 2017. Rattigan, Terence (1999). Separate Tables. Nick Hern Books. p.\u00a0xxx. ISBN\u00a0978-1-85459-424-2. Verbatim from E J Frobisher ( nee Thornton) \"Biography\". Retrieved 3 May 2010. \"List of Blue Plaques\". Halifax Civic Trust. Archived from the original on 30 April 2019. Retrieved 30 April 2019. Owens, Andy. Our Eric: A Portrait of Eric Portman. England, Sigma Press, October 2013. ISBN\u00a01-850-5898-1-X Biography portal Eric Portman at IMDb Eric Portman at the Internet Broadway Database Performances in Theatre Archive University of Bristol Photographs and literature"
   },
   {
    "name": "John Henry Whitley",
    "id": "Q1682992",
    "text": "John Henry Whitley (8 February 1866 \u2013 3 February 1935), often known as J. H. Whitley, was a British politician and Georgist. He was the final Liberal to serve as Speaker of the House of Commons, a role he held from 1921 to 1928. Whitley was born in Halifax, Yorkshire, on 8 February 1866 son of Nathan Whitley (1830\u20131889) from Ovenden. Nathan went on to serve as Mayor of Halifax (1876\u20131877), succeeding his cousin-in-law Edward Crossley, the son of Joseph Crossley (1813-1868), a partner in John Crossley & Sons carpet factory, Halifax. After an early education boarding at Wiseman's House, Clifton College, Whitley entered his uncle Samuel Whitley's cotton spinning business, S. Whitley & Co. at Hanson Lane Mills, Skircoat, Halifax. Nathan was a partner in the business and took over after Samuel's death in 1884. In 1892, Whitley married Margherita (Margaret) Virginia Marchetti. Margherita was born in Putney in 1872, a daughter of an Italian, Giulio (Julian) Marchetti, who had served as an officer under Garibaldi before settling in England to marry Anne Crossley in Halifax in 1871 and take his place in the carpet manufacturing business. They had two daughters and two sons: Margaret Phyllis b.1895; Percival Nathan b.1893; Monica Virginia b.1903; and Oliver John b.1912. Margherita died in 1925 and John Henry remarried in 1928 to Helen Clarke in Chelsea. Whitley became Liberal Member of Parliament (MP) for Halifax in 1900, a seat he held until he resigned in 1928. He served as Junior Lord of the Treasury from 1907 to 1910 in the Liberal Government 1905-1915. He was appointed Deputy Chairman of Ways and Means 1910\u20131911, Privy Counsellor in 1911 and he held the role of Chairman of Ways and Means, Deputy Speaker of the House of Commons, from 1911 to 1921. During World War I, in 1917, Whitley was appointed to chair a committee to report on 'the Relations of Employers and Employees' in the wake of the establishment of the Shop Stewards Movement and the widespread protest action against dilution. The smooth running of industry was vital to the war effort so maintaining good industrial relations was a priority. He proposed a system of regular formal consultative meetings between workers and employers, known to this day as \"Whitley Councils\". These would be empowered to cover any issue related to pay and conditions of service, and to take matters through to arbitration if necessary. This was a strong model which was to influence industrial relations beyond the UK. The intention was to establish Whitley councils in the private sector, in particular in those industries most affected by the strike wave \u2013 to offset the demand for 'workers' control' \u2013 a demand which was rapidly gaining ground after the Russian revolution. However, the councils failed to gain ground in coal, cotton, engineering and other heavy industries, but succeeded only in the sphere of government employment where they remain a major feature of public sector industrial relations to this day. Whitley was appointed Speaker of the House of Commons in 1921, a post he held until 1928, when he resigned on grounds of ill health. He refused the customary peerage offered by the monarch \u2013 breaking a tradition that had originated in 1789. Some notable portraits of Whitley were commissioned during this period, with paintings by both William Rothenstein and Glyn Warren Philpot. Despite resigning as MP and Speaker, his political work continued. He chaired the Royal Commission on Labour in India, which reported in 1931. The report surprised many by concurring with the criticisms of Mahatma Gandhi and others that poverty was the cause of India's social and industrial problems. It was also critical of British employers' role in perpetuating the problems. Whitley was offered a knighthood for his work on this report, but again, he, like a minority of others, declined. His friendship with John Reith led to his appointment as Chairman of the Board of Governors of the BBC in 1930. In 1932, he made the first broadcast on the Empire Service, which developed into the World Service. He held the Chairmanship until his death. Whitley died on 3 February 1935, aged 68, shortly before his 69th birthday. He is buried in Plot 456, Lister Lane Cemetery, Halifax. Whitley, John Henry (1918). The Great Alternative; Saner Politics or Revolution. ISBN\u00a01-154-17365-8. Whitley, John Henry (1918). Chapman, S.J. (ed.). (Introduction): Labor and Capital after the War. p.\u00a0296. ISBN\u00a0978-1-104-21032-8. The personal archive of John Henry Whitley was donated to the Archives and Special Collections of the University of Huddersfield in 2012. A blue plaque was to Whitley erected by the Halifax Civic Trust. \"His Majesty's Ministers and the Doctrines of Henry George\". National Review. W.H. Allen. 1908. p.\u00a0419. Retrieved 7 March 2019. The National Review, Volume 51 https://books.google.com/books?id=smU3AQAAMAAJ&pg=PA419 \"Royal Academy of Arts Collections - Person\". Royal Academy of Arts. Retrieved 1 June 2012.[dead link] \"Index entry\". FreeBMD. ONS. March 1866. Retrieved 26 June 2010. \"Clifton College - Upper - Houses - Wiseman's House\". Clifton College. Retrieved 16 May 2010. \"Mr Speaker, a son of Halifax\". Halifax Courier. 28 June 2009. Retrieved 31 May 2012. \"Index entry\". FreeBMD. ONS. June 1892. Retrieved 26 June 2010. \"Index entry\". FreeBMD. ONS. September 1872. Retrieved 26 June 2010. \"Index entry\". FreeBMD. ONS. June 1871. Retrieved 26 June 2010. \"Index entry\". FreeBMD. ONS. June 1895. Retrieved 26 June 2010. \"Index entry\". FreeBMD. ONS. December 1893. Retrieved 26 June 2010. \"Index entry\". FreeBMD. ONS. December 1903. Retrieved 26 June 2010. \"Index entry\". FreeBMD. ONS. March 1912. Retrieved 26 June 2010. \"Index entry\". FreeBMD. ONS. December 1925. Retrieved 26 June 2010. Bull, Malcolm (ed.). \"Malcolm Bull's Calderdale Companion\". Retrieved 11 May 2006. \"Index entry\". FreeBMD. ONS. September 1928. Retrieved 1 June 2012. Macrae-Gibson, J. H. (1922). \"The Whitley system in the civil service\". The Fabian Society. Retrieved 7 July 2014. \"GREAT BRITAIN New Speaker\". Time. 2 July 1928. Archived from the original on 21 November 2010. Retrieved 11 May 2006. \"National Portrait Gallery - Portrait - NPG 4799; John Henry Whitley\". National Portrait Gallery. 1924. Retrieved 11 May 2006. \"Artwork - John Henry Whitley [ 1866-1935 Speaker ] - UK Parliament\". Art in Parliament. 1929. Retrieved 15 May 2010. \"St. Gandhi Yessed\". Time. 13 July 1931. Archived from the original on 15 December 2008. Retrieved 11 May 2006. \"The BBC Story: BBC Chairmen Listing\" (PDF). BBC. Retrieved 11 May 2006. \"Lister Lane Cemetery - People\". Friends of Lister Lane Cemetery. Retrieved 11 May 2006. \"Historic political archive finds home in Huddersfield\". Huddersfield Daily Examiner. 29 December 2012. Devenney, Amy (2012). \"New Deposits of the University of Huddersfield Archives and Special Collections\". Huddersfield Local History Society Journal: 40\u201342. \"List of Blue Plaques\". Halifax Civic Trust. Archived from the original on 30 April 2019. Retrieved 30 April 2019. Hansard 1803\u20132005: contributions in Parliament by John Whitley Portraits of John Henry Whitley at the National Portrait Gallery, London"
   },
   {
    "name": "Vivian Nutton",
    "id": "Q1742610",
    "text": "Vivian Nutton FBA (born 21 December 1943) is a British historian of medicine, Emeritus Professor at the UCL Centre for the History of Medicine, University College London, and current President of the Centre for the Study of Medicine and the Body in the Renaissance (CSMBR). Nutton acquired a BA in Classics at Cambridge in 1965 and subsequently taught there as a Fellow of Selwyn College (1967\u201377). He received his PhD in 1970. Since 1977 he has worked at the Wellcome Trust Centre for the History of Medicine as a Lecturer, and since 1993 as Professor. He is a member of several international learned societies and a Fellow of the British Academy. Since 2015 he has worked at I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University (1st MSMU). Nutton's main field of research is the Greek physician Galen. Beyond that, his work comprises the whole of the ancient history of medicine and its reception history, in particular during the Renaissance and in the Muslim world. John Caius and the Manuscripts of Galen, Cambridge: Cambridge Philological Society, 1987 From Democedes to Harvey: Studies in the History of Medicine, UK: Ashgate Publishing, 1988 Medicine at The Courts of Europe 1500-1837, London: Routledge, 1990 The Western Medical Tradition: 800 BC to Ad 1800, with Lawrence I. Conrad and Michael Neve, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1995 The History of Medical Education in Britain, Amsterdam: Rodopi, 1995 Galen, On My Own Opinions, (trans.) Akademie Verlag, 1999 Renaissance Studies: Medicine in the Renaissance City, (Ed.), Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2001 The Unknown Galen, London: Institute of Classical Studies, 2002 Ancient Medicine, London: Routledge, 2005 Pestilential Complexities: Understanding Medieval Plague, London: Wellcome Trust Centre for the History of Medicine at UCL, 2008 Galen: On Problematical Movements, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2011 Method of Medicine, Volume I: Books 1-4 (Loeb Classical Library), Cambridge, Mass: Harvard Univ. Press, 2011 NUTTON, Prof. Vivian, Who's Who 2014, A & C Black, 2014; online edn, Oxford University Press, 2014 Selwyn College Calendar, 1986/87 Vivian Nutton at the Wellcome Trust Centre for the History of Medicine of University College London (including short cv and list of publications) Review of Nutton's \"Ancient Medicine\" by Seamus Sweeney at www.nthposition.com v t e"
   },
   {
    "name": "Nathan Clarke",
    "id": "Q1966487",
    "text": "Nathan Clarke (born 30 November 1983) is an English former footballer professional footballer who played as a centre-back. In a career that last from 2001 until 2021 Clarke represented Huddersfield Town, Colchester United, Oldham Athletic, Bury, Leyton Orient, Bradford City, Coventry City, Grimsby Town and FC Halifax Town. Clarke is a product of the Huddersfield Town Academy. He began his first team career at the age of just 17 when his debut came in a 1\u20131 draw away to Stoke City on 8 September 2001. He scored his first goal for his home club on his home debut in the game in which ended in a 4\u20132 loss against Blackpool. He made a total of 37 starts in all competitions during the 2001\u201302 season his first as a professional with the first team with 36 of them coming in the league scoring once. Clarke was runner-up in the Huddersfield Town 'Player of the Year' 2005\u201306 and was made vice-captain of the team aged just 21, going on to win the title the following year along with winning the 'players player award'. Clarke played under eight different managers at the Galpharm and was in the starting 11 for each one. Clarke has been selected in FourFourTwo's Top 50 Football League Players at 43 in March 2006, down from 40 in the list in March 2005. On 27 January 2011, after failing to break into Lee Clark's team, Clarke joined League One club Colchester United on loan until the end of the season. He made 18 appearances for the U's. On 19 August 2011, he joined Oldham Athletic on a five-month loan deal. He made his debut the following day, where he also scored the first goal. Clarke returned to his parent club Huddersfield Town after making 16 appearances for Oldham. He then on 9 March, joined Bury on loan for the remainder of the season. He played a huge part in the club's league survival in the league, with them finishing mid table.[citation needed] He left Huddersfield Town in June 2012 after playing over 300 games for his home town club (and almost 20 years at the club he has supported since he was a boy), 11 of those as pro. Clarke signed for Leyton Orient on 18 July 2012 on a two-year contract. Boss Russell Slade made him the club captain of the London side within a week of being signed. On 14 February 2014, he signed a contract extension at Leyton Orient. He scored his first goal for the club on 11 March 2014 in the 2\u20130 win at Port Vale, a header at the near post from a corner. Two games later, Clarke scored an equalising goal in the 1\u20131 draw at Walsall, a deflected half-volley long-range shot in the 77th minute. Clarke was part of the team that played in the 2014 Football League One play-off Final against Rotherham United, the game finishing 2\u20132 Orient lost 3\u20134 in a penalty shoot out. On 24 July 2015, Clarke left the club in order to be closer to his family. Clarke joined Bradford City on 28 July 2015 on a one-year contract. Clarke joined Coventry City on 1 January 2017 as one of three new signings made by new Sky Blues manager Russell Slade, who had previously been his boss at Leyton Orient. He made his debut for the club the following day in the 2\u20132 draw at home to Bolton Wanderers. Clarke was cup-tied in the 2016\u201317 EFL Trophy due to playing for Bradford earlier in the season, his team went on to winning the 2017 EFL Trophy Final. After making 18 appearances for Coventry in the 2016\u201317 season he was released by the club on 2 May 2017. On 23 June 2017, Clarke signed a one-year contract with League Two side Grimsby Town on a free transfer. He scored his first goal for Grimsby on his debut in a 3\u20131 win over Chesterfield on 5 August 2017. He was released by Grimsby at the end of the 2017\u201318 season. On 3 August 2018, Clarke signed for his home town side FC Halifax Town following a trial spell during pre-season. He was made caretaker manager alongside Steve Nichol following the resignation of Jamie Fullarton on 15 July 2019. Clarke announced his retirement from professional football at the end of the 2020\u201321 season. Clarke has a younger brother, defender/midfielder Tom Clarke who plays for League Two club Salford City. As of match played 12 September 2017 Appearances in the Football League Trophy Two appearances in the Football League Trophy and one in the League One play-offs Two appearances in the Football League Trophy and three in the League One play-offs One appearance in the Football League Trophy and two in the League One play-offs Huddersfield Town Third Division play-offs: 2003\u201304 Coventry City EFL Trophy: 2016\u201317 \"EFL: Club retained and released lists published\". English Football League. 23 June 2016. Retrieved 12 April 2020. \"Nathan Clarke\". worldfootball.net. HEIM:SPIEL. Retrieved 12 April 2020. Rodgerson, Phill (8 September 2001). \"Stoke 1\u20131 Huddersfield\". Terrier Bytes. Retrieved 7 June 2017. \"Huddersfield 2\u20134 Blackpool\". BBC Sport. 15 September 2001. Retrieved 20 August 2011. \"Games played by Nathan Clarke in 2001/2002\". Soccerbase. Centurycomm. Retrieved 7 June 2017. Examiner, Huddersfield (26 October 2005). \"Job for skipper Nathan!\". The Huddersfield Daily Examiner. Retrieved 7 June 2017. Jackson, Nathan (7 March 2006). \"The Imps are ignored yet again\". The Football Network. Retrieved 22 July 2006. Sugar, Mark (5 March 2005). \"Sidwell The Best\". The Football Network. Retrieved 22 July 2006. Thomson, Doug (27 January 2011). \"Huddersfield Town defender Nathan Clarke joins Colchester on loan\". The Huddersfield Daily Examiner. Retrieved 7 June 2017. \"Latics Sign Terrier Clarke\". Oldham Athletic F.C. 19 August 2011. Archived from the original on 18 September 2012. Retrieved 19 August 2011. \"Oldham 2\u20130 Rochdale\". BBC Sport. 20 August 2011. Retrieved 20 August 2011. \"Huddersfield Town's Nathan Clarke makes Bury loan move\". BBC Sport. 9 March 2012. Retrieved 8 June 2017. Bass, Matt (18 July 2012). \"Leyton Orient bring in former Huddersfield Town defender Nathan Clarke as seventh signing of the summer\". The Richmond & Twickenham Times. Retrieved 8 June 2017. Thomsen, Doug (13 September 2012). \"Former Terrier Nathan Clarke explains why Huddersfield Town are influencing Leyton Orient\". The Huddersfield Daily Examiner. Retrieved 7 June 2017. \"CLARKE: 'I'm Delighted To Sign'\". Leyton Orient F.C. 14 February 2014. \"Port Vale 0\u20132 Leyton Orient\". BBC Sport. 11 March 2014. Retrieved 8 June 2017. \"Walsall 1\u20131 Leyton Orient\". BBC Sport. 22 March 2014. Retrieved 8 June 2017. \"Leyton Orient 2\u20132 (3\u20134 pens) Rotherham\". BBC Sport. 25 May 2014. Retrieved 8 June 2017. \"Nathan Clarke: Leyton Orient captain leaves club\". BBC Sport. 24 July 2015. Retrieved 24 July 2015. \"Statement from Nathan Clarke\". Leyton Orient F.C. 24 July 2015. \"Nathan Clarke: Bradford City sign ex-Leyton Orient defender\". BBC Sport. 28 July 2015. Retrieved 28 July 2015. Turner, Andy (1 January 2017). \"Nathan Clarke transfer to Coventry City confirmed by Bradford boss Stuart McCall\". Coventry Telegraph. Retrieved 1 January 2017. \"Coventry 2\u20132 Bolton\". BBC Sport. 2 January 2017. Retrieved 7 June 2017. Scott, Ged (2 April 2017). \"Coventry 2\u20131 Oxford\". BBC Sport. Retrieved 7 June 2017. \"Games played by Nathan Clarke in 2016/2017\". Soccerbase. Centurycomm. Retrieved 7 June 2017. \"Coventry City release nine players including Nathan Clarke, Ruben Lameiras and Marcus Tudgay\". Coventry City F.C. 2 May 2017. Retrieved 7 June 2017. Wood, Liam (23 June 2017). \"Grimsby Town sign former Huddersfield Town defender Nathan Clarke on a free transfer\". Grimsby Telegraph. Retrieved 23 June 2017. \"Chesterfield 1-3 Grimsby\". BBC. 5 August 2017. Retrieved 5 August 2017. \"James McKeown: Grimsby Town offer new deal to goalkeeper and release 11\". BBC Sport. 9 May 2018. Retrieved 9 May 2018. \"Former Town captain signs up for FC Halifax Town\". 3 August 2018. https://nonleaguedaily.com/recent-fc-halifax-town-captain-clarke-retires/#:~:text=Nathan%20Clarke%20has%20announced%20his,with%20the%20player%20agency%20OmniSports. |Ammies off the Clarke with first signing| https://salfordcityfc.co.uk/tom-clarke-signs-july20/ \"Games played by Nathan Clarke in 2001/2002\". Soccerbase. Centurycomm. Retrieved 14 September 2017. \"Games played by Nathan Clarke in 2002/2003\". Soccerbase. Centurycomm. Retrieved 14 September 2017. \"Games played by Nathan Clarke in 2003/2004\". Soccerbase. Centurycomm. Retrieved 14 September 2017. \"Games played by Nathan Clarke in 2004/2005\". Soccerbase. Centurycomm. Retrieved 14 September 2017. \"Games played by Nathan Clarke in 2005/2006\". Soccerbase. Centurycomm. Retrieved 14 September 2017. \"Games played by Nathan Clarke in 2006/2007\". Soccerbase. Centurycomm. Retrieved 14 September 2017. \"Games played by Nathan Clarke in 2007/2008\". Soccerbase. Centurycomm. Retrieved 14 September 2017. \"Games played by Nathan Clarke in 2008/2009\". Soccerbase. Centurycomm. Retrieved 14 September 2017. \"Games played by Nathan Clarke in 2009/2010\". Soccerbase. Centurycomm. Retrieved 14 September 2017. \"Games played by Nathan Clarke in 2010/2011\". Soccerbase. Centurycomm. Retrieved 14 September 2017. \"Games played by Nathan Clarke in 2011/2012\". Soccerbase. Centurycomm. Retrieved 14 September 2017. \"Games played by Nathan Clarke in 2012/2013\". Soccerbase. Centurycomm. Retrieved 14 September 2017. \"Games played by Nathan Clarke in 2013/2014\". Soccerbase. Centurycomm. Retrieved 14 September 2017. \"Games played by Nathan Clarke in 2014/2015\". Soccerbase. Centurycomm. Retrieved 14 September 2017. \"Games played by Nathan Clarke in 2015/2016\". Soccerbase. Centurycomm. Retrieved 14 September 2017. \"Games played by Nathan Clarke in 2016/2017\". Soccerbase. Centurycomm. Retrieved 14 September 2017. \"Games played by Nathan Clarke in 2017/2018\". Soccerbase. Centurycomm. Retrieved 8 June 2018. \"Huddersfield 0\u20130 Mansfield\". BBC Sport. 31 May 2014. Retrieved 7 June 2017. Nathan Clarke at Soccerbase"
   },
   {
    "name": "Richard Dunn",
    "id": "Q2149369",
    "text": "Richard Dunn (born 19 January 1945, in Halifax) is an English former heavyweight boxer who was the British (1975\u201376), European (1976) and Commonwealth (1975\u201376) Champion. He unsuccessfully challenged Muhammad Ali for the World Heavyweight title in 1976. Dunn played rugby in his teens and early 20s. Starting boxing as an amateur in the early 1960s, he turned professional in his mid-20s whilst continuing to work as a scaffolder, living in Bradford, West Yorkshire. He was unable to afford the expense of sparring partners to train with for most of his career, and his coach was his father-in-law. He was a soldier in the British Army, serving as a non-commissioned officer with 4th Battalion, Parachute Regiment in the 1960s-70s, being awarded the Corps' Fishmongers' Trophy in 1974. A southpaw, Dunn's professional career began with a win over Cardiff fighter Del Phillips in a heavyweight eliminator competition in Mayfair, London in July 1969. His second fight was on the same day in the semi-final. It was a first-round defeat against Danny McAlinden, who dispatched all three of his opponents in under three rounds to win the competition. However, in May 1973, Dunn defeated Billy Aird on points in an eliminator for the British Heavyweight Championship at Grosvenor House in London. He lost the final eliminator against Bunny Johnson, in October, after a tenth-round knockout at the King's Hall in Manchester. However, when he faced the same opponent at the Empire Pool at Wembley for both the British and Commonwealth titles in September 1975, he prevailed on points, after 15 rounds. He made his first defence against McAlinden two months later. However, this time it was Dunn that won with a knockout after McAlinden went down three times in the second round. On 6 April 1976 Dunn won the European Heavyweight Title by a third-round TKO of the German boxer Bernd August at the Royal Albert Hall in London. On 24 May 1976 Dunn was given the chance of fighting for the WBC and WBA titles against the American champion Muhammad Ali at the Olympic Hall in Munich, Germany. Dunn, despite fighting in a spirited fashion, found himself seriously outmatched by Ali in power and technique, being knocked down several times by the American champion, who clearly realized the un-equalness of the competition in his favour and began to land carefully timed and weighted punches to stun Dunn but minimize the chance of physical injury to him as the fight went on. At the 2:05 minute mark in the fifth round Dunn went to the floor for the final time and the referee stopped the match in a technical knock-out, with Ali playing to the crowd comically windmilling a punch that was coming that would be overwhelming, and to encourage the referee to end the match as having run its course. (This was to be the last knockout Ali achieved in his professional career). Dunn lost his next fight in London five months later with Joe Bugner, surrendering all his titles in a first-round knock-out. His final fight was a fifth-round knock-out defeat to the South African boxer Kallie Knoetze at the Ellis Park Tennis Stadium in Johannesburg on 10 September 1977, after which Dunn retired from the sport. Dunn was the subject of This Is Your Life in 1976 when he was surprised by Eamonn Andrews just ahead of his fight with Muhammad Ali.[citation needed] The 'Richard Dunn Sports Centre' was opened by Bradford Council in Dunn's home town in 1978, named in honour of his sporting achievements. The facility was closed in November 2019, and is due to be demolished in 2020, with the Council announcing the intention to name a new road on the site after Dunn in the future. After his sports career, having lost money in a failed hotel venture, Dunn lived in Scarborough, North Yorkshire with his wife Janet and three children, returning to work as a scaffolder. He was seriously injured in 1989 on an oil rig in the North Sea after a 40\u00a0ft fall which broke both of his legs. In retirement he lives in Scarborough, where he has been associated with charity work for Parkinson's UK and is the honorary president of the town's amateur boxing club. \"Richard Dunn\". Boxing Stats. Retrieved 10 November 2011. Profile of Richard Dunn's boxing career, 'BoxRec' website (2020). https://boxrec.com/en/proboxer/9391 'Richard Dunn: Yorkshire lad on a perilous mission', New York Times, 23 May 1976. Military biography of Richard Dunn, 'Para Data' website (2020). https://www.paradata.org.uk/people/richard-dunn Muhammad Ali vs Richard Dunn, 24 May 1976, published on Youtube 7 April 2013. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=oGkLv5AKZ9E&t=272s 'Bradford Street to be named after Richard Dunn,' BBC News, 17 January 2020. https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-leeds-51146371 Bradford Metropolitan District Council | Sports and Leisure facilities | Richard Dunn Sports Centre 'Where are they now?: Richard Dunn', 'The Independent, 13 April 1993. https://www.independent.co.uk/sport/where-are-they-now-richard-dunn-1454973.html 'Muhammad Ali beating me was the highlight of my life, says Richard Dunn', Daily Telegraph', 5 June 2016. https://www.telegraph.co.uk/boxing/2016/06/05/muhammad-ali-beating-me-was-the-highlight-of-my-life-says-richar/ Richard Dunn - Boxer Boxing record for Richard Dunn from BoxRec"
   },
   {
    "name": "William Fawcett",
    "id": "Q2578799",
    "text": "General Sir William Fawcett KB (1727\u20131804) was an Adjutant-General to the Forces. Educated at Bury Grammar School in Lancashire, William Fawcett was commissioned into the 33rd Foot in 1748. In 1758 he was despatched to the War in Germany where he became an Aide-de-Camp to the Marquess of Granby. Then in 1775 he was sent to Hannover, Hesse-Cassel, Hesse-Hanau and Hanover to recruit troops for the War in America. The majority of the German troops who fought on the British side in the conflict were known as the \"Hessians\" in reference to the place of origin. He was appointed Adjutant-General to the Forces in 1781: in this role he was involved in introducing Regulations for the Heavy Infantry and then for the Cavalry. In retirement he served as Governor of the Royal Hospital Chelsea from 1796 until 1804. He lived at 31 Great George Street in London. In 1749 he married Susannah Brook and together they had eight children. Following her death on 7 April 1783 he married Charlotte Stinton (d. 1805): they had no children. List of military leaders in the American Revolutionary War Fallows, I.B. \"Bury Grammar School A History c.1570 to 1976\", The Estate Governors of Bury Grammar School, Bury, 2001 Sir William Fawcett at Oxford Dictionary of National Biography Atwood, Rodney (1980). The Hessians: Mercenaries from Hessen-Kassel in the American Revolution. Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press. The Halifax lad who was Byron's hero! Halifax Courier, 25 March 2009 Survey of London, Volume 10 British History on Line"
   },
   {
    "name": "Frank Worthington",
    "id": "Q2635516",
    "text": "Frank Stewart Worthington (23 November 1948 \u2013 22 March 2021) was an English footballer who played as a forward. Worthington was born into a footballing family in Shelf, near Halifax, West Riding of Yorkshire. Both of his parents had played the game and his two older brothers, Dave and Bob, became professional footballers, both began their careers with Halifax Town. His nephew Gary was also a professional footballer. Worthington began his career as a forward for Huddersfield Town in 1966 before playing for Leicester City, Bolton Wanderers, Birmingham City, Leeds United, Sunderland, Southampton, Brighton and Hove Albion, Tranmere Rovers, Preston North End, Stockport County and Galway United. Worthington played into his 40s making 757 English League appearances and scoring 234 goals. He also played in the United States (with NASL teams Philadelphia Fury and Tampa Bay Rowdies), South Africa and Sweden as well as in English non-League football. He was described by former Huddersfield and Bolton manager, Ian Greaves as \"the working man\u2019s George Best\". Worthington's spell at Tranmere Rovers was as player-manager and although he had some success he did not return to management. He showed flair and skill in his play; he did not wear shin guards and his socks often fell to his ankles. Worthington also had the reputation for enjoying the high life. After his retirement from the game he turned to the after-dinner speaking circuit and also published his autobiography One Hump Or Two. The front cover featured a smiling Worthington, contemplating putting lumps of sugar in his cup of tea; the book title is a deliberate sexual pun. In 1984, Worthington made three guest appearances for Manchester United against the Australian national team, Nottingham Forest and Juventus on their post-season tour of Australia. He then made a further guest appearance for the club in May 1985 against an Oxford United XI for Peter Foley's testimonial. Late in 1988, Worthington had a brief spell with Chorley in the Football Conference, making his debut in a 0\u20130 draw with Weymouth at Victory Park on 5 November 1988. He signed for Galway United in February 1989. While a Leicester City player, Worthington won eight caps for England in 1974. He made his debut on 15 May against Northern Ireland in the 1973\u201374 British Home Championship, coming on as a substitute in a 1\u20130 victory at Wembley. He scored two goals, against Argentina and Bulgaria in friendlies. Joe Mercer was England's manager for six of Worthington's international appearances. He described him as one of the best centre-forwards of all time. Worthington further represented England in the 1991 edition of the World Cup of Masters, scoring in the opening round against Uruguay. Worthington lived a playboy lifestyle. In 1972 he undertook a medical at Liverpool ahead of a proposed transfer to the club. On hearing that Worthington had high blood pressure, manager Bill Shankly sent him to Majorca for a week for health reasons. After encounters with five separate women, including a former Miss Great Britain, during the break, he returned showing higher blood pressure and the transfer fell through. He was known for his charisma, flamboyance and his hair, clothes and fast cars. He once had four court appearances for driving in one year including one for doing a u-turn on the motorway in his red Ford Mustang. He was a big fan of Elvis Presley and while playing for Sunderland would often turn up at their training ground dressed as Presley. Worthington was married twice: firstly in 1973 to Brigitta K. Egermalm, and secondly in 1986 to Carol, the daughter of Noel Dwyer, the Irish international goalkeeper. In May 2016, his daughter said that Worthington had Alzheimer's disease for several years. Worthington denied her claims shortly afterwards. He died on 22 March 2021 following a lengthy illness at the age of 72 in Huddersfield. Huddersfield Town Football League Second Division \u2013 Champions: 1969\u201370 Southampton Football League First Division \u2013 Runners-up: 1983\u201384 Bolton Wanderers Football League Second Division \u2013 Champions: 1977-78 Football League First Division \u2013 leading goalscorer: 1978\u201379 \"Frank Worthington\". Barry Hugman's Footballers. Retrieved 29 November 2019. Rollin, Jack, ed. (1980). Rothmans Football Yearbook 1980\u201381. London: Queen Anne Press. p.\u00a062. ISBN\u00a00362-02017-5. \"Guiseley A.F.C., 1989\u201390, Appearances / Goals\". Guiseley AFC Memorabilia. Retrieved 23 March 2021. \"Frank Worthington, supremely talented footballer and one of the game's great entertainers \u2013 obituary\". Daily Telegraph. 23 March 2021. Retrieved 24 March 2021. His father Eric had ... played for Halifax Town as an inside forward. Frank\u2019s mother Alice, meanwhile, had been centre forward for the WAAF\u2019s wartime team. \"Frank Worthington dies at 72: A born showman who made headlines on and off the pitch\". Irish Examiner. Retrieved 23 March 2021. \"Worthington, Gary\". wherearetheynow.co.uk. Retrieved 23 March 2021. Threlfall-Sykes, David (23 March 2021). \"R.I.P. Frank Worthington 1948\u20132021\". Huddersfield Town FC. Retrieved 24 March 2021. Hutchinson, John (23 March 2021). \"Frank Worthington: 1948\u20132021\". Leicester FC. Retrieved 24 March 2021. \"Rest in Peace: Frank Worthington (1948-2021)\". Bolton Wanders FC. 23 March 2021. Retrieved 24 March 2021. Holley, Duncan (23 March 2021). \"Frank Worthington: An appreciation\". Southampton FC. Retrieved 24 March 2021. \"Obituary: Frank Worthington\". Brighton & Hove Albion FC. 23 March 2021. Retrieved 24 March 2021. Sharrock, Gordon (21 April 2013). \"UNCOVERED: Our first picture ever of THAT Frank Worthington goal \u2013 34 years on\". The Bolton News. Retrieved 29 November 2019. Hackett, Robin (7 February 2012). \"Frank Worthington: All shook up\". ESPN.co.uk. Retrieved 29 November 2019. Chisnall, David (23 March 2021). \"Frank Worthington: football maverick described as 'the working man's George Best' dies aged 72\". Retrieved 24 March 2021. \"Frank Worthington dead at 72: Tributes paid to great maverick of English football\". Liverpool Echo. Retrieved 23 March 2021. Garside, Kevin (22 October 2012). \"Kevin Garside: Oh for some flair like Frank's to fire up dull England\". The Independent. Archived from the original on 16 May 2020. Retrieved 28 September 2020. Booth, Mel (21 November 2019). \"Breathtaking Frank Worthington moment as Huddersfield Town mark his 71st birthday against Birmingham City\". YorkshireLive. Retrieved 28 September 2020. Skelly, Ed (21 April 2019). \"Frank Worthington \u2013 The man, the myth, 'that' goal\". lionofviennasuite.sbnation.com. Retrieved 28 September 2020. Dixon, Barry (10 November 2015). \"They Could Have Been One of Football's Greatest: Frank Worthington\". LWDS. Retrieved 28 September 2020. \"Football's drink problem\". BBC News. 12 October 1998. Retrieved 29 November 2019. \"Frank Worthington, Leicester City\". elitesportshistory.com. Retrieved 23 March 2021. \"Frank Worthington dead: Former England star passes away age 72 following illness\". The Irish Mirror. Retrieved 23 March 2021. Chorley v. Macclesfield Town programme, 19 November 1988 \"Monday, February 13, 1989 \u2013 Page 004\". The Irish Times. 13 February 1989. p.\u00a04. Retrieved 5 August 2009. \"Frank Worthington\". Englandstats. Retrieved 29 November 2019. Burnton, Simon (24 March 2021). \"Entertainment was all for Frank Worthington \u2013 on the pitch and off it\". The Guardian. Retrieved 24 March 2021. Bobrowsky, Josef; Leme de Arruda, Marcelo (11 February 2006). \"I World Cup of Masters (also known as III Copa Pel\u00e9)\". RSSSF. Retrieved 24 March 2021. Atkinson, Neil (6 May 2016). \"Did Huddersfield Town legend Frank Worthington's Playboy lifestyle ruin a move to Liverpool?\". Yorkshire Live. Retrieved 24 March 2021. Stenning, Adam (23 March 2021). \"Frank Worthington's most memorable moments\". The Argus. Brighton. Retrieved 24 March 2021. \"England players: Frank Worthington\". englandfootballonline.com. 23 March 2021. Retrieved 24 March 2021. \"Frank Worthington: Ex-England striker has Alzheimer's disease, says daughter\". BBC Sport. 6 May 2016. Retrieved 29 November 2019. \"Frank Worthington: Ex-England striker denies Alzheimer's diagnosis\". BBC Sport. 6 May 2016. Retrieved 29 November 2019. \"Frank Worthington: Former England striker dies aged 72 following long illness\". BBC Sport. 23 March 2021. Retrieved 23 March 2021. \"Entertainment was all for Frank Worthington \u2013 on the pitch and off it\". Guardian. 23 March 2021. Retrieved 24 March 2021. \"Where Are They Now? Huddersfield Town's Second Division champions 1969\u201370\". The Football League Paper. Retrieved 23 March 2021. \"Southampton FC Squad 1983/1984\". worldfootball.net. Retrieved 23 March 2021. \"Where Are They Now? Bolton Wanderers 1977-78 Second Division Champions\". The Football League Paper. Retrieved 23 March 2021. Hayes, Andy (23 March 2021). \"Frank Worthington dies aged 72: Tributes paid to former Huddersfield, Leicester and England striker\". Sky News. Retrieved 24 March 2021. Worthington, Frank (1994). One Hump or Two?. Polar Print Group. ISBN\u00a01-899538-00-3. Frank Worthington management career statistics at Soccerbase Frank Worthington Bob's 70\u201371 Footballers Article on Leeds Legends website"
   },
   {
    "name": "Anne Lister",
    "id": "Q2745195",
    "text": "Anne Lister (3 April 1791 \u2013 22 September 1840) was an English diarist, famous for revelations for which she was dubbed \"the first modern lesbian\". Lister was from a minor landowning family at Shibden in Calderdale, West Riding of Yorkshire, and conducted multiple lesbian affairs from her schooldays onwards, often on long trips abroad. Muscular and masculine in appearance, dressed only in black, and highly educated, she was later known, generally unkindly, as 'Gentleman Jack'. Her final significant relationship was with Ann Walker, to whom she was notionally married in Holy Trinity Church, Goodramgate, York, now celebrated as the birthplace of lesbian marriage in Britain. Lister's diaries reveal much about contemporary life in West Yorkshire, including her development of historic Shibden Hall, and her interests in landscaping, mining, railways and canals. Many entries were written in code that was not decrypted until long after her death. These graphic portrayals of lesbianism were so frank that they were thought to be a hoax until their authenticity was confirmed. Anne Lister was the second child and eldest daughter of Jeremy Lister (1753\u20131836) who, as a young man in 1775, served with the British 10th Regiment of Foot in the Battles of Lexington and Concord in the American War of Independence. In August 1788, he married Rebecca Battle (1770\u20131817) of Welton in East Riding, Yorkshire. Their first child, John, was born in 1789 but died the same year. Anne Lister was born in Halifax on 3 April 1791. In 1793, the family moved to an estate named Skelfler House at Market Weighton. Skelfler was where young Anne spent her earliest years. A second son, Samuel, who was close to Anne, was born in 1793. The Listers had four sons and two daughters, but only Anne and her younger sister, Marian, survived past 20 years old. At the age of seven, she was sent to a school run by a Mrs. Hagues and a Mrs. Chettle in Agnesgate, Ripon. Between 1801 and 1804, Lister was educated at home by the Reverend George Skelding, the vicar of Market Weighton. On her visits to her aunt Anne and uncle James at Shibden Hall, the Misses Mellin gave her lessons. In 1804, Anne Lister was sent to the Manor House School in York (in the King's Manor buildings), where Anne met her first love, Eliza Raine (1791\u20131860). Eliza was the illegitimate, half-Indian daughter of an East India Company surgeon in Madras, brought to Yorkshire after his death and set to inherit a substantial amount of money. Anne and Eliza shared a bedroom at the boarding school, but Anne was asked to leave after two years. She rejoined the school after Eliza had left. Eliza expected to live with Anne as an adult, but Anne began affairs with Isabella Norcliffe and Mariana Belcombe, day-pupils at the school. In despair and frustration, Eliza became a patient at Clifton House Asylum, run by Mariana's father, Dr Belcombe in 1814. Eliza Raine was later transferred to Terrace House in Osbaldwick and died there on 31 January 1860 and is buried in the Osbaldwick churchyard across the road. While being educated at home, Lister developed an interest in classical literature. In a surviving letter to her aunt from 3 February 1803, a young Lister explains \"My library is my greatest pleasure... The Grecian History had pleased me much.\" She inherited Shibden Hall on her aunt's death in 1836, but had taken charge of it from 1826, and from it drew a reasonable income (some of it from tenants). Her wealth allowed her some measure of freedom to live as she pleased. In addition to income from the agricultural tenancy, Lister's financial portfolio included properties in town, shares in the canal and railway industries, mining, and stone quarries. Lister used the income from this varied portfolio to finance her two passions, Shibden Hall and European travel. Lister is described as having a \"masculine appearance\"; one of her lovers, Mariana Lawton (n\u00e9e Belcombe), was initially ashamed to be seen in public with her because her appearance was commented on. She dressed entirely in black and took part in many activities that were not perceived as the norm for women of the time, such as opening and owning a colliery. She was referred to as \"Gentleman Jack\" in some quarters. Lawton and Lister were lovers for several years, including a period during which Lawton was married and to which her husband became resigned. Although Lister had met her on various occasions in the 1820s, Ann Walker, who by 1832 had become a wealthy heiress, took on a much more substantial role in Lister's life. Eventually the women took communion together on Easter Sunday (30 March) 1834 in Holy Trinity Church, Goodramgate, York, and thereafter considered themselves married, but without legal recognition. The church has been described as \"an icon for what is interpreted as the site of the first lesbian marriage to be held in Britain\", and the building now hosts a commemorative blue plaque. The couple lived together at Shibden Hall until Lister's death in 1840. Walker's fortune was used to improve Shibden Hall and the property's waterfall and lake. Lister renovated Shibden Hall quite significantly to her own design. In 1838, she added a Gothic tower to the main house, to serve as her private library. She also had a tunnel dug under the building which allowed the staff to move about without disturbing her. Throughout her life, Lister had a strong Anglican faith, and also remained a Tory, \"interested in defending the privileges of the land-owning aristocracy\". Lister greatly enjoyed travel, although her biographer Angela Steidele suggests her trips in later life were also a way to \"evade the self realisation that she had failed at everything she set her hand to\". She made her first trip to continental Europe in 1819, when she was 28 years old. She travelled with her 54-year-old aunt, also called Anne Lister, on a two-month trip to France. In 1824, she returned to Paris and stayed until the following year. In 1826, she was back in Paris with her Aunt Anne, where she resumed an affair from her earlier visit to the city with a widow named Maria Barlow. In 1827, she set out from Paris with both Maria Barlow and her Aunt Anne on a tour of northern Italy and Switzerland, returning to Shibden Hall the following year. She left for the continent again in 1829. With Paris as her base, she visited Belgium and Germany before heading south to the Pyrenees. Here she did hiking as well as crossed the border into Spain. Whilst there she demonstrated both her strong adventurous streak and considerable physical fitness by ascending Monte Perdido (11,007 feet; 3,355 m), the third highest peak in the Pyrenees. Returning to Shibden Hall in 1831, she found life with her father Jeremy and sister Marian so uncomfortable that she almost immediately left again, visiting the Netherlands for a short trip with Mariana Lawton. All in all, between 1826 and 1832, she only spent a few weeks at Shibden Hall, with travels around Britain and Europe allowing her to avoid her family at home. In 1834, she again visited France and Switzerland, this time for her honeymoon with Ann Walker. Returning with Ann in 1838, she again headed south to the Pyrenees and completed the first \"official\" ascent of the Vignemale (10,820 feet; 3,298 m), the highest peak in the French Pyrenees. This required a 10-hour hike to reach the top, and another 7 to descend.\u00a0 Her last and greatest trip began in 1839. Leaving Shibden Hall in June with Ann Walker and two servants, they travelled in their own carriage through France, Denmark, Sweden, and Russia, arriving in St Petersburg in September and in Moscow in October. With a reluctant Ann Walker in tow, she left Moscow in February 1840 in a new Russian carriage and very warm clothing. They travelled south, along the frozen Volga river, to the Caucasus. Few West Europeans had visited this area, let alone West European women, in part because of unrest amongst the local population against the Tsarist regime. At times they needed a military escort. The two women were a source of great curiosity to the people they visited. As Anne noted in her diary, \"The people coming in to look at us as if we were some strange animals such as they had not seen the like before\". Lister died on 22 September 1840, aged 49, of a fever at Koutais (now Kutaisi in Georgia) while travelling with Ann Walker. Walker had Lister's body embalmed and brought back to the UK, where she was buried in the parish church in Halifax, West Yorkshire, on 29 April 1841. Her tombstone was rediscovered in 2010, having been covered by a floor in 1879. In her will, Lister's estate was left to her paternal cousins, but Walker was given a life interest. After being declared insane, Walker spent some years in the care of Dr. Belcombe, and because of her mental state, was unable to make a valid will. She died in 1854 at her childhood home, Cliff Hill in Lightcliffe, West Yorkshire. More than 40 years after her death, while reporting on a dispute over the ownership of Shibden Hall, the Leeds Times in 1882 stated, \"Miss Lister's masculine singularities of character are still remembered\". During her life, Lister wrote a five-million-word diary. It began in 1806 as scraps of paper, recording in secret code parcels sent to and from Eliza Raine, and eventually became the 26 quarto volumes, ending at her death in 1840. In addition to her handwriting being incredibly difficult to decipher, around one-sixth of the diary is encrypted in a simple code Eliza and she had devised, combining the Greek alphabet, zodiac, punctuation, and mathematical symbols, and it describes in great detail her lesbian identity and affairs, as well as the methods she used for seduction. The diaries also contain her thoughts on the weather, social events, national events, and her business interests. The majority of her diary deals with her daily life, and not merely her sexuality, and provides detailed information on social, political, and economic events of the time. The code used in her diaries was deciphered by the last inhabitant of Shibden Hall, John Lister (1847\u20131933) and a friend of his, Arthur Burrell. When the content of the secret passages was revealed, Burrell advised John Lister to burn all the diaries. Lister did not take this advice, but instead continued to hide Anne Lister's diaries behind a panel at Shibden Hall. In 2011, Lister's diaries were added to the register of the UNESCO Memory of the World Programme. The register citation notes that, while a valuable account of the times, it was the \"comprehensive and painfully honest account of lesbian life and reflections on her nature, however, which have made these diaries unique. They have shaped and continue to shape the direction of UK Gender Studies and Women's History.\" Lister's diaries have been described as part of a \"trilogy of early 19th century diaries\" by local women, covering the same period from different perspectives, along with those of Caroline Walker from 1812 to 1830, and Elizabeth Wadsworth from 1817 to 1829. In 2020 Ann Walker's own journal was discovered and although brief, covering June 1834 to February 1835, it covers a pivotal period that weaves through the corresponding narratives. Helena Whitbread published some of the diaries in two volumes (1988 and 1992). Their graphic nature meant at first they were believed by some to be a hoax, but documentary evidence has since established their authenticity. A biography by the academic Jill Liddington appeared in 1994. In 2014, a conference held at Shibden Hall focused on Lister's life along with gender and sexuality in the 19th century. A biography by Angela Steidele in the German language was published in 2017, and published in English in 2018. Work by Dorothy Thompson and Patricia Hughes in the late 1980s at Birmingham University's Department of Modern History resulted in translation of much of the code, as well as discovery of the first juvenile Lister diaries and decoding of the other two Lister codes.[citation needed] Hughes self-published Anne Lister's Secret Diary for 1817 (2019) and The Early Life of Miss Anne Lister and the Curious Tale of Miss Eliza Raine (2015), both of which make extensive use of other materials in the Lister archives including letters, diaries and ancillary documents. The first episode of the 1994 BBC Two series A Skirt Through History, titled \"A Marriage\", features Julia Ford as Anne Lister, and Sophie Thursfield as Marianna Belcombe. On 31 May 2010, BBC Two broadcast a production based on Lister's life, The Secret Diaries of Miss Anne Lister, starring Maxine Peake as Lister. Revealing Anne Lister, a documentary featuring Sue Perkins, was broadcast on the same night on BBC Two. Chamber folk duo O'Hooley & Tidow included a song about Anne Lister, \"Gentleman Jack\", on their 2012 album The Fragile. The 2019 BBC-HBO historical TV drama series Gentleman Jack, starring Suranne Jones as Lister, depicts her life as \"the first modern lesbian\". The series is billed as \"inspired by\" two books about Lister by Jill Liddington, Female Fortune and Nature's Domain. Liddington also acted as a consultant for the series. O'Hooley & Tidow's \"Gentleman Jack\" serves as the series' primary theme music. Penguin Books published a companion volume by the series' senior consultant, Anne Choma, which includes newly transcribed and decoded entries from Lister's diaries. In 2018, a blue plaque was unveiled at Holy Trinity Church in York to honour Lister; it was York's first LGBT history plaque. The plaque had rainbow edging, and read \"Gender-nonconforming entrepreneur. Celebrated marital commitment, without legal recognition, to Ann Walker in this church. Easter, 1834\". The wording was criticised for not mentioning Lister's sexuality, and in 2019, it was replaced with a similar plaque with the wording \"Anne Lister 1791\u20131840 of Shibden Hall, Halifax / Lesbian and Diarist; took sacrament here to seal her union with Ann Walker / Easter 1834\". Boston marriage Dugdale, Sir William (1894). Dugdale's Visitation of Yorkshire, with Additions. W. Pollard & Company. p.\u00a0118. Retrieved 6 December 2018. Jeremy Liste. Green, Muriel (1992). Miss Lister of Shibden Hall: Selected Letters (1800\u20131840). Sussex, England: The Book Guild. p.\u00a018. ISBN\u00a00-86332-672-2. \"The Secret Diaries of Miss Anne Lister\". St Thomas's Church, Osbaldwick Lane, Osbaldwick, York. Retrieved 5 January 2020. \"THE LIFE AND LOVES OF ANNE LISTER\". BBC. Hughes, Patricia (2010). The Early Life of Miss Anne Lister and the Curious Tale of Miss Eliza Raine. Green, Muriel (1992). Miss Lister of Shibden Hall: Selected Letters (1800\u20131840). pp.\u00a07, 19. \"| The parish of St Thomas Osbaldwick with St James Murton | About the Parish | St Thomas's |\". www.osbaldwickandmurtonchurches.org.uk. Retrieved 7 June 2020. Whitbread, Helena (1992). No Priest but Love: Excerpts from the Diaries of Anne Lister, 1824\u20131826. New York University Press. p.\u00a02. \"The life and loves of Shibden Hall's Anne Lister\", BBC News, BBC, 25 May 2010, retrieved 6 June 2010 \"The life and loves of Shibden Hall's Anne Lister\". BBC. 25 May 2010. Retrieved 29 May 2010. Liddington, Jill (1993). \"Anne Lister of Shibden Hall, Halifax (1791\u20131840): Her Diaries and the Historians\". History Workshop Journal. 35 (35): 45\u201377. doi:10.1093/hwj/35.1.45. Norton, Rictor. \"Anne Lister: The First Modern Lesbian\". Lesbian History. Retrieved 29 May 2010. Castle, Terry (January 1989). \"Review: The Pursuit of Love\". The Women's Review of Books. 6 (4): 6\u20137. doi:10.2307/4020468. JSTOR\u00a04020468. Mavor, Elizabeth (4 February 1988). \"Gentleman Jack of Halifax\". London Review of Books. London: LRB Ltd. 10 (3). ISSN\u00a00260-9592. Retrieved 14 June 2010. Choma, Anne (2019). Gentleman Jack: The Real Anne Lister. Penguin Books. p.\u00a066. Harriet Sherwood (28 July 2018). \"Recognition at last for Gentleman Jack, Britain's 'first modern lesbian'\". The Guardian. Retrieved 3 September 2018. Crampton, Caroline (5 December 2013). \"The lesbian Dead Sea Scrolls: Anne Lister's diaries\". New Statesman. London. Retrieved 25 August 2014. Clark, Anna (July 1996). \"Anne Lister's Construction of Lesbian Identity\". Journal of the History of Sexuality. 7 (1): 35. Steidele, Angela (2018). Gentleman Jack: A Biography of Anne Lister. p.\u00a0207. Steidele, Angela (2018). Gentleman Jack: A Biography of Anne Lister. Regency Landowner, Seducer and Secret Diarist. London: Serpent's Tail. p.\u00a0256. ISBN\u00a0978-1-78816-098-8. Steidele, Angela (2018). Gentleman Jack. A Biography of Anne Lister. pp.\u00a064\u201368. Steidele, Angela (2018). Gentleman Jack: A Biography of Anne Lister. p.\u00a0133. Saint-L\u00e8be, Nanou (2002). Les Femmes \u00e0 la d\u00e9couverte des Pyr\u00e9n\u00e9es (in French). Toulouse: Privat. Steidele, Angela (2018). Gentleman Jack: A Biography of Anne Lister. p.\u00a0174. Steidele, Angela (2018). Gentleman Jack: A Biography of Anne Lister. p.\u00a0179. Steidele, Angela (2018). Gentleman Jack: A Biography of Anne Lister. p.\u00a0186. Lister, Ann; Maury, Luc (translator) (2000). Premi\u00e8re ascension du Vignemale: le 7 ao\u00fbt 1838 (in French). Pau: Cairn. ISBN\u00a02-912233-25-9. Ingham, Vivien (1968). \"Anne Lister's Ascent of Vignemale\" (PDF). Alpine Journal. 73 (316\u2013317): 199. Retrieved 22 January 2011. Steidele, Angela (2018). Gentleman Jack. A Biography of Anne Lister. pp.\u00a0248\u2013249. Steidele, Angela (2018). Gentleman Jack: A Biography of Anne Lister. pp.\u00a0266\u2013267. Steidele, Angela (2018). Gentleman Jack: A Biography of Anne Lister. p.\u00a0291. Steidele, Angela (2018). Gentleman Jack. p.\u00a0273. Bray, Alan (2003). The Friend. University of Chicago Press. ISBN\u00a00-226-07180-4. Retrieved 3 August 2008. Lang, David M. (1990). \"Georgia in 1840: The Lister Diaries\". Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies. 53 (1): 115\u2013120. doi:10.1017/s0041977x00021303. \"The Shibden Hall Estate\". Leeds Times. 22 July 1882. Retrieved 5 February 2015 \u2013 via British Newspaper Archive. \"The Story of Anne Lister\". Borthwick Institute for Archives, The University of York. Retrieved 20 July 2017. \"Anne Lister \u2013 An Introduction \u2013 Catablogue\". 18 September 2019. Retrieved 10 November 2019. Liddington, Jill (1993). \"Anne Lister of Shibden Hall, Halifax (1791\u20131840): Her Diaries and the Historians\". History Workshop Journal. 35 (1): 45\u201377. doi:10.1093/hwj/35.1.45. Rupp, Leila J. (1999). A Desired Past: A Short History of Same-Sex Love in America. The University of Chicago Press. p.\u00a010. ISBN\u00a0978-0-226-73156-8. Brown, Jonathan (The Independent) (16 October 2009), \"BBC Unveils Drama About Gentleman Jack \u2013 'The First Modern Lesbian'\", San Francisco Sentinel, archived from the original on 28 September 2011, retrieved 6 June 2010 Dempster, Sarah (1 June 2010), \"The Secret Diary of Miss Anne Lister and 30 Rock\", The Guardian, Guardian Media Group, archived from the original on 3 June 2010, retrieved 4 June 2010 \"UK Memory of the World Register\". UK National Commission for UNESCO. UNESCO. 2011. Archived from the original on 7 July 2011. Retrieved 1 June 2019. Trigg, W.B. (1943). Miss Wadsworth's Diary. West Yorkshire Archive Service: Halifax Antiquarian Society. p.\u00a0123. \"Journal of Ann Walker\". West Yorkshire Archive Service. WYC:1525/7/1/5/1. Anne Lister Conference\"The Inaugural Anne Lister Conference; women, gender and sexuality in the 19th Century\". Archived from the original on 25 May 2014. Patricia Hughes (2019). Anne Lister's Secret Diary for 1817. Hues Books. ISBN\u00a0978-1-909275-30-0. Lister, Anne; Raine, Eliza; Hughes, Patricia (April 2014) [1st pub: Hues (2010)]. The Early Life of Miss Anne Lister and the Curious Tale of Miss Eliza Raine. Hues Books. ISBN\u00a0978-1-909275-06-5. BFI Database BBC Genome \"BBC Two announces brand new drama: The Secret Diaries of Miss Anne Lister\". BBC Press Office. BBC. 11 November 2009. Retrieved 1 February 2010. \"Revealing Anne Lister\". BBC Two Programmes. BBC. Archived from the original on 4 June 2010. Retrieved 10 June 2010. \"Music and Performance: Interview with O'Hooley and Tidow\". When Sally Met Sally. 12 September 2012. Archived from the original on 17 September 2012. Retrieved 15 September 2012. Liddington, Jill. \"Who was Anne Lister?\". Retrieved 20 May 2019. Choma, Anne (2019). Gentleman Jack: The Real Anne Lister. PenguinRandomhouse. ISBN\u00a0978-0-14-313456-5. Retrieved 1 March 2019. \"Plaque in York honours 'first modern lesbian' Anne Lister\". BBC News. 24 July 2018. Retrieved 28 July 2018. \"Anne Lister: Plaque wording to change after 'lesbian' row\". BBC News. September 2018. Retrieved 3 September 2018. \"Video: York's rainbow plaque to Anne Lister is back \u2013 with the word 'Lesbian' front and centre\". YorkMix. 29 January 2019. Retrieved 1 March 2019. \"Rainbow Plaque Unveiling | York Civic Trust\". Retrieved 17 May 2019. Choma, Anne, Gentleman Jack: The Real Anne Lister. (Penguin Books & BBC Books, 2019) Green, Muriel, Miss Lister of Shibden Hall: Selected Letters (1800\u20131840). (The Book Guild Ltd, 1992) Hughes, Patricia, Anne Lister's Secret Diary for 1817. (Hues Books Ltd 2006) Hughes, Patricia, The Secret Life of Miss Anne Lister and the Curious Tale of Miss Eliza Raine. (Hues Books Ltd 2010) Liddington, Jill, Presenting the Past: Anne Lister of Halifax, 1791\u20131840. (Pennine Pens, 1994) Liddington, Jill, Female Fortune: Land, Gender and Authority: The Anne Lister Diaries and Other Writings, 1833\u201336. (Rivers Oram Press, 1998) Steidele, Angela, Gentleman Jack. A Biography of Anne Lister: Regency Landowner, Seducer and Secret Diarist. (Serpent's Tail, London 2018). First published as Anne Lister. Eine erotische Biographie. (Matthes & Seitz Berlin, 2017) Vicinus, Martha, Intimate Friends: Women Who Loved Women, 1778\u20131928. (University of Chicago Press, 2004) Whitbread, Helena, I Know My Own Heart: The Diaries of Anne Lister 1791\u20131840. (Virago, 1988) Whitbread, Helena, No Priest But Love: Excerpts from the Diaries of Anne Lister. (NYU Press, 1993) Anne Lister's encoded diary \u2013 shows scanned images of Anne Lister's encoded diary pages Anne Lister page at From History to Her Story: Yorkshire Women's lives on-line \u2013 provides excerpts of her translated diaries, as well as images from the original Anne Lister's Family Grave site Saint Ann's Church \"Archival material relating to Anne Lister\". UK National Archives. The West Yorkshire Archive Service \u2013 Holds the Anne Lister Diaries at the Calderdale office Biography portal LGBT portal"
   },
   {
    "name": "Adam Fogerty",
    "id": "Q2823942",
    "text": "Adam Heywood Fogerty (born 6 March 1969) is an English actor and former boxer and rugby league footballer. He is the son of rugby league footballer Terry Fogerty, who played in the 1960s and 1970s then coached in the 1980s. Fogerty was born in Halifax, West Riding of Yorkshire, England. Fogerty's boxing career saw him facing a number of opponents. He twice faced Paul Lister, with their first meeting in 1989 handing Fogerty his first and only loss in a 6-round decision. He repaid the favour with an 8th-round knockout of Lister the next year. After ending his boxing career, Fogerty joined Halifax. He also played for Warrington, and won a Super League medal with St. Helens. Fogerty is currently working with Toronto Wolfpack as assistant coach.[citation needed] Beginning around the same time as his rugby league career, Fogerty began acting and has played supporting roles in several films such as Shooting Fish and Played, as well as the unlicensed boxer, Gorgeous George, in the Guy Ritchie crime caper Snatch. He played Mouse in Mean Machine and Raw in Greenfingers. He has also worked on soaps Coronation Street and Hollyoaks. In 2012 he joined Barrie Rutter's Northern Broadsides theatre company to play Costard in Shakespeare's Love's Labour's Lost. Since 1992, Fogerty has had numerous film and TV roles, including Snatch with Brad Pitt. In 2019, Fogerty was cast as an 'emergency plumber' for the British insurance company Direct Line. A television commercial starring Harvey Keitel. In 2020, Fogrety opened fish and chips shop in Halifax, England. \"Statistics at rugbyleagueproject.org\". rugbyleagueproject.org. 31 December 2017. Retrieved 1 January 2018. \"I came back to Yorkshire for fish and chips\". Halifax Courier. 7 January 2008. Archived from the original on 24 December 2014. Retrieved 11 December 2013. \"From running on rugby league fields to acting on the Hollywood big screen\". Fox Sports. 11 December 2013. Retrieved 11 December 2013. \"Hollywood actor who fought Brad Pitt set to open 'traditional chippy' in Halifax\". www.halifaxcourier.co.uk. Retrieved 23 June 2021. \"Love's Kitchen (2011) - Cast and Crew\". www.moviefone.com. Retrieved 7 July 2021. Media, Bionic. \"Bait (2014)\". 101 Films. Retrieved 23 June 2021. \"Adam Fogerty in LEGEND\". MMB Creative. Retrieved 23 June 2021. \"Adam Fogerty in \"Walk Like a Panther\"\". MMB Creative. Retrieved 23 June 2021. Profile at saints.org.uk Boxing record for Adam Fogerty from BoxRec Adam Fogerty at IMDb The codfather! - FANCY fish and chips with star quality? v t e v t e v t e"
   },
   {
    "name": "Amy Jagger",
    "id": "Q2844560",
    "text": "Amy Crossley Jagger (later Fisher; 14 May 1908 \u2013 17 November 1993) was a British gymnast who competed in the 1928 Summer Olympics. In 1928 she won the bronze medal as member of the British gymnastics team. Amy Jagger's profile at Sports Reference.com v t e v t e"
   },
   {
    "name": "Bramwell Booth",
    "id": "Q2923664",
    "text": "William Bramwell Booth, CH (8 March 1856 \u2013 16 June 1929) was a British charity worker who was the first Chief of Staff (1881\u20131912) and the second General of The Salvation Army (1912\u20131929), succeeding his father, William Booth. Booth was born in Halifax, Yorkshire, England. He was named after William Bramwell, a Methodist rivivalist. The oldest child born to William Booth and Catherine Mumford, Bramwell Booth had two brothers and five sisters, including Evangeline Booth, Catherine Booth-Clibborn, Emma Booth and Ballington Booth. The Booth family regularly moved from place to place as William Booth's ministry necessitated until the family finally settled in London in 1865. Bramwell Booth was involved in The Salvation Army right from its origins as the obscure Christian Mission, established in Whitechapel in 1865, into an international organisation with numerous and varied social activities. He was educated at home, briefly at a preparatory school and at the City of London School, where he was bullied. Known to his family as 'Willie', as a youth he suffered poor health and had a slight hearing loss. In 1870, aged just 14, Bramwell Booth started to help in the management of his father's Christian Mission and in the cheap food kitchens set up in its early days. He had intended to study medicine and had a fear of public speaking, but despite these obstacles he became William Booth's amanuensis, adviser and administrator. He became an active full-time collaborator with his father in 1874, and an officer when the Christian Mission became The Salvation Army in 1878. The name The Salvation Army developed from an incident in May 1878. William Booth was dictating a letter to his secretary George Scott Railton and said, \"We are a volunteer army.\" Bramwell Booth heard his father and said, \"Volunteer? I'm no volunteer, I'm a regular!\" Railton was instructed to cross out the word \"volunteer\" and substitute the word \"salvation\". In 1881, General William Booth appointed Bramwell as his Chief of the Staff of The Salvation Army. Bramwell would hold this title until his father's death, when he himself was named General in his father's will. In 1885 Bramwell was involved with William Thomas Stead in an attempt to publicise the prostitution of young girls. The lurid revelations of how thirteen-year-old Eliza Armstrong was sold for \u00a35 resulted in the 1885 Criminal Law Amendment Act, which raised the age of consent to sixteen years. After the revelations, Booth, Stead, and Rebecca Jarrett, a converted brothel-keeper who assisted them, were arrested on several charges.[clarification needed] Booth was acquitted but the others served short prison terms. On 12 October 1882 Bramwell married Captain Florence Eleanor Soper, the eldest daughter of Dr Soper, a medical practitioner of Blaina, Monmouthshire. The congregation at Clapton Congress Hall were charged one shilling each for admission to the ceremony. She had joined The Salvation Army in 1880 and worked in France with Bramwell's sister Catherine Booth. After her marriage she took charge of the women's social work. All of their seven children (five daughters and two sons) became active workers in the army. Their eldest child was Commissioner Catherine Bramwell-Booth. Upon his death in 1912, William Booth appointed Bramwell his successor as General, by way of a sealed envelope. This process was the legal way in which a successor to the General was chosen, as outlined by the Christian Mission's founding deed of 1878. Like his father, Bramwell Booth ruled autocratically, and expected complete obedience. However, what officers had tolerated from William Booth, by then known as 'The Founder', they would not tolerate from Bramwell.[citation needed] The early years of Bramwell Booth's Generalship were complicated by World War I, which threatened the international nature of The Salvation Army, with Salvationists in both Germany and Great Britain. However, he was able to steer a course that offended neither the Germans nor outraged British public opinion, saying in his Christmas message of 1915, \"Every land is my fatherland, for all lands are my Father's.\". Like his father before him, Bramwell would not tolerate any perceived insubordination and he summarily retired Salvation Army officers with little reason or sent officers too young to be retired to distant appointments; such officers were said to be in 'the freezer'. Bramwell faced allegations of nepotism, in that he appointed his own children to posts for which others were better qualified. This system could be seen as being inherited from his father, who similarly appointed his own children to high ranking positions. This led to accusations that The Salvation Army was a Booth family-business; however, William Booth had once said to his children that \"The Salvation Army does not belong to you, or to me, it belongs to the world\" and was very wary of the leadership of the Army becoming a dynasty. Discontent simmered among Salvation Army senior officers, including the chief-of-the-staff Edward Higgins and George Carpenter, who incidentally had been sent to 'the freezer' by his appointment to Sydney in a role he previously held 22 years earlier. These two officers later became Generals of The Salvation Army. There is some debate whether or not the disagreement was with Bramwell himself or his speechwriter, Commissioner Cornelius Obadiah Phelps. Commissioner Phelps was hand selected to lead a team of accountants to the United States to collect overdue missions funding. As a result of the affair, Higgins and Carpenter became somewhat distant from Booth. Another notable Army leader that disagreed with Bramwell's leadership was Commissioner Charles Jeffries who would later be British Commissioner. In his final years as General he increasingly gave control of The Salvation Army to his wife, Florence Booth, who was given power of attorney when he was away travelling. She had been the Army's 'First Lady' since the death of his mother Catherine Booth in 1890, and had started several Army organisations including the Home League, Girl Guards, and League of Mercy. As the years passed the Army's senior officers, including Bramwell's sister Evangeline Booth and his former brother-in-law Frederick Booth-Tucker, began to question his leadership. In May 1928 Bramwell's health began to deteriorate, and by September he was suffering from insomnia and depression. His poor health offered those in the Army who were dissatisfied with his leadership an opportunity to act, and on 8 January 1929 the first High Council of The Salvation Army convened, and firstly asked the General to resign due to his ill health, which, they said, was hampering him in the performance of his duties and decisions. He refused to resign, believing that his health would soon be fully recovered, so on 13 February 1929 the High Council voted by 52 votes to 5 that Bramwell's term of office as General should now end, based on Bramwell being 'unfit' to hold the position. Booth was succeeded in the election of Edward Higgins, his Chief of the Staff. Play media General Bramwell Booth then took the High Council to court, which lost him a lot of respect; he also lost the court case.[citation needed] His sister, Evangeline Booth later succeeded General Higgins to serve as the fourth General of The Salvation Army. Henceforth the General of The Salvation Army would be elected by the High Council. On 29 April 1929 the now former General Bramwell Booth received a letter from Prime Minister Stanley Baldwin stating that King George V had appointed him a member of the Order of the Companions of Honour. Booth, like his parents William and Catherine and his wife Florence, was vegetarian. He authored the booklet The Advantages of Vegetarian Diet, published by the London Vegetarian Society. In 1925, it was reprinted by the Order of the Golden Age. Booth suggested nineteen reasons for adopting vegetarianism. He commented that a vegetarian diet is \"favourable to purity, chastity, and a perfect control of the appetites and passions.\" Booth's wife also became a vegetarian and they both believed that meat stimulated the consumption of alcohol. On 16 June 1929 his family was summoned to his bedside, and on that Sunday evening General Bramwell Booth died at his home, The Homestead, Hadley Wood, near Barnet, Hertfordshire. For the Friday and Saturday following his death Bramwell Booth's body lay in state at The Salvation Army's Congress Hall. On the Saturday evening 10,000 Salvationists and friends filled the Royal Albert Hall to bid farewell to their beloved former General. General Bramwell Booth was buried opposite his parents at Abney Park Cemetery, Stoke Newington, London. The grave lies near the southern entrance. Huge crowds attended his funeral. He was commemorated by the Bramwell Booth Memorial Hall, Queen Victoria Street, London.[citation needed] McGonigle, Herbert Boyd (2009). A Burning and a Shining Light: the life and ministry of William Bramwell. Sheffield: Wesley Fellowship. Retrieved 9 May 2021. \"Booth, (William) Bramwell (1856\u20131929)\". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography. Oxford University Press. Retrieved 24 August 2010. \"William Bramwell Booth 1829\u20131912 His Life and Ministry \u2013 A Very Short Biography\". Retrieved 30 May 2010. Larrson, John (2009). \"1929: A Crisis that Shaped The Salvation Army's Future\". London, United Kingdom: Salvation Books. p.\u00a0376. ISBN\u00a0978-0-85412-794-8. Archived from the original on 12 January 2011.CS1 maint: postscript (link) \"General Bramwell Booth\". Sacollectables.com. Archived from the original on 27 November 2010. Retrieved 24 August 2010. Born in 1856, the eldest son of the Founder, William Bramwell Booth was appointed Chief of the Staff by his father in 1880. ... On October 12th 1882 Bramwell married Captain Florence Soper at Clapton Congress Hall. ... Hodges, Samuel Horatio General Booth: \u201cthe Family,\u201d and the Salvation Army: Showing its Rise, Progress, and ... Decline (1890) \"Bramwell Booth\". Salvation Army. Retrieved 24 August 2010. He married (12 Oct 1882) Florence Soper [b: 12 Sept 1861 d: 10 Jun 1957], a dedicated officer who had worked with his sister Kate in Paris, in 1882. Their seven children were raised in much the same fashion as he had been reared: educated at home and with the Army constantly kept in mind.[citation needed] His two sons, (Bramwell) Bernard and (William) Wycliffe, and five daughters: Catherine Bramwell-Booth, (Florence) Miriam, Mary B, Dora, and Olive E, remained active in the Army.[dead link] Stark, James F. (2020). The Cult of Youth: Anti-Ageing in Modern Britain. Cambridge University Press. p. 83. ISBN\u00a0978-1108484152 Iacobbo, Karen; Iacobbo, Michael. (2004). Vegetarian America: A History. Praeger Publishing. p. 133. ISBN\u00a00-275-97519-3 Walker, Pamela J. (2001). Pulling the Devil's Kingdom Down: The Salvation Army in Victorian Britain. University of California Press. p. 185. ISBN\u00a00-520-22591-0 Spencer, Colin. (1995). The Heretic's Feast: A History of Vegetarianism. University Press of New England. p. 278. ISBN\u00a00-87451-708-7 Biography portal Works by Bramwell Booth at Project Gutenberg Works by or about Bramwell Booth at Internet Archive Bramwell Booth at Find a Grave Lying in State of General Booth British Path\u00e9 news 1929 Booth's funeral procession British Path\u00e9 news 1929 Newspaper clippings about Bramwell Booth in the 20th Century Press Archives of the ZBW"
   },
   {
    "name": "Nathan Hannay",
    "id": "Q2997565",
    "text": "Nathan Hannay (born 5 October 1984) is an English rugby union player from Halifax, West Yorkshire who currently plays for Devon side, Honiton RFC. Hannay had his bachelor degree from Honiton Community College. Hannay first started playing rugby for Honiton Rugby Club before moving to Sidmouth Rugby Club in 2008. He made his debut for Sidmouth against Plymouth Albion. In 2010 during Sidmouth's South West One season, he moved to National League 1 side Launceston RUFC. Later in the year after advice from Dyson Wilson, Hannay moved to Jersey. In 2011, Hannay was suspended for two weeks after being sent off during Jersey's game against Cambridge R.U.F.C. for head-butting an opposition player. He was suspended by Jersey for two weeks before the Rugby Football Union also suspended him for two weeks. In 2012 after rejecting advances to sign him from Aviva Premiership side Exeter Chiefs, Hannay was appointed as captain of Jersey taking over from Graham Bell. On 16 April 2013, Hannay signs for Championship rivals Yorkshire Carnegie from 2013-14 season. Hannay left Yorkshire Carnegie at the end of the 2014-15 season, and retired from professional rugby; he has since become Player-Coach at his former club Honiton. Hannay has not yet represented England at any level. In 2009 he represented Devon in the County Championship. When Hannay moved to Launceston, who were above level five of the English rugby union system, Hannay became ineligible to represent Devon. In 2012, Hannay was selected to represent the RFU Championship XV for their match against New Zealand's M\u0101ori All Blacks team at Castle Park rugby stadium, Doncaster. Hannay was the only player from Jersey selected for the match. \"Player profiles\". Jersey RFC. Archived from the original on 2013-01-15. Retrieved 2013-01-05. \"Hannay looks forward to championship rugby\". Midweek Herald. 2012-06-06. Retrieved 2013-01-05. \"Hannay brace on Sid debut\". This is Exeter. 2008-08-15. Retrieved 2013-01-05. \"Newton under pressure to bounce back with win\". This is South Devon. 2010-02-26. Retrieved 2013-01-05. \"Talite Vaioleti to depart Jersey Rugby Club\". BBC Sport. 2010-06-30. Retrieved 2013-01-05. \"Jersey's Nathan Hannay suspended for two weeks by RFU\". BBC Sport. 2011-11-29. Retrieved 2013-01-05. \"Hannay to face the haka\". This Is Jersey. 2012-10-19. Retrieved 2013-01-05. \"Captain Graham Bell praises Jersey's dedication\". BBC Sport. 2011-11-07. Retrieved 2013-01-05. \"Yorkshire Carnegie sign Jersey forward Nathan Hannay\". BBC Sport. 16 April 2013. \"Honiton make new signing ahead of new campaign\". Midweek herald. 24 June 2018. \"Devon 25-33 Cornwall\". BBC Sport. 2009-05-09. Retrieved 2013-01-05. \"County Championships\". RFU. Archived from the original on 2012-09-28. Retrieved 2012-09-26. \"Jersey's Nathan Hannay: Maori All Blacks game is huge honour\". BBC Sport. 2012-11-16. Retrieved 2013-01-05."
   },
   {
    "name": "Harold Mackintosh, 1st Viscount Mackintosh of Halifax",
    "id": "Q3127622",
    "text": "Harold Vincent Mackintosh, 1st Viscount Mackintosh of Halifax LL.D (8 June 1891 \u2013 27 December 1964) was a British businessman, public servant and benefactor. Mackintosh was born in Halifax, West Riding of Yorkshire, the son of John and Violet Mackintosh who had a toffee factory on Queens Road in Halifax, then Albion Mills and also in the United States, Canada, Germany and Australia. He was educated at Halifax New School. Instead of going to university, he spent a few years in Krefeld in North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany where he ran a Mackintosh toffee factory, and learnt the language. He was a member of the German international hockey team, prior to the First World War. During the First World War, he joined the Royal Naval Volunteer Reserve. Mackintosh was the owner of the confectionery business of John Mackintosh & Sons Ltd from 1920 when his father died of a heart attack. The company John Mackintosh & Sons Ltd was floated in March 1921. He was involved in the amalgamation of a group of Halifax building societies into the Halifax Building Society in 1928. In September 1931, he narrowly avoided merging the company with Rowntrees of York. Both companies already had a joint subsidiary in the Republic of Ireland. As a result of a lunchtime meeting at the Savoy Hotel, he bought the A. J. Caley confectionery company in Norwich from Unilever in 1932. The Caleys site is now the Chapelfield shopping centre. This takeover of Caleys helped the Mackintosh company to expand its range of products notably changing its reliance on toffee to products with chocolate toffee such as Quality Street in 1936 and Rolo. To launch Quality Street, he had a full page advertisement on the front of the Daily Mail on 2 May 1936. His brother Eric managed the Caleys factory. He was Chairman of the National Savings Committee from 1943, becoming President in 1958. In 1956, under his leadership, National Savings introduced Premium Bonds. He served as Chancellor of the University of East Anglia between 1962 and 1964. Mackintosh was knighted in the 1922 New Year Honours, when only 31, one of the youngest people to be knighted in the 20th century, for his work with Sunday schools. He was made a baronet in the 1935 New Year Honours and was raised to the peerage in the 1948 New Year Honours as Baron Mackintosh of Halifax, of Hethersett in the County of Norfolk. In the 1957 Birthday Honours, he was further honoured when he was made Viscount Mackintosh of Halifax, of Hethersett in the County of Norfolk. In 1948, he was given an honorary LLD by the University of Leeds. On Unthank Road in Norwich is Harold Mackintosh House. On 8 June 1916, Mackintosh married Constance Emily Stoneham, the second daughter of Edgar Cooper Stoneham, OBE. She was born on the same day as him, and they had three children: Harold, John (born 7 October 1921) and Mary. Mackintosh was a devout Methodist. He was a keen supporter of the Sunday School Movement, becoming President of the National Sunday School Union from 3 May 1924 until 1925, then World Sunday School Association. In December 1927 he became President of the Yorkshire Agricultural Society.[citation needed] In 1960 he became President of the Royal Norfolk Agricultural Association. From 1942-6, he was President of the Advertising Association. He also supported the British Empire Cancer Campaign. He had a large collection of Toby jugs, and had an extensive knowledge of Ralph Wood and Staffordshire pottery. His son John attended an American university as he felt no British university was prepared to the necessary standard in Business Administration. From 1934-42, he lived at Conynghan Hall near Harrogate. Then they lived at Greystones in Luddenden. In 1947, he moved to Thickthorn Hall, south-west of Norwich. He died at Thickthorn Hall, aged 73, in Norwich, leaving \u00a3218,404 in his will. His wife died in 1975. His portrait, by the famous Scottish portrait artist Cowan Dobson is held at the University of East Anglia at Norwich. Early English Figure Pottery, 1938 \"Viscount Mackintosh, 73, Dies; Spurred Britons to Save in War; Peer Became Head at 29 of Candy Company Based on Mother's Recipe\". The New York Times. 29 December 1964. Retrieved 22 March 2021. Heffernan, Paul (2 September 1957). \"Gambling? No, Just a Bit of Luck; British Lottery Bond Explained by Lord Mackintosh BONDS A GAMBLE? JUST A BIT OF LUCK An Attack on Gambling Sales Picking Up\". The New York Times. Retrieved 22 March 2021. \"No. 32563\". The London Gazette (Supplement). 30 December 1921. p.\u00a010711. \"No. 13774\". The Edinburgh Gazette. 2 January 1922. p.\u00a03. \"No. 32668\". The London Gazette. 11 April 1922. p.\u00a02917. \"No. 13804\". The Edinburgh Gazette. 14 April 1922. p.\u00a0656. \"No. 34119\". The London Gazette (Supplement). 28 December 1934. p.\u00a01. \"No. 15136\". The Edinburgh Gazette. 4 January 1935. p.\u00a09. \"No. 34130\". The London Gazette. 5 February 1935. p.\u00a0837. \"No. 38161\". The London Gazette (Supplement). 30 December 1947. p.\u00a01. \"No. 38198\". The London Gazette. 6 February 1948. p.\u00a0898. \"No. 41089\". The London Gazette (Supplement). 4 June 1957. p.\u00a03367. \"No. 41125\". The London Gazette. 12 July 1957. p.\u00a04158. Times, Special to The New York (13 June 1957). \"QUEEN DECORATES LEADERS AT SUEZ; Queen Elizabeth Receives Gift and Honors a Soldier\". The New York Times. Retrieved 22 March 2021. \"Mackintosh of Halifax, Viscount (UK, 1957)\". www.cracroftspeerage.co.uk. Heraldic Media Limited. 1st Viscount Mackintosh of Halifax portrait, bbc.co.uk; accessed 23 March 2016. Burke's Peerage. 1959. Hansard 1803\u20132005: contributions in Parliament by the Viscount Mackintosh of Halifax Biography Early history of Mackintosh May 2008 Halifax Courier"
   },
   {
    "name": "John Willie Sutcliffe",
    "id": "Q3182547",
    "text": "John William Sutcliffe (14 April 1868 \u2013 7 July 1947), commonly known as John Willie Sutcliffe and J.W. Sutcliffe, was an English football and rugby union player. He was the last person to represent England at full international level in both sports. Born in Shibden, he started his career in 1886 at Bradford Rugby Club playing at either full back or centre three quarter before moving to the club from Heckmondwike where he gained his only cap for England against the New Zealand Natives in 1889, scoring one try, and one conversion for five points. Heckmondwike was suspended from the RFU over allegations of professionalism and he switched codes to play football for Bolton Wanderers, finally playing in the first team as a goalkeeper. Here he gained his first of five England caps against Wales in a 6\u20130 win in 1893. 1894 saw him on the losing side in the FA Cup final. 1902 saw Sutcliffe at Southern League Millwall Athletic before moving on in 1903 to Manchester United where he played 28 games. He joined Plymouth Argyle in January 1905 and by the end of the season had become the club's first choice goalkeeper. The Argyle handbook for the 1905\u201306 season describes Sutcliffe as \"a marvel for his years.\" In more than seven years with the club, he made 214 appearances in league competition and four in the FA Cup. He left the club at the end of the 1911\u201312 campaign and became a player-coach at Southend United. His last known club was South Kirkby Colliery, who he joined in 1913. Sutcliffe was appointed manager of Dutch club Vitesse Arnhem in 1914. He returned to England after the First World War to work for Bradford City as a coach. Sutcliffe died on 7 July 1947 at the age of 79 in Bradford. Joyce, Michael (2004). Football League Players' Records 1888 to 1939. Nottingham: SoccerData. p.\u00a0252. ISBN\u00a01-899468-67-6. Williams, Graham; Lush, Peter; Farrar, David (2009). The British Rugby League Records Book. London League. p.\u00a0178. ISBN\u00a0978-1-903659-49-6. \"John Sutcliffe\". Greens on Screen. Retrieved 20 June 2013. \"South Kirkby Colliery (Almost) Complete History\". Matthew Thomas. Archived from the original on 15 July 2018. Retrieved 31 March 2017. \"Sporting Paragraphs\". Nottingham Evening Post. 21 August 1913. p.\u00a08. John Willie Sutcliffe at Englandstats.com Plymouth Argyle A Complete Record 1903\u20131989, Brian Knight ISBN\u00a00-907969-40-2 Plymouth Argyle 101 Golden Greats, Andy Richie ISBN\u00a01-874287-47-3 Statistics at scrum.com Biography of Arthur Budd with an England team photograph including John Willie Sutcliffe"
   },
   {
    "name": "Matthew Smith",
    "id": "Q3299800",
    "text": "Sir Matthew Smith, CBE (22 October 1879 \u2013 29 September 1959) was a British painter of nudes, still-life and landscape. He studied design at the Manchester School of Art and art at the Slade School of Art. Smith studied under Henri Matisse in Paris and acquired an interest in Fauvism. During World War I, he was wounded at the Battle of Passchendaele. In 1949, Smith was appointed a Commander of the Order of the British Empire (CBE). He was knighted in 1954. He married Gwen Salmond and their relationship broke up when he entered into an affair with Vera Cuningham. Smith lived, worked, and exhibited in England and France. Matthew Arnold Bracy Smith was born on 22 October 1879 in Halifax, West Yorkshire to Frederic and Frances Smith. His father was a wire-manufacturer and musician who invited visiting musicians to his home.[citation needed] Matthew went to Giggleswick School. At seventeen he went to a Bradford wool mill and a year later into the family works, where he worked for four years. He studied design at the Manchester School of Art from 1901 to 1905 and painting at the Slade School of Art in London from 1905 to 1907. In 1908, Smith went to Pont-Aven in Brittany, France. In 1911 he was in Paris where he studied under Henri Matisse at his short-lived school and was influenced by him and other Fauves. This influence can be seen in paintings such as Fitzroy Street Nude No. 1 (1916) and his series of Cornish landscapes. He showed at Soci\u00e9t\u00e9 des Artistes Ind\u00e9pendants in 1911. Smith met fellow artist Gwen Salmond in 1907 in Whitby and she became his \"greatest mentor\". They married and had two sons together. The marriage was short and it was Salmond who raised the boys, Frederic Mark Smith and Dermott Smith, born in 1915 and 1916 respectively. Smith left his wife and sons because he felt that they were \"stifling his career.\" Both sons served in the Royal Air Force during World War II and were killed during the war. Smith met fellow artist Vera Cuningham in 1922 or 1923 and moved to Paris, where they lived at 6 bis Villa Brune. The British Museum states that they both exhibited in 1922 at the Soci\u00e9t\u00e9 des Artistes Ind\u00e9pendants and at the Amis de Montparnasse. Smith and Cuningham were in Woolhope, near Hereford, in 1932. Smith's paintings of Vera between 1923 and 1926 include Vera Cuningham, Head and Shoulders, Vera Cuningham in a Chair, Vera Reclining in a Pink Slip, and Vera in a Yellow Dress, all of which are in the Corporation of London Collection. She died in 1955. Smith stayed in France until the outbreak of World War I in 1914, which prevented him from returning to England, but was able later to get to Cornwall, England. He trained for the army in Herfortshire in 1916. He was made temporary second lieutenant for the Labour Company. He was wounded in September 1917 at the Battle of Passchendaele. After having been hospitalised, he returned to active duty in 1918, was made lieutenant, and was posted at the Abbeville prisoner-of-war camp. Between World War I and World War II he lived often in Paris and Aix-en-Provence, France. During this period he had poor mental and physical health. His work, however, reflects use of \"colour in a bold, unnaturalistic manner echoing the Fauves.\" In 1920 he became a member of The London Group. The family summered in Cornwall in 1920. He lived and painted landscapes in St Columb Major by the autumn of 1920. The following year he lived in Brittany, Paris and London. He then spent the winter with his family in Grez, Oise, France. He was treated near Lake Geneva at Clinique Valmont and then by Dr. d'Espiney in Lyons, France. The following year he began a relationship with Vera Cuningham and she moved with him to his house in Paris, Villa Brune. It is said of Smith in The Obstacle Race: The Fortunes of Women Painters and Their Work: Early in the twenties the normal shortcomings of his health allied with the sense of something unfulfilled in his personal life to produce a serious breakdown; and it was not until he found in Vera Cuningham the ideal model for his art that he recovered and, indeed redoubled his ability to work. His first one-person show was at Tooth's Gallery, London, in 1926. He had shows at London Group, the Carnegie International Exhibition, Lefevre Gallery, and Mayor Gallery. His works were bought by Roger Frey, and the Tate Gallery. In 1944, \"The Penguin Modern Painters\" paperback series printed an illustrated biography written by Philip Hendy that included his works. His work was shown at the Venice Biennale in 1938 and 1950. In 1949 he was awarded a Commander of the Most Excellent Order of the British Empire (CBE). He was knighted in 1954. He died on 29 September 1959, in London. 288 artworks by or after Matthew Smith, Art UK. Retrieved 20 August 2014. Matthew Smith Landscapes. Crane Kalman Gallery. p. 45. Retrieved 20 August 2014. Irish Art Auction. Archived 21 August 2014 at the Wayback Machine Whytes. Retrieved 20 August 2014. \"Colourful Lives and Affairs of the Art: Portraits of Women.\" Times Higher Education. 4 September 1995. Retrieved 20 August 2014. Rosemary Dinnage (August 2005). Alone! Alone!: Lives of Some Outsider Women. New York Review of Books, Incorporated. p.\u00a010. ISBN\u00a0978-1-59017-171-4. \"Vera Cuningham (1897\u20131955)\". British Museum. Retrieved 6 March 2015. \"Matthew Smith (1879\u20131959) Landscapes, 2010\". Bath and North East Somerset Council. pp.\u00a045, 46. Retrieved 6 March 2015 \u2013 via ISSUU. Jill Berk Jiminez (15 October 2013). Dictionary of Artists' Models. Taylor & Francis. p.\u00a0134. ISBN\u00a0978-1-135-95921-0. \"History of the London Group: New Members by Year\". The London Group. Archived from the original on 23 February 2015. Retrieved 6 March 2015. Germaine Greer (2 June 2001). The Obstacle Race: The Fortunes of Women Painters and Their Work. Tauris Parke Paperbacks. p.\u00a053. ISBN\u00a0978-1-86064-677-5. Roald Dahl; Browse & Darby (London) (1979). Matthew Smith, 1879\u20131959: A Centenary Exhibition. John Gledhill (2009). Catalogue Raisonn\u00e9 of the Oil Paintings of Matthew Smith: With a Critical Introduction to His Work. Lund Humphries. ISBN\u00a0978-0-85331-998-6. Alice Keene; Barbican Art Gallery (1995). The two Mr. Smiths: the life and work of Sir Matthew Smith, 1879\u20131959. Lund Humphries in association with the Corporation of London. ISBN\u00a0978-0-85331-669-5. Matthew Smith (1990). A Selection of Thirty Paintings by Matthew Smith, 1879\u20131959: Exhibition 10 May \u2013 21 July 1990. Crane Kalman Gallery. Matthew Smith (1983). Sir Matthew Smith, 1879\u20131959. Browse & Darby. Sir Matthew Smith; Richard Smart (1960). A Memorial Exhibition of Works by Sir Matthew Smith, C.B.E., 1879\u20131959. Royal Academy of Arts."
   },
   {
    "name": "Nick Holmes",
    "id": "Q3316841",
    "text": "Nicholas John Arthur Holmes (born 7 January 1971) is an English singer and songwriter, best known as the lead vocalist of British gothic metal/doom metal band Paradise Lost and Swedish death metal band Bloodbath. Holmes formed Paradise Lost in late 1988 when he and the other band members were barely out of secondary school. Like other contemporaries of the British death-doom scene (Anathema and My Dying Bride), the band began purely as death metal, with Holmes using a low, guttural death grunt on their early demos and Lost Paradise (1990), Gothic (1991), and Shades of God (1992) full-lengths (though the latter two albums were not exclusively death metal in execution, and Holmes even utilized some clean vocals as well). Beginning with 1993's Icon, the death grunts were discarded entirely in favour of a raw but decipherable James Hetfield-like bellow. When the band yet again transitioned stylistically with 1997's One Second, Holmes' vocals took on a more gothic rock croon, which remained his prevalent style for the next several albums that followed. However, with 2015's The Plague Within, the band reincorporated low growls in some songs, a style which continued with 2017's Medusa and 2020's Obsidian. In September 2014, it was officially announced that Holmes had replaced Mikael \u00c5kerfeldt as the vocalist in the Swedish death metal band Bloodbath. He has thus far released two albums with the band, Grand Morbid Funeral (2014) and The Arrow of Satan Is Drawn (2018). Bloodbath - Grand Morbid Funeral (2014, Peaceville Records) Bloodbath - The Arrow of Satan is Drawn (2018, Peaceville Records) 3 AM - \"Deus Ex Machina\" - Liv Kristine (1998, Swanlake) For a Voice Like Thunder - \"Rituals\" - Rotting Christ (2016, Season of Mist) Gallows Bird - \"Hour of the Nightingale\" - Trees of Eternity - (2016, Svart Records) Wake Up the Coma - \"Wake Up the Coma\" - Front Line Assembly (2019, Metropolis Records) ... and a Cross Now Marks His Place - Where Fear and Weapons Meet - 1914 (2021, Napalm Records) 666 - At Calling Death (1993, documentary, directed: Matt Vain) Over the Madness (2007, documentary, directed: Diran Noubar) nuclearblastuk. \"Happy Birthday! Nicholas John Arthur Holmes - Paradise Lost #NuclearBlastOnThisDay\". tumblr.com. Retrieved 22 October 2020. Jason Ankeny. \"Paradise Lost - Biography - AllMusic\". AllMusic. Retrieved 23 August 2015. \"Bloodbath Recruits Paradise Lost's Nick Holmes As Its New Singer - Blabbermouth.net\". BLABBERMOUTH.NET. Retrieved 23 August 2015."
   },
   {
    "name": "Peter O'Dowd",
    "id": "Q3376789",
    "text": "James Peter O'Dowd (26 February 1908 \u2013 8 May 1964) was an English professional footballer who played as a central defender. He won three caps for the England national football team. He retired at the age of 29 after suffering a broken leg while playing for Torquay United. Paul Dutton. \"ASK STATMAN 2\". chelseafc.com. Joyce, Michael (2004). Football League Players' Records 1888-1939. v t e"
   }
  ]
 },
 {
  "relation_id": "P19",
  "target_id": "Q189960",
  "target_name": "Westminster",
  "samples": [
   {
    "name": "Tom Parker Bowles",
    "id": "Q3736070",
    "text": "Thomas Henry Charles Parker Bowles (/bo\u028alz/; born 18 December 1974) is a British food writer and food critic. Parker Bowles is the author of seven cookbooks and, in 2010, won the Guild of Food Writers 2010 award for his writings on British food. He is known for his appearances as a judge in numerous television food series and for his reviews of restaurant meals around the UK and overseas for GQ, Esquire, and The Mail on Sunday. Parker Bowles is the son of Camilla, Duchess of Cornwall, and Andrew Parker Bowles. His stepfather and godfather is Charles, Prince of Wales. He has one younger sister, Laura Lopes. Tom Parker Bowles was born on 18 December 1974 in London. He grew up at Bolehyde Manor in Allington, Wiltshire, and, later, Middlewick House in Corsham, Wiltshire. He and his sister Laura were raised as Roman Catholics. Both their father and their paternal grandmother, Dame Ann Parker Bowles, were Catholic. Like his father, he is in distant remainder to the Earldom of Macclesfield. Parker Bowles was educated at Summer Fields prep school in Oxford. In the 1980s, he and his sister attended Heywood Preparatory School in Corsham. He later attended Eton College and Worcester College, Oxford. Parker Bowles states that immediately after leaving school, he fell in love with food writing, and cites his mother's cooking skills and recipes as what inspired him to become a food writer. From 1997 until 2000, Parker Bowles was a junior publicist for Dennis Davidson Associates public relations firm. In 2001, he became Tatler's food columnist. From 2002 to date he has been a food writer, critic and broadcaster. He is a restaurant critic of The Mail on Sunday and food editor of Esquire. He is also a contributing editor to Conde Nast Traveller (UK and US), and Departures (US), as well as a regular contributor to Country Life, Harpers Bazaar and Town and Country. He was a contributor to Gordon Ramsay's The F Word. From 2007 to 2010 he co-presented Market Kitchen on Good Food Channel, alongside Matthew Fort and Matt Tebbutt, and presented LBC Radio's Food and Drink Programme for a year. He was a judge on the ITV Food series Food Glorious Food and Channel nine Australian cooking series The Hot Plate. In 2017, he was judge, alongside Matt Moran and Anna Polyviou on Series 1 of Family Food Fight (Channel nine Australia) and filmed series two of Family Food Fight, which was broadcast in late 2018. He is also one of the regular critics on MasterChef (BBC 1). In 2014, Parker Bowles was named as one of the Top 10 most followed UK restaurant critics on Twitter. Parker Bowles's first book, published in 2004, was E Is For Eating \u2013 An Alphabet of Greed. His next, The Year of Eating Dangerously: A Global Adventure in Search of Culinary Extremes, was published by Ebury in 2007. AbeBooks named the book as one of The 50 Best Food Memoirs. His third, Full English: A Journey Through the British and Their Food was published in 2009 and won the Guild of Food Writers 2010 award for best work on British food. His next book, Let's Eat: Recipes From My Kitchen Notebook, is a compendium of his favourite recipes from his childhood, collected from around the world, and written with the amateur cook in mind. The book was published by St. Martin's Press and was released in 2012. In October 2014, he launched his fifth book titled Let's Eat Meat: Recipes for Prime Cuts, Cheap Bits and Glorious Scraps of Meat, which was published by Pavilion. His seventh book, Fortnum and Mason - Christmas and Other Winter Feasts (4th Estate) was released in October 2018. In November 2011, Parker Bowles, along with food writer Matthew Fort and farmer Rupert Ponsonby, launched a pork scratchings snack named Mr Trotter's Great British Pork Crackling. Due to good reviews and successful sales of the snack, they launched a beer brand in 2013 named Mr Trotter's Chestnut Ale, which was produced in partnership with The Lancaster Brewing Company and is considered to be the first chestnut beer made in the UK. Mr. Trotter's has since begun expanding, creating different types of products. On 10 September 2005, after five years of dating, Parker Bowles married Sara Buys, an associate editor of Harpers & Queen magazine and senior editor of British Town & Country magazine. The wedding took place at St. Nicholas' Anglican Church in Rotherfield Greys, Oxfordshire. His cousin Ben Elliot was his best man. The couple had daughter Lola in 2007 and son Frederick in 2010. Parker Bowles and Buys split in 2018. In 2019, Parker Bowles started dating former journalist Alice Procope. On 17 March 2021, Procope died in her home, seven months after being diagnosed with cancer. E is for Eating: An Alphabet of Greed. (2004). Long Barn Books. ISBN\u00a0978-1902421100 The Year of Eating Dangerously: A Global Adventure in Search of Culinary Extremes (2007). Ebury. ISBN\u00a0978-0091904913 Full English: A Journey Through the British and Their Food. (2009). Ebury. ISBN\u00a0978-0091926687 Let's Eat: Recipes from My Kitchen Notebook. (2012). St. Martin's Press. ISBN\u00a0978-1250014337 Let's Eat Meat: Recipes for Prime Cuts, Cheap Bits and Glorious Scraps of Meat. (2014). Pavilion. ISBN\u00a0978-1909108318 The Fortnum & Mason Cookbook. (2016). Harper Collins. ISBN\u00a0978-0008199364 Fortnum and Mason: Christmas and Other Winter Feasts. (2018). Fourth Estate Ltd ISBN\u00a0978-0008305017 \"Tom Parker Bowles Profile\". The Guardian. Retrieved 23 August 2014. \"Tom Parker Bowles, British food critic and son of duchess, shares travel tales\". Palm Beach Daily News. 23 March 2011. Retrieved 23 August 2014. \"Tom Parker Bowles and Sara Buys\". About.com. Archived from the original on 10 July 2014. Armstrong, Julie (2 June 2013). \"Pink Floyd drummer Nick Mason welcomes Camilla back to her old home ground\". gazetteandherald.co.uk. Retrieved 7 September 2014. \"Why postponing Royal wedding is right thing to do - News - Scotsman.com\". News.scotsman.com. 5 April 2005. Retrieved 28 December 2011. \"Earl of Macclesfield family update\". thepeerage.com. Archived from the original on 17 December 2011. Retrieved 24 October 2013. Lynn Barber (1 October 2006). \"Eating like a king\". The Observer. Retrieved 30 November 2014. \"Camilla goes back to school in Corsham\". wiltshiretimes.co.uk. 25 November 2011. Retrieved 24 October 2014. \"'My uni diet was like The Young Ones,' says Tom Parker Bowles\". Standard. Retrieved 24 October 2014. \"Tom's appetite for his work is key ingredient\". YorkShire Post. Retrieved 24 October 2014. Cassandra Jardine (18 October 2006). \"I felt for my mother and Sir\". The Daily Telegraph. Retrieved 31 October 2014. Jake Wallis, Simons (5 July 2012). \"Eating out with Tom Parker Bowles\". The Daily Telegraph. Retrieved 21 July 2012. People reported the name of the PR firm where Parker Bowles was employed from 1997\u20132000. This was done in Volume 51, Issue 20, dated 31 May 1999. Another source, Royalty Database, translates a Spanish language article in the Clarin website, and reports the name of the PR firm as simply being \"DDA.\" This article was originally published in the same timeframe as the People article and provides, essentially, the same \"news\" and information. Nigel Slater (10 June 2001). \"Food and Drink: Top nosh, not too posh\". The Guardian. Retrieved 2 November 2014. \"Tom Parker Bowles hearts Soho\". Esquire Magazine. Archived from the original on 17 July 2012. Sophie Maden (16 September 2011). \"Pomp targets wealthy visitors with Chinese section\". mediaweek.co.uk. Retrieved 13 November 2014. \"Tom Parker-Bowles\". four-magazine.com. Retrieved 12 December 2014. \"The F Word\". Amazon. Retrieved 20 December 2018. \"Tom Parker Bowles\". Leading Britain Conversation. Archived from the original on 2 January 2014. \"Tom Parker Bowles\". ITV. Archived from the original on 3 March 2013. Retrieved 30 July 2013. \"Hot Plate: Tom Parker Bowles flies in for Channel Nine's reality TV cooking series\". Herald sun. 15 March 2015. Retrieved 17 March 2015. \"Top 10 most followed UK restaurant critics on Twitter 2014\". Retrieved 23 November 2018. Bowles, Tom Parker. E is for Eating: An Alphabet of Greed. ASIN\u00a01902421108. Bowles, Tom Parker. The Year of Eating Dangerously: A Global Adventure in Search of Culinary Extremes. ASIN\u00a00091904900. \"The 50 Best Food Memoirs\". abebooks.com. Retrieved 25 October 2014. Bowles, Tom Parker. Full English: A Journey Through the British and Their Food. ASIN\u00a00091926688. \"Guild Awards Winners 2010\". gfw.co.uk. Retrieved 22 July 2012. Bowles, Tom Parker. Let's Eat: Recipes from My Kitchen Notebook. ASIN\u00a01862059306. \"Fortnum & Mason\". Twitter. Retrieved 22 October 2014. \"Tom Parker Bowles Launches New Book 'Let's Eat Meat' At Fortnum & Mason's Diamond Jubilee Tea Salon\". Getty images. Retrieved 22 October 2014. \"Tom Parker Bowles: My life in travel\". The Daily Telegraph. Retrieved 24 October 2014. Tom Parker Bowles (2018). Fortnum & Mason: Christmas & Other Winter Feasts. HarperCollins Publishers. ISBN\u00a0978-0-00-830502-4. \"The History of Mr. Trotter\". mrtrotter.com. Archived from the original on 25 July 2012. Retrieved 23 November 2014. \"Stop the cheese! I bring you Mr Trotter's Pork Crackling, Crisps & Ale\". 17 April 2014. Archived from the original on 13 December 2014. Retrieved 12 December 2014. \"Mr. trotter's to launch beer\". thedrinksbusiness.com. 19 April 2013. Retrieved 23 November 2014. \"Food and drink highlights of 2011\". The Daily Telegraph. Retrieved 23 November 2014. \"Lancaster Brewery debuts chestnut beer for Mr Trotters, food writers and beer guru\". retailtimes.co.uk. Retrieved 23 November 2014. \"Mr. Trotter's adds Potato crisps to range\". 27 September 2013. Retrieved 23 November 2014. Ellie Pithers (16 August 2014). \"Sara Parker Bowles on not being a slave to fashion\". The Daily Telegraph. Archived from the original on 29 November 2014. Retrieved 14 November 2014. \"Royal weddings in history\". UK Vogue. April 2011. Retrieved 30 November 2014. \"Camilla overjoyed at the society wedding of her millionaire nephew Ben Elliot\". Hello!. 13 September 2011. Retrieved 22 October 2014. Prince, Rosa (14 January 2012). \"Tom Parker Bowles talks posh pork scratchings\". The Daily Telegraph. Retrieved 22 July 2012. Kristine Tarbert (28 March 2021). \"Tom Parker Bowles devastated after death of girlfriend\". Yahoo! Lifestyle. Retrieved 30 March 2021. Tom Parker Bowles at IMDb Tom Parker Bowles on Twitter"
   },
   {
    "name": "Frances Anne Spencer-Churchill, Duchess of Marlborough",
    "id": "Q3749340",
    "text": "Frances Anne Spencer-Churchill, Duchess of Marlborough, VA (15 April 1822 \u2013 16 April 1899) was an English noblewoman, the wife of British peer and statesman John Spencer-Churchill, 7th Duke of Marlborough. One of her sons, Lord Randolph Churchill, was the father of Prime Minister Sir Winston Churchill. She had a total of 11 children, and her principal home was the monumental Blenheim Palace, which she rejuvenated with her \"lavish and exciting entertainments\", and transformed into a \"social and political focus for the life of the nation\". She was invested as a Lady of the Royal Order of Victoria and Albert for her efforts at famine relief in Ireland. Lady Frances Anne Emily Vane was born on 15 April 1822 at the Duke of St Albans's house in St James's Square, London, the eldest daughter of Irish-born Charles Vane, 3rd Marquess of Londonderry, and heiress Lady Frances Anne Vane-Tempest. At her baptism, Arthur Wellesley, 1st Duke of Wellington stood as her godfather. She had three brothers, including George Vane-Tempest, 5th Marquess of Londonderry, and two younger sisters. She had an older half-brother, Frederick Stewart, 4th Marquess of Londonderry, by her father's first marriage to Lady Catherine Bligh. On 12 July 1843 at St. George Street, Mayfair, Lady Frances married John Spencer-Churchill, Marquess of Blandford. Upon her marriage she was styled Marchioness of Blandford. The couple made their principal home at the Spencer-Churchill family seat of Blenheim Palace in Woodstock, Oxfordshire. The marriage produced eleven children: George Charles Spencer-Churchill, 8th Duke of Marlborough (13 May 1844 \u2013 9 November 1892) Lord Frederick John Winston Spencer-Churchill (2 February 1846 \u2013 5 August 1850) Lady Cornelia Henrietta Maria Spencer-Churchill (17 September 1847 \u2013 Upper Brook Street, Mayfair, London, 22 January 1927), married 25 May 1868 Ivor Bertie Guest, 1st Baron Wimborne, by whom she had issue. Lady Rosamund Jane Frances Spencer-Churchill (9 November 1851 - 3 December 1920), married 12 July 1877 William Fellowes, 2nd Baron de Ramsey, by whom she had issue Lord Randolph Henry Spencer-Churchill (13 February 1849 \u2013 24 January 1895), married 15 April 1874 Jennie Jerome, father of Sir Winston Churchill and John Strange Spencer-Churchill. Lady Fanny Octavia Louise Spencer-Churchill (29 January 1853 \u2013 5 August 1904), married 9 June 1873 Edward Marjoribanks, 2nd Baron Tweedmouth, by whom she had issue. Lady Anne Emily Spencer-Churchill (Lower Brook Street, Mayfair, London, 14 November 1854 \u2013 South Audley Street, Mayfair, London, 20 June 1923), married 11 June 1874 James Innes-Ker, 7th Duke of Roxburghe, by whom she had issue. Lord Charles Ashley Spencer-Churchill (25 November 1856 \u2013 11 March 1858) Lord Augustus Robert Spencer-Churchill (4 July 1858 \u2013 12 May 1859) Lady Georgiana Elizabeth Spencer-Churchill (10 St James's Square, St James's, London, 14 May 1860 \u2013 9 February 1906), married 4 June 1883 Richard George Penn Curzon, 4th Earl Howe, by whom she had issue. Lady Sarah Isabella Augusta Spencer-Churchill (4 July 1865 \u2013 22 October 1929), a war correspondent during the Boer War; married 21 November 1891 Lt. Col. Gordon Chesney Wilson (son of Sir Samuel Wilson, MP) On 1 July 1857, her husband succeeded to the title of 7th Duke of Marlborough, and from that date henceforth, Frances was styled Duchess of Marlborough. She was a commanding and hot-tempered woman described in The Complete Peerage as a \"woman of remarkable character and capacity, judicious and tactful\". Her face had more strength than beauty and her eyes were either warm or hard, never lacklustre. She ruled Blenheim Palace and its household with an iron hand; yet it was she who rejuvenated the palace with her lavish and gay entertainments which she herself organised; transforming the palace \"into a social and political focus for the life of the nation\". She was a domineering yet devoted mother; both of her surviving sons' marriages were a disappointment to her. Her eldest son George married a woman described as stupid, pious and dull, while her youngest and favourite son, Lord Randolph earned her displeasure by marrying, against the wishes of both herself and the Duke, American socialite Jennie Jerome, whom Frances openly disliked. Frances and her husband refused to attend Lord Randolph and Jennie's wedding at the British Embassy in Paris, which took place on Frances's 52nd birthday. Like the rest of the 19th-century British aristocracy, the Marlboroughs regarded American women as \"strange and abnormal creatures with habits and manners something between a Red Indian and a Gaiety Girl\". When the newly-wed couple moved to their home in Curzon Street in London, however, Frances arrived to help Jennie pay her first visits to the leaders of London society. She lent her some of her own jewels for the occasion, and the two women travelled in the Marlborough family coach. Frances featured largely in the lives of the younger members of the family, including her grandson Winston, to whom she often acted as a substitute mother. From 1876 to 1880 her husband served as Lord Lieutenant of Ireland. As the result of her diligent efforts at famine relief in which she displayed humanity, proficiency and leadership that attempted to avert the effects of the 1879 Great Famine, she was invested as a Lady of the Order of Victoria and Albert by Queen Victoria. She became a widow in 1883, lost her eldest son, George, in 1892, and on 24 January 1895, her only surviving son, Lord Randolph Churchill, died at her London home in Grosvenor Square. She never stopped mourning Randolph, and harboured much resentment against his wife, whom she had never liked and now criticised for behaviour unbecoming a grieving widow.[citation needed] Frances died at Blenheim on 16 April 1899, the day after her 77th birthday, having outlived five of her eleven children. She was buried on 21 April 1899 in the family vault beneath Blenheim Chapel. Her grandson Sir Winston Churchill wrote of her: \"She was a woman of exceptional capacity, energy and decision\". The Duchess was portrayed by Rachel Kempson in the 1974 Thames TV mini-series Jennie: Lady Randolph Churchill. Ralph G. Martin, Jennie: The Life of Lady Randolph Churchill, Volume One, The Romantic Years (1854\u20131895), p. 61. Margaret Elizabeth Forster, Churchill's Grandmama: Frances, 7th Duchess of Marlborough, The History Press Ltd., 2010, publisher's note. Retrieved 16 April 2010. Profile, peerage.com. Retrieved 22 March 2014. Forster. Martin, p. 61. Martin, pp. 61, 65, 73\u201374. Martin, p. 101. Martin, Ralph G. Jennie: The Life of Lady Randolph Churchill, Volume One, The Romantic Years (1854\u20131895), New American Library, New York, 1969 (ISBN\u00a0978-0304934300)"
   },
   {
    "name": "Henry Hyde, 2nd Earl of Clarendon",
    "id": "Q3784948",
    "text": "Henry Hyde, 2nd Earl of Clarendon, PC (2 June 1638\u00a0\u2013 31 October 1709) was an English aristocrat and politician. He held high office at the beginning of the reign of his brother-in-law, King James II. He was the eldest son of Edward Hyde, 1st Earl of Clarendon, and his second wife, Frances Aylesbury. He was thus a brother of Anne Hyde, and maternal uncle to both Queen Mary II and Queen Anne. Both he and his brother Laurence Hyde were brought up partly at Antwerp and Breda, by their mother. Clarendon before 1660 made use of Henry as copyist, decipherer, and confidential secretary, in his correspondence with distant royalists. Soon after the return of his family to England, in 1660, Hyde married Theodosia Capell, daughter of Arthur Capell, 1st Baron Capell of Hadham, and Elizabeth Morrison, and sister of Mary Capell, Duchess of Beaufort. She died in 1661, and in 1670, he married secondly to Flower Backhouse, daughter of William Backhouse and Anne Richards, and widow of William Bishop and Sir William Backhouse (kinsman of her father), gaining the manor and house of Swallowfield Park, Berkshire, where he rebuilt the house. Later she was First Lady of the Bedchamber to Queen Anne. Queen Anne later took a dislike to her aunt, no doubt influenced by her best friend, Sarah Churchill, Duchess of Marlborough; Sarah detested Flower, whom she called \"the madwoman\". Hyde had the courtesy title Lord Cornbury, from 1661. He was Member of Parliament for Wiltshire, until 1674. In 1662 he was appointed private secretary to Queen Catherine, whose lord chamberlain he became in July 1665; in later years he may have regretted the appointment, as he and the Queen became embroiled in an almost interminable lawsuit over the arrears of her allowance. John Evelyn in 1664 helped him to plant Cornbury Park. He spoke on behalf of his father on his impeachment in 1667; and after his fall Lord Cornbury became an opponent of the court party and the Cabal Ministry, and attacked Buckingham and Arlington. On his father's death in 1674 he succeeded to the earldom of Clarendon. In 1680, the influence of his brother-in-law James, Duke of York, made him a privy councillor. Around the same time he was named keeper of Denmark House and treasurer and receiver-general of the queen's revenues. At this time, and often, he had money troubles. The friendship of the Duke of York led to his inclusion with his brother Lawrence in the group whom the Commons early in January 1681 told the king were persons inclined to popery. By now a court loyalist, he was in a position to visit in the Tower of London both Arthur Capell, 1st Earl of Essex (brother to his first wife), in 1683, and in the next reign the Duke of Monmouth, and to plead the cause of Alice Lisle when she had been sentenced by Judge George Jeffreys. In 1685, Henry's brother-in-law, King James II, appointed him Lord Privy Seal. A few months later, the office was put into commission, and he was made Lord-Lieutenant of Ireland. Richard Talbot, 1st Earl of Tyrconnell, had been summoned to London from the command of the military forces in Ireland about the date when Clarendon set out for Dublin (December 1685). On 9 January 1686 the new Lord-Lieutenant arrived in Dublin. He found his authority overshadowed by that of the absent commander-in-chief. Shortly Clarendon was told by Robert Spencer, 2nd Earl of Sunderland of the king's intention to introduce Roman Catholics into the Irish judicial and administrative system, as well as into the Irish Army. Clarendon warned bishops and preachers against offending Catholic feeling, and admitted Catholics as councillors and as officers of the army; and he urged their admission into town corporations. He made half-hearted protests to the king. In June 1686 Tyrconnel returned with full powers as commander-in-chief; Clarendon clung to his office. Tyrconnell transformed the army; and in August 1686 he visited England to obtain the king's permission for legislation to replace the Act of Settlement 1662. Clarendon sent many protests to both king and queen during his rival's absence; but as his brother Lawrence (now Earl of Rochester) saw his influence dwindle, he came to the conclusion that no hope of retaining his post in Ireland remained except through the queen. About three weeks after the dismissal of Rochester (8 January 1687), he received his letter of recall from Sunderland. Tyrconnell, who took Clarendon's place had a final interview with him on 8 February. On 21 February Clarendon landed at Neston in Cheshire, carrying with him the account books of the stores. Henry and his brother, the Earl of Rochester, had fallen from the king's favour and were dismissed from office. The Privy Seal was given on 16 March 1687 to a Catholic, Henry Arundell, 3rd Baron Arundell of Wardour, and Clarendon withdrew for a while into private life. He had a marriage project of his eldest son, now Lord Cornbury, and money to raise for a settlement on the encumbered family estates. He engaged in speculations, ranging from the digging for coal in Windsor forest to the traffic of Scotch pedlars. A pension was conferred on him by James II about the beginning of 1688. He advised the bishops in the Tower of London concerning their bail, and was asked by Jeffreys to use his good offices with William Sancroft. The Queen, on whose council he had been placed in 1681, sought him out. On 24 September 1688, the day after her friendly reception of him, Clarendon found the king himself, in view of the Dutch preparations for invasion, anxious to 'see what the Church of England men will do.' He became more resolute, and on 22 October, at the council summoned by the king to hear his declaration concerning the birth of the Prince of Wales, declined to sit by the side of Father Edward Petre, and asked to attend as a peer only. Nine days after the landing of William of Orange Lord Cornbury deserted from the King to him (14 November), a turning point; and very difficult for Clarendon. (Mary, wife of William, was Henry's niece.) In the council of peers called by the King on his return to discuss the question of summoning a free parliament (27 November) Clarendon argued against the royal policy; and on 1 December he set out for Salisbury to make his peace with William. On 3 December he had an interview with William at Berwick, near Hindon, Wiltshire, and offered him his support. He was present at the Hungerford conference on 8 December, and followed the advance of the prince as far as Henley, where, on 13 December he obtained leave of absence. By the prince's desire he waited on him again at Windsor on 16 December, and presented to him his brother Rochester. It was at the conference held at Windsor that Clarendon was said to have suggested the confinement of King James to the Tower; while, according to Gilbert Burnet he proposed his relegation to Breda. He himself declared that, except at the Windsor meeting, he had never been present at any discussion about what should be done with King James, but that he was against the king being sent away. He was informed by William himself that the King had fled. Clarendon took a Tory line, rejecting the Whig assumption that King James had abdicated, and the settlement of the crown upon William III and Mary II. He spoke to this effect in parliament, and he refused to take the oaths to the new government. William took it badly that Clarendon had represented him as hostile to the Church of England. Clarendon was in touch with Richard Graham, 1st Viscount Preston, a Jacobite plotter. On 24 June, Queen Mary II ordered her uncle arrested, and next day he was in the Tower of London. There he stayed, not specially well treated though he was allowed the company of his wife for a time, until 15 August. After his liberation, the plotting resumed. When Lord Preston on 31 December 1690 was arrested on the Thames River, the letters found upon him included one from Clarendon to King James. Preston named Clarendon among his accomplices; Clarendon, who from 4 January 1691, after being examined before the cabinet council, had been once more consigned to the Tower, remained there for several months. In July he was allowed into the country under care of his warder; and his release on bail soon followed. The remainder of Clarendon's life was passed in tranquillity at his residences in the country, troubled only by his almost endless lawsuit with the Dowager Queen Catherine. Cornbury was in 1694, owing to money difficulties, denuded of many of the pictures collected by his father, and of at least a great part of its library; and in 1697, or shortly before, was sold by Clarendon to Rochester, though to spare his pride the sale was kept a secret till his death. The publication (1702\u20131704) of the first edition, in three volumes, of the History of the Rebellion by the first Earl, was mostly the work of Rochester; but Clarendon took an interest, and in 1704 he presented John Evelyn with the three printed volumes. Queen Anne would not receive him at Court, as a \"diehard\" Jacobite, but she did pay him a pension. Clarendon died on 31 October 1709. His Diary (1687\u20131690) and Correspondence, with the letters of his younger brother Rochester, first appeared in 1828; it was edited by Samuel Weller Singer from manuscripts of William Upcott. He had a fine collection of medals, and was author of the History and Antiquities of the Cathedral Church at Winchester, continued by Samuel Gale, London, 1715. List of deserters from James II to William of Orange \"Hyde, Henry (1638-1709)\"\u00a0. Dictionary of National Biography. London: Smith, Elder & Co. 1885\u20131900. \"Backhouse, William\"\u00a0. Dictionary of National Biography. London: Smith, Elder & Co. 1885\u20131900. \"Singer, Samuel Weller\"\u00a0. Dictionary of National Biography. London: Smith, Elder & Co. 1885\u20131900. Attribution \u00a0This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain:\u00a0\"Hyde, Henry (1638-1709)\". Dictionary of National Biography. London: Smith, Elder & Co. 1885\u20131900. \"Clarendon, Henry Hyde, 2nd Earl of\"\u00a0. Encyclop\u00e6dia Britannica. 6 (11th\u00a0ed.). 1911. pp.\u00a0435\u2013436."
   },
   {
    "name": "Ernest Ion Pool",
    "id": "Q3801403",
    "text": "Ernest Ion Pool (22 November 1857 \u2013 26 September 1931) was a British athlete who competed in the Marathon at the 1900 Olympic Games in Paris. He did not complete the race. After he returned to England he wrote an article for the club magazine of the South London Harriers commenting on his experiences; \"The marathon turned out a dismal fiasco. The whole conduct of the race on the part of the responsible officials, beginning with the tardy date of the announcement abroad down to the smallest details providing, or rather failing to provide, for the convenience of contestants on the fatal day, and the entire absence of precautions to ensure fair play, can only be characterized by the one word \u201cPresposterous\u201d \u2013 with a capital P. Add to this the non-sporting instincts of the French populace and it will not be necessary to cite fully the details of the troubles that invariably beset the strangers only bicycles and cars for obstacles. At the best it proved a steeplechase, 25 miles is really too far for a steeplechase, but that was with mere circumstance. Suffice it to say that when the three placed men in last year's London to Brighton GAYP found it necessary to retire inside of four miles and Arthur Newton (a well known long distance record breaker in the States), who was unwise enough to finish, took longer than walking time to complete the distance, it shows that things were very, very wrong. I could a further tale unfold...but 'no mattah.'\" \"Ion Pool\". Olympedia. Retrieved 22 December 2020. Buchanan, Ian British Olympians. Guinness Publishing (1991) ISBN\u00a00-85112-952-8 v t e"
   },
   {
    "name": "John Hooper",
    "id": "Q3809347",
    "text": "John Edward Francis Hooper (born 17 July 1950, Westminster, London, England) is a British journalist, author and broadcaster. He is the Italy and Vatican correspondent of The Economist. Son of the artist and writer William John ('Bill') Hooper (\"Raff\") (1916\u20131996), John Hooper was educated at St Benedict's School in London and St Catharine's College, Cambridge. In his first year at university, he travelled to the breakaway state of Biafra to help make a television documentary on the Nigerian Civil war. After graduating, Hooper worked for the BBC as a current affairs reporter. In 1973, he became Diplomatic Correspondent of the then newly established Independent Radio News. The following year he visited Cyprus following the Turkish invasion of the island as a freelance correspondent for news organisations including the BBC, The Guardian and The Economist. In 1976, after the death of Spain\u2019s dictator, Francisco Franco, Hooper was asked by The Guardian to become its correspondent in Madrid. Over the next three years, he covered the country\u2019s transition from dictatorship to democracy. He returned to Madrid as correspondent for The Observer, Guardian and Economist in 1988, remaining until 1994. In the intervening years, he worked on the London staff of The Guardian and from 1984 to 1988 was a presenter of the BBC World Service programme, Twenty Four Hours. Between 1994 and 1999, he was based in Rome as Southern Europe Correspondent for The Guardian and Observer. He brought to light the so-called \u2018Ship of Death\u2019 migrant trafficking disaster of December 25, 1996 and was a member of the award-winning Observer team that investigated its aftermath. Hooper was Central Europe Correspondent for the same two papers, based in Berlin, until 2003. He covered the war in Kosovo and was in Afghanistan in 2001 during the Battle of Tora Bora and the search by US allies for Osama bin Laden. Hooper\u2019s The Spaniards: A portrait of the new Spain won the 1987 Allen Lane award for a best first work of history or literature. He later published two expanded and revised versions as The New Spaniards (1995 and 2006). The 2006 edition was described as \"essential reading for all who wish to understand the new Spain\" by Sir Raymond Carr in a review for The Spectator. In 2015, Hooper published The Italians, a portrait of the Italian people and their culture. His latest work, with Anna Kraczyna, is an annotated translation of Carlo Collodi's The Adventures of Pinocchio published by Penguin Classics. In 2021, Hooper was made an honorary fellow of St Catharine's College, Cambridge. John Hooper, The Spaniards: a portrait of the new Spain New York: Viking, 1986. ISBN\u00a00-14-009808-9 John Hooper, The New Spaniards Penguin, 2006. ISBN\u00a00-14-101609-4 John Hooper, The Italians Viking, 2015. ISBN\u00a0978-0-525-42807-7 John Hooper and Anna Kraczyna, The Adventures of Pinocchio Penguin, 2021. ISBN\u00a0978-0-143-13609-5 \"About | John Hooper | Author and foreign correspondent | The New Spaniards | Fatal Voyage\". www.john-hooper.com. Retrieved 2017-05-25. \"The Obituary Page - The Visual Arts 1996\". Catless.ncl.ac.uk. Retrieved 2017-02-18. [1] \"Debrett's - The trusted source on British social skills, etiquette and style-Debrett's\". Debretts.com. Retrieved 2017-02-18. \"Blogposts | The Guardian\". Blogs.guardian.co.uk. Retrieved 2017-02-18. \"Questia\". Archived from the original on 2015-03-23. [2] [3] John Hooper's website John Hooper's Guardian profile John Hooper on Journalisted.com"
   },
   {
    "name": "Margaret Beaufort, Countess of Devon",
    "id": "Q3846847",
    "text": "Margaret Beaufort, Countess of Devon (c. 1409 \u2013 1449)[citation needed] was a great-granddaughter of King Edward III (1327\u20131377). Margaret Beaufort was the second and youngest daughter of John Beaufort, 1st Earl of Somerset (c.1371 \u2013 16 March 1410), by his wife Margaret Holland (c.1385/6 \u2013 c.1439/40), the daughter of Thomas Holland, 2nd Earl of Kent by his wife Alice Arundel. Her father, John Beaufort, was an illegitimate son of John of Gaunt, 1st Duke of Lancaster (1340\u20131399), the third surviving son of King Edward III (1327\u20131377), by his mistress, later his third wife, Katherine Swynford. Margaret was thus a great-granddaughter of King Edward III. Margaret had prominent siblings, including the following four brothers and a sister: Henry Beaufort, 2nd Earl of Somerset John Beaufort, 1st Duke of Somerset Thomas Beaufort, Count of Perche Edmund Beaufort, 2nd Duke of Somerset Joan Beaufort, Queen of Scotland. At some time after 1421 Margaret married Thomas Courtenay, 13th Earl of Devon (1414\u20131458), for whom she bore three sons and five daughters. Her sons were all killed or executed during the Wars of the Roses due to their strong adherence to the Lancastrian cause, and left no children, and thus the senior line of the Courtenays was extinguished. Margaret's children included the following: Thomas Courtenay, 14th Earl of Devon (1432 \u2013 3 April 1461), eldest son and heir, who shortly after 9 September 1456 married Mary of Anjou,[citation needed] illegitimate daughter of Charles, Count of Maine. The marriage was without children. As a Lancastrian supporter during the Wars of the Roses, he was taken prisoner at the Battle of Towton, in which the victor was the Yorkist Edward IV, then attainted and beheaded at York. All his honours, including the original Earldom of Devon, became forfeited. Henry Courtenay (d. 17 January 1469), Esquire, of West Coker, Somerset. Due to the attainder of his elder brother he did not inherit the Earldom of Devon. Also a Lancastrian supporter, he was beheaded for treason in the market place at Salisbury, Wiltshire on 17 January 1469. John Courtenay, 15th/16th Earl of Devon, (1435[citation needed] \u2013 3 May 1471, youngest brother. After his eldest brother Thomas's attainder the earldom was in May 1469 bestowed away from the family by King Edward IV, the new Yorkist king, onto his supporter Humphrey Stafford, 1st Earl of Devon (c. 1439 \u2013 1469) known as \"an Earl of three months and no more\". The Complete Peerage states him to have been 15th Earl of Devon, whilst other authorities treat his earldom as a new creation. Following the temporary reversal in the dominance of the Yorkists and the temporary restoration of the Lancastrian King Henry VI, Stafford was beheaded in August 1469 and John Courtenay was restored to the honours of his family, with the attainder of 1461 having been reversed and thereby became 15th/16th Earl of Devon. However, the position was short-lived as the Yorkists definitively terminated the reign of Henry VI in April 1471 at the Battle of Barnet and on 4 May 1471 Courtenay was slain during the Battle of Tewkesbury, having commanded the rear of the Lancastrian army. On his death the earldom fell into abeyance between his sisters or their descendants. Joan Courtenay, (born c. 1447), who married firstly, Sir Roger Clifford, second son of Thomas Clifford, 8th Baron de Clifford, beheaded after Bosworth in 1485. She married secondly, Sir William Knyvet of Buckenham, Norfolk. Elizabeth Courtenay (born c. 1449), who married, before March 1490, Sir Hugh Conway. Anne Courtenay. Eleanor Courtenay. Maud Courtenay. Agnes Courtenay Two of Margaret's nieces were also named Margaret Beaufort. Margaret Beaufort, Countess of Stafford, was the mother of Henry Stafford, 2nd Duke of Buckingham, and Margaret Beaufort, Countess of Richmond and Derby, was the mother of King Henry VII. Debtett's Peerage, 1968, p.125 The Complete Peerage, vol.IV, p.326, Earldom of Devon Richardson IV 2011, pp.\u00a038\u201340 Richardson I 2011, p.\u00a0547; Richardson IV 2011, pp.\u00a038\u201343 Vivian, Lt.Col. J.L., (Ed.) The Visitations of the County of Devon: Comprising the Heralds' Visitations of 1531, 1564 & 1620, Exeter, 1895, p.245, pedigree of Courtenay Vivian, p.245 The Complete Peerage, vol.IV, p.327, Earldom of Devon The Complete Peerage, vol.IV, p.328, Earldom of Devon Brown 2004. Marshall 2003, p.\u00a050. Weir 2008, pp.\u00a094, 125. Weir 2008, p.\u00a0232. Weir 2008, p.\u00a093. Weir 2007, p.\u00a06. Weir 2008, p.\u00a0125. Weir 2008, p.\u00a077. Weir 2008, p.\u00a092. Browning 1898, p.\u00a0288. Weir 2008, pp.\u00a094\u201395. Weir 2008, pp.\u00a097, 104. Brown, M.H. (2004). \"Joan [Joan Beaufort] (d. 1445)\". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography. doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/14646. Retrieved 21 November 2013. (subscription required) Browning, Charles H. (1898). The Magna Carta Barons and Their American Descendants. London: Genealogical Publishing Company. Cokayne, George Edward (1916). The Complete Peerage, edited by Vicary Gibbs. IV. London: St. Catherine Press. Richardson, Douglas (2011). Magna Carta Ancestry: A Study in Colonial and Medieval Families, ed. Kimball G. Everingham. I (2nd\u00a0ed.). Salt Lake City. ISBN\u00a01449966373. Richardson, Douglas (2011). Magna Carta Ancestry: A Study in Colonial and Medieval Families, ed. Kimball G. Everingham. IV (2nd\u00a0ed.). Salt Lake City. ISBN\u00a01460992709. Marshall, Rosalind (2003). Scottish Queens, 1034\u20131714. Tuckwell Press. Weir, Alison (2008). Britain's Royal Families, The Complete Genealogy. London: Vintage Books. ISBN\u00a0978-0-09-953973-5. Weir, Alison (2007). Mistress of the Monarchy: The Life of Katherine Swynford, Duchess of Lancaster. London: Random House. ISBN\u00a0978-0-345-45323-5."
   },
   {
    "name": "Richard Boyle, 2nd Viscount Shannon",
    "id": "Q4090435",
    "text": "Field Marshal Richard Boyle, 2nd Viscount Shannon PC (1675 \u2013 20 December 1740) was a British army officer and statesman. After serving as a junior officer at the Battle of the Boyne during the Williamite War in Ireland and at the Battle of Landen during the Nine Years' War, he commanded a brigade of grenadiers during the storming of Vigo during the War of the Spanish Succession. During this engagement the entire French fleet, under the command of the Marquis de Ch\u00e2teau-Renault, together with the Spanish galleons and transports under Manuel de Velasco, were either captured or destroyed. He also took part in a successful raid on Barcelona three years later. He went on to serve as Commander-in-Chief of the Royal Irish Army throughout the 1720s and 1730s. Born the son of Richard Boyle (born circa 1640) and Elizabeth Boyle (n\u00e9e Ponsonby, daughter of Sir John Ponsonby of Bessborough), Boyle was educated at the University of Oxford. He started his military career as a volunteer in the service of the Duke of Ormonde at the Battle of the Boyne in July 1690 during the Williamite War in Ireland. He also fought, being wounded and becoming a prisoner of war, at the Battle of Landen in July 1693 during the Nine Years' War. He was commissioned as a junior officer in Ormonde's Troop of Horse Guards and cornet in the Army on 16 February 1694 and was promoted to cornet in his regiment and major in the Army in 1697. Boyle succeeded his paternal grandfather as 2nd Viscount Shannon of the Peerage of Ireland in 1699. He became colonel of Prince George of Denmark's Regiment of Marines in February 1702 and commanded a brigade of grenadiers during the storming of Vigo in October 1702 during the War of the Spanish Succession. During this engagement the entire French fleet, under the command of the Marquis de Ch\u00e2teau-Renault, together with the Spanish galleons and transports under Manuel de Velasco, were either been captured or destroyed. For his good conduct at Vigo, Boyle was sent home to present the despatches, which reported on the destruction of the French fleet, to Queen Anne. She rewarded him with a gratuity of \u00a31,000. However, in January 1703 he was accused of being involved in some scandalous activity at St James's Church, Piccadilly. Promoted to brigadier-general in 1704, Boyle took part in a successful raid on Barcelona in 1705; he was again sent home to present the despatches. Queen Anne rewarded him with another gratuity. Promoted to major-general in 1708, he became Joint Controller for Clothing the Army that year. He also entered the House of Commons in 1708 as Member of Parliament (MP) for Arundel. His brief membership of the Kit-Cat Club, which met at the Trumpet tavern in London, gave him useful access to ministers and other key influencers including the Earl of Scarborough who had nominated him as a candidate for his seat in Parliament. At this time he was said to have had \"an openness and frankness in his conversation which are highly engaging\". In Parliament he supported the Whigs and voted for the Foreign Protestants Naturalization Act 1708 which allowed Protestants fleeing from the continent to enter Great Britain. Promoted to lieutenant general in 1709, Boyle became Deputy Governor of Dover Castle later that year and was then given command of a secret but abortive expedition to attack New France in 1710. As the Earl of Scarborough was no longer in a position to nominate both members for Arundel, Boyle changed constituency to Hythe for which seat he was nominated by Lionel Sackville, 1st Duke of Dorset, in 1710. In Parliament, in accordance with Whig party policy, he voted for the impeachment of Henry Sacheverell, a clergyman who had criticised the party, in March 1710. Boyle became colonel of the Viscount Shannon's Regiment of Foot in January 1715 and changed constituency again to East Grinstead later that year. He joined the army staff in Ireland in 1716. Boyle became Commander-in-Chief, Ireland in 1720 and retained that command for the rest of his life. In June 1721 Richard Waring sold the colonelcy of the King's Regiment of Carabineers to Boyle for \u00a37,500. Boyle also became a member of the Privy Council of Ireland in 1721 and one of the Lord Justices in Ireland in 1722. Awarded the Freedom of the City of Cork in 1722, he was ousted from his seat in Parliament as a result of a petition but regained his seat again in a by-election later that year. Boyle became colonel of the 4th Troop of Horse Guards in March 1727 and was promoted to general of horse on 18 December 1735. He became Governor of Portsmouth in 1737 before being promoted to field marshal on 17 July 1739. Boyle died at his home, Ashley Park at Walton-on-Thames, on 20 December 1740, and was buried at St Mary's Parish Church in Walton-on-Thames. There is a monument to him in the church. On 6 June 1704, Boyle married Mary Sackville, illegitimate daughter of Charles Sackville, 6th Earl of Dorset and widow of Lionel Boyle, 3rd Earl of Orrery, who died twelve years later, bearing no children. In January 1720, Boyle remarried, this time to Grace Senhouse, daughter of John Senhouse of Netherhall in Cumbria; they had one child, Grace Sackville, Countess of Middlesex. Cruickshanks, p. 305 Heathcote, p. 52 \"Boyle Family Genealogical Entry\". Archived from the original on 14 August 2007. Retrieved 18 December 2003.CS1 maint: unfit URL (link) Budgell, p. 258 Cruickshanks, p. 306 \"Richard Boyle, 2nd Viscount Shannon\". History of Parliament. Retrieved 21 July 2014. Barnard, p. 185 \"No. 7464\". The London Gazette. 16 December 1735. p.\u00a01. \"No. 7823\". The London Gazette. 14 July 1739. p.\u00a01. Heathcote, p. 53 \"Parishes: Walton on Thames, A History of the County of Surrey: Volume 3\". 1911. pp.\u00a0467\u2013475. Retrieved 3 August 2014. Barnard, Toby (2004). A New Anatomy of Ireland: The Irish Protestants, 1649\u20131770. Yale University Press. ISBN\u00a0978-0300101140. Budgell, Eustace (1732). Memoirs of the Life and Character of the Earl of Orrery and of the Family of the Boyles. London. Cruickshanks, Eveline (2002). The House of Commons, 1690\u20131715, Volume 2. Cambridge University Press. ISBN\u00a0978-0521772211. Heathcote, Tony (1999). The British Field Marshals 1736\u20131997. Pen & Sword Books Ltd. ISBN\u00a00-85052-696-5."
   },
   {
    "name": "Richard Kempenfelt",
    "id": "Q4219274",
    "text": "Richard Kempenfelt (1718 \u2013 29 August 1782) was a British rear admiral who gained a reputation as a naval innovator. He is best known for his victory against the French at the Second Battle of Ushant and for his death when HMS\u00a0Royal George accidentally sank at Portsmouth the following year. He was born at Westminster. His father, a Swede, was a professional soldier in the British service. Richard Kempenfelt was commissioned a lieutenant in January 1741. He saw service in the West Indies, taking part in the capture of Portobelo during the War of Jenkins' Ear. In 1746 he returned to Britain, and from then until 1780, when he was made rear admiral, he saw active service in the East Indies with Sir George Pocock and in various quarters of the world. In 1779 he was made Chief of Staff or Captain of the Fleet under Admiral Sir Charles Hardy on HMS\u00a0Victory which was to lead a hastily assembled fleet to oppose an invasion of England set to begin with the destruction of the Portsmouth naval base by the French and Spanish Armada of 1779. In 1781 he won the Battle of Ushant, with a vastly inferior force, defeating the French fleet under Guichen and capturing 20 ships. In 1782 he hoisted his flag on HMS\u00a0Royal George, which formed part of the fleet under Lord Howe. In August this fleet was ordered to proceed to the relief of Gibraltar, and underwent a refit at top speed at Portsmouth. On 29 August 1782, Royal George was being heeled off Portsmouth to allow repairs to be made to the water intake for the deck wash pump, which was three feet below water level. The larboard guns had been run out and the starboard guns moved into the centre of the deck to heel over the ship until her lowest gun ports were close to the surface of the water. A supply vessel, Lark, approached Royal George on her low side to transfer a cargo of rum. According to an Admiralty report \u2013 not made public until early the next century \u2013 the larboard cannons' weight on the ship's central frame caused excessively decayed timbers to break. This caused the ship to heel to such a degree that the sea washed in at her gunports, and she soon began to ship water in her hold. A sudden breeze on the raised side of the ship forced her further over and the water rushed in. The crew were ordered to right the ship but the fallen cannon could not be moved. Within a couple of minutes she rolled on to her side and sank before any distress signal could be given. Nine hundred people were estimated to have lost their lives, for besides the crew there were a large number of tradesmen and women and children on board. About 230 people were saved, some by running up the rigging, while others were picked up by boats from other vessels. Kempenfelt was writing in his cabin when the ship sank; the cabin doors had jammed due to the ship heeling, and he perished with the rest. William Cowper's poem the \"Loss of the Royal George\" commemorates this disaster. Kempenfelt had effected radical alterations and improvements in the signalling system then existing in the British Navy. A painting of the loss of Royal George is in the Royal United Service Institution, London. He took a great interest in evangelism. His hymns were published in \"Original Hymns and Poems\" By Philotheorus (Exeter, England: B. Thorn, 1777). A memorial to Kempenfelt, by the sculptor John Bacon, was placed in the Chapel of St Michael Westminster Abbey in 1808. Kempenfelt Bay on Lake Simcoe in Ontario, Canada, is named for him, and a number of warships have been named HMS\u00a0Kempenfelt. Miller, Nathan (2000). Broadsides The Age of Fighting Sail, 1775-1815. John Wiley & Sons, Inc. p.\u00a061. ISBN\u00a00-471-18517-5. Stanley, A.P., Historical Memorials of Westminster Abbey (London; John Murray; 1882), p. 238. Dictionary of British Sculptors, 1660-1851, Rupert Gunnis Rubinstein, Hilary L (2020). Catastrophe at Spithead: The Sinking of the Royal George. Seaforth. ISBN\u00a09781526764997. \u00a0This article\u00a0incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain:\u00a0Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). \"Kempenfelt, Richard\". Encyclop\u00e6dia Britannica. 15 (11th\u00a0ed.). Cambridge University Press. p.\u00a0725. Charnock's Biog. Nav., vi, 246, and Ralfe's Naval Biographies, i, 215, and Hilary L. Rubinstein, Catastrophe at Spithead: The Sinking of the Royal George ISBN\u00a09781526764997"
   },
   {
    "name": "Kirk Brandon",
    "id": "Q4405355",
    "text": "Kirk Brandon (born 3 August 1956) is an English musician best known as the leader of the bands Theatre of Hate and Spear of Destiny. Brandon's music career started in 1978, in Clapham, south London, with the formation of punk group The Pack, in which he was the singer and songwriter. The Pack consisted of Brandon, Scottish-born drummer Rab Fae Beith and two Canadian brothers, Simon and Jon Werner on guitars. The last live gig by The Pack took place at the 101 club in Clapham. Brandon then formed the post punk new wave band Theatre of Hate in 1980 recruiting Stan Stammers on bass guitar, Nigel Preston on drums, Billy Duffy on guitar and John 'Boy' Lennard on saxophone. Theatre of Hate had their largest hit from the Westworld album with the single \"Do You Believe in the Westworld?\", which achieved #40 in the UK Singles Chart in January 1982, while the album rose to #17 in the UK Albums Chart in March 1982. Theatre of Hate disbanded in 1983. Brandon and Stammers were then joined by Lascelles James on saxophone and Chris Bell on drums to form Spear of Destiny. The new band adopted a more melodic and less aggressive sound, distancing themselves from post-punk and moving a little more towards mainstream pop. While continuing to explore the political ideas that he wrote about in Theatre of Hate, Brandon's lyrics for Spear of Destiny dealt more frequently with the classic pop themes of love and romance. Many line-up changes followed with the band swelling to a 6 piece and then contracting back to a 4 piece. The band's reputation as a live act never translated itself into record sales, and Spear of Destiny only had one Top 20 hit. In 2003, Brandon did a solo tour as support to The Alarm on their 'Poppyfields' tour. His set included some new material played on an acoustic guitar with electric pick up, as well as some material from his time with Theatre of Hate and Spear of Destiny. In later years he performed in the punk supergroup, Dead Men Walking, before reforming and touring with Spear Of Destiny in 2007 and 2008. Brandon continues to tour with both Spear of Destiny and Theatre of Hate, as well as a revamped Dead Men Walking, and acoustic shows including with cellist Sam Sansbury. As a boy, Kirk Brandon attended Churston Ferrers Grammar School in Devon. In 1987, Brandon developed reactive arthritis and could not walk for more than a year. Brandon was married in 1994 to a Danish woman, Christina. Shortly after he was declared bankrupt. In 1997, Brandon sued the singer Boy George for malicious falsehood and lost. George revealed details of his love for Brandon and their romantic and sexual affair in his 1995 autobiography Take It Like a Man. Brandon claimed that stories about the gay affair in the early 1980s damaged his career as a musician. He also objected to the lyrics of a Boy George song, \"Unfinished Business\", which apparently were aimed at him: \"I hear you married a Danish girl ... You break your promise easily ... You lie, you lie, you lie. Yeah tough guy, you know exactly what I mean.\" Brandon demanded damages from Boy George, George's publishers, Sidgwick and Jackson, and also Virgin Records and EMI Virgin Music Publishing. The judge ruled in favour of the defendants, and ordered Brandon to pay some of their legal costs. In January 2008, Brandon sued GlaxoSmithKline UK over personal injuries as a result of taking the anti-depressant drug Seroxat. Brandon had heart surgery in 2011. He was a tutor at the Brighton Institute of Modern Music in 2012. Brandon was portrayed by the actor Richard Madden in the 2010 television film Worried About the Boy, a dramatisation of Boy George's rise to fame in the early 1980s. Roberts, David (2006). British Hit Singles & Albums (19th\u00a0ed.). London: Guinness World Records Limited. p.\u00a0555. ISBN\u00a01-904994-10-5. Alex McCann. \"Kirk Brandon - Interview @ Designer Magazine\". Designermagazine.tripod.com. Retrieved 27 September 2016. \"I wept as George told of gay fling; MY ANGUISH: by Kirk Brandon's wife\". Thefreelibrary.com. Retrieved 27 September 2016. \"Archived copy\". Archived from the original on 12 October 2013. Retrieved 2012-12-19.CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link) \"Sad about the Boy\". The Independent. Retrieved 28 October 2014. Stayton, Jonathan (22 January 2008). \"Punk rocker sues over anti-depressant\". The Argus. Retrieved 23 January 2008. Tony Dewhurst. \"Kirk Brandon to perform at King George's Hall\". Lancashire Telegraph. Retrieved 28 October 2014. \"Archived copy\". Archived from the original on 14 March 2013. Retrieved 2012-12-19.CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link) Kirk Brandon's Official Site Kirk Brandon interview from 2003 Kirk Brandon interview (BBC)"
   },
   {
    "name": "Nathaniel Brassey Halhed",
    "id": "Q4495159",
    "text": "Nathaniel Brassey Halhed (25 May 1751 \u2013 18 February 1830) (Bengali: \u09b9\u09be\u09b2\u09c7\u09a6, romanized:\u00a0\"Haled\") was an English Orientalist and philologist. Halhed was born at Westminster, and was educated at Harrow School, where he began a close friendship with Richard Brinsley Sheridan. While at Oxford he undertook oriental studies under the influence of William Jones. Accepting a writership in the service of the East India Company, he went out to India, and there, at the suggestion of Warren Hastings, translated the Hindu legal code from a Persian version of the original Sanskrit. This translation was published in 1776 as A Code of Gentoo Laws. In 1778 he published a Bengali grammar, to print which he set up the first Bengali press in India. In 1785 Halhed returned to England, and from 1790\u20131795 was Member of Parliament for Lymington, Hants. For some time he was a disciple of Richard Brothers, and a speech in parliament in defence of Brothers made it impossible for him to remain in the House of Commons, from which he resigned in 1795. He subsequently obtained a home appointment under the East India Company. He died in London on 18 February 1830. Nathaniel Brassey Halhed was born in a merchant family to William Halhed, a bank director, on 25 May 1751 and christened in St Peter le Poer, Old Broad Street; his mother was Frances Caswall, daughter of John Caswall, Member of Parliament for Leominster. He went to Harrow School from the age of seven to seventeen. Halhed entered Christ Church, Oxford on 13 July 1768, at the age of 17. He remained there for three years but did not take a degree. William Jones had preceded him from Harrow to Oxford and they shared an intellectual relationship. At Oxford he learnt some Persian. Halhed's father was disappointed in him and decided to send him to India under the employment of the East India Company through his connections. His petition for a writership was granted by Harry Verelst. Appointed on 4 December 1771, Halhed was forewarned and had learned accounting. Halhed was first placed in the accountant general's office under Lionel Darrell. He was next used as a Persian translator, and was sent to Kasimbazar for practical experience, and also to learn about the silk trade, by William Aldersey. It was in Kasimbazar that Halhed acquired Bengali, for dealing with the aurungs (weaving districts). In Bengal he had several romantic interests: Elizabeth Pleydell, a certain Nancy, Diana Rochfort, and Henrietta Yorke. Halhed became one of Warren Hastings's favorites, and a believer in his approach to Indian affairs. On 5 July 1774 the Governor asked for an assistant for Persian documents, in addition to the munshis, and Halhed was appointed. After wooing several accomplished women, Halhed married (Helena) Louisa Ribaut, stepdaughter of Johannes Matthias Ross, the head of the Dutch factory at Kasimbazar when Halhed was stationed there. The betrothal probably took place in 1775. When Hastings then nominated him for the post of Commissary General in October 1776, however, there was serious resistance, and Halhed found his position untenable. Leaving Bengal, Halhed went to Holland, and on to London. Financial reasons forced him to consider a return to India, but he tried to do so without overt support from Hastings. On 18 November 1783 he asked the Company's directors to appoint him to the committee of Revenue in Calcutta. He was successful, but not in dissociating himself from Hastings. He returned to India as a reputed Englishman with a wife and black servant, but when he reached Calcutta, Hastings was in Lucknow. Halhed presented his credentials to Edward Wheler, the acting governor-general, but there was no vacancy in the committee and no other appointments could be made without Hastings. Then summoned by Hastings to Lucknow, he made a futile journey there, since Hastings had by then decided to leave for England and was bound for Calcutta. Hastings was planning to bring supporters to England, and wanted to have Halhed there as an agent of the Nawab Wazir of Oudh. At this point Halhed threw in his lot with Hastings. Halhed therefore returned to England, on 18 June 1785, identified as a close supporter of Hastings. The political context was the rise in 1780\u20134 of the \"Bengal Squad\", so-called. The \"Bengal Squad\" was, in the first place, a group of Members of Parliament. They looked out for the interests of East India Company officials who had returned to Great Britain. From that position, they became defenders of the Company itself. The group that followed Hastings to England consisted of: Halhed, David Anderson, Major William Sands, Colonel Sweeney Toone, Dr. Clement Francis, Captain Jonathan Scott, John Shore, Lieutenant Col. William Popham, and Sir John D'Oyly. This group is called by Rosane Rocher the \"Hastings squad\" or \"Bengal squad\". That follows the contemporary practice of identifying the \"Squad\" or \"the East Indians\" with the backers of Hastings. Edmund Burke brought 22 charges against Hastings in April 1786, and Halhed was in the middle of the defence. For the Benares charge, Halhed had drafted a reply for Scott, but it was not in accord with Hastings's chosen line. He also cast doubt on some of Hastings's account when he was called on to testify. As a result, Halhed became unpopular with the defence team. Halhed began to look for a parliamentary career: his choice of enemies made him a Tory. His first candidature, at Leicester in 1790, failed and cost him a great deal. He succeeded in acquiring a seat in May 1791 at the borough of Lymington, in Hampshire. His life was changed in 1795 by Richard Brothers and his prophecies. A revealed knowledge of the Prophecies and Times appealed to Halhed and resonated with the style of antique Hindu texts. He petitioned for Brothers in parliament when he was arrested for criminal lunacy. Unsuccessful, he damaged his own reputation. The turn of the century saw Halhed a recluse, as he was for 12 years in all. He wrote on orientalist topics, but published nothing. From 1804 he was a follower of Joanna Southcott. In poverty, he applied for one of the newly opened civil secretary posts at the East India company, and was appointed in 1809. With access to the Company Library, Halhed spent time in 1810 translating a collection of Tipu Sultan's dreams written in the prince's own hand. He also made translations of the Mahabharata as a personal study, fragmentary in nature, and made to \"understand the grand scheme of the universe\". The old \"Hastings squad\" had become marginal after the trial, but Hastings was called to testify as an expert on Indian affairs in 1813. He died on 22 August 1818. Halhed wrote two poems, and was also given the responsibility of composing the epitaph. In spring 1819, Halhed declared his intention of resigning from the Company's services after ten years of service. He was allowed a \u00a3500 salary, and recovered some of his early investments. Halhed lived on for another decade, without publishing anything further. His quiet life came to an end on 18 February 1830. He was buried in the family tomb of Petersham Parish Church. At his death his assets were estimated to be around \u00a318,000. Louisa Halhed lived for a year longer and died on 24 July 1831. Halhed's collection of Oriental manuscripts was purchased by the British Museum, and his unfinished translation of the Mahabharata went to the library of the Asiatic Society of Bengal. Halhed's major works are those he produced in Bengal, in the period 1772 to 1778. Just before Halhed was appointed as writer, the East India Company's court of directors notified the President and council at Fort William College of their decision to take over the local administration of civil justice: the implementation was left with the newly appointed Governor, Warren Hastings. Hastings assumed the governorship in April 1772 and by August submitted what was to become the Judicial Plan. It provided among other things that \"all suits regarding the inheritance, marriage, caste and other religious usages, or institutions, the laws of the Koran with respect to Mohametans and those of the Shaster with respect to Gentoos shall be invariably adhered to.\" No British personnel could read Sanskrit, however. Translation was undertaken and 11 pundits were hired to which an eleventh was added. Hastings envisaged making a text in English that contained the local laws. He intended to show the prudence of applying the Indian laws. The pundits worked to compile a text from multiple sources, the Vivadarnavasetu (sea of litigations). It was translated to Persian, via a Bengali oral version by Zaid ud-Din 'Ali Rasa'i. Halhed then translated the Persian text into English, working with Hastings himself. The completed translation was available on 27 March 1775. The East India Company had it printed in London in 1776 as A Code of Gentoo Laws, or, Ordinations of the Pundits. This was an internal edition, distributed by the East India Company. A pirate edition was printed by Donaldson the following year, followed by a second edition in 1781; translations in French and German appeared by 1778. The book made Halhed's reputation, but was controversial, given that the English translation was remote from its original. It failed to become the authoritative text of the Anglo-Indian judicial system. Its impact had more to do with Halhed's preface and the introduction to Sanskrit than the laws themselves. The Critical Review wrote in London, September 1777, that: \"This is a most sublime performance ... we are persuaded that even this enlightened quarter of the globe cannot boast anything which soars so completely above the narrow, vulgar sphere of prejudice and priestcraft. The most amiable part of modern philosophy is hardly upon a level with the extensive charity, the comprehensive benevolence, of a few rude untutored Hindoo Bramins ... Mr. Halhed has rendered more real service to this country, to the world in general, by this performance, than ever flowed from all the wealth of all the nabobs by whom the country of these poor people has been plundered ... Wealth is not the only, nor the most valuable commodity, which Britain might import from India.\" Halhed in the preface stated that he had been \"astonished to find the similitude of Shanscrit words with those of Persian and Arabic, and even of Latin and Greek: and these not in technical and metaphorical terms, which the mutation of refined arts and improved manner might have occasionally introduced; but in the main ground-work of language, in monosyllables, in the names of numbers, and the appellations of such things as would be first discriminated as the immediate dawn of civilisation.\" This observation was shortly to be heralded as a major step towards the discovery of the Indo-European language family. The East India Company lacked employees with good Bengali. Halhed proposed a Bengali translatorship to the Board of Trade, and set out a grammar of Bengali, the salaries of the pundits and the scribe who assisted him being paid by Hastings. Difficulty arose with a Bengali font. Charles Wilkins undertook it, the first Bengali press was set up at Hugli, and the work of creating the typeface was done by Panchanan Karmakar, under the supervision of Wilkins. The grammar was the property of the Company, Wilkins informed the council on 13 November 1778 that the printing was completed, by which time Halhed had left Bengal. Halhed's Grammar was widely believed at the time to be the first grammar of Bengali, because the Portuguese work of Manuel da Assump\u00e7\u00e3o, published in Lisbon in 1743, was largely forgotten. Halhed's early collaboration with Richard Brinsley Sheridan was not an overall success, though they laboured on works including Crazy Tales and the farce Ixiom, later referred to as Jupiter, which was not performed. Halhed left for India. One work, The Love Epistles of Aristaenetus. Translated from the Greek into English Metre, written by Halhed, revised by Sheridan and published anonymously, did make a brief stir. The friendship came to an end, Elizabeth Linley chose Sheridan over Halhed, and later they were political enemies. The opening of the Calcutta Theatre in November 1773 gave Halhed occasion to write prologues. A production of King Lear also spurred him to write more pieces. He produced humorous verse: A Lady's Farewell to Calcutta, was a lament for those who regretted staying in the mofussil. Halhed wrote an anonymous tract in 1779 in defense of Hastings's policies with respect to the Maratha War. He began to write poetry, also, expressing his admiration for the governor, such as a Horatian ode of 1782. Under the pseudonym of \"Detector\" he wrote a series of open letters that appeared in newspapers, as separate pamphlets and in collections. These letters span over a year, from October 1782 to November 1783. In the decade of Hastings's impeachment, Halhed remained involved in the war of pamphlets. The Upanisad (1787) was based on Dara Shikoh's Persian translation. He wrote and distributed a Testimony of the Authenticity of the Prophecies of Richard Brothers, and of his Mission to recall the Jews. Scandalously, he identified London with Babylon and Sodom: and was judged eccentric or mad. Gentoo \"Halhed, Nathaniel Brasssey\". Biographical Dictionary of the Living Authors of Great Britain and Ireland. 1816. p.\u00a0142. Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). \"Halhed, Nathaniel Brassey\"\u00a0. Encyclop\u00e6dia Britannica. 12 (11th\u00a0ed.). Cambridge University Press. Rocher, Rosane. \"Halhed, Nathaniel Brassey\". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (online\u00a0ed.). Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/11923. (Subscription or UK public library membership required.) s:Alumni Oxonienses: the Members of the University of Oxford, 1715-1886/Halhed, Nathaniel Brassey Rosane Rocher (1983). Orientalism, Poetry, and the Millennium: The Checkered Life of Nathaniel Brassey Halhed, 1751\u20131830. Motilal Banarsidass. p.\u00a037. ISBN\u00a0978-0-8364-0870-6. Rosane Rocher (1983). Orientalism, Poetry, and the Millennium: The Checkered Life of Nathaniel Brassey Halhed, 1751\u20131830. Motilal Banarsidass. p.\u00a038. ISBN\u00a0978-0-8364-0870-6. Rosane Rocher (1983). Orientalism, Poetry, and the Millennium: The Checkered Life of Nathaniel Brassey Halhed, 1751\u20131830. Motilal Banarsidass. pp.\u00a040\u20131. ISBN\u00a0978-0-8364-0870-6. Rosane Rocher (1983). Orientalism, Poetry, and the Millennium: The Checkered Life of Nathaniel Brassey Halhed, 1751\u20131830. Motilal Banarsidass. p.\u00a096. ISBN\u00a0978-0-8364-0870-6. Rosane Rocher (1983). Orientalism, Poetry, and the Millennium: The Checkered Life of Nathaniel Brassey Halhed, 1751\u20131830. Motilal Banarsidass. pp.\u00a092\u20136. ISBN\u00a0978-0-8364-0870-6. Rosane Rocher (1983). Orientalism, Poetry, and the Millennium: The Checkered Life of Nathaniel Brassey Halhed, 1751\u20131830. Motilal Banarsidass. pp.\u00a0119\u2013121. ISBN\u00a0978-0-8364-0870-6. Rosane Rocher (1983). Orientalism, Poetry, and the Millennium: The Checkered Life of Nathaniel Brassey Halhed, 1751\u20131830. Motilal Banarsidass. pp.\u00a0121\u20132. ISBN\u00a0978-0-8364-0870-6. C. H. Philips, The East India Company \"Interest\" and the English Government, 1783\u20134: (The Alexander Prize Essay), Transactions of the Royal Historical Society Vol. 20 (1937), pp. 83\u2013101, at p. 90; Published by: Cambridge University Press on behalf of the Royal Historical Society. DOI: 10.2307/3678594 JSTOR\u00a03678594 Sykes, John. \"Sykes, Sir Francis\". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (online\u00a0ed.). Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/64747. (Subscription or UK public library membership required.) Rosane Rocher (1983). Orientalism, Poetry, and the Millennium: The Checkered Life of Nathaniel Brassey Halhed, 1751\u20131830. Motilal Banarsidass. pp.\u00a0125\u20136. ISBN\u00a0978-0-8364-0870-6. Rosane Rocher (1983). Orientalism, Poetry, and the Millennium: The Checkered Life of Nathaniel Brassey Halhed, 1751\u20131830. Motilal Banarsidass. p.\u00a0131. ISBN\u00a0978-0-8364-0870-6. Rosane Rocher (1983). Orientalism, Poetry, and the Millennium: The Checkered Life of Nathaniel Brassey Halhed, 1751\u20131830. Motilal Banarsidass. pp.\u00a0132\u20134. ISBN\u00a0978-0-8364-0870-6. Rosane Rocher (1983). Orientalism, Poetry, and the Millennium: The Checkered Life of Nathaniel Brassey Halhed, 1751\u20131830. Motilal Banarsidass. pp.\u00a0141\u20132. ISBN\u00a0978-0-8364-0870-6. Rosane Rocher (1983). Orientalism, Poetry, and the Millennium: The Checkered Life of Nathaniel Brassey Halhed, 1751\u20131830. Motilal Banarsidass. p.\u00a0157. ISBN\u00a0978-0-8364-0870-6. Rosane Rocher (1983). Orientalism, Poetry, and the Millennium: The Checkered Life of Nathaniel Brassey Halhed, 1751\u20131830. Motilal Banarsidass. pp.\u00a0168\u20139. ISBN\u00a0978-0-8364-0870-6. Rosane Rocher (1983). Orientalism, Poetry, and the Millennium: The Checkered Life of Nathaniel Brassey Halhed, 1751\u20131830. Motilal Banarsidass. p.\u00a0214. ISBN\u00a0978-0-8364-0870-6. Rosane Rocher (1983). Orientalism, Poetry, and the Millennium: The Checkered Life of Nathaniel Brassey Halhed, 1751\u20131830. Motilal Banarsidass. p.\u00a0216. ISBN\u00a0978-0-8364-0870-6. Rosane Rocher (1983). Orientalism, Poetry, and the Millennium: The Checkered Life of Nathaniel Brassey Halhed, 1751\u20131830. Motilal Banarsidass. pp.\u00a0226\u20137. ISBN\u00a0978-0-8364-0870-6. Fison, Vanessa (May 2015). \"Nathaniel Halhed and his Descendants in Petersham in the Eighteenth Century\". Richmond History: Journal of the Richmond Local History Society (36): 24\u201337. Rosane Rocher (1983). Orientalism, Poetry, and the Millennium: The Checkered Life of Nathaniel Brassey Halhed, 1751\u20131830. Motilal Banarsidass. p.\u00a0228. ISBN\u00a0978-0-8364-0870-6. Rosane Rocher (1983). Orientalism, Poetry, and the Millennium: The Checkered Life of Nathaniel Brassey Halhed, 1751\u20131830. Motilal Banarsidass. pp.\u00a048 and 51. ISBN\u00a0978-0-8364-0870-6. Dalrymple 2004, p.\u00a040 Hossain, Ayub (2012). \"Panchanan Karmakar\". In Islam, Sirajul; Jamal, Ahmed A. (eds.). Banglapedia: National Encyclopedia of Bangladesh (Second\u00a0ed.). Asiatic Society of Bangladesh. Dalrymple, William (2004). White Mughals: love and betrayal in eighteenth-century India. Penguin Books. ISBN\u00a0978-0-14-200412-8.. Books by Nathaniel Brassey Halhed \u2014 archive.org Orientalism, poetry, and the millennium\u00a0: the checkered life of Nathaniel Brassey Halhed, 1751-1830 by Rosane Rocher Islam, Sirajul (2012). \"Halhed, Nathaniel Brassey\". In Islam, Sirajul; Jamal, Ahmed A. (eds.). Banglapedia: National Encyclopedia of Bangladesh (Second\u00a0ed.). Asiatic Society of Bangladesh. Excerpts of his notes on some Persian translations of Sanskrit texts were published by Hindley under the title Antient Indian Literature Illustrative of the Researches of the Asiatick Society, established in Bengal. 1807. Attribution \u00a0This article\u00a0incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain:\u00a0Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). \"Halhed, Nathaniel Brassey\". Encyclop\u00e6dia Britannica. 12 (11th\u00a0ed.). Cambridge University Press."
   },
   {
    "name": "Alex Fisher",
    "id": "Q4716997",
    "text": "Alexander Anthony Fisher (born 30 June 1990) is an English professional footballer who plays as a forward for EFL League Two club Newport County. Born in London and educated at Abingdon School, Fisher joined Oxford United whilst playing for St. Edmunds at the age of seven under Peter Rhoades-Brown where he went all the way through the Centre of Excellence helping win the Under-18s Youth Team Championship in the 2006\u201307 season. At age 16 whilst still at school he was called up to the first team and given the number 45 shirt by then manager Jim Smith. During his time in the first team Fisher held three shirt numbers \u2013 45, 37 and 17 \u2013 and played for three different managers \u2013 Jim Smith, Darren Patterson and Chris Wilder. Fisher scored his first senior league goal in January 2008 at 17 years old in a 4\u20130 home win at the Kassam Stadium against Altrincham. He also scored Oxford's only goal in a 2\u20131 home defeat to Harry Redknapp's FA Cup winning Portsmouth side in a friendly match, beating David James with a left foot volley. Fisher joined non league Brackley Town managed by David Oldfield on 7 March 2008 to gain experience, scoring three goals in five starts. Another loan to local side Oxford City in early 2009 signalled the end of his United career however he still netted 12 goals in 16 starts. Jerez Industrial Fisher then joined the Glenn Hoddle Academy in Jerez, Spain where he received coaching from Glenn Hoddle, Graham Rix, Dave Beasant and Nigel Spackman. Through the academy, in the 2010\u201311 season, he signed for Jerez Industrial scoring on his debut at the Chapin Stadium. However, a serious break to his jaw during a game against Los Palacios prematurely ended his season, in which he had already scored 21 goals in all competitions, 17 of which in the league. KVK Tienen Fisher then played for Belgian Second Division side KVK Tienen, having signed a contract to the end of the 2011\u201312 season. KRC Mechelen After his contract had expired at KVK Tienen, Fisher signed for another Belgian club, K.R.C. Mechelen, turning down a late offer from KVC Westerlo who had just come out of the Belgian Pro League. K.S.K. Heist In July 2013, Fisher signed for K.S.K. Heist in the Belgian Second Division. Team manager Cis Bosschaerts said in the media, that the signing would be \"a significant step in the right direction for the club\" for the coming season. A.C. Monza Brianza 1912 After only one-and-a-half months with KSK Heist, Fisher had impressed and transferred to Italian Lega Pro side A.C. Monza Brianza 1912. Heist came to an agreement with AC Monza, and the transfer went through before the end of the market window. On 4 June 2014, Fisher returned to England and signed a deal subject to international clearance with Mansfield Town, scoring his first goal in the League Cup against Sheffield United. He was released by Mansfield at the end of the 2014\u201315 season. On 5 August 2015, Fisher signed for Torquay United after spending the summer on trial at Exeter City. He filled vacant squad number 17. Fisher scored the winning and first goal for the club on his debut game in a 1\u20130 win against Macclesfield Town and went on to score another winning goal in a 3\u20132 win against Halifax a week later. In December 2015 Fisher left Torquay via mutual consent. On 9 January 2016, Fisher signed for Scottish Premiership club Inverness Caledonian Thistle, on a deal until the end of the season, with an option for the club to extend that by another year. Fisher signed for Motherwell on 2 June 2017, after scoring eight goals in nine games for Inverness at the end of the 2016-17 Scottish Premiership season. He left in January 2018 to join Yeovil Town, with Motherwell manager Stephen Robinson stating that he left because the \"form of other players\" had kept him out of the side. Fisher signed for Yeovil Town on 26 January 2018, following his release from Motherwell. At the end of the 2018\u201319 season, Fisher was released by Yeovil following the club's relegation from the Football League. On 25 June 2019 following his release from Yeovil, Fisher signed for League Two side Exeter City scoring his first for the club in a 1\u20131 draw against Cambridge United in the first round of the FA Cup. His first league goal for the club came in a 3\u20132 win against Northampton Town, a headed effort on the end of a ball from Jack Sparkes. On 12 May 2021, it was announced that Fisher would leave Exeter at the end of the season, following the expiry of his contract. On 14 August 2021, Fisher signed for League Two side Newport County on a one-year contract. He made his debut for Newport on the same day as a second half substitute the 2-1 League Two defeat against Mansfield Town. Fisher scored his first goal for Newport in the 1-0 League Two win against Tranmere Rovers on 21 August 2021. As of match played 16 October 2021 Appearances in the Second Division relegation play-offs Appearances in the Third Division play-offs Appearance in the EFL Trophy Appearance in the FA Trophy Four appearances in the Football League Trophy and two in the League Two play-offs List of Old Abingdonians \"Alex Fisher\". Barry Hugman's Footballers. Retrieved 22 April 2017. http://www.oufc.co.uk/page/ProfilesDetail/0,,10342~42027,00.html[bare URL] \"Alex Fisher - Forward - First Team - Exeter City FC\". Exeter City F.C. Retrieved 30 July 2019. \"Fisher given Brackley experience\". BBC Sport. 7 March 2008. Retrieved 6 August 2017. \"City catch A.Fish\". Oxford City F.C. Retrieved 6 August 2017. Durent, Jamie (13 January 2016). \"Alex Fisher wants to grab ICT opportunity with both hands\". Highland News. Archived from the original on 6 August 2017. Retrieved 6 August 2017. \"KVK Tienen reinforced attack Englishman Alex Fisher\" (in Dutch). KVK Tienen. \"RC Mechelen strikt Alex Fisher\" (in Dutch). Gazet van Antwerpen. 6 August 2012. Retrieved 6 August 2017. Collard, Timothy (12 July 2013). \"Heist haalt twee Engelse talenten binnen\" (in Dutch). Voetbslkrant.com. Retrieved 6 August 2017. \"Doppio colpo: Ufficializzati in attacante e in centrocampista\" (in Italian). Monza News. 30 August 2013. Retrieved 6 August 2017. \"Alex Fisher: Mansfield Town sign striker from AC Monza\". BBC Sport. 4 June 2014. Retrieved 4 June 2014. \"Retained list confirmed\". Mansfield Town. Retrieved 6 June 2015. \"Alex Fisher: Torquay United sign former Mansfield striker\". BBC Sport. 5 August 2015. Retrieved 6 August 2017. \"BBC Sport - Torquay United 1\u20130 Macclesfield Town\". BBC Sport. Retrieved 17 August 2015. \"BBC Sport - FC Halifax Town 2\u20133 Torquay United\". BBC Sport. Retrieved 17 August 2015. \"Inverness Caley Thistle land striker Alex Fisher\". BBC Sport. Retrieved 9 January 2016. \"Motherwell: James McFadden exits as Alex Fisher and Gael Bigirimana arrive at Fir Park\". BBC Sport. BBC. 2 June 2017. Retrieved 3 June 2017. \"Alex Fisher leaves Motherwell\". Motherwell FC. 26 January 2018. \"Alex Fisher: Yeovil Town sign Motherwell striker on free transfer\". BBC Sport. BBC. 26 January 2018. Retrieved 26 January 2018. \"Yeovil Town: Glovers release nine players after relegation from Football League\". BBC Sport. 15 May 2019. Retrieved 15 May 2019. \"Alex Fisher: Exeter City sign striker after Yeovil exit\". BBC Sport. 25 June 2019. Retrieved 25 June 2019. https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/football/50611197. Missing or empty |title= (help) \"\ud83d\udcdd Retained List announced\". Exeter City F.C. 12 May 2021. Retrieved 10 July 2021. \"Newport County sign ex-Exeter City striker Alex Fisher\". BBC Sport. 14 August 2021. Retrieved 14 August 2021. Newport debut Fisher first Newport goal Alex Fisher at Soccerway. Retrieved 5 May 2018. \"Games played by Alex Fisher in 2007/2008\". Soccerbase. Centurycomm. Retrieved 25 June 2019. \"Games played by Alex Fisher in 2008/2009\". Soccerbase. Centurycomm. Retrieved 25 June 2019. \"Games played by Alex Fisher in 2014/2015\". Soccerbase. Centurycomm. Retrieved 25 June 2019. \"Games played by Alex Fisher in 2015/2016\". Soccerbase. Centurycomm. Retrieved 25 June 2019. \"Games played by Alex Fisher in 2016/2017\". Soccerbase. Centurycomm. Retrieved 25 June 2019. \"Games played by Alex Fisher in 2017/2018\". Soccerbase. Centurycomm. Retrieved 25 June 2019. \"Games played by Alex Fisher in 2018/2019\". Soccerbase. Centurycomm. Retrieved 25 June 2019. \"Games played by Alex Fisher in 2019/2020\". Soccerbase. Centurycomm. Retrieved 25 June 2019. \"Games played by Alex Fisher in 2020/2021\". Soccerbase. Centurycomm. Retrieved 3 March 2021. \"Games played by Alex Fisher in 2021/2022\". Soccerbase. Centurycomm. Retrieved 14 August 2021. Alex Fisher at Soccerbase Alex Fisher Football Highlights Alex Fisher at Soccerway"
   },
   {
    "name": "Alexander Drummond",
    "id": "Q4718767",
    "text": "Captain Alexander Victor Drummond (20 October 1888 \u2013 29 April 1937) was an English cricketer. Drummond's batting and bowling styles are unknown. Born in Westminster, London, he was the son of George James Drummond and Elizabeth Cecile Sophia Norman. He was educated at Harrow School. He later married actress Pauline Chase on 24 October 1914. The couple had three children. Drummond worked full-time as a banker. He served in the First World War, reaching the rank of captain, before continuing with his banking career after the war. He died in Tunbridge Wells, Kent on 29 April 1937. Drummond made his first-class debut for the Marylebone Cricket Club against Oxford University in 1911. He made 7 further first-class appearances for the MCC: 5 before World War I and 2 after, the last of which came against Oxford University in 1921. In this total of 8 first-class matches, he scored 182 runs at a batting average of 13.00, with a high score of 30. With the ball he took 3 wickets at a bowling average of 52.33, with best figures of 2/44. Drummond made a single appearance for Buckinghamshire in the 1921 Minor Counties Championship against Cambridgeshire. \"Person Page - 7733\". www.thepeerage.com. Archived from the original on 3 June 2011. Retrieved 11 May 2011.[unreliable source] Wisden Cricketer's Almanack 1938, \"Obituaries in 1937\" Collector's Post \"No. 28584\". The London Gazette (Supplement). 23 February 1912. p.\u00a01434. \"No. 32799\". The London Gazette (Supplement). 24 February 1923. p.\u00a01386. \"First-Class Matches played by Alexander Drummon\". CricketArchive. Retrieved 11 May 2011. \"First-class Batting and Fielding For Each Team by Alexander Drummond\". CricketArchive. Retrieved 11 May 2011. \"First-class Bowling For Each Team by Alexander Drummond\". CricketArchive. Retrieved 11 May 2011. \"Minor Counties Championship Matches played by Alexander Drummond\". CricketArchive. Retrieved 11 May 2011. Alexander Drummond at ESPNcricinfo Alexander Drummond at CricketArchive"
   },
   {
    "name": "Alfred Edward Durrant",
    "id": "Q4722613",
    "text": "Alfred Edward Durrant VC ISM (4 November 1864 \u2013 29 March 1933) was an English recipient of the Victoria Cross, the highest and most prestigious award for gallantry in the face of the enemy that can be awarded to British and Commonwealth forces. He was 35 years old, and a private in the 2nd Battalion, The Rifle Brigade (Prince Consort's Own), British Army during the Second Boer War when the following deed took place on 27 August 1900 at the Battle of Bergendal, South Africa, for which he was awarded the VC: At Bergendal, on the 27th August, 1900, Acting-Corporal Wellar having been wounded, and being somewhat dazed, got up from his prone position in the firing line, exposing himself still more to the enemy's fire, and commenced to run towards them. Private Durrant rose, and pulling him down endeavoured to keep him quiet, but finding this impossible he took him up and carried him back for 200 yards under a heavy fire to shelter, returning immediately to his place in the line. He later achieved the rank of lance-corporal. His Victoria Cross is displayed at the Royal Green Jackets (Rifles) Museum, Winchester, England. \"No. 27366\". The London Gazette. 18 October 1901. p.\u00a06779. Monuments to Courage (David Harvey, 1999) The Register of the Victoria Cross (This England, 1997) Victoria Crosses of the Anglo-Boer War (Ian Uys, 2000) Biography portal Location of grave and VC medal (N. London) \"Alfred Edward Durrant\". Find a Grave. Retrieved 3 September 2010."
   },
   {
    "name": "Andr\u00e9 Kempster",
    "id": "Q4759944",
    "text": "Major Andr\u00e9 Gilbert Kempster, GC (26 October 1916 \u2013 21 August 1943), born Andr\u00e9 Gilberto Coccioletti, was awarded the George Cross posthumously \"...in recognition of most conspicuous gallantry in carrying out hazardous work in a very brave manner\" for an act of self-sacrifice in Algeria during the Second World War. On 21 August 1943, near Philippeville [Skikda], Major Kempster was instructing two fellow soldiers how to throw hand grenades from a practice pit. A grenade, which had been thrown by Major Kempster, rolled back into the pit. He attempted to scoop the grenade out of the pit but failed to do so. By this time detonation was due. Without hesitation Major Kempster threw himself on the grenade just before it exploded and received fatal injuries. This act undoubtedly saved the lives of the two other occupants of the pit. Kempster's George Cross citation appeared in the London Gazette on 9 November 1943: The King has been graciously pleased to approve the posthumous award of the George Cross, in recognition of most conspicuous gallantry in carrying out hazardous work in a very brave manner, to: \u2014 Captain (temporary Major) Andre Gilbert Kempster (138804), Royal Armoured Corps (Pulborough, Sussex). \u2014\u2009London Gazette Major Kempster's George Cross was sold by Spinks on 28 March 1995 for an expected price of \u00a32,800 \u2013 \u00a33,200. Michael Ashcroft, George Cross Heroes, 2010 TracesOfWar.com Kempster, Andre Gilbert Commonwealth War Graves Commission London Gazette 9 November 1943 Andr\u00e9 Gilbert Kempster on the George Cross database"
   },
   {
    "name": "Andy Bray",
    "id": "Q4760466",
    "text": "Andrew Richard Bray (born 29 October 1981 in Westminster, London) is an English cricketer. Bray is a right-handed batsman who bowls right-arm fast-medium. Bray represented the Kent Cricket Board in List A cricket. His debut List A match came against the Worcestershire Cricket Board in the 2000 NatWest Trophy. From 2000 to 2001, he represented the Board in 5 List A matches, the last of which came against the Leicestershire Cricket Board in the 2nd of the 2002 Cheltenham & Gloucester Trophy which was held in 2001. In his 5 List A matches, he scored 5 runs at a batting average of 2.50, with a high score of 5. With the ball he took 4 wickets at a bowling average of 37.50, with best figures of 2/18. He currently plays club cricket for Folkestone Cricket Club in the Kent Cricket League. List A Matches played by Andy Bray List A Bowling For Each Team by Andy Bray List A Bowling For Each Team by Andrew Bray Andy Bray at Cricinfo Andy Bray at CricketArchive"
   },
   {
    "name": "Anne Lennard, Countess of Sussex",
    "id": "Q4768536",
    "text": "Anne Lennard, Countess of Sussex (n\u00e9e Palmer; 25 February 1661 \u2013 16 May 1721 or 1722), formerly Lady Anne FitzRoy, was the eldest daughter of Barbara Villiers, mistress to King Charles II. She became the wife of Thomas Lennard, 1st Earl of Sussex. Born Lady Anne Palmer in Westminster, she was the first child of Barbara Villiers, the only child of William Villiers, 2nd Viscount Grandison, and the wife of Roger Palmer, 1st Earl of Castlemaine, who was also one of the mistresses of King Charles II. According to legend, Anne was conceived on the night of Charles's coronation. Both Villiers and the king acknowledged Anne as his daughter, and she was therefore known by the alias of Fitzroy, meaning \"son of the king,\" but she has also been suggested as the daughter of Philip Stanhope, 2nd Earl of Chesterfield, \"whom,\" says Lord Dartmouth, \"she resembled very much both in face and person.\" On 11 August 1674, at the age of thirteen, Lady Anne was married at Hampton Court to the 15th Baron Dacre, a Gentleman of the Bedchamber to the King. On the same day her ten-year-old sister Lady Charlotte Fitzroy was contracted to Sir Edward Lee (raised from an early baronetcy to the Earldom of Lichfield two months before, and also a Gentleman of the King's Bedchamber). Both the wedding and her dowry were paid for by Charles II. Dacre was subsequently created Earl of Sussex. At some point Anne had an almost certainly lesbian relationship with Hortense Mancini, a mistress of her father, Charles II, and therefore a rival of her mother, his ma\u00eetresse en titre. To put an end to the affair, Anne's husband, Lord Sussex, removed his wife to the country. In the summer of 1678, Lady Sussex eloped from a convent in Paris with Ralph Montagu (afterwards 1st Duke of Montagu). He was successively the lover of mother and daughter (the Duchess of Cleveland and Lady Sussex). In a letter to King Charles, dated \"Paris, Tuesday the 28th, 1678,\" her mother wrote: I was never so surprised in my whole life-time as I was at my coming hither, to find my Lady Sussex gone from my house and monastery where I left her, and this letter from her, which I here send you the copy of. I never in my whole life-time heard of such government of herself as she has had since I went into England. She has never been in the monastery two days together, but every day gone out with the Ambassador (Ralph Montagu), and has often lain four days together at my house, and sent for her meat to the Ambassador; he being always with her till five o'clock in the morning, they two shut up together alone, and would not let my maitre d'h\u00f4tel wait, nor any of my servants, only the Ambassador's. This has made so great a noise at Paris, that she is now the whole discourse. I am so much afflicted that I can hardly write this for crying, to see a child, that I doted on as I did on her, should make me so ill a return, and join with the worst of men to ruin me. Anne's husband the Earl of Sussex was a \"popular but extravagant man\" who, by extravagance and losses by gambling, had to sell the estate of Herstmonceaux and others. Lord and Lady Sussex separated in 1688, and she was widowed in 1715. The dowager countess of Sussex died 16 May 1721 or 1722, and was buried at Linsted, County Kent. The children of her union with Sussex were two sons, who died in infancy; and two daughters, who lived to adulthood, co-heirs of the Barony Dacre: Barbara Lennard (12 July 1676, Westminster, London \u2013 1741, Paris), married Charles Skelton, Esq., Lieutenant-General in the French service, and Grand Croix de St. Louis. Died without issue. Charles Lennard, Lord Dacre (25 May 1682, Windsor Castle \u2013 13 March 1684) Henry Lennard: born about 1683 at Herstmonceaux, Sussex; died in infancy. Anne Lennard (17 August 1684, Sussex \u2013 26 June 1755, London), 16th Baroness Dacre in her own right. Married three times; (1) First, to Richard Barrett-Lennard, Esq. (died 1716), son of Dacre Barrett-Lennard and his wife Jane, eldest daughter of Arthur Chichester, the second Earl of Donegal. Died a few months after his marriage to the Lady Anne in 1716, leaving his wife with child. Their son was Thomas Barrett-Lennard, 17th Baron Dacre (1717 \u2013 12 January 1786), who died without legitimate issue. (2) Secondly, to Henry Roper, 8th Baron Teynham (died 16 May 1723). Had, among other children, Charles, who m. Gertrude, sister and co-heir of John Trevor, esq. of Glynde, in Sussex, and left at his decease, in 1754, Charles Trevor-Roper, 18th Baron Dacre (1745-1794). Died without issue, and the title devolved upon his nephew. Gertrude (d. 3 October 1819), who succeeded her brother, as Baroness Dacre. The Hon. Gertrude Roper m. Thomas Brand, esq. of the Hoo, in the county of Herts; by whom she had issue, Thomas, 20th Baron Dacre Gertrude. Henry, C.B., major-general in the army, who distinguished himself during the war in Spain. (second son) Henry Brand, 1st Viscount Hampden. (3) Thirdly, to Hon. Robert Moore (d. 1728), fifth son of Henry Hamilton-Moore, Earl of Drogheda, in London, by whom she had one son, Henry. June Ferguson's Royalty GED From Burnet's History of his Own Times, quoted in G. Steinman Steinman's A Memoir of Barbara, Duchess of Cleveland, 1871, page 26. Cunningham and Goodwin's The Story of Nell Gwyn, 1903, page 196. \"Memoirs of the Court of England\" From John Heneage Jesse's Memoirs of the Court of England During the Reign of the Stuarts, 1855, page 170. \"Archived copy\". Archived from the original on 21 July 2011. Retrieved 28 May 2008.CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link) From Booker, von Alvensleben, W Owen's The Peerage of England, Scotland, and Ireland, 1790, pages 372-374. Hon. Robert Moore thepeerage.com"
   },
   {
    "name": "Arnald de Grey",
    "id": "Q4794423",
    "text": "Arnald de Grey (11 September 1856 \u2013 15 November 1889) was an English first-class cricketer who played for the amateur side I Zingari in 1880. Arnald de Gray was the second son of Thomas de Grey, 5th Baron Walsingham and his second wife, Emily Elizabeth Julia (n\u00e9e Thellusson). His son, Nigel de Grey was one of the codebreakers that worked on decrypting messages from the Enigma cipher machine. \"Player Profile: Arnald de Grey\". CricketArchive. Retrieved 5 May 2011. Charles Mosley, editor, Burke's Peerage, Baronetage & Knightage, 107th edition, 3 volumes (Wilmington, Delaware, U.S.A.: Burke's Peerage (Genealogical Books) Ltd, 2003), volume 3, page 4065. Nigel West, \"Grey, Nigel Arthur de (1886-1951)\" in the Oxford Dictionary of National Biography."
   },
   {
    "name": "Arthur Chichester, 4th Baron Templemore",
    "id": "Q4798258",
    "text": "Arthur Claud Spencer Chichester, 4th Baron Templemore, KCVO, DSO, OBE, PC, DL (12 September 1880 \u2013 2 October 1953) was a British soldier and politician of Anglo-Irish descent. Chichester was the eldest son of the 3rd Baron Templemore and his wife, Evelyn (n\u00e9e Stracey-Clitherow). He was educated at Harrow and trained at the Royal Military College, Sandhurst, before being commissioned into the Royal Fusiliers as a second lieutenant on 20 January 1900. He fought in the Second Boer War, and was promoted to lieutenant on 23 February 1901, staying in South Africa until the end of the war, when he returned home on the SS Assaye in September 1902. When he was back in the United Kingdom, he returned as a regular lieutenant in his regiment in November 1902. He later served in Mauritius, India, and the British expedition to Tibet. By now a Captain, Chichester distinguished himself in the First World War with his service in France and Italy, becoming a Major with the Irish Guards and winning along with many other awards the DSO (1918) and an OBE (1919). In 1924, he succeeded his father as fourth Baron Templemore, and three years later was appointed Parliamentary Private Secretary to the Earl of Onslow as Under-Secretary of State for War and Paymaster General. Lord Templemore was a Lord in Waiting to George V from February to June, 1929 and again between 1931 and 1934. He was also Captain of the Yeomen of the Guard for 11 years (1934\u20131945), and served as Conservative Chief Whip in the House of Lords (1940\u20131945). He was appointed KCVO in 1938. He was a Deputy Lieutenant of Hampshire. Templemore married the Hon.Clare Meriel Wingfield, second daughter of Mervyn Wingfield, 7th Viscount Powerscourt, at St George's, Hanover Square, London, in 1911. They had three sons: Major Hon. Arthur Patrick Spencer Chichester (23 March 1914 \u2013 23 December 1942), killed in action in North Africa in World War II Major Hon. Dermot Chichester (18 April 1916 \u2013 19 April 2007) Lord Desmond Clive Chichester, MC (1920\u20132000) The fourth baron died in 1953 in County Wicklow. His second son succeeded him in the barony and in 1975 inherited the title of Marquess of Donegall in the Peerage of Ireland from a distant cousin. Crisp, Frederick Arthur (Ulster King of Arms) (1911). Visitation of Ireland \u2013 Volume 5. Hart\u2032s Army list, 1903 \"The Army in South Africa \u2013 Troops returning Home\". The Times (36865). London. 5 September 1902. p.\u00a06. \"No. 27494\". The London Gazette. 11 November 1902. p.\u00a07167. \"Lord Templemore: Soldier and statesman\". The Times. 5 October 1953. p.\u00a011. \"Marriages: The Hon. Claud Chichester and the Hon. Clare Wingfield\". The Times. 11 January 1911. p.\u00a011. \"Obituary\". The Times. 1 January 1943. p.\u00a04. Hansard 1803\u20132005: contributions in Parliament by the Lord Templemore"
   },
   {
    "name": "Arthur Kingscote",
    "id": "Q4799358",
    "text": "Arthur Fitzhardinge Kingscote (12 July 1841 \u2013 5 February 1881) was an English cricketer. Kingscote was born at Westminster in London. Kingscote played three first-class matches for the Marylebone Cricket Club from 1858 to 1859. He made his first-class debut against Cambridge University and played two further fixtures for the club against the same opposition and against the Gentlemen of Kent. Kingscote died at Fulham, London on 5 February 1881. Kingscote's father, Henry Robert Kingscote, was an early Hampshire player and also represented Surrey, Sussex and the Marylebone Cricket Club. His cousin Henry Bloomfield Kingscote also played first-class cricket. First-Class Matches played by Arthur Kingscote Arthur Kingscote\u00a0at ESPNcricinfo"
   },
   {
    "name": "Arthur Lyttelton",
    "id": "Q4799595",
    "text": "Arthur Temple Lyttelton (7 January 1852 \u2013 19 February 1903) was an Anglican Bishop from the Lyttelton family. After studying at Eton College and Cambridge University, he was ordained as a priest in 1877, and was a curate at St Mary's in Reading. He later served as vicar in Eccles, before being appointed as the third Suffragan Bishop of Southampton. He gave and published a number of lectures relating to his faith, and was the Hulsean Lecturer in 1891. He was also one of eleven members of the Lyttelton family to play first-class cricket. After a short time as a tutor at Keble College, Oxford, he became the first Master of Selwyn College, Cambridge. Arthur Lyttelton was born in Westminster, London, on 12 June 1847, the fifth son of George Lyttelton, 4th Baron Lyttelton and his first wife Mary Glynne. He attended Eton College, followed by Trinity College, Cambridge from which he graduated with a Bachelor of Arts degree in 1874. He was awarded his MA degree in 1877. Lyttelton played a match for the \"Gentlemen of Worcestershire\" in 1866, when he was 14, playing alongside two of his older brothers, Charles and George. The Lyttelton family was closely associated with cricket in Worcestershire, and most of the family appeared for the county at some time. He played for Eton in his final year at the school, and appeared in the annual fixture against Harrow that year, his performance being of little note. Eton won the match by 21 runs, in which Lyttelton scored two runs in the first innings and remained not out with five runs in the second. He batted at number ten in both innings, and did not bowl. He suffered a pair during a match between Worcestershire and Herefordshire in 1871. During his time at Cambridge University, Lyttelton frequently appeared for the \"Quidnuncs\", a cricket club generally populated by former university cricketers who had earnt a blue. He never played first-class cricket for the university, but did appear against them in one match in 1872; his only first-class appearance. Lyttelton was part of the Marylebone Cricket Club (MCC) team which played the university at Lord's Cricket Ground in June that year. He batted at number seven, and after scoring a duck in the first innings, he scored four runs in the second of a low-scoring match in which only W. G. Grace passed 50 runs in an innings. He made a second appearance for the MCC that summer, as part of a side which beat a Worcestershire team containing two of his brothers by three wickets. He played little more notable cricket, turning out for the Quidnuncs and the Free Foresters infrequently. He was described in Scores and Biographies as being \"Like the rest of the family he is a fine free hitter, and an excellent field at long-leg, or middle-wicket-off.\" Lyttelton was ordained as a deacon in Oxford in 1876, and as a priest the following year. He began his career with a Curacy at St Mary's, Reading, and in 1879 became a tutor at Keble College, Oxford, a post he retained until 1882. In 1880 he married the women's activist Mary Kathleen Clive, daughter of the Liberal politician George Clive; they had three children: Margaret Lucy, Archer Geoffrey, and Stephen Clive. In 1882 Lyttelton moved with his wife to Cambridge to take up the post of first Master of Selwyn College. When they arrived, the college was still a building site with only the West front completed. Initially, they made do with a suite of adapted student rooms until the Master's Lodge was built. Lyttelton's moderate political views along with his political connections to the prime minister (his aunt was Gladstone's wife, and his brother served as his Private Secretary) helped ensure acceptance of the new institution within the university. However, he did cause some consternation when he ruled that in general only members of the Church of England would be admitted to the college, despite government acts of 1856 and 1871 which allowed undergraduates and faculty members of any religion, or no religion, to be admitted. He was described in a history of the college as a \"fine teacher and a reserved, aloof-seeming man of judgement, decision and piety.\" In 1893 Lyttelton returned to ecclesiastical work, taking up the post of Vicar of Eccles. He was an Honorary Chaplain to Queen Victoria from 1895 until the following year when he was appointed as Chaplain in Ordinary to the Queen, a position in which he served until 1898. He was Lady Margaret's Preacher in each of 1885 and 1897, delivering the Hulsean Lectures in 1891. He was briefly named as an Honorary Canon of Manchester in 1898, but later that year ascended to the Episcopate as the Bishop of Southampton, suffragan to the Bishop of Winchester. In the same year, he was appointed Provost of St. Nicholas College, Lancing, West Sussex. In 1900 he was appointed Archdeacon of Winchester. Lyttelton was one of a number of contributors to Lux Mundi. He was granted a Doctorate in Divinity from the University of Cambridge in 1899. Lyttelton died at his home in Petersfield, Hampshire on 19 February 1903. Mosley, Charles, ed. (2003). Burke's Peerage, Baronetage & Knightage. 1 (107th\u00a0ed.). Wilmington, Delaware: Burke's Peerage (Genealogical Books) Ltd. p.\u00a0839. \"Lyttelton, Arthur Temple (LTLN870AT)\". A Cambridge Alumni Database. University of Cambridge. \"Gentlemen of Worcestershire v Gentlemen of Herefordshire: Other matches in England 1866\". CricketArchive. Retrieved 6 December 2011. \"Eton College v Harrow School: Other matches in England 1870\". CricketArchive. Retrieved 6 December 2011. \"Gentlemen of Worcestershire v Gentlemen of Herefordshire: Other matches in England 1871\". CricketArchive. Retrieved 6 December 2011. \"Quidnuncs Cricket Club\". Cambridge University Cricket Club. Archived from the original on 2 January 2012. Retrieved 6 December 2011. \"First-Class Matches played by Arthur Lyttelton (1)\". CricketArchive. Retrieved 6 December 2011. \"Marylebone Cricket Club v Cambridge University: University Match 1872\". CricketArchive. Retrieved 6 December 2011. \"Gentlemen of Worcestershire v Marylebone Cricket Club: Other matches in England 1872\". CricketArchive. Retrieved 6 December 2011. \"Other matches played by Arthur Lyttelton (22)\". CricketArchive. Archived from the original on 9 July 2012. Retrieved 6 December 2011. \"Obituaries in 1903\". ESPNcricinfo. Retrieved 6 December 2011. Chothia, Jean (2018). \"Feature Articles by Fellows: Kathleen Lyttelton (1856-1907)\". Selwyn College Calendar, vol 125, 2017-2018. Selwyn College Cambridge. p.\u00a060. \"Selwyn College 1882\u20131973: A Short History\" (PDF). Selwyn College, Cambridge. 1973. Archived from the original (PDF) on 11 February 2012. Retrieved 6 December 2011. William Farrer; J. Brownbill, eds. (1911). \"A History of the County of Lancaster: Volume 4\". British History Online. pp.\u00a0352\u2013362. \"The Bishop of Southampton\" (PDF). The New York Times. 21 February 1903. Retrieved 6 December 2011. Whitaker, Cuthbert Wilfrid, ed. (1900). A register of S. Nicholas college, Lancing, from its foundation at Shoreham in August, 1848 to the commencement of the month of November, 1900. London: Bradbury, Agnew, & Co."
   },
   {
    "name": "Aswad Thomas",
    "id": "Q4811968",
    "text": "Aswad Kwame Thomas (born 9 August 1989 in London) is an English professional footballer who plays as a defender for National League side Ebbsfleet United. Having started his career with Charlton Athletic; he spent time on loan with Accrington Stanley, Barnet and Lewes before signing for Woking in 2009, and Braintree Town in 2011. He played for Grimsby Town for two and a half years and had a second short stint with Woking before joining Dover Athletic in 2015. Thomas started his career with the Charlton Athletic youth system. Although he never made his senior debut, Thomas appeared on the bench twice, but he did make four appearances for the U18s and featured 11 times for the reserves in the 2007\u201308 season, scoring in the 8\u20134 home victory over Southampton in September 2007. Thomas had been compared to former Charlton hero Richard Rufus, and noted as a clean striker of a ball, athletic and strong in the tackle. He joined Accrington Stanley on loan in January 2008 where he made his Football League debut against Wycombe Wanderers. He scored twice in a 2\u20133 victory against Chester City, firing in Leam Richardson's defence-splitting pass and Thomas followed up John Danby's parry from his own shot to level. He returned to Charlton after serving his suspension for being sent off against Macclesfield Town when he had thrown the ball in the face of Shaun Brisley. He also played twice on loan at Barnet at the start of the 2008\u201309 season, after completing his month-long loan with League Two side Barnet, shortly afterwards he joined Lewes on loan. He signed a one-year contract with Conference South outfit Woking in 2009 and scored on his debut against Welling United which Woking went on to win 2\u20131. In June 2011, Thomas signed for the newly promoted Conference National team Braintree Town. After playing five games with three clean sheets, Thomas received his first of seven yellow cards on 29 August 2011 in the 50th minute, in the 2\u20133 defeat against Ebbsfleet United. He scored his first of five goals in the 2011\u201312 season, a close range shot into the bottom right corner in the 6\u20132 defeat at York City. Three games later he scored in the 5\u20134 defeat against Kidderminster Harriers. England C manager Paul Fairclough confirmed that Thomas had been close to getting an international call-up, and on 10 November 2011 Aswad Thomas was included in the stand-by contingency squad for the England C team in the friendly against Gibraltar on the following Tuesday. On 26 November 2011 Thomas received his 2nd yellow card of the season in the 10th minute for unsporting behaviour and was sent off in the 85th minute for his second bookable offence, an unfair foul on Curtis Obeng, serving a one match ban after the 0\u20130 stalemate against Wrexham. On 26 December 2011 he received his 3rd yellow card in 78th minute for a foul on substitute defender Jonathon Thorpe in the 2\u20130 away defeat at Cambridge United. Thomas scored his 5th and final goal for Braintree At the start of the new calendar year and in the following game on New Year's Day, again Thomas fouled Jonathon Thorpe to receive his 4th yellow card in the 19th minute in the 3\u20132 victory at home against Cambridge United. His third goal of the season came when he scored the opening goal, Thomas volleyed in Ben Wright's cross in the 2\u20132 draw at home against Stockport County. He scored a crucial 79th-minute goal in the 1\u20130 home win against Barrow, a low pass from defender Dean Wells to Thomas, he scored inside the six-yard box to the bottom right corner of the goal. On 18 February 2012 he received his 5th yellow card in the 1\u20130 away defeat at A.F.C. Telford United for unsporting behaviour, after giving away a free kick for an unfair challenge on striker Chris Sharp. On 17 March 2012 Thomas received his 6th yellow card in the 1\u20134 defeat at home to Kidderminster for unsporting behaviour, after conceding a free kick for a foul on defender Lee Vaughan. On 24 March 2012 Thomas scored the opening goal in the 0\u20134 thrashing of Barrow, latching onto striker Sean Marks' header from 18 yards at the edge of the penalty box to the top left corner of the goal. On 14 April 2012 Thomas was forced to sit on the bench despite not being 100 per cent fit at Stockport County and missed the following home game against York City also due to the knee injury. Having missed the previous two games, Thomas played in what became his last and final game of the season for Braintree in the 5\u20131 defeat at Wrexham. Thomas signed a two-year deal with Conference National side Grimsby Town on 4 July 2012, for an undisclosed fee, thought to be around \u00a315,000.[citation needed] Having impressed in his first five games for Grimsby, Thomas was named in the England C squad to face Belgium in Brussels on Wednesday 12 September in an International Challenge Trophy game. In his first two seasons with Grimsby, Thomas was a runner-up in the 2013 FA Trophy as well as losing in the Conference Premier semi-final in both years. On 4 January 2014 he scored a last minute own goal which meant Grimsby were dumped out of the FA Cup third round in a 2\u20133 defeat against Huddersfield Town. On 22 January 2015, Thomas was signed off from work with the club after suffering from stress. Thomas had requested the cancellation of his contract in order to resolve personal issues and sort out a transfer away from the club, however Grimsby decided in this case to allow the player a month's leave. On 3 February Thomas was released by Grimsby on mutual consent. Shortly after being given a month's leave by Grimsby, it was confirmed by Conference Premier side Woking that Thomas had returned to the club and had signed contractual forms for the rest of the season. On 28 August 2015, following his release from Woking, Thomas joined Dover Athletic on a one-year deal. Thomas joined Sutton United in the 2017 close season alongside former Dover teammates Ross Lafayette and Moses Emmanuel. He made his club debut on 5 August 2017 in a 2\u20130 home victory over Leyton Orient. He scored his first goal for the club on 23 September in a 3\u20132 win against Barrow. Thomas was called up to the England C team in 2012. As of match played 7 September 2019 Appearance in Football League Trophy Three appearances in Conference South play-offs, three in FA Trophy Two appearances in Conference South play-offs, three in FA Trophy Appearances in FA Trophy Two appearances in Conference Premier play-offs, five in FA Trophy Two appearances in Conference Premier play-offs, two in FA Trophy Two appearances in National League play-offs, two in FA Trophy One appearance in Conference Premier play-offs, two in the FA Trophy Two appearances in the Scottish League Challenge Cup Grimsby Town Lincolnshire Senior Cup Winners (1): 2012\u201313 FA Trophy\u00a0: Runners-up, 2012\u201313 Braintree Supporters Player of The Season: 2011\u201312 Conference National Team of the Year: 2012\u201313 Hugman, Barry J. (ed) (2008). The PFA Footballers' Who's Who 2008\u201309. Mainstream. ISBN\u00a0978-1-84596-324-8.CS1 maint: extra text: authors list (link) \"Player Profile\". Grimsby Town F.C. Retrieved 6 July 2012.[permanent dead link] \"Charlton U18s 1 Watford U18s 1\". Charlton Athletic Football Club. 23 April 2005. Retrieved 3 July 2012.[permanent dead link] \"Charlton 5 \u2013 2 Stockport\". BBC Sport. 28 August 2007. Retrieved 3 July 2012. \"Luton 3 \u2013 1 Charlton\". BBC Sport. 25 September 2007. Retrieved 3 July 2012. \"Aswad returns\". Charlton Athletic Football Club. 17 September 2008. Archived from the original on 20 April 2013. Retrieved 3 July 2012. \"Transfer deadline day: 1.30pm-5pm\". The Guardian. 31 January 2008. Retrieved 8 February 2008. \"Aswad shines for Stanley\". Charlton Athletic Football Club. 4 February 2008. Archived from the original on 19 April 2013. Retrieved 4 February 2008. \"Chester 0 \u2013 2 Accrington\". BBC Sport. 9 February 2008. Retrieved 3 July 2012. \"Macclesfield 2 \u2013 1 Accrington\". BBC Sport. 29 March 2008. Retrieved 3 July 2012. \"Aswad Thomas Joins on Loan\". Barnet Football Club. 19 August 2008. Archived from the original on 20 November 2008. Retrieved 27 June 2012. \"Thomas handed Lewes debut\". The Argus. 27 September 2008. Archived from the original on 7 February 2015. Retrieved 27 June 2012. \"Woking have signed four players on one-year deals\". BBC Sport. 3 June 2009. Retrieved 28 June 2012. \"Welling United 1\u20132 Woking\". BBC Sport. 8 August 2009. Retrieved 28 June 2012. \"Aswad Thomas joins Braintree\". Woking Football Club. 18 June 2011. Retrieved 18 June 2011. \"Braintree 2 \u2013 3 Ebbsfleet\". BBC Sport. 29 August 2011. Retrieved 5 July 2012. \"York 6 \u2013 2 Braintree\". BBC Sport. 8 October 2011. Retrieved 3 July 2012. \"Kidderminster 6 \u2013 2 Braintree\". BBC Sport. 18 October 2011. Retrieved 4 July 2012. \"Mariners win the race to get Iron's Aswad\". Braintree & Witham Times. 4 July 2012. Retrieved 4 July 2012. \"Young Braintree stars impress England boss\". Braintree & Witham Times. 10 November 2011. Retrieved 3 July 2012. \"Braintree 0 \u2013 0 Wrexham\". BBC Sport. 26 November 2011. Retrieved 4 July 2012. \"Cambridge 2 \u2013 0 Braintree\". BBC Sport. 26 December 2011. Retrieved 5 July 2012. \"Braintree 3 \u2013 2 Cambridge\". BBC Sport. 1 January 2012. Retrieved 5 July 2012. \"Braintree 2 \u2013 2 Stockport\". BBC Sport. 21 January 2012. Retrieved 5 July 2012. \"Braintree 1 \u2013 0 Barrow\". BBC Sport. 28 January 2012. Retrieved 5 July 2012. \"Telford 1\u20130 Braintree\". BBC Sport. 18 February 2012. Retrieved 6 July 2012. \"Braintree 1 \u2013 4 Kidderminster\". BBC Sport. 17 March 2012. Retrieved 6 July 2012. \"Barrow 0 \u2013 4 Braintree\". BBC Sport. 24 March 2012. Retrieved 6 July 2012. \"Injury time strike earns a point\". Essex Telegraph. 19 April 2012. Retrieved 5 July 2012. \"Canny Devonshire has Irons in the fire\". Essex Telegraph. 19 April 2012. Retrieved 5 July 2012. \"Wrexham 5 \u2013 1 Braintree\". BBC Sport. 27 April 2012. Retrieved 5 July 2012. \"Aswad targeting a promotion push after joining Grimsby Town\". Grimsby Telegraph. 4 July 2012. Archived from the original on 5 May 2013. Retrieved 4 July 2012. \"Aswad Agrees Town Move\". Grimsby Town Football Club. Archived from the original on 8 July 2012. Retrieved 4 July 2012. \"Town Duo Get England Call\". Grimsby Town Football Club. Retrieved 29 August 2012. \"Grimsby 2\u20133 Huddersfield\". BBC Sport. 4 January 2014. Retrieved 27 January 2015. \"Aswad Thomas has been signed off from Grimsby Town 'due to stress'\". Grimsby Telegraph. 22 January 2015. Archived from the original on 22 January 2015. Retrieved 27 January 2015. \"Aswad Leaves Town - News - Grimsby Town\". \"Aswad Returns!\". Woking F.C. 3 February 2015. Retrieved 3 February 2015. \"Aswad Thomas: Dover sign ex-Grimsby and Woking defender\". BBC Sport. 28 August 2015. \"Sutton United 2-0 Leyton Orient\". BBC Sport. 5 August 2017. \"Sutton United 3-2 Barrow\". BBC Sport. 23 September 2017. \"Games played by Aswad Thomas in 2007/2008\". Soccerbase. Centurycomm. Retrieved 3 February 2015. \"Games played by Aswad Thomas in 2008/2009\". Soccerbase. Centurycomm. Retrieved 3 February 2015. \"Games played by Aswad Thomas in 2008/2009\". Soccerbase. Centurycomm. Retrieved 3 February 2015. \"Aswad Thomas - Aylesbury United profile\". soccerbase.com. Retrieved 3 February 2015. \"Games played by Aswad Thomas in 2011/2012\". Soccerbase. Centurycomm. Retrieved 3 February 2015. \"Games played by Aswad Thomas in 2012/2013\". Soccerbase. Centurycomm. Retrieved 3 February 2015. \"Games played by Aswad Thomas in 2013/2014\". Soccerbase. Centurycomm. Retrieved 3 February 2015. \"Games played by Aswad Thomas in 2014/2015\". Soccerbase. Centurycomm. Retrieved 3 February 2015. \"A. Thomas\". Soccerway. Perform Group. Retrieved 17 January 2017. \"Sutton United 2017/2018 player appearances\". Soccerbase. Retrieved 20 August 2017. \"Games played by Aswad Thomas in 2019/2020\". Soccerbase. Centurycomm. Retrieved 11 June 2019. Aswad Thomas player profile at cafc.co.uk Aswad Thomas at Soccerbase Aswad Thomas at Soccerbase (at Lewes) Aswad Thomas at Soccerway"
   },
   {
    "name": "Beachcroft Towse",
    "id": "Q4875844",
    "text": "Sir Ernest Beachcroft Beckwith Towse, VC, KCVO, CBE (23 April 1864 \u2013 21 June 1948) was an English British Army officer and campaigner for the blind. He was a recipient of the Victoria Cross, the highest and most prestigious award for gallantry in the face of the enemy that can be awarded to British and Commonwealth forces. Towse was commissioned a lieutenant in The Gordon Highlanders on 16 December 1885. He distinguished himself with the Chitral Expedition in 1895, was promoted to captain on 20 May 1896, and served in the Tirah Campaign on the North-West Frontier of India in 1898. After the outbreak of the Second Boer War in October 1899, his battalion was sent to South Africa. They were part of large force sent to relieve the Siege of Kimberley, and took part in the Battle of Magersfontein on 10\u201311 December 1899, in which the defending Boer force defeated the advancing British forces amongst heavy casualties for the latter. Towse was mentioned in the despatch from Lord Methuen describing the battle. Towse was 35 years old, and a captain in the 1st Battalion, The Gordon Highlanders during the Second Boer War when the following deeds led to the award of the Victoria Cross: On the 11th December, 1899, at the action of Majesfontein, Captain Towse was brought to notice by his Commanding Officer for his gallantry and devotion in assisting the late Colonel Downman, when mortally wounded, in the retirement, and endeavouring, when close up to the front of the firing line, to carry Colonel Downman on his back; but finding this not possible, Captain Towse supported him till joined by Colour-Sergeant Nelson and Lance-Corporal Hodgson. On the 30th April, 1900, Captain Towse, with twelve men, took up a position on the top of Mount Thaba, far away from support. A force of about 150 Boers attempted to seize the same plateau, neither party appearing to see the other until they were but 100 yards apart. Some of the Boers then got within 40 yards of Captain Towse and his party, and called on him to surrender. He at once caused his men to open fire and remained firing himself until severely wounded (both eyes shattered), succeeding in driving off the Boers. The gallantry of this Officer in vigorously attacking the enemy (for he not only fired, but charged forward) saved the situation, notwithstanding the numerical superiority of the Boers. The shot that blinded Towse was fired by the Russian volunteer Yevgeny Maximov who was struggling with Towse during the action on Mount Thaba. Queen Victoria, it is said, shed tears when pinning the decoration. Possibly at her instance, The War Office awarded Towse with a special wounds pension of \u00a3300 a year.[citation needed] He retired from the army in February 1902. His VC action left him blind and he spent much of the rest of his life in work with the blind. He served in the First World War as a staff officer working with the wounded in hospital. Towse was chairman of the British and Foreign Blind Association and in 1940 gave his house as its first rehabilitation centre. He also founded the British Wireless for the Blind Fund in 1928 and was a trustee of The Association for Promoting the General Welfare of the Blind (GWB, now known as CLARITY - Employment for Blind People). He provided GWB a grant of \u00a3500, which enabled them to start making soap. Towse's sister, Beatrice Julia Beckwith Towse, was a committee member of the Disabled Officers (sic) Garden Homes (formerly Ex-Officers Direct Supply Association) organisation; she lived with him after his injury. He was a Vice Patron of St Dunstans (now Blind Veterans UK) from 1946 until his death in 1948. Pipe Major George S. McLennan (1884-1929) of the Gordon Highlanders composed the 2/4 march \"Captain E.B.B. Towse, V.C.\" in his honour. His Victoria Cross is displayed at the Gordon Highlanders Museum, Aberdeen, Scotland. Source: Hart\u2032s Army list, 1901 \"No. 27174\". The London Gazette. 16 March 1900. pp.\u00a01785\u20131788. \"No. 27208\". The London Gazette. 6 July 1900. p.\u00a04196. Davidson, Apollon & Filatova, Irina The Russians and the Anglo-Boer War, 1899-1902, Cape Town, Human & Rousseau, 1998 page 77. \"No. 27405\". The London Gazette. 11 February 1902. p.\u00a0847. \"BWBF website\". Archived from the original on 11 November 2009. Retrieved 1 December 2009. \"Archived copy\". Archived from the original on 26 April 2011. Retrieved 12 August 2011.CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link) Wounded in War they would work in Peace- A History of the DOGH Macdonnell Gardens, Sqn Ldr Brian R. F. Relf, R.A.F., p. 9 The Cairngorm collection\u00a0: Highland bagpipe music. Worldcat. Kingston, Jamaica: Exile Publishing. 1997\u20131999. List of Captain Sir Beachcroft Towse' Medals Photo of Captain Sir Beachcroft Towse' Medals Monuments to Courage (David Harvey, 1999) The Register of the Victoria Cross (This England, 1997) Scotland's Forgotten Valour (Graham Ross, 1995) Victoria Crosses of the Anglo-Boer War (Ian Uys, 2000) Location of grave and VC medal (Oxfordshire) Beachcroft Towse at Find a Grave Angloboerwar.com Biography HappyDispatches Ch.14 Military History Journal"
   },
   {
    "name": "Benjamin Ferrers",
    "id": "Q4888578",
    "text": "Benjamin Ferrers (ca. 1667-1732) was an English portrait painter. Christened in late 1667 in Cookham, Berkshire, Ferrers was deaf from his birth and appears to have lived in Westminster. An account record of a court case in 1720 records: A Motion that Mr. Benjamin Ferrers, A Deaf and Dumb Person, might be allowed to acknowledge a Fine in open Court, upon an Examinination to be taken by Signs upon the Fingers, upon the Report on Oath of one Mr. Ralph Russell, who swore he had been used to converse with him in that Manner for seventeen Years and upwards, and that he understood his Meaning perfectly by these Signs... It appeared likewise that he could write his own Name very well and some other Things, yet could read very little Writing, tho' he distinguished several Counties on a Map shewed him in Court, and likewise on the Oath of Mr. George Turner, who swore he had been acquainted with Ferrers ten Years, and that he had painted Mr. Burchet's (the Secretary of the Admiralty) Picture, for which he would not take under five Guineas, and that he believed he understood the Value of Things very well, especially Paintings... He was related to William Beveridge, bishop of St. Asaph. Beveridge refused to sit for a portrait during his lifetime, but following his death at Westminster on 5 March 1706\u20137, Ferrers painted one from his corpse. The picture, which is in the Bodleian Library at Oxford, was engraved by William Sherwin (both in mezzotint and line), by Michael van der Gucht as a frontispiece to Beveridge's works, and by Trotter. Ferrers also painted a picture of the Court of Chancery under Lord Chancellor Macclesfield, which included portraits of Macclesfield, Sir Philip Yorke and Sir Thomas Pengelly. This picture was owned by Dr. Lort of Cambridge, who gave it to the Earl of Hardwicke, and at the 5th Earl of Hardwicke's 1888 sale of pictures at Wimpole Hall it was bought by the National Portrait Gallery. His painting Three Ladies of the Leman Family and their Dogs on a Terrace (1728) is in the collection of the Tate Gallery Ferrers painted a portrait of Thomas Cockman, Master of University College, Oxford, his brother John Cockman, and five Fellows of the College. The painting remained in the Cockham family until 2008, when it was auctioned at Sotheby's and acquired by University College. Ferrers died in 1732; a Latin panegyric on him was written by his friend, Vincent Bourne, of Westminster School. \"England Births and Christenings, 1538-1975,\" database, FamilySearch (https://familysearch.org/ark:/61903/1:1:NP2X-9G9\u00a0: 11 February 2018, Benjamin Ferrers, 20 Oct 1667); citing , index based upon data collected by the Genealogical Society of Utah, Salt Lake City; FHL microfilm 88,236. Dictionary of National Biography Cooke, George (1742). Reports and Cases of Practice in the Court of Common Pleas: In the Reigns of Queen Anne, King George I. and King George II (2nd\u00a0ed.). London: H. Lintot. p.\u00a019. Norris, John (1839). A catalogue of the pictures, models, busts, &c. in the Bodleian gallery, Oxford. Oxford. p.\u00a012. \"Three Ladies of the Leman Family and their Dogs on a Terrace\". Tate Gallery. Retrieved 9 June 2013. \"Portrait of Thomas and John Cockman and some Fellows of University College\". The Portraits. UK: University College, Oxford. Retrieved 9 August 2018. \"A contentious succession\". Univ Newsletter (30). UK: University College, Oxford. Summer 2008. Retrieved 9 August 2018. \u00a0This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain:\u00a0\"Ferrers, Benjamin\". Dictionary of National Biography. London: Smith, Elder & Co. 1885\u20131900. Portraits of Benjamin Ferrers (died 1732) at the National Portrait Gallery, London"
   },
   {
    "name": "Jan Francis",
    "id": "Q4948681",
    "text": "Janet Stephanie Francis (born 5 August 1947) is an English actress. She appeared as Penny Warrender in the 1980s romantic comedy Just Good Friends. Francis was born at the former Charing Cross Hospital near Trafalgar Square, London. She is the eldest child of Frank Francis, a clerical officer with the Agricultural Society, and Marjorie (n\u00e9e Watling), an employment agent, who were married in 1944. She was raised in Streatham and was educated at the Lady Edridge Grammar School. After training as a dancer at the Royal Ballet Senior School from which she graduated in 1965, Francis performed with the Royal Ballet Touring Company in Britain, in the rest of Europe and the United States. Francis left the Royal Ballet in September 1969 to pursue an acting career. Francis made the transfer to becoming an actress through choreography, and performed with the Cheltenham Repertory Company between 1969 and 1970. She first appeared on television in 1971, before landing BBC Television drama roles including Kschessinska in Fall of Eagles and Lisa Colbert in Secret Army (1977\u201378). She appeared in Dracula (1979) as Mina Van Helsing with Laurence Olivier as Abraham Van Helsing. She played the part of Susie Dean in Alan Plater's adaptation of the J. B. Priestley novel The Good Companions (1980) which was produced by Yorkshire Television. Writer John Sullivan met Francis and later created her best-known part, Penny Warrender, in the 1980s BBC sitcom Just Good Friends. She later played Nick's \"old enough to be his mother\" girlfriend in the sitcom My Family, and co-starred with Dennis Waterman as Sally Hardcastle in the 1989\u20131992 ITV drama series Stay Lucky. During the late 1980s and early 1990s, she starred in the Lloyds Bank television commercials alongside Nigel Havers. In 2006, she guest starred in ITV prison drama Bad Girls as interior designer Catherine Earlham, who was sent to Larkhall on remand for embezzlement. The character played a key role in the exit storyline for fellow inmate Darlene Cake (Antonia Okonma). She is also a regular performer, and part of the original cast, of the touring play Seven Deadly Sins Four Deadly Sinners. In 2009, she appeared as Julia in the second series of Mistresses on BBC1. In November 2009, she starred in the ITV drama Collision. She also played a love interest for Rodney Blackstock in ITV soap opera Emmerdale, in 2010. In April 2014, she made a guest appearance as a patient in the BBC hospital drama series Casualty. Francis married the actor-writer Martin Thurley in Newton Abbot on 1 August 1977; he writes using the pseudonym Thomas Ellice. They have two daughters and reside in Woodchurch, Kent. Dracula (1979) as Mina Van Helsing Champions (1984) as Jo Beswick At The Garden \u2013 including Swan Lake Act II (BBC 1968) \u2013 a cygnet The Ken Dodd Show (LWT 1969) \u2013 various sketches Ballet for All \u2013 No 3 (of 7) (Thames 1970) \u2013 Swanhilda The Fenn Street Gang \u2013 Series 1, Episode 12 (of 21) (LWT 1970) \u2013 Shirley Matthews Anne of Green Gables (BBC 1972) \u2013 Diana Barry Swiss Cottage (BBC 1972) \u2013 Stephanie The Long Chase (BBC 1972) \u2013 Susan Fraser The Magistrate (BBC 1972) \u2013 Popham Country Matters \u2013 Series 2, Episode 7 (of 7): The Four Beauties (Granada 1973) \u2013 Sophie Davenport Thriller (UK TV series) \u2013 Episode 8 (of 43): File It Under Fear (ATV 1973) \u2013 Gillie Randall Doctor in Charge \u2013 Series 2, Episode 9 (of 13): The Pool (LWT 1973) \u2013 Diana Hawkeye The Pathfinder (BBC 1973) \u2013 Mabel Dunham (Magnet) Play for Today: The Lonely Man's Lover (BBC 1974) \u2013 Lizzie Fall of Eagles \u2013 Episode 5 (of 13): \"The Last Tsar\" (BBC 1974) \u2013 Kschessinska Rooms: \"Jan & Tony\" (Parts 1 & 2) (First 2 episodes of 127) (Thames 1974) \u2013 Jan Anne of Avonlea (BBC 1975) \u2013 Diana Barry The Duchess of Duke Street - Series 1, Episodes 14 and 15 (of 15) - Irene Baker Raffles - Episode 9 \"A Bad Night\" (ITV 1977) - Netje Secret Army (BBC 1977\u20138) \u2013 Lisa Colbert (\"Yvette\") Ripping Yarns episode \"Roger of the Raj\" (BBC 1978) \u2013 Miranda Casting the Runes (ITV, 1979): an adaptation of the story by M. R. James \u2013 Prudence Tales of the Unexpected (TV series) (1982) episode \"Death Can Add\" - Leila Graham Just Good Friends: (BBC 1983\u201386) 22 episodes & Christmas special \u2013 Penny Warrender Hammer House of Mystery and Suspense (ITV 1984) episode \"Corvini Inheritance\" \u2013 Eva Bailey Minder, \"Life in the Fast Food Lane\" (Series 6, episode 2) (1985) \u2013 Sarah Bates Stay Lucky 1989 \u2013 1992. Heartbeat Love Hurts, Series 11, 2 episodes 1993 Under the Hammer (ITV, 1994) 7 episodes \u2013 Maggie Perowne The Ghostbusters of East Finchley (BBC, 1995) 2 episodes \u2013 Grace Jeremy Hardy Gives Good Sex (video 1995) My Family 2001 1 episode Sunburn 1 episode New Tricks (2007) The Invisibles (2008) 1 episode Mistresses (BBC 2009) 2 episodes Collision (BBC 2009) 4 episodes Emmerdale (ITV 2010) 3 episodes My Family (BBC) 1 episode I Want My Wife Back (BBC 2016) \u2013 Paula Next of Kin (ITV 2018) The Sleeping Beauty (1969) ... Royal Ballet (1969) The Farmer's Wife (1969) ... Cheltenham Repertory Company, as Susan Maine Sleeping Beauty (1969\u20131970) ... Pantomime, as Fairy Dreamawhile The Boyfriend (1970) ... as Maisie (& Lolita) When Did You Last See My Mother (1970) ... at The Theatre Upstairs at the Royal Court, as Linda Cinderella (1970) ... at the Manchester Opera House Play It Again Sam (1971) ... at the New Theatre, Bromley as one of Barbara and the Dream Girls The Heiress (1971) ... as Marian Almond Romance! (1971) ... at the Duke of York's Theatre, London as Lotte Out of Bounds (1973) ... Bristol Old Vic Company as Ermyntrude Johnson Lend Me A Tenor (1986) ... at the Globe Theatre, London as Maggie Hay Fever (1988) ... at the Chichester Festival Theatre as Myra Arundel 'Dear Ralph' A Valentine's Day Gala (1993) ... at the London Palladium as a Host for the Evening Seven Deadly Sins Four Deadly Sinners (2004\u20132008) ... at various theatres on tour An Evening at Le Candide (2006) ... at the King's Head Theatre, London \"Index entry\". FreeBMD. ONS. Retrieved 14 March 2011. \"Index entry\". FreeBMD. ONS. Retrieved 14 March 2011. IMDB citation IMDB citation Jan Francis at IMDb"
   },
   {
    "name": "C. W. A. Scott",
    "id": "Q5006933",
    "text": "Flight Lieutenant Charles William Anderson Scott, AFC (13 February 1903 \u2013 15 April 1946) was an English aviator. He won the MacRobertson Air Race, a race from London to Melbourne, in 1934, in a time of 71 hours. Born on Friday the 13th, he was the son of Charles Kennedy Scott, who was founder of the Oriana Madrigal Society and the founder and conductor of the Philharmonic Choir. Scott was also the great nephew of Lord Scott-Dickson, a Scottish Unionist politician and judge. Scott was born in London and was educated at Westminster School. He was a keen musician, poet and yachtsman. After leaving school he served on a sugar plantation in British Guiana for a short time before returning to England and in 1922 joining the Royal Air Force, where he learned to fly.[citation needed] While serving with the RAF, Scott gained a reputation for his aerobatic skill and was RAF heavyweight boxing champion for two consecutive years. He left the RAF in 1926 and emigrated to Australia, where he took up a post as a commercial pilot for the fledgling airline company Queensland and Northern Territory Aerial Services (now Qantas). In 1929, while on leave from QANTAS following a crash in a de Havilland DH.50J, Scott met his first wife Kathleen. In 1930, he broke the solo record from Brisbane to Melbourne in a de Havilland DH.60 Gipsy Moth aeroplane to get to the birth of his daughter Rosemary. Scott broke the England\u2013Australia solo flight record in 1931, flying a de Havilland DH.60 Moth.[citation needed] For this achievement, the King awarded him the Air Force Cross in 1931. Competing against fellow pilots such as Bert Hinkler, Charles Kingsford Smith and Jim Mollison, Scott went on to beat the Australia\u2013England solo flight record in 1932 and then re-took the England\u2013Australia the same year. In 1934, he was picked, along with Tom Campbell Black, to fly one of three purpose-built de Havilland DH.88 Comet Racers to compete in the MacRobertson Air Race, which is still considered the world's greatest air race. Scott and Black won the race, breaking the England\u2013Australia flight record of 162\u00a0hours down to 52\u00a0hours and 33\u00a0minutes. They reached the finish line in Melbourne in 71 hours, winning the \u00a310.000 prize money and becoming world-famous overnight. Following the race, Scott received several medals and awards, including the Gold Medal of the Royal Aero Club,[failed verification] and was celebrated wherever he went, including invitations from King Edward VIII.[citation needed] In 1936, Scott took over Sir Alan Cobham's National Air Displays Ltd and for one season operated C.W.A. Scott Flying Display Ltd. In September that year, he won another air race; flying a Percival Vega Gull, he and Giles Guthrie won the Schlesinger Air Race from Portsmouth to Johannesburg, South Africa, again winning the \u00a310,000 prize money. Before the race, Scott married his second wife, Greta Bremna, but they divorced in 1940.[citation needed] With the onset of World War II Scott served for a time as an Air Raid Precautions (ARP) civil defence ambulance driver then he joined the Royal Naval Volunteer Reserve (RNVR) as a lieutenant, and took part in the Dakar landing. He also spent a period as an Atlantic ferry pilot and was stationed with de Havilland Canada as a test pilot, testing newly built de Havilland Mosquitos and training pilots to fly them. Following the war, and after becoming estranged from his third wife,[better\u00a0source\u00a0needed] Scott took a post at the United Nations Relief and Rehabilitation Administration (UNRRA) headquarters in Germany. On 15 April 1946, while in a state of depression, he fatally wounded himself with a gunshot, using his military-issue revolver.[citation needed] Scott was educated at Westminster School. In 1920 he left school and took a five-year contract with a sugar plantation at a British colony in Demerara, British Guiana. Scott did not enjoy his time at the sugar plantation and after 18 months and a bout of malaria his father arranged for his release of the five-year contract and for his passage back home to London. He joined the RAF as a pilot in 1922 and on 9 December 1922 he was granted a short service commission as a probationary pilot officer, and joined No. 2 Flying Training School, Duxford for flight training. He made his first \"solo flight\" in an Avro 504K and on 9 July 1923 his rank as pilot officer was confirmed; on 15 December 1923 he got his \"wings\"[citation needed] and was appointed pilot officer to be stationed with No. 32 Squadron RAF Kenley, where he acquired a reputation for his aerobatic skill flying Sopwith Snipes and Gloster Grebes. Partly because he had passed the navigation exam at flying training school with 100 percent, his C.O sent him on a three-month navigation coarse at RAF Calshot; Scott enjoyed his few months by the sea and just passed the final examinations with 60 percent, which was the exact percentage required to pass. On 9 July 1924 he was promoted to the rank of flying officer, and on 1 November 1924 he was appointed flying officer to be stationed at the Armament and Gunnery School Eastchurch; however, the decision to post him there was changed and he remained with 32 Squadron, Kenley. He left the service on 9 December 1926 and was transferred onto the reserve list as a class C flying officer until 9 December 1930. During Scott's time with the RAF he recorded 893 hours of flying time. When Scott first joined Flying training school Duxford, he and the other new pilot officers were divided into squads; in each squad one of the officers was made \"Squad commander\" though the squad commander was equal in rank to the other officers in his squad. In Scott's case the squad commander named Newbigging was a large fellow of some six-foot four and had seen a lot of service with the Scots Guards in World War I. Newbigging soon took offence to Scott's precocious attitude, as Scott was undisciplined and fresh from the sugar plantations, where he was well adept at enforcing discipline, but not too keen on taking orders for himself. This clash of personalities lead to Scott and Newbigging having a fight, in which Scott was the victor. News of this spread around the camp, and subsequently Scott was sent off as one of a team to box in the group championships; after winning the fight in his weight there, he was then picked to box in the RAF championships at RAF Halton. The RAF championships took place near the end of Scott's first term at Duxford and he won the heavy-weight title there, becoming RAF heavyweight champion for 1923. On returning to his camp he received a personal commendation from his Wing Commander, who then informed Scott that he had been selected to box for the RAF against the Army, Navy, and Marines. In 1923, 1924 and 1925 The Imperial Services Boxing Association (I.S.B.A) Championships took the form of Inter Service Team Championships between the Royal Navy, Royal Marines, Army and Royal Air Force. The championships took place at Aldershot. Scott met his opponent in the dressing-room before the fight a Lieutenant Capper who in Scott's words \u2013 \"held out two enormous gloves and asked me if I had any objection to his using those, as the standard gloves would not fit his hands. Had he held out a meat axe I would have acquiesced as meekly, for I knew that nothing could prevent him doing with me just what he liked.\" Scott lost the fight in round two and Capper went on to win the amateur championship of England. The following year, then posted at Kenley the RAF annual individual boxing championships took place and Scott successfully defended his title becoming RAF heavyweight champion for his second year running in 1924. This meant that instead of returning immediately to his unit Scott went to RNAS Lee-on-Solent with the rest of the RAF team to train for the I.S.B.A Championships, to be held at HMNB Portsmouth, again he failed to beat his opponent but put up a much better fight than he had done the previous year. In 1924 Scott and other members of No. 32 Squadron performed six nights a week in a night time air display over the Wembley Exhibition flying Sopwith Snipes which were painted black for the display and fitted with white lights on the wings tail and fuselage of the aircraft. The display involved firing blank ammunition into the stadium crowds and dropping pyrotechnics from the aeroplanes to simulate shrapnel from guns on the ground, Explosions on the ground also produced the effect of bombs being dropped into the stadium by the Aeroplanes.[citation needed] On one evening during these displays one of the pilots had to make a forced landing at the nearby allotted forced landing ground, seconds after the pilot evacuated the crashed aeroplane it went up in flames. Unbeknown to Scott his parents were spectators in the crowd that night and after rumours among the crowd and belief by the pilots that one of them had burnt to death that night, Scott's father made several phone calls to the RAF who would not disclose any information, so he drove all the way to their Mess at Northolt to establish that his son was indeed alive and then relay that information back to Scott's mother who was very distressed. A similar air display was conducted the following year at the Wembley Exhibition called London Defended and they also did a piece much the same at the Aldershot tattoo.[citation needed] The following month June 1925, No 32 Squadron did an air display demonstrating Flight-converging bombing at the RAF Display, Hendon. Scott was selected to do individual aerobatics in a brand-new Snipe which he was allowed to paint red, this pleased Scott greatly as it meant that he was also allowed to practice his aerobatics at a low altitude, rather than above 2000 feet which was R.A.F regulations at that time. In Scott's Book he tells of how for his solo display he was allotted exactly seven minutes during the luncheon break, to complete his show but after just two minutes, a flying wire broke in the near edge of the port side, anxious not to cut his allotted seven minutes down too much he began to fly the aircraft upside down in an effort to reduce the strain on the flying wires, he continued flying in an inverted position for some time until he noticed a worrying quiver in the top plane and promptly landed slightly short of his seven minutes. The following week in the weekly edition of Flight magazine their reporter described the incident in these words- Flight 02, 07, 1925- While there was a certain liveliness in the aerodrome during the early part of the day, it was not until about 1.30\u00a0pm that the first really exciting item occurred, when a machine\u2014we think it was one of the good old Sopwith \"Snipes\"\u2014went up and executed a number of really excellent stunts, including one of the longest sustained upside-down flights we have seen. Scott would go on to become top of the bill for the 1933 British Hospitals Air Pageant and then form C. W. A. Scott's Flying display for the 1936 season.[citation needed] Having qualified for his 'B' commercial licence he emigrated to Australia in 1927 to seek work with airline companies. He played a pioneering role in the formation and the early expansion of the airline company Qantas which still operates to this day and is the national airline of Australia. As a commercial pilot in Australia he frequently made long air taxi flights, perhaps the best known being a 4,000 miles (6,400\u00a0km) trip across Central Australia. Scott became a senior pilot for Qantas and during this time he acquired an intimate knowledge of the northern territory. In 1929 Qantas posted him to Brisbane to take over the duties of flying instructor at Eagle Farm Airport, Brisbane Flying Training School. During Scott's time as a pilot for Qantas he recorded 3,179 hours of flying time, covering over 83,000 miles (134,000\u00a0km). On 4 September 1928 Scott crashed the Qantas DH.50J named Hermes registered G-AUHI in bad weather six miles north-east of Parafield Aerodrome, South Australia, resulting in the death of his engineer George Nutson. Scott had been the pilot for a long tour of Northern Australia earlier that year for Lord Stonehaven and had then piloted an equally extensive tour of north Australia for the British Marshal of the Royal Air Force, Sir John Salmond who was in Australia as a guest of the Commonwealth Government to advise on aerial defence. Salmond's tour ended in Adelaide and not long after an early morning take-off, on the return journey to Longreach Scott crashed in hilly country and bad weather. Scott broke his jaw and suffered severe burns as Hermes burst into flames. Despite his injuries and shock, Scott dragged Nutson, his engineer and the only other person on board, free from the flames but Nutson died from his injuries later in hospital. The aircraft was destroyed by the fire. In addition to the tragedy of Nutson's death, the crash came as a heavy financial blow and caused major disruptions to Qantas' operations, especially the planned Brisbane service. On 7 September Hudson Fysh asked the directors \"to decide on the questions of Scott's future employment\". Scott, he wrote, \"has given valuable service and he is a brilliant pilot, is possibly the hardest worker we have yet employed and has the physical qualities to stand up to this.\"[citation needed] However, said Fysh, despite repeated notifications and personal instructions Scott had not attained \"the standard of care and safety we demand.\" His personal behaviour had been the subject of criticism, though he was popular and a good man to work with. \"I find on present evidence that the pilot (Scott) committed a serious error of judgement in leaving Parafield Aerodrome in weather which was unsuitable...and when there was no need for hurry.\" Scott had also, Fysh reported, placed fourteen tins of petrol in the cabin of the aircraft without proper reason.[citation needed] After the crash, Scott had swiftly offered his resignation. But angered and offended by this judgement passed on him by Fysh, who had not heard Scott's evidence or that of the Official Air Accident Investigation Committee, Scott withdrew his resignation and in a letter to Fergus McMaster on 12 October explained that he had only offered his resignation \"as the right thing to do... in the feeling of good fellowship that can exist between employer and employee.\" He had, he said, expected a fair hearing, adding, \"I must mention certain letters that I received from the managing director and their effect on my attitude\". Scott did not agree with Fysh's views on the facts concerning the take-off. \"I am no novice\", he wrote indignantly, \"to such flying conditions.\"[citation needed] On 16 October, Fysh reported to McMaster that in his interview with Scott he had \"gained nothing that would tend to make us take a more lenient view of his general behaviour and the Adelaide crash\" in fact, wrote Fysh, \"Scott had made matters worse by saying that the petrol was placed in the cabin to enable him to return via Broken Hill and Thargomindah right across more or less unknown country, and without even informing us\". Fysh admitted, \"I could certainly use Scott later on...If he can be got on to safe flying he will make an excellent man for us\". Fysh suggested to the board that Scott be suspended for two months without pay, take a salary reduction, in future strictly carry out company rules and that Scott must sign an undertaking to go teetotal both on and off duty.[citation needed] McMaster considered Both Scott's and Fysh's views on the crash, and on 21 October he explained to Scott that he had fully considered all his points, but reiterated \"the fact remains that you were a pilot employed in commercial aviation and you did not put safety first. You took a risk that you should not have taken. I quite realize that for a man such as yourself, with unlimited energy, ambition and skill it must come hard to sit down and not act...\" McMaster then soundly reprimanded Scott for his off duty conduct, saying \"It was common street talk that only a few days previous to you leaving Longreach for Hughenden to pick up Sir John Salmond you had been drinking heavily. Your conduct was anything but desirable both as regards your own interests and the interests of commercial aviation.\" McMaster acknowledged that \"street talk\" was not something ordinarily to be listened to but, he said, \"the talk was common at the Hotel, the Club and the Golf Links\". He concluded: \"I sincerely regret losing your services and am only too willing to place your letter before the board\". The board considered Scott's letter, and after formally interviewing him, decided to allow him to continue flying with Qantas. Scott did not make reference to these disciplinary proceedings in his book in 1934, though does write in detail about the crash and the spin from eighteen hundred feet in cloud to the ground. He wrote: \"I returned to flying duties at the end of January 1929\". Fysh thought him \"a brilliant but over-volatile pilot...too brilliant to be stable\". As a result of this crash came a set of \"Rules for the Observance of Pilots\", which Fysh put into operation in November 1928. By 1931 Scott had made several record breaking flights across Australia while serving as a pilot for Qantas. He had made a record-breaking flight whilst flying Lord Stonehaven on his tour in 1927 and had then gone on to make the longest air taxi trip of its time in Australia of 3000 miles whilst piloting for Sir John Salmond's tour of the northern territories in 1928. Scott had also broken many speed records across Australia including the Brisbane\u2013Cairns record and the Brisbane\u2013Melbourne speed record in 1930. He had met Amy Johnson when he escorted her across Australia following her record England\u2013Australia flight and was also inspired by Bert Hinkler whom he had also met (as he had been involved in the search for Hinkler who had become lost following his record-breaking England\u2013Australia flight). Scott secured financial backing to attempt an England to Australia record which also involved delivery of the de Havilland Moth G-ABHY to his financial backer; on 10 April 1931 Scott landed at Darwin after having left England 9 days 4 hrs 11 minutes earlier, breaking the England \u2013 Australia record. This would be the first of three England Australia records, the next one being a record breaking flight back to England in 1931 in another DH Moth, this time funded by Lord Wakefield who purchased the Moth VH-UQA for Scott to complete this and another record England \u2013 Australia flight in 1932. It was announced in the London Gazette for 30 June 1931 that \"The King has been graciously pleased to approve of the award of the Air Force Cross to Mr. Charles William Anderson Scott in recognition of the distinguished services rendered to aviation by his recent flights between England and Australia.\" In 1934, Scott and Tom Campbell Black were entered in the London to Melbourne Air Race, officially known as the \"MacRobertson Air Race\", and also dubbed \"The world's Greatest Air race\". The Great Air Race is still believed to be the most important air race that has ever taken place, because as well as attracting more publicity, worldwide organization and involvement than any other air race before or since, it stood to encourage the extension of an established air route to the British Empire's furthermost territory. This was not only thought to be highly beneficial as an air mail and passenger route, but would also enable troops and supplies to be quickly and efficiently moved to the area should there be any future military threats from South East Asia. Charles Scott and Campbell Black had met one year previously to the start of the race at a cocktail party at the Royal Aero Club in London. They had both agreed to enter the race, but only as a team and only if a suitable sponsor could be found. In early 1934 Scott was called to Stag lane for a meeting with the business manager of the de Havilland Aircraft Company, where he was introduced to Arthur Edwards, an entrepreneur and speculative property developer. Edwards (managing director of the Grosvenor House Hotel development) and Scott struck a deal within 20 minutes of meeting and it was in a private capacity that Edwards engaged the services of both Scott and Black, following his order directly off the drawing board of a de Havilland Comet. Scott's team was not the only team to have ordered a De Havilland DH.88 Comet to be designed and built specifically with the intention of being suitable to compete in, and win both the handicap and the speed section of the race. Jim Mollison and his wife Amy Mollison (Amy Johnson) ordered a Comet using their own funds and another team also gained sponsorship to purchase and race the third of the de Havilland Machines, which were to be designed, built and tested in time for the race. The Great Air Race would commence from Mildenhall aerodrome at 6.30 am on 20 October 1934.[citation needed] It was agreed that Scott would be designated handling pilot for the race and occupy the front seat of the tandem cockpit, piloting the take-off and landing at every enforced checkpoint along the route and any other refuelling, or necessary stops for the entirety of the race. The flying of the plane would be on a fifty-fifty basis involving shifts of 4 hours on four hours off. Just six days before the start of the race Scott flew the newly built scarlet Comet, number 34 named Grosvenor House G-ACSS, which had only logged 83 minutes of flight time, from Hatfield Aerodrome where it had been built to RAF Mildenhall and made a nicely judged landing. He later admitted that he had never handled a twin engine aircraft before this one. With one day to go before the start of the race, amidst frantic last-minute preparations a Royal visit was made by the Prince of Wales whom Scott was photographed with explaining the new variable-pitch propeller system fitted to his Comet. King George V and Queen Mary also visited that afternoon at very short notice, meeting competitors including Scott.[citation needed] The race commenced on time in front of an unexpected 60,000-strong crowd with the first plane to take off being the Mollisons' Comet named Black Magic and soon after C.W.A. Scott and Tom Campbell Black were in the air heading for Melbourne. Scott and Black touched down at their first control point in Baghdad 12 hours and 2,500 miles (4,000\u00a0km) later just a few minutes behind the Mollisons and were in the air again half an hour later on course for Allahabad. When they arrived in Allahabad, another 12 hours and 2,300 miles (3,700\u00a0km) later they had taken the race lead as the Mollisons' Comet was held up with complications to its undercarriage in Karachi. When they touched down in Singapore observers thought they saw smoke coming from an engine but the fire service found no problem; after shutting down the engines Scott ordered two glasses of beer and jinked about with nervous energy, keen to be on his way. The next part of the journey involved island hopping before the crossing of the Timor Sea Just two days after leaving RAF Mildenhall Scott and Black touched down on Australian soil in Darwin; Scott was found by race officials lying down under the wing of his aeroplane stretching his right leg. He was suffering badly from cramp in his leg because they feared that the port engine was seizing up so had throttled it down, this meant that Scott was forced to compensate for the uneven port/starboard power levels by constantly applying pressure to the Rudder control pedal with his right foot during flight.[citation needed] The following is an excerpt from Time magazine, 29 October 1934, Volume XXIV, Number 18: Third Day. Biggest sensation of the race came just before dawn on the third day, when burly Lieutenant Scott and dapper Captain Black flew their scarlet Comet into Darwin. They had covered the last 300 miles over water on one motor, risked death landing on a field made soggy by the first rain in seven months. Said sandy-haired Lieutenant Scott: \"We've had a devil of a trip.\" But they had flown 9000 miles in two days, had broken the England to Australia record of 162 hr. in the unbelievable time of 52hr. 33 min., were only 2000 miles from their goal at Melbourne.[citation needed] This England to Australia record of 52 hours 33 mins remains unbeaten today (2012) by any other piston-powered aircraft. On 10 November 1935, Charles Kingsford-Smith and his co-pilot died trying to beat this record.[citation needed] Both the other Comets were also suffering from overheating engines and the Mollisons had been forced to retire from the race only having reached Allahabad. This gave Scott and Black a good chance of winning. Engineers examined the port engine during the turn around and decided that it was OK to fly if throttled down. After having no real sleep since leaving England, they flew off course in an area that Scott knew very well from all his previous experience flying in the Northern territories but eventually Scott and Black touched down at their final control point in Charleville just 800 miles short of their 11,325-mile journey. Scott was reported as looking haggard, worn and unshaven and could only speak in a whisper; he almost collapsed from the severe cramp which again afflicted his leg. Provision had been made to replace two of the pistons on the weary port engine but it was deemed unnecessary if they made the final 6-hour leg operating on low power. They set off from Charleville only having to return due to a faulty oil pressure gauge, the fault was realized and they once again began the final stretch of their journey. Each pilot flew for half an hour at a time while the other smoked or slept, but this then proved impossible, so by mutual consent the periods were cut down to twenty minutes and then to ten. It was still a strain to keep awake, manipulate the controls and maintain course, but with this regular changing they just about managed it. Finally nearly 71 hours after the start of the race at Mildenhall of which 65 and a half hours had been spent in the air, Scott and Black were the first to fly across the finish line marked by neon lights and white sheets laid out on the ground at Flemington Racecourse. A crowd of between 50,000 and 100,000 jubilant spectators let out deafening cheers as they circled and flew the finishing line once more at high speed and low level in victorious celebration and to be sure of a proper finish. Using all the strength and ability he had remaining Scott landed the victorious Comet at nearby Laverton Aerodrome and they declared themselves winners of the \"Speed Section\" of the race eligible for the First Place Prize of 10,000 pounds. The race had been organised into two sections, the \"race\" section and the \"handicap\" section with some competitors entering either one of the two sections and some competitors entering both, Scott and Black had entered both, and they had also won the \"Handicap Section\", but the race rules did not allow them to claim the prize money for both the \"race\" and \"handicap\" sections of the race. Scott and Black were then put through yet another flight as they were ferried in two De Havilland DH.60 Moths back to Flemington Racecourse for an official public reception, where they were greeted by Sir Macpherson Robertson the organizer of the race.[citation needed] Captured on film by Movietone, C.W.A. Scott, who was never short of a word, humoured the on-looking public with this speech: Play media A very short time ago I was sitting in the cockpit of an aeroplane flying towards an almost mythical place called Melbourne. It had seemed to us as we started about 5 centuries ago, and that Melbourne as soon as we caught up one mile, receded two! So that made our journey very much longer than we had previously supposed. Particularly though it seems remarkable that only two hours ago one was in such a mental state, and now one is in a very different mental state, terribly embarrassed by your enthusiasm and yet very gracious to you all indeed for being so kind and welcoming us here this afternoon. Actually I wouldn't know I was here only somebody gave me a paper, and I see that it has my name on it, and of course as we all know, the press never lies! So, I don't think that I better say any more because I\u2019ve talking too much to Campbell Black the last three days and I've got quite husky, I've been roaring at him\u00a0! He hasn't been roaring quite so much so I'm going to get him to talk. \u2014\u2009Scott's speech Movietone Black insisted that he had never made a speech in his life and that if he were going to say anything that it would only be \"Thank you\". Celebrations followed and when all the qualifying back markers had arrived in Melbourne they were all paraded through the streets in open top cars C. W. A. Scott and Tom Campbell Black at the front of the procession with other competitors like the popular young Australian Jimmy Melrose following behind.[citation needed] A phone call from Scott's father following the race was reported in The Courier-Mail Brisbane on 26 October 1934. The article entitled \"FATHER SPEAKS TO AIRMAN\" \"Scott Accepts Job in London\" published; The News Chroncle announces that Scott has joined its staff as aviation editor. Scott also went on to become \"Aviation correspondent\" for The Courier-Mail and in conjunction with Scott's Book being published in November 1934 The Courier-Mail purchased the Queensland rights to publish several articles entitled \"SCOTT TELLS THE STORY OF HIS LIFE\", which were very similar in text to chapters of his book. In the months leading up to the race Scott had been compiling his autobiography. He had had a months worth of meetings with John Leggitt where he had dictated the entire story of his life and John Leggit was to put the book together and get it to press. On being victorious in the race Scott wrote the final chapter of his book Scott's Book: The life and Mildenhall-Melbourne llight of C.W.A. Scott told by himself and cabled this final chapter to England so that the book could be published by Hodder and Stoughton in November 1934 while Scott himself was still on his way back from Australia.[citation needed] Back in England Scott and Black were awarded the gold medal of the Royal Aero Club The gold, silver and bronze medals are awarded annually for outstanding achievement in aviation during the preceding year or over a number of years, principally, but not necessarily, as a pilot. They were also awarded The Britannia Trophy by the Royal Aero Club, England, presented \"For the British Aviator or Aviators accomplishing the most meritorious performance in aviation during the previous year.\" Scott also received the F\u00e9d\u00e9ration A\u00e9ronautique Internationale (FAI) Gold Air Medal for 1934 and the Harmon Trophy, the International Award for Best Aviator of 1934.[citation needed] In February 1935 Scott was installed as a member of G.A.P.A.N Guild of Air Pilots and Air Navigators of the British Empire. The Guild was and still is responsible for advising the government on air safety and aeronautics. In December 1935 Scott bought most of Sir Alan Cobhams company National Aviation Displays Ltd and formed C.W.A. Scott's Flying Display Ltd. An article in The Argus (Melbourne) 19 December 1935, read \" A Company entitled \"C.W.A. Scott's Flying Display Ltd\" has acquired from Sir Alan Cobham the aircraft and other assets of National Aviation Displays Ltd. Mr Scott is chairman and the directors include Mr Campbell Black and Miss Jean Batten. The company aims at making flying popular and in affording novices opportunities of learning to fly under dual control.\" An article in Flight magazine April I6, 1936 described the up and coming season as follows; \"The season's programme of Mr. C.W.A. Scott's \"Flying for All\" Display embraces over 150 centres in the United Kingdom and Irish Free State, and aims particularly at familiarising people with some of the cheap, easy-to-fly light aeroplanes available to-day. The ever-popular chestnuts popularised at previous displays have been preserved to cater for the purely spectacular tastes of the crowd.\" The administrators were, Capt. P. Phillips, D.F.C. (managing director), Capt. J. R. King (chief pilot), Mr C. W. A. Scott (chairman) and Mr. D. L. Eskell (general manager). The outfit consisted of 10\u201315 staff operating 10\u201315 aircraft and ran for the 1936 season but due to exceptionally bad weather throughout the season trading was not good. Scott agreed, in conjunction with his codirectors, that C. W. A, Scott's Flying Display, Ltd., should go into voluntary liquidation in November 1936. Scott's co-pilot in the MacRobertson Race, Tom Campbell Black died in an accident while taxiing in a Percival Mew Gull G-AEKL preparing for the race. Three Vega Gulls were built for the race, two were entered into the Schlesinger Race from England to Johannesburg, South Africa. The winners of the \"Schlesinger Race\" were C W.A. Scott and Giles Guthrie flying Vega Gull G-AEKE landing at Rand Airport on 1 October 1936. The aircraft had left Portsmouth 52 hours 56 minutes 48 seconds earlier. Out of the original 14 entries to the race Scott and Guthrie were the only ones to finish, winning the 10,000 pounds prize money. In 1937 Charles Gardner went on to win the King's Cup Race in the repaired Mew Gull G-AEKL in which Black had suffered his fatal accident. Giles Guthrie then acquired the aircraft and came second in the kings Cup in 1938. With the outbreak of World war Two in September 1939, Scott approached the RAF once again; Scott felt that his experience in the air would be valuable to the RAF's war effort, but officials within the RAF did not agree, it was suggested that he may join as a pilot officer (the lowest commissioned rank) and that he may then be placed on ferry duties after some aviation instructions. Scott publicly criticized the 'Aviation Chaos' within the RAF after their refusal to accept his application to join at a level where his experience could have been of use to the war effort and instead joined the ARP as an ambulance driver in London. After a stint with the Royal Navy, Scott joined the Atlantic Ferry Service, ferrying aircraft across the Atlantic, but after making seven Atlantic crossings, his deteriorating health stopped further long-distance flights. Scott became operations manager of the Royal Canadian Air Force's No. 10 Observer School, based at Chatham, New Brunswick, in November 1941. In May 1942, he was badly injured in a crash landing when flying an injured student to hospital, and was no longer fit to fly. He then went to work for de Havilland Canada at Toronto, but although stated in the press as being \"attached to the de Havilland of Canada Test Flight\", he was not a test pilot. Scott left de Havilland after 5 months, and spent his time working for Fairchild as an inspector at their Montreal factory, and lecturing to Sea Cadets. His health continued to deteriorate, and Scott suffered a nervous breakdown in early 1944, but after recuperation, returned to work with Fairchild. Charles Scott was married three times, divorced twice, and had one child, a daughter. Scott met his first wife, Kathleen O'Neill of Melbourne, in 1929, while he was on leave from QANTAS after his DH 50 crash. He took a boat trip from Brisbane to Hong Kong via Thursday Island and Manilla, New South Wales, down along the South China Sea to Singapore, and back via Java and Celebes. He met Miss O'Neill met on this boat trip and fell in love, and they were married at Scots' Church, Melbourne, in April 1929. On 13 February 1930, his 27th birthday, Scott made a record flight in a Gipsy Moth aeroplane from Brisbane to Melbourne, leaving Brisbane at 4.10\u00a0am and landing at Essendon aerodrome at 6.40 that evening, after only 13 hours and 20 minutes of actual flying time. The motive for this flight was the birth of his daughter Rosemary. It was later reported that Scott took Rosemary's golliwog as a mascot on all his record-breaking flights. In November 1935 it was announced that Kathleen Scott was seeking a divorce. She was granted the divorce in December 1935. On 17 September 1936, just twelve days before he entered the Schlesinger race, Scott married Greta Constance Bremner at Caxton Hall register office in London. Greta was ftom Melbourne and was a sister of actress Marie Bremner. It was also reported that Scott's former wife Kathleen remarried, on the same day, to Norman Bower, advertising manager of the Philco Radio Corporation. Greta Scott was granted a divorce on 8 October 1940. On 28 August 1941 Scott married his third wife, Kathleen Barnesley Prichard, in Montreal. She was a Canadian whom he had met in Montreal while he was serving as an Atlantic ferry pilot for RAF Ferry Command. In 1946 Scott fell in love with Margaret K. Wenner, director of the Mass Tracing Division of the Central Tracing Bureau of UNRRA, whom he met when they were both posted at the UNNRA headquarters in Germany. Scott wanted to marry her, but she refused to leave her husband. He killed himself by shooting himself in the chest and left a note, addressed to Mrs Wenner, in which he cited her rejection of his proposal as the reason for his suicide. G-AUJN DH.60G Gipsy I 21.5.29 by CWA Scott. Australia. Reregistered VH-UJN Impressed RAAF 19.8.40. A7-116 G-ABHY DH.60M Moth CWA Scott. Sold in Australia. Reregistered VH-UQH VH-UQA DH.60M [Gipsy II] 16.5.31 CWA Scott. Reregistered in UK G-ACOA G-ABSI Airspeed AS.4 Ferry CWA Scott's Flying Display Ltd. Impressed RAF 18.4.40 Reregistered AV968. G-ACCF DH.83 Fox Moth CWA Scott. Impressed RAF 31.8.41 G-ACGN DH.83 Fox Moth CWA Scott's Flying Display Ltd. Later VH-UDD in Australia, Stripped for parts 19.1.43 G-ACFB Airspeed AS.4 Ferry CWA Scott's Flying Display Ltd. Impressed RAF 18.2.41 Reregistered DJ715. G-ACLU Avro 640 Cadet CWA Scott's Flying Display Ltd. Sold abroad. G-ACOZ Avro 640 Cadet CWA Scott's Flying Display Ltd. Scrapped 1941. G-ACPB Avro 640 Cadet CWA Scott's Flying Display Ltd. G-ACUT Cierva C.30A (Avro 671) CWA Scott's Flying Display Ltd. G-ADWG DH.82A Tiger Moth CWA Scott's Flying Display Ltd. Sold India. Reregistered VT-AMA. G-AEEO B.A.C. Drone CWA Scott's Flying Display Ltd. Reported written off 23.9.39. G-AEFK Mignet HM.14 Pou-Du-Ciel (Flying Flea) CWA Scott's Flying Display Ltd. G-ADLC Miles Falcon Owned by Scott and used for the 1936 King's Cup Air Race 1936 After the end of the war in Europe, Scott returned to Britain. In November, he went to work for the United Nations Relief and Rehabilitation Administration (UNRRA) in Germany. On 15 April 1946 whilst posted at the UNRRA headquarters in Germany, Scott committed suicide by shooting himself with his army issue revolver. Scott was buried in Mengeringhausen a few miles from where he had died. Below is an excerpt from \"The Great Air Race\" by Arthur Swinson, first published 1968. The death of Scott was not only hideous but squalid. During the years following his great victory he bathed in the constant light of praise, flattery and adulation. His memoirs were serialized in one London newspaper and he joined the staff of another. Night after night he was invited to dinners and celebrations; everyone wanted to meet him and fawn on him. In 1936, when he won the Rand Race with Guthrie in a Percival Vega Gull, flying from Portsmouth to Johannesburg in fifty-two hours and fifty-six minutes, the fever broke out afresh. King Edward VIII congratulated him and a few days later the Lord Mayor of London received him at the Mansion House. He could do no wrong. Journalists composed long eulogies, pointing out that he was not only a superb airman but a fine boxer who had held both the heavyweight and cruiserweight titles of the RAF. Also he was an excellent yachtsman, a member of the West Mersea club. Such sustained and feverish adulation would have been hard for anyone to take; and though Scott remained unaffected in the company of air-men, it was noticed that he had begun drinking rather heavily. Then, with the Munich crisis, the adulation stopped, and there were no more articles, no more contracts to be picked up from the Press. During the war, Scott served for a time as an ARP ambulance driver; then he joined the RNVR as a lieutenant, and took part in the Dakar landing. He also spent a period as an Atlantic ferry pilot. But he found obscurity hard to accept; he realized that his world had gone for ever. In 1945 the race to Melbourne was as remote in most people's minds as Waterloo or the sinking of the Armada, six years of war having erected a great barrier of experience and feeling and loss. However he tried, Scott could not succeed in making a place for himself, could not find a job where his great experience and flair had any place. He was divorced, married a second wife, and was divorced again, and any stable relationship now seemed beyond him. Only alcohol brought any relief, and that was temporary. In 1946 he obtained a post with UNRRA, the United Nations agency, and went out to the headquarters in Germany. And it was here on 15 April that he shot himself. He was forty-two years old.] \u2014\u2009Arthur Swinson \"The Great Air Race\" The following newspaper article was published in the News Chronicle the week following his death. It was written by his friend and former college from the News Chronicle, Ronald Walker. FLYING was his life. IMPULSIVE, impatient, intolerant of things and people he disagreed with, Charles Scott (whose death was announced on Saturday) will ever be remembered as a leading figure in the now sadly depleted gallery of flying men and women who made the helter-skelter aviation history of the twenties and thirties. He was a great airman. It will be realised now, perhaps that Charles Scott belonged to that select band of post 1914\u201318 war airmen for whom flying was the first and most important thing in life. Looking back it may seem strange that such distinguished careers were bound up in such funny little aeroplanes which flew at 100 m.p.h. and less. By comparison with resent air progress they seem to belong to another world; yet they were machines in which the Scotts, Llewellyns and Amy Johnson, the Mollisons, Roses and Jean Battens used to fly about the world smashing records. For Charles Scott, flying was life. It proved all the stimulus he wanted\u00a0: the excitement and the adventure when flying ended, with the passing of the gay pre-war years and changed circumstances, something had gone which could not be replaced. Nearly 12 long years ago Scott and Tom Campbell Black took off from Mildenhall in a de Havilland Comet, and reached Melbourne 2 days and 23 hours later. It was the biggest air race ever held. From the collection of pilots attracted by the \u00a310,000 prize, many of them internationally famous, the News Chronicle backed Scott and Black to win. It was Scott's greatest flight. He sent his story to the News Chronicle as he flew, and by telephone from Melbourne. The record still stands. In the Dawn of that morning at Mildenhall he was strung taut after the excitement of the weeks preparations. He came back to England, laughing and triumphant. They were the golden years. That is how I shall remember him\u00a0: intent, living only for the flight he was planning\u00a0; and when it was all over, playing hard with all the zest of a schoolboy. Ronald Walker, News Chronicle, April 1946. \"Index entry\". FreeBMD. ONS. Retrieved 7 May 2012. Dunnell Aeroplane, November 2019, p. 46. Scott, C. W. A. (6 November 1934). \"Man Who Won the Air Race: Scott Tells the Story of his Life\". The Courier-Mail. Brisbane. p.\u00a015 \u2013 via trove.nla.gov.au. Scott's bBook, p. 15. Scottish law review and Sheriff Court reports: Volume 50 published 1934 [1] Scott family archive held by Tim Barron, digital copy held by Jim Scott. Scott's Book, p. 17. Scott's Book, p. 19. \"The Royal Air Force: General Duties Branch\". Flight. Vol.\u00a0XIV no.\u00a0731. 28 December 1922. p.\u00a0791. Retrieved 21 March 2011. \"The Royal Air Force: General Duties\". Flight. Vol.\u00a0XV no.\u00a0761. 26 July 1923. p.\u00a0441. Retrieved 21 March 2011. \"The Royal Air Force: Royal Air Force Intelligence\u00a0: Appointments\". Flight. Vol.\u00a0XV no.\u00a0781. 13 December 1923. p.\u00a0757. Retrieved 21 March 2011. Scott's Book, pp. 32\u201333. \"Viewing Page 5892 of Issue 32962\". The London Gazette. 5 August 1924. Retrieved 21 March 2011. \"The Royal Air Force: Royal Air Force Intelligence\u00a0: Appointments\". Flight. Vol.\u00a0XVI no.\u00a0829. 13 November 1924. p.\u00a0725. Retrieved 21 March 2011. \"The Royal Air Force: Royal Air Force Intelligence\u00a0: Appointments\". Flight. Vol.\u00a0XVI no.\u00a0830. 20 November 1924. p.\u00a0737. Retrieved 21 March 2011. Scott's Book, p. 62. \"Viewing Page 8004 of Issue 33227\". The London Gazette. 7 December 1926. Retrieved 21 March 2011. \"Viewing Page 1648 of Issue 33697\". The London Gazette. 10 March 1931. Retrieved 21 March 2011. \"Mr. Scott: Calls on Governor: Speech at Millions Club\". The Sydney Morning Herald. 21 April 1931. p.\u00a09. Retrieved 21 March 2011 \u2013 via Trove.nla.gov.au. Scott's Book, pp. 20\u201321. Scott's Book, p. 23. \"Combined Services Senior Boxing Championships\". UK: Ministry of Defense. 19 May 2010. Archived from the original on 17 August 2010. Retrieved 21 March 2011. Scott's Book, p. 24. Scott's Book, pp. 33\u201334. \"air vice-marshal | air commodore | vice-marshal sir | 1925 | 0406 | Flight Archive\". Flightglobal.com. 2 July 1925. Retrieved 21 March 2011. Scott's Book, chapter 3 Aerobatics, pp. 41\u201348. \"Racing and Joyriding at Newcastle\". flightglobal.com. FlightGlobal archive. Stuart McKay, 2009, p. 50. \"Flight magazine 1934 Makers of history\". Flightglobal.com. 25 October 1934. Retrieved 21 March 2011. \"Newspaper Article\". Trove.nla.gov.au. 6 April 1931. Retrieved 21 March 2011. Scott's Book, p. 138. Scott's Book, p. 131. Gunn, John. The defeat of distance: Qantas 1919-1939, p. 104. Gunn, John. The defeat of distance: Qantas 1919-1939, pp. 104\u2013106. Scott family Archive held by Scott grandson Tim Barron and digital copy held by Jim Scott (great Nephew of Scott); leave a message on this article's talk page if you would like to request a viewing of the archive. \"Flight magazine\". Flightglobal.com. 12 June 1931. Retrieved 21 March 2011. \"Flight Global pdf 1933 record\". Flightglobal.com. Retrieved 21 March 2011. Stuart McKay, Mildenhall to Melbourne, 2009, p. 50. \"Viewing Page 4250 of Issue 33731\". The London Gazette. 30 June 1931. Retrieved 21 March 2011. \"berlin | 1931 | 0694 | Flight Archive\". Flightglobal.com. 3 July 1931. Retrieved 21 March 2011. McKay, Mildenhall to Melbourne, 2009, p. 51. McKay, Mildenhall to Melbourne, 2009, p. 63. Scott's Book, p. 261. McKay, Mildenhall to Melbourne, 2009, p. 81. McKay, Mildenhall to Melbourne, 2009, p. 126. McKay, Mildenhall to Melbourne, 2009, p. 130. McKay, Mildenhall to Melbourne,, 2009, p. 132. \"Archived copy\". Archived from the original on 24 July 2008. Retrieved 11 November 2009.CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link) Tom Campbell Black McKay, Mildenhall to Melbourne, 2009, p. 136. The Argus Australian newspaper, \"Scott's Great Win in Air Race\". 24 October 1934. The Great Air Race Video. \"FATHER SPEAKS TO AIRMAN Scott Accepts Job\". trove.nla.gov.au. 26 October 1934. \"DUTCH AIR LEAD Can Australia Draw Level?\". trove.nla.gov.au. 23 January 1935. \"SCOTT TELLS HIS LIFE STORY\". trove.nla.gov.au. 5 November 1934. \"The FAI Gold Air Medal | F\u00e9d\u00e9ration A\u00e9ronautique Internationale\". FAI. Archived from the original on 17 May 2011. Retrieved 21 March 2011. Harmon Air Prize is Won by Scott; Briton Gets the International Award for Best Aviator -- Capt. Lehmann Honored, New York Times 11 March 1935 \"warwick | 1935 | 0404 | Flight Archive\". Flightglobal.com. Retrieved 21 March 2011. \"scott | 1936 | 0150 | Flight Archive\". Flightglobal.com. 16 January 1936. Retrieved 21 March 2011. \"Newspaper Article\". Trove.nla.gov.au. 19 December 1935. Retrieved 21 March 2011. 5 November, I936 \u2013 FLIGHT magazine. 469 \"Britain Will Win in Air, Says R.A.F. Leader\". The Courier-Mail. Brisbane. 30 September 1939. p.\u00a05. Retrieved 12 October 2019 \u2013 via nla.gov.au. \"R.A.F. Damps Air Ace's Ardor\". The Daily News. Perth, Western Australia. 29 September 1939. p.\u00a02 \u2013 via nla.gov.au. Dunnell Aeroplane November 2019, pp. 44\u201345. Dunnell, Aeroplane, November 2019, p. 45. \"Mosquitos in Canada\". Flight. Vol.\u00a0XLIII no.\u00a01785. 11 March 1943. p.\u00a0251. Retrieved 12 October 2019. Scott's Book, p. 132. \"Newspaper Article\". Trove.nla.gov.au. Retrieved 21 March 2011. \"Newspaper Article\". Trove.nla.gov.au. Retrieved 21 March 2011. \"Newspaper Article\". Trove.nla.gov.au. Retrieved 21 March 2011. The Queenslander 1935 November, 7. Mrs C.W.A. Scott seeks divorce \"Newspaper Article\". Trove.nla.gov.au. 21 December 1935. Retrieved 21 March 2011. \"Newspaper Article\". Trove.nla.gov.au. 19 September 1936. Retrieved 21 March 2011. \"Newspaper Article\". Trove.nla.gov.au. 17 September 1936. Retrieved 21 March 2011. \"Newspaper Article\". Trove.nla.gov.au. 18 September 1936. Retrieved 21 March 2011. \"Newspaper Article\". Trove.nla.gov.au. Retrieved 21 March 2011. Quebec, Vital and Church Records (Drouin Collection), 1621-1967 Record for Prichard C.W.A. Scott family archive (Official death report held by J. Scott, and Tim Barron (Grand nephew and Grandson)) \"Archived copy\". Archived from the original on 4 February 2011. Retrieved 15 June 2010.CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link) \"DH 60 Moth\" (PDF). ab-ix.co.uk. Archived from the original (PDF) on 23 July 2011. Retrieved 15 June 2010. \"Archived copy\". Archived from the original on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 7 January 2013.CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link) \"Kings Cup race entries\". \"C.W.A. Scott Suicides in Berlin\". The Canberra Times. 6 May 1946. p.\u00a01 \u2013 via trove.nla.gov.au. Arthur Swinson 1968, p. 189. Bowman, Martin. de Havilland Mosquito (Crowood Aviation series). Ramsbury, Marlborough, Wiltshire, UK: The Crowwood Press, 2005. ISBN\u00a01-86126-736-3. Dunnell, Ben. \"\"He was voted a splendid fellow\"\". Aeroplane, Vol. 47, No. 11, November 2019, pp.\u00a040\u201346. ISSN\u00a00143-7240. McCullough, Bruce. Tom Campbell Black: Pioneer Aviator. Auckland. Tom Campbell Black Stuart McKay MBE. Mildenhall to Melbourne, The World's Greatest Air Race. The Tiger House Press, 2009 ISBN\u00a0978-0-9563981-0-9. Gunn, John The defeat of distance Qantas 1919\u20131939, 1985, ISBN\u00a00-7022-1707-7. Holliday, Joe. Mosquito! The Wooden Wonder Aircraft of World War II. Toronto: Doubleday, 1970. ISBN\u00a00-7701-0138-0. Hotson, Fred. The De Havilland Canada Story. Toronto: CANAV Books, 1983. ISBN\u00a00-9690703-2-2. Howe, Stuart. Mosquito Portfolio. London: Ian Allan Ltd., 1984. ISBN\u00a00-7110-1406-X. Scott. C. W. A. Scott's Book: The Life and Mildenhall-Melbourne Flight of C.W.A. Scott, London: Hodder & Stoughton, 1934., Bib ID 2361252 Swinson, Arthur. The Great Air Race. Cassell & Company Ltd, 1968. ISBN\u00a00-304-93151-9. C.W.A. Scott website by Bruce McCullough Scott's DH 50, Hermes Crash 1928 Qantas The MacRobertson Air Race, 1934 at the Wayback Machine (archived 18 December 2007) To Australia Tom Campbell Black The FAI Gold Air Medal Records 75th anniversary Campbell Black British Pathe Newsreels REVIEW OF 1934 The Straits Times, Singapore, Scotts article pre-race, 1 October 1934 The Argus Australian newspaper, Record Broken, England to Australia, 11 April 1931 The Canberra times, Australian newspaper, Scott leaves Mascot aerodrome heading for England 21 May 1931 The Argus Australian newspaper, Scotts Great Win In Air Race. 24 October 1934 The Canberra Times, Australian newspaper, Knighthood for Scott? 25 October 1934 Flight magazine 1922 Royal air force probation pilot officer Flight magazine 1923 Royal air force rank confirmed pilot officer Flight magazine 1923 Royal air force post pilot officer Flight magazine 1924 Royal Air Force Intelligence posts Flight magazine 1924 Royal air force post remain at 32 Sqrn The Argus 1931 April, 6. Record flights and Scott's Australian Career The Argus 1931 April, 14. Flying Officer Scott at Longreach, also record Brisbane Melbourne Flight in April 1929 when daughter was born The Queenslander 1931 April 23. Scott's Flight. Ambition Fulfilled, full interview. Flight magazine 1931 Scott breaks Eng-Aus record PDF Flight magazine 1931 Scott Eng-Aus 9 and a half days Flight magazine 1931 Scott flies home Aus-Eng record Flight magazine 1931 Scott awarded Air Force Cross London Gazette 1931, 30 June, Scott awarded Air Force Cross The Sydney Morning Herald 1931 Tuesday 21 April Scott's speech at Millions club and flying hours Flight magazine 1932 Scott breaks Eng-Aus record Flight magazine 1933 kingsford smith takes scotts record pdf Flight magazine 1933 Record solo flights from England to Australia 1928 to 1933 Flight magazine 1934 Victory to C.W.A. Scott Flight magazine 1934 Makers of history The Queenslander 1934 Nov, 1. Scott's Own Story of World's Greatest Flight The Queenslander 1934 October, 25. Why Scott and Black were a Formidable Combination The Argus Dec 1935 C.W.A. Scott forms flying display The Queenslander 1935 November, 7. Mrs C.W.A. Scott seeks divorce. The Canberra Times 1935 Mrs Scott granted Divorce Flight magazine 1936 C.W.A. Scott's Flying Display Ltd Flight magazine 1936 Scott wins Johannesburg Race Flight magazine 1942 the de Havilland Mosquito Flight magazine 1943 Scott testing Mosqiutos The Canberra Times 1946 C.W.A. SCOTT SUICIDES IN BERLIN Flight magazine 1946 The late C.W.A. Scott, his death at UNNRA headquarters announced last week. IMDB. The 1990 film, The Great Air Race, directed by Marcus Cole. How to fly a Tiger Moth 1934 with C.W.A. Scott on YouTube. Movietone Newsreels, 1934 The Great Air Race on YouTube. British Pathe footage 1934 ENGLAND TO AUSTRALIA AIR RACE British Pathe footage 1934 FATIGUED BUT TRIUMPHANT British Pathe footage 1934 GREAT SCOTT British Pathe footage 1934 WIZARDS OF THE AIR reel 1 British Pathe footage 1934 WIZARDS OF THE AIR reel 2 British Pathe footage 1934 WIZARDS OF THE AIR reel 3 British Pathe footage 1934 WIZARDS OF THE AIR reel 4 British Pathe footage 1934 RECORD HOLDERS HOME British Pathe footage 1934 TOM CAMPBELL BLACK ARRIVES BY TRAIN British Pathe footage 1934 SCOTT AND BLACK'S PLANE IN GLASGOW British Pathe footage 1936 PORTSMOUTH - JOHANNESBURG AIR RACE British Pathe footage 1936 PORTSMOUTH - JOHANNESBURG AIR RACE WELCOMED HOME Wooden construction of the de Havilland Mosquito in Australia on YouTube"
   },
   {
    "name": "Camilla Marie Beeput",
    "id": "Q5026587",
    "text": "Camilla Marie Beeput (born 9 September 1981)[citation needed] is an English stage, television and film actress and singer. Beeput was born in Westminster and raised in Brent, both in London. Winner of the Next Generation, Voice of a Women Award (2015), Beeput was first discovered on Fame Academy in 2002 and has gone on to release music with rapper Erick Sermon, sing duets with Lionel Richie and play leads in West End musicals West Side Story and Daddy Cool. She was most recently seen in the critically acclaimed Sky Atlantic series Save Me with Lennie James and Stephen Graham and Sky One's Sick Note with Rupert Grint and Lindsay Lohan. Beeput is also known for her roles in Peep Show, Grantchester. She was spotted by theatre director Paul Kerryson while participating in the first season of the BBC reality television series Fame Academy in 2002. After Fame Academy, Beeput went on to star as Maria in a production of the musical West Side Story at Leicester Haymarket Theatre, In Kerryson's highly acclaimed production of West Side Story, she received positive reviews.[citation needed] Beeput played Shun in the Young Vic production of In The Red And Brown Water by Tarell Alvin McCraney and various roles in the James Gavin play Monster Raving Loony at Theatre Royal, Plymouth. She played Rose in the London West End production of Daddy Cool, a musical based on the music of Boney M., at the Shaftesbury Theatre and European tour. During summer 2017 Beeput premiered a one-woman show she had co-composed with musician Alex Webb at the Norfolk & Norwich, Bath and Aldeburgh festivals. 'Stormy: the Life of Lena Horne' told the story of the African-American singer, actress and civil rights activist through Beeput's script and a series of Beeput-Webb compositions. The show received excellent reviews, including from The Times, which called it 'a bravura one-woman display from the charismatic Camilla Beeput'. After her early work in theatre, Beeput wrote and recorded \"Don't Hold Back\", which features rapper Erick Sermon of the group EPMD and was released on 28 August 2006. In 2009, a track called \"Oh What You Did\", with US rapper Juelz Santana from the New York rap group Dipset, was recorded but never officially released.[citation needed] In 2017, Beeput played Zita in the critically acclaimed drama Save Me on Sky Atlantic written and starring Lenny James. In 2016-17 she played Vanessa in series 1 and 2 of Sick Note on Sky One. In 2016 Camilla worked with Michael Gambon and Luke Treadaway in The Nightmare Worlds of H. G. Wells on Sky Arts. In 2015, Beeput played Jane Finn in the BBC One Agatha Christie adaptation Partners in Crime and played Fiona in Legends with Sean Bean. Beeput has also appeared in The Attack, Scott & Bailey, Babylon, Birds of a Feather, Death in Paradise, White Van Man, Me and Mrs Jones and Law and Order. In 2010, she played Zahra in Peep Show series 7. In 2011, she played Natalie in Top Boy, a four-part TV drama on Channel 4. In 2014, she played nightclub singer Gloria Dee in series 1 episode 5 of Grantchester and she is featured heavily on the soundtrack under \"Gloria Dee and her Quartet\" alongside television composer John Lunn. In August 2015, she played Sally Whitechurch in an episode of New Tricks on BBC1. Beeput worked with Johnny Depp and Gwyneth Paltrow in the film Mortdecai, and played the lead in indie horror Writer's Retreat. In 2015, Beeput played Lisa in the indie film Super Bob with Catherine Tate. She also appeared in The Harry Hill Movie. Fame Academy (2002) as herself (Series 1) Footballers' Wives (5 episodes, 2005) as Bethany Mortimer The Bill (1 episode, 2006) as Kelly Haynes Plus One (1 episode, 2009) as Aimee Law & Order: UK (1 episode, 2009) as Maya Lunch Monkeys (6 episodes, 2009) as Leigh Anne Push (3 episodes, 2010) Peep Show (5 episodes, 2010) as Zahra Death in Paradise (1 episode, 2011) as Margaret Top Boy (2 episodes, 2011) as Natalie White Van Man (2 episodes, 2012) as Jasmine Doctors (3 episodes, 2009\u20132012) as Alice Hadley-Richards Birds of a Feather (8 episodes, 2014\u2014) \u2013 Marcie Grantchester (2014) season 1, episode 5- Gloria Dee The Split (TV series) (2018) Cuckoo (TV series) (2018) Save Me (TV series) (2017) Sick Note Vanessa (2017\u2013Present) (seasons 1-2) Hemley, Matthew (9 January 2014). \"Leicester's Curve to stage The Sound of Music this Christmas - News\". thestage.co.uk. Retrieved 8 December 2018. Hemley, Matthew (19 December 2013). \"Curve artistic director Paul Kerryson to step down at the end of 2014 - News\". thestage.co.uk. Retrieved 8 December 2018. Ferrie, Elizabeth (30 December 2002). \"West Side Story (Leicester)\". WhatsOnStage. Archived from the original on 9 February 2013. Retrieved 4 August 2012. Ansdell, Caroline (7 June 2006). \"Daddy Cool Delays, Fever Winners Get Footloose\". WhatsOnStage. Archived from the original on 9 February 2013. Retrieved 4 August 2012. Vines, Richard (22 September 2006). \"New Musical 'Daddy Cool' Celebrates Songs of Boney M \u2013 Why?\". Bloomberg. Retrieved 4 August 2012. Koenig, Rhoda (22 September 2006). \"First Night: Daddy Cool, Shaftesbury Theatre, London\". The Independent. Retrieved 4 August 2012. de Jongh, Nicholas (22 September 2006). \"Daddy Cool isn't that hot\". Evening Standard. Retrieved 4 August 2012. \"Theatre review: Stormy at Komedia, Bath\". thetimes.co.uk/. 26 May 2017. Retrieved 23 October 2017. Jeffery, Morgan (25 November 2010). \"Robert Webb teases 'Peep Show' romance\". Digital Spy. Retrieved 4 August 2012. Says, Elizabeth Bennett. \"'Grantchester' Soundtrack Announced - Film Music Reporter\". filmmusicreporter.com. Retrieved 8 December 2018. Official website Camilla Marie Beeput at IMDb Review of \"Don't Hold Back\" at ILikeMusic"
   },
   {
    "name": "Carl Asaba",
    "id": "Q5039833",
    "text": "Carl Edward Asaba (born 28 January 1973) is an English former footballer who played as a forward in the Football League. He began his career with non-league Dulwich Hamlet, his goalscoring prowess earning him a move to Brentford in 1994. He played for Colchester United on loan, before moving to Reading in 1997. He had successful stints with Gillingham, where he scored 36 goals in 77 league appearances, and Sheffield United, scoring 23 times in 67 league games. He also played for Stoke City and ended his career with Millwall. Born in Westminster, London, Asaba started his career with Dulwich Hamlet. He earned a moved to Brentford in 1994 having scored a number of goals at non-league level. He made little impact in his debut season, however in his first full season his form improved considerably, developing pace and strength on the ball. Asaba made twelve league appearances and scored two goals for Colchester United on loan in 1995. He made his professional debut at Colchester, where he scored on his debut against Barnet. He returned to Brentford, scoring 23 goals in the 1996\u201397 season as the Bees lost out in the play-offs. Asaba's goalscoring exploits then saw him earn an \u00a3800,000 move to Reading in 1997. After failing to make an impact at Reading, scoring just eight goals in 32 league appearances, Asaba was signed to Gillingham for a club record fee of \u00a3590,000. He soon formed a formidable partnership with Robert Taylor and finished the 1998\u201399 season as the club's top scorer, scoring 23 goals in all competitions. He scored in the season's play-off final against Manchester City, opening the scoring 1\u20130 to Gillingham in the 81st minute. Strike partner Taylor scored the second in the 86th minute, but a last minute comeback from City took the tie to extra time and then on to penalties, which City won 3\u20131. In a spell that was dogged by injury, Asaba scored 40 goals in 91 appearances in all competitions. Asaba joined Sheffield United for a fee of \u00a392,500 on 9 March 2001. He became a fan favourite after scoring the winner in a 2\u20131 win over bitter rivals Sheffield Wednesday in the Steel City derby on 1 April 2001. On 16 December 2002, Sheffield United reported Reading player John Mackie to The Football Association and Professional Footballers Association after racially abusing Asaba during a 2\u20130 win for United on 14 December 2002, prompting an apology from Mackie and two weeks' of his wages donated to the Kick Racism Out of Football campaign. Mackie was later handed a three-match ban and a \u00a31,500 fine, with a five-match ban and another \u00a31,500 suspended until the end of the following season. On 6 August 2003, Asaba signed for Stoke City on a free transfer, and made his debut three days later in a 3\u20130 win over Derby County. His time with Stoke was largely unsuccessful, scoring only nine league goals in 70 appearances. With twelve months remaining on his Stoke contract, Asaba handed-in a transfer request in May 2005. Millwall moved to sign Asaba on 25 August 2005 on a free transfer. He played in 24 games and scored four goals for Millwall before being one of eight players released from the club at the end of the 2005\u201306 season. After leaving Millwall, Asaba began training with Leicester City on non-contract terms in October 2006. However, he failed to agree a permanent deal with the club, and also failed to agree to terms with Nottingham Forest and Yeovil Town. In November 2006, he was given a trial at Chesterfield, where he also failed to sign permanently. A.\u00a0^ The \"Other\" column constitutes appearances and goals (including those as a substitute) in the Football League play-offs and Football League Trophy. Brentford 1996\u201397 Football League Second Division play-off runner-up (level 3) Gillingham 1998\u201399 Football League Second Division play-off runner-up (level 3) 1999\u20132000 Football League Second Division play-off winner (level 3) 1996\u201397 PFA Team of the Year Second Division (level 3) All honours referenced by: \"Colchester United \u2013 Player profile\". Coludata.co.uk. Retrieved 22 February 2013. Carl Asaba at Soccerbase \"Brentford \u2013 Carl Asaba\". Vital Football Brentford. Archived from the original on 10 May 2015. Retrieved 2 March 2013. Whitehead, Jeff; Drury, Kevin (2008). The Who's Who of Colchester United: The Layer Road Years. Derby: Breedon Books. p.\u00a015. ISBN\u00a0978-1-85983-629-3. \"11. Carl Asaba (1998\u20132001) \u2013 Brian Moore's Head\". Brian Moore's Head. Retrieved 2 March 2013. \"Shoot-out success for City\". BBC News. Retrieved 2 March 2013. \"Asaba swings steel city derby\". BBC Sport. Retrieved 2 March 2013. \"Blades report Mackie\". BBC Sport. Retrieved 2 March 2013. \"Mackie says sorry\". BBC Sport. Retrieved 2 March 2013. \"Mackie handed ban\". BBC Sport. Retrieved 2 March 2013. \"Stoke sign Asaba\". BBC Sport. Retrieved 2 March 2013. \"Derby 0\u20133 Stoke\". BBC Sport. Retrieved 2 March 2013. \"Striker Asaba set to leave Stoke\". BBC Sport. Retrieved 2 March 2013. \"Millwall swoop to snap up Asaba\". BBC Sport. Retrieved 2 March 2013. \"Eight players released by Lions\". BBC Sport. Retrieved 2 March 2013. \"Farrelly to train with Leicester\". BBC Sport. Retrieved 2 March 2013. \"Asaba & Foxes fail to agree deal\". BBC Sport. Retrieved 2 March 2013. \"Asaba given trial at Chesterfield\". BBC Sport. Retrieved 2 March 2013. \"Carl Asaba\". The English National Football Archive. \"Brentford 1996/1997 player appearances\". Soccerbase. Retrieved 2 March 2013. Select season required via dropdown menu. \"Colchester United \u2013 Appearances \u2013 1994\u20131995\". Coludata.co.uk. Retrieved 3 March 2013. \"Colchester United \u2013 Goalscorers \u2013 1994\u20131995\". Coludata.co.uk. Retrieved 3 March 2013. \"Reading 1997/1998 player appearances\". Soccerbase. Retrieved 2 March 2013. Select season required via dropdown menu. \"Gillingham 1998/1999 player appearances\". Soccerbase. Retrieved 2 March 2013. Select season required via dropdown menu. \"Gillingham 1998/1999 player appearances\". Soccerbase. Retrieved 2 March 2013. Select season required via dropdown menu. \"Gillingham 1999/2000 player appearances\". Soccerbase. Retrieved 2 March 2013. Select season required via dropdown menu. \"Gillingham 2000/2001 player appearances\". Soccerbase. Retrieved 2 March 2013. Select season required via dropdown menu. \"Sheff Utd 2000/2001 player appearances\". Soccerbase. Retrieved 2 March 2013. Select season required via dropdown menu. \"Sheff Utd 2001/2002 player appearances\". Soccerbase. Retrieved 2 March 2013. Select season required via dropdown menu. \"Sheff Utd 2002/2003 player appearances\". Soccerbase. Retrieved 2 March 2013. Select season required via dropdown menu. \"Stoke 2003/2004 player appearances\". Soccerbase. Retrieved 2 March 2013. Select season required via dropdown menu. \"Stoke 2004/2005 player appearances\". Soccerbase. Retrieved 2 March 2013. Select season required via dropdown menu. \"Millwall 2005/2006 player appearances\". Soccerbase. Retrieved 2 March 2013. Select season required via dropdown menu. \"Division Two (League One) Play-off Finalists\". Coludaybyday.co.uk. Retrieved 2 March 2013. Carl Asaba at Soccerbase Carl Asaba at Post War English & Scottish Football League A\u2013Z Player's Database"
   },
   {
    "name": "Carl Frederik Stanley",
    "id": "Q5040167",
    "text": "Carl Frederik Stanley (c. 1738 \u2013 9 March 1813) was an English-Danish sculptor, a leading proponent of early Neo-Classicism in Denmark. Carl Frederik Stanley was born the son of Simon Carl Stanley, a sculptor of English descent who had been born in Denmark but moved to England. In 1746 the family returned to Denmark. After first training with his father, Carl Frederik Stanley became one of the first students to enter the new Royal Danish Academy of Fine Arts in 1755. THat same year he won his first award and in 1758 he won the Academy's large gold medal for the sculpture Noah's Sacrifice. The gold medal was accompanied by a six-year travel scholarship and the following year he went abroad to further his education. He first settled in Paris, where he studied under the sculptor Guillaume Coustou. In 1762 he moved to Rome, where he studied and made copies of Classical sculptures, before returning to Denmark in 1766. Back in Denmark in 1768, Stanley was commissioned to design the marble funerary monument to Queen Louise in Roskilde Cathedral. He exhibited sketches for the monument at the Academy's first exhibition in 1769 but it was not completed until 1791. During the 1770s and 1780s he executed various other monuments, such as that to the shipbuilder Peter Applebye (c. 1774), Christian's Church). He also contributed to the decorations at the Court Theatre and of the Knight's Hall at Christiansborg Palace. In 1776 he was unanimously accepted as a member of the Royal Art Academy and the following year he received Danish citizenship and was appointed a professor there. From 1784 to 1785 he worked on a series of allegorical and historical reliefs for the plinth of the Trade and Navigation Monument at Lyngby. He produced few works after the early 1790s. Stanley's most significant work remained his funerary monument to Queen Louise. It is located in Frederick V's Chapel and designed in a severe, Neo-classical style. His admittance piece for the Royal Art Academy was the allegorical Amor patriae of which several examples exist in various materials. Executed in an elegant Neo-classical style, the work shows a partly draped classical figure holding a sword in one hand and a wreath in the other. The statue represents a growing awareness of national identity and history in Denmark which was typical of the time. The previous year, King Christian VII had introduced nationality laws which meant that Government posts and other public offices would in general be reserved for Danish citizens. Stanley also produced a number of portrait busts, including a posthumous plaster bust of Johannes Ewald (1784, Danish National Gallery). Danish sculpture \"Carl Frederik Stanley\". Oxford Grove Art. Retrieved 2012-05-22. \"Carl Frederik Stanley\" (in Danish). Gyldendal. Retrieved 2012-05-22. \"Carl Frederik Stanley (c. 1738-1813), Amor patriae. Allegory symbolizing patriotism,\". Danish National Gallery. Archived from the original on 2012-04-27. Retrieved 2012-05-22."
   },
   {
    "name": "Caroline Grosvenor",
    "id": "Q5045088",
    "text": "Caroline Susan Theodora Grosvenor CBE (n\u00e9e Stuart-Wortley; 15 June 1858 \u2013 7 August 1940) was a British novelist, administrator and artist. She founded the Colonial Intelligence League for Educated Women and led the Women's Farm and Garden Union. The daughter of the philanthropist Jane Stuart-Wortley and the politician James Stuart-Wortley, she was born in Westminster, London, and married Norman Grosvenor (died 1898), son of Robert Grosvenor, 1st Baron Ebury, in 1881. One of their daughters, Susan, married John Buchan, 1st Baron Tweedsmuir. Grosvenor wrote three novels: The Bands of Orion, The Thornton Device, and Laura (with her older brother, Charles Stuart-Wortley, 1st Baron Stuart of Wortley). Also with her brother Charles, in 1926 she wrote a two-volume family history: The first Lady Wharncliffe and her family (1779\u20131856). She was a well known miniature and watercolour painter. She founded the Colonial Intelligence League for Educated Women, which later amalgamated with the Society for Oversea Settlement of British Women, a subsidiary of the Colonial Office. As the war ended, the Women's Farm and Garden Union, which had created the Women's Land Army, considered its future. One idea was to ready women for emigration but the chair \"Mrs Norman Grosvenor\" minuted that they would embark on a scheme of establishing small holdings for women. With the backing of the union, Louisa Wilkins and Katherine Courtauld established a set of small holdings in 1920 on Wire Mill Lane in Lingfield, Surrey. Grosvenor was appointed Commander of the Order of the British Empire (CBE) in the 1920 New Year Honours for her services to emigrant British women. Caroline (Stuart Wortley) Grosvenor; wikitree Jane Stuart Wortley, Oxford Dictionary of National Biography; retrieved 31 January 2016.(subscription required) Obituary, The Times, 9 August 1940 Meredith, Anne. \"From ideals to reality: The women's smallholding colony at Lingfield, 1920\u201339\" (PDF). Agricultural History Review. 54: 105\u2013121. \"No. 31712\". The London Gazette (Supplement). 30 December 1919. p.\u00a06."
   },
   {
    "name": "Charles Alexander",
    "id": "Q5075033",
    "text": "Charles Robert Alexander (8 November 1847 \u2013 17 February 1902) was an English barrister, stockbroker and amateur cricketer. Alexander was the son of James and Anna Alexander and was born at Westminster in London in 1847. His father was a banker and East India Agent and Alexander grew up at the family home Oak Bank at Seal near Sevenoaks, Kent. After attending Eton College, where he captained the school cricket XI in his final year, Alexander went up to King's College, Cambridge in 1867. He studied Law and was admitted to the Middle Temple in 1868 before graduating in 1871. A right-handed batsman, Alexander made his first-class cricket debut for Kent County Cricket Club against the Gentlemen of MCC in 1867, the summer after he left school. Alexander appeared three further times for Kent, playing his final first-class match for the county in 1869 against Sussex. At Cambridge he played for the University Cricket Club against Surrey at The Oval in 1870 and against MCC in 1871. Whilst at University he played cricket regularly, including for amateur sides such as Perambulators, Quidnuncs and Harlequins as well as for MCC. Alexander moved from the Middle Temple to Lincoln's Inn in 1873 before he was called to the bar in 1874. He later became a member of the London Stock Exchange. Alexander married Mary Evans; the couple had no children. He died in February 1902 at Westminster aged 54 leaving an estate worth over \u00a317,000. Burke's Irish Family Records 1976, p. 14. Carlaw D Kent County Cricketers A to Z. Part One: 1806-1914, pp. 16. (Available online at the Association of Cricket Statisticians and Historians. Retrieved 2019-12-23.) Stapylton HEC (ed) (1884) The Eton School Lists from 1791 to 1877, p. 303. London: Simpkin, Marshall & Co. (Available online. Retrieved 2019-12-23.) Venn JA (ed) (1940) Alexander, Charles Robert in Alumni Cantabrigienses, p. 28. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. (Available online. Retrieved 2019-12-23.) Charles Alexander, CricketArchive. Retrieved 2019-12-23. (subscription required) \u00a0Foster, Joseph (1885). \"Alexander, Charles Robert\"\u00a0. Men-at-the-Bar\u00a0 (second\u00a0ed.). London: Hazell, Watson, and Viney. p.\u00a05. Charles Alexander, CricInfo. Retrieved 2019-12-23. Charles Alexander\u00a0at ESPNcricinfo"
   },
   {
    "name": "Charles Chapman Barber",
    "id": "Q5076199",
    "text": "Charles Chapman Barber (27 September 1803 \u2013 5 February 1882) was an English barrister. The son of Chapman Barber and Susanna Cooper, Barber was born in St Clement Danes, London, where he was baptsied non-conformist. He was educated at St John's College, Cambridge, where he graduated ninth wrangler in 1833. In the same year he was called to the bar at Lincoln's Inn. He was a pupil of Mr. Duval, an eminent conveyancer. He acquired a high reputation as an equity draftsman and conveyancer, and, though he never took silk, had for nearly half a century an extensive practice at the junior bar. He was one of the commissioners appointed to reform the procedure of the Court of Chancery in 1853, his large experience of chancery business rendering his suggestions of the highest value in the work of framing the rules of practice issued under the Chancery Amendment Acts. In the chancery proceedings by which, in 1867, the celebrated Orton or Castro first sought to establish his claim to the Tichborne baronetcy and estates, Barber held a brief for the defendants, as he did again in the first of the two actions of ejectment which were subsequently brought in the court of common pleas for the same purpose, in the well-known case of Tichborne v. Lushington, decided in 1872 after a trial which lasted 103 days. He also acted as one of the counsel for the crown in the prosecution for perjury which followed, and which occupied in the hearing from first to last 188 days. In 1874 he was appointed judge of county courts for circuit No. 6 (Hull and the East Riding), but resigned the post almost immediately, and resumed practice at the bar. He married Harriet Frances Bambrick in France in 1845. He died at his residence (71 Cornwall Gardens). 1851 England Census England & Wales, Non-Conformist and Non-Parochial Registers, 1567\u20131970 \"Barber, Charles Chapman (BRBR824CC)\". A Cambridge Alumni Database. University of Cambridge. UK, Foreign and Overseas Registers of British Subjects, 1628\u20131969 \u00a0This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain:\u00a0\"Barber, Charles Chapman\". Dictionary of National Biography. London: Smith, Elder & Co. 1885\u20131900."
   },
   {
    "name": "Charles Godfrey",
    "id": "Q5078069",
    "text": "Colonel Charles Godfrey (1646 \u2013 23 February 1714) was an English Army officer, courtier and Whig politician who sat in the English and British House of Commons for 22 years between 1689 and 1713. Godfrey came from a recusant family, originating in Norfolk, and was the son of Francis Godfrey of Little Chelsea, Middlesex and his wife Anne n\u00e9e Blount. He was born on 6 November 1646 in Westminster, and was baptised on 26 November at Mapledurham, Oxfordshire. He joined the cavalry and was a captain in the Grenadier Guards in 1674. In 1678, he was lieutenant-colonel of Sir Thomas Slingsby's regiment and then captain-lieutenant of horse in the Duke of Monmouth's regiment. He became a major of horse in Lord Gerard's regiment in 1679. Godfrey married Arabella Churchill, former mistress of King James II, on 1 June 1680 at Holy Trinity Minories, London. He was thus brother-in-law of John Churchill, 1st Duke of Marlborough and on course for preferment in the Royal Household. He also became a close friend and political prot\u00e9g\u00e9 of Thomas Wharton. He was one of the first to join the Prince of Orange at the Revolution and was rewarded with his own regiment, as Colonel of Godfrey's Regiment of Cuirassiers in 1688. Godfrey was returned as Member of Parliament for Malmesbury at the 1689 general election. In 1690 he stood unsuccessfully for Parliament at Westminster. He was returned at a by-election on 26 October 1691 as MP for Wycombe (also known as Chipping Wycombe) by his friend Thomas Wharton. He was returned again in 1695 and 1698. He was appointed Master of the Jewel Office in 1698. In 1704 he was appointed a Clerk of the Green Cloth a position in the British Royal Household and held the post for the rest of his life. The clerk acted as secretary of the Board of Green Cloth, and was therefore responsible for organising royal journeys and assisting in the administration of the Royal Household. He was returned as MP for Wycombe at the 1705 English general election. At the 1708 British general election, he was again returned as Whig MP for Wycombe, voting accordingly for naturalizing the Palatines in 1709 and for the impeachment of Dr Sacheverell in 1710. He was returned unopposed again at the 1710 British general election and voted for the \u2018No Peace Without Spain\u2019 motion on 7 December 1711, but against his party for the French commerce bill on 18 June 1713. Wharton refused to support him at the 1713 British general election and he was unable to find a seat elsewhere. Godfrey lived in Great Windmill Street near Piccadilly Circus, London. Godfrey died on 23 February 1714 while on a visit to Bath, Somerset and was buried in Bath Abbey. He and his wife had a son and two daughters. His son Francis predeceased him in 1712. His daughter Elizabeth married Edmund Dunch MP (1677\u20131719) and Charlotte married Hugh Boscawen, 1st Viscount Falmouth (1675\u20131734). \"GODFREY, Charles (c.1648-1715), of Windmill Street, Westminster and Huntercombe, Bucks. - History of Parliament Online\". Retrieved 5 August 2016. Oxfordshire Family History Society; Oxford, Oxfordshire, England; Anglican Parish Registers; Reference Number: PAR164/1/R1/1 London Metropolitan Archives, Holy Trinity Minories, Register of marriages, 1676 - 1683, P69/TRI2/A/007/MS09242A Charles Mosley, editor, Burke's Peerage and Baronetage, 106th edition, 2 volumes (Crans, Switzerland: Burke's Peerage (Genealogical Books) Ltd, 1999), volume 2, page 1866. Hereinafter cited as Burke's Peerage and Baronetage, 106th edition. \"Officers of the Green Cloth: Clerks and Clerk Comptrollers\". Institute of Historical Research. Retrieved 21 October 2018. \"GODFREY, Charles (c.1648-1715), of Windmill Street, Westminster, Mdx., and Huntercombe, Bucks\". History of Parliament Online (1690-1715). Retrieved 7 June 2019. \"Piccadilly Circus\". Arthur Lloyd. Archived from the original on 17 June 2006. Retrieved 5 August 2016.CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (link)"
   },
   {
    "name": "Charles Vacher",
    "id": "Q5083100",
    "text": "Charles Vacher (1818\u20131883) was a British painter in watercolours. He was the third son of the well-known stationer and bookseller, Thomas Vacher, of 29 Parliament Street, Westminster, where he was born on 22 June 1818. He studied art at the Royal Academy. Between 1839 and 1843 he pursued his studies in Rome. Many tours followed, in which he visited Italy, Sicily, France, Germany, Algeria, and Egypt, making large numbers of sketches in all these countries. These sketches furnished him with materials for his numerous drawings, which were highly finished and had an excellence of composition and an abundance of interesting details that gave his works a considerable popularity. His speciality was Italian views, but Egyptian and some Algerian subjects were also sketched and painted. The marine painter Edward William Cooke visited his Italian studio in 1846. He was a rapid worker, and, besides over two thousand sketches which he left at his death, he often executed twelve to sixteen finished works in one year, and between 1838 and 1881 he exhibited no fewer than 350 at the London exhibitions. His first exhibit at the Royal Academy was, in 1838, \u2018Well at Bacharach on the Rhine,\u2019 but the majority of his pictures \u2014 324 works in all \u2014 were shown at the gallery of the New Society of Painters in Water Colours, now the Royal Institute of Painters in Watercolours, which he joined in 1846, on the introduction of his friend Louis Hague. His name first appears at the Royal Manchester Institution exhibition in 1842 as a contributor of six drawings, all of buildings in Italy. One of these, \u2018Naples with Vesuvius,\u2019 is probably that now in the South Kensington Museum. The British Museum possesses two fairly good examples of his work\u2014\u2018View of City of Tombs, Cairo,\u2019 1863, and \u2018View in the Forum, Rome\u2019\u2014and many others are in the possession of his widow. Vacher married Jane Allan, daughter of James Mathewson Allan, on 16 July 1857. He died on 21 July 1883 at his residence, 4 The Boltons, West Brompton, of progressive cerebro-spinal paralysis. The couple had no children, his widow Jane and his nephews became executors of the \u00a345,000 left in his will, a remarkable sum for a painter. His unsold works were auctioned by Christies on 21 February 1884. He was buried at Kensal Green cemetery. A portrait in watercolour, painted by himself, belonged to his widow, who also possessed a portrait painted in oil by Thomas Harwood (a watercolour painter) in Rome. Vacher's elder brother, George, owned a portrait of him in oil which was executed in 1850 by William Denholm Kennedy. He is buried at Kensal Green Cemetery. The Victoria and Albert, Portsmouth City, and British Museum contain works by the artist, as do the Glasgow and Grundy Art Gallery. Nicholson 1899. Paths of Glory. Friends of Kensal Green Cemetery. 1997. p.\u00a0101. Attribution Mallalieu, Huon. \"Vacher, Charles\". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography. Oxford University Press. Retrieved 3 October 2010.[permanent dead link] (Subscription required). \u00a0This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain:\u00a0Nicholson, Albert (1899). \"Vacher, Charles\". In Lee, Sidney (ed.). Dictionary of National Biography. 58. London: Smith, Elder & Co. p.\u00a081.; Endnotes: Bryan's Dict. of Painters (Graves) Graves's Dict. of Artists Athen\u00e6um, 4 Aug. 1883 private information"
   },
   {
    "name": "Christian Hayes",
    "id": "Q5109682",
    "text": "Christian David Hayes (born 10 June 1964 in Westminster, London), also known as Bic Hayes, is an English rock guitarist, singer and songwriter. Best known as the frontman of Dark Star and guitarist with Levitation, he has also released solo material as Mikrokosmos, which was produced by Tim Smith. Hayes explained that he was nicknamed Bic because he \"just stopped eating for ages and people started saying I looked like a Bic biro. I had this phase when I thought eating was boring\". Hayes first appeared on the south London psychedelic rock scene in the mid-1980s: by 1988 he was playing guitar with Ring, moving on to become bass player with The Dave Howard Singers in 1989. In the same year he joined Cardiacs as second guitarist, replacing departing saxophonist Sarah Smith. Hayes would appear as part of the band on their All That Glitters is a Mare's Nest live album and video: he would also make writing and recording contributions to their studio album Heaven Born and Ever Bright. During this period, he also worked on an intermittent thrash rock project called Panixphere. Hayes had come to know former House of Love guitarist Terry Bickers through musical friends in South London. During 1990, Bickers invited Hayes to join himself and drummer David Francolini in a new project which evolved into indie-psychedelic rock band Levitation (and into which Hayes recruited his former Ring bandmate, Robert White). Initially Hayes divided his time between Cardiacs and Levitation, but as the latter rapidly gained more and more attention from British audiences and the British music press, he found it difficult to accommodate both bands. He left Cardiacs (somewhat reluctantly) in May 1991, admitting \"they were the band I left for Levitation. I loved Cardiacs and thought they were the best band in Britain at the time. That's how much I believed in Levitation. The chemistry was explosive\". Although it's unclear how much of Hayes' contributions remained on Heaven Born and Ever Bright, he retained his friendship with Cardiacs. Whilst still in Levitation, Hayes briefly reformed Ring with David Francolini and Cardiacs frontman Tim Smith. Following the demise of Levitation in 1993, Hayes worked with Heather Nova and then with former All About Eve frontwoman Julianne Regan in a band called Mice. In 1996, he reunited with former Levitation bandmates David Francolini and Laurence O'Keefe to form Dark Star. Having released their debut album Twenty Twenty Sound in 1999, the band recorded a second album but it was not released as a result of personnel changes at their record company. An unmastered seven track version of the album, omitting the tracks \"Roman Road\" and \"Valentine\", was leaked within a couple of years of the split. Titled Zurich, it is unconfirmed whether this was an official title. The album remains unreleased, though Hayes has stated his hope to release the second album soon. Following the disbanding of Dark Star in 2001, Hayes toured with the Pet Shop Boys and worked as guitar tech/tour/production manager for the likes of My Bloody Valentine, Kula Shaker and David Cassidy. In 2007, Hayes began releasing archive releases of previously unreleased solo material (recording during and shortly after his time with Levitation) under the name of Mikrokosmos via Ingatia Recordings. A trio of releases -In The Heart of the Home, The Seven Stars and Terra Familiar - have been issued. In 2011, Hayes organised and compiled the tribute record Leader of the Starry Skies in aid of Cardiacs frontman Tim Smith (who had suffered two strokes in 2008 which left him paralysed down one side of his body and unable to speak). He also toured with a stage version of Macbeth in 2011 and 2012, produced by Platform 4 and described as \"a taut psychodrama that crackles with a wild electricity, brought alive by the sonic experiments of composer and guitarist Bic Hayes and sound designer Jules Bushel\". More recently Hayes has been involved in the Brighton-based improvisational instrumental psychedelic band ZOFFF (previously known as Light Specific Data or LSD-25) and with MUMMY (a duo with his wife, the singer Jo Spratley). In the Heart of the Home (Ignatia Recordings, 2007) The Seven Stars (Self-released, 2008) Terra Familiar (Self-released, 2014) \"Songwriter/Composer: HAYES CHRISTIAN DAVID\". Repertoire.bmi.com. Archived from the original on 20 September 2013. Retrieved 28 April 2016. \"Top of the Pops Live Webchat \u2013 FULL TRANSCRIPT\". Web.archive.org. 17 January 2009. Archived from the original on 17 January 2009. Retrieved 23 April 2016. \"Cardiacs Official Website\u00a0\u00bb Live Reviews - London Astoria 2002\". 22 July 2011. Archived from the original on 22 July 2011. Retrieved 20 February 2020. \"Features | Whirled Around: An Oral History Of Levitation\". The Quietus. Retrieved 23 April 2016. Fiona Sturges. \"Pop: The general theory of relativity | Culture\". The Independent. Retrieved 23 April 2016. \"L&Si Online \u2013 Lighting&Sound International\". Web.archive.org. 18 July 2007. Archived from the original on 18 July 2007. Retrieved 23 April 2016. \"Dark Star News\". Web.archive.org. 7 February 2006. Archived from the original on 7 February 2006. Retrieved 23 April 2016. Ignatia Recordings. \"Ignatia Recordings\". Ignatia Recordings. Archived from the original on 19 March 2016. Retrieved 23 April 2016. Ian Gittins. \"Cardiacs tribute album to raise money for paralysed singer Tim Smith\". The Guardian. Retrieved 23 April 2016. \"Platform 4\". Platform 4. Retrieved 23 April 2016. \"ZOFFF 1 | ZOFFF\". Zofff.bandcamp.com. Retrieved 23 April 2016. \"Light Specific Data \u2013 29 March 2013 @ Hotel Pelirocco\". Brighton Noise. 29 March 2013. Archived from the original on 26 April 2016. Retrieved 23 April 2016. \"The Real Music Club Brighton\". Therealmusicclub.com. Archived from the original on 27 February 2018. Retrieved 23 April 2016. Mikrokosmos Bandcamp Crew Cuts Interview with Bic Hayes"
   },
   {
    "name": "Chukki Eribenne",
    "id": "Q5116030",
    "text": "Chukwunyeaka Osondu \"Chukki\" Eribenne (born 2 November 1980) is an English former professional footballer. Born in Westminster, London, Eribenne began his career at Coventry City but didn't make an appearance for the first team. He joined AFC Bournemouth in 2000 and scored on his debut against Bristol Rovers, but didn't score any further goals for the club. He had a loan spell at Hereford where he scored twice; both goals coming in a Football League Trophy defeat to Northampton Town. He subsequently moved to Havant & Waterlooville, for whom he was Player of the Year in 2003\u201304 In summer 2004 Eribenne signed for Weymouth. He was Weymouth's joint top scorer in 2005\u201306 with 13 goals as they won promotion to the Conference. He later moved to Grays Athletic, before signing for Ebbsfleet United. He was released at the end of the 2007\u201308 and went to Sutton United. After one season at Sutton, Eribenne moved back to the Midlands and signed for his local club Hinckley United. After a season with Hinckley, Eribenne moved on to Ilkeston Town. His short spell was brought to an end after the club dissolved. Conference South: 2006 FA Trophy: 2008 Hugman, Barry J., ed. (2003). The PFA Footballers' Who's Who 2003/2004. Queen Anne Press. p.\u00a0138. ISBN\u00a01-85291-651-6. \"Bristol Rovers 1-1 Bournemouth\". BBC. 12 August 2000. Retrieved 25 April 2017. \"Bulls' Trophy hopes dashed by penalty\". herefordtimes.com. 24 October 2002. Retrieved 25 April 2017. Daish reshuffles Ebbsfleet squad, BBC Sport \"Eribenne signs for Hinckley United\". Hinckley United F.C. 5 August 2009. Retrieved 9 August 2009. Chukki Eribenne at Soccerbase"
   },
   {
    "name": "Clive Gates",
    "id": "Q5134573",
    "text": "Clive Gates (born 11 March 1956, Westminster, London) is a British musician who was the keyboardist and synthesizer player of the synthpop band New Musik from 1979 until 1982, replacing original member Nick Straker who left to form the Nick Straker Band. Gates remained as a member of the New Musik until they split up. Gates is a classically trained pianist. He knew Tony Mansfield in 1972, performing with him in a T. Rex and King Crimson oriented band called Reeman Zeegus. He also played keyboards on Miguel Bos\u00e9's 1987 album, XXX, and for Silent Running on the album Deep (1989) and on Ana Torroja's Puntos Cardinales album (1997). Wurlitzer, Mini-Korg 700S synthesizer (pre-New Musik) Logan String synthesizer (pre-New Musik) Prophet 5 synthesizer Mini-Korg 700S synthesizer \"Interview with Clive Gates\". Discog.info. Retrieved 2020-09-11. \"Interview with Clive Gates\". Discog.info. Retrieved 2020-09-11. v t e"
   },
   {
    "name": "D. J. Sparr",
    "id": "Q5203668",
    "text": "D. J. Sparr (Donald Joseph Sparr, Jr. born October 18, 1975) is an American composer and electric guitar soloist. He is influenced by impressionism and postminimalism, and is one of the preeminent composer-performers of his generation. Sparr's notable compositions include his one-act opera, Approaching Ali (libretto by Mark Campbell and Davis Miller) based on the work \"The Tao of Muhammad Ali\" by Davis Miller (2013), Concerto for Jazz Guitar and Orchestra: Katrina (2016), Violet Bond: Concerto for electric guitar and orchestra (2013), Dreams of the Old Believers for Orchestra (2014), Optima Vota for Orchestra (2012), Precious Metal: Concerto for flute and winds (2010), The Glam Seduction (2004), Woodlawn Drive (1999), Sound Harmonies with Air (2009), DACCA\u00a0: DECCA\u00a0: GaFfA (2008). As an electric guitar soloist, he has performed concertos by Michael Daugherty, Kenneth Fuchs, Derek Bermel, Steven Mackey, and himself with New World Symphony, Alabama Symphony, and Cabrillo Festival Orchestra, among others. He has performed with ensembles such as Eighth Blackbird, New Music Raleigh, and the Aspen Contemporary Ensemble. His performance of GLACIER for electric guitar and orchestra with London Symphony Orchestra and JoAnn Falletta was one of four concertos included on the all-Kenneth Fuchs 2018 GRAMMY award winning recording released by Naxos. Sparr's eclectic style has been described as \"pop-Romantic \u2026 iridescent and wondrous\" (The Mercury News) and \"suits the boundary erasing spirit of today's new-music world\" (The New York Times). The Los Angeles Times praised him as \"an excellent soloist,\" and the Santa Cruz Sentinel says that he \"wowed an enthusiastic audience \u2026 Sparr's guitar sang in a near-human voice.\" His music has been performed and commissioned by numerous ensembles, including the Washington National Opera, Houston Grand Opera (HGOco, Chicago Youth Symphony Orchestras, the Albany Symphony Orchestra, eighth blackbird, & the Dayton Philharmonic. He is the recipient of the $10,000 Grand Prize in the orchestra category for the BMG/Williams College National Young Composers Competition, was an alternate for the 1998-9 Rome Prize from the American Academy in Rome, and has won two BMI Student Composer Awards. Dr. Sparr is a graduate of the Baltimore School for the Arts and received his Bachelor of Music degree from the Eastman School of Music. He completed his Doctor of Musical Arts degree from the University of Michigan in 2003. His composition teachers include Michael Daugherty, Augusta Read Thomas, Sydney Hodkinson, and Pulitzer Prize winners William Bolcom, Christopher Rouse, and Joseph Schwantner. D. J. has held residencies with numerous orchestras. Most recently he was the curator for the Lubbock Symphony Orchestra SOUND! series from 2018-2020. From 2011-2014 he was the Young American Composer-in-Residence with the California Symphony. He was the composer-in-residence with the Richmond Symphony Orchestra's education and community engagement department from 2009-2011. Official website BMI Honors Student Composers at 48th Annual Awards: Bios Zappa, Hendrix, art rock, disco blend into concert Richmond Symphony Orchestra New York Times: Stylistically Omnivorous and Erasing Boundaries Wind Repertory Project Hiss Golden Messenger and W-S Symphony collaborate for show at The Ramkat"
   },
   {
    "name": "Daniel Newton",
    "id": "Q5218256",
    "text": "Daniel Charles Alexander Newton (born 14 December 1990) is an English cricketer. Newton is a right-handed batsman who bowls right-arm medium pace. He was born in Westminster, London and educated at Kings School, Wimbledon. While studying for his degree in Geography at Durham University, Newton made his first-class debut for Durham MCCU against Nottinghamshire in 2010. In his only first-class match, he batted once and was dismissed for a duck by Ryan Sidebottom. \"Player profile: Daniel Newton\". www.mccuniversities.org. Archived from the original on 23 March 2012. Retrieved 19 August 2011. \"First-Class Matches played by Daniel Newton\". CricketArchive. Retrieved 19 August 2011. \"Durham MCCU v Nottinghamshire, 2010\". CricketArchive. Retrieved 19 August 2011. Daniel Newton at ESPNcricinfo Daniel Newton at CricketArchive"
   },
   {
    "name": "Danny Cohen",
    "id": "Q5220229",
    "text": "Daniel Nicholas Cohen (born 15 January 1974) is a British television executive who currently serves as President of Access Entertainment which invests in film, television and digital companies and content. He was previously the Director of BBC Television from 2013 to 2015. Before that, he was the Controller of BBC One for three years, the BBC's principal television channel in the United Kingdom and the youngest person to be appointed as controller of the channel. During his time at the BBC, he commissioned programmes such as Poldark, Doctor Who, Strictly Come Dancing, EastEnders and The Graham Norton Show, and led BBC One's coverage of the 2012 London Olympics. Cohen was born in Westminster, the son of middle-class Jewish intellectuals. He attended a local Jewish primary school in north London, followed by the City of London School, an independent school for boys in the City of London. Cohen read English at Lady Margaret Hall, Oxford, from which he graduated with a Double First in English Literature. Between 2000 and 2007, Cohen worked at Channel 4 and its youth service E4. His roles there included Head of Documentaries for Channel 4 and Head of E4. Cohen's television commissions in this period included Skins, The Inbetweeners, Fonejacker, Supernanny and the documentary strand Cutting Edge. Between May 2007 and October 2010, Cohen was the Controller of BBC Three. During his tenureship of BBC Three, the channel increased its share of 16-34-year-old viewers by 58% and won Digital Channel of the Year at the Edinburgh International TV Festival in two out of three years \u2013 2008 and 2010. His BBC Three commissions included Our War, the BAFTA nominated Blood, Sweat and T-shirts and follow-up series Blood, Sweat and Takeaways, The Undercover Princes, Britain's Missing Top Model, The World's Strictest Parents, The Adult Season, Russell Howard's Good News, Young Voter's Question Time, Stacey Dooley Investigates, Lip Service, Lee Nelson's Well Good Show, Being Human. Alongside these commissions, he also acquired Summer Heights High from Australia and built a strong following for US animation Family Guy. He also revamped the hourly bulletins 60 Seconds adding a World News update. In February 2008, The Times newspaper described Cohen as \"the boy wonder of British television\". In January 2009, the Royal Television Society's magazine Television wrote an article about Cohen which posed the question of whether \"the 34-year-old wunderkind\" would be Director General of the BBC by his early forties. As Controller of BBC One between 2010 and 2013, Cohen's commissions included: Call The Midwife, Happy Valley, Car-Share, Poldark, The Casual Vacancy, The Voice, Last Tango in Halifax, Eat Well For Less, The Missing and the forthcoming Dickensian and War and Peace. In 2012, BBC One had a record-breaking year with its largest ever growth in peak audience share and its first all-hours audience share growth on record. In May 2013, Cohen became Director of BBC Television, succeeding Roger Mosey, who had been temporarily in the post since August 2012. In this role Cohen oversaw the BBC's Television Networks (BBC One, BBC Two, BBC Three and BBC Four) and BBC Productions \u2013 Europe's largest television production group. He also had responsibility for the BBC's feature film unit, BBC Films, and the BBC's content on its digital platform, BBC iPlayer. In 2014, BBC Television was the most successful UK television network, and in the first quarter of 2015, the BBC's main network, BBC One, delivered its best start to the year in a decade with a prime-time audience share of 25.2%. In October 2015, Cohen announced that he was leaving the BBC to pursue a new leadership challenge. On the announcement of his departure, the Director-General of the BBC, Tony Hall, said: \"Danny has done an extraordinary job over the last eight years at the BBC. In a world of intense competition and choice, he has further enhanced the BBC's reputation for quality programming that is full of ambition and creativity... and has also made an outstanding contribution to comedy and entertainment\". In May 2016, Cohen launched Access Entertainment with the industrialist Len Blavatnik. The company has set out an ambition to be 'one of the world's leading independent investors in the entertainment media sector...with a concentration in high-quality television, films and theatrical productions'. The company aims to invest 'several hundred million dollars in the initial phase'. The Pollard review into Newsnight's decision to drop an investigation into sex abuse claims against Jimmy Savile found that Cohen had not read emails that had been copied to him warning of Savile's \"dark side\" and which indicated there was knowledge within the BBC of the unsavoury side of Savile's character. Had he done so \"it was at least possible that further questions [on the advisability of running the Christmas 2011 tributes] would have followed\". The former BBC presenter, Jeremy Clarkson, has been highly critical of Mr Cohen, stating: \"Everybody thinks that the BBC was a bloody nightmare. It wasn\u2019t. Cohen was. The BBC was brilliant to work for until the arrival of Mr Cohen. They never really interfered at all. But he was a bloody nuisance and caused me an enormous amount of stress\". Clarkson was further aggravated when exploratory talks surfaced between Cohen and Amazon in relation to Amazon Video's movements in Europe. In early 2016, it was said there was a chance Cohen could have become Clarkson's boss on the factual entertainment series The Grand Tour. Cohen is married to economist and author Noreena Hertz. They were married in 2012 at the Bevis Marks Synagogue in the City of London, in a ceremony conducted by Lord Sacks, the Chief Rabbi, and attended by guests including Rachel Weisz, Nigella Lawson and Charles Saatchi. They live in Primrose Hill, London. In 2014, in an interview Cohen said that he had \"never felt so uncomfortable as a Jew in the UK\". Plunkett, John (15 October 2015). \"Danny Cohen: the political animal who got rid of Jeremy Clarkson\". The Guardian. Retrieved 9 December 2015. \"Danny Cohen named as new BBC director of television\", BBC News, 23 April 2013 \"BBC iPlayer \u2013 BBC One\". Retrieved 9 December 2015. \"BBC \u2013 Press Office \u2013 BBC Three Winter/Spring 2008: Danny Cohen\". Retrieved 9 December 2015. Plunkett, John (16 October 2015). \"Danny Cohen: the political animal who got rid of Jeremy Clarkson\". The Guardian. ISSN\u00a00261-3077. Retrieved 28 May 2019. \"Action station: the controller who is not ready to grow old just yet\". The Independent. 26 January 2009. Retrieved 26 June 2011. \"BBC \u2013 Danny Cohen, director, TV \u2013 Inside the BBC\". BBC. Retrieved 28 September 2015. \"Entertainment \u2013 BBC channels win festival awards\". 23 August 2008. Retrieved 9 December 2015. \"The Times & the Sunday Times\". Retrieved 9 December 2015. \"Royal Television Society\". Archived from the original on 3 July 2009. Retrieved 12 April 2009. \"BBC \u2013 BBC One scores record breaking performance in 2012 \u2013 Media Centre\". BBC. Retrieved 28 September 2015. Shawley, Pippa (8 April 2015). \"BBC One reports strongest first quarter in a decade\". Royal Television Society. \"Danny Cohen to leave the BBC\". BBC Media Centre. Retrieved 2 December 2019. \"Former BBC TV Boss Danny Cohen Joins Len Blavatnik to Launch Access Entertainment\". The Hollywood Reporter. Retrieved 15 June 2016. Vanessa Thorpe (23 February 2013). \"BBC knew of Jimmy Savile's 'dark side' before tribute aired\". The Guardian. Retrieved 9 December 2015. Cohen, Nick (8 March 2015). \"The sinister treatment of dissent at the BBC | Nick Cohen\". The Guardian. Retrieved 13 November 2015. Jackson, Jasper (8 November 2016). \"Jeremy Clarkson says plans to reveal BBC stars' pay are 'disgusting'\". The Guardian. ISSN\u00a00261-3077. Retrieved 8 November 2016. Monkey (16 May 2016). \"Could Jeremy Clarkson's BBC nemesis have ended up as his Amazon boss?\". The Guardian. ISSN\u00a00261-3077. Retrieved 21 March 2019. \"Danny Cohen to be BBC's director of television\". www.thejc.com. Retrieved 21 March 2019. Sweney, Mark (20 May 2016). \"ITV News' Noreena Hertz: 'I know I have a lot to learn'\". The Guardian. ISSN\u00a00261-3077. Retrieved 21 March 2019. Webb, Takka Productions Limited | Design by Webb &. \"Noreena Hertz | The Jewish Lives Project\". www.jewishlivesproject.com. Retrieved 21 March 2019. \"BBC director: Rising UK antisemitism makes me more uncomfortable than\". The Independent. 22 December 2014. Retrieved 28 May 2019. Danny Cohen at IMDb"
   },
   {
    "name": "Daphne Fielding",
    "id": "Q5221602",
    "text": "Daphne Winifred Louise Fielding (n\u00e9e Vivian, formerly Thynne; 11 July 1904 \u2013 5 December 1997) was a popular British author in the 20th century. Daphne Vivian was born on 11 July 1904 in Westminster, London, eldest daughter of George Vivian, 4th Baron Vivian, and Barbara (n\u00e9e Fanning). Her parents separated when she was four years old and her father raised the children at Glynn, Cornwall, where the family were known as the 'mad Vivians'. She married, firstly, Henry Thynne, Viscount Weymouth, on 27 October 1927. Neither his nor her parents approved of the marriage and they were divorced in 1953. From 1946, she was known as the Marchioness of Bath. The couple had five children: her eldest daughter, Lady Caroline Jane Thynne, married David Somerset, 11th Duke of Beaufort and had issue; her eldest son, Thomas Timothy Thynne, died in infancy, whilst her second son Alexander George Thynn, married Anna Gyarmathy and had issue, later becoming the 7th Marquess of Bath; her fourth son, Lord Christopher John Thynne, married Antonia Palmer, daughter of Sir Anthony Palmer, 4th Baronet, and had issue; whilst her youngest son, Lord Valentine Charles Thynne (1937\u20131979), married firstly, Veronica Jacks and had issue; he married secondly Susanne Alder and married thirdly Liese Dennis. She remarried, this time her husband was Major Alexander Wallace Fielding, on 11 July 1953, though the couple were divorced in 1978. She moved in the world of the \"Bright Young Things\" in the 1920s and produced a series of popular books about high society. Of Fielding's memoirs, Mercury Presides, Evelyn Waugh wrote: \"Daphne has written her memoirs. Contrary to what one would have expected they are marred by discretion and good taste. The childhood part is admirable. The adult part is rather as though Lord Montgomery were to write his life and omit to mention that he ever served in the army.\" Longleat from 1566 to the present time. Longleat Estate (1949) Before the Sunset Fades. Longleat Estate (1951) Mercury Presides. London: Eyre & Spottiswoode (1954) The Adonis Garden (1961) The Duchess of Jermyn Street: Rosa Lewis. London: Eyre & Spottiswoode (1964) ISBN\u00a00-413-25190-X Emerald and Nancy: Lady Cunard and Her Daughter. London: Eyre & Spottiswoode (1968) ISBN\u00a00-413-25950-1 The Nearest Way Home. London: Eyre & Spottiswoode (1970) The Rainbow Picnic: a portrait of Iris Tree. London: Eyre Methuen (1974) ISBN\u00a00-413-28520-0 Face on the Sphinx: a portrait of Gladys Marie Deacon, Duchess of Marlborough. London: Hamish Hamilton (1978) ISBN\u00a00-241-89314-3 Chisholm, Anne (2004). \"Fielding, Daphne Winifred Louise Vivian (1904\u20131997), writer and socialite\". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (online\u00a0ed.). Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/68822. (Subscription or UK public library membership required.) Vickers, Hugo (17 December 1997). \"Obituary: Daphne Fielding\". The Independent. Retrieved 13 August 2016. \"\"Secret marriage\" appeal succeeds\". Portsmouth Evening News. 27 July 1955. p.\u00a01. Retrieved 13 August 2016. Chisholm, Anne (20 December 1997). \"Obituary: Daphne Fielding: The wife of Bath's tale\". The Guardian. p.\u00a017. Entry at ThePeerage.com"
   },
   {
    "name": "David Jamieson",
    "id": "Q5235587",
    "text": "Major David Auldjo Jamieson, VC, CVO (1 October 1920 \u2013 5 May 2001) was a British Army officer in the Second World War who received the Victoria Cross, the highest award for gallantry in the face of the enemy that can be awarded to British and Commonwealth forces. David Auldjo Jamieson was born in Westminster on 1 October 1920, the elder son of Sir Archibald Auldjo Jamieson, Chairman of Vickers Armstrong. He attended Ladycross School, Seaford, East Sussex, and Eton College. In his youth he spent time at the family holiday retreat in Norfolk. He was a volunteer in the Territorial Army unit at Dersingham for the 5th Battalion, Royal Norfolk Regiment, which he joined in May 1939 when the Territorial Army was doubled in size. He was transferred to the 7th Battalion, formed as a 2nd Line duplicate of the 5th, and was subsequently commissioned as a second lieutenant, despite a lack of experience. Aged 19 on the outbreak of the Second World War, Jamieson was considered too young for overseas service and did not initially go with the battalion, now part of the 51st (Highland) Infantry Division, to join the British Expeditionary Force (BEF) when it went to France in 1940 but followed later. When the majority of the battalion was captured in June 1940 during the Fall of France he was at Rouen and was able to return to Britain. The battalion was reformed in 1941 and he was promoted to a company commander of D Company. Jamieson was a 23-year-old captain in the 7th Battalion of the Royal Norfolk Regiment, now part of the 176th Infantry Brigade attached to the 59th (Staffordshire) Infantry Division, when the following deed took place for which he was awarded the Victoria Cross. On 7/8 August 1944, south of Grimbosq, Normandy, France, Jamieson was in command of D Company, being the only officer remaining, which had established a bridgehead over the River Orne. The enemy made seven counter-attacks on the company's position, but throughout 36 hours of bitter and close fighting Captain Jamieson's company refused to give up. The attacks included assaults with Tiger and Panther tanks which shot up the Royal Norfolks' tanks. Jamieson at one point mounted a British tank to talk to the commander under enemy fire. He dismissed it as anything heroic, saying that he had to as the telephone didn't work \u2013 tanks were equipped with an external handset so that the commander could talk to an infantry commander without opening the hatch. The image of Captain Jamieson riding a Churchill tank while enemy tanks attacked was immortalised in a painting. The citation for Captain David Jamieson in the London Gazette of 26 October 1944 ends: ...Throughout the thirty six hours of bitter and close fighting and in spite of the pain of his wounds, Captain Jamieson showed superb qualities of leadership and great personal bravery. There were times when the position appeared hopeless, but on each occasion it was restored by his coolness and determination. He personally was largely responsible for the holding of this important bridgehead over the River Orne and for the repulse of seven German counter-attacks with great loss to the enemy. Following the war, he worked for the Australian Agricultural Company, which ran several sheep and cattle stations; he became a director in 1949 and was Governor from 1951 to 1975. He was also director of other companies including National Westminster Bank.[citation needed] Due to his height, 6\u00a0ft 5, he was designated the ceremonial umbrella man to Queen Elizabeth, the Queen Mother, carrying an umbrella over her at social functions. In 1948 he married Nancy Elwes, who died in a car accident in 1963. He remarried, to Joanna Windsor-Clive, in 1969. He was appointed High Sheriff of Norfolk in 1979. He died on 5 May 2001 in Burnham Market, Norfolk, and was interred in the churchyard in Burnham Norton. He was survived by his widow, his son Andrew Jamieson, and two daughters of his first marriage, three grandchildren, and by a stepson and stepdaughter. David Jamieson's Victoria Cross is displayed in the Royal Norfolk Regimental Museum in Norwich Castle. Jamieson was awarded the following service and commemorative medals: 1939\u201345 Star France and Germany Star Defence Medal War Medal Queen Elizabeth II Coronation Medal Queen Elizabeth II Silver Jubilee Medal \"Major David Jamieson VC\". Daily Telegraph (UK). 8 May 2001. Goldstein, Richard (12 May 2001). \"David Jamieson, 80, Winner of Top British Medal for Valor\". The New York Times. \"No. 36764\". The London Gazette (Supplement). 24 October 1944. p.\u00a04899. Royal Norfolk Regimental Museum"
   },
   {
    "name": "David Reindorp",
    "id": "Q5238974",
    "text": "The Reverend Canon David Reindorp TD DL (born 21 October 1952 in London, England) is the incumbent of Chelsea Old Church in London (since 2006). Reindorp has also become a noted public speaker.[citation needed] Reindorp was born in Westminster, England to the Right Reverend George Reindorp (Bishop of Guildford and Salisbury) and Alix Edington. Reindorp spent several of his early years in South Africa before returning to attend Lancing College in West Sussex. After a brief time as an insurance broker for Lloyd's of London, he worked as a social worker before attending Trinity College, Cambridge and Westcott House, Cambridge. He was ordained as a priest in the Diocese of Ely in 1982. Reindorp had curacies in Cambridge and Hertfordshire before becoming Vicar of St John the Evangelist, Waterbeach, Cambridgeshire in 1988 followed by an incumbency in a church of the same name in the centre of Cambridge. He was made an honorary canon of Ely Cathedral in March 2005. Reindorp was inducted as the Vicar of Chelsea Old Church, one of London's oldest churches, situated on the bank of the River Thames in the affluent area of Chelsea. He was padre to the Honourable Artillery Company, the oldest regiment in the British Army, holding the rank of major, and to the Worshipful Company of Fan Makers. Reindorp developed a reputation as a public speaker with talks such as \"Millionaire or Bust\" which charted his career from shipping broker to priest. He has also appeared in several reality television programmes in England, including Bad Lads' Army in which he had the role of an army chaplain. Reindorp married Suzy Moir, a psychotherapist and daughter of Guthrie Moir, one of the founders of Independent Television, in Salisbury Cathedral in 1974. The couple were married by Reindorp's father, Bishop George Reindorp. They have three children. The Reindorp family currently live in their home on Cheyne Walk in Chelsea, London. Chelsea Old Church: About Us \u2014 The Vicar. Diocese of London information."
   },
   {
    "name": "Ebenezer Ward",
    "id": "Q5331747",
    "text": "Ebenezer Ward (4 September 1837 \u2013 8 October 1917) was an Australian politician and journalist. He was a member of the South Australian House of Assembly from 1870 to 1880 and from 1881 to 1890, representing Gumeracha (1870\u20131880), Burra (1881\u20131884) and Frome (1884\u20131890). In 1890 he switched to the South Australian Legislative Council, where he represented Northern District until 1900. He was Minister for Agriculture and Education under James Boucaut from 1875 to 1876 and under John Colton from 1876 to 1877. As a journalist, Ward variously worked for the Morning Post in England, the Melbourne Herald, Bell's Life in Victoria and Sporting Chronicle, and the Daily Telegraph in Adelaide, where he served a stint as editor. He subsequently established a series of regional newspapers: Southern Argus in Port Elliot, the City and Country, the Northern Argus in Clare, a newspaper at Gumeracha, and The Farmers' Messenger. Ebenezer Ward was born the eldest son of the Rev. Joseph Ward, a member of an old English family, at Russalls, Mersey Island, Essex. He was educated at Dumpton Hall, a school established for the sons of Baptist ministers, near Ramsgate, Kent. It was intended that he join the ministry but in 1849 he rebelled and decamped for London. He found work as a copy boy at a large printing office in Lincoln Inn Fields. It was during his short stay there that Ward acquired his appreciation of Shakespeare while checking proof sheets which they were printing for Routledge. He next worked for the Morning Post as a reader's boy at 15/ a week. He was promoted to reader, then reviser, and eventually a member of their reporting staff in the gallery of the House of Commons and became proficient in shorthand. He won the confidence of his employers, and at age eighteen he was working with the proprietor's son, Algernon Borthwick, with whom he maintained a long correspondence. Ward left the Morning Post in 1856 after inheriting some money, and returned to Essex for three years, living the life of a country squire. In 1859 Ward migrated to Australia in the clipper The British Trident, (among fellow-passengers were South Australian pastoralist Peter Waite and Sir Frederick Pottinger). On arrival in Melbourne in June 1859, he was recruited by George Collins Levey initially as a reader then parliamentary reporter for the Melbourne Herald. He then worked on a Government contract collecting agricultural statistics in the Victorian interior. While touring the Victoria's important farming centres, he contributed his observations in The Herald and its associated sporting and agricultural journal Bell's Life. It was also during this time that he was first urged to stand for Parliament. In 1860 Ward holidayed in Adelaide in company with G. V. Brooke, the famous tragedian, and on returning to Melbourne joined the Age. The following year he was offered and accepted the leadership of the Hansard staff of the Adelaide Advertiser (the incumbent, R. S. Smythe, was leaving to become a theatrical entrepreneur and recommended Ward as his successor), commencing in June 1861. His first task was to report the budget speech of the Hon. Thomas Reynolds. His reputation as a stenographer was secured. While with the Advertiser he visited and described the orchards and vineyards of South Australia. His articles were reprinted in pamphlet form, and 2000 copies were purchased by the Government for free distribution at the Great Exhibition in London in 1862. He returned to Victoria the next year to write a series of articles for the \"Age\". Two years later Ward joined Frederick Sinnett's Telegraph as associate editor. In 1864, following passage of the Northern Territory Settlers Act, he was appointed by the South Australian Government as clerk-in-charge, accountant and postmaster of Boyle Travers Finniss's expedition to colonise the Northern Territory. While the expedition was being organised he visited Melbourne and rejoined the Age staff, contributing special articles on the vineyards of Victoria. Finniss's party sailed in April 1864, but broke up in a flurry of jealousies, vindictiveness and personal recriminations and Ward was one of those who returned to Adelaide in January 1865 after being dismissed by Finniss for insubordination. Finniss promoted his 18-year-old son Frederick to take over much of Ward's responsibilities. Ward rejoined the Telegraph as editor, but was soon given the ultimatum of either discontinuing his Hansard work or leaving the Telegraph. He chose the latter, and continued with Hansard until 1868. In 1865 he established the Southern Argus in Port Elliot, soon to move to Strathalbyn. Six months later he rejoined the Telegraph and took up his old position as Government shorthand writer. He founded several more newspapers during the next ten years: the City and Country, the Northern Argus in Clare and he once had a paper at Gumeracha. He also owned The Farmers' Messenger, which according to reports either failed to attract a readership or was very popular with farmers. In 1868 he issued his first address to the electors of Gumeracha, and after a fierce contest was defeated by 22 votes. Two years later he tried again, this time in opposition to Arthur Blyth and A. G. Downer and on 5 April 1870 was returned by a substantial majority, secured 343 of 512 votes, and in 1872, 1875 and 1878 he headed the poll for that district. He quickly made his mark as an eloquent speaker and succeeded in pushing a number of important matters, including the opening up of railway communication with Victoria. In 1875 Ward was elevated to Cabinet. He was the first Minister of Agriculture in South Australia, if not in Australia, and Minister of Education under two Premiers (Boucaut and Colton) It has been suggested that this was a ploy to keep his attention away from land reform. In 1880 he resigned his seat as an undischarged bankrupt, but in 1881 was elected for the Burra district with the Hon. W. B. Rounsevell. After the subdivision of the Burra electorate in 1884, the Frome district returned Ward at the head of the poll, and he was elected Chairman of Committees and Deputy speaker, where his superlative knowledge of Standing Orders and parliamentary procedure came to the fore. In 1887 the electors of Frome once more placed him in the leading position but he lost it in the elections of 1891. The following year he was elected to the Legislative Council by the Northern district, which extended from southern Yorke Peninsula to Port Darwin and across to the Western Australian border. He lost this seat in 1900 after the Labor vote was bolstered by workers in the newly established smelter at Port Pirie. An outspoken opponent of women's suffrage, he attempted to block the Constitutional Amendment (Adult Suffrage) Act 1894 giving women the vote by proposing an amendment that would also allow women to stand for election, assuming that male members of parliament would not want women replacing them. However the bill passed with this amendment and South Australia became the first legislature in the world to grant women the rights to both vote and stand for election. Ward's political achievements include the stoppage of the sale of Crown Lands for cash in 1870 and 1871, and the throwing open of the lands on credit selections. As Minister in the Boucaut Government Ward introduced the Education Act of 1875, which had been drafted by J. P. Boucaut and Sir Samuel Way, who was then Attorney-General. Ward established experimental farms at Mannahill and Mount Muirhead near Millicent. Abolition of imprisonment for debt was the result of his persistent agitation. In 1877 Ward and Sir Henry Ayers represented the State at the eighth Intercolonial Conference assembled to consider duplication of the telegraph cable between Europe and Australia. He helped delay adoption the Federal Adopting Bill; he was not opposed to Federation, merely the weak model which was finally arrived at. Ward was an enthusiastic advocate of railways, and was one of the prime movers in establishing railway communication with Melbourne. He helped get the railway to Mount Gambier built, and the only one he ever opposed was that to Port Broughton. He was also a proponent of a transcontinental railway line to Perth, and was noted for a four-hour speech advocating this and other major national works as well as free trade between the states of Australia. Ward was active in amateur theatricals in his younger days. In 1860 he had accompanied the great actor G. V. Brooke, to Adelaide where he was engaged in a production of Hamlet. Ward was persuaded to take, under the pseudonym Edward Ewart, the part of Rosencrantz. Alas, at his cue to speak, he was struck dumb with stagefright and had to suffer the displeasure of the audience. There was no such problem in later performances and he later played Lord Stanley to Brooke's Richard III. After settling in Adelaide he frequently appeared at the old Victoria Theatre in aid of public charities. Characters he played include Claude Melnotte in The Lady of Lyons. He frequently appeared at the Theatre Royal; on one occasion in aid of an early incarnation of the S.A. Jockey Club, raising nearly \u00a3200 in a production of Sheridan Knowles's The Hunchback. Among other parts he played were Leonardo Gonzago in The Wife, Reuben Holt, in Westland Marston's A Hard Struggle, Duke Aranza, in The Honeymoon, Sir Harcourt Courtly, in Dion Boucicault's London Assurance and Pygmalion, in Pygmalion and Galatea. He also lectured or assisted at literary entertainments in aid of various country Institutes of South Australia, from Mount Gambier, where he wrote and first delivered his well-known lecture on Shakespeare, to Port Augusta. For reasons which are unclear, he wrote a patriotic ditty which bears comparison with \"Advance Australia Fair\" and \"Song of Australia\": Sing Australia's song of joy, Of virgin ecstasy! United now, she greets the world Reliant, grateful, free! Her lands have given homes to all, The world has gladly found her, Her sons uphold their fathers' fame! Her ocean walls surround her. Australia fears no foreign foe, She loves her motherland, She knows her strength, she means the right, Her grip is heart with hand. With conscience clear and purpose firm, No traitor shall betray her; Brightest of God's great gifts to men, God bless Australia! Ward was Secretary of the Agricultural and Horticultural Society of S.A. from 1866 to 1868, and the driving force behind that society's \"Grand General Show\" 7\u20139 November 1867 held to coincide with Prince Alfred's visit to the State. He was a strong advocate for the Jubilee Exhibition of 1887. Ward owned a farm at Parawurlie, Yorke Peninsula, which was characterised by Edwin Derrington's Port Adelaide News as both a speculation with Mr. Fuller and a mansion, a den of luxury and licentiousness. In 1890 Ward bought a property at Grampus Range, 21\u00a0km south of Yunta, 49\u00a0km east of Oodla Wirra and 54\u00a0km south-west of Mannahill and established a homestead there, with an elderly retainer as caretaker. It figured in the maintenance case his estranged wife laid against him; that it was not a fit place for girls to live. Always a keen political student Ward sought legislative honours ... A splendid rhetorician, a capital debater, and a caustic critic, his style of oratory was convincing, his vocabulary extensive, his diction clear cut and polished, his elocution perfect. The analytical faculty had been well developed in the stern school of harsh experience, so that he was keen to discern the weaknesses of an adversary, and quick to combat antagonistic views. Gifted with considerable histrionic power \u2013 more than once displayed on the professional stage \u2013 and a voice flexible as any actor could desire, it was a treat to hear him in the best years of his life declaim in passionate periods against an existing wrong which required legislative righting. Although he was curiously deficient in humour, his fluent tongue was a mighty influence for his side and as a 'whip of scorpions' to those who would thwart his will. The first fruits of success proved all too sweet, and the great promise of political youth was never properly fulfilled. In 1880 he unsuccessfully sued Edwin Henry Derrington, owner of the Port Adelaide News, Shipping and Commercial Advertiser (or more succinctly Port Adelaide News) and the Yorke's Peninsula Advertiser for libel. The trial lasted six days and kept the newspapers busy with scandalous revelations. Ward had a series of disputes with the Commissioner of Taxes, in which despite his belligerent rhetoric, he invariably came out the loser. It would be fair to say that The Register had little sympathy for \"The Member for Grampus\". In 1875 a public movement was initiated to secure the presentation of a testimonial to Mr. Ward \"in recognition of his political services to South Australia.\" Over \u00a3500 was raised, and the presentation was made at a representative banquet at Gumeracha. In 1889 Mr. Ward was permitted \"by the gracious permission of her Majesty the Queen\" to retain the title of \"The Honourable\" for life. In 1911 Ward moved to Perth, becoming as well known a personality there as in Adelaide. He wrote articles for the Western Australian press and one of his treasured possessions was a railway pass given to him so that he might travel for the purpose of writing about the country, particularly its pastoral and agricultural industries. Ward died at the Perth General Hospital. He was buried at Karrakatta on 9 October. The chief mourners were Edward J. Ward (son), corporal Ebenezer Ward (grandson), Miss Tillie Ward (granddaughter), Mrs. J. Martin, and Mrs. G. Taylor. The pallbearers were Mr. George Taylor, M.L.A., Major Gollan, and Messrs. A. Carson and Eddy Allen. Ebenezer Ward was married twice: (1) to Matilda Ann Simmons (c. 1844 \u2013 27 June 1895) on 19 December 1861; they had two sons before being divorced in June 1870. (\"Tillie\" was the adopted daughter of well-known coachbuilder John Crimp (c. 1819 \u2013 9 May 1902). She later married Frank A. H. Weston, a peddler of quack medicines) and (2) to Lucy Johnson ( \u2013 28 April 1930) of Willaston on 12 December 1870. They had four sons and five daughters and separated around 1893. Their children included: John George Pettitt Ward (1 October 1862 \u2013 ), a corporal in the A.I.F. in 1917 Edwin Joseph Ward (10 July 1864 \u2013 10 March 1937) married Elizabeth Galley ( \u2013 5 June 1953), lived at Bridgetown, Western Australia Walter Charles Russalls Ward (19 April 1873 \u2013 25 March 1941) married Lottie Holland on 19 February 1895 H(enry) Torrens Ward (c. 1875 \u2013 ), educated at Whinham College, barrister of Adelaide, Mount Gambier and Alice Springs, voluntarily de-registered in 1932 Arther E(benezer) Ward (c. January 1889 \u2013 ) Leslie N(orman) Ward (29 January 1893 \u2013 ) served at Gallipoli then a lieutenant in the Royal Aviation Corps, England. Went missing in France later vigneron of Lyndoch (shot down, crashed, broken leg, captured by Germans, repatriated 1918) Ethel Gladys married (1) James Clark, of Grenadier Guards, London on 9 February 1915 (2) Robert Ernest Cussen ( \u2013 3 January 1947) on 3 November 1923 The vineyards and orchards of South Australia\u00a0: a descriptive tour\u00a0: by Ebenezer Ward in 1862 (Limited Edition; 750 copies; Originally published as a series of articles for the Adelaide Advertiser in 1862) Sullivan's Cove 1980 ISBN\u00a00909442126 The vineyards of Victoria\u00a0: as visited by Ebenezer Ward in 1864 (Limited Edition; 750 copies; Originally published as a series of articles for the \"Age\", in 1864) Sullivan's Cove, Adelaide 1980 ISBN\u00a00909442134 The South-Eastern district of South Australia\u00a0: its resources and requirements\u00a0: by Ebenezer Ward (Reprinted with emendations and additions from letters written expressly for The South Australian Advertiser and Weekly Chronicle and Mail newspapers) Pub. by the author 1869 J. B. Hirst, 'Ward, Ebenezer (1837\u20131917)', Australian Dictionary of Biography, National Centre of Biography, Australian National University, accessed 10 November 2012 \"Statistical Record of the Legislature, 1836 to 2009\" (PDF). Parliament of South Australia. Archived from the original (PDF) on 11 March 2019. Retrieved 19 January 2016. \"A Versatile Personality\". The Register. Adelaide: National Library of Australia. 9 October 1917. pp.\u00a04, 6. Retrieved 9 November 2012. \"A Notable Statesman\". The Advertiser. Adelaide: National Library of Australia. 9 October 1917. p.\u00a04. Retrieved 10 November 2012. \"The Late Ebenezer Ward\". Western Argus. Kalgoorlie, WA: National Library of Australia. 16 October 1917. p.\u00a09. Retrieved 9 November 2012. \"1894: How a parliament of men gave the vote to women\" (PDF). State History Centre. \"The Hon. Ebenezer Ward\". The Register. Adelaide: National Library of Australia. 21 February 1902. p.\u00a04. Retrieved 9 November 2012. \"Australia's Song\". South Australian Register. Adelaide: National Library of Australia. 28 July 1899. p.\u00a05. Retrieved 9 November 2012. \"Law and Criminal Courts\". South Australian Register. Adelaide: National Library of Australia. 28 April 1880. p.\u00a06. Retrieved 12 November 2012. \"The Hon. E. Ward and His Children\". South Australian Register. Adelaide: National Library of Australia. 16 December 1895. p.\u00a06. Retrieved 10 November 2012. \"The Ward Maintenance Case\". The Barrier Miner. Broken Hill, NSW: National Library of Australia. 13 December 1895. p.\u00a01. Retrieved 10 November 2012. \"The Great Libel Action\u2014Ward v. Derrington\". Adelaide Observer. National Library of Australia. 1 May 1880. p.\u00a023. Retrieved 17 February 2015. \"The Hon. Ebenezer Ward and Taxes\". South Australian Register. Adelaide: National Library of Australia. 2 April 1898. p.\u00a04. Retrieved 9 November 2012. \"Local and General News\". The Northam Advertiser. XXII (2, 093). Western Australia. 19 May 1915. p.\u00a02. Retrieved 14 January 2018 \u2013 via National Library of Australia. \"High Court\". The Advertiser. Adelaide: National Library of Australia. 26 September 1952. p.\u00a013. Retrieved 11 November 2012. His AIF enlistment gives his age 26yrs9mo on 15 October 1915, but if this falsified 8 May 1884 is likely DOB \"The Roll of Honor\". The Advertiser. Adelaide: National Library of Australia. 7 December 1917. p.\u00a08. Retrieved 11 November 2012. Osborne, Ben Private morality versus the public good: Ebenezer Ward and South Australia, 1880\u20131881 Honours thesis submitted as part fulfilment of the degree of Bachelor of Arts (Honours) in History. 2003"
   },
   {
    "name": "Edgar Chester-Master",
    "id": "Q5337172",
    "text": "Edgar Chester-Master (6 May 1888 \u2013 17 September 1979) was an English cricketer. He was born in Westminster and died in Durban. Chester-Master made a single first-class appearance for the side, during the 1911 season, against Middlesex. From the tailend, Chester-Master scored 4 runs in the first innings in which he batted, and a duck in the second. Chester-Master played Minor Counties cricket for Dorset between 1908 and 1921. Chester-Master's father, Algernon, also played first-class cricket for Gloucestershire. Edgar Chester-Master at Cricket Archive (subscription required)"
   },
   {
    "name": "Edmund Dunch",
    "id": "Q5339430",
    "text": "Edmund Dunch (or Dunche) (14 December 1657 \u2013 31 May 1719) of Little Wittenham, Berkshire and Down Ampney, Gloucestershire, was an English Whig politician who sat in the English and British House of Commons between 1701 and 1719. He was Master of the Royal Household to Queen Anne. Dunch was the only son of Hungerford Dunch MP of Little Wittenham and Down Ampney and his wife Catherine Oxton, daughter of William Oxton of Hertfordshire. He was born in Little Jermyn Street, London, 14 December 1657, and baptised 1 January 1658. The freedom of the borough Wallingford was conferred on him on 17 October 1695, and he was at one time proposed as its high steward, but was defeated by Lord Abingdon, who polled fifteen votes to his six. On 2 May 1702 Dunch married Elizabeth Godfrey, one of the maids of honour to the queen, and one of the two daughters and coheiresses of Colonel Charles Godfrey, by Arabella Churchill, sister to the Duke of Marlborough. Her elder sister Charlotte, married Hugh Boscawen, afterwards Lord Falmouth. Dunch joined heartily in the Glorious Revolution of 1688, and seems to have been a Whig throughout life. He was returned unopposed as Member of Parliament for the borough of Cricklade at the two elections in January and November 1701 but was defeated in a contest in July 1702. He was re-elected MP for Cricklade in the general elections of 1705, 1708 and 1710. At the 1713 general election he was returned unopposed as MP for Boroughbridge in Yorkshire. He was elected MP for Wallingford, a constituency which several of his ancestors had served in parliament at the 1715 general election and sat until his death four years later. It was rumoured in June 1702 that Dunch would be created a baron of England. Gossip also asserted in April 1704 that his father-in-law Colonel Charles Godfrey would become Cofferer of the Household and that Dunch would succeed Godfrey as Master of the Jewel Office. A third rumour, in 1708, was that Dunch would be made Comptroller of the Household. In fact the reward for his services was the position of Master of the Household to Queen Anne on 6 October 1708. When the comptrollership fell vacant on Sir Thomas Felton's death, in March 1709, Dunch tried for it in vain. He was deprived of the mastership in 1710, but was reappointed on 9 October 1714. Dunch was a member of the Kit-Kat Club, a dining and gathering point for Whigs supporters and as was the custom of the club his portrait was duly painted and engraved. He also had a reputation as a gambler and bon-vivant and is said to have clipped his fortunes by his gambling. Dunch died on 31 May 1719 and was buried in the family vault at Little Wittenham Church on 4 June, near Wallingford, in Oxfordshire (then Berkshire), in the village where the family had had their seat for over 170 years. Many of Edmund's forebears had been parliamentarians, particularly representing Wallingford. William Dunch, auditor to the Mint for Henry VIII and Edward IV, represented Wallingford (1563), and was High Sheriff of Berkshire (1569\u20131570). It was William who bought the manor of Little Wittenham in 1552, which was the family seat. His son, Sir Edmund Dunch (1551\u20131623), represented Wallingford in 1571 and was High Sheriff of Berkshire (1586\u20131587). His son Sir William Dunch (1578\u20131611) represented Wallingford in 1603. He married Mary Cromwell in 1599, the daughter of Sir Henry Cromwell and aunt to Oliver Cromwell. It is believed that Mother Dunch's Buttocks, the variant name for the two rounded local hills Wittenham Clumps, is associated with her. William's brother Samuel (1592\u20131666) represented Wallingford in 1620. William's son, Edmund (1603\u20131678), was Governor of Wallingford Castle, and later became Baron Burnell of East Wittenham, though he lost this title at the Restoration (this being the only title conferred by the Protector and not confirmed by Charles II). He too represented Wallingford in 1627 and 1640, and was High Sheriff of Berkshire. Edmund's son Hungerford Dunch (1639\u20131680) was returned for Wallingford in 1660 but elected to serve for Cricklade. Hungerford's son was this Edmund Dunch (1657\u20131719). Dunch had no sons, and was the last Dunch to represent Wallingford. With his death, the male line of this branch of the Dunch family became extinct. He had cut off the entail of the property and left it to his four daughters. Catherine died young and unmarried Elizabeth married in 1729 Sir George Oxenden, 5th Baronet (1694\u20131775) (MP for Sandwich 1720\u20131754) Harriet married on 3 April 1735 Robert Montagu, 3rd Duke of Manchester. Arabella married on 6 February 1725 Yorkshire politician Edward Thompson. Her fate is told by Lord Hervey, in his Memoirs of the Reign of George II, ii. 346. According to this chronicler she had two children by Sir George Oxenden, and on his account was separated from her husband, and died in childbirth. An elegy to Mrs. Thompson was written by Lady Mary Wortley Montagu, and is printed in her 'Letters' (1861 ed.), ii. 484\u20135. Dunch was first cousin twice removed of Oliver Cromwell. His wife, who was one of the beauties commemorated in the Kit-Cat Club verses, was half-sister to the illegitimate children of James II. Courtney 1888, p.\u00a0175. \"DUNCH, Edmund (?1677-1719), of Little Wittenham, Berks. and Down Ampney, Glos\". History of Parliament Online (1690-1715). Retrieved 7 September 2018. \"DUNCH, Edmund (?1677-1719), of Little Wittenham, Berks. and Down Ampney, Glos\". History of Parliament Online (1715-1754). Retrieved 7 September 2018. Annells, P. (2006). \"The Berkshire Dunches\". Archived from the original on 12 August 2007. Byrne, R. H. (1848). The Representative History of Great Britain and Ireland. London: John Olliver. pp.\u00a0&#91, page needed&#93, . Hedges, John Kirby (1881). Wallingford History, in the County of Berks: From the Invasion of Julius Caesar to the present time. 1. London: Wm Clowes. pp.\u00a0103, 104, 239, 255. Attribution \u00a0This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain:\u00a0Courtney, William Prideaux (1888). \"Dunch, Edmund\". In Stephen, Leslie (ed.). Dictionary of National Biography. 16. London: Smith, Elder & Co. p.\u00a0175. This article cites: Noble, Mark (1806). A biographical history of England, from the revolution to the end of George I's reign: being a continuation of the Rev. J. Granger's work. 3. W. Richardson. p.\u00a0175. Memoirs of Kit-Cat Club (1821), p.\u00a0209; Nichols's Collection of Poems, v. 171\u20132; Lady M. W. Montagu's Letters (1861), i. 481, ii. 298; Mark Noble's Cromwell, ii. 155\u20136; Wentworth Papers, p.\u00a078; Hedges's Wallingford, ii. 211, 239; Luttrell's Relation of State Affairs (1857) v. 169, 185, 419; Bliss's Rel. Hearniar\u00e6 (1857), i. 429\u201330; Burn's Fleet Marriages, p.\u00a075. Wallingford History Gateway"
   },
   {
    "name": "Edward Hay-Drummond",
    "id": "Q5341644",
    "text": "Edward Auriol Hay-Drummond (10 April 1758, Westminster \u201330 December 1829), the fifth son of Robert Hay Drummond (1711\u201376, Archbishop of York) and his wife, Henrietta n\u00e9e Auriol (died 1773), who were married on 31 January 1748. He was baptised in St. Margaret's, Westminster. He was educated at Christ Church, Oxford (1774, BA 1777, MA 1780, B&DD 1791). On 12 December 1782 he married Elizabeth Vismes (d. 14 February 1790), daughter of William, Comte de Vismes, and she bore him a daughter, Henrietta Auriol Hay-Drummond (d. 1832), who was married in 1831 to Morgan Watkins; and a son, Edward William Auriol Drummond-Hay (1785-1845), who was married 14 December 1812 to Louisa Margaret Thomson (d. 1869). On 24 May 1791 Edward Hay-Drummond was married again, to Amelia Emily Auriol in St George's, Hanover Square. She was born in 1762 and died on 7 October 1840, in Southwold, Suffolk. She bore him a daughter, Amelia Auriol Hay-Drummond, on 11 September 1794, in Little Missenden \u2014 the daughter later eloped with his curate, George Wilkins, to Gretna Green, where they were married on 2 September 1811, ten days before her 17th birthday. The couple then returned to live in the parental home in Hadleigh, and went on to have fifteen children, a granddaughter of one of whom was Olave St. Clair Soames, who became World Chief Guide. His second wife died on 31 January 1871 in Bayswater. Two of his works are still available today:- \"On the religious education of the poor\"; a sermon, preached at the Church of St. Botolph, Bishopsgate, London, 25 May 1800, before the Correspondent Board in London of the Society in Scotland \"A steady attachment to the Christian faith. Peculiar duty of its established ministers.\" Preached in the parish church of Alnwick, in Northumberland, 8 August 1792. He is believed to have fathered a total of ten children, including the two mentioned above, and Henrietta and Charlotte. Prebendary of York 1784 Chaplain in Ordinary to George III 1789, and to William IV. Prebendary of Southwell 1789 Rector of Rothbury, Northumberland Rector of Hadleigh, Suffolk, for 33 years through an exchange with Dr Watson 1796\u20131829 Prebendary of Southwell Minster 1806 Rector of Dalham, Suffolk 1822 Dean of Bocking, Essex He was \"of the Parish of St Margaret's, Westminster\" at the time of his second marriage. He died on 30 December 1829 in Hadleigh and was buried at Hadleigh within the altar rails on 9 January 1830. There is a mural monument on the south wall of the Lady Chapel at Hadleigh. see Gentleman's Magazine 1830 part i see Pigot's History of Hadliegh, pub in Proc Suffolk Inst of Archeology & Nat History, Vol 3 1853, App E p 282 \"Family tree of Elizabeth Vismes\". \"Edward Auriol Hay-Drummond (1758 - 1829) - Genealogy\". Geni.com. 2016-11-29. Retrieved 2016-12-25. \"The Very Rev. Edward Auriol Hay-Drummond\". \"Family tree of Elizabeth Vismes\". [1] Archived 2016-04-25 at the Wayback Machine"
   },
   {
    "name": "Edward Bowater",
    "id": "Q5341962",
    "text": "General Sir Edward Bowater KCH (1787 \u2013 14 December 1861) was a British soldier and courtier. Born in St James's Palace, Bowater descended from a Coventry family and was the only son of the Admiral Edward Bowater. His mother Louisa was the daughter of Thomas Lane and widow of George Edward Hawkins, who had served as serjeant surgeon to King George III. He was educated at Harrow School and went then to the University of Oxford, where he graduated with a Doctor of Civil Law. He entered the British Army in 1804 and was commissioned as ensign into the 3rd Foot Guards. Bowater was present in the Battle of Copenhagen (1807) and was then transferred with his regiment to Portugal. He joined the Taking of Porto and following the Battle of Talavera, where he was wounded, he purchased a lieutenancy in August 1809. In December he left for England, however returned to the Peninsular War after two years. He fought in the Battle of Salamanca in July 1812 and the Siege of Burgos in October. In the following year Bowater took part in the Battle of Vitoria in June and then was commanded to the Siege of San Sebasti\u00e1n until September 1813. A month later, he served in the Battle of the Bidassoa and in December was involved in the fightings of the Battle of the Nive. Bowater was advanced to a captain and lieutenant-colonel in 1814, receiving command of a company, and when Napoleon returned from his exile in 1815, he led his men in the Battle of Quatre Bras. He was wounded again in the Battle of Waterloo in June. In 1826, Bowater was promoted to colonel and in 1837 to major-general, after which he was awarded a Knight Commander of the Royal Guelphic Order. He obtained the colonelship of the 49th Regiment of Foot in April 1846 and became lieutenant-general in November. In 1854 he was made a full general. Bowater was nominated an equerry to King William IV in 1832, a position he held until the King's death six years later. In 1840 he was admitted to Prince Albert, who had shortly before arrived at the court, until 1846, when he was appointed Groom in Waiting in Ordinary to the latter's wife Queen Victoria. In 1839, Bowater married Emilia Mary, the daughter of Colonel Michael Barne. Their only daughter Louisa became the wife of Rainald Knightley, 1st Baron Knightley. Bowater died after short illness in Cannes in 1861, on the same day as his former master the Prince Consort, while accompanying the latter's son Prince Leopold on a sojourn. Urban (1862), p. 109 Dod (1860), p. 127 Rivington (1862), p. 405 \"No. 16292\". The London Gazette. 26 August 1809. p.\u00a01367. \"No. 16925\". The London Gazette. 13 August 1814. p.\u00a01635. Urban (1862), p. 110 \"No. 19456\". The London Gazette. 10 January 1837. p.\u00a064. \"No. 20599\". The London Gazette. 28 April 1846. p.\u00a01530. \"No. 21564\". The London Gazette. 22 June 1854. p.\u00a01932. Walford (1860), p. 67 Fox-Davies (1895), p. 578 Dod, Robert Philip (1860). The Peerage, Baronetage and Knightage of Great Britain and Ireland. London: Whitaker and Co. Walford, Edward (1860). The County Families of the United Kingdom. London: Robert Hardwicke. Sylvanus, Urban (1862). The Gentleman's Magazine 1862. part I. London: John Henry and James Parker. J. and F. H. Rivington, ed. (1862). The Annual Register 1861. London: Woodfall and Kinder. Fox-Davies, Arthur Charles (1895). Armorial Families. Edinburgh: Grange Publishing Works. Attribution \u00a0This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain:\u00a0\"Bowater, Edward\". Dictionary of National Biography. London: Smith, Elder & Co. 1885\u20131900. Portraits of Sir Edward Bowater at the National Portrait Gallery, London"
   },
   {
    "name": "Edward Harley, 4th Earl of Oxford and Earl Mortimer",
    "id": "Q5343316",
    "text": "Edward Harley, 4th Earl of Oxford and Earl Mortimer DCL FRS (2 September 1726 \u2013 11 October 1790), styled Lord Harley from 1741 to 1755, was a British peer and Tory politician. Harley was the eldest son of Edward Harley, 3rd Earl of Oxford and Earl Mortimer and Martha Morgan, daughter of Welsh politician William Morgan. His two younger brothers were John Harley, Dean of Windsor and then Bishop of Hereford; and the politician Thomas Harley, who was Lord Mayor of London and also sat in Parliament. He was educated at Westminster School between 1735 and 1744; and then Christ Church, Oxford, graduating with a Doctor of Civil Law in 1748. Harley was elected as MP for Herefordshire in at the 1747 general election, even though he was only 20 years old. Prior to the election, Lord Foley wrote to Harley's father, \"As he is under age I am in great fear lest some trick should be played on him on the day of election ... which if it should happen I think would be of the most evil consequence to your family as well as to the interest of the county.\" He returned unopposed and took a seat on the treasury board, serving until in 1755 he succeeded to his father's titles and estates, including the family seat of Brampton Bryan Castle and Hall. He was High Steward of Hereford from 1755, a Lord of the Bedchamber from 1760, and Lord Lieutenant of Radnorshire from 1766, all until his death. He was also Harleian Trustee at the British Museum from 1755 until his death. In 1751, he married heiress Susannah Archer, who brought a dowry of \u00a350,000 (equivalent to \u00a37,914,154 in 2019). Susannah was a daughter of William Archer and his second wife Susanna Newton (a daughter of Sir John Newton, 3rd Baronet of Barrs Court, Gloucestershire). He died at Brampton Bryan Hall at the age of 64. As he had no children, his titles and estates passed to his nephew Edward Harley. Burke, Edmund (1791). Dodsley's Annual Register or a View of the History, Politics and Literature for the Year 1790. J. Dodsley. p.\u00a0244. Retrieved 17 November 2016. Burke, John (1833). A General and Heraldic Dictionary of the Peerage and Baronetage of the British Empire. H. Colburn and R. Bentley. p.\u00a0275. Retrieved 17 November 2016. Collins, Arthur (1813). The Peerage of England: Containing a Genealogical and Historical Account of All the Peers of that Kingdom. W. Strahan, J. F and C. Rivington. p.\u00a0266. Retrieved 17 November 2016. \"HARLEY, Edward, Lord Harley (1726-90)\". History of Parliament Online. \"Oxford and Mortimer, Earl of (GB, 1711 - 1853)\". www.cracroftspeerage.co.uk. Heraldic Media Limited. Retrieved 22 October 2020. \"Death of the Earl of Oxford\". The Times. 13 October 1790. p.\u00a02."
   },
   {
    "name": "Edward Heylyn",
    "id": "Q5343443",
    "text": "Edward Heylyn (1695 \u2013 April 10, 1765) was a merchant and entrepreneur who was one of the founders of the Bow porcelain factory. The Heylyn family originally came from North Wales. Heylyn was the third son of John Heylyn, a saddler of London who is said to have made a fortune supplying saddles for the Duke of Marlborough\u2019s army, and his wife Susanna Sherman. His brother Dr John Heylyn, known as The Mystic Doctor, was a powerful preacher and prebend of Westminster Abbey. Edward was born in Westminster and took an entrepreneurial role in various businesses in London and Bristol. In October 1718, he became a freeman of the Worshipful Company of Saddlers in London and in 1731 became a freeman of the city of Bristol where he was described as a clothier. His brother's son John was also in business in Bristol. His fortunes fluctuated, rendering him repeatedly bankrupt and avoiding creditors. By 1741 he is said to have become a glass-maker with a glass-house in Bromley, Middlesex. He was one of the nominees on a patent for Bow porcelain manufactory there on 6 December 1744 in partnership with Thomas Frye. Edward could have met Frye through his uncle Thomas Sherman, master of the Saddlers Company, who had obtained commissions for Frye. He may have become involved as a result of his experiments with glass making. A clay known as Unaker was used to begin with at Bow; this is known to have been shipped from North Carolina, where another brother Henry Heylyn had interests Although his name did not appear on subsequent patents he remained involved with the Bow works as his name appears in the insurance papers. He also had a business at Cornhill and a porcelain warehouse at St. James's. It is not clear if he was an agent for Bow or in competition, but these businesses appear to have failed in 1757. Heylyn died at the age of 70 on the Isle of Man, then a haven for people escaping creditors. Heylyn married Jane Slaughter, daughter of Charles Slaughter, a Blackwell Hall factor and had four sons and two daughters. There exists today a Heylyn Square and Wrexham Road nearby in London E3. \u00a0This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain:\u00a0\"Heylyn, John\". Dictionary of National Biography. London: Smith, Elder & Co. 1885\u20131900. Adam Elizabeth and David Rodstone Bow Porcelain \u2013 Faber Faber London Extracts of the diary of John Heylyn Bristol Record Office 33290/16 London Gazette 1738 London Gazette 1744 'Industries: Pottery: Bow porcelain', A History of the County of Middlesex: Volume 2: General; Ashford, East Bedfont with Hatton, Feltham, Hampton with Hampton Wick, Hanworth, Laleham, Littleton (1911), pp. 146-150.Date accessed: 15 January 2012 Isaac Kimber, Edward Kimber The London magazine, or, Gentleman's monthly intelligencer, Volume 26 1757 Frank Hurlbutt Bow Porcelain (1926) G Bell & Sons Ltd Geoffrey Wills \"The Bow China Factory and Edward Heylyn\", Connoisseur 132 (1954), pp.\u00a0100\u2013102."
   },
   {
    "name": "Edward Lyttelton",
    "id": "Q5344244",
    "text": "Edward Lyttelton (23 July 1855 \u2013 26 January 1942) was an English schoolmaster, cleric and sportsman from the Lyttelton family who was headmaster of Eton College from 1905 to 1916. During his early years he played first-class cricket for Cambridge University and Middlesex. Lyttelton was born at Hagley, Worcestershire on 23 July 1855 to George Lyttelton, 4th Baron Lyttelton and his first wife, Mary (n\u00e9e Glynne; 1813\u20131857), sister-in-law of William Gladstone. His was a sporting family, with five of his seven brothers playing first-class cricket: Alfred, Charles, George, Arthur and Robert. Lyttelton was educated at Eton College followed by Trinity College, Cambridge, where he became a member and club librarian of the University Pitt Club. A right-handed middle order batsman, Lyttelton had his best season in 1878 when he amassed 779 runs at 29.96, helping Middlesex to finish as joint Champions. He scored his only first-class hundred that year, an innings of 113 which he made while playing for Middlesex against the touring Australian side, at Lord's. His century stood out as it occurred in the fourth innings, was double the next highest score in the match by either team (56) and was made despite Middlesex being bowled out for just 185. According to Wisden, Lyttelton's last 76 runs came in only 74 minutes. In the same season, Lyttelton took the only wicket of his first-class career, Yorkshire opening batsman George Ulyett, who also batted for England. He dismissed him, caught and bowled, in a match for Cambridge University against Yorkshire. Aside from Cambridge University and Middlesex he also represented the Gentlemen cricket team, I Zingari, Marylebone Cricket Club and the South of England cricket team. Lyttelton's only full football international came in a 7\u20132 defeat by Scotland on 2 March 1878. Another significant achievement in the sport was playing in the 1876 FA Cup Final with the Old Etonians F.C., as a defender, which they lost to the Wanderers on a replay. When picked for England he had been representing Cambridge University. From 1880 to 1882, Lyttelton worked as an assistant master at Wellington College, and then at Eton College. He attended Cuddesdon College in 1883\u20131884 in preparation for his ordination in 1886. In 1888 Lyttelton married Caroline Amy West, daughter of the Very Reverend John West, dean of St Patrick's Cathedral, Dublin. They went on to have two daughters. He was appointed master of Haileybury College in 1890, where he remained until 1905 when he became headmaster of Eton College. There he introduced reforms allowing boys to enter the school without knowledge of Greek, and once there to avoid classics entirely in favour of mathematics, modern languages, science or history. His Christian principles made his position difficult after the outbreak of the First World War, especially following the reception to his sermon at St Margaret's, Westminster, in March 1915, in which he argued that the whole German nation should not be condemned and that any peace settlement should be generous. This led to a public storm of protest, and following a personal spiritual crisis Lyttelton resigned his post in 1916. Lyttelton gave up teaching and in 1917 became curate to the Reverend Richard \"Dick\" Sheppard at St Martin-in-the-Fields, following which he worked as rector of the small parish of Sidestrand in Norfolk from 1918 to 1920. In 1920 he became dean of Whitelands College, Chelsea, a teacher training college for women, acting both as lecturer on the Bible and as chaplain. He retired in 1929. He was appointed to the position of honorary canon at Norwich in 1931\u20131941 and during the last year of his life honorary canon at Lincoln. He died at his home, the Old Palace, Lincoln, on 26 January 1942. \"Lyttelton, Edward\". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (online\u00a0ed.). Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/34656. (Subscription or UK public library membership required.) \"Lyttelton, the Hon. Edward (LTLN874E)\". A Cambridge Alumni Database. University of Cambridge. Fletcher, Walter Morley (2011) [1935]. The University Pitt Club: 1835\u20131935 (First Paperback\u00a0ed.). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp.\u00a084\u201385. ISBN\u00a0978-1-107-60006-5. \"First-class Batting and Fielding in Each Season by Edward Lyttelton\". CricketArchive. \"Middlesex v Australians 1878\". CricketArchive. \"Edward Lyttelton\". Cricinfo. \"Cambridge University v Yorkshire 1878\". CricketArchive. \"First-class Batting and Fielding For Each Team by Edward Lyttelton\". CricketArchive. \"Edward Lyttelton\". England F.C. Archived from the original on 2 December 2008. Edward Lyttelton: An Appreciation (1943) by Lyttelton's brother-in-law, Cyril Alington."
   }
  ]
 },
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  "target_id": "Q985409",
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   {
    "name": "Big Maybelle",
    "id": "Q276609",
    "text": "Mabel Louise Smith (May 1, 1924 \u2013 January 23, 1972), known professionally as Big Maybelle, was an American R&B singer. Her 1956 hit single \"Candy\" received the Grammy Hall of Fame Award in 1999. Born in Jackson, Tennessee, on May 1, 1924, Big Maybelle sang gospel as a child; by her teens, she had switched to rhythm and blues. She began her professional career with Dave Clark's Memphis Band in 1936, and also toured with the all-female International Sweethearts of Rhythm. She then joined Christine Chatman's Orchestra, and made her first recordings with Chatman in 1944, before recording with the Tiny Bradshaw's Orchestra from 1947 to 1950. Her debut solo recordings, recorded as Mabel Smith, were for King Records in 1947, where she was backed by Oran \"Hot Lips\" Page; however, she had little initial success. In 1952, she was signed by Okeh Records, whose record producer Fred Mendelsohn gave her the stage name 'Big Maybelle' because of her loud yet well-toned voice. Her first recording for Okeh, \"Gabbin' Blues\", was a number 3 hit on the Billboard R&B chart, and was followed up by both \"Way Back Home\" and \"My Country Man\" in 1953. In 1955, she recorded the song \"Whole Lotta Shakin' Goin' On\", produced by up-and-coming producer Quincy Jones, a full two years before rockabilly then rock and roll singer Jerry Lee Lewis's version. Lewis credited Smith's version as being the inspiration to make his version much more louder, raunchy and raucous, with a driving beat and a spoken section with a come-on that was considered very risque for the time. More hits followed throughout the 1950s, particularly after signing with Savoy Records later in 1955, including \"Candy\" (1956), one of her biggest sellers. During this time, she also appeared on stage at the Apollo Theater in New York City in 1957, and at the 1958 Newport Jazz Festival she sang \"All Night Long/I Ain't Mad at You\", as seen in Bert Stern's film of the festival, Jazz on a Summer's Day, in which Mahalia Jackson and Dinah Washington also performed. After 1959, she recorded for a variety of labels, but the hits largely dried up. She continued to perform into the early 1960s. Her last hit single was in 1967, a cover of \"96 Tears\" by Question Mark & the Mysterians. Smith died of a diabetic coma on January 23, 1972, in Cleveland, Ohio. She was survived by her only child, Barbara Smith, and five grandchildren. Her final album, Last of Big Maybelle, was released posthumously in 1973. The album The Okeh Sessions, released on the Epic label, won the 1983 W.C. Handy Award for \"Vintage or Reissue Album of the Year (U.S.).\" In 2011, she was inducted to the Blues Hall of Fame. Her version of \"Whole Lotta Shakin' Goin' On\" was included in the soundtrack for Fallout 4 as part of the Diamond City Radio playlist. Biography portal List of R&B musicians List of East Coast blues musicians List of Jump blues musicians New York blues Bill Dahl. \"Big Maybelle | Biography\". AllMusic. Retrieved 2015-08-25. \"GRAMMY Hall Of Fame\". GRAMMY.org. Archived from the original on July 7, 2015. Retrieved 2015-08-25. Russell, Tony (1997). The Blues - From Robert Johnson to Robert Cray. Dubai: Carlton Books Limited. p.\u00a092. ISBN\u00a01-85868-255-X. Santelli, Robert. The Big Book of Blues, Penguin Books, p. 40 (2001) - ISBN\u00a00-14-100145-3 Colin Larkin, ed. (1997). The Virgin Encyclopedia of Popular Music (Concise\u00a0ed.). Virgin Books. p.\u00a0131. ISBN\u00a01-85227-745-9. Nigel Williamson, The Rough Guide To The Blues (2007) - ISBN\u00a01-84353-519-X \"Maybelle\". Home.earthlink.net. Archived from the original on 2010-04-05. Retrieved 2015-08-25. \"Jazz on a Summer's Day (1959)\". IMDb.com. Retrieved 2015-08-25. Larkin, Colin. The Guinness Encyclopedia of Popular Music, Guinness Publishing, page 243, (1992) - ISBN\u00a00-85112-939-0 [1] Archived February 16, 2005, at the Wayback Machine [2] Archived August 22, 2009, at the Wayback Machine Whitburn, Joel (2003). Top Pop Singles 1955-2002 (1st\u00a0ed.). Menomonee Falls, Wisconsin: Record Research Inc. p.\u00a057. ISBN\u00a00-89820-155-1. Whitburn, Joel (1996). Top R&B/Hip-Hop Singles: 1942-1995. Record Research. p.\u00a031. More information Big Maybelle at Find a Grave"
   },
   {
    "name": "Steve Fossett",
    "id": "Q311786",
    "text": "James Stephen Fossett (April 22, 1944 \u2013 September 3, 2007) was an American businessman and a record-setting aviator, sailor, and adventurer. He was the first person to fly solo nonstop around the world in a balloon and in a fixed-wing aircraft. He made his fortune in the financial services industry and held world records for five nonstop circumnavigations of the Earth: as a long-distance solo balloonist, as a sailor, and as a solo flight fixed-wing aircraft pilot. A fellow of the Royal Geographical Society and the Explorers Club, Fossett set more than one hundred records[verification needed] in five different sports, sixty of which still stood at the time of his death. He broke three of the seven absolute world records for fixed-wing aircraft recognized by the F\u00e9d\u00e9ration A\u00e9ronautique Internationale, all in his Virgin Atlantic GlobalFlyer. In 2002, he was awarded the Gold Medal of the Royal Aero Club of the UK, and was inducted into the National Aviation Hall of Fame in 2007. Fossett disappeared on September 3, 2007 while flying a light aircraft over the Great Basin Desert, between Nevada and California. Extensive searches proved unsuccessful, and he was declared legally dead in February of the following year. In September 2008, a hiker found Fossett's identification cards in the Sierra Nevada Mountains, California, leading shortly thereafter to the discovery of the plane's wreckage. Fossett's only known remains, two large bones, were found half a mile (800\u00a0m) from the crash site, probably scattered by wild animals. Fossett was born in Jackson, Tennessee and grew up in Garden Grove, California, where he graduated from Garden Grove High School. Fossett's interest in adventure began early. As a Boy Scout, he grew up climbing the mountains of California, beginning with the San Jacinto Mountains. \"When I was 12 years old I climbed my first mountain, and I just kept going, taking on more diverse and grander projects.\" Fossett said that he did not have a natural gift for athletics or team sports, so he focused on activities that required persistence and endurance. His father, an Eagle Scout, encouraged Fossett to pursue these types of adventures and encouraged him to become involved with the Boy Scouts early. He became an active member of Troop 170 in Orange, California. At age 13, Fossett earned the Boy Scouts' highest rank of Eagle Scout. He was a Vigil Honor member of the Order of the Arrow, the Boy Scouts' honor society, where he served as lodge chief. He also worked as a Ranger at Philmont Scout Ranch in New Mexico during the summer of 1961. Fossett said in 2006 that Scouting was the most important activity of his youth. In college at Stanford University, Fossett was already known as an adventurer; his Sigma Alpha Epsilon fraternity brothers convinced him to swim to Alcatraz and raise a banner that read \"Beat Cal\" on the wall of the prison, closed two years previously. He made the swim, but was thwarted by a security guard when he arrived. While at Stanford, Fossett was a student body officer and served as the president of a few clubs.[which?] In 1966, Fossett graduated from Stanford with a degree in economics. Fossett spent the following summer in Europe climbing mountains and swimming the Dardanelles. In 1968, Fossett received an MBA from the Olin School of Business at Washington University in St. Louis, Missouri, where he was later a longtime member of the Board of Trustees. Fossett's first job out of business school was with IBM; he then served as a consultant for Deloitte and Touche, and later accepted a job with Marshall Field's. Fossett later said, \"For the first five years of my business career, I was distracted by being in computer systems, and then I became interested in financial markets. That's where I thrived.\" Fossett then became a successful commodities salesman in Chicago, first for Merrill Lynch in 1973, where he proved a highly successful producer of commission revenue for himself and that firm. He began working in 1976 for Drexel Burnham, which assigned him one of its memberships on the Chicago Board of Trade and permitted him to market the services of the firm from a phone on the floor of that exchange. In 1980, Fossett began the process that eventually produced his enduring prosperity: renting exchange memberships to would-be floor traders, first on the Chicago Board Options Exchange. After fifteen years of working for other companies, Fossett founded his own firms, Marathon Securities and Lakota Trading, from which he made millions renting exchange memberships. He founded Lakota Trading for that purpose in 1980. In the early 1980s, he founded Marathon Securities and extended that successful formula to memberships on the New York stock exchanges. He earned millions renting floor trading privileges (exchange memberships) to hopeful new floor traders, who also paid clearing fees to Fossett's clearing firms in proportion to the trading activity of those renting the memberships. In 1997, the trading volume of its rented memberships was larger than any other clearing firm on the Chicago exchange. Lakota Trading replicated that same business plan on many exchanges in the United States and also in London. Fossett later used those revenues to finance his adventures. Fossett said, \"As a floor trader, I was very aggressive and worked hard. Those same traits help me in adventure sports.\" Fossett said he did not participate in any of the \"interesting things\" he had done in college during his time in exchange-related activities: \"There was a period of time where I wasn't doing anything except working for a living. I became very frustrated with that and finally made up my mind to start getting back into things.\" He began to take six weeks a year off to spend time on sports and moved to Beaver Creek, Colorado in 1990. Fossett later sold most of his business interests, although he maintained an office in Chicago until 2006. In 1968, Fossett married Peggy Fossett (n\u00e9e Viehland), who was originally from Richmond Heights, Missouri. They had no children. The Fossetts had homes in Beaver Creek, Colorado and Chicago, and a vacation home in Carmel, California. Fossett became well known in the United Kingdom for his friendship with billionaire Richard Branson, whose Virgin Group sponsored some of Fossett's adventures. Steve Fossett was well known for his world records and adventures in balloons, sailboats, gliders, and powered aircraft. He was an aviator of exceptional breadth of experience. He wanted to become the first person to achieve a solo balloon flight around the world (finally succeeding on his sixth attempt, in 2002, becoming the first person to complete an uninterrupted and unrefueled solo circumnavigation of the world in any kind of aircraft). He set, with co-pilot Terry Delore, 10 of the 21 Glider Open records, including the first 2,000\u00a0km Out-and-Return, the first 1,500\u00a0km Triangle and the longest Straight Distance flights. His achievements as a jet pilot in a Cessna Citation X include records for U.S. Transcontinental, Australia Transcontinental, and Round-the-World westbound non-supersonic flights. Prior to Fossett's aviation records, no pilot had held world records in more than one class of aircraft; Fossett held them in four classes. In 2005, Fossett made the first solo, nonstop unrefueled circumnavigation of the world in an airplane, in 67 hours in the Virgin Atlantic GlobalFlyer, a single-engine jet aircraft. In 2006, he again circumnavigated the globe nonstop and unrefueled in 76 hours, 45 minutes in the GlobalFlyer, setting the record for the longest flight by any aircraft in history with a distance of 25,766 statute miles (41,467\u00a0km). He set 91 aviation world records ratified by F\u00e9d\u00e9ration A\u00e9ronautique Internationale, of which 36 stand, plus 23 sailing world records ratified by the World Sailing Speed Record Council. On August 29, 2006, he set the world altitude record for gliders over El Calafate, Argentina at 15,460 metres (50,720\u00a0ft). On February 21, 1995, Fossett landed in Leader, Saskatchewan, Canada, after taking off from South Korea, becoming the first person to make a solo flight across the Pacific Ocean in a balloon. In 2002, he became the first person to fly around the world alone, nonstop in any kind of aircraft. He launched the 10-story high balloon Spirit of Freedom from Northam, Western Australia on June 19, 2002 and returned to Australia on July 3, 2002, subsequently landing in Queensland. Duration and distance of this solo balloon flight was 13 days, 8 hours, 33 minutes (14 days 19 hours 50 minutes to landing), 20,626.48 statute miles (33,195.10\u00a0km). The balloon dragged him along the ground for 20 minutes at the end of the flight. Only the capsule survived the landing; it was taken to the Smithsonian Institution in Washington, D.C., where it was displayed. The control center for the mission was in Brookings Hall at Washington University in St. Louis. Fossett's top speed during the flight was 186 miles per hour (299\u00a0km/h) over the Indian Ocean. The trip set a number of records for ballooning: Fastest (200 miles per hour (320\u00a0km/h), breaking his own previous record of 166 miles per hour (270\u00a0km/h)), Fastest Around the World (13.5 days), Longest Distance Flown Solo in a Balloon (20,482.26 miles (32,963.00\u00a0km)), and 24-Hour Balloon Distance (3,186.80 miles (5,128.66\u00a0km) on July 1). While Fossett had financed five previous tries himself, his successful record-setting flight was sponsored by Bud Light. In the end, Fossett actually made money on all his balloon flights. He bought a contingency insurance policy for $500,000 that would pay him $3 million if he succeeded in the flight. Along with sponsorship, that payout meant that in the end Fossett did not have to spend any of his money other than for initial expenses. Fossett was one of sailing's most prolific distance record holders. Speed sailing was his specialty and from 1993 to 2004 he dominated the record sheets, setting 23 official world records and nine distance race records. He is recognized by the World Sailing Speed Record Council as \"the world's most accomplished speed sailor.\" On the maxi-catamaran Cheyenne (formerly named PlayStation), Fossett twice set the prestigious 24 Hour Record of Sailing. In October 2001, Fossett and his crew set a transatlantic record of 4 days 17 hours, shattering the previous record by 43 hours 35 minutes; an increase in average speed of nearly seven knots. In early 2004, Fossett, as skipper, set the Around the world sailing record of 58 days, 9 hours in Cheyenne with a crew of 13. In 2007, Fossett held the world record for crossing the Pacific Ocean in his 125-foot (38\u00a0m) sailboat, the PlayStation, which he accomplished on his fourth try. Complete Summary of Sailing Records 13 Outright World Records: Round Ireland 44 h 42 min 20 s Sep 1993 Hawaii-Japan 13 d 20 h 9 min July-Aug 1995 Pacific Ocean East to West 16 d 17 h 21 min Aug 1995 Newport-Bermuda 1 d 14 h 35 min 53 s Jan 2000 Miami-New York 2 d 5 h 54 min 42 s May 2001 TransAtlantic 4 d 17 h 28 min 6 s (25.78 kn) Oct 2001 Isle of Wight 2 h 33 min 55 s Nov 2001 Fastnet Course 35 h 17 min 14 s Mar 2002 Plymouth-LaRochelle 16 h 41 min 40 s Apr 2002 TransMed (Marseilles-Carthage) 18 h 46 min 48 s May 2002 Round Britain & Ireland 4 d 16 h 9 min 36 s Oct 2002 TransAt-Discovery Route 9 d 13 h 30 min 18 s Feb 2003 Round the World 58 d 9 h 32 min 45 s Feb-April 2004 2 Singlehanded World Records: Pacific Ocean (Yokohama-SF)-World 20 d 9 h 52 min Aug 1996 Newport-Bermuda-World 40 h 51 min 54 s Jun 1999 9 Race Records: Long Beach-Cabo San Lucas 3 d 2 h 59 min Nov 1995 Swiftsure 14 h 35 min 29 s May 1997 Windjammers (SF-Santa Cruz) 4 h 41 min 2 s Aug 1997 San Diego-Puerto Vallarta 62 h 20 min 11 s Feb 1998 Newport-Ensenada 6 h 46 min 40 s (18.45 kn) Apr 1998 Chicago-Mackinac 18 h 50 min 32 s Jul 1998 Pineapple Cup (Ft Lauderdale-Montego Bay) 2 d 20 h 8 min 5 s Feb 1999 Round St. Martin (Heineken) 2 h 4 min 23 s Mar 2003 Singlehanded Race Record: California-Hawaii(Singlehanded Transpac) - Race 7 d 22 h 38 min July 1998 World Records set but later beaten: Isle of Wight 3 h 35 min 38 s Sep 1994 Round Britain & Ireland 5 d 21 h 5 min 27 s Oct 1994 Transpac 6 d 16 h 7 min 16 s July 1995 Pacific Ocean Record (Crewed) 16 d 17 h 21 min 19 s Aug 1995 24 Hour Record 580.23\u00a0nmi (24.18 kn) Mar 1999 24 Hour Record 687.17\u00a0nmi (28.63 kn) Oct 2001 Cowes-St. Malo 6 h 21 min 54 s Dec 2001 At the time of his death a submarine, DeepFlight Challenger, was under construction to enable Fossett to be the first solo submariner to reach the Challenger Deep. Fossett set the Absolute World Speed Record for airships on October 27, 2004. The new record for fastest flight was accomplished with a Zeppelin NT, at a recorded average speed of 62.2 knots (115.2\u00a0km/h; 71.6\u00a0mph). The previous record was 50.1 knots (92.8\u00a0km/h; 57.7\u00a0mph) set in 2001 in a Virgin airship. In 2006, Fossett was one of only 17 pilots in the world licensed to fly the Zeppelin. Fossett made the first solo nonstop unrefueled fixed-wing aircraft flight around the world between February 28 and March 3, 2005. He took off from Salina, Kansas, where he was assisted by faculty members and students from Kansas State University, and flew eastbound with the prevailing winds, returning to Salina after 67 hours, 1 minute, 10 seconds, without refueling or making intermediate landings. His average speed of 342.2\u00a0mph (550.7\u00a0km/h) was also the absolute world record for \"speed around the world, nonstop and non-refueled.\" His aircraft, the Virgin Atlantic GlobalFlyer, had a carbon fiber reinforced plastic airframe with a single Williams FJ44 turbofan engine. It was designed and built by Burt Rutan and his company, Scaled Composites, for long-distance solo flight. The fuel fraction, the weight of the fuel divided by the weight of the aircraft at take-off, was 83 percent. On February 11, 2006, Fossett set the absolute world record for \"distance without landing\" by flying from the Kennedy Space Center, Florida, around the world eastbound, then upon returning to Florida continuing across the Atlantic a second time to land in Bournemouth, England. The official distance was 25,766 statute miles (41,467\u00a0km) and the duration was 76 hours 45 minutes. The next month, Fossett made a third flight around the world in order to break the absolute record for \"Distance over a closed circuit without landing\" (with takeoff and landing at the same airport). He took off from Salina, Kansas on March 14, 2006 and returned on March 17, 2006 after flying 25,262 statute miles (40,655\u00a0km). There are only seven absolute world records for fixed-wing aircraft recognized by the F\u00e9d\u00e9ration A\u00e9ronautique Internationale and Fossett broke three of them in the Virgin Atlantic GlobalFlyer. All three records were previously held by Dick Rutan and Jeana Yeager from their flight in the Voyager in 1986. Fossett contributed the GlobalFlyer to the Smithsonian Institution's permanent collection. It is on display at the Udvar-Hazy Center of the Smithsonian's National Air and Space Museum. Fossett flew the plane to the Center and taxied the plane to the front door. Fossett set two U.S. transcontinental fixed-wing aircraft records in the same day. On February 5, 2003, Fossett and co-pilot Doug Travis flew his Cessna Citation X jet from San Diego, California to Charleston, South Carolina in 2 hours, 56 minutes, 20 seconds, at an average speed of 726.83\u00a0mph (1,169.72\u00a0km/h) to smash the transcontinental record for non-supersonic jets. He returned to San Diego, then flew the same course as co-pilot for fellow adventurer Joe Ritchie in Ritchie's turboprop Piaggio Avanti. Their time was 3 hours, 51 minutes, 52 seconds, an average speed of 546.44\u00a0mph (879.41\u00a0km/h), which broke the previous turboprop transcontinental record held by Chuck Yeager and Renald Davenport. Fossett also set the east-to-west transcontinental record for non-supersonic fixed-wing aircraft on September 17, 2000. He flew from Jacksonville, Florida to San Diego, California in 3 hours, 29 minutes, at an average speed of 591.96\u00a0mph (952.67\u00a0km/h). On July 2, 2005, Fossett and co-pilot Mark Rebholz recreated the first nonstop crossing of the Atlantic which was made by the British team of John Alcock and Arthur Whitten Brown in June 1919 in a Vickers Vimy biplane. Their flight from St. John's, Newfoundland, Canada to Clifden, County Galway, Ireland in the open cockpit Vickers Vimy replica took 18 hours 25 minutes with 13 hours flown in instrument flight conditions. Because there was no airport in Clifden, Fossett and Rebholz landed on the 8th fairway of the Connemara Golf Links. The team of Steve Fossett and Terry Delore (NZ) set ten official world records in gliders while flying in three major locations: New Zealand, Argentina, and Nevada, United States. An asterisk (*) indicates records subsequently broken by other pilots. 1,000\u00a0km Out-and-Return World Record* 166.46\u00a0km/h (103.43\u00a0mph), December 12, 2002. 750 Kilometer Triangle World Record* 171.29\u00a0km/h (106.43\u00a0mph), July 29, 2003. 1,250 Kilometer Triangle U.S. National Record 143.48\u00a0km/h (89.15\u00a0mph), July 30, 2003. Exceeded world record by 0.01\u00a0km/h. 1,500\u00a0km Out-and-Return World Record* 156.61\u00a0km/h (97.31\u00a0mph), November 14, 2003. Out-and-Return Distance (Declared) World Record* 1,804.7\u00a0km, November 14, 2003. Out and Return Distance (Free) World Record* 2,002.44\u00a0km, November 14, 2003. 500 Kilometer Triangle World Record* 187.12\u00a0km/h (116.27\u00a0mph), November 15, 2003. 1,500 Kilometer Triangle World Record 119.11\u00a0km/h (74.01\u00a0mph), December 13, 2003. Triangle Distance (Declared) World Record* 1,502.6\u00a0km, December 13, 2003. Triangle Distance (Free) World Record* 1,509.7\u00a0km, December 13, 2003. Distance (Free) World Record 2,192.9\u00a0km, December 4, 2004. Fossett and co-pilot Einar Enevoldson flew a glider into the stratosphere on August 29, 2006. The flight set the Absolute Altitude Record for gliders at 15,460 metres (50,720\u00a0ft). Since the glider cockpit was unpressurized, the pilots wore full pressure suits (similar to space suits) so that they would be able to fly to altitudes above 45,000 feet (14,000\u00a0m). Fossett and Enevoldson had made previous attempts in three countries over a period of five years before finally succeeding with this record flight. This endeavor is known as the Perlan Project. As a young adventurer, Fossett was one of the first participants in the Worldloppet, a series of cross country ski marathons around the world. While he had little experience as a skier, he was in the first group of 'citizen athletes' to participate in the series debut in 1979. And in 1980, he became the eighth skier to complete all 10 of the long distance races, earning a Worldloppet medallion. He has also set cross-country skiing records in Colorado, setting an Aspen to Vail record of 59\u00a0h, 53\u00a0min, 30\u00a0s in February 1998, and an Aspen to Eagle record of 12 hr, 29 min in February 2001. Fossett was a lifelong mountain climber and had climbed the highest peaks on six of the seven continents. In the 1980s, he became friends with Patrick Morrow, who was attempting to climb the highest peaks on all seven continents for the \"Seven Summits\" world record, which Morrow achieved in 1985. Fossett accompanied Morrow for his last three peaks, including Vinson Massif in Antarctica, Carstensz Pyramid in Oceania, and Elbrus in Europe. While Fossett went on to climb almost all of the Seven Summits peaks himself, he declined to climb Mount Everest in 1992 due to asthma. He later returned to Antarctica to climb again. Fossett competed in and completed premier endurance sports events, including the 1,165-mile (1,875\u00a0km) Iditarod Trail Sled Dog Race, in which he finished 47th on his second try in 1992 after training for five years. He became the 270th person to swim across the English Channel on his fourth try in September 1985 with a time of 22 hours, 15 minutes. Although Fossett said he was not a good enough swimmer \"to make the varsity swim team\", he found that he could swim for long periods. Fossett competed in the Ironman Triathlon in Hawaii (finishing in 1996 in 15:53:10), the Boston Marathon, and the Leadville Trail 100, a 100-mile (160\u00a0km) Colorado ultramarathon which involves running up to elevations of more than 12,600 feet (3,800\u00a0m) in the Rocky Mountains. Fossett raced cars in the mid-1970s and later returned to the sport in the 1990s. He competed in the 24 hours of Le Mans road race in 1993 and in 1996, along with the Paris to Dakar Rally. Fossett tried six times over seven years for the first solo balloon circumnavigation. His fifth attempt cost him $1.25 million of his own money; his sixth and successful attempt was commercially sponsored. Two of the attempts were launched from Busch Memorial Stadium in St. Louis, Missouri. Washington University in St. Louis served as control center for four of the six flights, including the record-breaking one. In 1998, one of the unsuccessful attempts at the ballooning record ended with a five-mile (8\u00a0km) plummet into the Coral Sea off the coast of Australia that nearly killed Fossett; he waited 72 hours to be rescued, at a cost of $500,000. The first attempt began in the Black Hills of South Dakota and ended outside Hampton, New Brunswick 1,800 miles (2,900\u00a0km) later. The second attempt, launched from Busch Stadium, cost $300,000 and lasted 9,600 miles (15,400\u00a0km) before being downed halfway in a tree in India; the trip set records at the time for duration and distance of flight (with Fossett doubling his own previous record) and was called Solo Spirit after Lindbergh's Spirit of St. Louis. Fossett slept an average of two hours a night for the six-day journey, conducted in below-zero temperatures. After taking too much fuel to cross the Atlantic Ocean and circling Libya for 12 hours while officials decided whether or not to allow him into their airspace, Fossett did not have enough fuel to finish the flight. That year, Fossett flew farther for less money than better-financed expeditions (including one supported by Virgin Galactic founder Richard Branson) in part due to his ability to fly in an unpressurized capsule, a result of his heavy physical training at high altitudes. The Solo Spirit capsule was put on display at the Smithsonian's National Air and Space Museum across from the Apollo 11 command module. Fossett grew up in Garden Grove, California and earned the Eagle Scout award in 1957. He credited his experience in Scouting as a foundation for much of his later success. \"As a Scout, I learned how to set goals and achieve them,\" he once said. \"Being a Scout also taught me leadership at a young age when there are few opportunities to be a leader. Scouting values have remained with me throughout my life, in my business career, and now as I take on new challenges.\" In his later years, he was described as a \"legend\" by fellow Scouts. As a national BSA volunteer, he served as Chairman of the Northern Tier High Adventure Committee, Chairman of the Venturing Committee, member of the Philmont Ranch Committee, and member of the National Advisory Council. He later became a member of the BSA National Executive Board, and in 2007, Fossett succeeded Secretary of Defense Robert Gates as president of the National Eagle Scout Association. Fossett previously had served on the World Scout Committee. Fossett was honored with the Distinguished Eagle Scout Award in 1992. In 1999, he received the Silver Buffalo Award, BSA's highest recognition of service to youth. In 2002, Fossett received aviation's highest award, the Gold Medal of the F\u00e9d\u00e9ration A\u00e9ronautique Internationale (FAI) and in July 2007, he was inducted into the Aviation Hall of Fame. He was presented at the ceremony by Dick Rutan. In 1997, Fossett was inducted into the Balloon and Airship Hall of Fame. In February 2002, Fossett was named America's Rolex Yachtsman of the Year by the American Sailing Association at the New York Yacht Club. He was the oldest recipient of the award in its 41-year history, and the only recipient to fly himself to the ceremony in his own plane. He received the Explorers Medal from the Explorers Club following his solo balloon circumnavigation. He was given the Dipl\u00f4me de Montgolfier by the F\u00e9d\u00e9ration A\u00e9ronautique Internationale in 1996. He received the Harmon Trophy, given annually \"to the world's outstanding aviator and aeronaut\", in 1998 and 2002. He received the Grande M\u00e9daille of the A\u00e9ro-Club de France, and the British Royal Aero Club's Gold Medal in 2002. He received the Order of Magellan and the French Republic's M\u00e9daille de l'A\u00e9ronautique in 2003. The White Knight Two VMS Spirit of Steve Fossett was named in Fossett's honor by his friend Richard Branson in late 2007. Following his disappearance, Peggy Fossett and Dick Rutan accepted the Spread Wings Award on Fossett's behalf at the 2007 Spreading Wings Gala, Wings Over the Rockies Air and Space Museum, Denver, Colorado. In 2010, Fossett was inducted into the International Air & Space Hall of Fame at the San Diego Air & Space Museum. At 8:45\u00a0a.m. on the morning of Monday, September 3, 2007 (Labor Day), Fossett took off in a single-engine Champion 8KCAB Super Decathlon light aircraft from the Flying-M Ranch private airstrip, near Smith Valley, Nevada. When he failed to return, searches were launched about six hours later. There was no signal from the plane's emergency locator transmitter (ELT) designed to be automatically activated in the event of a crash, but it was of an older type notorious for failing to operate after a crash. It was first thought that Fossett may have also been wearing a Breitling Emergency watch with a manually operated ELT that had a range of up to 90 miles (140\u00a0km), but no signal was received from it. On September 13, Fossett's wife, Peggy, issued a statement clarifying that he owned such a watch but was not wearing it when he took off for the Labor Day flight. Flying-M\u00a0Ranch Bodie Hills Yosemite\u00a0National\u00a0Park Crash\u00a0site\u00a0identified\u00a0in\u00a02008 Fossett took off with enough fuel for four to five hours of flight, according to spokesperson Major Cynthia S. Ryan, Public Information Officer with the Civil Air Patrol (CAP). Searchers with CAP were told that Fossett had gone out for a short flight, possibly including the areas of Lucky Boy Pass and Walker Lake. At one point it was suggested that he might have been out scouting for potential sites to conduct a planned land speed run. A Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) spokesperson noted that Fossett apparently did not file a flight plan and was not required to do so. On the second day, Civil Air Patrol aircraft searched but found no trace of wreckage after initiating a complex and expanding search of what later evolved into a nearly 20,000 square miles (52,000\u00a0km2) area of some of the most rugged terrain in North America. On the first day of CAP searching, operations were suspended by mid-day due to high winds, according to Ryan. By the fourth day, the CAP was using fourteen aircraft in the search effort, including one equipped with the ARCHER system that could automatically scan detailed imaging for a given signature of the missing aircraft. By September 10, search crews had found eight previously unidentified crash sites, some of which were decades old. The urgency of what was still regarded as a rescue mission meant that minimal immediate effort was made to identify the aircraft in the uncharted crash sites, although some had speculated that one could have belonged to Charles Clifford Ogle, missing since 1964. About two dozen aircraft were involved in the massive search, operating from the primary search base at Minden, Nevada, with a secondary search base located at Bishop, California. On September 7, Google Inc. helped the search for the aviator through its connections to contractors that provide satellite imagery for its Google Earth software. Branson said he and others were coordinating efforts with Google to see if any of the high-resolution images might include Fossett's aircraft. On September 8, the first of a series of new high-resolution imagery from DigitalGlobe was made available via the Amazon Mechanical Turk beta website so that users could flag potential areas of interest for searching. By September 11, up to 50,000 people had joined the effort, scrutinizing more than 300,000 278-square-foot (26\u00a0m2) squares of the imagery. Peter Cohen of Amazon believed that by September 11, the entire search area had been covered at least once. Amazon's search effort was shut down the week of October 29, without any measurable success. Major Cynthia Ryan later said it had been more of a hindrance than a help. She said that persons purporting to have seen the aircraft on the Mechanical Turk or have special knowledge clogged her email during critical days of the search, and for even months afterward. Many of the ostensible sightings proved to be images of CAP aircraft flying search grids, or simply mistaken artifacts of old images. Psychics flooded the search base in Minden with predictions of where the aviator could be found. Ryan got the majority of these calls personally, often at her home, in the middle of the night. One man from Canada was particularly persistent with daily calls to Ryan, interfering with her press briefings. Ryan asked her Incident Commander to issue a cease and desist order, backed up by the Royal Canadian Mounted Police (RCMP) if necessary. Ryan noted that every message, letter, or phone call was taken seriously, which swamped the USAF specialists assigned the task of reviewing every one of them without regard to apparent plausibility. In retrospect, the crowdsource effort was \"not ready for prime time\", according to Ryan. On September 12, survival experts speculated that Fossett was likely to be dead. On September 17, the Nevada Wing of the Civil Air Patrol said it was suspending all flights in connection with its search operations, but National Guard search flights, private search flights and ground searches continued. The National Transportation Safety Board (NTSB) began a preliminary investigation into the likely crash of the plane that Fossett was flying. The preliminary report stated that Fossett was \"presumed fatally injured and the aircraft substantially damaged\", but was subsequently revised to remove that assumption. Branson made similar public statements. On September 19, 2007, authorities confirmed they would stop actively looking for Fossett in the Nevada Desert, but would keep air crews on standby to fly to possible crash sites. On September 30 it was announced that after further analysis of radar data from the day of his disappearance, ground teams and two aircraft had resumed the search. On October 2, 2007, the Civil Air Patrol announced it had called off its search operation. Ryan later noted that the search was the largest, most complex peacetime search for an individual in U.S. history. In July 2008, Simon Donato's Team Adventure Science searched for a week on the Nevada\u2013California border. On August 23, 2008, almost a year after Fossett disappeared, twenty-eight friends and admirers conducted a foot search based on new information and computer modeling. That search concluded on September 10. On May 1, 2008, the Las Vegas Review-Journal attributed to Nevada State Governor Jim Gibbons' spokesman, Ben Kieckhefer, the Governor's decision to direct the state to charge Steve Fossett's family for the $687,000 expense of the search for Fossett. Kieckhefer later played that early report down, when he told the Tahoe Daily Tribune that Nevada did not intend to demand an involuntary payment from Fossett's widow, but that such a payment would be voluntary: \"We are going to request that they help offset some of these expenses, considering the scope of the search, the overall cost as well as our ongoing budget difficulties.\" Hotelier Barron Hilton, from whose ranch Fossett had departed on the day he went missing, had previously volunteered $200,000 to help pay for the search costs. In his later comments to the Tahoe Daily Tribune, Kieckhefer denied outright that a bill for the family was being prepared. Kieckefer said, \"It will probably be in the form of a letter\", which he indicated would include a financial outline of the steps taken by the state, the associated costs, and a mention of the state's ongoing budget difficulties. Days prior to this announcement, state Emergency Management Director Frank Siracusa noted that \"there is no precedent where government will go after people for costs just because they have money to pay for it. You get lost, and we look for you. It is a service your taxpayer dollars pay for\", although he conceded that legally any decision would rest with Gibbons. At an April 10, 2008 Legislature's Interim Finance Committee hearing, Siracusa indicated that he had hired an independent auditor to review costs incurred by the state in searching for Fossett, but added, \"We are doing an audit but not because we are critical of anybody or suspect something was done wrong\". Chairman Morse Arberry queried Siracusa as to why, since they lacked funds, had the state not billed the Fossett family for its search costs, to which Siracusa did not directly respond. In a later interview with the Las Vegas Review-Journal, Siracusa stated that his comments to the Committee may have given the false impression that he had hired an auditor for the purpose of later challenging the state's financial burden incurred on its behalf by the National Guard during the search operation. Upon interview regarding reports that the state would seek payment, Arberry was recorded as stating that he was glad to hear steps were being taken to try to recoup some of the costs. The Nevada search cost $1.6 million, \"the largest search and rescue effort ever conducted for a person within the U.S.\" Jim Gibbons asked Fossett's estate to shoulder $487,000, but it declined, saying Fossett's wife had already spent $1 million on private searching. On September 29, 2008, a hiker found three crumpled identification cards in the eastern Sierra Nevada in California about 65 miles (100\u00a0km) south (186 degrees) of Fossett's take-off site. The items were confirmed as belonging to Fossett and included an FAA-issued card, his Soaring Society of America membership card and $1,005 in cash. On October 1, late in the day, air search teams spotted wreckage on the ground at an elevation of 10,100 feet (3,100\u00a0m), about 750 yards (690\u00a0m) from where the personal items had been found. Later that evening the teams confirmed identification of the tail number of Fossett's plane. The crash site is located on the western side of a ridge (Volcanic Ridge) whose orientation is northwest/southeast. The site is about 300 feet (91\u00a0m) below the crest of the ridge. The steep terrain was sparsely forested with Ponderosa pines averaging 40 feet (12\u00a0m) to 60 feet (18\u00a0m) tall. Numerous boulders and rock outcrops surrounded by grassy areas covered the ground. The crash site is within the Ansel Adams Wilderness in Madera County, California. Other named places near the site include Minaret Mine (2,000 feet (600\u00a0m) west), Emily Lake (0.7 miles (1.1\u00a0km) northeast), Minaret Lake (1.8 miles (2.9\u00a0km) west-southwest), the Minaret peaks (3 miles (5\u00a0km) west), Devils Postpile National Monument (4.5 miles (7.2\u00a0km) southeast), and the town of Mammoth Lakes (the nearest populated place, 9 miles (14\u00a0km) east-southeast). The site is 10 miles (16\u00a0km) east of Yosemite National Park. Over the next two days, ground searchers found four bone fragments that were about 2 by 1.5 inches (5 by 4\u00a0cm) in size. However, the bones were found to be either not human or too small for DNA tests. On October 29, search teams recovered two large human bones that they suspected might belong to Fossett. These bones were found 0.5 miles (0.80\u00a0km) east of the crash site. Tennis shoes with animal bite marks on them were also recovered. On November 3, California police coroners said that DNA profiling of the two bones by a California Department of Justice forensics laboratory confirmed a match to Fossett's DNA. Madera County Sheriff John Anderson said Fossett would have died on impact in such a crash, and that it was not unusual for animals to drag remains away. On March 5, 2009, the NTSB issued its report and findings. The report states that the plane crashed at an elevation of about 10,000 feet (3,000\u00a0m), 300 feet (90\u00a0m) below the crest of the ridge. The elevation of peaks in the area exceeded 13,000 feet (4,000\u00a0m). However, the density altitude in the area at the time and place of the crash was estimated to be 12,700 feet (3,900\u00a0m). The aircraft, a tandem two-seater, was nearly 30 years old and Fossett had flown approximately 40 hours in this type. The plane's operating manual says that at an altitude of 13,000 feet (4,000\u00a0m) the rate of climb would be 300 feet per minute (about 1.5\u00a0m/s). The NTSB report says that \"a meteorologist from Salinas provided a numerical simulation of the conditions in the accident area using the WRF-ARW (Advanced Research Weather Research and Forecasting) numerical model. At 0930 [the approximate time of the crash] the model displayed downdrafts in that area of approximately 300 feet per minute.\" There was no evidence of equipment failure. The report stated that a postmortem examination of the skeletal fragments had been performed under the auspices of the Madera County Sheriff's Department. The cause of death was determined to be multiple traumatic injuries. The ELT was destroyed by the crash. On July 9, 2009, the NTSB declared the probable cause of the crash as \"the pilot's inadvertent encounter with downdrafts that exceeded the climb capability of the airplane. Contributing to the accident were the downdrafts, high density altitude, and mountainous terrain.\" List of firsts in aviation List of solved missing person cases Notes \"Current Absolute General Aviation World Records\". Records.fai.org. Archived from the original on June 28, 2010. Retrieved July 18, 2010. Wilson, Sam; agencies (June 6, 2007). \"Profile: Steve Fossett\". Daily Telegraph. London. Archived from the original on October 11, 2007. Retrieved September 7, 2007. \"Some remains found in Fossett plane wreckage\". www.cnn.com. 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Retrieved September 7, 2007. \"Rich Roberts Reports\". yachtracing.com. Archived from the original on September 29, 2007. Retrieved September 7, 2007. Fiorino, Frances (September 6, 2007). \"Advanced Recon System Aids Fossett Search\". Aviation Week. Archived from the original on September 27, 2007. Retrieved September 6, 2007. \"Fossett Sets Another World Record\". Eagletter. 32 (2): 11. Fall 2006. \"List of records established by 'Steve FOSSETT (USA)'\". History of Aviation and Space World Records. F\u00e9d\u00e9ration A\u00e9ronautique Internationale. Archived from the original on August 29, 2002. Retrieved June 5, 2009. \"Gliding World Records\". F\u00e9d\u00e9ration A\u00e9ronautique Internationale. March 11, 2008. Archived from the original on March 11, 2008. Retrieved November 2, 2014. Absolute altitude: 15 460 m, Date of flight: 29/08/2006, Pilot: Steve Fossett (USA), Crew: Einar Enevoldson (USA), Course/place: El Calafate (Argentina), Glider: Glaser-Dirks DG-505, Registered 'N577SF' \"Aviation Adventurer Steve Fossett Missing\". CBS News. September 4, 2007. Archived from the original on April 25, 2009. Retrieved March 13, 2010. \"Capsule, Balloon, / Bud Light Spirit of Freedom Capsule\". Collections Database. Washington, DC: Smithsonian National Air and Space Museum. Retrieved October 2, 2008. \"Students, Fossett present capsule to Smithsonian\". The Record. St. Louis, Missouri. Archived from the original on July 5, 2008. Retrieved January 8, 2009. National Aviation Hall of Fame \"Steve Fossett Challenges (archived 5 August 2011)\". stevefossett.com. Archived from the original on August 25, 2011. Website permanently discontinued KGO-TV ABC 7, \"Fossett's secret project was built in Richmond\" Archived November 4, 2013, at the Wayback Machine, October 2, 2008 (accessed March 27, 2012) Fossett sets record for longest nonstop flight February 11, 2006 \"Fossett sets solo flight record\" Archived November 6, 2005, at the Wayback Machine \u2013 BBC News article dated March 3, 2005 \"Fossett makes history\" Archived March 5, 2005, at the Wayback Machine \u2013 CNN.com article dated March 4, 2005 \"Adventurer Steve Fossett No Stranger to Tall Odds\". NPR. Archived from the original on December 24, 2007. Retrieved September 7, 2007. \"National Air and Space Museum to Welcome Steve Fossett's History-Making Airplane for Permanent Display at Steven F. Udvar-Hazy Center\". Press Room. Washington, DC: Smithsonian National Air and Space Museum. May 19, 2006. Archived from the original on April 7, 2009. Retrieved October 2, 2008. Di Freeze (November 2006). \"Steve Fossett: Always \"Scouting for New Adventures\" Part 2\". Airport Journals. US. Archived from the original on July 7, 2011. Retrieved October 2, 2008. I had permission to do a low pass over the airport, and then I came around, landed and taxied up to the door of the museum and gave it to them. \"Gliding World Records: Sub-class DO (Open Class Gliders) Speed over an out-and-return course of 1,000 km\". History of Aviation and Space World Records. F\u00e9d\u00e9ration A\u00e9ronautique Internationale. Archived from the original on September 7, 2002. Retrieved November 16, 2007. \"Gliding World Records: Sub-class DO (Open Class Gliders) Speed over a triangular course of 750 km\". History of Aviation and Space World Records. F\u00e9d\u00e9ration A\u00e9ronautique Internationale. Archived from the original on May 26, 2003. Retrieved November 16, 2007. \"Gliding World Records: Sub-class DO (Open Class Gliders) Speed over a triangular course of 1250 km\". History of Aviation and Space World Records. F\u00e9d\u00e9ration A\u00e9ronautique Internationale. Archived from the original on September 3, 2002. Retrieved November 16, 2007. \"Gliding World Records: Sub-class DO (Open Class Gliders) Speed over an out-and-return course of 1500 km\". History of Aviation and Space World Records. F\u00e9d\u00e9ration A\u00e9ronautique Internationale. Archived from the original on September 7, 2002. Retrieved November 16, 2007. \"Gliding World Records: Sub-class DO (Open Class Gliders) Free out-and-return distance\". History of Aviation and Space World Records. F\u00e9d\u00e9ration A\u00e9ronautique Internationale. Archived from the original on September 7, 2002. Retrieved November 16, 2007. \"Gliding World Records: Sub-class DO (Open Class Gliders) Speed over a triangular course of 500 km\". History of Aviation and Space World Records. F\u00e9d\u00e9ration A\u00e9ronautique Internationale. Archived from the original on September 7, 2002. Retrieved November 16, 2007. \"Gliding World Records: Sub-class DO (Open Class Gliders) Speed over a triangular course of 1500 km\". History of Aviation and Space World Records. F\u00e9d\u00e9ration A\u00e9ronautique Internationale. Archived from the original on November 23, 2004. Retrieved November 16, 2007. \"Gliding World Records: Sub-class DO (Open Class Gliders) Distance over a triangular course\". History of Aviation and Space World Records. F\u00e9d\u00e9ration A\u00e9ronautique Internationale. Archived from the original on September 7, 2002. Retrieved November 16, 2007. \"Gliding World Records: Sub-class DO (Open Class Gliders) Free Distance\". History of Aviation and Space World Records. F\u00e9d\u00e9ration A\u00e9ronautique Internationale. Archived from the original on September 7, 2002. Retrieved November 16, 2007. \"Gliding World Records: Sub-class DO (Open Class Gliders) Absolute altitude\". History of Aviation and Space World Records. F\u00e9d\u00e9ration A\u00e9ronautique Internationale. Archived from the original on February 19, 2005. Retrieved November 16, 2007. \"1996 Ironman Triathlon World Championship\". Archived from the original on September 27, 2007. Retrieved September 7, 2007. \"What did Steve Fossett do for us?\". Knight-Ridder. Archived from the original on October 21, 2012. Retrieved September 8, 2007. \"Steve Fossett Breaks Ballooning World Record\". CBS News. Archived from the original on October 21, 2012. Retrieved September 8, 2007. Branson, Richard (October 10, 2007). \"My Friend, Steve Fossett\". Time. Archived from the original on December 13, 2007. Retrieved December 20, 2007. Nizza, Mike (October 11, 2007). \"The Legend of Steve Fossett Takes Root\". New York Times. Archived from the original on December 12, 2007. Retrieved December 20, 2007. Burack, Ari (October 10, 2007). \"Sir Richard Branson...\" San Francisco Sentinel. Archived from the original on July 9, 2008. Retrieved February 28, 2008. Rocky Mountain News: Missing aviator Steve Fossett honored at Wings Over Rockies by Tillie Fong, November 3, 2007. Retrieved February 16, 2008. Archived October 5, 2008, at the Wayback Machine Sprekelmeyer, Linda, editor. These We Honor: The International Aerospace Hall of Fame. Donning Co. Publishers, 2006. ISBN\u00a0978-1-57864-397-4. (1) Levin, Alan (September 6, 2007). \"Fossett search stresses need for new beacons\". USA Today. Gannett. Archived from the original on September 7, 2007. Retrieved September 8, 2007. The small plane piloted by Fossett, 63, was equipped with an older emergency beacon that is notorious for failing to operate after crashes, according to federal safety officials and the agencies that monitor the emergency beacons. (2) Hildebrand, Kurt (September 4, 2007). \"Searchers looking for world record holder Steve Fossett\". The Record-Courier. Archived from the original on September 14, 2007. Retrieved September 4, 2007. \"Search for Fossett could solve decades-old mysteries\". CNN. September 13, 2007. Archived from the original on October 8, 2007. Retrieved September 13, 2007. Fossett's wife, Peggy, issued a statement Thursday in response to questions about whether her husband was wearing a watch with an emergency transmitter on his flight. She said he owned such a Breitling watch but did not bring it on the trip. \"Aviation record-holder Steve Fossett missing\". CNN. September 4, 2007. Archived from the original on October 12, 2007. Retrieved September 4, 2007. \"Steve Fossett reported missing by US aviation authorities\". The Guardian. September 4, 2007. Fiorino, Frances (September 2007). \"Advanced Recon System Aids Fossett Search\". Aviation Week. McGraw-Hill. Archived from the original on September 27, 2007. Retrieved September 8, 2007. According to CAP, a set of parameters describing the intended target, including its color and shape, is programmed into the ARCHER system. Friess, Steve (September 10, 2007). \"Search for Fossett turns up wrecks of 8 other small planes\". San Francisco Chronicle. Hearst Communications Inc. pp.\u00a0A\u20131. Archived from the original on November 12, 2007. Retrieved September 10, 2007. The search for Fossett across a 17,000-square-mile (44,000\u00a0km2) swath of the Sierra Nevada has revealed the wreckage of eight other small planes\u00a0... Riley, Brendan (September 8, 2007). \"Vast, desolate area hinders Fossett search\". Monterey Herald. Archived from the original on September 11, 2007. Retrieved September 10, 2007. ...another downed plane Friday that was spotted on a hillside about 45 miles (72\u00a0km) southeast of Reno\u00a0... turned out to be an old crash, a plane last registered in Oregon in 1975 Friess, Steve (September 10, 2007). \"Search for Fossett turns up wrecks of 8 other small planes\". San Francisco Chronicle. Archived from the original on September 14, 2007. Retrieved June 24, 2009. ...Little is known about the eight crashes spotted in the past week, because searchers \"put boots on the ground\" only long enough to ascertain they were not Fossett's plane, said Civil Air Patrol spokeswoman Maj. Cynthia Ryan. Gerdner, Tom (September 8, 2007). \"Aviator's Fate Puzzles Search Crews\". Associated Press. Archived from the original on October 19, 2007. Retrieved September 8, 2007. In their quest to find missing aviator Steve Fossett, searchers have come across eight uncharted plane crash wreckage sites. But none of the wrecks shed light on what may have happened to the multimillionaire. 50,000 Volunteers Join Distributed Search For Steve Fossett Archived March 14, 2014, at the Wayback Machine, Wired News, By Steve Friess, September 11, 2007. Friess, Steve (November 6, 2007). \"Online Fossett Searchers Ask, Was It Worth It?\". Wired. Archived from the original on February 16, 2017. Retrieved July 15, 2016. \"Survival experts doubt Fossett is still alive\". CNN. Archived from the original on September 12, 2007. \"Missing \u2013 Steve Fossett\". Check-Six.com. Archived from the original on October 19, 2010. Retrieved July 18, 2010. \"Search for aviator scaled back\". CNN. September 18, 2007. Archived from the original on November 13, 2007. Retrieved February 23, 2015. \"NTSB Preliminary Report \u2013 SEA07FAMS2 \u2013 on the loss of N240R\". Ntsb.gov. Archived from the original on October 12, 2009. Retrieved July 18, 2010. 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Retrieved February 24, 2015. The Civil Air Patrol has called off the search for multimillionaire adventurer Steve Fossett, nearly a month after he took off from a Nevada ranch, the agency announced Tuesday. Billman, Jon (2020). The Cold Vanish: Seeking the Missing in North America's Wildlands. New York / Boston: Grand Central Publishing. pp.\u00a0185\u201392. ISBN\u00a0978-1-5387-4757-5. Riley, Brendan (August 31, 2008). \"New search starts for Steve Fossett\". Reno Gazette Journal. AP. Archived from the original on October 5, 2008. Retrieved September 12, 2008. \"Another Fossett search winding up in Nevada\". St. Louis, Missouri: KSDK TV. September 10, 2008. Retrieved October 14, 2008. \"Governor appoints ben kieckhefer press secretary\" (Press release). Office of the Governor, Nevada State. March 12, 2008. Archived from the original on January 7, 2009. Retrieved May 1, 2008. Vogel, Ed (May 1, 2008). \"MISSING ADVENTURER: Gibbons to bill Fossett widow\". Las Vegas Review-Journal. Archived from the original on May 2, 2008. Retrieved May 2, 2008. Government's cost to hunt for multimillionaire was $687,000 Chereb, Sandra (May 1, 2008). \"Nevada governor to ask Fossett widow for search money\". Associated Press Writer. Tahoe Daily Tribune. Archived from the original on September 28, 2011. Kieckhefer said any assistance from the Fossett family would be voluntary. \"Agendas and Minutes\". Interim Finance Committee (NRS 218.6825). Nevada Legislature. April 10, 2008. Archived from the original on February 21, 2010. Retrieved May 2, 2008. \"Audit critical of Nevada search for Steve Fossett\". Arizona Daily Star. June 26, 2008. Archived from the original on October 5, 2008. Retrieved September 10, 2008. Fagan, Kevin (October 2, 2008). \"Fossett items found near Mammoth Lakes\". SFGate. San Francisco, California: Hearst Communications. Archived from the original on October 5, 2008. Retrieved October 2, 2008. (The cards) both are authentic, and both have been confirmed that they do in fact belong to Steve Fossett The Press Association (October 2, 2008). \"Timeline: Steve Fossett disappearance\". The Guardian. London: Guardian News and Media Limited. Archived from the original on September 3, 2013. Retrieved October 2, 2008. McKinley, Jesse; Friess, Steve (October 2, 2008). \"Remains Are Found at Site of Fossett Plane Crash\". The New York Times. New York City. Retrieved October 4, 2008. (1) \"Remains Found With Wreckage Of Millionaire's Plane\". National. Washington, D.C.: National Public Radio. October 3, 2008. Archived from the original on December 27, 2020. Retrieved December 27, 2020.. (2) Bodenstein, Willie (2000). \"Steve Fossett-Aviation Pioneer\". Pilot's Post. South Africa: Pilot's Post PTY Ltd. Archived from the original on December 27, 2020. Retrieved December 27, 2020. Minarets and Volcanic Ridge on YouTube (5:24 minutes). \"National Transportation Safety Board Report\". Ntsb.gov. SEA07FA277. Archived from the original on July 26, 2021. Retrieved July 26, 2021. Coordinates of crash site: 37\u00b040\u203203\u2033N 119\u00b008\u203200\u2033W\ufeff / \ufeff37.667444\u00b0N 119.133333\u00b0W\ufeff / 37.667444; -119.133333\ufeff (Steve Fossett crash site) (1)\"Bones found near Fossett's plane\". BBC News. October 31, 2008. Archived from the original on November 2, 2008. Retrieved November 2, 2008. (2) \"Adventurer Fossett's plane, human remains found\". Leader-Telegram. Eau Claire, Wisconsin: Leader-Telegram. Associated Press. October 2, 2008. Archived from the original on March 4, 2016. Retrieved November 4, 2008. \"It was a hard-impact crash, and he would've died instantly\", said Jeff Page, emergency management coordinator for Lyon County, Nev., who assisted in the search. (3) Chong, Jia-Rui (October 4, 2008). \"Wreckage of Steve Fossett's plane is airlifted from crash site\". Los Angeles Times. Los Angeles. Archived from the original on October 19, 2008. Retrieved November 12, 2008. \"2 bones found near Fossett crash site\". Chicago Tribune. Associated Press. October 30, 2008. Retrieved December 27, 2020. \"Bones confirm Steve Fossett death\". BBC News. November 3, 2008. Archived from the original on November 8, 2008. Retrieved November 10, 2008. \"DNA links bones near plane crash site to Fossett\". USA Today. Associated Press. November 3, 2008. Retrieved March 27, 2014. \"Factual Report \u2013 Aviation\". National Transportation Safety Board. July 9, 2009. SEA07FA277. Retrieved July 9, 2010. Cite journal requires |journal= (help)[dead link] (1) National Transportation Safety Board (July 9, 2009). \"SEA07FA277: Full Narrative\". Archived from the original on August 6, 2016. Retrieved July 14, 2016. (2) \"Investigators: Strong winds probable cause of Fossett crash\". CNN.com. July 9, 2009. Archived from the original on January 9, 2010. Retrieved April 24, 2010. Further reading Fossett, Steve; Hasley, Will (2006). Chasing the Wind: The Autobiography of Steve Fossett. Virgin Books. ISBN\u00a0978-1-85227-234-0. Timeline: Steve Fossett In pictures: Steve Fossett BBC, Profile: Steve Fossett \"FAI Awards received by Steve FOSSETT (USA)\". F\u00e9d\u00e9ration A\u00e9ronautique Internationale (FAI). Archived from the original on December 2, 2007. Retrieved October 31, 2007. \"List of records established by 'Steve FOSSETT (USA)'\". F\u00e9d\u00e9ration A\u00e9ronautique Internationale (FAI). Archived from the original on June 8, 2011. Retrieved October 31, 2007. Obituary from The Economist, February 21, 2008 New attempts by adventure athletes to search territory previous searches could not cover Weather radar loop for September 3, 2007 around Fresno, California, including the crash site. Aerial Photo of crash site taken 2010/09/25 NTSB Aviation Investigation - 45 Docket Items - SEA07FA277"
   },
   {
    "name": "Thomas Harris",
    "id": "Q313377",
    "text": "William Thomas Harris III (born September 22, 1940) is an American writer, best known for a series of suspense novels about his most famous character, Hannibal Lecter. The majority of his works have been adapted into films and television, the most notable being The Silence of the Lambs, which became only the third film in Academy Awards history to sweep the Oscars in major categories. Harris was born in Jackson, Tennessee, but moved as a child with his family to Rich, Mississippi. He was introverted and bookish in grade school and then blossomed in high school. He attended Baylor University in Waco, Texas, where he majored in English and graduated in 1964. While in college, he worked as a reporter for the local newspaper, the Waco Tribune-Herald, covering the police beat. In 1968, he moved to New York City to work for Associated Press until 1974 when he began work on his debut novel, Black Sunday. Little is known about Harris' personal life as he avoids publicity; he did not give a substantive interview between 1976 and 2019. At Baylor University he met and married Harriet Anne Haley, a fellow student, in June 1961. They had one daughter, Elizabeth Anne, before they divorced in August 1968. Harris was always close to his mother Polly and called her every night no matter where he was. He often discussed particular scenes from his novels with her. Polly died on December 31, 2011. He lives in South Florida and has a summer home in Sag Harbor, New York. His long-term domestic partner is Pace Barnes, a woman who, according to USA Today, \"used to work in publishing and is as outgoing as he is quiet.\" Harris' friend and literary agent Morton Janklow said of him: \"He's one of the good guys. He is big, bearded and wonderfully jovial. If you met him, you would think he was a choirmaster. He loves cooking\u2014he's done the Le Cordon Bleu exams\u2014and it's great fun to sit with him in the kitchen while he prepares a meal and see that he's as happy as a clam. He has these old-fashioned manners, a courtliness you associate with the South.\" In his first major interview in 43 years, to The New York Times in 2019 to promote Cari Mora, he revealed himself to be a nature lover, and a long-time visitor and volunteer of the Pelican Harbor Seabird Station, an animal rescue center in Miami, Florida for 20 years. The staff were not aware of who Harris was until a few years prior to when the interview was conducted. He described fame as \"more of a nuisance than anything else\". Fellow novelist Stephen King remarked that if writing is sometimes tedious for other authors, to Harris it is like \"writhing on the floor in agonies of frustration\", because for Harris, \"the very act of writing is a kind of torment\". Novelist John Dunning said of Harris, \"All he is is a talent of the first rank.\" In 2019, he elaborated on his process, as well as the difficulty, describing it as \"passive [...], sometimes you really have to shove and grunt and sweat. Some days you go to your office and you're the only one who shows up, none of the characters show up, and you sit there by yourself, feeling like an idiot. And some days everybody shows up ready to work. You have to show up at your office every day. If an idea comes by, you want to be there to get it in.\" Black Sunday (1975) Cari Mora (2019) Red Dragon (1981) The Silence of the Lambs (1988) Hannibal (1999) Hannibal Rising (2006) Hannibal Rising (2007; screenplay) Hannibal Lecter (franchise) Texas Birth Index, 1903-1997 [database on-line]. Provo, UT, USA: Ancestry.com Operations Inc, 2005. Conklin 1999 Cowley 2006 p. 45 Laughlin 1999 Tom Tivnan (May 15, 2019). \"How Thomas Harris defined a genre and created fiction's most likeable villain\". Penguin Books Limited. Alexandra Alter (May 18, 2019). \"Hannibal Lecter's Creator Cooks Up Something New (No Fava Beans or Chianti\". The New York Times. Hoban 1991 Streibling 2001 Cowley 2006 p. 45 Bolivar 2012 Minzesheimer 1999 Alter, Alexandra (May 18, 2019). \"Hannibal Lecter's Creator Cooks Up Something New (No Fava Beans or Chianti)\". The New York Times. ISSN\u00a00362-4331. Retrieved June 3, 2019. Dunning 1992 p. 159 \"Cari Mora, by Thomas Harris\". Grand Cenral Publishing. January 9, 2019. Retrieved January 9, 2019. \"Polly Coleman Harris\", The Bolivar Commercial, January 3, 2012, archived from the original on June 22, 2013, retrieved April 30, 2013 Conklin, Mike (April 18, 1999), \"Hannibal is up to his old tricks in 'Silence' sequel\", Lubbock Avalanche Journal Cowley, Jason (November 19, 2006), \"Creator of a Monstrous Hit\", The Observer Dunning, John. Booked to Die. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons, 1992. Hoban, Phoebe (April 15, 1991), \"The Silence of the Writer\", New York: 48\u201350 Laughlin, Meg (August 15, 1999), \"The hunt for Thomas Harris\", Houston Chronicle, archived from the original on August 15, 2013, retrieved April 16, 2012 Minzesheimer, Bob (December 2, 1999), \"Hungry fans eat up 'Hannibal'\", USA Today, retrieved July 22, 2013 Sexton, David. The Strange World of Thomas Harris. London: Short Books, 2001. Streibling, William (2001). \"The Mississippi Writers Page; Thomas Harris\". Retrieved March 29, 2010. Official website Thomas Harris at IMDb"
   },
   {
    "name": "Al Wilson",
    "id": "Q372005",
    "text": "Aldra Kauwa Wilson (born June 21, 1977) is a former American college and professional football player who was a linebacker in the National Football League (NFL) for eight seasons. He played college football for the University of Tennessee, and was recognized as a consensus All-American. Wilson was drafted by the Denver Broncos in the first round of the 1999 NFL Draft, and played his entire professional career for the Broncos. He was a five-time Pro Bowl selection and a two-time All-Pro selection. Wilson was born in Jackson, Tennessee. He was an All-American performer at Jackson Central-Merry High School in Jackson, as named by BlueChip Illustrated, Max Emfinger, SuperPrep, and recruiting analyst Tom Lemming. In addition, he was named to the Tennessee all-state team. Wilson was both a linebacker and running back at Jackson Central-Merry, rushing for 1,160 yards and 15 touchdowns in his senior season. He rushed for over 1,000 yards in three seasons in high school, two as a running back and one as a quarterback. In addition to football, he starred in track and basketball. Wilson attended the University of Tennessee, and played for coach Phillip Fulmer's Tennessee Volunteers football team from 1995 to 1998. He was a team captain on the 1998 Tennessee team that won the National Championship in the Fiesta Bowl over Florida State and back-to-back Southeastern Conference (SEC) championships in the 1997 and 1998 seasons. Wilson was recognized as a consensus first-team All-American in 1998 after being a three-year starter for the Volunteers. Inspired by fellow Tennessean and track aficionado, Chad Deutsch of Memphis, Tennessee, Wilson was a leader both on and off the field, helping to develop linebackers Eric Westmoreland and Raynoch Thompson. Wilson was drafted after his final year at Tennessee as the 31st pick in the first round of the 1999 NFL Draft and signed to the Denver Broncos due to the assistance of super agent Tank Black. Wilson made his NFL debut against the Miami Dolphins. Wilson became the anchor of the Broncos' defense and earned five Pro Bowl selections. He was one of the fastest middle linebackers in the league and was very good in pass coverage. He passed the 100-tackle mark in five consecutive seasons, including 109 tackles (73 of which were solo) in 2004 to rank second on the Broncos. Wilson led the Broncos in tackles for the second consecutive year in 2003 with 128 tackles. On December 3, 2006, Wilson suffered a neck injury during a fake field goal attempt against the Seattle Seahawks during the Sunday Night Football game. He was carted off the field and immediately taken to a hospital, but was cleared by the Denver Broncos to return the following week to help Denver try to make the playoffs. The Denver Broncos signed many free agents during the 2007 offseason, such as running back Travis Henry and quarterback Patrick Ramsey, resulting in some salary cap trouble. The Broncos attempted to trade Wilson to the New York Giants, but Wilson failed his physical and the trade talks died down. Wilson was released by the Denver Broncos on April 13, 2007, due to injuries and salary cap problems. Wilson was cleared to return to resume playing by Los Angeles back specialist Bob Watkins in January 2008. On February 12, he had his first visit of the offseason with the Detroit Lions. He also visited the Cleveland Browns in March, but he rejected their offer for close to the veteran minimum. Wilson officially announced his retirement from professional football on September 10, 2008. After his career with the Denver Broncos ended, Wilson started a career as a Colorado football executive. Wilson became the co-owner of Project FANchise, which puts fans in control of professional teams. In addition, he acquired the Indoor Football League\u2019s Colorado Crush. Shields, Brandon (January 30, 2017). \"REMEMBER: Top signees of recent years\". The Jackson Sun. Retrieved July 30, 2017. \"Al Wilson \u00ab\u00a0Tennessee Sports Hall of Fame\". Tennessee Sports Hall of Fame. Retrieved July 30, 2017. \"Al Wilson College Stats\". Sports Reference. Retrieved July 30, 2017. Griffith, Mike. \"Al Wilson, 1998 Tennessee title team catalyst, leads 5 VFLs inducted to hall of fame\". SEC Country. Retrieved July 30, 2017. \"28th Annual Fiesta Bowl - Fiesta Bowl\". Fiesta Bowl. Archived from the original on April 12, 2019. Retrieved July 30, 2017. Sallee, Barrett. \"Classic SEC Football: Tennessee Tops Auburn in the 1997 SEC Championship Game\". Bleacher Report. Retrieved July 30, 2017. \"Tennessee vs. Miss. State - SEC Championship 1998 Season\". Smokey's Trail. Retrieved July 30, 2017. Griffith, Mike. \"Former Tennessee championship LB Eric Westmoreland applauds Butch Jones' 7-on-7 movement\". SEC Country. Retrieved July 30, 2017. \"Vols For Life\". Vols For Life. Retrieved July 30, 2017. \"Al Wilson 1999 Game Log\". Pro-Football-Reference.com. Retrieved July 30, 2017. \"Al Wilson Career Game Log\". Pro-Football-Reference.com. Retrieved July 30, 2017. \"2004 Denver Broncos Statistics & Players\". Pro-Football-Reference.com. Retrieved July 30, 2017. \"2003 Denver Broncos Statistics & Players\". Pro-Football-Reference.com. Retrieved July 30, 2017. \"Wilson's injury shakes team\". The Denver Post. December 3, 2006. Retrieved July 30, 2017. Corbett, Jim. \"Henry eyes trophies in Denver's backfield\". USA Today. Retrieved July 30, 2017. \"Broncos sign new backup QB, release former No. 1 pick Courtney Brown\". USA Today. Retrieved July 30, 2017. \"Neck injury halts Wilson\". April 13, 2007. Zaroo, Phillip (February 12, 2008). \"Report: LB Al Wilson to visit Lions\". Advance Publications. Retrieved July 30, 2017. \"Cleveland Browns checking out LB Al Wilson\" (PDF). Watkins Spine. Archived from the original (PDF) on August 16, 2016. Retrieved July 30, 2017. \"Former Broncos LB Wilson announces retirement\". ESPN.com. September 10, 2008. \"Al Wilson Stats\". ESPN. ESPN Internet Ventures. Retrieved June 19, 2014. Jhabvala, Nikki (October 22, 2016). \"Jhabvala: In new role with new team, Al Wilson is a part of Colorado football again\". The Denver Post. Retrieved July 30, 2017. Denver Broncos bio"
   },
   {
    "name": "Isaac Tigrett",
    "id": "Q441858",
    "text": "Isaac Burton Tigrett (born November 28, 1948, Jackson, Tennessee) is an American businessman, best known as the co-founder of Hard Rock Caf\u00e9 and House of Blues. Isaac Tigrett belonged to a well-to-do business family and was raised in Jackson, Tennessee until the age of fifteen. He was a boarding student at McCallie School in Chattanooga, Tennessee, but was expelled. He then enrolled at Baylor School in Chattanooga, from where he graduated. He is an alumnus of Centre College, which later gave him an honorary degree (in 1997) for promoting African American culture and racial harmony. On June 14, 1971 he and Peter Morton started the first Hard Rock Caf\u00e9 (HRC) restaurant in London's fashionable Mayfair district. The restaurant combined rock music, memorabilia related to rock 'n' roll and American cuisine. The cafe-music-museum concept became very popular and soon the restaurant opened units in different parts of the globe. HRC was the first theme restaurant chain in the world.[citation needed] Tigrett bought Morton out, and took on the original Cafe in London along with rights to the name in most of the world including the U.S. states East of the Mississippi; Morton had rights to the name in states West of the Mississippi and in Israel, Colombia and Australia. Eventually both sold their interests in HRC to the Rank Organisation. In 1992, Tigrett started the House of Blues (HOB) with partner Dan Aykroyd. Harvard University was an initial investor in the business and a prototype was opened in Cambridge, Massachusetts. Soon after Disney and Andrew Filipowski invested in the venture. Differences of opinion between Tigrett and the other HOB board members over operations resulted in Tigrett leaving the venture in 1998.[citation needed] In the late 1990s, Tigrett launched The Spirit Channel, an enterprise offering services related to spirituality and health through the Internet, traditional media and physical locations. The venture failed to take off. In 2004, Tigrett launched yet another new venture, the Bozo Project, focusing on the restaurant business.[citation needed] Tigrett was influenced by his guru, Sathya Sai Baba. In the BBC documentary The Secret Swami, Tigrett stated that he believed that there was truth to the rumors of Sai Baba's actions [of pedophilia and sexual abuse towards some of his young male followers]. He also stated that such behavior would not change his belief in Sai Baba. HOB was sold to Live Nation in 2006. In 1989, Tigrett married Maureen Cox Starkey, the ex-wife of Beatle drummer Ringo Starr. She died of leukemia in 1994. Their daughter, Augusta King Tigrett, was born January 4, 1987 in Dallas, Texas.[citation needed] Buncombe, Andrew \"Hard Rock Cafe: The tribe that bought a billion dollar business\", The Independent, December 12, 2006 The Secret Swami Transcript, BBC, June 17, 2004 Personal page Personal Page of Isaac Tigrett Official Bio Souljourns - A Talk Given By Isaac Tigrett On Sathya Sai Baba"
   },
   {
    "name": "Ed \"Too Tall\" Jones",
    "id": "Q453770",
    "text": "Edward Lee Jones (born February 23, 1951), commonly known as Ed \"Too Tall\" Jones due to his height, is a retired American football player who played 15 seasons (1974\u20131978, 1980\u20131989) in the National Football League (NFL) for the Dallas Cowboys. In 1979, he briefly left football to attempt a career in professional boxing. Jones was born in Jackson, Tennessee. He attended Jackson Central Merry High School where he played baseball and basketball. He only played three football games, because his high school did not support the sport until his senior year. His basketball skills earned him All-America honors and scholarship offers from several Division I (NCAA) programs. He also had offers from Major League Baseball teams to play first base in their farm systems. As a senior, he fought a Golden Gloves boxing match, recording a knockout of his opponent in less than a minute. He stopped shortly after that, when his basketball coach read an article about the fight, and made him choose between basketball and boxing. He signed with Tennessee State University to play basketball, but left the team after two seasons, to concentrate on playing football under head coach John Merritt. The 6\u00a0ft 9\u00a0in (2.06\u00a0m) Jones received his famous nickname during his first football practice, after a teammate mentioned that his pants did not fit, because he was \u201ctoo tall to play football\". In his new sport, he became a two-time All-American defensive lineman, playing on a team that lost only two games, en route to winning the black college football national championship in 1971 and 1973. Jones ranks third in school history in sacks in a season (12) and fifth in career sacks (38). In 1999, he was voted to the 50th Anniversary Senior Bowl All-Time Team. He was inducted into the Black College Football Hall of Fame in 2013. In the 1974 NFL Draft, for the first time in their history, the Dallas Cowboys had the first overall draft choice. The No. 1 selection was acquired from the Houston Oilers in exchange for Tody Smith and Billy Parks. The Cowboys ended up drafting Jones, making him the first football player from a historically black college to go that high in the NFL draft. He became a starter at left defensive end during his second season in 1975 and by 1977 he had helped the Cowboys win Super Bowl XII. After playing five years for the Cowboys from 1974 through 1978, Jones at 28 years old and in the prime of his athletic career, left football to attempt a professional boxing career. A former Golden Gloves fighter in Tennessee, Jones would fight six professional bouts as a heavyweight, with a perfect 6\u20130 record and five knockouts. Due to his high profile as a football player, all of Jones' fights were televised nationally, by CBS. His pro boxing debut, held in Las Cruces, New Mexico, on November 3, 1979, was controversial. Despite giving away over fifty pounds, opponent Abraham Yaqui Meneses dropped Jones with a left hook in the sixth and final round, then hit him again (illegally) when Jones was down. Jones' cornerman then entered the ring (also illegally) and attempted to revive his fighter with an ammonia bottle. Referee Buddy Basilico reasoned that since both fighters had broken the rules, he would punish neither of them, and let the fight go on. Jones survived the round and was awarded a narrow majority decision, causing the pro-Meneses crowd to boo loudly. The Meneses bout was the only one of Jones' fights he would not win by knockout. But his other five opponents were journeymen at best, with the arguable exception of Mexican heavyweight champ Fernando Montes, whom Jones knocked out in just 44 seconds on November 24, 1979. After his last ring appearance on January 26, 1980, Jones announced he would return to play for the Dallas Cowboys. In a 2016 interview, Jones called boxing his favorite sport and said that fighting \"was probably the best decision [he] ever made,\" because his boxing training regimen made him a better football player. He returned to play for the 1980 season, replacing John Dutton at defensive end and performing better than his first stint with the team. Jones earned All-Pro and Pro Bowl honors three times from 1981 to 1983. He retired at the end of the 1989 season, having never missed a game, playing the most games by any Cowboys player (232) and being tied with Mark Tuinei and Bill Bates for most seasons (15). (Jason Witten has since broken his record for games played while L.P. Ladouceur has broken his record for most seasons played). Jones was one of the most dominant defensive players of his era, playing in 16 playoff games and three Super Bowls. He was part of three NFC championship teams and the Super Bowl XII champion. His success batting down passes convinced the NFL to keep track of it as an official stat. The NFL did not start recognizing quarterback sacks as an official stat until 1982; although the Cowboys have their own records, dating back before the 1982 season. According to the Cowboys' stats, Jones is unofficially credited with a total of 106 quarterback sacks (third most in team history) and officially with 57.5. He is the fifth leading tackler in franchise history with 1,032. In 1985, he achieved a career high of 13 sacks. Jones was a guest referee at the World Wrestling Federation's WrestleMania 2 pay-per-view in 1986. He refereed from outside of the ring during the 20-man battle royale which included American football stars of the day. Jones starred in a GEICO commercial that initially aired in late 2009. The commercial rhetorically asks if Jones is indeed \"too tall,\" then confirms it by showing a nurse attempting to measure his height, but breaking the medical scale's height rod when it doesn't reach high enough. The nurse then mutters, \"I'm just going to guesstimate.\" NFL.com, \"Too Tall Jones, DE\". Nfl.com (2012-12-31). Retrieved on 2013-07-13. EdTooTallJones.com, \"Ed 'Too Tall' Jones, Bio\" Archived 2012-01-12 at the Wayback Machine. Edtootalljones.com. Retrieved on 2013-07-13. Ed (Too Tall) Jones is a great athlete who has many achievements \u2013 05.04.81 \u2013 SI Vault. Sportsillustrated.cnn.com (1981-05-04). Retrieved on 2013-07-13. \"Twenty-six of the greatest names in NFL history make the elite club chosen by fans as part of the game's 50th Game Celebration\". Archived from the original on July 10, 2009. Retrieved 2013-07-13.CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (link). seniorbowl.com \"All Inductees\". BlackCollegeFootballHOF.org. Retrieved February 25, 2021. \"Ed Jones\". boxrec.com. Archived from the original on 2012-10-10. Retrieved 2009-09-02. \"Ed (Too Tall) Jones vs. Abraham Yaqui Meneses\". boxrec.com. \"Ed \"Too Tall\" Jones: Boxing Was 'Best Decision'\". NESN. February 5, 2016 \u2013 via YouTube. [1][dead link] \"Cowboys Top 50 List: No. 26 Ed Too Tall Jones\". Archived from the original on July 20, 2009. Retrieved 2009-07-20.. dallascowboys.com (June 18, 2009) Geico 'Too Tall' Jones on YouTube. Retrieved on 2013-07-13. Official website Boxing record for Ed Jones from BoxRec"
   },
   {
    "name": "Sonny Boy Williamson I",
    "id": "Q918571",
    "text": "John Lee Curtis \"Sonny Boy\" Williamson (March 30, 1914 \u2013 June 1, 1948) was an American blues harmonica player, singer and songwriter. He is often regarded as the pioneer of the blues harp as a solo instrument. He played on hundreds of recordings by many pre\u2013World War II blues artists. Under his own name, he was one of the most recorded blues musicians of the 1930s and 1940s and is closely associated with Chicago producer Lester Melrose and Bluebird Records. His popular songs, original or adapted, include \"Good Morning, School Girl\", \"Sugar Mama\", \"Early in the Morning\", and \"Stop Breaking Down\". Williamson's harmonica style was a great influence on postwar performers. Later in his career, he was a mentor to many up-and-coming blues musicians who moved to Chicago, including Muddy Waters. In an attempt to capitalize on Williamson's fame, Aleck \"Rice\" Miller began recording and performing as Sonny Boy Williamson in the early 1940s, and later, to distinguish the two, John Lee Williamson came to be known as Sonny Boy Williamson I or \"the original Sonny Boy\". Williamson was born in Madison County, Tennessee, near Jackson, in 1914. His original recordings are in the country blues style, but he soon demonstrated skill at making the harmonica a lead instrument for the blues and popularized it for the first time in a more urban blues setting. He has been called \"the father of modern blues harp\". While in his teens he joined Yank Rachell and Sleepy John Estes, playing with them in Tennessee and Arkansas. In 1934 he settled in Chicago. Williamson first recorded in 1937, for Bluebird Records, and his first recording, \"Good Morning, School Girl\", became a standard. He was popular among black audiences throughout the southern United States and in Midwestern industrial cities, such as Detroit and Chicago, and his name was synonymous with the blues harmonica for the next decade. Other well-known recordings of his include \"Sugar Mama Blues\", \"Shake the Boogie\", \"You Better Cut That Out\", \"Sloppy Drunk\", \"Early in the Morning\", \"Stop Breaking Down\", and \"Hoodoo Hoodoo\" (also known as \"Hoodoo Man Blues\"). In 1947, \"Shake the Boogie\" made number 4 on Billboard's Race Records chart. Williamson's style influenced many blues harmonica performers, including Billy Boy Arnold, Junior Wells, Sonny Terry, Little Walter, and Snooky Pryor. He was the most widely heard and influential blues harmonica player of his generation. His music was also influential on many of his non-harmonica-playing contemporaries and successors, including Muddy Waters (who played guitar with Williamson in the mid-1940s) and Jimmy Rogers (whose first recording in 1946 was as a harmonica player, performing an uncanny imitation of Williamson's style). These and other artists, both blues and rock, have helped popularize his songs through subsequent recordings. Williamson recorded prolifically both as a bandleader and as a sideman over the course of his career, mainly for Bluebird. Before Bluebird moved to Chicago, where it eventually became part of RCA Records, many early sessions took place at the Leland Tower, a hotel in Aurora, Illinois. The top-floor nightclub at the Leland, known as the Sky Club, was used for live broadcasts of big bands on a local radio station and, during off hours, served as a recording studio for Williamson's early sessions and those of other Bluebird artists. Williamson's final recording session took place in Chicago in December 1947, in which he accompanied Big Joe Williams. On June 1, 1948, Williamson was killed in a robbery on Chicago's South Side as he walked home from a performance at the Plantation Club, at 31st St. and Giles Avenue, a tavern just a block and a half from his home, at 3226 S. Giles. Williamson's final words are reported to have been \"Lord have mercy\". Williamson is buried at the former site of the Blairs Chapel Church, southwest of Jackson, Tennessee. In 1991, a red granite marker was purchased by fans and family to mark the site of his burial. A Tennessee historical marker, also placed in 1991, indicates the place of his birth and describes his influence on blues music. His legacy has been somewhat overshadowed in the postwar blues era by the popularity of the musician who appropriated his name, Rice Miller. The recordings made by Williamson between 1937 and his death in 1948 and those made later by Rice Miller were all originally issued under the name Sonny Boy Williamson. It is believed that Miller adopted the name to deceive audiences (and his first record label) into thinking that he was the \"original\" Sonny Boy. In order to differentiate between the two musicians, many later scholars and biographers have referred to John Lee Williamson (1914\u20131948) as Sonny Boy Williamson I and Miller (c. 1912\u20131965) as Sonny Boy Williamson II. To add to the confusion, around 1940 the jazz pianist and singer Enoch Williams recorded for Decca under the name Sonny Boy Williams and in 1947 as Sunny Boy in the Sunny Boy Trio. Williamson's recordings were issued on 78 rpm records by Bluebird Records (a subsidiary of RCA Victor Records) or, after the label was discontinued, RCA Victor. Over the years, RCA has released several compilations of Williamson's material, including: Big Bill & Sonny Boy (Side 2 only) (RCA, 1964) Bluebird Blues (RCA, 1970) Rare Sonny Boy (1937-1947) (RCA, 1988) RCA Blues & Heritage Series: The Bluebird Recordings, 1937-1938 (RCA, 1997) RCA Blues & Heritage Series: The Bluebird Recordings, 1938 (RCA, 1997) When The Sun Goes Down: The Secret History of Rock & Roll, Vol. 8: Bluebird Blues (RCA Victor, 2003) Specialty labels, such as JSP Records, Saga, Indigo, Snapper, and others, have also released compilations. In 1991, Document Records issued Williamson's Complete Recorded Works In Chronological Order as five CDs. Colin Larkin, ed. (1995). The Guinness Who's Who of Blues (Second\u00a0ed.). Guinness Publishing. p.\u00a0382. ISBN\u00a00-85112-673-1. Doc Rock. \"The 1960s Lester Melrose\". The Dead Rock Stars Club. Retrieved 2015-10-05. Mandel, Howard, ed. (2005). The Billboard Illustrated Encyclopedia of Jazz & Blues. Billboard Books. pp.\u00a091, 107. ISBN\u00a00-8230-8266-0. Green, Jonathon (2002). Famous Last Words. Kyle Cathie. ISBN\u00a0978-1856264655. Barry, Sam (2009). How to Play the Harmonica; and Other Life Lessons. Gibbs Smith. p.\u00a089. ISBN\u00a0978-1423605706. Retrieved 2015-10-07. McHugh, Rich (2009). The Rough Guide to Chicago (3rd\u00a0ed.). Rough Guides. p.\u00a0267. ISBN\u00a09781848360709. Retrieved 2015-10-07. Inaba, Mitsutoshi (2016-09-23). John Lee 'Sonny Boy' Williamson: The Blues Harmonica of Chicago's Bronzeville. Rowman & Littlefield. p.\u00a0106. ISBN\u00a09781442254435. Retrieved 2016-10-04. Sonny Boy Williamson I discography at Discogs Blues Foundation Hall of Fame Sonny Boy Williamson gravesite and historical marker Sonny Boy Williamson I at Find a Grave"
   },
   {
    "name": "Sonja Henning",
    "id": "Q946508",
    "text": "Sonja L. Henning (born October 4, 1969) is an American attorney and former collegiate and professional women's basketball player. Born in Jackson, Tennessee, she grew up in Racine, Wisconsin, where she attended Horlick High School. She attended Stanford University and played for its women's basketball team from 1987 to 1991. She helped the Cardinal win the 1990 NCAA Women's Division I Basketball Championship game, defeating Auburn University. The following year, Henning was named Pac-10 Player of the Year and a Kodak All-American in her senior season. An economics major, Henning graduated from Stanford in 1991 with a Bachelor of Arts degree. After graduation, there were few opportunities for women to play professional basketball in the United States at the time, so Henning started her professional career playing in a women's professional basketball team in Uppsala, Sweden in 1992. Henning was a member of the USA Women's U18 team which won the gold medal at the FIBA Americas Championship in Sao Paulo, Brazil. The event was known as the Junior World Championship Qualifying Tournament at the time. The event was held in August 1988, when the USA team defeated the host team Brazil by a score of 70\u201368 to win the championship. Henning sank two free throws with under one second remaining in the game to win the final game and the gold medal. Henning represented the US at the World Championships held in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia in July 1990. The team won all eight games, earning the gold medal. Henning scored 2.0 points per game. Henning also played with the USA team at the 1991 Pan American Games. The team finished with a record of 4\u20132, but managed to win the bronze medal. The USA team lost a three-point game to Brazil, then responded with wins over Argentina and Cuba, earning a spot in the medal round. The next game was a rematch against Cuba, and this time the team from Cuba won a five-point game. The USA beat Canada easily to win the bronze. Gordon averaged 3 points per game. After playing one season in Sweden, she enrolled in Duke University Law School in 1993 where she obtained a Juris Doctor in 1995. Shortly after graduating from Duke, Henning starting working as an attorney specializing in labor and employment law for the Littler Mendelson law firm in Los Angeles, California. In 1996, the American Basketball League (ABL) was formed, and Henning tried out for a playing spot on a team in the new league. Henning was eventually drafted by the San Jose Lasers, a team which also featured former Stanford players Jennifer Azzi, Anita Kaplan, and Val Whiting. She played for the Lasers for two seasons, then joined the Portland Power until financial difficulties led to the ABL's demise in 1998. Henning joined the Women's National Basketball Association (WNBA) after being selected in the second round (24th overall pick) by the Houston Comets during its 1999 WNBA Draft and helped the Comets to its third straight WNBA championship season. During that same year, she also served as the president of the WNBA Players Union. In 2000, the WNBA held an expansion draft for current players to join newly formed teams. Henning was selected by the Seattle Storm and played with the team from 2000 to part of the 2002 season until she was traded back to the Comets. After the 2002 season ended, she became a free agent, and signed a contract with the Washington Mystics on May 5, 2003, but was waived by the team three weeks later. In June 2003, Henning signed a contract with the Indiana Fever and played for them during that season. Henning served as president of the Women's National Basketball Players Association from 2001 to 2003. She retired from the WNBA in 2004. After serving two years as general counsel for Lucy.com, a startup Internet company that sells women's sporting apparel, Henning joined the law firm Tonkon Torp LLP, in Portland, Oregon. She is currently[when?] an attorney specializing in labor and employment litigation matters. Sonja left Tonkon Torp and took a position with Nike in Beaverton in a marketing role. Henning[when?] currently serves on the board of directors for the Urban League of Portland. In May 2005, Henning was elected to a seat on the Portland School Board with more than 70 percent of the vote.[citation needed] WNBA Career Totals WNBA Career Averages WNBA Career Playoff Totals WNBA Career Playoff Averages \"First Women's Junior World Championship Qualifying Team -- 1988\". USA Basketball. June 10, 2010. Archived from the original on 7 September 2015. Retrieved 20 October 2015. \"Eleventh World Championship -- 1990\". USA Basketball. June 10, 2010. Archived from the original on 20 October 2015. Retrieved 19 October 2015. \"Eleventh Pan American Games -- 1991\". USA Basketball. Feb 20, 2014. Archived from the original on 7 September 2015. Retrieved 15 October 2015. Tonkon Torp LLP biography WNBA player profile 2004 Stanford Magazine article: Whatever Happened To...Sonja Henning 2003 Indiana Fever article"
   },
   {
    "name": "Luther Ingram",
    "id": "Q1075770",
    "text": "Luther Thomas Ingram (November 30, 1937 \u2013 March 19, 2007) was an American R&B and soul singer-songwriter. His most successful record, \"(If Loving You Is Wrong) I Don't Want to Be Right\", reached No. 1 on the Billboard R&B chart and No. 3 on the Hot 100 in 1972. Luther Thomas Ingram was born in Jackson, Tennessee on November 30, 1937. His family moved to Alton, Illinois in 1947. Ingram's early interest in music led to formation of a gospel group, the Alton Crusaders, which included his brothers Archie and Richard. They eventually began singing doo-wop, and accompanied by bandleader Ike Turner, they recorded as the Gardenias for Federal Records in 1956. In 1965, Ingram recorded his first solo record. His first three recordings failed to chart but that changed when he signed for KoKo Records in the late 1960s, and his first hit \"My Honey And Me\" peaked at #55 on the Billboard Hot 100 on 14 February 1970. Many of his songs appeared in the pop and R&B charts, even though Koko was only a small label, owned by his manager and record producer, Johnny Baylor. Koko and Baylor were closely associated with the Memphis based Stax Records label during the height of its commercial success. Ingram is best known for the hit, \"(If Loving You Is Wrong) I Don't Want to Be Right\", written by Homer Banks, Carl Hampton and Raymond Jackson. The song reached number one on Billboard 's R&B chart and peaked at number three on that publication's Hot 100 chart in the summer of 1972. The track stayed in the Hot 100 for 18 weeks, ultimately selling a reported four million copies. The song was later successfully covered by Millie Jackson, David Ruffin, and Barbara Mandrell; it has also been recorded by Bobby \"Blue\" Bland, Rod Stewart and Isaac Hayes. Other popular tracks for Ingram included \"Ain't That Loving You (For More Reasons Than One)\", \"Let's Steal Away to the Hideaway\" and \"I'll Be Your Shelter (In Time of Storm)\". He also co-authored \"Respect Yourself\", a million seller for the Staple Singers, on the Stax label, in 1971. The acetate demo version of Ingram's, \"Exus Trek\" (an instrumental backing-track released 1966 as the B-side of HIB Records #698), became a sought after Northern soul track. With the Stax connections, Ingram recorded at the Memphis label's studios, as well as other southern-based studios such as Muscle Shoals. Ingram was opening act for Isaac Hayes for some years, and often used Hayes' Movement band and female backing group for his 1970s recordings. He recorded into the 1980s, and whilst only managing lower R&B chart hits. He performed in concert until his health began declining in the mid-1990s. Ingram died on March 19, 2007, at a Belleville, Illinois, hospital of heart failure. According to his wife Jacqui Ingram, he had suffered for years from diabetes, kidney disease and partial blindness. He was funeralized at St. Augustine of Hippo Catholic Church in East St. Louis, Illinois and buried at Mount Carmel Catholic Cemetery in Belleville. 1972: I've Been Here All The Time (KoKo) 1972: (If Loving You Is Wrong) I Don't Want To Be Right (KoKo) 1976: Let's Steal Away To The Hideaway (KoKo) 1977: Do You Love Somebody (KoKo) 1986: Luther Ingram (Profile) [1][dead link] Colin Larkin, ed. (1997). The Virgin Encyclopedia of Popular Music (Concise\u00a0ed.). Virgin Books. pp.\u00a0643/4. ISBN\u00a01-85227-745-9. \"Luther Ingram, 69; R&B; singer, songwriter recorded hit track 'If Loving You Is Wrong'\". The Los Angeles Times. March 21, 2007. Greensmith, Bill; Camarigg, Mark; Rowe, Mike (2015). Blues Unlimited: Essential Interviews from the Original Blues Magazine. University of Illinois Press. p.\u00a0259. ISBN\u00a0978-0-252-09750-8. Murrells, Joseph (1978). The Book of Golden Discs (2nd\u00a0ed.). London: Barrie and Jenkins Ltd. p.\u00a0314. ISBN\u00a00-214-20512-6. Maconie, Stuart (2004). Cider With Roadies (1st\u00a0ed.). London: Random House. p.\u00a069. ISBN\u00a00-09-189115-9. Whitburn, Joel (2003). Top Pop Singles 1955-2002 (1st\u00a0ed.). Menomonee Falls, Wisconsin: Record Research Inc. p.\u00a0336. ISBN\u00a00-89820-155-1. Whitburn, Joel (1996). Top R&B/Hip-Hop Singles: 1942-1995. Record Research. p.\u00a0208. Official website Luther Ingram on AllMusic Obituary, The Independent, 7 April 2007 The complete Luther Ingram discography at Soul Express Luther Ingram at Find a Grave"
   },
   {
    "name": "Ed Bryant",
    "id": "Q1282293",
    "text": "Edward Glenn Bryant (born September 7, 1948) is an American politician who is a former Republican member of the United States House of Representatives from Tennessee (1995\u20132003). From 1991\u20131993, he served as the United States Attorney for the Western District of Tennessee. On December 12, 2008, Bryant was sworn in as a U.S. Magistrate Judge for the Western District of Tennessee. He retired from this position on February 28, 2019. Ed Bryant was born and raised in Jackson, Tennessee. His mother was a registered nurse, while his father was an electrician. Bryant attended Tennessee Technological University for a year before transferring to the University of Mississippi, where he received both his B.A. in 1970 and J.D. in 1972. As a student, he was active in the Sigma Nu fraternity. Bryant was also selected to the national leadership organization of Omicron Delta Kappa. He received a commissioned as a 2nd Lieutenant in the United States Army through the Army Reserve Officers' Training Corps. Initially serving in the Military Intelligence Corps, Bryant was later selected to serve in the Judge Advocate General's Corps. During his time in the U.S. Army, he was assigned to the Ballistic Missile Defense System Command in Huntsville, Alabama, the 4th Infantry Division at Fort Carson in Colorado and taught constitutional law to cadets at the United States Military Academy at West Point. Bryant served another year in the Tennessee Army National Guard. Upon returning to Jackson, Tennessee, he joined the law firm of Waldrop & Hall and was later elected President of the Madison County Bar Association. Bryant first became politically active in a high-profile way in 1988 when he served as an early organizer for the abortive presidential bid of conservative televangelist Pat Robertson. Earlier that year, Eighth District Congressman Ed Jones decided not to run for reelection. Bryant won the Republican nomination for the district, a largely Democratic area mostly in the northwestern part of the state. He lost in the general election to Union City attorney and state representative John S. Tanner. Bryant resumed the practice of law, having been appointed as United States Attorney for the Western District of Tennessee by President George H. W. Bush in 1991. He later moved to Henderson, near Jackson, located in the neighboring Seventh Congressional District. When Seventh District Congressman Don Sundquist did not run for re-election in 1994 (choosing instead to wage an ultimately successful campaign for governor), Bryant won the Republican primary for the district. The 7th is as heavily Republican as the neighboring 8th is heavily Democratic\u2014in fact, it is arguably the state's most Republican district outside of East Tennessee. Under the circumstances, Bryant's victory in November was a foregone conclusion. In his three subsequent re-elections, Bryant never failed to receive under 60% of the vote. His only serious opposition came in his first reelection bid, when Clarksville mayor Don Trotter faced him. Bryant defeated him by over 30 points. As of the 2016 elections, Trotter is the last reasonably well-financed Democrat to run in the 7th, and one of only three Democrats to make a serious bid for the seat since it fell into Republican hands in 1972 (when it was numbered as the 6th District; it has been the 7th since 1983). Bryant was unopposed in 1998, and was reelected by over 40 points in 2000. Bryant established a solidly conservative record and was a darling of both business-oriented groups such as the National Federation of Independent Business and social conservative groups such as the American Conservative Union, the National Rifle Association, and National Right-to-Life. He was best known as one of the \"House managers\" (prosecutors) in the impeachment trial of President Bill Clinton. Bryant was regarded by many as one of the less strident and pompous and more personable managers. This is supposedly why Monica Lewinsky chose Bryant to be the manager to interview her about the case. In 2002 Bryant entered the Republican primary for the United States Senate after Republican Fred Thompson announced that he was changing his mind from an earlier announcement and would not be seeking re-election. The circumstances resulted in his piecing together a hurried, underfinanced campaign. Bryant was opposed by former governor of Tennessee, U.S. Secretary of Education, and two-time presidential candidate Lamar Alexander for the Republican nomination. Alexander had both greater statewide name recognition and greater financial resources, even though he hadn't appeared on a ballot for a statewide office in Tennessee in 20 years. Despite this, Bryant held Alexander to 55% of the primary vote while garnering 44%. Additionally, Bryant made a good impression on many Republican activists in the state, especially with his willingness to make appearances on the Republican ticket's behalf during the fall campaign after his own defeat. After Bryant's defeat in 2002, he moved to Nashville briefly, but returned to West Tennessee. There he sought the Republican nomination for the U.S. Senate seat then-held by Senate Majority Leader Bill Frist, who did not seek re-election in 2006. Bryant faced two other major Republicans in the primary on August 3, 2006: Bob Corker \u2013 Former mayor of Chattanooga and 1994 Senate candidate. Van Hilleary \u2013 Former United States Representative and 2002 gubernatorial nominee. In an interview with John Gibson of Fox News, Bryant stated that he did not believe Harold Ford Jr. should be considered a serious candidate for the U.S. Senate because of Ford's young age (36). Bryant conceded the GOP primary election to Bob Corker on August 3, 2006. \"Ed Bryant's Biography \u2013 The Voter's Self Defense System\". Vote Smart. Retrieved September 20, 2015. Library of Congress, Presidential Nominations \"Presidential Nominations,\" retrieved on 2011-1-13 Archived October 19, 2015, at the Wayback Machine \"Rep. Ed Bryant Tells His Side of Battle for Tenn. Senate Seat\". Fox News. June 29, 2006. Archived from the original on July 8, 2006. Retrieved April 25, 2007. \"Corker wins GOP Primary\". The Tennessean. 2006. Retrieved August 3, 2006.[dead link] Biography at the Biographical Directory of the United States Congress Appearances on C-SPAN Ed Bryant for Senate website (archive)"
   },
   {
    "name": "Randall Wallace",
    "id": "Q1339625",
    "text": "Randall Wallace (born July 28, 1949) is an American screenwriter, film director, producer, and songwriter who came to prominence by writing the screenplay for the historical drama film Braveheart (1995). His work on the film earned him a nomination for the Academy Award for Best Original Screenplay and a Writers Guild of America Award in the same category. He has since directed films such as The Man in the Iron Mask (1998), We Were Soldiers (2002), Secretariat (2010) and Heaven Is for Real (2014). Born in Jackson, Tennessee, he lived in Memphis and Henderson County, Tennessee before moving to Virginia. Wallace began writing stories at the age of seven. He graduated from E.C. Glass High School in Lynchburg, Virginia and attended Duke University, where he studied Russian, religion, and literature and was a member of Lambda Chi Alpha fraternity. He put himself through a graduate year of seminary by teaching martial arts. Wallace holds a black belt in karate. After managing an animal show at Nashville's Opryland, Wallace moved to Hollywood to pursue a career in singing and songwriting. He began writing short stories, novels and scripts for movies. Wallace was taken under the wing of leading television producer Stephen J. Cannell and spent several years writing for television in the late 1980s and early 1990s. He gained recognition and commercial success by penning the screenplay for Braveheart (1995), which was inspired by a trip to Scotland to learn more about his Scottish roots. While there, he discovered the legend of the medieval Scottish patriot William Wallace; he is not, however, related to William Wallace in any way. Braveheart became Wallace's first screenplay to be produced, after drawing the interest of Mel Gibson, who went on to produce, direct and star in the film. It ended up as one of the most successful films of 1995, earning over $200 million. It was nominated for ten Academy Awards, including a Best Original Screenplay nomination for Wallace, and won five, including the Academy Awards for Best Picture and Best Director. Braveheart also won one Golden Globe Award and four BAFTA Awards. Wallace made his directorial debut with his own screenplay in The Man in the Iron Mask (1998), starring Leonardo DiCaprio, John Malkovich, Gabriel Byrne, Jeremy Irons and G\u00e9rard Depardieu. Shortly after, he wrote the screenplay for Pearl Harbor (2001), directed by Michael Bay and starring Ben Affleck, Josh Hartnett and Kate Beckinsale. This was followed by Wallace's second film as director We Were Soldiers (2002), on which Wallace re-teamed with Mel Gibson. It was about the Battle of Ia Drang (1965) during the Vietnam War, based on the memoir by Lieutenant General Hal Moore. Wallace directed Disney\u2019s Secretariat (2010), the true story of the racehorse that won the Triple Crown in 1973. The film chronicled the struggles and courage of owner Penny Chenery-Tweedy, portrayed by Academy Award-nominated actress Diane Lane. Wallace also wrote the end title song, It\u2019s Who You Are, which was released with the Secretariat soundtrack. Wallace's next directorial project was the religious drama Heaven Is for Real (2014), based on the story of the same name. Wallace is the New York Times bestselling author of seven novels and the lyricist of the hymn \"Mansions of the Lord\", originally written for We Were Soldiers and performed as the recessional for President Ronald Reagan's national funeral. In 2008, Wallace wrote several songs with singer/songwriter Richard Marx. One of those songs, \"Flame In Your Fire\", appears on Marx's album Emotional Remains.[citation needed] In interviews he has acknowledged a deep commitment to Christianity, which he credits as an influence on his approach to filmmaking. He appeared in the seventh season of HBO's comedy series Entourage as himself.[episode\u00a0needed] In addition to his work as a filmmaker, Wallace is the founder of Hollywood for Habitat for Humanity and the father of two sons.[citation needed] In 1999, he formed his own company, Wheelhouse Entertainment, which is focused on creating entertainment for worldwide audiences based on the classic values of love, courage and honor.[citation needed] Wallace was the speaker at the Fellowship Foundation National Prayer Breakfast on February 3, 2011. Wallace served as the commencement speaker at the Liberty University graduation ceremony on May 14, 2011. \"Personality Profile \u2013 Randall Wallace | Joan Tupponce\". Retrieved 2019-01-21. \"Randall Wallace Online\". Randall Wallace Online. Retrieved 2019-01-21. Stagg, Elizabeth (Winter 2005). \"Seeking the Holy Among the Sacred and Profane\". Divinity Online Edition. Four (2). Archived from the original on 2008-07-04. Retrieved 2008-02-29. Goodwyn , Hannah (2010). \"Director Randall Wallace on Secretariat\". Christian Broadcasting Network. \"Reagan Services's 'Mansions of the Lord'\". NPR. June 14, 2004. Retrieved September 30, 2021. David, Eric (2006-10-18). \"Hero Maker\". Christianity Today. Archived from the original on 2008-02-13. Retrieved 2008-02-29. Wallace, Randall (2011-02-03). \"Fellowship Foundation National Prayer Breakfast\". C-Span Video Library. Retrieved 2011-02-07. Wallace, Randall (2011-03-28). \"Filmmaker Randall Wallace to speak at Commencement\". Retrieved 2011-05-14. Official website Randall Wallace at IMDb"
   },
   {
    "name": "Wink Martindale",
    "id": "Q1387831",
    "text": "Winston Conrad \"Wink\" Martindale (born December 4, 1933) is an American disc jockey, radio personality, game show host, and television producer. In his six-decade career, he is best known for hosting Gambit from 1972 to 1976 (and again from 1980 to 1981), Tic-Tac-Dough from 1978 to 1985, High Rollers from 1987 to 1988, and Debt from 1996 to 1998. Martindale was born in Jackson, Tennessee, and started his career as a disc jockey at age 17 at WPLI in Jackson, earning $1.02 a week.[citation needed] After moving to WTJS, he was hired away for double the salary by Jackson's only other station, WDXI. He next hosted mornings at WHBQ in Memphis while a college student at Memphis State University, graduating with a Bachelor of Science degree in 1957. While there, Martindale became a member of the Kappa Sigma Fraternity. On the evening of July 10, 1954, he was showing the WHBQ studio to some friends when he realized that his colleague on the 9 p.m. to midnight shift, Dewey Phillips, was getting a lot of reactions from listeners after airing a new song. That song was Elvis Presley's first record, \"That's All Right\", recorded at Sam Phillips' recording studio on the evening of July 5, 1954. Sam, who had brought the record on July 6, was in the WHBQ studio on the first airing night and had Elvis' telephone number. DJ Dewey Phillips wanted to interview Elvis during his program, so Wink endeavoured to contact Elvis, but his mother Gladys answered the phone and said Elvis was so nervous that he had been to a movie theater. Gladys and her husband Vernon brought Elvis to WHBQ and Dewey interviewed Elvis without his knowing that he was on the air (Wink reports that Elvis later admitted that he would have been unable to talk otherwise). Martindale's rendition of the spoken-word song \"Deck of Cards\" went to no. 7 on the Billboard Hot 100 chart and sold over a million copies in 1959. It also peaked at no. 5 in the UK Singles Chart in April 1963, one of four visits to that chart. It was followed by \"Black Land Farmer\". In 1959, he became morning man at KHJ in Los Angeles, California, moving a year later to the morning show at KRLA and finally to KFWB in 1962. He also had lengthy stays at KGIL from 1968 to 1971, KKGO/KJQI and Gene Autry's KMPC (now KSPN (AM)) from 1971 to 1979 and again from 1983 to 1987, the short-lived \"Wink and Bill Show\" on KABC during 1989, and KJQI from 1993 to 1994. In 1967, Martindale acted in a short futuristic documentary film about home life in the year 1999 produced by the Philco-Ford Corporation which predicted, among other things, Internet commerce. Martindale's first break into television was at WHBQ-TV in Memphis, as the host of Mars Patrol, a science-fiction themed children's television program. At his tenure with WHBQ, Martindale became the host of the TV show Teenage Dance Party, where his friend Elvis Presley made an appearance on 16 June 1956. (Following Presley's death in 1977, Martindale aired a nationwide tribute radio special in his honor.) Martindale's first game-show hosting job was on the show What's This Song?, which he hosted for NBC (credited as \"Win Martindale\") from 1964 to 1965. From 1970 to 1971, he hosted a similar song-recognition game show, Words and Music, again on NBC. His first major success came in 1972, when he took the emcee position on a new CBS game show, Gambit. He spent four years hosting the original Gambit and later hosted a Las Vegas-based revival for 13 months in 1980-81. The emcee role for which Martindale is most widely known is on Tic-Tac-Dough. He was tapped by Barry & Enright Productions to host the revived series in 1978 and stayed until 1985, presiding over one of the more popular game shows of the day. During this time, Martindale decided to branch out and form his own production company, Wink Martindale Enterprises, so he could develop and produce his own game shows. His first venture was Headline Chasers, a co-production with Merv Griffin that premiered in 1985; Martindale had left Tic-Tac-Dough to host his creation, but the show did not meet with any success and was cancelled after its only season in 1986. Martindale's next venture was more successful, as he created and, along with Barry & Enright, co-produced the Canadian game show Bumper Stumpers for Global Television and USA Network. This series aired on both American and Canadian television from 1987 until 1990. In 1986, he launched a partnership with producer Jerry Gilden, Martindale/Gilden Productions, and it started off with a game show development contract with CBS. In 1988, Martindale/Gilden Productions secured the licensing rights from Parker Brothers to develop game shows based on Parker-owned properties such as Boggle. After hosting two short-lived Merrill Heatter-produced game shows (a revival of High Rollers and the Canadian The Last Word), Martindale went back into producing and launched The Great Getaway Game on Travel Channel in 1990. Two years after that program went off the air, Martindale teamed up with Bill Hillier and The Family Channel to produce a series of \"interactive\" game shows that put an emphasis on home viewers being able to play along from home and win prizes. Four series were commissioned and Martindale served as host for all four. The first to premiere, on June 7, 1993, was Trivial Pursuit, an adaptation of the popular trivia-based board game. On March 7, 1994, the list-based Shuffle and Boggle, another board game adaptation, premiered and were very different from Trivial Pursuit which was presented more in a traditional game-show style. These two programs, along with the Jumble-based show that replaced Shuffle on June 13, 1994, after its initial 14-week run ended, were played more like the interactive games for the home viewers that were the focus of the block. Except for Trivial Pursuit, none of the interactive games were much of a success; Boggle ended on November 18, 1994, while Jumble came to an end on December 30, 1994. Trivial Pursuit ended on the same day as Jumble, but continued to air in reruns for sometime afterward, finally being removed from The Family Channel schedule in July 1995. In June 1996, Martindale became host of Lifetime's highest-rated quiz show, Debt, which had debt-ridden contestants compete to try to eliminate their debts. Despite its popularity on cable, Debt was canceled in 1998, for the reason more males were watching the show than females (the network's target audience). Martindale did not host another game show for over a decade. On June 2, 2006, Martindale received a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame. In 2007, he became a member of the nominating committee of the Hit Parade Hall of Fame. On October 13, 2007, Martindale was one of the first inductees into the American TV Game Show Hall of Fame in Las Vegas. Martindale was one of the hosts featured in the NBC special Most Outrageous Game Show Moments, alongside Bob Eubanks, Jim Lange, Ben Stein, and Peter Marshall, but was not featured in any of the subsequent episodes ordered by the network. Martindale has appeared in various TV commercials, including a stint as a pitchman for the travel website Orbitz. Until 2007, Martindale had a daily three-hour show on the syndicated Music of Your Life format, which is heard on around 200 radio stations. On June 2, 2009, Martindale signed with the syndicated Hit Parade Radio format. The format began operation on February 7, 2010, with Martindale as afternoon drive personality. The syndicator stopped operating on June 6, 2010. In 2008, Wink appeared on GSN Live, an interstitial program during the afternoon block of classic game show reruns. Several times during 2008, Martindale filled in for Fred Roggin on GSN Live while Roggin was on vacation. Martindale's last program was the GSN original series Instant Recall, which premiered on March 4, 2010. Instant Recall was the first show Martindale has hosted since Debt aired on Lifetime from 1996 to 1998. In 2012, Martindale returned to radio, as host of The 100 Greatest Christmas Hits Of All-Time. The nationally syndicated show is produced by Envision Radio Networks. In 2013, Martindale made a guest appearance on The Eric Andre Show; in an appearance typical for the show, he did the interview dressed in a motion-capture suit (at one point being, rather poorly, mocapped dancing), sang a song teaching kids their \"Jamaican ABCs\", and promoted a drinkable mouthwash, called Scoap (pronounced \"sco-app\".) In 2014, Martindale started his own YouTube channel featuring episodes of game shows, game show pilots, rare clips from various game shows, and more. Martindale made a special guest appearance on the December 2, 2014 episode of the GSN show The Chase hosted by Brooke Burns and featuring Mark Labbett. In October 2016, Martindale appeared on the daytime soap opera The Bold and the Beautiful, as a minister. On April 21, 2017, Martindale appeared in a KFC advertising campaign featuring Rob Lowe as astronaut Colonel Sanders giving a JFK speech spoof/homage about launching the Zinger chicken sandwich into space. On April 4, 2018, Martindale served as \"surprise co-host\" (via phone) for Sirius XM NHL Network Radio's \"Three Questions\" segment where a celebrity co-host creates the questions and then quizzes the show's broadcast crew. On June 25, 2019, The New York Times Magazine listed Wink Martindale among hundreds of artists whose material was reportedly destroyed in the 2008 Universal fire. On June 6, 2021, Martindale began hosting the nationally and internationally syndicated The History of Rock 'n' Roll, a two-hour weekend look back at music from the 60s, 70s and 80s. The production is created by a team composed of Martindale, producer/engineer Peter Jay Gould of The Intervale Group, and writer/producer Gary Theroux, who wrote and produced the 1978 52-hour marathon version of The History of Rock 'n' Roll for Drake-Chenault. The new richly-produced series combines songs, fun facts about the music and the artists, and artist interview soundbites. Martindale married Madelyn Leech in 1954 and they had four children. They divorced in 1972. He married his second wife, Sandy (n\u00e9e Ferra), on August 2, 1975. He has a few dogs named after the various game shows he hosted. Martindale is a born-again Christian and was once a guest on the TBN flagship program Praise the Lord. He has also previously endorsed several conservative positions politically. Wink's wife, Sandy, dated Elvis Presley, and both were friends of his. They have appeared on Sirius' Elvis Radio and shared stories about Presley. Baltimore Ravens defensive coordinator Don Martindale goes by the nickname \"Wink\" as a nod to Martindale. \"Wink Martindale\". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved March 24, 2021. Colin Larkin, ed. (1997). The Virgin Encyclopedia of Sixties Music (First\u00a0ed.). Virgin Books. pp.\u00a0294/5. ISBN\u00a00-7535-0149-X. \"Wink Martindale on meeting Elvis Presley - TelevisionAcademy.com/Interviews\". YouTube. Retrieved June 13, 2021. \"Dewey Phillips and Elvis Presley | Elvis Articles\". Elvis.com.au. Retrieved June 13, 2021. Murrells, Joseph (1978). The Book of Golden Discs (2nd\u00a0ed.). London: Barrie and Jenkins Ltd. p.\u00a0115. ISBN\u00a00-214-20512-6. Roberts, David (2006). British Hit Singles & Albums (19th\u00a0ed.). London Land: Guinness World Records Limited. p.\u00a0352. ISBN\u00a01-904994-10-5. \"Year 1999 A D\". YouTube. Retrieved June 13, 2021. \"Elvis' appearance on Wink Martindale's \"Teenage Dance Party\" on June 16th, 1956 - the other guest during the first part of the interview is Dewey Philips. At the end of the interview they plug Elvis' upcoming show in Memphis (Russwood Park, July 4th)\". YouTube. \"Stay Tuned\" (PDF). Broadcasting. December 8, 1986. Retrieved September 27, 2021. \"Boggle board game set for TV\" (PDF). Broadcasting. May 16, 1988. Retrieved September 27, 2021. Auzenne, Ian (July 7, 2013). \"The Weekend Guy's Picks: Six Game Shows That Should Be Revived\". 973thedawg.com. Retrieved April 17, 2018. \"Earthworks Entertainment's Hit Parade Radio Signs Wink Martindale\" (PDF). Hitparaderadio.com. Retrieved February 17, 2010. \"Earthworks Entertainment's Hit Parade Radio Announces Launch Date on Clear Channel Satellite\" (PDF). Hitparaderadio.com. Retrieved February 17, 2010. Sassone, Bob. \"Wink Martindale to Host 'Instant Recall' on GSN Starting March 4\". TV Squad (AOL). Retrieved February 5, 2010. Davis, Alex. \"Wink Martindale Hosts GSN's Instant Recall Starting March 4th\". Buzzerblog.flashgameshows.com. Retrieved February 5, 2010. Wink Martindale's channel on YouTube Rob Lowe as astronaut Col Sanders in JFK homage advert, KFC (April 21, 2017), KFC | Announcement | Zinger, retrieved April 21, 2017 (KFC YouTube channel, 6,895,336 views in 1 month, as of May 21, 2017) Rosen, Jody (June 25, 2019). \"Here Are Hundreds More Artists Whose Tapes Were Destroyed in the UMG Fire\". The New York Times. Retrieved June 28, 2019. \"All-New Weekly History Of Rock 'n' Roll to Debut\". news.radio-online.com. Retrieved October 11, 2021. \"Wink Martindale Revives 'History Of Rock 'n' Roll Series' For Syndication\". All Access. Retrieved October 11, 2021. Ink, Radio (May 25, 2021). \"How You Can Get The History of Rock 'N' Roll\". Radio Ink. Retrieved October 11, 2021. Dana, Rebecca (May 21, 2014). \"Why Game Show Hosts Vote Republican\". The Daily Beast. Retrieved August 15, 2020. [1][dead link] \"Interview with Wink and Sandy Martindale | Elvis Articles\". Elvis.com.au. Retrieved June 13, 2021. Official website Wink Martindale at IMDb\u00a0 Wink Martindale at The Interviews: An Oral History of Television"
   },
   {
    "name": "Campy Russell",
    "id": "Q2329242",
    "text": "Michael Campanella \"Campy\" Russell (born January 12, 1952) is an American former professional basketball player. He played the forward position in the National Basketball Association (NBA) for the Cleveland Cavaliers and New York Knicks for nine years (1975\u20131982, 1985) and played in the 1979 NBA All-Star Game. Before joining the NBA, Russell was a star player at the University of Michigan. Russell played three seasons at Michigan, and in his junior year he averaged 23.7 points per game. He was named an All American that year. During his All Star season in the NBA in 1978\u20131979, Russell averaged 21.9 points, 6.8 rebounds and 4.7 assists per game for the Cavaliers. Today, Russell works in the Cavaliers' front office as Director of Alumni Relations. He is also a co-host of the Cavaliers' pregame and postgame show (Cavaliers Live, alongside Jeff Phelps) on FS Ohio. University of Michigan Athletic Hall of Honor \"Basketball Reference\". Basketball Reference. Retrieved February 3, 2015. \"Detroit Free Press\". DPress. November 20, 2014. Retrieved February 3, 2015. Nason, Gerry (October 2014). \"Cleveland Cavaliers Flashback: Campy Russell\". Fansided. Sports Illustrated. Retrieved February 6, 2015. \"Cavs Home Opener coverage on FOX Sports Ohio\". NBA.com. NBA. October 28, 2014. Retrieved February 6, 2015. Basketball-reference.com Campy Russell's bio and stats"
   },
   {
    "name": "Thomas Jefferson Murray",
    "id": "Q2439736",
    "text": "Thomas Jefferson Murray (August 1, 1894 \u2013 November 28, 1971), usually known as Tom J. Murray, was an American politician and a Democratic U.S. Representative from Tennessee from 1943 to 1966. Murray was born in Jackson, Tennessee, where he graduated from public and then attended Union University, from which he graduated in 1914. Murray then attended the Cumberland School of Law in Lebanon, Tennessee, graduating in 1917. He served in the United States Army during World War I but was not in any direct combat. Following his 1919 discharge, he established a private law practice in Jackson. In 1923, Murray became district attorney for the former 12th Judicial District, serving in this position until 1933. In that year, he was appointed to the Solicitor's office in the former U.S. Post Office Department at its headquarters in Washington, D.C., serving there until 1942. Murray was also active in Democratic Party affairs during this time, serving on the Democratic State Executive Committee from 1923 to 1924 and as chairman of the Madison County Democratic Party from 1924 to 1933. He was a delegate to the Democratic National Conventions of 1928, 1932, and 1936. In August 1942, Murray received the Democratic nomination for the Jackson-based 8th Congressional District, which in those days was tantamount to election in most of Tennessee. He was sworn in as a member of the 78th Congress on January 3, 1943. He was subsequently re-elected 11 times. His district was renumbered as the 7th District in 1952, after Tennessee lost a district in the 1950 census. He served as the chairman of the Post Office and Civil Service Committee from 1949 to 1953 and again from 1955 to 1966. He was a signatory to the 1956 Southern Manifesto that opposed the desegregation of public schools ordered by the Supreme Court in Brown v. Board of Education. Early in his career, Murray was considered to be a close colleague of Memphis political \"boss\" E. H. Crump. However, it is apparent that Murray developed a considerable amount of clout in his own right, as he was re-elected six times after Crump's death in 1954. He ran for a 13th term in 1966, but was defeated in the Democratic primary by a future governor of Tennessee, then-State Representative Ray Blanton. Murray resigned his seat on December 30, 1966; only days before the scheduled end of his term. Murray returned to Jackson after his defeat and died there less than five years later on November 28, 1971 (age 77 years, 119 days). He is interred in the city's Hollywood Cemetery. \"Tom J. Murray\". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. Retrieved 10 May 2013. \"Tom J. Murray\". Govtrack US Congress. Retrieved 10 May 2013. \"Tom J. Murray\". The Political Graveyard. Retrieved 10 May 2013. Tom J. Murray at Find a Grave \u00a0This article incorporates\u00a0public domain material from the Biographical Directory of the United States Congress website http://bioguide.congress.gov."
   },
   {
    "name": "Walter Chandler",
    "id": "Q2543888",
    "text": "Walter \"Clift\" Chandler (October 5, 1887 \u2013 October 1, 1967) was an American politician from Tennessee and a Representative for the ninth district of Tennessee. Chandler was born in Memphis in 1887 to parents of Scots/English descent, William Henry Chandler and Knoxie (Clift) Chandler. He attended public schools before going on to earn his law degree at the University of Tennessee. He taught school, reported for the Knoxville Sentinel. city attorney of Memphis 1928-1934; delegate to the Democratic National Conventions in 1940 and 1944; elected as a Democrat to the Seventy-fourth, Seventy-fifth, and Seventy-sixth Congresses and served from January 3, 1935, until his resignation on January 2, 1940, having been elected mayor of Memphis; reelected mayor in 1943 and served until September 1, 1946; resumed the practice of law; temporary president, Tennessee constitutional convention, in 1953; mayor of Memphis in 1955 for unexpired term A member of the Tennessee General Assembly, Chandler served in the Tennessee state house of representatives in 1917. He served as a captain in the One Hundred and Fourteenth Field Artillery, Thirtieth Division, American Expeditionary Forces, from July 25, 1917, to April 19, 1919, during World War I. and then was a member of Tennessee state senate from 1921 to 1923. He married Dorothy Wyeth on October 10, 1925. Chandler was elected U.S. Representative from Tennessee 9th District, and served from January 3, 1935 to January 2, 1940, when he resigned. He was mayor of Memphis, Tennessee, from 1940 to 1946, and served in that capacity again in 1955. He was also a delegate to the Democratic National Convention from Tennessee in 1940 and 1944. Although supported by the E. H. Crump machine, Chandler made significant contributions to the world on his own. He was the author of Chapter 13 bankruptcy legislation. He filed the original suit in Baker v. Carr, the U.S. Supreme Court case that argued against Tennessee's status quo of seldom changing the boundaries of congressional districts, even though population growth in urban areas far outstripped the growth in rural areas. By 1960, the district lines had not been redrawn since 1900 despite a provision in the Constitution of Tennessee requiring them to be redrawn every 10 years. In some cases one state representative district might be more populous by a factor of ten than another, more rural district. The Supreme Court ruled in favor of Baker, viewing the case not as one of legislative jurisdiction, but as a case of insuring each individual's right to equal representation. Chandler was considered a sensitive and thoughtful man by some[who?], and that he retired from politics in disappointment after E. H. Crump failed to support him for a senate seat. Chandler was an active and contributing member of the West Tennessee Historical Society. His recollections of early life in Memphis provide one of the clearest and most lucid pictures of Memphis at the turn of the 20th century. Chandler died in Memphis, Shelby County, Tennessee, on October 1, 1967 (age 79 years, 361 days). He is interred at Forest Hill Cemetery, Memphis, Tennessee. He died in the same year his son, future mayor Wyeth Chandler, was elected to the first Memphis City Council. His son served as Mayor of Memphis from 1972 until 1982 and later as a judge. While a member of the Crump machine, he served on the joint Memphis-Arkansas commission (headed by Crump) that oversaw the construction of the Memphis & Arkansas Bridge in 1949 on what is now Interstate 55. A nameplate listing him as a bridge commissioner, along with another nameplate containing a dedicatory poem officially attributed to Chandler, can be found at the Memphis end of the bridge. Walter \"Clift\" Chandler. Men of Nineteen-Fourteen. 1915. Retrieved 7 May 2013. \"Walter \"Clift\" Chandler\". Govtrack US Congress. Retrieved 7 May 2013. \"Walter \"Clift\" Chandler\". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. Retrieved 7 May 2013. \"Walter \"Clift\" Chandler\". The Political Graveyard. Retrieved 7 May 2013. Congressional biography Memphis History: Walter Chandler. Walter Chandler at Find a Grave"
   },
   {
    "name": "Artis Hicks",
    "id": "Q2865796",
    "text": "Artis Hicks (born November 28, 1978) is a former American football guard of the National Football League. He was signed by the Philadelphia Eagles as an undrafted free agent in 2002. He played college football at Memphis. Hicks has also played for the Minnesota Vikings, Washington Redskins, and Cleveland Browns. Hicks signed with the Philadelphia Eagles in April 2002 as an undrafted free agent. He made the active roster for the entire 2002 season. In 2003, Hicks got his first start against the New York Giants. In April 2004, Hicks signed a multi-year contract extension with the Eagles. He started at left guard for the 2004 season, including Super Bowl XXXIX in 2005 against the New England Patriots. In April 2006, the Eagles traded Hicks to the Minnesota Vikings, where he started at right guard for the Vikings during the 2006 season. On March 6, 2010, Hicks was signed by the Washington Redskins as a free agent. On September 3, 2011, Washington released Hicks to waivers. Hicks signed with the Cleveland Browns on September 4, 2011. Hicks signed with the Miami Dolphins on March 15, 2012. He was placed on injured reserve due to a neck injury on September 4. Fitzgerald, Gary. \"Redskins' Roster Is At 53 After Final Cuts\". redskins.com. Archived from the original on August 2, 2012. Retrieved September 3, 2011. Dolphins sign Artis Hicks to one-year deal Dolphins lose Artis Hicks for season Minnesota Vikings bio"
   },
   {
    "name": "Christopher Jones",
    "id": "Q2966611",
    "text": "William Frank Jones (August 18, 1941 \u2013 January 31, 2014), better known as Christopher Jones, was an American stage, movie, and television actor. He was born in Jackson, Tennessee, where his father was a grocery clerk and his mother, Robbie, was an artist. Jones's father admitted her to the state hospital in Bolivar, Tennessee, in 1945, for holding a gun to his head after he was caught being unfaithful. Jones and his brother were then placed in Boys Town in Memphis, where he became a fan of James Dean after being told he bore a resemblance to him. He then joined the Army, but went AWOL, and after serving a sentence in a military prison, he moved to New York, where he began his acting career. His mother died when he was 19. Jones (adopting the stage name Christopher) made his Broadway debut on December 17, 1961, in Tennessee Williams's The Night of the Iguana, directed by Frank Corsaro and starring Shelley Winters. Winters introduced Jones to actress Susan Strasberg, the daughter of method acting progenitor Lee Strasberg. Jones studied at Strasberg's Actors Studio. Jones married Susan in 1965; the couple divorced in 1968. Their daughter, Jennifer Robin Jones, was born in 1966. Moving to Hollywood, Jones was cast in the title role of ABC's television series The Legend of Jesse James (produced by 20th Century Fox), which ran for 34 episodes in the 1965\u201366 season. When the series ended, he accepted the title role in the 1968 movie Chubasco (1968) with Susan Strasberg playing his character's lover/wife. Their real marriage did not survive the filming, and they divorced in 1968. Jones's next acting role, was rock star and presidential aspirant Max Frost in the influential cult film Wild in the Streets (1968), co-starring Shelley Winters, Hal Holbrook, and Richard Pryor. Later that same year, Jones appeared with Yvette Mimieux in the hit sex comedy Three in the Attic. After two films in Europe with Pia Degermark (The Looking Glass War and Brief Season, both 1970), Jones was cast by director David Lean in Ryan's Daughter (1970). The two men had a difficult relationship; this was the experience of many actors who worked with Lean. The problems intensified when production of the film took 12 months instead of the expected six, because Lean would wait for the right composition of clouds or the perfect storm to brew. Unbeknownst to Jones, he was drugged during his filming of Ryan's Daughter by Sarah Miles, according to her first autobiography A Right Royal Bastard; this caused him to believe he was having a breakdown. Jones also was involved in a car crash, not knowing he had been drugged. The director and producers never informed him of the drugging. Later, Lean dubbed his voice (Jones's voice was also dubbed in The Looking Glass War), causing the actor a bad reputation (Beyond the Epic: The Life and Films of David Lean). This took a personal toll on Jones, who returned from Ireland to California after filming ended (staying for a time in his manager Rudy Altobelli's guest house, the cottage behind 10050 Cielo Drive, the house where Sharon Tate had been murdered), and abandoned his acting career. He engaged in a few long-term relationships, did painting, art deco, and Roman classic sculpting in clay, and had a family life, living quietly at the beach with his children. Jones was offered the part of Zed in Pulp Fiction (1994) by director Quentin Tarantino, but he turned it down. He made a final screen appearance in crime comedy Mad Dog Time (1996) for his friend, director/actor Larry Bishop, who had appeared in Wild in the Streets. In his later years, Jones had a career as an artist and sculptor. His works included an oil painting of Rudolph Valentino that was displayed at the Hollywood Forever Cemetery. Jones died on January 31, 2014, at the age of 72, owing to complications arising from gallbladder cancer. He is survived by seven children, Jennifer Strasberg, Christopher Jones Jr., Jeromy McKenna, Delon Jones, Tauer Jones, Calin Jones, and Seagen Jones. He is interred at the Hollywood Forever Cemetery. In July 2018, actress Olivia Hussey claimed that she was raped by Jones in the house Roman Polanski had shared with his wife Sharon Tate, weeks after Tate's death. Hussey says that she had dated Jones in the late 1960s, but ended the relationship because he was physically abusive toward her. Vitello, Paul (February 8, 2014). \"Christopher Jones, Actor who Quit Field, Dies at 72\". The New York Times. Retrieved February 9, 2014. Christopher Jones Biography at cinetropic; retrieved February 1, 2014 Jan E. Morris \"Christopher Jones - Wild at Heart\" Retrieved 25 May 2015 Ebert, Roger (20 May 1968). \"WILD IN THE STREETS\". RogerEbert.com. Chicago Sun-Times. Ebert, Roger (20 December 1968). \"THREE IN THE ATTIC\". RogerEbert.com. Chicago Sun-Times. Phillips, Gene (2006). Beyond the Epic: The Life and Films of David Lean. p.\u00a0383. ISBN\u00a00813171555. Barnes, Mike (February 1, 2014). \"'Ryan's Daughter' Star Christopher Jones Dies at 72\". The Hollywood Reporter. Retrieved February 1, 2014. Colker, David (February 4, 2014). \"Christopher Jones dies at 72; actor quit at peak of career\". Los Angeles Times. Nicholson, Amy (1 August 2018). \"Olivia Hussey, star of Zeffirelli's Romeo and Juliet: 'I was wild'\". The Guardian. Retrieved 1 August 2018. Christopher Jones at IMDb"
   },
   {
    "name": "Van Jones",
    "id": "Q3742492",
    "text": "Anthony Kapel \"Van\" Jones (born September 20, 1968) is an American news and political commentator, author, and lawyer. He is the co-founder of several non-profit organizations, a three-time New York Times bestselling author, a CNN host and contributor, and an Emmy Award winner. Jones served as President Barack Obama's Special Advisor for Green Jobs in 2009 and a distinguished visiting fellow at Princeton University. He founded or co-founded several non-profit organizations, including the Ella Baker Center for Human Rights, Color of Change, and the Dream Corps. The Dream Corps is a social justice accelerator that operates three advocacy initiatives: Dream Corps Justice, Dream Corps Tech and Green for All. Jones has hosted or co-hosted CNN shows including Crossfire, The Messy Truth, The Van Jones Show and The Redemption Project with Van Jones. He is the author of The Green Collar Economy, Rebuild the Dream, and Beyond the Messy Truth; all three books rank as New York Times bestsellers. He is the co-founder of Magic Labs Media LLC, a producer of the WEBBY Award-winning Messy Truth digital series and Emmy Award-winning The Messy Truth VR Experience with Van Jones. He is a regular CNN political commentator. Jones worked with the Trump administration and members of Congress from both parties to pass a criminal justice reform effort known as the First Step Act. Jones is currently CEO of the REFORM Alliance, an initiative founded by Jay-Z and Meek Mill to transform the criminal justice system. He was also a longtime colleague of, and advisor to, musician Prince. Anthony Kapel Jones and his twin sister Angela were born in Jackson, Tennessee, on September 20, 1968, to high school teacher Loretta Jean (n\u00e9e Kirkendoll) and middle school principal Willie Anthony Jones. His sister said that as a child, he was \"the stereotypical geek\u2014he just kind of lived up in his head a lot\". Jones has said as a child he was \"bookish and bizarre\". His grandfather was a leader in the Christian Methodist Episcopal Church, and Jones sometimes accompanied him to religious conferences. He would sit all day listening to the adults \"in these hot, sweaty black churches\". Jones was born after the assassinations of President John F. Kennedy, Martin Luther King Jr., and Robert F. Kennedy, but as he learned about the men's work, he became devoted to them as heroic figures. He pinned photographs of the Kennedy brothers to a bulletin board in his room in the specially delineated \"Kennedy Section\". Jones graduated from Jackson Central-Merry High School, a public high school in his hometown, in 1986. He earned his Bachelor of Science in communication and political science from the University of Tennessee at Martin (UT Martin). During this period, Jones also worked as an intern at The Jackson Sun (Tennessee), the Shreveport Times (Louisiana), and the Associated Press (Nashville bureau). He adopted the nickname \"Van\" when he was 17 and working at The Jackson Sun. At UT Martin, Jones helped to launch and lead a number of independent, campus-based publications. They included the Fourteenth Circle (University of Tennessee), the Periscope (Vanderbilt University), the New Alliance Project (statewide in Tennessee), and the Third Eye (Nashville's African-American community). Jones later credited UT Martin for preparing him for a larger life. Deciding against journalism, Jones moved to Connecticut to attend Yale Law School. In 1992, in the aftermath of the Rodney King beating and trial, he was among several law students selected by the Lawyers Committee for Human Rights, based in San Francisco, to serve as legal observers to the protests triggered by the verdict. King had been beaten by police officers in an incident caught on camera. Three of the officers were acquitted and the jury deadlocked on the verdict of the fourth officer. Jones and others were arrested during the protests, but the district attorney later dropped the charges against Jones. The arrested protesters, including Jones, won a small legal settlement. Jones later said that \"the incident deepened my disaffection with the system and accelerated my political radicalization\". Jones was deeply affected by the trial and verdict. In an October 2005 interview, Jones said he had been \"a rowdy nationalist on April 28th\" before the King verdict was announced, but that by August 1992 he had become a communist. Jones's activism was also spurred by seeing the deep racial inequality in New Haven, Connecticut, particularly in prosecution of drug use. Jones has said, \"I was seeing kids at Yale do drugs and talk about it openly, and have nothing happen to them or, if anything, get sent to rehab ... And then I was seeing kids three blocks away, in the housing projects, doing the same drugs, in smaller amounts, go to prison.\" After graduating from law school with his Juris Doctor in 1993, Jones moved to San Francisco, and according to his own words, \"trying to be a revolutionary\". He became affiliated with many left activists, and co-founded a socialist collective called Standing Together to Organize a Revolutionary Movement (STORM). It protested against police brutality, held study groups on the theories of Karl Marx and Vladimir Lenin, and aspired to a multi-racial socialist utopia. Jones was affiliated with the Lawyers' Committee for Civil Rights, which had brought him to the city as a legal observer in 1992. In 1995, Jones initiated their project of Bay Area PoliceWatch, the region's only bar-certified hotline and lawyer-referral service for victims of police abuse. The hotline started receiving fifteen calls a day. Jones described the development of the project: \"We designed a computer database, the first of its kind in the country, that allows us to track problem officers, problem precincts, problem practices, so at the click of a mouse we can now identify trouble spots and troublemakers\", said Jones. \"This has given us a tremendous advantage in trying to understand the scope and scale of the problem. Now, obviously, just because somebody calls and says, 'Officer so-and-so did something to me,' doesn't mean it actually happened, but if you get two, four, six phone calls about the same officer, then you begin to see a pattern. It gives you a chance to try and take affirmative steps. By 1996, Jones founded a new umbrella NGO, the Ella Baker Center for Human Rights. He operated out of \"a closet-like office\" within the space of Eva Paterson, Executive Director of the Lawyers' Committee, and used his personal computer. In 1996\u20131997, Jones and PoliceWatch led a campaign to gain the firing of officer Marc Andaya from the San Francisco Police Department. Andaya was accused of excessive force in the in-custody death in 1995 of Aaron Williams, an unarmed black man who fought on the street with several officers. There was community outrage about his death and pressure on the department to bring justice against Andaya, who witnesses saw kick Williams in the head. In the year after the incident, the press reported that Andaya had a record of incidents of misconduct in the 1980s. The San Francisco Chronicle reported in addition that Andaya was named in 10 complaints between 1983 and 1993, eight of them allegedly for misuse of physical force, when he was a policeman with the Oakland Police Department. Investigation revealed more brutality complaints in Oakland and two lawsuits against him; the San Francisco Police Commission voted to fire Andaya in June 1997 for falsifying his application to the department. In 1999 and 2000, Jones led a campaign to defeat Proposition 21, which would increase \"penalties for a variety of violent crimes and required more juvenile offenders to be tried as adults.\" He worked to mobilize a student protest movement against the proposition; this effort made national headlines, but it ultimately imploded. He began to work for more solidarity and building broader alliances across politics and class to achieve goals. The proposition was passed by voters, part of a nationwide wave of states' increasing punishments for crimes. This has led to increasingly high rates of incarceration in the United States, especially of minorities. In 2001, Jones and the Ella Baker Center launched the \"Books Not Bars\" campaign. From 2001 to 2003, he led an effort to block the construction of a proposed \"Super-Jail for Youth\" in Oakland's Alameda County. Books Not Bars later launched a statewide campaign to transform California's juvenile justice system. During the 2003 California gubernatorial recall election, Jones served as Arianna Huffington's statewide grassroots director. Following Hurricane Katrina in 2005, Jones and James Rucker co-founded a Web-based grassroots organization to address Black issues, called Color of Change. Color of Change's mission, as described on its website, is as follows: \"ColorOfChange.org exists to strengthen Black America's political voice. Our goal is to empower our members\u2014Black Americans and our allies\u2014to make government more responsive to the concerns of Black Americans and to bring about positive political and social change for everyone.\" Jones amicably parted ways with Color of Change within two years after founding the group. By 2005, Jones had begun promoting eco-capitalism and environmental justice. In 2005 the Ella Baker Center expanded its vision beyond the immediate concerns of policing, declaring that \"If we really wanted to help our communities escape the cycle of incarceration, we had to start focusing on job, wealth and health creation.\" In 2005, Jones and the Ella Baker Center produced the \"Social Equity Track\" for the United Nations' World Environment Day celebration, held that year in San Francisco. It was the official beginning of what would eventually become Ella Baker Center's Green-Collar Jobs Campaign. The Green-Collar Jobs Campaign was Jones's first effort to combine his goals of improving racial and economic equality with mitigating environmental damage. He worked to establish the nation's first \"Green Jobs Corps\" in Oakland. On October 20, 2008, the City of Oakland formally launched the Oakland Green Jobs Corps, a public-private partnership to \"provide local Oakland residents with job training, support, and work experience so that they can independently pursue careers in the new energy economy.\" In September 2007, Jones attended the Clinton Global Initiative and announced his plans to launch Green for All, a new national NGO dedicated to creating green pathways out of poverty in America. The plan grew out of his earlier work with the Ella Baker Center. Green for All was intended to make a national program out of the Green-Collar Jobs mission\u00a0\u2013 creating green pathways out of poverty. Green for All formally opened its doors on January 1, 2008. In its first year, Green for All organized \"The Dream Reborn\", the first national green conference in which the majority of attendees were people of color. With 1Sky and the We Campaign, it co-hosted a national day of action for the new economy called \"Green Jobs Now\". It launched the Green-Collar Cities Program to help cities build local green economies and started the Green for All Capital Access Program to assist green entrepreneurs. As part of the Clean Energy Corps Working Group, it launched a campaign for a Clean Energy Corps initiative which would create 600,000 'green-collar' jobs while retrofitting and upgrading more than 15 million American buildings. In reflecting on Green for All's first year, Jones wrote, \"One year later, Green for All is real\u00a0\u2013 and we have helped put green collar jobs on the map ... We have a long way to go. But today we have a strong organization to help get us there.\" Jones advocates a combination of conservation, regulation and investment as a way of encouraging environmental justice and opposing environmental racism. In an interview for the \"EON Deep Democracy Interview Series\", Jones spoke of a \"third wave of environmentalism\": The first wave is sort of the Teddy Roosevelt, conservation era which had its day and then, in 1963, Rachel Carson writes a book, Silent Spring, and she's talking about toxics and the environment, and that really kind of opens up a whole new wave. So it's no longer just conservation but it's conservation, plus regulation, trying to regulate the bad, and that wave kind of continued to be developed and got kind of a 2.5 upgrade because of the environmental justice community who said, \"Wait a minute, you're regulating but you're not regulating equally, the white polluters and white environmentalists are essentially steering poison into the people-of-color communities, because they don't have a racial justice frame.\"... Now there's something new that's beginning to gather momentum, and it's conservation plus regulation of the bad, plus investment in the good ... beginning to put money into the solutions as well as trying to regulate the problem. Jones published his first book, The Green Collar Economy, in 2008. He describes his \"viable plan for solving the two biggest issues facing the country today\u2014the economy and the environment.\" The book received favorable reviews from Al Gore, Nancy Pelosi, Tom Daschle, Carl Pope, and Arianna Huffington. In the book, Jones contended that invention and investment was needed to transition from a pollution-based \"grey economy\" and into a healthy new \"green economy\". Jones wrote: We are entering an era during which our very survival will demand invention and innovation on a scale never before seen in the history of human civilization. Only the business community has the requisite skills, experience, and capital to meet that need. On that score, neither government nor the nonprofit and voluntary sectors can compete, not even remotely. So in the end, our success and survival as a species are largely and directly tied to the new eco-entrepreneurs\u2014and the success and survival of their enterprises. Since almost all of the needed eco-technologies are likely to come from the private sector, civic leaders and voters should do all that can be done to help green business leaders succeed. That means, in large part, electing leaders who will pass bills to aid them. We cannot realistically proceed without a strong alliance between the best of the business world\u2014and everyone else. Jones had a limited publicity budget and no national media platform. But a viral, web-based marketing strategy earned the book a #12 debut on the New York Times bestseller list. Jones and Green For All used \"a combination of emails and phone calls to friends, bloggers, and a network of activists\" to reach millions of people. Due to the marketing campaign's grassroots nature, Jones said that achieving bestseller status was a victory for the entire green-collar jobs movement. In August 2008 Jones was featured on the grassroots radio program Sea Change Radio. The Green Collar Economy is the first environmental book written by an African-American to make the New York Times bestseller list. In March 2009, Jones was appointed as Special Advisor for Green Jobs, Enterprise and Innovation at the White House Council on Environmental Quality. Jones, while an ardent supporter of President Barack Obama, had not planned on working for his administration. Jones later said, \"when they asked the question, I burst out laughing because at the time it seemed completely ludicrous that it would even be an option. I think what changed my mind was interacting with the administration during the transition process and during the whole process of getting the recovery package pulled together.\" Columnist Chadwick Matlin described Jones as serving as \"switchboard operator for Obama's grand vision of the American economy; connecting the phone lines between all the federal agencies invested in a green economy.\" Jones did not like the informal \"czar\" term sometimes applied to his job. He described his role as \"the green-jobs handyman. I'm there to serve. I'm there to help as a leader in the field of green jobs, which is a new field. I'm happy to come and serve and be helpful, but there's no such thing as a green-jobs 'czar.'\" Jones's appointment was criticized by conservative media such as WorldNetDaily and Fox News commentator Glenn Beck, who mentioned Jones on fourteen episodes of his show. They criticized Jones for his radical political activities in the 1990s, including participation in STORM and his public support for Mumia Abu-Jamal, a prisoner convicted and sentenced to death, in a highly controversial trial, for murdering a police officer. In July 2009, Color of Change, which Jones had founded but left, launched a campaign urging advertisers on Beck's Fox News show to pull their ads, in protest of Beck's saying that President Obama had a \"deep-seated hatred for white people or the white culture\". In September 2009, a video on YouTube was circulated of a February 2009 lecture by Jones at the Berkeley Energy and Resources Collaborative. He used strong language to refer to Congressional Republican lawmakers, and himself, when conveying that Democrats need to step up the fight. The incident made headlines and Jones apologized, saying his words \"do not reflect the views of this administration, which has made every effort to work in a bipartisan fashion, and they do not reflect the experience I have had since I joined the administration.\" Representative Mike Pence (R-Indiana), the chairman of the Republican Conference in the U.S. House of Representatives and future Vice-President, and Senator John Cornyn (R-Texas), Chairman of the National Republican Senatorial Committee, publicly criticized Jones for his remarks. Senator Kit Bond (R-Missouri) urged Congress to investigate Jones's \"fitness\" for the position. Bob Beckel, a Fox News political analyst who was formerly an official in the Carter administration, was the first prominent Democrat to call for Jones's resignation. Jones was also criticized for allegedly having signed a 2004 petition by 911Truth.org that suggested the Bush administration \"may indeed have deliberately allowed 9/11 to happen\". Jones immediately said he did not agree with the statement and had not signed the petition. While the issue was open, the allegations were grounds for more tumult: conservative columnist Charles Krauthammer said that, while other accusations against Jones were \"trivial\", this was \"beyond partisanship\". Jones issued a statement that said, \"In recent days some in the news media have reported on past statements I made before I joined the administration\u00a0\u2013 some of which were made years ago. If I have offended anyone with statements I made in the past, I apologize. As for the petition that was circulated today, I do not agree with this statement and it certainly does not reflect my views now or ever.\" (Finally, on July 27, 2010, the group 911truth.org released a statement confirming that they had \"researched the situation and were unable to produce electronic or written evidence that Van agreed to sign the Statement\".) Jones resigned on September 5, 2009, saying he had been the subject of a \"vicious smear campaign\" by \"opponents of reform [of health care and clean energy]\" who were \"using lies and distortions to distract and divide.\" He felt he was becoming a distraction to the administration's achieving its goals. During an interview on ABC's This Week, White House Press Secretary Robert Gibbs thanked Jones \"for his service to the country\", while noting that the president did not endorse his past comments nor his support for Abu-Jamal. Some liberal commentators expressed continued support for Jones. Arianna Huffington predicted Beck's efforts would backfire by freeing Jones to be more outspoken. John McWhorter in The New Republic criticized Obama for having Jones resign. In February 2010, Jones became a senior fellow at the Center for American Progress. He led their Green Opportunity Initiative \"to develop a clearly articulated agenda for expanding investment, innovation, and opportunity through clean energy and environmental restoration\". Around the same time, Jones received appointments at Princeton University, as a distinguished visiting fellow in both the Center for African American Studies and in the Program in Science, Technology and Environmental Policy at the Princeton School of Public and International Affairs. Jones continued to advocate for green jobs after leaving the Obama administration. On October 2, 2010, Jones spoke at the One Nation Working Together rally in Washington, DC. He addressed linking the fight against poverty with the fight against pollution, saying that green jobs would bring \"real solutions\" instead of \"hateful rhetoric\". On April 15, 2011, Jones was a keynote speaker at Powershift 2011 in Washington, DC, addressing more than 10,000 students on issues of climate justice and standing up for underrepresented communities. Powershift 2011 was the largest youth activism and organizing training in U.S. history.[citation needed] He previously served as a keynote speaker for Powershift 2009. In June 2011, Jones worked with MoveOn.org to launch the Rebuild the Dream campaign, which was intended to start a progressive American Dream movement to counter the Tea Party movement. Following a kickoff on June 23, 2011, Rebuild the Dream announced a \"Contract for the American Dream\", intended as a counter to the Tea Party-supported \"Contract from America\",[citation needed] and held house meetings in July. It was intended \"to give the progressive mass movement that rose up to elect Barack Obama a new banner to march under.\" The launch included performances by The Roots and a DJ set by artist Shepard Fairey. In August 2012 Prince announced a series of concerts in Chicago to support Rebuild the Dream. Prince went on The View with Jones and Rosario Dawson to promote the concerts.[citation needed]Jones claimed 127,000 people had become involved in the movement by the end of July 2011. In April 2012 Jones published his second book, titled Rebuild the Dream. It debuted at number 16 on the New York Times Best-Seller list. Jones founded Advocates for Opioid Recovery together with former House Speaker Newt Gingrich and former Rep. Patrick J. Kennedy. Jones has served on the boards of numerous environmental and nonprofit organizations, including Natural Resources Defense Council (NRDC), 1Sky, the National Apollo Alliance, Social Venture Network, Rainforest Action Network, Bioneers, Julia Butterfly Hill's \"Circle of Life\" organization and Free Press. He currently serves on the board of trustees at Demos. He also served as a Senior Fellow with the Center for American Progress and a Fellow at the Institute of Noetic Sciences. In June 2013, Jones was announced as a co-host of a re-boot of the CNN political debate show Crossfire, alongside Newt Gingrich, Stephanie Cutter and S.E. Cupp. The new version of Crossfire made its debut on September 16, 2013, but the show had been canceled by October 2014. In 2016, Jones launched The Messy Truth, a news feature documentary series and subsequent studio discussion series, The Messy Truth with Van Jones, which aired in 2017 on CNN. In 2018, Jones launched The Van Jones Show on CNN, with Jay-Z as his first guest. In 2019 Jones launched The Redemption Project with Van Jones, a show focused on restorative justice and bringing \"offenders face to face with the people most affected by their violent crimes.\" Jones continued after the end of Crossfire as a regular CNN contributor. He has contributed to segments on a wide range of topics, including Obama administration policies, Supreme Court decisions, protests in Ferguson, Missouri after the fatal shooting by police of an unarmed young black man, and the 2016 Republican presidential primary. After the November 2016 election victory by Republican Donald Trump, Jones described the result as a \"whitelash\": his term for a racist backlash by white Americans who had opposed President Obama. On October 18, 2019, Hillary Clinton suggested Russians are \"grooming\" Tulsi Gabbard to be a third-party candidate who would help President Trump win reelection through the spoiler effect. Jones defended Gabbard, stating that \"I do not want someone of her stature to legitimate these attacks against anybody. If you\u2019ve got real evidence, come forward with it. But if you\u2019re just going to smear people casually on podcasts, you are playing right into the Russians\u2019 hands.\" On May 29, 2020, while on CNN's New Day, Jones commented \"It's not the racist white person who is in the Ku Klux Klan that we have to worry about. It's the white liberal Hillary Clinton supporter walking her dog in Central Park who would tell you right now, you know, people like that \u2013 'oh, I don't see race, race is no big deal to me, I see us all as the same, I give to charities. But the minute she sees a black man who she does not respect or who she has a slight thought against, she weaponized race like she had been trained by the Aryan Nation.\", referring to the incident involving Christian Cooper being falsely accused of threatening the life of the unrelated Amy Cooper. He went on to say \"even the most liberal, well-intentioned white person has a virus in his or her brain that can be activated at an instant.\" In late spring 2020, after the police murder of George Floyd and subsequent worldwide Black Lives Matter rallies, protests and marches, Jones advised the Trump White House on police reform policy. In several subsequent media appearances, he praised the president's executive order on police reform. A few weeks later, Jones was called out by The Daily Beast for not revealing his behind-the-scenes White House policy consulting work as he touted the policy in his other role as CNN political news pundit. Jones is President of The Dream Corps, a \"social enterprise and incubator for powerful ideas and innovations designed to uplift and empower the most vulnerable in our society.\" The Dream Corps owns and operates several advocacy projects, including Green for All, #cut50, and #YesWeCode. In early 2015, Jones launched #YesWeCode, an initiative aiming to \"teach 100,000 low-income kids to write code\". The musician Prince appeared at the Essence Festival to help support the launch. Jones credits his longtime friend Prince with the idea to form #YesWeCode. #YesWeCode has hosted several hackathons, including one in Detroit in partnership with MSNBC, and Oakland. In an interview on CNN on April 21, 2016, hours after the musician Prince's death, Jones revealed that Prince had secretly contributed to the funding of #YesWeCode. Jones also revealed that the musician had been a major philanthropist who preferred to give anonymously to a wide spectrum of charitable causes. Prince used Jones and others as surrogates to distribute his gifts. As a Jehovah's Witness, Prince did not want to receive public credit for his charitable work. Jones was among the 20 people who gathered for a private memorial service at Paisley Park after Prince's death. In 2015, Jones launched #cut50, an organization focused on bi-partisan solutions to criminal justice reform issues. In March 2015 #cut50 hosted a \"bi-partisan summit\" with Republican Newt Gingrich, former Speaker of the House, to promote bi-partisan solutions. Their goals are to reduce prison populations, as the US has the highest rate of incarceration in the world, and to end mandatory minimum sentencing and mandatory lengthy sentences for certain crimes. In November 2015, #cut50 gained the support of singer Alicia Keys. In 2016, Keys made a video appeal to Congressman Paul Ryan asking him to \"be her Valentine\" and commit to giving legislation on criminal justice reform a vote. Ryan made this commitment days later. #cut50 received additional celebrity support from \"100 A-List celebrities\" including Amy Schumer, Steph Curry, Edward Norton, Jesse Williams, Chris Pine, Russell Simmons, Shonda Rhimes, Russell Brand, Jessica Chastain, and Piper Kerman. In May 2018, Jones and other members of #cut50 met with Jared Kushner and President Donald Trump at the White House to discuss a criminal justice reform bill. Working with the Trump White House and Kim Kardashian, Jones and #cut50 were involved in helping to pass the First Step Act, a criminal justice reform bill the New York Times called \"the most substantial changes in a generation\" to national crime and sentencing laws. In 2019, Jones was announced as the CEO of REFORM Alliance, an initiative founded by Jay-Z, Meek Mill, New England Patriots owner Robert Kraft among others. The initiative aims to reform the criminal justice system, and has received funding from Twitter CEO Jack Dorsey. Magic Labs Media is a media company founded and owned by Jones. In 2016, produced The Messy Truth miniseries, which won a Webby Award, and in 2020 it produced The Messy Truth VR experience, which won an Emmy Award. Glenn Beck criticized Jones for his support of Mumia Abu-Jamal a death row inmate convicted of killing a police officer. Jones was accused of having a conflict of interest for running a PR firm called Megaphone Strategies which openly lobbies electoral college electors not to cast their vote for Donald Trump. Liberals criticized Jones for working with Jared Kushner for working on police reform and criminal justice reform. Jones covered the matter on CNN and failed to disclose this to his viewers. Jones's awards and honors include: 1996\u00a0\u2013 Brick Award Now renamed as Dosomething Awards 1997\u20131999\u00a0\u2013 Rockefeller Foundation \"Next Generation Leadership\" fellowship 1998\u00a0\u2013 Reebok International Human Rights Award 2000\u00a0\u2013 International Ashoka Fellowship 2008\u00a0\u2013 Time magazine, Environmental Hero 2008\u00a0\u2013 Elle magazine, Green Award 2008\u00a0\u2013 One of the George Lucas Foundation's \"Daring Dozen\" 2008\u00a0\u2013 Hunt Prime Mover Award; Hunt Alternatives Fund 2008\u00a0\u2013 Campaign for America's Future \"Paul Wellstone Award\" 2008\u00a0\u2013 Global Green USA \"Community Environmental Leadership\" Award 2008\u00a0\u2013 San Francisco Foundation Community Leadership Award 2008\u00a0\u2013 Puffin/Nation Prize for Creative Citizenship 2008\u00a0\u2013 World Economic Forum \"Young Global Leader\" 2008\u00a0\u2013 Essence magazine, 25 Most Inspiring African Americans 2009\u00a0\u2013 Hubert H. Humphrey Civil Rights Award 2009\u00a0\u2013 Eco-Entrepreneur Award, Institute for Entrepreneurship, Leadership & Innovation; Howard University 2009\u00a0\u2013 Individual Thought Leadership, Energy & Environment Awards; Aspen Institute 2009\u00a0\u2013 Time Magazine's 100 Most Influential People in the World 2010\u00a0\u2013 NAACP President's Award 2010\u00a0\u2013 Commonwealth Club of California\u00a0\u2013 Inforum's 21st Century Visionary Award 2010\u00a0\u2013 Global Exchange Human Rights Award Honoree. 2011\u00a0\u2013 Ebony Magazine's Power 150 2012\u00a0\u2013 Rolling Stone Magazine 12 Leaders Who Get Things Done 2013\u00a0\u2013 The Root Magazine 100 Honorees 2013\u00a0\u2013 Ebony Magazine's Power 100, \"The Innovators\" 2015\u00a0\u2013 National Urban League's Toyota Clean Energy Honoree 2015\u00a0\u2013 Environmental Media Association's Green Biz Global Innovator Award 2015\u00a0\u2013 Rainbow Push Coalition's 2015 Vanguard Award 2015\u00a0\u2013 David E. Glover Vanguard Award from the Oakland Citizens Committee for Urban Renewal (OCCUR) 2016 \u2013 Webby Award for The Messy Truth miniseries[111] 2017 \u2013 Webby Awards, Special Achievement award for his \"use of the Internet and social media during the 2016 election\" 2019 \u2013 Lumiere Award from the Advanced Imaging Society for Magic Labs' \u201cThe Messy Truth VR Experience\u201d, a virtual reality documentary 2020 \u2013 Emmy Award for Outstanding Original Interactive Program 2021 \u2013 Recipient of inaugural Courage and Civility Award from Jeff Bezos at press conference following Blue Origin's first human flight (includes US$100 million to distribute to non-profit organizations of Jones' choice) Jones, Van; Conrad, Ariane (2008). The Green Collar Economy. New York: HarperOne. ISBN\u00a0978-0-06-165075-8. Jones, Van (2012). Rebuild the Dream. New York: Nation Books. ISBN\u00a0978-1-56858-714-1. Jones, Van (2017). Beyond the Messy Truth: How We Came Apart, How We Come Together. Ballantine Books. ISBN\u00a0978-0399180026. Jones, Van (July 24, 2010). \"Shirley Sherrod and Me\". New York Times (option column). p.\u00a0WK10. Biography portal California portal San Francisco Bay Area portal Environment portal Politics portal Al Gore Efficient energy use Green-collar worker Green economy List of people from Tennessee List of U.S. executive branch czars List of Yale Law School alumni Renewable energy commercialization Renewable energy in the United States Social justice War Times: Reports from the Opposition Bernstein, Jacob (November 18, 2016). \"How Van Jones Became a Star of the 2016 Campaign\". The New York Times. Retrieved January 28, 2018. Lee, Jesse (March 10, 2009). \"Van Jones to CEQ\". whitehouse.gov \u2013 via National Archives. Duffy, Erin (February 24, 2010). \"Princeton U. welcomes former Obama adviser\". The Times. Trenton, NJ. Archived from the original on May 14, 2016. \"Van Jones\". IMDB. Jones, Van (2019-04-21). \"Why we're celebrating a three-month-old law\". CNN. Retrieved 2020-01-12. \"Jay-Z and Meek Mill's Reform Alliance Makes Key Hires (EXCLUSIVE)\". Variety. 8 October 2020. Karp, Hannah (12 February 2017). \"Lawyers Battle for Control of Late Pop Star Prince's Estate\". Wall Street Journal. Kolbert, Elizabeth (January 12, 2009). \"Greening the Ghetto\". The New Yorker. Retrieved August 25, 2009. Vesely-Flad, Ethan (January 2002). \"Addiction to Punishment: Challenging America's Incarceration Industry\". The Witness. Archived from the original on November 30, 2010. W. Kamau Bell & Hari Kondabolu (August 3, 2016). \"How Van Jones Keeps His Cool in the Cable News Circus\". Politically Reactive. First Look Media. Retrieved August 3, 2016. \"Van Jones\u00a0\u2013 About\". Institute of Noetic Sciences. Mitchell, Rita (May 25, 2009). \"Van Jones and the Promise of a Green Future\". Tennessee Alumnus. Retrieved September 5, 2009. Strickland, Eliza (November 2, 2005). \"The New Face of Environmentalism\". East Bay Express. Retrieved September 1, 2009. Jones, Van (May 13, 2007). \"15 Years Ago: Rodney King Uprising Left LA in Flames\u00a0\u2013 And Me in Jail!\". The Huffington Post. Retrieved September 11, 2009. Kennedy, Kerry (2004). \"Van Jones\". In Richardson, Nan (ed.). Speak Truth to Power: Human Rights Defenders Who are Changing Our World (2nd\u00a0ed.). New York: Umbrage Editions. pp.\u00a069\u201370. ISBN\u00a01-884167-33-0. Susan Sward, Bill Wallace, \"Troubled Past Of S.F. Cop Accused In Beating / Records reveal more brutality complaints\", San Francisco Chronicle, October 5, 1996; accessed February 20, 2017 Susan Sward, Chronicle Staff Writer, \"S.F. Panel Fires Officer In Aaron Williams Case\", San Francisco Chronicle/SF Gate, June 28, 1997; accessed February 20, 2017 Templeton, Robin (February 23, 2000). \"California Youth Take Initiative\". The Nation. Retrieved October 8, 2010. Hsiao, Andrew (July 18, 2000). \"Color Blind\". Retrieved September 2, 2009. Ella Baker Center for Human Rights, Ella Baker Center: A Brief History. Retrieved August 17, 2009. Coile, Zachary (September 30, 2003). \"Huffington considering leaving governor's race\". San Francisco Chronicle. p.\u00a0A1. \"What Is ColorOfChange.org?\". Color of Change. Retrieved September 1, 2009. Jones, Van (July\u2013August 2007). \"The New Environmentalists\". Time. Retrieved August 31, 2009. \"Van Jones, esq\". Ella Baker Center for Human Rights. Retrieved August 28, 2009. \"Oakland Green Jobs Corps\". Ella Baker Center for Human Rights. Retrieved August 28, 2009. \"A New Movement for a New Century: 2008 Annual Report\". Green for All. Archived from the original on March 5, 2009. Retrieved August 28, 2009. \"Green Jobs Not Jails\u00a0\u2013 The Third Wave of Environmentalism\". EON\u00a0\u2013 Ecological Options Network. January 19, 2008. Retrieved October 30, 2009. \"About the Book: The Green Collar Economy\". HarperCollins. Books\u00a0\u2013 Van Jones, vanjones.net Jones, Van (2008). The Green Collar Economy. New York: HarperOne. ISBN\u00a0978-0-06-165075-8. Sabloff, Nicholas (October 20, 2008). \"How Environmental Activist Van Jones' Book 'The Green Collar Economy' Reached the NYT Best Sellers List\". The Huffington Post. Retrieved September 1, 2009. \"Green Collar Jobs Build the Clean Energy Economy\". Sea Change Radio. August 20, 2008. Retrieved January 26, 2016. Pibel, Doug (March 10, 2009). \"Van Jones: Why I'm Going to Washington\". Yes Magazine. Retrieved September 1, 2009. Matlin, Chadwick (April 20, 2009). \"Van Jones: The Face of Green Jobs\". The Big Money. Burnham, Michael (March 10, 2009). \"Obama's 'green jobs handyman' ready to serve\". The New York Times. Greenwire. Retrieved September 1, 2009. Weigel, David (September 4, 2009). \"Far-Right Site Gains Influence in Obama Era (AfterBirther defends Jones, goes after WND, Beck)\". Free Republic. Broder, John M. (September 6, 2009). \"White House Official Resigns After G.O.P. Criticism\". The New York Times. Retrieved March 1, 2010. Barbash, Fred; Siegel, Harry (September 7, 2009). \"Van Jones resigns amid controversy\". The Politico. Retrieved December 15, 2009. Wilson, Scott; Eilperin, Juliet (September 7, 2009). \"In Adviser's Resignation, Vetting Bites Obama Again\". The Washington Post. pp.\u00a0A02. Retrieved September 7, 2009. Kennedy, Helen (August 18, 2009). \"President Obama insult by Glenn Beck has advertisers boycotting show\". New York Daily News. Linkins, Jason (October 18, 2009). \"Fox News Shocked Van Jones Called Republicans \"Assholes\"\u00a0\u2013 In February (VIDEO)\". The Huffington Post. Retrieved March 24, 2017. \"White House Green Jobs Adviser Apologizes for Calling Republicans 'Assholes'\". Fox News. September 2, 2009. Franke-Ruta, Garance (September 5, 2009). \"White House Says Little About Embattled Jones\". The Washington Post. Retrieved September 5, 2009. Franke-Ruta, Garance (September 4, 2009). \"Leading Republican Demands That White House Fire 'Green Collar' Adviser\". The Washington Post. Retrieved September 4, 2009. \"Republican Congressman Calls on Jones to Resign\". Fox News. September 4, 2009. Retrieved September 4, 2009. Garofoli, Joe (September 5, 2009). \"Obama adviser on green jobs under attack\". San Francisco Chronicle. pp.\u00a0A1. Retrieved September 6, 2009. Jones, Van (July 24, 2010). \"Shirley Sherrod and Me\". The New York Times. p.\u00a0WK10. Krauthammer, Charles (September 11, 2009). \"Linking Bush to 9/11 Is Why Van Jones Had to Go\". The Washington Post. Retrieved February 25, 2016. Poizner camp: Whitman, Jones in 'love'; Andy Barr; Politico; September 4, 2009 Dinan, Stephen (July 27, 2010). \"2004 Truth Statement from 911truth.org\". Franke-Ruta, Garance; Wilson, Scott (September 6, 2009). \"White House Adviser Van Jones Resigns Amid Controversy Over Past Activism\". The Washington Post. Retrieved September 6, 2009. Smith, Ben; Henderson, Nia-Malika (September 6, 2009). \"Glenn Beck up, left down and Van Jones defiant\". The Politico. Retrieved September 7, 2009. Garofoli, Joe (September 7, 2009). \"Progressives decry resignation of Van Jones\". San Francisco Chronicle. p.\u00a0A1. Retrieved September 7, 2009. Huffington, Arianna (September 7, 2009). \"Thank You, Glenn Beck!\". The Huffington Post. Retrieved December 15, 2009. Mcwhorter, John (September 7, 2009). \"Dumping Van Jones: Why Give In To Republicans' Tantrums?\". The New Republic. Retrieved September 15, 2009. \"Van Jones Rejoins CAP to Lead Green Opportunity Initiative\". Center for American Progress. February 24, 2010. Archived from the original on February 28, 2010. Retrieved March 1, 2010. Orol, Ronald D. (October 2, 2010). \"Van Jones, former Obama adviser, headlines D.C. rally\". MarketWatch. Elliott, Philip (October 2, 2010). \"DC rally shows support for struggling Democrats\". Washington Times. Associated Press. \"Powershift 2011\". Southeastern Louisiana University. Retrieved 31 May 2020. \"It's Easy Being Green: Environmentally Active Youth Head to D.C.\" Center for American Progress. 6 April 2011. Retrieved 31 May 2020. Can Van Jones Take on the Tea Party?, March 30, 2012 Dickinson, Tim (June 23, 2011). \"Van Jones on Rebuilding the American Dream\". Rolling Stone. Archived from the original on June 25, 2011. Retrieved August 1, 2011. Berman, Ari (June 23, 2011). \"Van Jones Previews the American Dream Movement\". The Nation. Retrieved August 1, 2011. Bedard, Paul (June 29, 2011). \"Washington Whispers: Van Jones Joins Pushes 'American Dream' for MoveOn.org\". U.S. News & World Report. Retrieved August 1, 2011. Foreman, Lauren (July 16, 2011). \"Jacksonians join national initiative to 'Rebuild the Dream'\". The Jackson Sun. Retrieved August 1, 2011.[permanent dead link] Sudo, Chuck. \"Prince Announces \"Welcome 2 Chicago\" Residency At United Center\". Chicagoist. Archived from the original on July 29, 2016. Retrieved December 28, 2015. \"Former Obama Adviser Brews A Different Tea Party\". NPR. July 31, 2011. Retrieved August 1, 2011. \"Best Sellers: Combined Hardcover & Paperback Nonfiction: Sunday, April 22nd 2012\". The New York Times. April 22, 2012. \"As he chairs Trump's opioid commission, Christie champions his home-state drug companies\". USA Today. October 19, 2017. \"NRDC: Press Release\u00a0\u2013 \"Forward on Climate\" Rally: More Than 35,000 strong March on Washington for Climate Action\". www.nrdc.org. Retrieved February 26, 2016. \"Board of Trustees\u00a0: Demos\". Retrieved February 1, 2012. Rorke, Robert (June 27, 2013). \"Newt Gingrich helms CNN's 'Crossfire' reboot\". New York Post. Retrieved December 28, 2015. \"Crossfire Will Return in September.\" New York Daily News, August 7, 2013, p. W1. \"CNN's Crossfire Canceled, Again\". www.mediaite.com. Retrieved December 28, 2015. \"'The Messy Truth' Hosted by Van Jones to Return to CNN on Jan. 11 and Jan. 25\". cnnpressroom.blogs.cnn.com. Retrieved February 13, 2018. Steinberg, Brian (January 19, 2018). \"Jay-Z to Guest on CNN's Launch of 'The Van Jones Show'\". Variety. Retrieved February 13, 2018. Ali, Lorraine (10 May 2019). \"Van Jones is making crime personal with CNN's 'The Redemption Project'\". LA Times. \"Van Jones: Keystone XL would be 'the Obama Pipeline'\". Grist. March 2, 2013. Retrieved December 28, 2015. \"CNN's Jones, Lemon Rip into Each Other over Ferguson Protests\". www.mediaite.com. Retrieved December 28, 2015. \"Van Jones: 'Democrats should worry' about GOP 'rainbow coalition'\". The Washington Times. Retrieved December 28, 2015. Blake, John (November 19, 2016). \"This is what 'whitelash' looks like\". CNN. Retrieved November 25, 2016. Morgan, Scott (October 19, 2019). \"Hillary Clinton suggests Russia is grooming Tulsi Gabbard for third-party run\". NBC News. \"Tulsi Gabbard calls Hillary Clinton \"the queen of warmongers\" in her latest clash with top Democrats\". Vox News. October 19, 2019. \"Beto O'Rourke Dismisses Hillary Clinton's Accusations, Says Tulsi Gabbard 'Is Not Being Groomed By Anyone'\". The Inquisitr. October 19, 2019. Concha, Joe (May 29, 2020). \"Van Jones: A 'white, liberal Hillary Clinton supporter' can pose a greater threat to black Americans than the KKK\". The Hill. Retrieved 31 May 2020. Flood, Brian (May 29, 2020). \"CNN's Van Jones says 'white, liberal Hillary Clinton supporter' more worrisome than KKK\". Fox News. Retrieved 31 May 2020. \"https://www.cnn.com/videos/us/2020/05/29/van-jones-george-floyd-white-liberal-hillary-clinton-supporter-sot-newday.cnn\". CNN. May 29, 2020. Retrieved May 31, 2020. External link in |title= (help) \"Van Jones Praises Trump's Policing Executive Order\". Mediaite. 2020-06-16. Retrieved 2020-06-29. Grove, Lloyd (2020-06-29). \"CNN's Van Jones Secretly Helped Craft the Weak Trump Police Reform He Praised on TV\". The Daily Beast. Retrieved 2020-06-29. \"DONNA BRAZILE: Koch brothers join bipartisan reform efforts\". Stillwater News Press. Retrieved January 24, 2016. \"Our Mission & Work\". Dream Corps. Retrieved January 24, 2016. Guynn, Jessica (January 19, 2015). \"Program teaches low-income kids to code\". USA Today. Retrieved December 28, 2015. \"Van Jones: Giving Black Geniuses Tools to Win with #YesWeCode\". Essence.com. Retrieved February 26, 2016. \"Prince Archives\u00a0\u2013 Hollywood Journal\". Hollywood Journal. Retrieved February 26, 2016. \"The winners and next gen. innovators of the #YesWeCode hackathon\". MSNBC. March 12, 2015. Retrieved February 26, 2016. Rosenmann, Jessie (April 22, 2016). \"How Prince Transformed People's Lives Beyond His Music\". AlterNet. Aquillano, Kate. \"Prince dead at age 57, friend Van Jones' emotional reaction\". CNN Headline News. Retrieved March 24, 2016. \"Friend: Prince was always there for you\". CNN. Retrieved March 24, 2016. \"Inside Prince's Private Memorial: It Was a 'Beautiful Ceremony to Say a Loving Goodbye'\". Entertainment Tonight. Retrieved April 24, 2016. Altman, Alex (March 26, 2015). \"Will Congress Reform the Criminal Justice System?\". Time. Retrieved December 28, 2015. Young, Natasha (November 20, 2015). \"Alicia Keys Takes On Mass Incarceration\". Refinery29. Retrieved December 28, 2015. Byrnes, Jesse (February 4, 2016). \"Alicia Keys asks Paul Ryan to be her Valentine\". The Hill. Retrieved February 25, 2016. \"100 A-List Celebs Join Movement to Reduce Prison Population and Reform Mandatory Minimums\". Drug Policy Alliance. Retrieved February 26, 2016. \"Artists for #JusticeReformNOW\". #JusticeReformNOW. Archived from the original on March 5, 2016. Retrieved February 26, 2016. Liptak, Kevin (19 May 2018). \"Unlikely allies confer on prison reform at White House\". May 19, 2018. Retrieved April 12, 2019. Caldwell, Leigh Anne. \"How Trump unexpectedly became the star of criminal justice reform\". NBC News. Fandos, Nicholas (19 December 2018). \"Senate Passes Bipartisan Criminal Justice Bill\". New York Times. Aswad, Jem (8 October 2020). \"Jay-Z and Meek Mill's Reform Alliance Makes Key Hires (EXCLUSIVE)\". Variety. Au-Yeung, Angel. \"Twitter Billionaire Jack Dorsey is Giving $10 Million to Get Protective Equipment to U.S. Jails and Prisons \u2014Now Coronavirus Hot Spots\". Forbes. Ashworth, Boone. \"How VR\u2014and Marvel Superheroes\u2014Might Elicit Empathy\". Wired. \"NEW Webby Gallery + Index\". Webby Awards. \"Van Jones\". Emmy Awards. \"White House Adviser Van Jones Resigns Amid Controversy Over Past Activism | 44 | washingtonpost.com\". voices.washingtonpost.com. Retrieved 2021-10-09. Rehkopf, Bill (2016-12-09). \"Is Van Jones another conflict of interest headache for CNN?\". TheHill. Retrieved 2021-10-09. Nguyen, Tina (2018-10-22). \"\"Are You Having Fun?\": Van Jones Manages to Make Jared Kushner Look Like a Hidden Genius\". Vanity Fair Blogs. Retrieved 2021-10-09. Grove, Lloyd (2020-06-29). \"CNN's Van Jones Secretly Helped Craft the Weak Trump Police Reform He Praised on TV\". The Daily Beast. Retrieved 2021-10-09. \"BRICK Winner may replace Tavis Smiley\". Archived from the original on September 13, 2012. Elliot, Michael (September 24, 2008). \"Van Jones: Heroes of the Environment 2008\". Time. Archived from the original on September 29, 2008. Retrieved August 31, 2009. Puffin/Nation Prize for Creative Citizenship Archived July 10, 2010, at the Wayback Machine, official website. \"Van Jones: 2009 Hubert H. Humphrey Civil Rights Award Honoree\". Civilrights.org. Archived from the original on September 7, 2009. Retrieved September 5, 2009. \"Aspen Institute Announces Winners of Second Annual Aspen Institute Energy and Environment Awards\". Aspen Institute. March 18, 2009. Retrieved October 8, 2010. Jealous, Benjamin Todd (February 24, 2010). \"Van Jones Will Receive This Year's NAACP President's Award. Here's Why\". NAACP. Archived from the original on December 22, 2016. Retrieved December 7, 2016. \"Human Rights Awards\". Global Exchange. 2010. Archived from the original on June 27, 2015. \"[POWER 100 2013] The Innovators\". EBONY. 2016-08-02. Retrieved 2019-05-14. \"Toyota Revs Up Sponsorship At National Urban League Annual Conference\". www.prnewswire.com. Retrieved January 27, 2016. \"Environmental Media Association Announces Winners and Opens EMA Memberships to Public for First-Time in 26 Years\". TheHollywoodTimes. October 25, 2015. Archived from the original on February 3, 2016. Retrieved January 27, 2016. \"Rainbow PUSH Economic Summit: Tech Wrap-Up\". Black Enterprise. 15 January 2015. Retrieved January 27, 2016. Nishihara, Naomi (October 20, 2015). \"Oakland agency addresses the Bay Area's digital divide\". Medium. Retrieved January 27, 2016. \"Van Jones\". The Webby Awards. Retrieved 2019-05-14. Roettgers, Janko (2019-01-31). \"Van Jones Talks About His Lumiere Award-Winning, Winston Duke-Starring VR Experience 'The Messy Truth' (EXCLUSIVE)\". Variety. Retrieved 2019-05-14. Griffin, Andrew (2021-07-20). \"Jeff Bezos to give away $200 million to two celebrities after trip to space\". The Independent. Archived from the original on 2021-07-20. Retrieved 2021-07-20. Official website Van Jones at TED Appearances on C-SPAN Van Jones at IMDb Van Jones on Charlie Rose Works by or about Van Jones in libraries (WorldCat catalog)"
   },
   {
    "name": "Jabari Greer",
    "id": "Q3805477",
    "text": "Jabari Amin Greer (born February 11, 1982) is a former American football cornerback in the National Football League. He played college football at Tennessee and was signed by the Buffalo Bills as an undrafted free agent in 2004. Greer also played for the New Orleans Saints. Born in Milwaukee, Wisconsin, Greer moved to Texas at age seven and later lived in Jackson, Tennessee, where he attended South Side High School. At South Side, Greer was an all-state selection in football and won seven individual state track championships. During his college career at Tennessee, Greer participated in track and field as well as football. He broke the 110m hurdles school record that had previously been held by Collin Henderson. He was the 2003 NCAA Indoor Champion for 60 meter hurdles. Greer was a three-year starter at cornerback and broke a school record by playing in 51 games. He graduated from Tennessee in 2004 with a degree in psychology. NFL Draft Scout predicted Greer to be a fourth or fifth round pick in the 2004 NFL Draft, but Greer was not selected. Greer's scouting report noted that he lacked size, a factor that might pose \"problems in handling the larger receivers.\" The Buffalo Bills signed Greer on April 26, 2004 as an undrafted free agent. While in Buffalo he played mostly as a nickel or dimeback and on special teams. In 2008, he started the first 10 games of the season, before suffering an injury. On March 4, 2009, Greer signed a four-year contract with the New Orleans Saints. He became a starter for the Saints and returned an interception for a touchdown in a Monday Night Football game against the Atlanta Falcons. He was injured on November 8, 2009, and missed most of the rest of the 2009 regular season, but returned in time to play a significant role in the playoffs. On February 12, 2014, three months after tearing his left ACL against the 49ers, Greer was cut by the New Orleans Saints to create more cap space for the team. On September 11, 2014, Greer announced his retirement during an appearance on ESPN. Greer now works as an NFL Analyst for TSN in Canada, as well as a college football analyst for SEC Network. Greer also was an on air broadcaster for Your Call Football, an interactive game where fans call real time plays for players, including former NFL players such as Greer. Greer became a single father at the age of 21 and now has five children in all (including three with his wife Katrina). He has established a non-profit foundation, the Greer Campaign, focused on programs to assist both single and married fathers in developing their parenting skills. Olstad, Jay (February 8, 2010). \"Milwaukee Native Wins Super Bowl\". WTMJ-TV. Archived from the original on March 21, 2012. Retrieved March 28, 2011. \"Jabari Greer\". New Orleans Saints. Archived from the original on February 23, 2014. Retrieved January 6, 2019. \"Track & Field: Jabari Greer\". UTSports.com. University of Tennessee. Archived from the original on June 18, 2004. Retrieved January 6, 2019. \"Football: Jabari Greer\". UTSports.com. University of Tennessee. Archived from the original on April 5, 2004. Retrieved January 6, 2019. Lee, Stephen (August 20, 2015). \"VFL Jabari Greer Joins SEC Network\". Tennessee Update. University of Tennessee. Archived from the original on August 21, 2015. Retrieved January 6, 2019. \"Jabari Greer\". NFL Draft Scout. Retrieved May 30, 2013. \"Prospect profiles: Jabari Greer\". NFL. Archived from the original on June 10, 2004. \"Archived copy\". Archived from the original on March 9, 2012. Retrieved March 5, 2009.CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link) Hogan, Nakia (January 13, 2010). \"The return of cornerbacks Jabari Greer and Tracy Porter gives the New Orleans Saints' defense a whole new look\". The Times-Picayune. Archived from the original on January 16, 2010. Retrieved January 6, 2019. \"New Orleans Saints part ways with Jabari Greer, Roman Harper, Will Smith and Jonathan Vilma\". New Orleans Saints. February 12, 2014. Archived from the original on February 15, 2014. \"Jabari Greer announces retirement\", ESPN.com, September 11, 2014. \"ESPN Bios Archive\", ESPNMediaZone.com \". \"Fan-powered league ready to play\". Sports Business Daily. Sports Business Daily. Retrieved October 31, 2018. Stacey Plainsance, \"Celebration of fathers a crusade for Saints player\", Associated Press in Knoxville News Sentinel, June 14, 2012. Garrett Galuszka, \"Greer Campaign launches fatherhood program after success of Run Jackson\", Times-Picayune, July 9, 2012. archived link Jordan Buie, \"Dads question best path of fatherhood: Greer Campaign provides answers for local fathers trying to improve\"[permanent dead link], The Jackson Sun, August 15, 2012. Jabari Greer on Twitter Jabari Greer on Facebook"
   },
   {
    "name": "Jessi Alexander",
    "id": "Q3808128",
    "text": "Jessica Leigh Alexander (born November 18, 1976) is an American country music artist and songwriter. She has had her songs recorded by Patty Loveless, Trisha Yearwood and Little Big Town. She also launched her own recording career in 2004. Two of her songs charted on Billboard's Hot Country Songs chart, and Columbia Records released her debut album, Honeysuckle Sweet, on March 1, 2005. In 2006, she was dropped from the label, shortly after marrying Jon Randall. Alexander co-wrote Miley Cyrus' single \"The Climb\", for the 2009 film Hannah Montana: The Movie and the Hannah Montana song \"I'll Always Remember You\" from the Hannah Montana Forever soundtrack. She also co-wrote Lee Brice's 2012 single \"I Drive Your Truck\", and Blake Shelton's \"Drink on It\", \"Mine Would Be You\" and \"Turnin' Me On\" In 2021, Jessi was featured on \"That Was Us\" from the album 'Behind the Bar' by Riley Green. allmusic ((( Jessi Alexander > Songs > Songs Composed By ))) Billboard.com - Artist Chart History - Jessi Alexander Inc, Nielsen Business Media (2006-07-08). Billboard. Nielsen Business Media, Inc. \"Morgan Wallen's Debut, 'The Way I Talk,' Riffs on Accents\". Billboard. Retrieved 2017-02-07. v t e"
   },
   {
    "name": "Wayne Chism",
    "id": "Q4018594",
    "text": "Devon Dwayne \"Wayne\" Chism (born June 16, 1987) is an American-Bahraini professional basketball player who last played for the Magnolia Hotshots of the Philippine Basketball Association (PBA). He played college basketball for the Tennessee Volunteers. Born in Jackson, Tennessee, Chism was the focus of the Volunteers' offense during his senior season. He averaged 12.6 ppg, 7.2 rpg, and 1.3 bpg, all team highs. He also led UT to its first Elite Eight appearance in school history, where they were defeated by the Michigan State Spartans by a final score of 70-69. Chism was not selected in the 2010 NBA Draft, but received summer league invitations from the New Jersey Nets and Sacramento Kings. He played for Antalya BB in Turkey, but was released in December 2010. In January 2011, he signed to play with the Fort Wayne Mad Ants of the NBA D-League. For the 2011\u201312 season he signed with Albacomp of Hungary. In July 2012, he signed with Aix Maurienne Savoie Basket of the French LNB Pro B for the 2012\u201313 season. In October 2013, he returned to Hungary and signed with Kaposv\u00e1ri KK. In February 2014, he parted ways with Kaposv\u00e1ri. In August 2014, he signed a one-year deal with Hapoel Gilboa Galil. On January 20, 2015, he was waived by the Israeli club. In March 2014, Chism signed with the Rain or Shine Elasto Painters of the Philippine Basketball Association as the team's import for the 2014 PBA Commissioner's Cup. In February 2015, he returned to Philippines for his second tour of duty as import for Rain or Shine Elasto Painters Chism led the Elasto Painters to a league-leading 8-3 win-loss record (a record they tied with Talk 'N Text) and to a finals stint before losing to Talk 'N Text in seven games. For his contributions to the team, Chism was awarded the Best Import of the Conference award at the end of the conference. In November 2015, Chism signed to play and return to the Philippines for the third time, again playing for Rain or Shine as the team's import for the 2016 PBA Commissioner's Cup. However, on February 18, 2016, in a game against Meralco Bolts, he injured his hamstring, and was doubtful to play for the rest of the conference. Two days later, he was released by the team and was replaced by NBA veteran Antonie Wright. In October 2016, Chism signed with Garzas de Plata Hidalgo of the Mexican LNBP. In August 2017, Chism signed with Al Manama of the Bahraini Premier League. PBA Best Import of the Conference Award (2015 Commissioner's) Wayne Chism nets two summer deals; Tyler Smith has option. Retrieved August 6, 2010. \"Dwayne Chism released by Antalya\". Sportando.com. December 17, 2010. Retrieved July 9, 2014. \"Wayne Chism signe \u00e0 Aix-Maurienne\". Catch-and-Shoot.com (in French). July 28, 2012. Retrieved July 9, 2014. \"Kaposvari KK signs Wayne Chism to replace Milos Pesic\". Sportando.com. October 23, 2013. Retrieved July 9, 2014. \"Wayne Chism and Kaposvari KK part ways\". Sportando.com. February 17, 2014. Retrieved July 9, 2014. \"Wayne Chism signs with Gilboa/Galil\". Sportando.com. August 15, 2014. Retrieved November 1, 2014. \"Gilboa/Galil waives Wayne Chism\". Sportando.com. January 20, 2015. Retrieved January 20, 2015. Joble, Rey (February 18, 2015). \"Rain or Shine brings back slimmed-down Wayne Chism as import; 'Isama natin kay Beau and JR kumain', Guiao says\". InterAksyon.com. Retrieved November 29, 2015. Ballesteros, Jan (April 29, 2015). \"PBA Finals: Talk 'N Text wins Game 7 in double overtime, claims Commissioner's Cup crown\". CNN Philippines. Retrieved November 29, 2015. \"Rain or Shine's Wayne Chism is Best Import of Commissioner's Cup\". InterAksyon.com. April 22, 2015. Retrieved November 29, 2015. Panaligan, Marisse (November 28, 2015). \"PBA: Rain or Shine taps Wayne Chism for Commissioner's Cup\". GMA News and Public Affairs. Retrieved November 29, 2015. Panaligan, Marisse (February 18, 2016). \"Wayne Chism pulls hamstring, in doubt for Rain or Shine-Ginebra match\". GMA News and Public Affairs. Retrieved February 20, 2016. Ramos, Gerry (February 20, 2016). \"Rain or Shine bringing in new import Antoine Wright for injured Wayne Chism\". Spin.ph. Retrieved February 20, 2016. \"Wayne Chism (ex Rain or Shine) is a newcomer at Garzas\". Eurobasket.com. November 15, 2016. Retrieved November 15, 2016. Madwar, Ahmad (August 10, 2017). \"Wayne Chism (ex NLEX RW) signs at Al-Manama\u00a0!!\". Eurobasket.com. Retrieved November 20, 2017. Eurobasket.com profile RealGM profile Tennessee Volunteers bio"
   },
   {
    "name": "Trey Teague",
    "id": "Q4107978",
    "text": "Fred Everette Teague III or Trey Teague (born December 27, 1974 in Jackson, Tennessee) is a former American football center. Teague was a seventh round pick out of the University of Tennessee in the 1998 NFL Draft by the Denver Broncos. Trey Teague played for the Broncos from 1998 to 2001. In 2001, he became their starting left offensive tackle in all 16 games. Teague went to the Bills in 2002, becoming their starting center in place of Bill Conaty. There he stayed for three more years, up to 2005. In 2006, he was replaced by Melvin Fowler. On February 21, 2007, Teague was released by the New York Jets, the last team with which he was signed. \"Trey Teague Stats\". \"2002 Buffalo Bills Starters, Roster, & Players\". v t e"
   },
   {
    "name": "Allan B. Hubbard",
    "id": "Q4730465",
    "text": "Allan B. Hubbard (born September 8, 1947) finished his term as the Assistant to President George W. Bush for Economic Policy and Director of the National Economic Council at the end of 2007. Hubbard received his B.A. degree from Vanderbilt University cum laude in 1969. In 1975, Mr. Hubbard received a J.D. from Harvard Law School, also cum laude, and an M.B.A. from Harvard Business School, where he was a classmate of Bush's. He was previously the director of E & A Industries, a conglomerate in Indiana that owns three chemical companies, among others. A major fundraiser for Bush, from 1993 to 1994, Hubbard served as the volunteer chairman of the Indiana State Republican Party and from 1990 to 1992 as deputy chief of staff to Vice President Dan Quayle, and previously as executive director of the President's Council on Competitiveness, which was chaired by Quayle. Hubbard formerly served as an Assistant to the President for Economic Policy and Director, National Economic Council. He was also one of the Members of the 2006 Bilderberg Meeting in Ottawa, Canada, and is a former member of the group's Steering Committee. \"Former Steering Committee Members\". bilderbergmeetings.org. Bilderberg Group. Archived from the original on February 2, 2014. Retrieved 2014-02-08. Appearances on C-SPAN Biography at whitehouse.gov Personnel Announcement as Director of the National Economic Council at whitehouse.gov Biography at the Hudson Institute"
   },
   {
    "name": "Aubrey Lyles",
    "id": "Q4819148",
    "text": "Aubrey Lee Lyles (8 January 1884 \u2013 28 July 1932), sometimes credited as A. L. Lyles, was an American vaudeville performer, playwright, songwriter, and lyricist. He appeared with Flournoy E. Miller as Miller and Lyles, a popular African-American comedy duo, from 1905 until shortly before his death. Lyles was born in Jackson, Tennessee, and attended Fisk University in Nashville as a medical student. He began performing as one half of a comedy duo, Miller and Lyles, with his friend Flournoy Miller. From 1905, Miller and Lyles were hired by impresario Robert T. Motts to be resident playwrights with the Pekin Theater Stock Company in Chicago. They performed with the company in blackface, and in the show The Colored Aristocrats introduced the characters Steve Jenkins (Miller) and Sam Peck (Lyles), with which they would be associated for many years. In 1909, Miller and Lyles traveled to New York City, where they started to perform on the vaudeville circuit, uniquely relying on comic performances rather than incorporating song and dance. They developed comedy devices later copied by others, such as a prizefighting routine which contrasted Miller's height and Lyles' short stature; completing each other's sentences; and \"mutilatin'\" the language in their phraseology. In 1915, they appeared in Andr\u00e9 Charlot's production Charlot's Revue in England, and upon their return to the U.S. appeared with Abbie Mitchell in Darkydom, a musical with score by James Reese Europe that was the first major black musical comedy. For several years they continued to work together on the Keith vaudeville circuit, as well as writing and producing plays. In 1921 they presented Shuffle Along, a Broadway musical with music by Eubie Blake and lyrics by Noble Sissle. The show \"set the style for more than a decade, inspiring many imitations,\" and showcased the song \"I'm Just Wild About Harry\". Miller and Lyles also starred in the show, as Steve Jenkins and Sam Peck. Also in 1921, Orlando Kellum made a short film with Miller and Lyles performing their song \"De Ducks\" in Kellum's short-lived Photokinema sound-on-disc process. Shuffle Along ran in theatres until 1924. Between 1922 and 1925, Miller and Lyles also made a number of recordings for the OKeh label. The pair wrote a three-act play, The Flat Below, and Miller also wrote another play, Going White. Miller and Lyles continued to work together for several years writing and performing in Broadway shows including Runnin' Wild \u2013 one of the first shows to popularize the Charleston, in 1923, with a score by James P. Johnson \u2013 Rang Tang (1927), which they co-directed; and Keep Shuffling (1928) which featured music by Fats Waller. They split up the act in 1928 but later reunited to perform on radio, and threatened to sue Freeman Gosden and Charles Correll, writers and performers of the Amos 'n' Andy radio show, for plagiarising their act. They also started to put together a new show, Shuffle Along of 1933. Lyles died in New York City in July 1932 of pulmonary tuberculosis, at the age of 48. African American musical theater \"Robert T. Motts, Prominent Chicago Financier and Business Man, Passes Away Monday July 10.\" (Des Moines IA) The Bystander, July 21, 1911, p. 1. Henry T. Sampson, Blacks in Blackface: A Sourcebook on Early Black Musical Shows, Scarecrow Press, 2013, pp.72-74 Cary D. Wintz, Paul Finkelman (eds.), Encyclopedia of the Harlem Renaissance: K-Y, Taylor & Francis, 2004, pp.792-793 Jon C. Hopwood, \"Aubrey Miles\", IMDb.com. Retrieved 11 July 2014 Aubrey Lyles at the Internet Broadway Database"
   },
   {
    "name": "Ben Lindsey",
    "id": "Q4886065",
    "text": "Benjamin Barr Lindsey (November 25, 1869 \u2013 March 26, 1943) was an American judge and social reformer based in Denver during the Progressive Era. Benjamin Barr Lindsey was born in Jackson, Tennessee, to former Confederate captain Landy Tunstall Lindsey. He was educated in the public schools and attended Southwest Baptist University. His father committed suicide when Ben was 18, leaving him the sole support of his mother and her three younger children. He obtained employment in a real-estate office in Denver, where he studied law in his spare time. In despair over his slow progress in his law studies, he attempted suicide, but his gun misfired. In 1894, he entered the practice of law in Denver. In his work, he was often assisted by his wife, Henrietta, whom he had married in 1914. He was appointed to a vacancy in the county court in 1900. Lindsey was a pioneer in the establishment of the juvenile court system. Through his efforts, an act was passed creating a juvenile court in Denver which represented an important advance in relation of the law to children and would go on to serve as a model for future juvenile courts across America. Lindsey was made judge of the juvenile court in 1901 (which became a juvenile and family relations court in 1907). He held the position continuously, but he was not endorsed by either political party in 1908.[citation needed] Among other measures to which Judge Lindsey contributed his influence were a reform of the registration law, greatly reducing election frauds; a reform of the ballot; state provisions for the support of the dependents of people serving in prison; extension of the probation system for prisoners; organization of public baths and playgrounds in Denver; the institution of the fresh-air movement in Denver; and enactment of statewide Mother's Pension Law. He was a leader in the movement to abolish child labor. He carried on an active propaganda for the general adoption of the juvenile court plan, and for political and social reform, through lectures delivered in many American and foreign cities and through the publication of books and pamphlets, of which The Beast (with Harvey J. O'Higgins, 1910) was widely circulated. In 1906, Judge Lindsey was a candidate for governor of Colorado, and in 1912 became a member of the Progressive National Committee. In early 1927, Judge Lindsey co-wrote a controversial book about what he called \"companionate marriage\", in which he suggested that young men and women should be able to live together in a trial marriage, where the couple could have a year to evaluate whether or not they were suitable with each other. The only caveat was they had to agree not to have children. If after a year, the couple decided to stay together, they could do so, but if the relationship didn't work out, they would be able to dissolve the relationship easily. Also, if they decided they were compatible and did want children, they could change the status of their relationship to a traditionally understood marriage. Since one of the most common discourses in the popular culture was about women having children, and many clergy believed that sexual intercourse within marriage should only be for purposes of procreation, Judge Lindsey's essay aroused strong emotions; a number of priests and ministers, as well as civic leaders accused him of promoting immorality, promiscuity and free love, charges that he denied. At one point, even the Pope spoke out against him. Bertrand Russell, in his 1929 book Marriage and Morals, wrote approvingly of Lindsey\u2019s proposals but observed that they \"were received with a howl of horror by all middle-aged persons and most of the newspapers throughout the length and breadth of America.\" In Denver, he was ousted from the bench, after 28 years of service. Time expressed the view that his views on companionate marriage had destroyed his reputation. Judge Lindsey continued to defend his views on radio and in a series of speaking engagements. Judge Lindsey appeared as himself in the film The Soul of Youth (1920), directed by William Desmond Taylor, and in Judge Ben Lindsey in the Juvenile Court (1921), the latter film made in the experimental Photokinema sound-on-disc process. \"Benjamin Barr Lindsey\", episode 24 of the historical docudrama TV series Profiles in Courage, based upon John F. Kennedy's Pulitzer Prize-winning book, was broadcast on April 25, 1965, with George Grizzard portraying Judge Lindsey in 1906, at the time of his advocacy for juvenile justice reform. He is a recurring character in the songs of Denver folk/country artist Jay Munly, appearing in songs such as \"Circle Round My Bedside\" and \"Bonnie Clyde, the Big Bull-Hen of the Women's Prison\" In 1931, he ran for, and won election to a judgeship in the California Superior Court. He also continued his advocacy for children in the juvenile justice system. He died in Los Angeles, of a heart attack, at age 73. With Edwin Markham and George Creel, Children in Bondage, (1914) The Rule of Plutocracy in Colorado; The Doughboys' Religion (1919) Pan-Germanism in America (1919) With Wainwright Evans, The Revolt of Modern Youth (1925) With Wainwright Evans. The Companionate Marriage (1927) With Rube Burrough. The Dangerous Life (1931) D'Ann Campbell, \"Judge Ben Lindsey and the Juvenile Court Movement, 1901-1904\". Arizona and the West, 1976, Vol. 18 Issue 1, pp 5\u201320 Lincoln Steffens, Upbuilders (Garden City, New York, 1909) \"Lindsey Urges Marriage For Companionship\". Chicago Tribune. January 12, 1927. p.\u00a03. \"Judge Lindsey Denies Advocating Free Love\". The New York Times. January 31, 1927. p.\u00a011. \"Pope Excoriates Birth Control And Companionate Marriage\". The Atlanta Constitution. January 9, 1931. p.\u00a01. Russell, Bertrand, Marriage and Morals, Ch. 12, p.164. \"The Judiciary: Lindsey Out Monday\". Time. July 11, 1927. \"Judge Lindsey to Speak Tomorrow at P.B.H.\" The Harvard Crimson. April 16, 1920. \"Lindsey, Ben B. (Ben Barr), 1869-1943\". Social Networks and Archival Context. Retrieved 2 June 2018. Bibliography Larsen, Charles Edward (1972). The Good Fight: The Life and Times of Ben B. Lindsey. Quadrangle Books. ISBN\u00a09780812902372. as Benjamin Barr Lindsey at Find a Grave as Ben Lindsey at IMDb"
   },
   {
    "name": "Bill Hopper",
    "id": "Q4909483",
    "text": "William \"Bill\" Booth Hopper (August 26, 1891, Jackson, Tennessee \u2013 January 14, 1965, Allen Park, Michigan) was a Major League Baseball pitcher. He pitched parts of three seasons in the majors, from 1913 until 1915, for the St. Louis Cardinals and Washington Senators. He is buried in Browns Cemetery in Jackson, Tennessee. Career statistics and player information from Baseball-Reference, or\u00a0Baseball-Reference (Minors) Bill Hopper at Find a Grave v t e"
   },
   {
    "name": "Charles Alexander Shaw",
    "id": "Q5075051",
    "text": "Charles Alexander Shaw (December 31, 1944 \u2013 April 12, 2020) was a Senior United States District Judge of the United States District Court for the Eastern District of Missouri. Born in Jackson, Tennessee, Shaw received a Bachelor of Arts degree from Harris Stowe State College in 1966, a Master of Business Administration from the University of Missouri in 1971, and a Juris Doctor from the Columbus School of Law at the Catholic University of America in 1974. He was an attorney with the appellate branch of the Division of Enforcement for the National Labor Relations Board from 1974 to 1976. He entered private practice in St. Louis, Missouri from 1976 to 1980, and then worked as an Assistant United States Attorney for the Eastern District of Missouri from 1980 to 1987. He then became a state court judge in Missouri's 22nd Judicial Circuit from 1987 to 1993. On October 25, 1993, Shaw was nominated by President Bill Clinton to a new seat on the United States District Court for the Eastern District of Missouri, created by 104 Stat. 5089. He was confirmed by the United States Senate on November 20, 1993, and received his commission on November 22, 1993. He assumed senior status on December 31, 2009 and died on April 12, 2020, aged 75. List of African-American jurists Confirmation hearings on federal appointments\u00a0: hearings before the Committee on the Judiciary, United States Senate, One Hundred Third Congress, first session on confirmations of appointees to the federal judiciary. 4.J 89/2:S.HRG.103-1031/ pt.1, page 1114 Patrick, Robert (April 13, 2020). \"Longtime federal judge in St. Louis dies at 75\". STLtoday.com. Retrieved April 13, 2020. Charles Alexander Shaw at the Biographical Directory of Federal Judges, a public domain publication of the Federal Judicial Center."
   },
   {
    "name": "Chris Beasley",
    "id": "Q5105863",
    "text": "Christopher Charles Beasley (born June 23, 1962) is an American former middle relief pitcher in Major League Baseball (MLB) who played briefly for the California Angels during the 1991 season. Listed at 6\u00a0ft 2\u00a0in (1.88\u00a0m), 190\u00a0lb., Beasley batted and threw right-handed. He attended Arizona State University. Beasley was drafted three times. He was originally drafted by the Chicago White Sox in the 6th round of the 1982 January draft, however he didn't sign. He then was selected by the Angels in the 27th round of the regular draft in 1983, and again did not sign. He finally signed with the Cleveland Indians after being drafted by them in the ninth round of the 1984 draft. A star pitcher for the ASU Sun Devils, Beasley played in the 1983 and 1984 College World Series. In the minor leagues, Beasley was mostly used as a starting pitcher. He began his professional career in 1984, pitching for the Batavia Trojans. He went 6\u20135 with a 4.01 ERA for them. In 1985, he pitched for the Waterloo Indians and Waterbury Indians, going a combined 8\u201313 with a 3.58 ERA. He went 8\u20139 with a 3.82 ERA in 1986. In 1987, he began the season with the Williamsport Bills, however he was released by the Indians on June 15. On June 30, he was signed by the Seattle Mariners and finished the season with their minor league team, the Chattanooga Lookouts. He went a combined 4\u201310 with a 5.28 ERA in 1987. On March 23, 1988, the Mariners released Beasley. He did not pitch in 1988. However, on February 10, 1989, he was signed by the Angels. He pitched for the Palm Springs Angels and Midland Angels in 1989, going a combined 12\u20137 with a 3.39 ERA. He pitched for the Edmonton Trappers in 1990, going 12\u20139 with a 4.49 ERA. In 1991, Beasley spent about half the season in the minors and half in the majors. He went 3\u20135 with a 5.26 ERA for the Trappers in the minors. On July 20, he made his big league debut, pitching against his former team, the Cleveland Indians. He worked one inning in his big league debut, allowing a walk and no earned runs. He recorded his first career strikeout in that game as well. Overall, Beasley went 0\u20131 with a 3.38 ERA in 22 big league games that season, giving up 10 earned runs on 26 hits and 10 walks while striking out 14 in 26+2\u20443 innings of work. He played his final game on September 29. He played his final professional season in 1992, with the Edmonton Trappers. He went 2\u20131 with a 4.09 ERA with them. Overall, he went 55\u201359 with a 4.15 ERA in his minor league career. Boxscore Baseball Reference Baseball Reference Minors Career statistics and player information from Baseball-Reference, or\u00a0Fangraphs, or\u00a0Baseball-Reference (Minors), or Retrosheet, or Pura Pelota (Venezuelan Winter League)"
   },
   {
    "name": "Dwan Smith",
    "id": "Q5317861",
    "text": "Dwan Smith (born January 22, 1944) is an American television and film actress, singer and model. Smith is perhaps best known for her role as Delores Williams in the 1976 musical drama film Sparkle. Born one of four children to Virgil (b. 1917; d. 1990) and Adaliah Smith[citation needed] in Jackson, Tennessee, Smith attended University of Wisconsin. After graduating from college in 1966, Smith relocated to Los Angeles, California.[citation needed] Prior to her career, Smith taught speech therapy to kindergartens. In 1969, Smith won the title of \"Ms Zodiac of 1969\", an astrological beauty contest held in Hollywood, California. Smith later won the title of \"Mrs. California\" in 1985. In 1972, she made her television debut on the series Adam-12. This was followed by roles in television movies such as the unsold television film A Very Missing Person, and The Couple Takes a Wife. She began making regular appearances on television shows such as Emergency!, Room 222, Sanford & Son, Ellery Queen, Owen Marshall: Counselor at Law, Barnaby Jones, The Jeffersons, Joe Forrester and Police Story. In 1975, Smith was cast in the role of Delores Williams in the American musical drama Sparkle, her best-known role which was released in April 1976. Smith starred opposite singers Irene Cara and Lonette McKee, who portrayed her sisters Sparkle and Sister, respectively. Although the character \"Sister\" was the eldest of the three sisters, Smith (aged 31 at the time) was ten years older than McKee and fourteen years older than Cara. Smith was also three years younger than Mary Alice who portrayed their mother, Effie. In the film, Smith performed backing vocals to the Curtis Mayfield-penned songs, \"Something He Can Feel,\" \"Hooked On Your Love,\" and \"Jump\" (which were all re-recorded by Aretha Franklin for the entire soundtrack). Smith continued to make appearances in films such as Cop on the Beat, Brothers (opposite Bernie Casey), the ill-fated and critically panned The Concorde...Airport '79 and Hell Squad followed by her role of Dr. Irma Foster on the soap opera General Hospital, a role she played from 1987 to 1989. Since her role in Sparkle, Smith largely faded from television and film altogether, appearing in the direct-to-video MP Da Last Don (1998) as Master P's mother, In The Wake (2000) and House Party 4: Down to the Last Minute (2001) as Mrs. Dixon. The film is marked as Smith's last role to date. Smith has been married twice and has three children. In August 1978, she married Nathaniel Fortier.[citation needed] On August 3, 2011, Smith recently appeared in a YouTube video via her channel 'mizdwan4' to which she was to reveal her sexuality for the first time. However, the secret comes out as her love and addiction for all types of wigs. Jet, Sept 28, 1978 Jet, Oct 2, 1969 Jet, Apr 14, 1985 Video on YouTube Dwan Smith at IMDb"
   },
   {
    "name": "Edwin Hunt",
    "id": "Q5346533",
    "text": "Edwin Francis Hunt (July 9, 1902 in Jackson, Tennessee \u2013 April 11, 1981) was an American draughts, or checkers, player who spent most of his life in Nashville. He was US champion in 1934. His career was as a lawyer and as such he gained recognition as an appellate advocate and rose to the rank of Assistant Attorney General. He had studied at Vanderbilt University where he won the Founder's Medal twice. North Carolina Checker Association page Alfred H. Knight (November 2007). Tribulations and Trials: The Education of a Young Lawyer. iUniverse. p.\u00a048. ISBN\u00a0978-0-595-47281-9. \"Tennessee Bar Association\". Archived from the original on 2016-03-04. Retrieved 2014-08-30. Two lawyers who influenced the Nashville Bar by Ed Bryant in the Jackson Sun"
   },
   {
    "name": "J. Daniel Breen",
    "id": "Q6105331",
    "text": "John Daniel Breen (born July 10, 1950) is a Senior United States District Judge of the United States District Court for the Western District of Tennessee. Born in Jackson, Tennessee, Breen received a Bachelor of Arts degree from Spring Hill College in 1972 and a Juris Doctor from the University of Tennessee College of Law in 1975. He was in private practice in Jackson from 1975 to 1991. He served as United States Magistrate Judge of the U.S. District Court for the Western District of Tennessee from 1991 to 2003 before being nominated as a federal judge. On January 7, 2003, Breen was nominated by President George W. Bush to a seat on the United States District Court for the Western District of Tennessee vacated by Julia Smith Gibbons. He was confirmed by the United States Senate on March 13, 2003 and received his commission on March 14, 2003. He served chief judge from August 8, 2013 to March 18, 2017. He assumed senior status on March 18, 2017. Breen presided over the case of Daniel Cowart and Paul Schlesselman, the perpetrators in the Barack Obama assassination plot in Tennessee. In 2010, Breen convicted the two of conspiracy to murder Obama and other African-American people and sentenced Cowart and Schlesselman to 14 and 10 years in federal prison respectively; both suspects pleaded guilty to conspiracy to their charges. U.S. Public Records Index, Vol 1 (Provo, UT: Ancestry.com Operations, Inc.), 2010. \"Obama assassination plot: Paul Schlesselman sentenced to 10 years for plotting murder spree\". New York Daily News. April 16, 2010. Retrieved January 9, 2011. \"Tennessee Man Sentenced for Conspiring to Commit Murders of African-Americans\" (Press release). Federal Bureau of Investigation, Memphis. October 22, 2010. Archived from the original on August 5, 2011. J. Daniel Breen at the Biographical Directory of Federal Judges, a public domain publication of the Federal Judicial Center."
   },
   {
    "name": "John C. Futrall",
    "id": "Q6224416",
    "text": "John Clinton Futrall (March 9, 1873 \u2013 September 12, 1939) was an American football coach and college administrator. An alumnus of the Arkansas Industrial University, later renamed the University of Arkansas, he was the first head coach of the Arkansas Razorbacks football program, serving from 1894 to 1896, while the school's mascot was still the Cardinal. Futrall later served as president of the University of Arkansas from 1913 to 1939. He was killed in an auto accident in 1939. The first student union on the University of Arkansas campus was named Futrall Memorial Hall in his honor when it opened later that year. After two tenuous years of temporary presidents and a nationwide search, the board of directors of the university selected John Clinton Futrall as the university president in 1914. Futrall was not a candidate from afar, but had been a professor of Latin and Greek since 1895. Inherited from his predecessor's administration was a dire financial crisis, severe enough that the school had to borrow money to pay for student labor. Futrall quickly sought to correct the situation by lowering salaries, decreasing services, and firings. His goal of fiscal solidity for the university was joined by Governor Charles H. Brough, who pushed through legislation guaranteeing the school a percentage of the state property tax. Futrall's administration remains to the present the longest of any University of Arkansas president, spanning twenty-five years and ending only with his death in 1939. In this time period, Futrall successfully defended against the relocation of the university to Little Rock, the official accreditation of the college in the North Central Association of Colleges and Schools, survived two revolts, one by students and another by bankers, and oversaw the construction of most of the collegiate gothic buildings on campus. The funding for the new buildings was made possible by a bonds from the state and resulted in the construction of the engineering and agricultural buildings in 1926 and 1927, respectively. The issue of money also lead Futrall to actively deciding to limit the post-graduate studies at the school. While the Graduate School was established in 1927, Futrall's decision to limit its cost, lead to no doctoral programs until after his death. The Bankers Agricultural revolt had its origin in 1919 when the Profitable Farming Bureau (PFB), an agency established by bankers in Little Rock, to promote further investment in agriculture, began to pressure Futrall and the Board of Directors on the issue of the university's College of Agriculture and extension services. In effect, the PFB sought to place an individual educated in modern agricultural practices of the day, as well loyal to its purposes and aims, in charge of the department and its extension services; something that Futrall absolutely refused to consider. Under the growing stress placed on the university by the PFB, the financially tight Futrall and board, undertook the purchase of 423 acres (1.71\u00a0km2) of farm land at $123 an acre. Futrall ultimately fended off the attempt by PFB to gain de facto control of the university's agricultural program by choosing a new dean who meet all the requirements that the PFB wanted, but one who was loyal to Futrall and not the agency. Not long after the conclusion of this battle, a new one ensued, this time concerning the removal of the university from Northwest Arkansas. It began with the introduction of a bill in the Arkansas House of Representatives, by a representative from Pope County, to break away the Colleges of Agriculture and Engineering and place them in Russellville. As part of the attempt, the proponents from Pope County had gained the support of individuals from Pulaski County, in exchange for assisting later with any attempts to move the school or parts of it to Little Rock. Both the university and Fayetteville fought the move, and the bill was successfully beaten back in a vote of 52 to 37. Despite the setback, new bills were submitted to time a statewide referendum on the matter with the holding of the 1924 Democrat primary. Proponents of the move went so far as to establish the Arkansas University Removal Association to lobby for a more successful result. Among the chief defenders of the university was Vol Walker and former governor Brough, and after hours and days of speeches for and against the move, the issue was silenced when the Arkansas Senate voted to indefinitely postpone any vote upon the bill urging the school's removal. By 1938, the growing university needed a student union building, and Futrall began charging a $2 per year \"student union\" fee. The result was Memorial Hall, one of three buildings funded by the Public Works Administration. The Home Economics Building and Classroom Building (part of what is now Ozark Hall) were also added. The Jackson, Tennessee native would never see the final fruits of his labor, however, as Futrall died on September 12, 1939, in an automobile accident on his way back from Little Rock. In addition to the aforementioned events of his time as president, he oversaw the creation of a student government, the expansion of student extracurricular activities, and the founding of the School of Law, amid other significant moments in the history of the school. The Board of Trustees passed a resolution to posthumously name the new student union building \"Futrall Memorial Hall\" in the president's honor. \"Dr. Futrall is Killed\". The New York Times. Associated Press. September 13, 1939. Retrieved June 9, 2010. Leflar, The First One Hundred Years, p. 87-88. Leflar, The First One Hundred Years, p. 91. Leflar, The First One Hundred Years, p. 93-94. Leflar, The First One Hundred Years, p. 103. Leflar, The First One Hundred Years, p. 112. Leflar, The First One Hundred Years, p. 119-120. Leflar, The First One Hundred Years, p. 168-171. \"Memorial Hall.\" University of Arkansas. Memorial Hall Profile. Archived August 13, 2011, at the Wayback Machine Retrieved June 14, 2010. Leflar, The First One Hundred Years, p. 101. John C. Futrall at Find a Grave"
   },
   {
    "name": "John W. Holland",
    "id": "Q6262332",
    "text": "John Warthen Holland (September 30, 1883 \u2013 November 15, 1969) was a United States District Judge of the United States District Court for the Southern District of Florida. Born in Jackson, Tennessee, Holland received a Bachelor of Arts degree from Southwestern Baptist University (now Union University) in 1904. He received a Bachelor of Laws from Vanderbilt University Law School in 1906. He was in private practice of law in Jackson from 1906 to 1910. He was in private practice of law in Jacksonville, Florida from 1910 to 1933. He was a city attorney of Jacksonville in 1929. He was United States Attorney for the Southern District of Florida from 1933 to 1936. Holland was nominated by President Franklin D. Roosevelt on May 26, 1936, to a seat on the United States District Court for the Southern District of Florida vacated by Judge Halsted L. Ritter. He was confirmed by the United States Senate on May 30, 1936, and received his commission on June 1, 1936. He served as Chief Judge from 1950 to 1955. He assumed senior status on July 1, 1955. His service was terminated on November 14, 1969, due to his death in Coral Gables, Florida. John Warthen Holland at the Biographical Directory of Federal Judges, a public domain publication of the Federal Judicial Center. John Warthen Holland at the Biographical Directory of Federal Judges, a public domain publication of the Federal Judicial Center."
   },
   {
    "name": "Kevin Brown",
    "id": "Q6395917",
    "text": "Kevin Brown (born July 9, 1970) is an American poet, author and teacher. He has published three full collections of poems--Liturgical Calendar: Poems; A Lexicon of Lost Words; and Exit Lines, as well as a memoir, Another Way: Finding Faith, Then Finding It Again. He has also published essays in The Chronicle of Higher Education, Academe, InsideHigherEd, The Teaching Professor, and Eclectica Magazine. He has published a work of scholarship--They Love to Tell the Story: Five Contemporary Novelists Take on the Gospels\u2014as well as critical articles on Kurt Vonnegut, John Barth, Ralph Ellison, Tony Earley, and what English majors do after graduation. Kevin Brown was born in Jackson, Tennessee. He grew up in Johnson City, Tennessee, with his parents and two siblings. Both of his parents worked at East Tennessee State University (ETSU). His father, Jim Brown, attended ETSU as a student and was inducted into the ETSU Athletic Hall of Fame in 2002. As a teenager, Kevin played sports as well as competed in Bible Bowl competitions. Kevin received his Bachelor of Arts degree in English at Milligan College in Elizabethton, Tennessee. He went on to pursue a Master's degree in English from East Tennessee State University and graduated in 1994. He finished his Ph.D in English in December 1996, graduating from the University of Mississippi. He returned to school for a Master's in Library and Information Science, graduating in 1999 from the University of Alabama. He received his Master's of Fine Arts in Creative Writing from Murray State University in 2012. His first jobs were in private high schools, as Kevin began teaching English in 1997 at the Culver Academies, where he also worked as an assistant coach for the girls basketball team. After attending the University of Alabama, he was hired at Stratford Academy, where he taught for one year before serving as librarian for one year. In 2001, he was hired at Lee University as an Assistant Professor of English. He worked for Lee for two years, then moved to Tacoma, Washington to take a position as Upper School Librarian. He worked there one year before returning to Lee, where he has been since. He is currently a Professor of English there, teaching both literature and creative writing courses. He is the only professor to receive all three faculty awards (teaching, advising, and scholarship). Full-Length Poetry Collections Exit Lines: Poems (2009, Plain View Press) A Lexicon of Lost Words (2014, Snake Nation Press) Liturgical Calendar: Poems (2014, Wipf and Stock Publishers) Chapbooks Abecedarium (2011, Finishing Line Press) Holy Days (2012, Split Oak Press) Memoir Another Way: Finding Faith, Then Finding Faith Again (2012, Wipf and Stock Publishers) Literary Criticism They Love to Tell the Story: Five Contemporary Novelists Take on the Gospels (2012, Kennesaw State University Press) Lee University Excellence in Teaching award, 2011-12 Lee University Excellence in Scholarship Recipient, 2009-10 Lee University Excellence in Advising award, 2010-11 Sigma Tau Delta Outstanding Regional Sponsor Award, Southern Region, 2010-11 First Place in Violet Reed Haas Prize for Poetry, Snake Nation Press, 2012; A Lexicon of Lost Words Honorable Mention and Finalist in Quercus Review Spring Poetry Book Award Contest, 2014; Jack Imagines a Different Map First Place in Split Oak Press Chapbook Competition, 2011; Holy Days Finalist for Stephen Dunn Prize in Poetry (The Broome Review and Split Oak Press), 2011; Holy Days Semi-Finalist in Elixir Antivenom Poetry Award, 2011; A Lexicon of Lost Words Finalist in Elixir Press Eleventh Annual Poetry Awards, 2010; A Lexicon of Lost Words Finalist in Concrete Wolf Chapbook Award, 2010; Holy Days Finalist in Copperdome Poetry Chapbook Competition, 2010; Holy Days Finalist in Plan B Press Poetry Chapbook Competition, 2010; Holy Days Honorable Mention and Two Finalists for Joy Bale Boone Poetry Prize, The Heartland Review, 2010 Two Honorable Mentions for Ruth Redel Poetry Contest, The Heartland Review, 2010 Second Runner-Up in Concrete Wolf Chapbook Award, 2009; Abecedarium \"Liturgical Calendar | WipfandStock.com\". wipfandstock.com. http://www.snakenationpress.org/product/a-lexicon-of-lost-words/[permanent dead link] \"Home Page\". Plain View Press.[failed verification] \"Another Way | WipfandStock.com\". wipfandstock.com. A Post-Tenure Review - Do Your Job Better - The Chronicle of Higher Education Going Backstage in Students' Lives - Advice - The Chronicle of Higher Education Living in a Different World - Advice - The Chronicle of Higher Education \"AAUP: Writing What I Want in a Publish-or-Perish World\". Archived from the original on 2010-06-05. Retrieved 2012-03-10. \"AAUP: That's Not Funny, Actually\". Archived from the original on 2008-12-03. Retrieved 2012-03-10. http://app3.insidehighered.com/advice/2009/04/08/brown \"Higher Education Career Advice\". www.insidehighered.com. \"Views\". www.insidehighered.com. \"Higher Education Career Advice\". www.insidehighered.com. \"Higher Education Career Advice\". www.insidehighered.com. \"I Was a Teenage Fundamentalist - Nonfiction by Kevin Brown - Eclectica Magazine v12n4\". www.eclectica.org. \"In Praise of the Rut - Nonfiction by Kevin Brown - Eclectica Magazine v13n3\". www.eclectica.org. \"Why I Don't Write - Kevin Brown - Eclectica Magazine v7n4\". www.eclectica.org. \"Songs, Poems, and Missing the Point Completely - Nonfiction by Kevin Brown - Eclectica Magazine v14n1\". www.eclectica.org. http://www.kennesaw.edu/ksupress/BROWN-KEVIN-BOOKPAGE.shtml \"What Can They Do with an English Major: Showing Students the Breadth of the Discipline through the Introductory Course to the Discipline and Advising\". Archived from the original on 2012-05-12. Retrieved 2012-03-10. \"Lee University - Cleveland TN\". Archived from the original on 2010-07-28. Retrieved 2012-03-06. \"East Tennessee State University\". www.etsu.edu. TN, Streamline Technologies | Nashville. \"Members | Official Site of East Tennessee State Athletics\". ETSUBucs.com. \"National Bible Bowl - Welcome\". Archived from the original on 2011-09-10. Retrieved 2011-09-12. \"Milligan\". \"Administration, Faculty and Staff - Lee University - Acalog ACMS\u2122\". catalog.leeuniversity.edu. http://www.leeuniversity.edu/newsEvents/newsDetails.aspx?Channel=%2fChannels%2fAll+Content&WorkflowItemID=59731946-5792-4f8b-b91f-8704dfe9cadf[dead link] \"News\".[dead link] \"News\".[dead link] \"News\".[dead link] http://www.snakenationpress.org/2013/08/07/winners/[dead link] http://quercusreviewpress.com/2014/07/22/spring-poetry-book-award-winner-2014/Archived 2014-12-05 at the Wayback Machine \"iCloud\".[dead link] Author website \"Diagramming Won't Help This Situation\" on The Writer's Almanac Interview at Poets' Quarterly Review of Exit Lines Review of Abecedarium Review of Abecedarium \"Why I Don't Write\" by Kevin Brown Poets & Writers Directory Listing Linkedin Directory Listing"
   },
   {
    "name": "Lauren Pritchard",
    "id": "Q6500345",
    "text": "Lauren Pritchard (born December 27, 1987), known professionally as Lolo (stylized as LOLO), is an American singer, songwriter and actress, best known for being featured on the single \"Miss Jackson\" by Panic! at the Disco and her singles \"Not The Drinking\", \"Not Gonna Let You Walk Away\" and \"Shine\". In 2016, she released her second album In Loving Memory of When I Gave a Shit. Pritchard mentions Billy Joel, Joni Mitchell, Al Green and Candi Staton as some of the influences behind her music. Born and raised in Jackson, Tennessee, Pritchard began writing songs when she was 14 years old. She then moved to Los Angeles at 16, where she lived with Lisa Marie Presley and tried to make it as a singer in a reggae band. She eventually succeeded as a musical actress, by originating and playing the role of the 15-year-old runaway \"Ilse\" in the hit Broadway show Spring Awakening for two years. Pritchard later settled in the United Kingdom (UK) and signed with Universal/Island Records. In August 2010, she released the single \"Painkillers\", and the song was also released in a remix with rapper Talib Kweli. Her debut album, Wasted in Jackson, written and produced with Eg White, was digitally released on October 25, 2010, and debuted at No. 84 in the UK. It was also scheduled for physical release in the United States on February 22, 2011. In 2013, Pritchard adopted the stage name Lolo and has since signed with DCD2 Records. \"Under her given name, Pritchard was also the composer-lyricist of the new musical Songbird...\" She was also featured on the Panic! at the Disco song, \"Miss Jackson\" and later re-created a sample of \"Tom's Diner\" by Susanne Vega for American Rock band Fall Out Boy's single \"Centuries\" in 2014. In September 2016, LOLO released the full-length album In Loving Memory of When I Gave A Shit.. The album was produced by Jake Sinclair and was released by Atlantic Records to mostly positive reviews On November 7, 2017, Pritchard's debut feature film (Romance) In the Digital Age was released by Comedy Dynamics. The film starred Pritchard as \"Ellis Tillman,\" an ex-emo star turned med-student and was written and directed by Jason Michael Brescia. Pritchard also composed the song \"(Romance) In The Digital Age\" for the film. In 2019, Pritchard was made a member of the Off-Broadway Animus Theatre Company in NYC. Wasted in Jackson (2010) (as Lauren Pritchard) In Loving Memory of When I Gave a Shit (2016) Comeback Queen EP (2015) \"When the Night Kills the Day\" (2010) (as Lauren Pritchard) \"Painkillers\" (2010) (as Lauren Pritchard) \"Not the Drinking\" (2010) (as Lauren Pritchard) \"Stuck\" (2011) (as Lauren Pritchard) \"Weapon for Saturday\" (2013) \"Heard It from a Friend\" (2013) \"Year Round Summer of Love\" (2013) \"Gangsters\" (2014) \"Hit and Run\" (2014) \"I Don't Wanna Have to Lie\" (2015) \"Shine\" (2016) \"Not Gonna Let You Walk Away\" (2016) \"The Devil's Gone to Dinner\" (2016) \"The Courtyard\" (2016) \"Heard It from a Friend\" (2016) \"Miss Jackson\" (2013) \u2013 Panic! at the Disco \"Headphones\" (2014) \u2013 Matt Nathanson \"WAIT\" (2014) \u2013 Lemaitre \"Centuries\" (2014) \u2013 Fall Out Boy [Uncredited] \"Cure Me\" (2014) \u2013 Redlight \"Boomerang\" (2014) \u2013 Joey Contreras \"Not Gonna Let You Walk Away (Tennessee Mix)\" (2016) Design, Stephen Clark -. \"Lauren Pritchard:\". Retrieved July 22, 2016. \"Lauren Pritchard Biography\" Retrieved April 10, 2011. Archived July 29, 2010, at the Wayback Machine Cairns, Dan (April 25, 2010). \"Breaking act: Lauren Pritchard\". The Times. Retrieved August 13, 2010. Fitzpatrick, Rob (April 29, 2010). \"First sight: Lauren Pritchard\". The Guardian. Retrieved August 13, 2010. \"Painkillers - EP by Lauren Pritchard\". Apple Inc. Retrieved August 13, 2010. [1] Archived October 18, 2010, at the Wayback Machine \"Wasted In Jackson CD\". CD Universe. Archived from the original on October 26, 2010. Retrieved October 26, 2010. \"Lauren Pritchard on Songbird, Spring Awakening, and Singing as \"Lolo\"\". Retrieved July 22, 2016. \"Tour\". Retrieved July 22, 2016. Beberaggi, Becca. \"LOLO: In Loving Memory of When I Used to Give a Shit Review\". Paste Magazine. Brown, Erin. \"OUR TAKE: LOLO SHINES IN DEBUT \"IN LOVING MEMORY OF WHEN I GAVE A SH*T\"\". Atwood Magazine. Pedersen, Erik. \"Comedy Dynamics Finds '(Romance) In The Digital Age'; Music Box Will Play 'Vazante'\". Deadline. In Loving Memory of When I Gave a Shit, 2016-09-09, retrieved 2017-03-06 \"In Loving Memory of When I Gave a S**t by LOLO on Apple Music\". iTunes. Retrieved 2017-03-06. Nathan (July 16, 2015). \"LOLO \"Comeback Queen EP\" - Available on iTunes!\". Archived from the original on April 11, 2016. Retrieved July 22, 2016. Weapon For Saturday, 2013-01-01, retrieved 2017-03-06 Year Round Summer Of Love, 2013-01-01, retrieved 2017-03-06 Gangsters, 2014-01-01, retrieved 2017-03-06 Hit and Run, 2014-08-12, retrieved 2017-03-06 I Don't Wanna Have to Lie, 2015-07-17, retrieved 2017-03-06 Shine, 2016-07-07, retrieved 2017-03-06 Not Gonna Let You Walk Away, 2016-07-07, retrieved 2017-03-06 Not Gonna Let You Walk Away - Tennessee Mix, 2016-11-04, retrieved 2017-03-06 Official website"
   },
   {
    "name": "Nightmare Danny Davis",
    "id": "Q7033908",
    "text": "Daniel Briley (born June 30, 1952), better known by the ring name \"Nightmare\" Danny Davis, is an American retired professional wrestler and referee. He is the founder and former owner of Ohio Valley Wrestling. Briley started wrestling in 1977 in the Tennessee territory, where he made a name for himself as \"Nightmare\" Danny Davis. He would also wrestle as one half of the masked Masters of Terror in the United States Wrestling Association. Davis had a frequent tag team with Ken Wayne in the 1980s. At one time, they wrestled under masks as The Nightmares. The duo also worked under masks as The Galaxians for WCW in the 1990s. Davis also had a brief stint during the latter days of the Central States/Kansas City territory as Tiger Mask,[citation needed] which occurred a few years after Satoru Sayama's tour of the WWF introduced American audiences to the gimmick. He also wrestled in Smoky Mountain Wrestling in 1992. He retired in 1997 and opened Ohio Valley Wrestling. He, however, legally retained the name of Danny Davis. In 2009, he opened Vyper Fight League, an MMA promotion, alongside John \"Bradshaw\" Layfield. The promotion ceased operations in 2010. On December 13, 2012, he appeared on a segment of Impact Wrestling where he was training Joseph Park to improve Park's skills. On March 7, 2013, he was named as a judge for TNA Gut Check. He returned to in-ring action in the December 2014 Saturday Night Special, teaming up alongside Trailer Park Trash and losing to War Machine (Shiloh Jonze and Eric Locker). On April 6, 2018, Davis sold OVW to Al Snow. When the sale is finalized, he will be retiring to Florida. Briley has two sons, Stewart Davis and Simon Davis-Millis. He is the uncle of wrestler Doug Basham. Continental Championship Wrestling / Continental Wrestling Federation NWA Southeastern Continental Tag Team Championship (1 time) - with Ken Wayne NWA Southeastern Heavyweight Championship (Northern Division) (1 time) NWA Southeastern Tag Team Championship (3 times) - with Ken Wayne NWA Southeastern United States Junior Heavyweight Championship (5 times) Continental Wrestling Association AWA Southern Tag Team Championship (1 time) - with Ken Wayne Deep South Wrestling DSW Tag Team Championship (3 times, inaugural) - with Ken Wayne Global Wrestling Federation GWF Light Heavyweight Championship (3 times) Stampede Wrestling NWA International Tag Team Championship (Calgary version) (1 time) - with Hubert Gallant Stampede British Commonwealth Mid-Heavyweight Championship (1 time) United States Wrestling Association USWA Junior Heavyweight Championship (7 times) USWA Middleweight Championship (1 time) \"ABOUT OVW\". Retrieved 7 January 2013. Greg Oliver and Steve Johnson (2005). \"The Territorial Era (Mid-1960s to mid-1980s): The Nightmares\". The Pro Wrestling Hall of Fame: The Tag Teams. ECW Press. pp.\u00a0215\u2013217. ISBN\u00a0978-1-5502-2683-6. Cawthon, Graham (2014). the History of Professional Wrestling Vol 4: World Championship Wrestling 1989-1994. CreateSpace Independent Publishing Platform. ISBN\u00a0978-1499656343. Royal Duncan & Gary Will (2006). \"Memphis: NWA Southeastern Continental Tag Team Title\". Wrestling Title Histories (4th\u00a0ed.). Archeus Communications. ISBN\u00a00-9698161-5-4. Royal Duncan & Gary Will (2006). \"Memphis: NWA Southeastern Heavyweight Title (Northern Division)\". Wrestling Title Histories (4th\u00a0ed.). Archeus Communications. ISBN\u00a00-9698161-5-4. Royal Duncan & Gary Will (2006). \"Memphis: NWA Southeastern Tag Team Title\". Wrestling Title Histories (4th\u00a0ed.). Archeus Communications. ISBN\u00a00-9698161-5-4. Royal Duncan & Gary Will (2006). \"Memphis: NWA Southeastern United States Junior Heavyweight Title\". Wrestling Title Histories (4th\u00a0ed.). Archeus Communications. ISBN\u00a00-9698161-5-4. Royal Duncan & Gary Will (2006). \"Memphis: AWA Southern Tag Team Title\". Wrestling Title Histories (4th\u00a0ed.). Archeus Communications. ISBN\u00a00-9698161-5-4. \"Deep South Tag Team title history\". wrestling-title.com. Retrieved June 20, 2015. Royal Duncan & Gary Will (2006). \"(Texas) Dallas: GWF Ligjt Heavyweight Title\". Wrestling Title Histories (4th\u00a0ed.). Archeus Communications. ISBN\u00a00-9698161-5-4. Royal Duncan & Gary Will (2006). \"Stampede Wrestling International Tag Team Title\". Wrestling Title Histories (4th\u00a0ed.). Archeus Communications. pp.\u00a0340\u2013341. ISBN\u00a00-9698161-5-4. Royal Duncan & Gary Will (2006). \"Stampede British Commonwealth Mid-Heavyweight Title\". Wrestling Title Histories (4th\u00a0ed.). Archeus Communications. p.\u00a0342. ISBN\u00a00-9698161-5-4. Royal Duncan & Gary Will (2006). \"Memphis: USWA Junior Heavyweight Title [Jarrett and Lawler]\". Wrestling Title Histories (4th\u00a0ed.). Archeus Communications. ISBN\u00a00-9698161-5-4. Royal Duncan & Gary Will (2006). \"Memphis: USWA Middle Title [Jarrett and Lawler]\". Wrestling Title Histories (4th\u00a0ed.). Archeus Communications. ISBN\u00a00-9698161-5-4."
   },
   {
    "name": "Pete Charton",
    "id": "Q7171892",
    "text": "Frank Lane \"Pete\" Charton (born December 21, 1942) is an American former Major League Baseball pitcher. Born in Jackson, Tennessee, he batted left-handed and threw right-handed, stood 6\u00a0feet 2\u00a0inches (1.88\u00a0m) tall and weighed 190 pounds (86\u00a0kg). Charton was signed in 1963 by the Boston Red Sox as a free agent out of the Baylor University. He spent the entire 1964 season on Boston's Major League roster to prevent him from being claimed by another team in the first-year player draft of the time. In a 25-game MLB career, Charton posted a 0\u20132 record with 37 strikeouts and a 5.26 ERA in 65.0 innings pitched, including five starts and 14 games finished. After baseball, he finished college, ultimately receiving his PhD in geology from Michigan State University. He taught for a couple of years at the University of Illinois before moving on to Roane State Community College in Harriman, Tennessee, where he taught for 35 years and had an endowment scholarship named in his honor. He is also the author of the Christian devotional, \"Off to College with King Solomon: A Devotional Handbook for Beginning College Students\". (2012) \"The Baseball Historian: Catching up with Pete Charton\". 4 December 2011. \"All Opportunities - Roane State Community College Foundation Scholarship Application\". \"Off to College with King Solomon\". 26 September 2012. Career statistics and player information from Baseball-Reference Retrosheet v t e"
   },
   {
    "name": "Rockey Felker",
    "id": "Q7355208",
    "text": "Rockey Felker (born February 1, 1953) is a former quarterback, head football coach, and retired as director of player personnel for Mississippi State University, in Starkville, Mississippi after the 2017 season. After serving three different stints and working for four different head coaches at Mississippi State, Felker is considered one of the school's native sons. Felker played quarterback at Mississippi State from 1972 to 1974 under coaches Charley Shira and Bob Tyler after a five-sport career at Haywood High School, Brownsville, Tennessee. Helping lead Mississippi State to a 9\u20133 season and a win over North Carolina in the 1974 Sun Bowl, Felker continues rank in the program's top ten in multiple passing categories including: passing yardage (#9), pass completions (#10, 207), yards per attempt (#8, 6.98), passing efficiency (#7, 112.65), and touchdown passes (#7, 23). He is also ranked nine in total offense with 3,776 yards and seventh in total touchdowns accounted for with 35 (12 rushing and 23 passing). Felker was named the SEC Player of the Year in 1974 by The Nashville Banner. After serving as an assistant coach for three years at his alma mater, Felker served in several assistant coach capacities in the South, including Texas Tech University, Memphis State University, and the University of Alabama. After almost 10 years away from Starkville, Felker was called home to lead his alma mater, which was coming off four straight losing seasons. At 33, Felker was the youngest coach in the country. Felker started the 1986 season with a bang. By late October, the Bulldogs were 6\u20131, and needed only one more win to secure a bowl appearance. However, they suffered four consecutive blowout losses to Auburn, Alabama, LSU and Ole Miss, during which they scored a total of nine points. This left the Bulldogs at 6\u20135. Still, Felker was the first Mississippi State coach in 30 years to start his career with a winning record. However, the rough end to 1986 proved to be a harbinger for the remainder of Felker's tenure. He suffered four losing seasons (4\u20137, 1\u201310, 5\u20136, 5\u20136) between 1987 and 1990, and only won a total of five games in Southeastern Conference play. The 1988 season is the second-worst on-field record in modern Bulldogs history. He was fired at the end of the 1990 season and replaced by Jackie Sherrill. Since leaving his position as head coach, Felker has enjoyed a successful tenure as an assistant coach. After coaching at the University of Tulsa, and the University of Arkansas, Felker returned home at the request of Sherrill and remained a staple of the Mississippi State staff under Sylvester Croom and Dan Mullen. In 2017, Felker retired. https://www.nytimes.com/1986/01/07/sports/sports-people-felker-is-eyed.html"
   },
   {
    "name": "Valerie June",
    "id": "Q7911294",
    "text": "Valerie June Hockett (born January 10, 1982), known as Valerie June, is an American singer, songwriter, and multi-instrumentalist from Memphis, Tennessee, United States. Her sound encompasses a mixture of folk, blues, gospel, soul, country, Appalachian and bluegrass. She is signed to Fantasy Records, and its parent company, Concord Music Group worldwide. Through music and poetry, June wants to energize individual and collective change. A large addition to Valerie Junes performances is extravagant outfit choices, such as a silver jumpsuit, or a very bright dress with flowers in her hair. Born in Jackson, Tennessee on January 10, 1982, June is the oldest of five children. As a child growing up in Humboldt, June was exposed to gospel music at her local church and R&B and soul music via her father, Emerson Hockett, who was also a part-time concert promoter. As a teenager, her first job was with her father, owner of Hockett Construction in West Tennessee, and a part-time promoter for gospel singers and Prince, K-Ci & JoJo, and Bobby Womack. She helped by hanging posters in town. Her father died in late 2016. June relocated to Memphis in 2000 and began recording and performing at the age of 19, initially with her then-husband Michael Joyner, in the duo Bella Sun. After her marriage ended, she began working as a solo artist, combining blues, gospel and Appalachian folk in a style that she describes as \"organic moonshine roots music\", and learning guitar, banjo, and lap-steel guitar. She became associated with the Memphis-based Broken String Collective. In 2009 she was a featured artist on MTV's online series $5 Cover (following the lives of Memphis musicians attempting to make ends meet), and in 2010 she recorded the EP Valerie June and the Tennessee Express, a collaboration with Old Crow Medicine Show. In 2011 she was honored by the Memphis and Shelby County Music Commission at the Emissaries of Memphis Music event. She raised funds to record an album with producer Craig Street via Kickstarter.com, raising $15,000 in 60 days. Later that year she relocated from Memphis to Williamsburg, Brooklyn. Shortly after, record producer Kevin Augunas introduced June to Dan Auerbach of The Black Keys, which led to the recording of June's album Pushin' Against a Stone in July 2011, which was co-written and produced by Dan Auerbach and Kevin Augunas. In 2012, June performed with producer John Fort\u00e9 on a collaboration called Water Suites (on the hip-hop-blues song \"Give Me Water\"), and with Meshell Ndegeocello on the song \"Be My Husband\". She contributed The Wandering's 2012 album Go on Now, You Can't Stay Here: Mississippi Folk Music Volume III. In 2012 she performed in the United Kingdom for the first time, playing at Bestival and appearing on Later... with Jools Holland. She has received substantial radio play in Europe on BBC Radio 6, including a feature on Cerys on 6 with Cerys Matthews. Mary Anne Hobbs of XFM has said of June: \"This woman has already touched my heart, she really, really has.\" In February 2013, June was invited to support Jake Bugg on the UK leg of his tour. In March 2013, June performed two nights at South By Southwest. The first performance was on March 14 as part of the Heartbreaker Banquet. On March 16, June performed again, this time as part of The Revival Tour. After self-releasing three albums, her debut album as a signed artist, Pushin' Against a Stone, was released in the UK and Europe through Sunday Best Recordings on May 6, 2013, and through Concord Music Group in August 2013. The album includes several songs co-written with Dan Auerbach of The Black Keys, who co-produced it with Kevin Augunas. The album was so titled to commemorate the story of her life. June said: \"I feel I've spent my life pushing against a stone. And the jobs I've had have been fitting for getting a true feel for how the traditional artists I loved came home after a hard day to sit on the porch and play tunes until bedtime.\" The record includes performances by Booker T. Jones, who co-wrote one of the songs contained on the album. The track \"Workin' Woman Blues\" was produced and engineered by Peter Sab\u00e1k in Budapest. June has described the recording of the song as \"magical\" as it was completed in approximately 30 minutes. The two singles released in the UK and Europe were \"Workin' Woman Blues\" and \"You Can't Be Told\". In 2014, June was nominated for a Blues Music Award in the 'Best New Artist Debut' category for Pushin' Against a Stone. June appeared on Austin City Limits in 2014. Rolling Stone listed June's second album, The Order of Time, as one of the 50 Best Albums of 2017, citing \"her handsomely idiosyncratic brand of Americana, steeped deep in electric blues and old-time folk, gilded in country twang and gospel yearning....a blend of spacey hippie soul, blues and folk with June\u2019s pinched, modern-Appalachian voice at the center\". In a 2017 interview, Bob Dylan was asked what artists he listened to and respected; June was among the artists he mentioned in reply. In 2020, June released a three-track digital release, Stay / Stay Meditation / You And I, songs she co-produced with Jack Splash. The songs were set to appear on her next studio album. On January 22, 2021, June announced her album, The Moon and Stars: Prescriptions for Dreamers, which was accompanied with the release of a new single from the album, \u201cCall Me A Fool\u201d featuring Carla Thomas. The video for \"Call Me A Fool\" was released on YouTube. To support the upcoming album, June made several live appearances on shows such as CBS This Morning, Late Night with Seth Myers and The Kelly Clarkson Show. In February 2021, June made her third appearance on KEXP, however, due to the COVID-19 pandemic, the performance was recorded from her home. The Moon and Stars: Prescriptions for Dreamers was released on March 12, 2021, through Fantasy Records. The record was co-produced by Jack Splash and written by June. The album received critical acclaim, and was awarded a score of 85/100 on Metacritic, based on 10 critics' reviews. Pitchfork described the album as her \"most heavy-hearted\" and \"far-reaching\" record, and praised June for exploring themes of \"love and loss\" throughout the album. June has fully completed a book that was released in April under her full name, Valerie June Hockett: \u201cMaps for the Modern World\u201d (Andrews McMeel), this book contains poems, artwork, as well as homilies that speak on ideas such as consciousness and mindfulness. No Crystal Stair (2004), Bella Sun Music Hubbell, John (2009), \"$5 Cover in profile: Valerie June -- Down to Earth\", The Commercial Appeal, May 28, 2009. Retrieved November 1, 2012 \u00a0\u2013\u00a0via\u00a0HighBeam (subscription required) (aged 27 in May 2009). Barnett, Laura (2012), \"One to watch: Valerie June\", The Observer, September 30, 2012. Retrieved October 31, 2012. Leggett, Steve \"Valerie June Biography\", AllMusic. Retrieved October 31, 2012. Valerie June Biography\", AllMusic. Retrieved October 31, 2012. Valerie June Discography\", AllMusic. Retrieved February 17, 2017. \"Through Music And Poetry, Valerie June Writes For Dreamers\". NPR.org. Retrieved 2021-10-19. Pareles, Jon (2021-03-04). \"The Time-Warped Charm of Valerie June\". The New York Times. ISSN\u00a00362-4331. Retrieved 2021-10-19. Boone, Joe (2010), \"The Musician's Progress\", The Daily News, September 2, 2010. Retrieved October 31, 2012. Lachno, James (2013), \"Valerie June - New Faces\", Daily Telegraph, February 23, 2013. Retrieved March 30, 2013. Smith, William Michael (2012), \"Tennessee Time\", Houston Press, March 14, 2012. Retrieved March 30, 2013. Jordan, Mark (2007), \"Broken String 's new releases seem a bit frayed\", The Commercial Appeal, June 15, 2007. Retrieved November 1, 2012 \u00a0\u2013\u00a0via\u00a0HighBeam (subscription required) \"\" Profiles - Valerie June Archived 2011-07-18 at the Wayback Machine\", 5dollarcoveramplified.com. Retrieved March 30, 2013. \"Valerie June, Fille Catatonique\", The Commercial Appeal. Retrieved October 31, 2012. Beifuss, John (2010), \"Memphis films earn regional Emmys -- 'I Am a Man,' '$5 Cover Amplified'\", The Commercial Appeal, February 2, 2010. Retrieved November 1, 2012 \u00a0\u2013\u00a0via\u00a0HighBeam (subscription required) Jordan, Mark (2011), \"Music Commission to honor 8 women -- Event serves to inspire girls to pursue industry\", The Commercial Appea], March 21, 2011. Retrieved November 1, 2012 \u00a0\u2013\u00a0via\u00a0HighBeam (subscription required) Melvin, Lindsay (2011), \"Capital idea -- Fundraising sites help creative types tap online donors to sponsor projects\", The Commercial Appeal, March 20, 2011. Retrieved November 1, 2012. \"Valerie June captures 'Little Ole Sound' on a sparkling, NEW record: Manifest\", kickstarter.com. Retrieved March 30, 2013. Thompson, Stephen (2012), \"Song Premiere: Meshell Ndegeocello With Valerie June, 'Be My Husband'\", NPR, July 18, 2012. Retrieved March 30, 2013. Lewis, Catherine P. (2012), \"The Wandering/Luther Dickinson album review\", The Washington Post, May 11, 2012. Retrieved November 1, 2012 \u00a0\u2013\u00a0via\u00a0HighBeam (subscription required) \"Later... with Jools Holland\", BBC. Retrieved October 31, 2012. \"'Workin' Woman Blues - Valerie June Archived 2013-01-31 at the Wayback Machine\", recordoftheday.com, November 2, 2012. Retrieved March 30, 2013. \"Valerie June: 'I Think Country Blues Has Influenced Everything'\", gigwise.com, February 18, 2013. Retrieved March 30, 2013. [1][dead link] \"The Revival Tour @ SXSW\". Revival Tour. March 15, 2013. Retrieved August 8, 2013. Smyth, David (2013), \"Valerie June Interview: No Strictly Roots\", Evening Standard, March 8, 2013. Retrieved March 30, 2013. \"Pushin' Against A Stone\", amazon.com. \"Valerie June - Workin' Woman Blues\", femalefirst.co.uk, October 6, 2012. Retrieved March 30, 2013. Global Beats: Americana - Part Two, BBC. Retrieved March 5, 2016. \"Valerie June Announces New Single 'You Can't Be Told' Plus More UK 2013 Live Dates\", contactmusic.com. Retrieved March 30, 2013. \"2014 Blues Music Awards Nominees and Winners\". Blues.about.com. Retrieved May 16, 2014. \"Valerie June on Austin City Limits\". acltv.com. Retrieved April 5, 2017. \"50 Best Albums of 2017\". Rolling Stone. Retrieved January 21, 2020. \"Valerie June on Bob Dylan, Oprah, New Album\". Rolling Stone. Retrieved January 21, 2020. Pareles, Jon Caramanica, Giovanni Russonello and Lindsay Zoladz, Jon (November 13, 2020). \"Billie Eilish's Kiss-Off, and 14 More New Songs\". New York Times.CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) Taylor, Luke (November 13, 2020). \"Listen to new music from Valerie June\". The Current. \"Valerie June - Call Me A Fool [feat. Carla Thomas] (Official Music Video)\". YouTube. Retrieved 2021-04-08. \"Saturday Sessions: Valerie June performs \"Call Me A Fool\"\". YouTube. Retrieved 2021-04-08. \"Valerie June: Call Me a Fool\". YouTube. Retrieved 2021-04-08. \"Valerie June Performs 'Call Me A Fool' On The Kelly Clarkson Show\". YouTube. Retrieved 2021-04-08. \"Valerie June - Full Performance (Live on KEXP at Home)\". YouTube. Retrieved 2021-04-08. \"Valerie June Releases Another Song From Upcoming 'The Moon and Stars: Prescriptions for Dreamers'\". American Songwriter. 22 January 2021. Retrieved 22 January 2021. \"The Moon and Stars: Prescriptions for Dreamers by Valerie June\". Metacritic.com. Retrieved 2021-04-08. \"Valerie June: The Moon and Stars: Prescriptions for Dreamers\". Pitchfork. Retrieved 2021-04-08. \"Valerie June discography\". Billboard. Retrieved February 4, 2015. \"Valerie June\". Billboard. Retrieved 2021-04-08. \"Valery June discography\". Ultratop.be/fr. Hung Medien. Retrieved May 18, 2013. \"Valery June discography\". lescharts.com. Hung Medien. Retrieved May 18, 2013. \"Valery June discography\". dutchcharts.nl. Hung Medien. Retrieved May 18, 2013. \"Valery June discography\". swedishcharts.com. Hung Medien. Retrieved May 25, 2013. \"Valery June discography\". hitparade.ch. Hung Medien. Retrieved May 18, 2013. \"VALERIE JUNE | full Official Chart History | Official Charts Company\". Officialcharts.com. Retrieved 2020-11-14. \"Valery June Sales\". Hits Daily Double. Archived from the original on 15 January 2017. Retrieved January 28, 2017. \"Le Top de la semaine\u00a0: Top Albums - SNEP (Week 11, 2017)\" (in French). Syndicat National de l'\u00c9dition Phonographique. Retrieved March 21, 2017. \"Valerie June Triple A Airplay Chart History\". Billboard. Retrieved May 24, 2021. Bernstein, Jonathan (2020-11-19). \"Valerie June Heads Into the Mystic\". Rolling Stone. Retrieved 2021-04-13. Official website"
   },
   {
    "name": "Van B. Poole",
    "id": "Q7913136",
    "text": "Van B. Poole (born July 5, 1935) is a former Republican politician from Florida. Born in Jackson, the seat of Madison County in western Tennessee, he graduated in 1958 from Memphis State University in Memphis, Tennessee. He relocated to Florida in 1963. From 1953 to 1961, Poole served in the United States Army Reserve. From 1971 to 1979, he was a member of the Florida House of Representatives from Broward County in south Florida. He was elected to the state House in the same election in which his fellow Republicans, Governor Claude R. Kirk, Jr., and U.S. Representative William C. Cramer of St. Petersburg, lost. For two years, he was the House Minority Whip. From 1979 to 1983, he was a member of the Florida Senate. In 1982, he received 38.3 percent of the general election vote in his challenge to Democratic U.S. Senator Lawton Chiles, who won his third and final term in the body. Chiles was first elected in 1970, when he defeated Cramer. Poole ran for Treasurer of Florida in 1986, but lost to Bill Gunter. Under the Republican Governor Bob Martinez, Poole was the director of the Florida Department of Business Regulation. From 1989 to 1993, he chaired the Florida Republican Party. In 2001, then Governor Jeb Bush appointed him to the Federal Judicial Nomination Commission, headed by former Governor Martinez. Poole spent twenty years as an insurance executive with Krieg Kostas & Poole and is currently a lobbyist with Dutko Poole McKinley. He resides in Fort Lauderdale in Broward County, Florida \"Florida House of Representatives\". Myfloridahouse.gov. Retrieved 2011-12-12. \"Ronald Reagan: Nomination of Van B. Poole To Be a Member of the National Advisory Council on Educational Research and Improvement\". Presidency.ucsb.edu. Retrieved 2011-12-12. https://www.flsenate.gov/UserContent/Publications/SenateHandbooks/pdf/80-82_Senate_Handbook.pdf \"Our Campaigns - FL Treasurer Race - Nov 04, 1986\". \"Dutko World Wide\u00a0:: Poole\". Dutko Worldwide. Retrieved 2010-12-15. v t e"
   },
   {
    "name": "Jabriel Washington",
    "id": "Q14951019",
    "text": "Jabriel Washington (born 1993) is an American football cornerback who is currently a free agent. He played college football at Alabama. A native of Jackson, Tennessee, he attended Trinity Christian Academy where he played both quarterback and free safety on the football team. After redshirting his initial year at Alabama, Washington recorded two assisted tackles in 2012. In 2014, he made his first collegiate interception in a game against Florida. Washington signed with the Los Angeles Rams after going undrafted in the 2016 NFL Draft. On September 3, 2016, he was waived by the Rams as part of final roster cuts. http://www.rolltide.com/sports/m-footbl/mtt/jabriel_washington_768191.html \"Rams Make 53-Man Roster Decisions\". TheRams.com. September 3, 2016. Archived from the original on August 31, 2017. Alabama Crimson Tide bio v t e"
   },
   {
    "name": "Matt Kisber",
    "id": "Q15378657",
    "text": "Matthew Harris \"Matt\" Kisber (born January 31, 1960) is a businessman and Democratic politician in the U.S. state of Tennessee who served ten two-year terms in the Tennessee House of Representatives and was Commissioner of the Tennessee Department of Economic and Community Development during the governorship of Phil Bredesen. Kisber was born January 31, 1960 in Jackson, Tennessee, and grew up there. His grandfather, Jonas Kisber, Sr, owned and operated Kisber's Department Stores in Jackson. Matt's dad is Jonas Jr; and was prominent in the city's small Jewish community. Matt Kisber started working in his family's department store when he was 12 years old. While attending Vanderbilt University, where he earned a bachelor's degree in political science, he worked as a photojournalist for the Jackson Sun newspaper. In the 1982 general election, Kisber defeated two-term Republican incumbent Ken Baker. Kisber would then serve ten consecutive two-year terms before leaving office voluntarily in November 2002. During his years in the state legislature, he served as chairman of the House Finance, Ways and Means Committee, as well as special joint committees of the House and Senate that considered matters related to business taxation, electricity deregulation, and workers' compensation. He also headed a National Conference of State Legislatures committee that studied the streamlining of state sales tax administration. He had several major legislative accomplishments in the area of economic development. In 1993, he was a leader in achieving the passage of a bill that established a program of tax credits for Tennessee companies that expand or create new jobs in the state. In 1996, he advocated successful legislative initiative to reform workers\u2019 compensation in the state, including establishing a workers\u2019 compensation fraud unit in the Tennessee Bureau of Investigation. In 1998, he was author and co-sponsor of a bill that established a program of employment training grants for companies that provide highly skilled and high-paying technology and manufacturing jobs. While serving as a part-time legislator, Kisber was employed by First Tennessee Bank, where he held the position of vice president of business development as of 2003. In January 2003, Kisber was appointed Commissioner of the Tennessee Department of Economic and Community Development by newly elected Tennessee Governor Phil Bredesen. He took up this state cabinet position on January 18, 2003, and served through January 15, 2011, when Bredesen left office. In 2009, he was recognized by the National Coalition for Capital Formation as a \"Champion of Small Business\". That same year, Southern Business & Development Magazine included Kisber in a list of \"Ten People Who Made A Difference\". As of 2013, Kisber is president and chief executive officer of Silicon Ranch Corporation, a developer and operator of solar energy facilities. In 2018, Kisber facilitated a deal with Royal Dutch Shell in which the company took over the 44% minority interest previously held by Partners Group. \"102nd General Assembly: Matt Kisber\". Tennessee House of Representatives. Retrieved November 7, 2020. \"Jackson, Tennessee\". Encyclopedia of Southern Jewish Communities. Goldring-Woldenberg Institute of Southern Jewish Life. Retrieved December 7, 2013. Tanner, John S. (April 27, 2005). Tribute to Mr. Jonas Kisber. Congressional Record. p.\u00a08079. ISBN\u00a09780160846823. \"Matthew H. Kisber\". Knoxville: Center for Business and Economic Research, University of Tennessee. October 2008. Retrieved December 7, 2013. \"Tennessee House Representative 92nd General Assembly: Ken Baker\". Tennessee House of Representatives. \"Matt Kisber Chosen To Head State Economic Development\". The Chattanoogan. January 7, 2003. \"Leadership\". Silicon Ranch Corporation. Archived from the original on December 15, 2013. Retrieved December 7, 2013. \"Shell takes big stake in Silicon Ranch\". Nashville Post. Retrieved 2019-04-29."
   },
   {
    "name": "Monroe Dunaway Anderson",
    "id": "Q15453041",
    "text": "Monroe Dunaway Anderson (1873\u20131939) was a banker and cotton trader from Jackson, Tennessee. With William L. Clayton, Anderson built Anderson, Clayton and Company (formed in 1904 by his brother Frank E. Anderson and Frank's brother-in-law, William L. Clayton) into the world's biggest cotton company. In the event of one of their deaths, the partnership would lose a large amount of money to estate taxes and might be forced to dissolve. In order to avoid this, Anderson created the M.D. Anderson Foundation with an initial sum of $300,000. In 1939, after Anderson's death the foundation received an additional $19 million. In 1941, the Texas Legislature appropriated $500,000 to build a cancer hospital and research center. The M.D. Anderson Foundation agreed to match the state funds if the hospital were located in Houston at the Texas Medical Center (another project of the Anderson Foundation), and named after Anderson. Using surplus World War II Army barracks, the hospital operated for 10 years from a converted residence and 46 beds leased in a Houston hospital before moving to its current location in 1954. The center would later become one of the leading cancer research and treatment institutions in the world. Monroe Dunaway Anderson was born on June 29, 1873, the sixth of eight children born to James W. Anderson and his wife Ellen (n\u00e9e Dunaway) in Jackson, Tennessee. Private J.W. Anderson had enlisted in the Confederate States Army, but had been captured in March 1864 as he returned home to visit his young family in McNairy County (south of Jackson, on the Mississippi border), then survived Camp Chase near Columbus, Ohio, in part because his uncle James M. Anderson of Glasgow, Kentucky traveled to Washington, D.C. to secure his release. After the war, the elder Anderson founded the First National Bank of Jackson. Although his formal schooling stopped after the eighth grade, \"M.D.\" (as the boy was often called) worked for his father at the bank, where learned about finance and prepared for his later business success. Monroe's older brother, Frank, had already tried working in the bank, but found the routine too boring. Blessed with charisma, a magnetic personality (and apparently a fierce desire for action), Frank had already decided he wanted to go into cotton trading. About the same time, he met Burdine Clayton, who had just moved to Jackson from Tupelo, Mississippi, with her family: father Thomas Munroe Clayton, mother Martha Fletcher (n\u00e9e Burdine) and brothers, William (Will) and Benjamin (Ben). Not only did Frank and Burdine fall in love and marry, but Will and Frank became best friends. The two shared the vision of starting a company that would buy, process and sell cotton worldwide. Monroe, Frank and their brother-in-law, Will, scraped up $9,000 and went to Oklahoma City, where there was an ample source of cotton. On August 1, 1904, they launched their dream business, which they named Anderson, Clayton and Company. Ben Clayton was still working in New York for the American Cotton Company. Will had also worked at the same company, and between them, they had learned about international banking, establishing shipping networks (both by rail and by sea). Ben soon moved south to join them. In 1900, a powerful hurricane had essentially wiped out Galveston, Texas, which had been the country's leading cotton port. Entrepreneurs in Houston had stepped up to fill the vacuum. The Anderson, Clayton partners decided that Monroe should go to Houston and study the opportunities for their firm. He agreed to go in 1907 and moved into a downtown hotel on Main Street. He soon rented office space for Anderson, Clayton in the Cotton Exchange Building. Monroe spent the rest of his life in Houston. With the completion of the Houston Ship Channel in 1915 and the onset of World War I in 1916, the demand for (and price of) cotton was booming. It was obvious that Anderson, Clayton and Company should be at the center of this action. Its entire headquarters were moved from Oklahoma City to Houston by 1916. In the summer of 1938, while Monroe was eating lunch at the Majestic Grill with some of his business associates, one of his arms went numb. He was rushed back to his hotel room, where his physician gave him a sedative and sent some nurses to monitor his condition until he could be moved to Baptist Memorial Hospital. The doctor diagnosed the problem as a stroke. He remained in the hospital for a month, while he bought a house on Sunset Boulevard (near the Texas Medical Center site). Serving as a place for him to convalesce, it was the only private house he ever owned. During this time, doctors discovered that he had been having recurrent kidney problems. On August 6, 1939, Monroe Dunaway Anderson, age 66, died at his home. His family and close friends decided he should be buried in the family plot at Riverside Cemetery in Jackson, Tennessee. Congressman Stephen Fincher, introduced a bill (HR1264) in the U.S. House of Representatives on March 23, 2011, to name a square in Jackson, Tennessee as the M.D. Anderson Plaza. The bill passed both the House and Senate, and was signed by President Obama on January 3, 2012. The square is between the United States Federal Courthouse and the Ed Jones Building, located at 109 South Highland Avenue in Jackson. The Association for Preservation of Tennessee Antiquities and the West Tennessee Healthcare Foundation joined forces to honor Monroe Dunaway Anderson's boyhood home at 111 East Orleans in Jackson, Tennessee. A commemoration ceremony was held there on October 5, 2013. Anderson, Clayton and Company Texas Medical Center MD Anderson Cancer Center M.D. Anderson Library The Cotton Exchange Building was constructed in 1884 at 202 Travis Street, and was still standing in 2014. Known for his frugality, Monroe could walk to work each morning, carrying a sack lunch. George C. Osborn, A Confederate Prisoner at Camp Chase, Ohio State Archaeological and Historical Quarterly 59, no. 1(1950), available at http://resources.ohiohistory.org/ohj/browse/displaypages.php?display[]=0059&display[]=38&display[]=57 Thomas D. Anderson. \"Anderson, Monroe Dunaway.\" Handbook of Texas Online. Texas State Historical Society. Accessed November 30, 2017. Boutwell, Bryant. \"M.D. Anderson: More than a hospital name.\" UTHealth. October 9, 2014. Accessed November 30, 2017. Christian, Carol. \"M.D. Anderson's boyhood home receives historic designation.\" Houston Chronicle. October 11, 2013. Accessed November 30, 2017. https://www.mdanderson.org/about-md-anderson/facts-history/who-was-md-anderson.html (biographical information) http://www.tshaonline.org/handbook/online/articles/fan09"
   },
   {
    "name": "Charlie Shields",
    "id": "Q15998439",
    "text": "Charles Jessamine Shields (December 10, 1879 \u2013 August 27, 1953) was a Major League Baseball pitcher who played in 1902 and 1907 with the Baltimore Orioles, St. Louis Browns and the St. Louis Cardinals. He batted and threw left-handed. He was born in Jackson, Tennessee, and died in Memphis, Tennessee. Career statistics and player information from Baseball-Reference, or\u00a0Baseball-Reference (Minors) v t e"
   },
   {
    "name": "Jimmy Eldridge",
    "id": "Q16120816",
    "text": "Jimmy A. Eldridge (born April 1, 1948 in Jackson, Tennessee) is an American politician and a former Republican member of the Tennessee House of Representatives who represented District 73 from 2003 until 2019. Eldridge earned his BS in biology and chemistry from Lambuth University. 2012 Eldridge was unopposed for both the August 2, 2012 Republican Primary, winning with 5,559 votes, and the November 6, 2012 General election, winning with 19,048 votes (70.6%) against Democratic nominee Corey Currie. 2000 To challenge District 73 incumbent Democratic Representative Matt Kisber, Eldridge was unopposed for the August 3, 2000 Republican Primary, winning with 2,341 votes, but lost the November 7, 2000 General election to Representative Kisber. 2002 When Representative Kisber left the Legislature and left the seat open, Eldridge ran in the three-way August 1, 2002 Republican Primary, winning with 4,824 votes (58.3%) and won the November 5, 2002 General election with 10,062 votes (53.6%) against Democratic nominee Danny Waynick. 2004 Eldridge was unopposed for the August 5, 2004 Republican Primary, winning with 3,424 votes, and won the November 2, 2004 General election with 17,089 votes (72.0%) against Democratic nominee Charlie Caldwell. 2006 Eldridge was unopposed for both the August 3, 2006 Republican Primary, winning with 6,363 votes, and the November 7, 2006 General election, winning with 15,977 votes. 2008 Eldridge was unopposed for both the August 7, 2008 Republican Primary, winning with 2,375 votes, and the November 4, 2008 General election, winning with 20,573 votes. 2010 Eldridge was unopposed for the August 5, 2010 Republican Primary, winning with 8,038 votes, and won the November 2, 2010 General election with 14,065 votes (nearly 100%) against a write-in candidate. \"Rep. Jimmy Eldridge\". Nashville, Tennessee: Tennessee General Assembly. Retrieved March 18, 2014. \"Jimmy Eldridge's Biography\". Project Vote Smart. Retrieved March 18, 2014. \"State of Tennessee August 2, 2012 Republican Primary\" (PDF). Nashville, Tennessee: Tennessee Secretary of State. p.\u00a0184. Archived from the original (PDF) on March 13, 2014. Retrieved March 18, 2014. \"State of Tennessee November 6, 2012 General Election\" (PDF). Nashville, Tennessee: Tennessee Secretary of State. p.\u00a078. Archived from the original (PDF) on March 13, 2014. Retrieved March 18, 2014. \"August 3, 2000 Republican Primary\" (PDF). Nashville, Tennessee: Tennessee Secretary of State. p.\u00a038. Archived from the original (PDF) on July 13, 2015. Retrieved March 18, 2014. \"November 7, 2000 General Election\" (PDF). Nashville, Tennessee: Tennessee Secretary of State. p.\u00a053. Archived from the original (PDF) on July 13, 2015. Retrieved March 18, 2014. \"August 1, 2002 Republican Primary\" (PDF). Nashville, Tennessee: Tennessee Secretary of State. p.\u00a051. Archived from the original (PDF) on July 13, 2015. Retrieved March 18, 2014. \"November 5, 2002 General Election\" (PDF). Nashville, Tennessee: Tennessee Secretary of State. p.\u00a052. Archived from the original (PDF) on July 13, 2015. Retrieved March 18, 2014. \"August 5, 2004 Republican Primary\" (PDF). Nashville, Tennessee: Tennessee Secretary of State. p.\u00a036. Archived from the original (PDF) on November 27, 2015. Retrieved March 18, 2014. \"November 2, 2004 General Election\" (PDF). Nashville, Tennessee: Tennessee Secretary of State. p.\u00a052. Archived from the original (PDF) on July 13, 2015. Retrieved March 18, 2014. \"August 3, 2006 Republican Primary\" (PDF). Nashville, Tennessee: Tennessee Secretary of State. p.\u00a05. Archived from the original (PDF) on July 13, 2015. Retrieved March 18, 2014. \"November 7, 2006 General Election\" (PDF). Nashville, Tennessee: Tennessee Secretary of State. p.\u00a02. Archived from the original (PDF) on April 10, 2013. Retrieved March 18, 2014. \"State of Tennessee August 7, 2008 Republican Primary\" (PDF). Nashville, Tennessee: Tennessee Secretary of State. p.\u00a07. Archived from the original (PDF) on July 13, 2015. Retrieved March 18, 2014. \"State of Tennessee November 4, 2008 General Election\" (PDF). Nashville, Tennessee: Tennessee Secretary of State. p.\u00a010. Archived from the original (PDF) on July 13, 2015. Retrieved March 18, 2014. \"State of Tennessee August 5, 2010 Republican Primary\" (PDF). Nashville, Tennessee: Tennessee Secretary of State. p.\u00a056. Archived from the original (PDF) on March 14, 2014. Retrieved March 18, 2014. \"State of Tennessee November 2, 2010 State General\" (PDF). Nashville, Tennessee: Tennessee Secretary of State. p.\u00a059. Archived from the original (PDF) on March 13, 2014. Retrieved March 18, 2014. Official page at the Tennessee General Assembly Profile at Vote Smart Jimmy Eldridge at Ballotpedia Jimmy Eldridge at the National Institute on Money in State Politics v t e"
   },
   {
    "name": "Ron Lollar",
    "id": "Q16121676",
    "text": "Ron Lollar (August 13, 1948 \u2013 July 6, 2018) was an American politician and a Republican member of the Tennessee House of Representatives for the 99th district, which encompasses part of Shelby County. Lollar was born on August 13, 1948 in Jackson, Tennessee. He graduated from Jackson State Community College with an associate degree in 1973, where he was President of the Student Body Association. In 1975, he graduated from Austin Peay State University with a Bachelor of Science, where he was also President of the Student Government Association. He served in the U.S. Marine Corps from 1967 to 1971, and in the Army National Guard from 1980 until 1982. He was a Staff Sergeant as a Ceremonial White House Guard. He has received the Vietnam Gallantry Cross, the Navy Commendation Medal w/ \"V\" device, a Combat Action Ribbon with a Navy Unit citation, a Good Conduct Medal, a Meritorious Unit Citation, a Vietnamese Service Medal, and a Vietnamese Campaign Medal. Lollar served as a state representative since being elected to the 105th Tennessee General Assembly (2007\u20132008). He served on the House Agriculture Committee, the House Education Committee, the House Higher Education Subcommittee, and the House Special Iniatiives Subcommittee. For three terms, he represented the second district on the Shelby County School Board. Lollar served on the Shelby County School Board. In 2004, Lollar was a member of the Tennessee School Board Association, a representative agency for members of Tennessee's school boards. In 2006, he was a member of the Tennessee School Board Association's board of directors. He was a Tennessee State School Board Association panel moderator until his death. In 2006, he was Chair of the Tennessee Legislative Network. He served as President of Future Farmers of America. He was also a member of the American Legislative Exchange Council (ALEC). Lollar served as a Baptist deacon and was a member of Gideons International. He was also a Freemason. He lived in Bartlett, Tennessee and was married with three children. He also had two godsons. Lollar died on July 6, 2018 from a heart attack. \"Tennessee House Member\". Archived from the original on April 27, 2007. Retrieved September 12, 2007. Tennessee House of Representatives webpage TennWatch-Ron Lollar, Candidate for TN House District 99 Rep. Ron Lollar dies"
   },
   {
    "name": "Greg Cravens",
    "id": "Q16195960",
    "text": "Greg Cravens (born 1965 in Jackson, Tennessee) is an American cartoonist. His parents are Cecil and Bonnie Cravens. Cecil was the owner of Cecil's Bandstand and invented the Straplock, which holds guitar straps to the guitar. His mother Bonnie worked at various hospital billing departments and handicraft stores, while maintaining the family home. Greg Cravens has one brother, Jeff, who contributes quite a bit to the Hubris! website.[citation needed] As a child and youth, Greg Cravens attended Lincoln Elementary School, Parkway Junior High, and Jackson Central-Merry High School, all in Jackson, Tennessee. His first comic strip, Zork & Eem, ran in the Jackson weekly Jackson Banner for three weeks until the newspaper folded. At sixteen and seventeen, Cravens drew caricatures at the Nashville themepark Opryland USA. Cravens then went to Memphis State University to earn a BFA degree in graphic design and worked in advertising. He has drawn many activity books and coloring books for the likes of Shoney's restaurants, Perkins restaurants, FedEx, Piggly Wiggly, Hampton Inns, Homewood Suites, Embassy Suites, Memphis Grizzlies, IPNI, Baptist Hospitals, Morgan Keegan etc. He is the illustrator of the Lewis The Duck series of books available at Homewood Suites hotels. In 2000, Cravens was contacted by his friend/mentor Scott Stantis, an editorial cartoonist at The Chicago Tribune about being an art assistant on his syndicated feature The Buckets, a comic strip about family life featuring a married couple, their two sons, a dog and their mortgage. Cravens accepted and was hired just after the tenth anniversary of the strip, becoming art assistant, and six months later as credited art assistant and eventually sole writer and artist of the strip, with founder Stantis leaving The Buckets completely to focus on politically oriented Prickly City. Cravens also joined the National Cartoonists Society. Another comic strip, Hubris!, was originally passed on by the syndicates, but it was later aided into existence by United Media syndicate editor Amy Lago, and turned into a webcomic in late 2010. It features the exploits of a small outdoors business owner, his family, friends and customers. It uses various sports equipment as part of the jokes. From unicycles, to offroad skateboards, and a kayak with wheels, to 'paddle home' from work. In late 2011, Cravens asked his then core readers/commentators to send in photos of themselves. During 2012, and 2013, Cravens did a series of strips about an outdoor fest, which included \"Team US\" \u2014 the people who sent in their photos. Greg Cravens has published three books: Splat - a free 'rhyme' ebook about a family cat. The Buckets Exhausted Parents Guide To Why Your Life Is Normal (ISBN\u00a09781935933199, published September 2012) Hubris - I Meant To Do That (ISBN\u00a09781935933182, published July 2012) Cravens was awarded the National Cartoonists Society Tim Rosenthal award in 2006 His newspaper illustrations for the Memphis Flyer were nominated for an NCS Reuben Division Award in 2007 Kenosha News: Cartoonists offer insight on where they get their ideas HubrisComics News about Greg Craven The Buckets Facebook page Hubris! website Hubris! twitter LinkedIn website Buckets on GoComics"
   },
   {
    "name": "Josh Brown",
    "id": "Q16207053",
    "text": "Joshua Brown (born 1976) is an American singer who is best known as the lead vocalist of Christian rock band Day of Fire. He was also the original lead vocalist of Full Devil Jacket and was a featured vocalist on Fireflight's hit song \"You Decide\" from their album The Healing of Harms. Josh Brown wanted to be a rock-star at a very early age. He began songwriting at the age of 14, forming a band called Sludge. At the age of 15 he was already partying, doing drugs, and drinking heavily. He started a new heavy metal band called the Voodoo Hippies in 1993 (they changed their to name to Full Devil Jacket in 1995 after discovering a Detroit band already had that name). In late 1998 the band signed to Island/Def Jam Records after playing in the Tampa, FL area. They were on tour with bands such as Creed, Nickelback, and Type O Negative, playing at Woodstock '99. Shortly afterwards they released their EP \"A Wax Box...\". On March 7, 2000 the band released their debut album \"Full Devil Jacket\" which has 11 tracks. They were featured in the Tattoo the Earth tour with many bands such as Mudvayne, Slipknot, Sepultura, Slayer, and Coal Chamber with Metallica headlining one show. Their song \"Wanna Be Martyr\" was put on the Scream 3 soundtrack in 2000, while \"Green Iron Fist\" (released April 2000) made MTV's Heavy Metal 2000. While on tour with Creed in 2000, Brown suffered a severe heroin overdose \u2013 he nearly died. Many people say this was when he started to turn his life around through a combination of rehab and prayer. In March 2001 the band was supposed to be flying to L.A. to start recording their second album. During the writing of the second album, Brown officially returned to his faith in God, said he felt \"no peace\" in making the second album and left the band. He had a nervous breakdown and was unable to write or sing. The album was unfinished and remains unreleased to this day. Once Brown announced he was leaving, Michael Reaves also decided to leave. The band was supposed to go back on tour in September/October 2001. Some projects the band was working on at the time included \"Shelter\", \"Superdysfunctional Hero\", \"All Apologies\", \"Bottle\", and \"Black Days\". In 2010, Brown and Full Devil Jacket played several reunion shows to raise money for guitarist Michael Reaves, who was battling prostate cancer. He died in 2011 at the age of 52. On January 14, 2015 it was announced that F.D.J. signed a worldwide deal with eOne Music with plans on releasing a brand new LP later this year. Valley of Bones would soon be revealed to be the name of the album and 1st single to be released on March 31, 2015 according to the leading rock news outlet LoudWire. The album, released March 31, contains 10 new songs and feature cover art of a painting by singer Josh Brown. Brown eventually formed a new band, Day of Fire, and they began working on their first album. Josh Brown is the lead singer, Joe Pangallo plays guitar, with brother Chris Pangallo on bass and Zach Simms on drums. In 2004 they released their debut album \"Day of Fire\". Their debut won a Dove Award for Rock Album of the Year and was nominated for a Grammy Award. The band recently released their third album, \"Losing All\", on the Razor & Tie label. Some former members of Full Devil Jacket had formed a band called Waxbox but were short-lived and never released an album. While a member of Day of Fire, Brown was featured on Fireflight's debut single \"You Decide\". The song was the top request at TVU music television in August 2006. It was the second most played song on Christian Rock radio stations according to the September 1, 2006 R&R magazine airplay chart, #11 on the R&R Christian Hit Radio charts on October 23, 2006, and #1 on the Christian Radio Weekly chart. On Billboard's chart, it peaked at #27 on the Hot Christian Singles chart and it finished in the Top 25 of 2006 for the network radio station Air1. He also co-wrote a song with Chris Daughtry for Daughtry's album Leave This Town. \"Josh Brown\". Discogs.com. Retrieved 24 January 2010. \"Lead Singer Josh Brown turns to the Lord\". GodScare.net. Retrieved 24 January 2010. Johnny Price (2015-03-15). \"INTERVIEW\u00a0: FULL DEVIL JACKET\". RockRevolt Magazine\u2122. \"Music News Archive\". Jesus Freak Hideout. May 2006. Retrieved 24 January 2010. \"Fireflight Biography\". Allmusic. 2008. Retrieved 2009-01-31."
   }
  ]
 },
 {
  "relation_id": "P19",
  "target_id": "Q1049",
  "target_name": "Sudan",
  "samples": [
   {
    "name": "Osman Mohammed",
    "id": "Q24007444",
    "text": "Osman Mohammed (Arabic:\u0639\u062b\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f) (born 25 September 1987) is a Sudanese footballer. He played in the Qatar Stars League for Qatar SC. http://superkoora.com/ar/player/1430 \"Osman Saleh\". Soccerway. Perform Group. Retrieved 23 December 2017. v t e"
   },
   {
    "name": "Musaab Abdulmajeed",
    "id": "Q24007616",
    "text": "Musaab Abdulmajeed (Arabic:\u0645\u0635\u0639\u0628 \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u064a\u062f) (born 9 February 1993) is a Qatari footballer. He currently plays for Al-Khor . Musaab Abdulmajeed at Soccerway \"\u0645\u0648\u0646\u062f\u064a\u0627\u0644 11 - Mundial 11 - \u0625\u062d\u0635\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0627\u062a - \u0646\u062a\u0627\u0626\u062c - \u0623\u0631\u0642\u0627\u0645 - \u0623\u062e\u0628\u0627\u0631 - \u0647\u064a\u062f \u062a\u0648 \u0647\u064a\u062f\". superkoora.com. Retrieved 2021-07-06. v t e"
   },
   {
    "name": "Reuben William",
    "id": "Q25757314",
    "text": "Reuben William (born 31 December 1997) is a former professional Australian rules footballer who played for the Brisbane Lions in the Australian Football League (AFL). He moved to Australia from South Sudan at the age of four. He was drafted by the Brisbane Lions with their second selection and twentieth overall in the 2016 rookie draft. He made his debut in the twenty-six point loss against Gold Coast in round 16, 2016 at Metricon Stadium. In October 2017, he was delisted by Brisbane. William currently plays for the Footscray Bulldogs in the semi-professional Victorian Football League. Family: He has a total of 6 siblings and 1 parent. Davis, Greg (8 July 2016). \"Reuben William's journey takes him from war-torn South Sudan to QClash debut with Brisbane\". The Courier-Mail. Retrieved 5 September 2016. Wiles, Andrew (11 November 2015). \"13 days until draft: Reuben William\". AFLQ.com.au. Fox Sports Pulse. Retrieved 5 September 2016. Phelan, Jennifer (27 November 2015). \"Sudanese players making their mark in the AFL\". AFL.com.au. Bigpond. Retrieved 5 September 2016. Whiting, Michael (7 July 2016). \"Lions rookie Reuben William to debut against Suns\". AFL.com.au. Bigpond. Retrieved 10 July 2016. Whiting, Michael (26 October 2017). \"Lions cut five as Fagan reshapes list\". AFL.com.au. Bigpond. Retrieved 26 October 2017. Reuben William's profile on the official website of the Brisbane Lions Reuben William's playing statistics from AFL Tables v t e"
   },
   {
    "name": "Mabior Chol",
    "id": "Q26705360",
    "text": "Mabior Chol (born 29 January 1997) is a professional Australian rules footballer playing for Gold Coast Suns in the Australian Football League (AFL), having formerly played for the Richmond Football Club. He was drafted by Richmond in the 2016 rookie draft and made his debut in round 23, 2016. Chol was delisted by the club in 2018 before being immediately re-rookied in the 2019 rookie draft. In 2019 Chol won a VFL premiership while playing with the Richmond reserves side. Chol moved from Richmond to Gold Coast as a free agent in October 2021. Chol was born in present-day South Sudan, before his family fled to Egypt to avoid the ongoing civil war when he was two years old. They moved to Australia in 2005 when Chol was eight years of age, settling in the Brisbane suburb of Acacia Ridge. After playing soccer and basketball at a younger age, Chol took up Australian rules football when he joined his school team at age 12. After playing in the state school final at The Gabba, he committed to playing the game at junior level the next year and joined the Yeronga South Brisbane Devils. In 2013 Chol played for the World 18 team at the national under 16 championships. He later entered the junior Queensland development pathway and the Brisbane Lions Academy where he would play in 2014 and 2015. Chol also played for Aspley and the Lions' reserve team in the NEAFL in addition to the Lions' under 18 team. In 2015 he played with the Allies in an under 18 match as a curtain raiser to the year's AFL Grand Final. Chol was a strong performer in the 2015 AFL draft combine, recording the number one standing vertical jump score (334cm), as well as placing second in the running vertical jump test (357cm) and fourth in the relative running vertical jump test (90cm). He also came second to future teammate Daniel Rioli in the 30 metre repeat sprint test (24.3 seconds). Prior to the draft he was also lauded by Queensland academy coach Adrian Fletcher for his positional versatility and his marking prowess. Chol was drafted by Richmond with the club's second selection and 30th selection overall in the 2016 rookie draft. He first represented Richmond in the club's 2016 pre-season match against Fremantle. He failed to gain selection at senior level as a result though, instead playing a majority of his season with the club's reserves side in the VFL. There he played in a myriad of roles, including as a key defender, key forward and as a ruck. He eventually made his AFL debut in Richmond's last match of the season, in round 23 against Sydney at the Sydney Cricket Ground. Chol thereby became the fourth player of Sudanese descent (after Majak Daw, Aliir Aliir and Reuben William) to play senior AFL football. Over the 2017 pre-season Chol focused on developing his body, looking to add muscle weight and to improve his endurance running. Injuries to key forwards early in the season saw Chol in contention for a senior call-up, but coach Damien Hardwick told the media he was hesitant to play the \"inexperienced\" Chol. In late July Chol was involved in a training mishap, accidentally poking forward Jack Riewoldt in the eye and causing him to miss two matches as a result. By season's end Chol had failed to play senior football that year. He did however contribute in the reserves, kicking 13 goals over 22 matches including in the team's losing grand final. Chol played his first football of 2018 in February, travelling to Sydney to play in Richmond's AFLX squad for that year's exhibition series. In the pre-season tournament he played in one match and kicked one goal, playing a majority of the game as Richmond's lead ruck after Toby Nankervis suffered concussion early in that match. His performance earnt the praise of Seven Network commentator Tim Watson, who predicted he would be playing AFL level football for Richmond by season's end. While he did not earn immediate selection, he would be named as an emergency for the first time in round 3. In early June Chol suffered a fracture in the fifth metatarsal of his foot while landing from a mark in training. The surgery and resulting recovery was expected to see him in a stabilising moon boot for three weeks and sideline him from matches for eight to ten weeks. By early-July he had resumed walking free of the boot and by late-August he was approaching the final stages of aerobic conditioning prior to a footballing return. Chol eventually made his return to VFL football in Richmond's semi-final loss to Essendon, which brought to an end his and the club's reserves season after playing eight matches and kicking 11 goals. He had failed to earn a senior match that year and the club subsequently delisted him at the end of the season. As part of the announcement, club officials said they would consider their options in regards to Chol, while The Age reported that Chol would be reselected by Richmond in the coming rookie draft should he fail to be recruited by another club in the interim. These reports proved correct when Chol was re-drafted to Richmond with the 45th pick in the 2019 rookie draft. A fully fit Chol completed a full pre-season training schedule before beginning the 2019 season with the club's reserves side in the VFL, including serving as stand-in captain in a pre-season match against the Box Hill in March. He kicked five goals across the opening two rounds of the VFL season despite being switched through roles as a key forward, ruck and key back in those matches. Chol kicked a further seven goals over three VFL matches in May, before moving into a ruck role as injuries and suspension to the club's AFL rucks tested depth in that area at VFL level. He was best on ground in the VFL Dreamtime game in late May in that role, recording 23 disposals, 12 clearances, 22 hit outs and a goal in what coach Craig McRae called his best game in four seasons at the club. After being named an AFL emergency but going unselected in the final team in round 12, Chol was named as emergency but eventually called up to play when ruck Ivan Soldo was ruled out with illness in round 13. He kicked his first AFL goal in that match while also recording 13 hitouts and eight disposals in a ruck role shared with young teammate Noah Balta. Chol remained in the senior side following the mid-season bye and the return of Soldo in round 16, performing exceptionally in a forward role in which he kicked three goals and recorded 16 disposals and nine marks. As a result, he received five votes in the AFL Coaches Association player of the year award and one Brownlow Medal vote as third best player on the field. Chol kicked a goal in each his next five matches at AFL level, continuing to impact as a forward and relief ruck despite averaging a modest eight disposals per game. After nine straight matches at AFL level but going goalless and posting a total of eight disposals across rounds 21 and 22, Chol was dropped back to VFL level. His first match back was in a come-from-behind qualifying final win over the Essendon reserves in which he posted 13 hitouts and kicked two goals. He was named as an emergency in the club's first AFL final the following weekend, before kicking another two goals in the VFL preliminary final as Richmond's reserves won through to that league's grand final. Chol was an emergency again in the AFL preliminary final one week later, but was again unselected for the final team. Instead, he formed part of the Richmond VFL side that defeated Williamstown as the club won its first reserves grade premiership since 1997. Chol finished 2019 having played a career-best nine matches at AFL level and was Richmond's equal-leading goalkicker in the reserves, with 21 goals across 12 games including that years' VFL premiership. Chol played his first match for 2020 in the opening round of the AFL pre-season series, but was dropped back to reserves level for the second and final match following the return of the club's premier tall forwards, Jack Riewoldt and Tom Lynch, from State of Origin duties. Instead, he participated in a VFL practice match in the first week of March, which was to be his final competitive match in many months as the following week's reserves match was cancelled due to safety concerns as a result of the rapid progression of the COVID-19 pandemic into Australia. Though the AFL season would start on schedule later that month, just one round of matches was played of the reduced 17-round season before the imposition of state border restrictions saw the season suspended for an indefinite period. When the season resumed after an 11-week hiatus, Chol played in an unofficial scratch match against Collingwood's reserves due to AFL clubs' withdrawal from the VFL season. After two more scratch matches at reserves level including a five-goal haul against St Kilda's reserves, Chol was selected for an AFL recall in the club's round 5 win over Melbourne. He continued to earn AFL selection over coming weeks, including after the club was relocated to the Gold Coast in response to a virus outbreak in Melbourne. Chol kicked two goals against North Melbourne in round 7 and added another in round 9's win over the Western Bulldogs. He featured in each of the club's next four matches, including with two goals against Port Adelaide in round 12 and a goal in round 13's Dreamtime in Darwin win over Essendon. He was omitted from the club's round 14 side however, overlooked in place of returning ruck Toby Nankervis. Chol spent three rounds out of the side before earning an AFL recall following a five goal showing in a mid-September practice match against the Geelong reserves. He played a dual role as ruck and forward in the round 18 win over Adelaide, filling roles left by injured duo Ivan Soldo and Tom Lynch. Chol held his spot and played his first finals match in the first week of October, contributing seven disposals and nine hitouts in a qualifying final loss to the Brisbane Lions. It was to be his last match of the season however, with Lynch returning from injury for the club's semi-final and Chol relegated to emergency status for each of the three remaining finals in the club's premiership run. He finished the season having played 11 of a possible 21 matches, kicking a total of eight goals. After taking part in the club's pre-season matches as part of an extended team line-up, Chol began the season proper with Richmond's reserves side in the VFL. He was named a non-playing AFL emergency on several occasions over the opening two and a half months of the season, as the primary backup to lead ruck Toby Nankervis in the wake of a long-term knee injury to other senior ruck Ivan Soldo. At the conclusion of the 2021 AFL season, Chol exercised his rights as a free agent and moved to the Gold Coast Suns. Chol plays as a tall forward and relief ruck. He is notable for his athletic traits, including ground-level agility and a powerful vertical leap. Statistics are correct to the end of the 2021 season Notes The 2020 season was played with 17 home-and-away matches per team (down from 22) and 16-minute quarters with time on (down from 20-minute quarters with time on) due to the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic. VFL VFL premiership player: 2019 In 2019 Chol began wearing a blond-dyed stripe in his black hair, resembling the Richmond guernsey design. Chol is an ambassador for The Growth Project, an organisation dedicated to fostering community engagement for young Melbournians of Sudanese heritage. Black, Sarah (6 July 2019). \"How things have clicked for 'Two Phones' Tiger\". AFL Media. Retrieved 5 November 2019. Quayle, Emma (1 July 2014). \"From Sudan to the AFL: three teenagers hoping to make the big time\". The Age. Retrieved 5 October 2017. Heslehurst, Brayden (22 October 2015). \"Yeronga South Brisbane Devils player Mabior Chol is a good chance to be picked in AFL Draft\". Quest Community Newspaper. Retrieved 27 August 2016. Heslehurst, Brayden (2 September 2016). \"Mabior Chol realises his AFL dream with famous Victorian club Richmond\". Courier Mail. News Corp Australia. Quest Newspapers. Retrieved 5 October 2017. \"Mabior's long road to Tigerland\". Richmond FC. 3 December 2015. Retrieved 5 October 2017. Cherny, Daniel (7 November 2015). \"AFL draft 2015: Sudan-born Mabior Chol puts family first\". The Age. Retrieved 5 October 2017. \"Rookie Draft: Pick 30, Mabior Chol\". Richmond FC. Bigpond. 27 November 2015. Retrieved 27 August 2016. Twomey, Callum (11 October 2015). \"Sudan-born ruck equals Nic Nat record\". AFL Media. Retrieved 5 October 2017. \"High praise for Chol\". Richmond FC. 7 December 2015. Retrieved 5 October 2017. Phelan, Jennifer (27 November 2015). \"Sudanese players making their mark in the AFL\". AFL Media. Retrieved 5 October 2017. Edmund, Sam (2 March 2016). \"Mabior Chol a bolter for Richmond's Round 1 blockbuster against Carlton\". Herald Sun. News Corp Australia. Retrieved 5 October 2017. Guthrie, Ben (19 November 2017). \"I'm very lucky to have Rancey around: Chol\". Richmond FC. AFL Media. Retrieved 5 October 2017. Mann, Brenton (6 June 2016). \"VFL Tigers out-muscled by Lions\". Richmond FC. Retrieved 5 October 2017. \"Chol charts rapid rise\". Richmond FC. 9 February 2017. Retrieved 5 October 2017. Olle, Sarah (20 June 2017). \"Talls Tigers must chase to increase vertical limit: The players Richmond could use to complement forward line\". Fox Sports. Retrieved 5 October 2017. Lerner, Ronny (3 August 2017). \"Jack Riewoldt confident of taking on Hawthorn Hawks after freak eye injury\". The Age. Retrieved 5 October 2017. \"Mabior Chol\". AFL Tables. Retrieved 2 September 2021. \"Scoring Summary\". Peter Jackson VFL 2017. Archived from the original on 5 October 2017. Retrieved 5 October 2017. Ralph, Jon (14 February 2018). \"AFLX squads announced for inaugural exhibition games\". Herald Sun. News Corp Australia. Retrieved 12 June 2018. \"Coaches' Corner: Mabior Chol\". Richmond FC. 11 April 2018. Retrieved 12 June 2018. Moir, Andrew (25 February 2018). \"Richmond's trademark pressure humbles understrength Essendon by 87 points\". The Border Mail. Retrieved 12 June 2018. \"Tim Watson says Mabior Chol could become a regular in Richmond's team in 2018\". Fox Sports. 26 February 2018. Retrieved 12 June 2018. \"WATSON CHALLENGES RICHMOND BIG MAN TO STEP UP\". SEN. Retrieved 12 June 2018. \"Round 13 injury update\". Richmond FC. 12 June 2018. Retrieved 12 June 2018. Cleary, Mitch (3 June 2018). \"Tigers forward to miss weeks with broken foot\". AFL Media. Retrieved 5 June 2018. \"Round 17 injury update\". Richmond FC. 9 July 2018. Retrieved 10 September 2018. \"Townsend injury blow\". Richmond FC. 27 August 2018. Retrieved 10 September 2018. Mann, Brenton (7 September 2018). \"VFL Preview: Semi Final v Essendon\". Richmond FC. Retrieved 10 September 2018. \"Scoring Summary\". Peter Jackson VFL 2018. Archived from the original on 10 September 2018. Retrieved 10 September 2018. \"Richmond list changes\". Richmond FC. 31 October 2018. Retrieved 4 November 2018. Niall, Jake (26 October 2018). \"Swans consider premiership Tiger, Menzel not ruled out\". The Age. Retrieved 4 November 2018. Waterworth, Ben (31 October 2018). \"AFL delistings: Richmond cuts Jacob Townsend from senior list but committed to rookie-list him\". Fox Sports. Retrieved 4 November 2018. Balmer, Matt (23 November 2018). \"AFL Rookie Draft 2018: Tom Jok lands at Essendon as players get rookie lifelines\". Fox Sports. Retrieved 24 November 2018. Mann, Brenton (9 March 2019). \"VFL Tigers overtaken by Hawks\". Richmond FC. Retrieved 27 October 2019. \"VFL Report: Round 1\". Richmond FC. 10 April 2019. Retrieved 27 October 2019. \"VFL Report: Round 2\". Richmond FC. 16 April 2019. Retrieved 27 October 2019. Mann, Brenton (7 May 2019). \"VFL Report: Round 5\". Richmond FC. Retrieved 5 November 2019. Mann, Brenton (15 May 2019). \"VFL Report: Round 6\". Richmond FC. Retrieved 5 November 2019. Mann, Brenton (22 May 2019). \"VFL Report: Round 7\". Richmond FC. Retrieved 5 November 2019. Beveridge, Riley (21 May 2019). \"Tigers ruckman fails to overturn ban at Tribunal\". AFL Media. Retrieved 5 November 2019. Mann, Brenton (28 May 2019). \"VFL Report: Round 8\". Richmond FC. Retrieved 5 November 2019. \"In the mix: Who's pushing for selection for round 11?\". AFL Media. 28 May 2019. Retrieved 5 November 2019. Kalac, Grace (6 June 2019). \"Naish to debut\". Richmond FC. Retrieved 5 November 2019. Navaratnam, Dinny (13 June 2019). \"Follow it LIVE: Can the decimated Tigers upset the Crows?\". AFL Media. Retrieved 5 November 2019. \"Chol replaces Soldo for tonight's game\". Richmond FC. 13 June 2019. Retrieved 5 November 2019. Walsh, Liz (13 June 2019). \"Adelaide overcomes three injury concerns to overrun gallant Richmond and climb into top four\". Herald Sun. Adelaide: News Corp Australia. The Advertiser. Retrieved 5 November 2019. Beveridge, Riley (13 June 2019). \"Crows eyeing off top-four spot after getting home over Tigers\". AFL Media. Retrieved 5 November 2019. Greenberg, Tony (16 June 2019). \"History of huge gaps between Tiger senior games\". Richmond FC. Retrieved 5 November 2019. Gabelich, Josh (30 June 2019). \"Richmond rookie Sydney Stack stars in attack against St Kilda, along with Mabior Chol\". Fox Sports. Retrieved 5 November 2019. Twomey, Callum (30 June 2019). \"Saints fight for Richo, but rejuvenated Tigers prove too good\". AFL Media. Retrieved 5 November 2019. \"Coaches' votes, R15: Gun Cat extends lead, unheralded Roo second\". AFL Media. 1 July 2019. Retrieved 5 November 2019. Halley, James (1 July 2019). \"AFL 2019: Mabior Chol is showing why Richmond kept the faith after a breakout game against St Kilda\". Fox Sports. Retrieved 5 November 2019. Greenberg, Tony (4 August 2019). \"Chol goal roll\". Richmond FC. Retrieved 5 November 2019. Greenberg, Tony (28 July 2019). \"Chol on a roll\". Richmond FC. Retrieved 5 November 2019. McGowan, Marc (23 August 2019). \"TEAMS: Tigers dump two, Power axe trio, Dogs' shock call\". AFL Media. Retrieved 5 November 2019. Mann, Brenton (31 August 2019). \"Nank the hero as VFL Tigers come back from the brink\". Richmond FC. Retrieved 5 November 2019. Phelan, Jennifer (31 August 2019). \"Tigers wait on Nank after starring role in stunning VFL win\". AFL Media. Retrieved 5 November 2019. Mann, Brenton (14 September 2019). \"VFL Tigers rocket into Grand Final\". Richmond FC. Retrieved 5 November 2019. Kalac, Grace (5 September 2019). \"Nank returns for qualifying final\". Richmond FC. Retrieved 5 November 2019. Cherny, Daniel (15 September 2019). \"Richmond ruck Ivan Soldo forced to play the waiting game\". The Age. Nine Entertainment. Retrieved 5 November 2019. Kalac, Grace (19 September 2019). \"No change for Tigers\". Richmond FC. Retrieved 5 November 2019. Mann, Brenton (22 September 2019). \"VFL Tigers hold on for premiership glory\". Richmond FC. Retrieved 5 November 2019. Colangelo, Anthony (22 September 2019). \"Tigers on track to do the double with VFL grand final win\". The Age. Nine Entertainment Co. Retrieved 5 November 2019. Mann, Brenton (19 September 2019). \"VFL Tigers and Seagulls battle for premiership glory\". Richmond FC. Retrieved 5 November 2019. \"Scoring Summary\". 2019 Hard Yakka / Totally Workwear VFL. Archived from the original on 24 September 2019. Retrieved 27 October 2019. Kalac, Grace (27 February 2020). \"Tigers name squad for Marsh 1\". Richmond FC. Retrieved 19 July 2020. Collins, Ben (1 March 2020). \"Tigers go down to Pies\". Richmond FC. AFL Media. Retrieved 19 July 2020. Kalac, Grace (5 March 2020). \"Top Tiger squad named to face GWS\". Richmond FC. Retrieved 19 July 2020. Mann, Brenton (8 March 2020). \"VFL Tigers overrun Werribee\". Richmond FC. Retrieved 19 July 2020. Beveridge, Riley (13 March 2020). \"Game off: Tiger stars to miss valuable practice match\". AFL Media. Retrieved 19 July 2020. Riley Beveridge and Mitch Cleary (16 March 2020). \"UPDATE: State league comps suspended due to corona crisis\". AFL Media. Retrieved 19 July 2020. \"AFL to go ahead with round one of men's 2020 season amid coronavirus pandemic\". ABC News. Australian Broadcasting Corporation. 19 March 2020. Retrieved 19 July 2020. Barrett, Damien (10 March 2019). \"Why coronavirus could force the AFL to play games without fans\". AFL Media. Retrieved 19 July 2020. Barrett, Damien (13 March 2020). \"Coronavirus crisis: AFL makes call on round one\". AFL Media. Retrieved 19 July 2020. Barrett, Damien (22 March 2020). \"'Most serious threat in 100 years': AFL postpones season\". AFL Media. Retrieved 19 July 2020. \"AFL suspends season in response to coronavirus, with AFLW season cancelled \u2014 but NRL plays on for now\". ABC News. Australian Broadcasting Corporation. 23 March 2020. Retrieved 19 July 2020. Cleary, Mitch (10 June 2020). \"Will your club play a scratch match this weekend?\". AFL Media. Retrieved 6 August 2020. \"Scratch match player summary\". Richmond FC. 12 June 2020. Retrieved 6 August 2020. \"Scratch match player summary v Hawks\". Richmond FC. 19 June 2020. Retrieved 6 August 2020. \"Scratch match player summary v Saints\". Richmond FC. 28 June 2020. Retrieved 6 August 2020. Negrepontis, Nic (27 June 2020). \"YOUNG TIGER BOOTS FIVE IN PRACTICE MATCH AGAINST ST KILDA\". 1116SEN. Retrieved 6 August 2020. Kalac, Grace (3 July 2020). \"Four Tiger changes for Demons clash\". Richmond FC. Retrieved 6 August 2020. Jake Niall, Peter Ryan and Toby Crockford (15 July 2020). \"AFL to move all Victorian clubs to Queensland to save season\". The Age. Nine Entertainment Co. Retrieved 6 August 2020. Greenberg, Tony (19 July 2020). \"Chol on the charge\". Richmond FC. Retrieved 6 August 2020. Thomas-Wilson, Simeon (30 July 2020). \"AFL 2020: Dustin Martin, Noah Balta lead Richmond to big win against Western Bulldogs\". Herald Sun. News Corp Australia. Retrieved 6 August 2020. Twomey, Callum (29 July 2020). \"Tigers dominate as red-hot Dust blows Dogs away\". AFL Media. Retrieved 6 August 2020. Greenberg, Tony (9 August 2020). \"Chol continues impressive rise\". Richmond FC. Retrieved 23 December 2020. Greenberg, Tony (26 August 2020). \"Tigers make two changes\". Richmond FC. Retrieved 23 December 2020. \"Scratch match v West Coast player summary\". Richmond FC. 5 September 2020. Retrieved 23 December 2020. \"Scratch match v Geelong player summary\". Richmond FC. 14 September 2020. Retrieved 23 December 2020. Beveridge, Riley (18 September 2020). \"TEAMS: Flag heroes back, miracle man returns, Dons wield axe\". AFL Media. Retrieved 23 December 2020. Spiteri, Tate (18 September 2020). \"Four changes for Adelaide clash\". Richmond FC. Retrieved 23 December 2020. Ryan, Peter (29 September 2020). \"Jumping Jack's back to paint Brisbane yellow and black\". The Age. Nine Entertainment Co. Retrieved 23 December 2020. Spiteri, Tate (1 October 2020). \"Tigers make two changes for Qualifying Final\". Richmond FC. Retrieved 23 December 2020. Spiteri, Tate (8 October 2020). \"Two changes for semi-final clash\". Richmond FC. Retrieved 23 December 2020. Spiteri, Tate (23 October 2020). \"No change to Richmond's Grand Final team\". Richmond FC. Retrieved 23 December 2020. Spiteri, Tate (15 October 2020). \"No change for preliminary final\". Richmond FC. Retrieved 23 December 2020. Twomey, Callum (26 February 2021). \"Big Max dominates, fringe forward fires, Dusty finishes early\". AFL Media. Retrieved 14 September 2021. Twomey, Callum (5 March 2021). \"Tigers hang on in a thriller, Pies sweat on injuries\". AFL Media. Retrieved 14 September 2021. Mann, Brenton (29 March 2021). \"VFL Tigers come back to defeat Box Hill\". Richmond FC. Retrieved 14 September 2021. \"THE FRINGE AFL PLAYER AT YOUR CLUB WHO NEEDS A BREAKOUT 2021\". SEN. Sports Entertainment Group. 20 December 2020. Retrieved 14 September 2021. \"Tigers to make late change to Round 1 team\". Richmond FC. Retrieved 14 September 2021. \"Eggmolesse-Smith named for Swans clash\". Richmond FC. 2 April 2021. Retrieved 14 September 2021. \"Mabior Chol joins the Suns\". GoldCoastFC.com.au. 1 October 2021. Retrieved 1 October 2021. \"Coaches' Corner: Mabior Chol\". Richmond FC. 16 April 2019. Retrieved 19 July 2020. \"Coaches' Corner: Mabior Chol\". Richmond FC. 11 April 2018. Retrieved 19 July 2020. Batten, Dan (31 May 2019). \"Matt Guelfi, Luke Ryan headline the most outrageous haircuts in the AFL\". Perth Now. News Corp Australia. Retrieved 5 November 2019. Ralph, Jon (2 July 2019). \"Richmond's Mabior Chol on Majak Daw inspiring his career - and what about the peroxide\". Herald Sun. News Corp Australia. Retrieved 5 November 2019. \"The Boys head to the Punt Road Oval\". Growth Project. 30 April 2019. Retrieved 5 November 2019. Cavanagh, Chris (16 July 2019). \"Richmond's Mabior Chol on South Sudan, giving back to his community and his 'Two Phones' nickname\". Herald Sun. News Corp Australia. Retrieved 5 November 2019. Mabior Chol's profile on the official website of the Richmond Football Club Mabior Chol's playing statistics from AFL Tables Mabior Chol's statistics from Footy Wire"
   },
   {
    "name": "Abubaker Haydar Abdalla",
    "id": "Q26789966",
    "text": "Abubaker Haydar Abdalla (born 28 August 1996) is a Sudanese-born Qatari middle-distance runner. He competed in the men's 800 metres at the 2016 Summer Olympics. He has qualified to represent Qatar at the 2020 Summer Olympics. \"Abubaker Haydar Abdalla\". Organizing Committee of the Olympic and Paralympic Games Rio 2016. Archived from the original on 26 August 2016. Retrieved 2 September 2016. \"Qatar's Musab Adam qualifies for Tokyo Olympics\". ThePeninsulaQatar.com. Retrieved 11 April 2021. \"ABDALLA Abubaker Haydar\". Tokyo Organising Committee of the Olympic and Paralympic Games. Retrieved 2 September 2021. Abubaker Haydar Abdalla at World Athletics Abubaker Haydar Abdalla at Diamond League Abubaker Haydar Abdalla at Olympics.com Abubaker Haydar Abdalla at Olympic.org (archived) Abubaker Haydar Abdalla at Olympedia Abubaker Haydar Abdalla at Olympics at Sports-Reference.com (archived) v t e"
   },
   {
    "name": "Musab Kheder",
    "id": "Q28923555",
    "text": "Musab Kheder (Arabic:\u0645\u0635\u0639\u0628 \u062e\u0636\u0631) (born 26 September 1993) is a Sudanese-born, Qatari footballer. He currently plays for Al-Sadd. Al-Sadd Qatar Cup: 2021 Musab Kheder at Soccerway http://www.superkoora.com/ar/player/2063?\u0645\u0635\u0639\u0628+\u062e\u0636\u0631+\u0643\u0645\u0627\u0644+\u062c\u0628\u0631\u064a\u0644 v t e"
   },
   {
    "name": "James Ajonga Mawut",
    "id": "Q29931027",
    "text": "James Ajongo Mawut (1 January 1961 \u2013 20 April 2018) Was the Chief and top General of the South Sudanese Military, the South Sudanese Peoples Defence Force, (SSPDF). He was appointed on 9 May 2017 and took-over the office on 10 May 2017 after he was sworn in by the President Salva Kiir Mayardit in the presidential palace. He was an Aweilian. His native land was Barmayen, which indicates that he was from the Luo people. Current deputy governor of Aweil Uber Mawut is his biological brother. James Ajongo Mawut joined the SPLA in 1983. http://www.gurtong.net/ECM/Editorial/tabid/124/ctl/ArticleView/mid/519/articleId/21427/Mourners-Receive-Late-Ajongos-Body-At-Juba-International-Airport.aspx South Sudan army chief James Ajongo dies in Cairo South Sudan's new Chief of General Staff South Sudan's Kiir replaces army chief Paul Malong Ousted army chief says no retaliation \"South Sudan new chief of general staff assumes duties\". Sudan Tribune. 11 May 2017. Reuters.com v t e"
   },
   {
    "name": "Angelo Hussein",
    "id": "Q34106223",
    "text": "Angelo Koko Nimir Hussein (Arabic: \u0627\u0646\u062c\u064a\u0644\u0648 \u0643\u0648\u0643\u0648 \u0646\u0645\u0631 \u062d\u0633\u064a\u0646, born 1947) as a retired middle-distance runner from Sudan. He competed in the 400 m, 800 m and 4 \u00d7 400 m events at the 1968 and 1972 Summer Olympics, but failed to reach the finals. Angelo Hussein. sports-reference.com v t e"
   },
   {
    "name": "Ager Gum",
    "id": "Q43284287",
    "text": "Ager Gum (1941\u20131996) was a military leader and song composer from Sudan. She was an army general of the Sudan People's Liberation Army group, now the official army of the country of South Sudan. Ager Gum was born in Dinkaland in the Sudan in 1941 at time when North and South Sudan were still one country. She was born in Nyang in present-day South Sudan to a mother from the Yibel tribe. After three failed marriages by the age of twenty-seven, Ager Gum left her Dinka community to start a new life in the urban town of Rumbek, the capital of Lakes State, central South Sudan, and the former capital of the country. While she was in Rumbek, she started composing songs about unsuccessful marriages in her community. The themes of her compositions were mainly directed toward men, who she said \"want sex rather than real relationships\". She joined the South Sudanese liberation movement against the north in 1968 and rose to become a general with the Sudan People's Liberation Army after going to war alongside men. Jr, Professor Henry Louis Gates; Akyeampong, Professor Emmanuel; Niven, Mr Steven J. (2012-02-02). Dictionary of African Biography. OUP USA. ISBN\u00a09780195382075. Beswick, Stephanie (2004). Sudan's Blood Memory: The Legacy of War, Ethnicity, and Slavery in Early South Sudan. University Rochester Press. ISBN\u00a09781580461511."
   },
   {
    "name": "Victoria Yar Arol",
    "id": "Q43388381",
    "text": "Victoria Yar Arol (1948 \u2013 1980) was a Sudanese politician. The first woman from Southern Sudan to study at the University of Khartoum she was later a politician with seats on the regional assembly for Bahr el Ghazal Province and the National Peoples Assembly of Sudan. Victoria Yar Arol was born in 1948 in Sudan. She was the daughter of a Dinka tribal chief who had several wives and 20 to 30 children. Arol was the first member of her family to regularly attend school. She was the first woman from Southern Sudan to enter the University of Khartoum, graduating with a degree in economics and political science in the 1960s. Arol married Toby Maduot, a medical doctor and politician who would later to become chairman of the Sudan African National Union (SANU), they had three children together. Arol was a SANU member and was the first woman elected to the People's Regional Assembly for the Bahr el Ghazal Province, where she chaired an anti-corruption committee. She was appointed a deputy minister in the regional secretariat of the Sudanese Socialist Union in 1979. In 1979 she suggested then that the disputed cities of Abyei, Kurmuk and Kafia Kingi be returned to the southern region as they had been so associated prior to independence. She later had a seat on the National Peoples Assembly of Sudan as a woman's representative member. She was the aunt of politician Nyandeng Malek Deliech, state governor of Warrap. When Deliech was close to completing her primary education around 1977 Arol took her to Juba to continue her studies rather than dropping out at the end of primary school as was the norm in her village. Arol died in 1980. She has been cited by South Sudan president Riek Machar as an inspiration to Southern Sudanese women. Olsen, Kirstin (1994). Chronology of Women's History. Greenwood Publishing Group. p.\u00a0266. ISBN\u00a09780313288036. \"Arol, Victoria Yar (1948\u2013)\". Dictionary of Women Worldwide: 25,000 Women Through the Ages. 1 January 2007. Archived from the original on 1 December 2017. Retrieved 21 November 2017. Luce, Louise Fiber (1991). The French-speaking world: an anthology of cross-cultural perspectives. National Textbook Co. p.\u00a0260. \"Training needs assessment on women leadership in Southern Sudan\" (PDF). United Nations Development Programme. Retrieved 21 November 2017. \"Machar urges South Sudan women to be at the helm of the ship and on the captain's bridge\". Sudan Tribune. 10 March 2011. Retrieved 21 November 2017. \"Obituary: Dr. Toby Maduot Parek, Chairman of SANU and member of SSLA is dead\". The New Sudan Vision. Retrieved 21 November 2017. \"In Sudan\" (PDF). United Nations. p.\u00a016. Retrieved 21 November 2017. Africa Woman. Africa Journal Limited. 1979. p.\u00a079. Obeid, Abu Baker El (1980). The Political Consequences of the Addis Ababa Agreement. Liber. p.\u00a0132. ISBN\u00a09789138055281. \"Warrap faces \"power vacuum\" as governor's term expires - SudanTribune\". Sudan Tribune. 5 December 2015. Retrieved 21 November 2017."
   },
   {
    "name": "Matur Maker",
    "id": "Q49560953",
    "text": "Matur Maker (born 1 January 1998) is a South Sudanese-born Australian basketball player for the Sydney Kings of the National Basketball League (NBL). He moved to Australia in his childhood and played for various prep schools in Canada and the United States, before forgoing college basketball. He is the younger brother of National Basketball Association (NBA) player Thon Maker and the cousin of basketball player Makur Maker. Maker was born in what is now known as South Sudan on 1 January 1998, with his older brother Thon Maker. In Matur's early childhood, his uncle, a local administrator, helped the family flee to Uganda amid a civil war in their home country. They then settled in Perth, Western Australia as refugees when Maker was four years of age but continued making occasional visits to South Sudan. Matur first started playing soccer at Grayhounds soccer club, a club where many south Sudanese kids played for and alongside his brother Thon. At age 13, Matur was discovered by basketball scout Edward Smith and began living with him in Sydney, before moving to the United States. After his parents were satisfied by the decision, Matur was allowed to join his brother in high school and Smith eventually became their legal guardian. Maker began playing high school basketball as a freshman at Carlisle School in Martinsville, Virginia, where he joined Thon, a sophomore, in the middle of the season. His guardian Edward Smith, who the brothers lived with in a two-story house, was an assistant coach for the team at the time. According to Smith, Matur's arrival at Carlisle helped Thon better acclimate to the United States. During his freshman season, Matur was considered one of the best high school players in the country at the small forward position. He helped Carlisle win a state championship and played with Team Loaded VA of the Amateur Athletic Union (AAU). For his sophomore year, Maker transferred from Carlisle, with Hopewell Academy in Cary, North Carolina and Orangeville Prep in Orangeville, Ontario as potential destinations. In September 2014, Maker and his brother enrolled at Orangeville Prep, where they played under head coach Larry Blunt and with fellow top prospect Jamal Murray. He was named Ontario Scholastic Basketball Association (OSBA) second-team all-star. In 2016\u201317, Maker moved to The Tech Academy in Sault Ste. Marie, Ontario, where he was coached by his guardian Edward Smith and became teammates with cousin Makur Makur. With the Milwaukee Bucks having selected Thon at the 2016 NBA draft, the transfer allowed Matur to live closer to his brother. In April 2017, Maker competed in the BioSteel All-Canadian Basketball Game in Toronto, where he was named most valuable player. In the game, he recorded 25 points and six rebounds, shooting 8-of-11 from the field, playing only 12 minutes. At an adidas Nations event in August, he averaged 26 points and seven rebounds for the Asia Pacific team. Maker played a postgraduate season of basketball at Mississauga Prep in Mississauga, Ontario for 2017\u201318. By 2018, he was averaging 25.5 points, 11.3 rebounds, 2.8 assists, 2.1 blocks and 1.7 steals. On 5 January 2018, Maker declared intentions to bypass college and enter the 2018 NBA draft, attempting to follow a similar path as his brother in 2016. He drew attention from scouts on 11 January, when he notched 45 points, 20 rebounds, two blocks, and three steals in a 95\u201385 defeat to GTA Prep. However, due to a lack of attention on his name during the 2018 NBA Draft process, he withdrew his name from the 2018 NBA draft on the 11 June international deadline. On 7 August 2018, Maker signed with Union Neuch\u00e2tel of the Swiss Basketball League. Through 4 appearances, he averaged 5.8 points, 3.8 rebounds, and 0.8 assists in 13.9 minutes per game. On 30 December 2018, Maker signed with Zlatorog La\u0161ko of the Slovenian Basketball League. Maker played 17 games with Zlatorog and averaged 13ppg, 10rpg and lead his team to the playoffs. On 19 October 2019, Maker signed with the Houston Rockets of the NBA, but was waived the next day. Following this, Maker was added to the roster of the Rockets' NBA G League affiliate, the Rio Grande Valley Vipers. On 27 August 2021, Maker signed with the Sydney Kings for the 2021\u201322 NBL season. Campbell, Morgan (11 January 2018). \"Matur Maker hopes to follow brother Thon straight to the NBA\". Toronto Star. Retrieved 18 February 2018. \"Matur Maker\". NBADraft.net. Retrieved 18 February 2018. Uluc, Olgun (8 August 2017). \"NBA scouts impressed by Matur Maker, the younger brother of Milwaukee Bucks big man Thon Maker\". The West Australian. Retrieved 18 February 2018. Bozich, Alex (21 May 2014). \"\"Best basketball ahead\" for 2017's Matur Maker\". InsideTheHall.com. Retrieved 18 February 2018. Sygall, David (11 August 2013). \"Refugees escaping war are aiming for the stars\". The Sydney Morning Herald. Retrieved 18 February 2018. Croy, Liam (23 June 2016). \"Mirrabooka schoolboy Thon Maker to play in the NBA\". The West Australian. Retrieved 18 February 2018. Halley, Jim (27 April 2015). \"Jordan Classic: Matur Maker a big part of brother Thon's possible reclassifcation decision\". USATodayHSS.com. Retrieved 18 February 2018. Daniels, Evan (5 January 2018). \"Matur Maker, Thon's brother, will bypass college to go pro\". 247Sports.com. Retrieved 18 February 2018. Mannix, Chris (14 April 2014). \"Maker's Lark\". Sports Illustrated. Retrieved 18 February 2018. Gretschel, Johanna (3 September 2014). \"Former local player, top national prospect Thon Maker to transfer\". The Times-Picayune. Retrieved 19 February 2018. Wolstat, Ryan (4 September 2014). \"World's top basketball prospect Canada-bound\". Toronto Sun. Retrieved 19 February 2018. Ebner, David (2 September 2016). \"Choosing Canada: The rapidly changing landscape of elite teenage basketball\". The Globe and Mail. Retrieved 19 February 2018. \"Thon Maker's 6-11 cousin joins Prolific Prep North in Canada\". USATodayHSS.com. 29 September 2016. Retrieved 19 February 2018. Kent, Austin (11 April 2017). \"2017 BioSteel All Canadian Basketball Game Top Performers\". Slam. Retrieved 19 February 2018. \"Matur Maker Game Logs\". RealGM. Retrieved 19 February 2018. Borzello, Jeff (5 January 2018). \"Matur Maker to skip college, enter NBA draft\". ESPN. Retrieved 19 February 2018. Zagoria, Adam (5 January 2018). \"Matur Maker hoping to follow older brother Thon Maker's prep-to-pros route to the NBA\". ZagsBlog.com. Retrieved 19 February 2018. Nathan, Alec (5 January 2018). \"Thon Maker's Brother Matur to Skip College, Apply for 2018 NBA Draft\". Bleacher Report. Retrieved 19 February 2018. \"Matur Maker signs with Union Neuchatel\". Sportando. 7 August 2018. Retrieved 7 August 2018. \"Matur Maker Player Profile\". RealGM. Retrieved 6 February 2019. \"Matur Maker (ex Neuchatel) agreed terms with Zlatorog\". Eurobasket.com. 30 December 2018. Retrieved 6 February 2019. \"Official Roster Updates: The Rockets have waived guard Michael Frazier and forward Jaron Blossomgame. The team has signed free agent forward Matur Maker\". Houston Rockets on Twitter. 18 October 2019. Retrieved 21 October 2019. \"Rockets Waive Ray Spalding, Two Others\". Hoops Rumors. 19 October 2019. Retrieved 21 October 2019. \"Vipers Finaliz Training Camp Roster\". NBA.com. 27 October 2019. Retrieved 2 November 2019. \"Sydney Complete Roster with Matur Maker\". NBL.com.au. 27 August 2021. Retrieved 27 August 2021. Matur Maker at Eurobasket.com Matur Maker at RealGM"
   },
   {
    "name": "Nahla Mahmoud",
    "id": "Q51912732",
    "text": "Nahla Mahmoud (born 1986/7) is a Sudanese-born British writer, ex-Muslim, secularist, environmentalist, and human rights activist, and spokesperson for the Council of Ex-Muslims of Britain. She fled to the United Kingdom in 2010. Mahmoud was born in Wau, Sudan and raised as a Sunni Muslim. In primary school art class, she drew a picture of Allah, which is considered forbidden by most Muslims, and her teacher punished her for it. Mahmoud was disgruntled by the fact that she did not enjoy the same rights as boys and men, that she couldn't draw or sculpt what she wanted, or keep a dog as a pet, that she was not allowed to ask critical questions, and that she could not learn about evolution. Mahmoud studied ecology at the University of Khartoum, and worked for the Science Students Association. At university she came across a professor who opposed the Omar al-Bashir regime; he had just been released from jail where he had been tortured for teaching the theory of evolution. This revelation shocked her and made her feel like she 'didn't exist in Sudan as woman, as a scientist'. \u201cThese incidents made me gradually refuse Islam until I completely renounced it and became an atheist.\u201d This made life even more difficult for her, because under Sudanese law, apostasy could be punishable by the death penalty. Mahmoud resolved that she no longer wanted to live under Sharia in Sudan, and eventually fled to the UK in 2010. Play media Mahmoud became a spokesperson for the Council of Ex-Muslims of Britain (CEMB). In this capacity she appeared in a short (1 minute, 39 seconds) televised interview on Channel 4's 4thought.tv in January 2013 to give her perspective on \"What does Sharia law have to offer Britain?\".:\u200a5:47\u200a She recounted how she grew up living under Sharia in Sudan, where she was \u2018always dealt with as a second-class citizen, always brought up to believe that I am an incomplete human being [who] needed a man as a guard.\u2019 Mahmoud found it astonishing that Britain, the country she had fled to escape Islamic rule, maintained a similar system of sharia courts, arguing that \u2018Everyone should have equal rights and live under one secular law.\u2019 Even the official Facebook page of the Sudanese Armed Forces called Mahmoud an infidel and apostate. The local LibDem leader, Spencer Hagard, who investigated Al Bander, saw no fault in his behaviour, and even regarded him more highly than before. Mahmoud filed a complaint with the police, but received no protection. Play media At the Secular Conference 2014, Mahmoud highlighted the aggression from Islamists faced by ex-Muslims, critics of Islam, atheists of all backgrounds, and anti-traditional liberal Muslims, commenting that it was \"really scary\" that a 2011 Policy Exchange survey found that 34% of British Muslims aged 16 to 24 supported the death penalty for apostasy.:\u200a12:33\u200a She rebuked the regressive left attitude of some Westerners who dismiss any kind of criticism of Islam as 'islamophobia', and ignore Islamic intolerance in the spirit of 'multiculturalism'.:\u200a5:57\u200a Mahmoud has estimated that during the years 2010, 2011 and 2012, there have been between 120 and 170 Sudanese citizens who have been convicted for apostasy, most of whom repented to avoid a death sentence. Mahmoud appeared in Among Nonbelievers (2015), a Dutch documentary on HUMAN about the situation of ex-Muslims worldwide. Mahmoud is an environmentalist who is passionate about nature, and received training as an ecologist. In her 2013 research paper \"Climate Change and Violent Conflicts in East Africa\" for the Evelyn Oldfield Unit, she sought to \"[question] the traditional analyses of conflicts, which rely primarily on ethnic, religious, and cultural explanations since these do not take account of the increasingly obvious link between the growing scarcity of renewable resources and violent conflict in the three East African countries [Sudan, South Sudan and Ethiopia. Shortages of cropland, fresh water, woodland, pasture and marine resources cannot be ignored.\" Ayaan Hirsi Ali Criticism of Islam Maryam Namazie Yasmine Mohammed \"No God, not even Allah\". The Economist. 24 November 2012. Archived from the original on 26 December 2017. Retrieved 23 March 2018. Daniel Silas Adamson (22 October 2014). \"My enemy's enemy - the battle for secularism\". OpenDemocracy. Retrieved 13 March 2018. Valerie Tarico (30 August 2015). \"\"There is no god \u2014 now what?\": How to find meaning in an atheist world\". Salon. Retrieved 23 March 2018. Liam Corcoran (15 January 2014). \"Student and women's groups write open letter to UN condemning in UK universities\". The Independent. Retrieved 23 March 2018. Reza Moradi (13 July 2014). \"Nahla Mahmoud: \"Apostasy is a right\"\". Bread and Roses TV. Retrieved 17 April 2018. Lou Gar\u00e7on (27 October 2016). \"L'Afrique tuera-t-elle Dieu?\". Slate Afrique (in French). Retrieved 17 April 2018. Nahla Mahmoud (2013). \"An Overview: Climate Change and Violent Conflicts in East Africa\" (PDF). Accredited Community Research Course. Evelyn Oldfield Unit. Retrieved 17 April 2018. Nahla Mahmoud (1 May 2014). \"A tribute to legendary Sudanese poet Mahjoub Sharif (1948-2014): a story of love, hope and being\". OpenDemocracy. Retrieved 17 April 2018. Cohen, Nick (24 August 2013). \"Richard Dawkins attacks Muslim bigots, not just Christian ones. If only his enemies were as brave\". The Spectator. Press Holdings. Retrieved 28 March 2018. \"What does Sharia law have to offer Britain? Nahla Mahmoud\". 4thought.tv. Channel 4. 14 March 2018. Archived from the original on 31 December 2013. Retrieved 28 March 2018. Ruben Gischler (28 August 2015). \"Onder Ongelovigen (interview met Boris van der Ham)\". Opiniez. Vimeo. Retrieved 27 March 2018. Nahla Mahmoud (6 February 2013). \"Here is why Sharia Law has no place in Britain or elsewhere\". National Secular Society. Retrieved 28 March 2018. General Command of the Sudanese Armed Forces (24 January 2013). \"Nahla Mahmoud: A Sudanese citizen declares that she is a disbeliever and an apostate of Islam\". Facebook (in Arabic). Archived from the original on 4 February 2016. Retrieved 28 March 2018."
   },
   {
    "name": "Meshal Barsham",
    "id": "Q52771823",
    "text": "Meshaal Barsham (born 14 February 1998) is a Sudanese Qatari football player who plays as a goalkeeper for Al Sadd and for the Qatar national football team. On 27 August 2018, in the 2018 AFC Champions League quarter-finals, Barsham started for Al Sadd in their away game against Esteghlal. In the 12th minute of the match, Barsham had trouble making contact with a gentle header directed to him by teammate Boualem Khoukhi. Subsequently, the slow-moving ball narrowly passed under his foot and he was credited with an own goal. Nonetheless, his team went on to win the match 3\u20131. Al-Sadd Qatar Cup: 2021 Profile on www.al-saddclub.com Gabriel Tan (27 August 2018). \"Al Sadd overcome comical own-goal to outmuscle Esteghlal\". Fox Sports Asia. Retrieved 27 August 2018. v t e"
   },
   {
    "name": "Talal Al Shila",
    "id": "Q53398833",
    "text": "Talal Al-Shila (Arabic:\u0637\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0634\u0644\u0629) (born 2 December 1991) is a Qatari footballer. He currently plays as a midfielder for Al-Markhiya . He formerly played for Al-Shamal, Al-Markhiya, and Umm Salal. Talal Al-Shila at Soccerway XS Studios. \"Talal Al-Shila\". www.mundial11.ae. Retrieved 2020-06-30. \"\u0627\u0644\u0644\u0627\u0639\u0628\u00a0: \u0637\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u064a \u0634\u0644\u0629\". www.kooora.com. \"Qatar - Talal Al-Shila - Profile with news, career statistics and history - Soccerway\". us.soccerway.com. \"\u0646\u0627\u062f\u064a \u0623\u0645 \u0635\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u064a\u0639\u0644\u0646 \u062a\u0639\u0627\u0642\u062f\u0647 \u0645\u0639 \u0644\u0627\u0639\u0628 \u0646\u0627\u062f\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u062e\u064a\u0629 \u0637\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u064a \u0644\u0645\u062f\u0629 \u0645\u0648\u0633\u0645 \u0648\u0627\u062d\u062f \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0633\u0628\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0639\u0627\u0631\u0629\". v t e"
   },
   {
    "name": "Elhaj Mostafa",
    "id": "Q53399339",
    "text": "Alhadj Moustafa (Arabic:\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u062c \u0645\u0635\u0637\u0641\u0649) (born 1 June 1992) is a Qatari born-Sudanese footballer who plays for Al-Kharaitiyat as a defender. He formerly played for El Jaish, Mesaimeer, Al-Markhiya, Al-Khor, Al-Kharaitiyat , and Al-Shamal. Alhadj Moustafa at Soccerway XS Studios. \"Alhadj Moustafa\". www.mundial11.ae. Retrieved 2020-06-29. \"\u0627\u0644\u0644\u0627\u0639\u0628 :\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u062c \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0645\u0635\u0637\u0641\u0649\". www.kooora.com. \"Qatar - Alhadj Moustafa - Profile with news, career statistics and history - Soccerway\". us.soccerway.com. v t e"
   },
   {
    "name": "Leila Fawaz",
    "id": "Q54861158",
    "text": "Leila Fawaz is a Lebanese historian and academician. She is the founding director of The Fares Center for Eastern Mediterranean Studies from 2001 to 2012. Fawaz was born in Sudan to Greek-Orthodox Lebanese parents and raised in Lebanon. She took two degrees at the American University of Beirut between 1967 and 1968 and pursued graduate studies in history at Harvard University between 1972 and 1979. She became a member of the Tufts University faculty in 1979, and became a full professor in 1994. She chaired the History Department from 1994 to 1996. From 1996 to 2001, she served as dean of arts and humanities and as associate dean of the faculty. At Tufts, Fawaz became the Issam M. Fares Professor of Lebanese and Eastern Mediterranean Studies, where she also held appointments as professor of diplomacy at the Fletcher School of Law and Diplomacy and as professor of history. From 1990 to 1994, she Fawaz was the editor-in-chief of The International Journal of Middle East Studies, there she advanced the notion of conducting analytical and comparative research, with an international and cross-disciplinary approach. She bemoaned the overspecialization within the field, the neglect of attention to humanities/arts and, uninteresting writing, and linked these problems to Middle East studies as a whole, because researchers were \"still a long way from being pathfinders in the world of scholarship generally.\" Fawaz also served on the editorial board of The American Historical Review. A former president of the Middle East Studies Association of North America, a member of the Council on Foreign Relations, and a member of the Comit\u00e9 Scientifique of the Maison M\u00e9diterran\u00e9enne des Sciences de l\u2019Homme at the Universit\u00e9 de Provence. Fawaz served on the board of overseers of Harvard University from 1996 to 2012. In 2012 she was named a \"chevalier\" in the French National Order of the Legion of Honor. She was honored for her \"exemplary personal commitment to French-American relations\" and for her efforts to promote French academic research and thought at prestigious American universities.\" Pomerance, Aaron (Jan 16, 2015). \"Nadim Shehadi selected as new Fares Center director\". The Tufts Daily. p.\u00a01. Archived from the original on June 8, 2015. Retrieved Jun 8, 2015. Anonymous (Feb 19, 2011). \"AUB alumnus elected head of Harvard Board of Overseers\". Tribune Business News. Washington. \"Fawaz, Shapiro to lead Harvard Overseers for 2011-12\". Harvard Gazette. Feb 17, 2011. Archived from the original on June 8, 2015. Retrieved Jun 8, 2015. \"Tufts University Professor Earns France's Legion of Honor\". Women in Academia Report. Aug 1, 2012. Retrieved Jun 8, 2015. Abraham, Yvonne (May 24, 2006). \"Lebanese-Americans scoff at explanation of behavior\". Boston Globe. p.\u00a0A.4. Archived from the original on July 1, 2007. Retrieved Jun 15, 2015. Tucker, Judith E; El-Affendi, Abdelwahab (Aug 2008). \"Excerpt from \"Studying my movement: Social science without cynicism\"\". The International Journal of Middle East Studies. 40 (3): 359\u2013368. doi:10.1017/S0020743808080926. JSTOR\u00a040205956."
   },
   {
    "name": "Achol Jok Mach",
    "id": "Q61483351",
    "text": "Achol Jok Mach (born 1983) is a South Sudanese activist and tech entrepreneur, who uses radio production and podcasting as innovative approaches to peace-building. Mach was born in South Sudan in 1984. Her family left South Sudan near the beginning of the civil war and she grew up in Cuba. In 1997 her family moved to Canada. She has spoken out about her experience growing up there and how it affected her identity, she said: \"I was only ever told, \"You are South Sudanese\"... It was only much later that I learned I was Dinka.\" She has a degree from the University of Alberta in Literature. In 2011 she voluntarily returned to South Sudan with the aspiration to contribute positively to the new nation. On her return to Juba, the first thing she did was to touch the soil. In 2019, Mach was a speaker and representative at the National Dialogue Conference in Helsinki, which enabled a variety of stakeholders in the field of peace studies and conflict resolution to come together. Mach is a technology entrepreneur and spoke about the achievements of Peace Tech Lab at the 2018 Peace Tech Summit. Her work uses radio production and podcasting as a means to work with communities and counter prejudice. Her 2019 Global Research Initiative Fellowship funds a research project to analyse the effect of hate speech by South Sudanese politicians on diaspora communities, and questions whether that effect in turn encourages further conflict, both virtually and offline. In 2019 Mach was awarded a Global Research Initiative Fellowship. \"Achol Jok Mach\". re:publica. Retrieved 2021-03-13. \"2019-2020 Global Research Initiative (GRI) Fellows | Dangerous Speech Project\". Dangerous Speech Project |. 2020-05-20. Retrieved 2021-03-12. Martell, Peter (2019-05-15). First Raise a Flag: How South Sudan Won the Longest War But Lost the Peace. Oxford University Press. ISBN\u00a0978-0-19-005270-6. \"Achol Jok Mach | PeaceTech Lab\". PeaceTech Lab | Putting the Right Tools in the Right Hands to Build Peace. Retrieved 2021-03-12. \"Top experts gather to an international conference in Helsinki \u2013 How to harness technology for building peace?\". Felm. 2019-06-10. Retrieved 2021-03-12. \"2018 PeaceTech Summit\". www.youthpower.org. Retrieved 2021-03-12. Let's Talk podcast featuring Achol Jok Mach in conversation with South Sudanese community leaders and citizens. Peacetech"
   },
   {
    "name": "Christopher Israel Umba Gore",
    "id": "Q64683650",
    "text": "Christopher Israel Umba Gore, also known as Gadwin Gore, was an Ugandan military officer who served as head of the Uganda Army Air Force during the last stages of President Idi Amin's dictatorship. He disappeared during the Uganda\u2013Tanzania War, with some sources claiming that he either died in combat in 1979 or escaped to southern Sudan. Christopher Israel Umba Gore was born in southern Sudan. He was of Madi, Baka, or Kakwa ethnic origin. His father was a member of Juba's old nobility, and he was able to afford attending school in Sudan. Though Gore qualified as a teacher, he was unable to get a job in his home country. As result, he travelled to Kenya in hopes of getting employed as a teacher there; instead, he heard of the large-scale recruitment drives for the military in neighboring Uganda. At the time, Ugandan politicians were struggling for power, backed by the country's numerous tribal groups. The main political rivals, Uganda Army chief Idi Amin (mainly supported by the West Nile tribes) and President Milton Obote (mainly backed by the Acholi and Langi), were recruiting as many members of their own tribal groups into the military as possible to secure power over the country's military. Gore consequently enlisted in the Uganda Army as officer cadet, and was sent on a training course in Greece. There, he decided to switch from the officer course to the one for paratroopers which was harsher but also shorter. Following the conclusion of his training in Greece, Gore became second lieutenant and started to work at the School of Infantry in Uganda. In 1971, Amin launched a coup d'\u00e9tat, ousting Obote and installing himself as President. As member of a West Nile tribal group and dependant of Amin, Gore was among those who profited from the coup. He was rapidly promoted, becoming lieutenant colonel and head of the Mechanised Specialist Reconnaissance Regiment in Masaka, better known as the \"Suicide Battalion\", by 1973. Gore quickly gained a reputation as \"the most ferocious and vicious commander\" of the Uganda Army. According to one of his subordinates, Colonel Bernard Rwehururu, Gore was not fond of administrative work, and instead preferred to solve issues through fistfights. A hands-on leader, he \"did not know or care much about matters of command\". While serving as commander of the Suicide Battalion, Gore was the target of a conspiracy by two majors, Asega and Nasur Ezaga, who were Lugbara and resented being commanded by someone of West Nile or Sudanese origin. In September 1975 Gore allegedly attempted an coup against Amin, possibly to avenge the death of foreign minister Michael Ondoga. President Amin appointed Gore the base commandant of the Field Marshal Amin Air Force Base, and administrative officer coordinating all Uganda Army Air Force (UAAF) bases in the country in December 1977. In an official announcement, Amin explained Gore's appointment with the latter's leadership qualitities which he had showcased while commanding the Suicide Battalion. By 1978, Gore was the official head of the UAAF and was one of the few remaining loyal followers of President Amin. In October 1978, a war broke out between Uganda and Tanzania under unclear circumstances. The conflict turned against Uganda, resulting in plans by some officers to overthrow Amin. The President used Gore, along with a few other loyalists, to prevent such an uprising from happening. Gore disappeared during the war's later stages. It is disputed what happened to him. Rwehururu claimed that Gore fled to Sudan upon realizing that Amin's regime was collapsing. Africa Confidential reported that he was living in exile in southern Sudan around 1983. In contrast, an Ugandan soldier interviewed by the Drum magazine stated that Gore had been shot dead while travelling with Amin near the frontline in 1979. Gore was succeeded as Air Force chief by Andrew Mukooza. The Uganda Army Air Force mostly disintegrated in the last months of the Uganda\u2013Tanzania War, and was effectively eliminated as fighting force during the Battle of Entebbe on 7 April 1979. Gore was a Christian. According to Rwehururu, he was \"a meticulously clean fellow\". Once, Gore even beat up one of Idi Amin's personal favorites for being unhygienic and defiant about it, incurring the President's wrath. He was also notorious for his recreational drug use, and \"seldom seen without a marijuana spliff in his mouth\". Christopher Gore had a brother, Alfred Lado Gore, who is a South Sudanese rebel leader and politician. George Ivan Smith listed Uganda's West Nile Province as Gore's place of origin. His surname has also been spelled \"Gole\", and he has been called Gore Christopher. Researcher Andrew Rice suggested that \"Gore\" was not his surname, but a nickname. The Baka and Kawka were closely allied in Uganda, sometimes resulting in confusion about who belonged to which group. Another source claimed that Gore was a Lugbara. According to Gore's direct subordinate Rwehururu, however, Lugbara soldiers actually resented Gore for not being one of them. Mutibwa 1992, p.\u00a0107. \"The untold story of Sarah Kyolaba Amin\". New Vision. 24 July 2015. Archived from the original on 27 February 2020. Retrieved 4 January 2020. \"Uganda: Northern Quagmire\". Africa Confidential. 24. 2 November 1983. pp.\u00a03\u20135. Rice 2009, p.\u00a0194. Africa Research Bulletin 1997, p.\u00a012870. Rwehururu 2002, p.\u00a063. Smith 1980, p.\u00a0131. Rwehururu 2002, p.\u00a066. Avirgan & Honey 1983, p.\u00a050. Appe 1994, p.\u00a0226. Rwehururu 2002, pp.\u00a066\u201371. Rice 2003, p.\u00a06. Rwehururu 2002, pp.\u00a063\u201364. Rwehururu 2002, p.\u00a064. \"Lt Col Gore appointed air force base commandant\". Translations on Sub-Saharan Africa (1863). United States Joint Publications Research Service. 1977. Rwehururu 2002, pp.\u00a0117\u2013118. Rwehururu 2002, p.\u00a073. Seftel 2010, p.\u00a0231. Cooper & Fontanellaz 2015, p.\u00a036. Appe, James M. (1994). Factional Politics and Political Development in Uganda and Kenya since Independence. A Study of Clientelism, Spoils Politics and Stability, 1960-1990 (Thesis). Edinburgh: University of Edinburgh. S2CID\u00a0157981313. Africa Research Bulletin: Political, social, and cultural series. Basil Blackwell Limited. 1997. Avirgan, Tony; Honey, Martha (1983). War in Uganda: The Legacy of Idi Amin. Dar es Salaam: Tanzania Publishing House. ISBN\u00a0978-9976-1-0056-3. Cooper, Tom; Fontanellaz, Adrien (2015). Wars and Insurgencies of Uganda 1971\u20131994. Solihull: Helion & Company Limited. ISBN\u00a0978-1-910294-55-0. Mutibwa, Phares Mukasa (1992). Uganda Since Independence: A Story of Unfulfilled Hopes. Trenton, New Jersey: Africa World Press. ISBN\u00a00-86543-357-7. Rice, Andrew (20 August 2003). \"The General\" (PDF). Institute of Current World Affairs Letters. AR (12). Rice, Andrew (2009). The Teeth May Smile But the Heart Does Not Forget: Murder and Memory in Uganda. New York City: Henry Holt and Company. ISBN\u00a0978-0-8050-7965-4. Rwehururu, Bernard (2002). Cross to the Gun. Kampala: Monitor. OCLC\u00a050243051. Seftel, Adam, ed. (2010) [1st pub. 1994]. Uganda: The Bloodstained Pearl of Africa and Its Struggle for Peace. From the Pages of Drum. Kampala: Fountain Publishers. ISBN\u00a0978-9970-02-036-2. Smith, George Ivan (1980). Ghosts of Kampala. London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson. ISBN\u00a0978-0060140274."
   },
   {
    "name": "Deng Deng",
    "id": "Q65175615",
    "text": "Deng Angok Deng (born 5 January 1992) is a South Sudanese-Australian professional basketball player for the Brisbane Bullets of the National Basketball League (NBL). He played three seasons of college basketball in the United States, two with Lee College and one with Baylor. He has played professionally in the NBA Development League, Qatar, Lebanon, Finland, Poland and Australia. He debuted in the National Basketball League (NBL) in 2018 with the Sydney Kings. He played for the Illawarra Hawks in 2020\u201321 and then joined the Brisbane Bullets. Deng was born in Sudan. He moved to Egypt at age four and then Australia at age nine. He is of South Sudanese descent. He attended Box Hill Senior Secondary College in Melbourne, Victoria. In 2012, Deng moved to the United States to attend Lee College. As freshman in 2012\u201313, he helped Lee to the school's first ever NJCAA Region 14 championship and qualified for the National\u2008Championship tournament with a 25\u201311 record. He was selected to the Region 14 All-Tournament team. As a sophomore in 2013\u201314, he averaged 19.8 points, 11.0 rebounds and 3.5 assists per game. He led Lee to a 20\u201312 record, earning NJCAA second-team All-Region 14 and first-team All-South\u2008Zone honours. He scored in double figures in 27 of 28 games before suffering an injury on 26 February. In May 2014, Deng signed a National Letter of Intent to play for the Baylor Bears. As a junior in 2014\u201315, he played 23 games for Baylor and averaged 2.9 points and 2.0 rebounds in 8.8 minutes. In August 2015, Deng was ruled ineligible to play college basketball in 2015\u201316 due to his age. Despite his ineligibility, Baylor still honoured his scholarship so that he could complete his graduation requirements. On 25 February 2016, Deng was acquired by the Texas Legends of the NBA Development League. In 16 games to finish the 2015\u201316 season, he averaged 2.7 points and 4.0 rebounds per game. In October 2016, Deng re-joined the Texas Legends. He left after appearing in three games to start the 2016\u201317 season. In February 2017, he played five games in Qatar for Al Shamal Doha. The following month, he played four games in Lebanon for Tadamon Zouk. For the 2017\u201318 season, Deng moved to Finland to play for Korihait. He played eight games between 26 September and 27 October. In March 2018, he returned to Lebanon and played seven games for Louaize. In May 2018, Deng returned to Melbourne and joined the McKinnon Cougars for the rest of the Big V season. In 11 games, he averaged 16.3 points, 10.6 rebounds, 2.0 assists, 1.5 steals and 2.5 blocks per game. Following the Big V season, Deng joined the Sydney Kings for the 2018\u201319 NBL season. In 19 games for the Kings, he averaged 2.2 points per game. On 22 March 2019, he signed with Polish team MKS D\u0105browa G\u00f3rnicza. In 10 games to finish the PLK season, he averaged 12.5 points, 7.2 rebounds and 1.2 assists per game. In October 2019, Deng joined the New Zealand Breakers as an injury replacement for Rob Loe. He did not play in a game during the 2019\u201320 NBL season. On 16 July 2020, Deng signed with the Illawarra Hawks for the 2020\u201321 NBL season. In 39 games, he averaged 6.4 points and 3.8 rebounds per game. On 3 July 2021, Deng signed with the Kilsyth Cobras for the rest of the 2021 NBL1 South season. On 10 July 2021, Deng signed with the Brisbane Bullets for the 2021\u201322 NBL season. In July 2015, Deng played for the Australian University National Team at the World University Games in South Korea. In seven games, he averaged 4.6 points and 2.1 rebounds per game. \"Deng Deng\". baylorbears.com. Archived from the original on 10 July 2021. \"Deng Deng lands at McKinnon\". bigv.com.au. Archived from the original on 10 July 2021. \"Men's Hoops Signs Deng Deng to NLI\". baylorbears.com. 5 May 2014. Archived from the original on 10 July 2021. \"Legends Acquire Deng Deng\". oursportscentral.com. 25 February 2016. Archived from the original on 10 July 2021. Jeyarajah, Shehan (3 August 2015). \"Report: Baylor basketball forward Deng Deng will not return next season\". dallasnews.com. Archived from the original on 10 July 2021. \"Deng Deng\". RealGM.com. Archived from the original on 10 July 2021. \"Deng Deng\". australiabasket.com. Retrieved 10 July 2021. \"Kings welcome Deng Deng\". SydneyKings.com. 10 May 2018. Retrieved 10 July 2021. \"Deng Deng signs with MKS Dabrowa Gornicza\". sportando.basketball. 22 March 2019. Archived from the original on 10 July 2021. O'Keeffe, Michael (28 October 2019). \"ANBL 2019: NZ Breakers sign Deng Deng as injury cover for Rob Loe\". newshub.co.nz. Archived from the original on 10 July 2021. \"Breakers Sign Deng Deng As Loe Replacement\". NBL.com.au. 29 October 2019. Retrieved 10 July 2021. \"The Hawks Sign Deng Deng\". NBL.com.au. 16 July 2020. Retrieved 10 July 2021. \"COBRAS SIGN HIGH FLYING DENG DENG\". kilsythbasketball.com.au. 3 July 2021. Archived from the original on 10 July 2021. \"Brisbane Secure Deng Deng\". NBL.com.au. 10 July 2021. Retrieved 10 July 2021. \"BASKETBALL AUSTRALIA ANNOUNCES TEAMS FOR 2015 WORLD UNIVERSITY GAMES\". australia.basketball. 18 June 2015. Archived from the original on 10 July 2021. NBL profile Baylor Bears college bio"
   },
   {
    "name": "Jackson Morgan",
    "id": "Q67200482",
    "text": "Jackson Obede Morgan (born 18 August 1998) is a South Sudanese professional footballer who plays as a central midfielder for Australian NPL Western Australia club Stirling Lions SC and the South Sudan national team. \"Jackson Morgan\". 25 November 2015. Jackson Morgan at Soccerway. Retrieved 11 October 2020. \"Jackson Morgan - Player Statistics\". v t e v t e"
   },
   {
    "name": "Mathiang Mathiang",
    "id": "Q67200487",
    "text": "Mathiang Mathiang (born 19 September 1994) is a South Sudanese professional footballer who plays as a defender for Australian NPL Victoria 2 club Brunswick City SC and the South Sudan national team. \"Mathiang Mathiang - Player Statistics\". \"Mathiang Mathiang - Player Statistics\". Mathiang Mathiang at Soccerway v t e v t e"
   },
   {
    "name": "John Simonian",
    "id": "Q68101427",
    "text": "John Simonian (15 December 1935 \u2013 23 December 2019) was a Kenyan field hockey player. He competed at the 1960, 1964 and the 1968 Summer Olympics. \"Jack Simonian, Kenyan hockey legend who lent colour to Safari Rally, is dead\". Daily Nation. Nation Media Group. 26 December 2019. Retrieved 30 December 2019. Evans, Hilary; Gjerde, Arild; Heijmans, Jeroen; Mallon, Bill; et\u00a0al. \"John Simonian Olympic Results\". Olympics at Sports-Reference.com. Sports Reference LLC. Archived from the original on 18 April 2020. Retrieved 21 September 2019. v t e"
   },
   {
    "name": "Enagi Elsadiq",
    "id": "Q79334595",
    "text": "Enagi El-Sadiq Ahmed (Arabic:\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u062c\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0627\u062f\u0642 \u0623\u062d\u0645\u062f) (born 15 February 2000) is a Qatari born-Sudanese footballer. He currently plays for Al-Khor. Enagi is the Brother of the footballer Ibrahim Elsadig. Enagi Elsadiq at Soccerway. Retrieved 21 December 2019. Enagi Elsadiq at Soccerway v t e"
   },
   {
    "name": "Girmay Zahilay",
    "id": "Q81481214",
    "text": "Girmay Hadish Zahilay (GRR-my ZAH-hill-eye; born May 6, 1987) is an American politician and attorney serving as a member of the King County Council from District 2 in Seattle, Washington. He was elected in 2019 and defeated longtime incumbent Larry Gossett. Zahilay and his brother were born in Sudan to Ethiopian refugees who had escaped a military conflict. He was three years old when his family immigrated to the United States, settling in the Rainier Valley. Zahilay moved between public housing arrangements in several neighborhoods in South Seattle, including the International District and Skyway, while his mother Abie worked double shifts as a nursing assistant. The family also stayed at a homeless shelter in Downtown Seattle between moves to public housing in NewHolly and Rainier Vista. He graduated from Franklin High School in Seattle and was a research intern at the University of Washington Department of Biology. He majored in biology at Stanford University, where he served as president of the Black Student Union. Zahilay earned a law degree from the University of Pennsylvania and worked as an intern at the Office of the White House Counsel during the Obama administration. Zahilay worked for the Congressional Hunger Center and New York City Coalition Against Hunger as a community organizer after graduating from college. He then moved to jobs at law firms Skadden Arps in New York and Perkins Coie in Seattle. Zahilay also founded a non-profit, Rising Leaders, that aims to provide mentors for underserved middle school students. He announced his County Council District 2 campaign in February 2019, becoming the first challenger to six-term incumbent Larry Gossett since 2005. Zahilay campaigned on the expansion of public housing and the replacement of youth incarceration with other methods. Gossett, who had also attended Franklin High School and had led his own Black Student Union at the University of Washington, trailed Zahilay in the primary election by a 37 percent margin. Zahilay defeated Gossett in the November 2019 general election, becoming the youngest member of the King County Council. He was sworn in to represent District 2 on January 8, 2020, and was selected to chair the council's Law and Justice Committee. During his first year in office, Zahilay commented on the weight of being the only sitting Black county council member in Washington state and his efforts to connect with the youth in his district by visiting several Zoom elementary classrooms. In response to the COVID-19 pandemic, his office organized multiple events to hand out free masks and Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) in areas of his district that were disproportionally impacted by the pandemic. Zahilay supported multiple county level ballot measures that applied changes to the role of the county sheriff in response to the George Floyd protests. Jimenez, Esmy (November 4, 2019). \"Seattle voters contend between political newcomer or civil rights legend\". KUOW. Retrieved January 8, 2020. Gutman, David (August 9, 2019). \"King County Council's Larry Gossett fighting for his political life against Girmay Zahilay, first-time candidate who calls him a hero\". The Seattle Times. p.\u00a0A1. Retrieved January 8, 2020. Smith, Rich (June 7, 2019). \"Larry Gossett Faces His First Serious Challenger in Girmay Zahilay\". The Stranger. Retrieved January 8, 2020. Burkhalter, Aaron (September 25, 2019). \"Meet the King County Council District 2 Candidates: Girmay Zahilay\". South Seattle Emerald. Retrieved January 8, 2020. Hansen, Lily (December 3, 2019). \"A Seattle-only focus is no longer going to cut it\". The Daily. Retrieved January 8, 2020. Harrison Green, Marcus (February 27, 2019). \"Seattle attorney to challenge Larry Gossett for King County Council seat\". The Seattle Times. p.\u00a0B8. Gutman, David (October 13, 2019). \"Larry Gossett faces toughest election yet against Girmay Zahilay for King County Council\". The Seattle Times. p.\u00a0B1. Retrieved January 8, 2020. Brownstone, Sydney (November 7, 2019). \"From sharecropper's son to Black Panther to politician, County Councilmember Larry Gossett reflects on his legacy\". The Seattle Times. p.\u00a0A1. Retrieved January 8, 2020. Santos, Melissa (November 5, 2019). \"Newcomer Girmay Zahilay soundly defeating Larry Gossett in race for King County Council\". Crosscut.com. Retrieved January 8, 2020. Gutman, David (January 8, 2020). \"Girmay Zahilay begins work on King County Council as Larry Gossett era ends\". The Seattle Times. Retrieved January 8, 2020. Alicea, Simone. \"LISTEN: Girmay Zahilay reflects on an intense first year on the King County Council\". KNKX. Retrieved March 2, 2021. \"Councilmember Girmay Zahilay Takes Fight Against Covid-19 Into His Own Hands\". The Seattle Medium. September 2, 2020. Retrieved March 2, 2021. Gutman, David (July 21, 2020). \"King County Council moves to strip power from Sheriff's Office; proposals to head to voters in November\". The Seattle Times. Retrieved March 1, 2021."
   },
   {
    "name": "Jalal Eddin Omar",
    "id": "Q96758033",
    "text": "Jalal Eddin Omar (Arabic:\u062c\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646 \u0639\u0645\u0631) (born 13 December 1988) is a Qatari born-Sudanese footballer. He currently plays for Al Bidda as a goalkeeper. He formerly played for El Jaish, Al-Gharafa, and Al-Markhiya . Jalal Eddin Omar at Soccerway XS Studios. \"Jalal Eddin Omar\". www.mundial11.ae. Retrieved 2020-06-30. \"\u0627\u0644\u0644\u0627\u0639\u0628\u00a0: \u062c\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646 \u0639\u0645\u0631\". www.kooora.com. \"Qatar - Jalal Eddin Omar - Profile with news, career statistics and history - Soccerway\". us.soccerway.com. v t e"
   },
   {
    "name": "Mohammed Mahjoub",
    "id": "Q96759398",
    "text": "Mohammed Mahjoub (Arabic:\u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0645\u062d\u062c\u0648\u0628) (born 20 January 1994) is a Sudanese born-Qatari footballer. He currently plays as a winger . He formerly played for Al-Gharafa, Al-Rayyan, Al-Shahania, Mesaimeer and Al-Waab . Mohammed Mahjoub at Soccerway \"\u0627\u0644\u0644\u0627\u0639\u0628\u00a0: \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0645\u062d\u062c\u0648\u0628 \u062d\u0633\u0646 \u0633\u0644\u064a\u0645\u0627\u0646\". www.kooora.com. \"Qatar - Mohammed Mahjoub - Profile with news, career statistics and history - Soccerway\". us.soccerway.com. \"\u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0645\u062d\u062c\u0648\u0628 \u0627\u0646\u0638\u0645 \u0644\u0645\u0639\u0633\u0643\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0647\u064a\u0628 \u0642\u0627\u062f\u0645\u0627\u064b \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0631\u0627\u0641\u0629\". \"\u0627\u0639\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0641\u0647\u062f \u062e\u0644\u0641\u0627\u0646 \u0648 \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0645\u062d\u062c\u0648\u0628 \u0648 \u0627\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0647\u064a\u0645 \u0636\u0627\u0645\u064a \u0644\u0644\u0634\u062d\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0648 \u0627\u0646\u0636\u0645\u0627\u0645 \u0645\u0648\u0647\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u062d\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0633\u0639\u062f \u062d\u0633\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0648\u0627\u0646 \u0644\u0644\u0631\u064a\u0627\u0646\". \"\u0644\u0627\u0639\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u064a\u0627\u0646 \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0645\u062d\u062c\u0648\u0628 \u0627\u0646\u0636\u0645 \u0644\u0646\u0627\u062f\u064a \u0645\u0633\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0631\". XS Studios. \"Mohammed Mahjoub\". www.mundial11.ae. Retrieved 2020-07-01. v t e"
   },
   {
    "name": "Nevello Yoseke",
    "id": "Q98097683",
    "text": "Nevello Cosmas Yoseke (born March 17, 1996) is a soccer player who plays as a defender or a midfielder. Born in Sudan, he represented Canada at the 2013 FIFA U-17 World Cup. Yoseke was born in Kharthoum, Sudan and has four siblings. When he was four years old, he moved to Cairo, Egypt with his family, before once again his family moved to Ottawa, Ontario when he was ten. He began playing organized youth soccer when he was 11 with Ottawa Internationals SC. Later he was part of the Ottawa Fury Academy. After a few years in the Fury system, in September 2011, he had a tryout with the U16 side of Brazilian top division team Cruzeiro, where he impressed and stayed for four months before returning to Canada due to a visa issue. Upon his return, he was seen by a scout and soon joined the Montreal Impact Academy. In 2015, after his time in the Montreal Impact Academy he signed with FC Montreal of the second-tier USL, the second team of the Impact. He made his debut on August 29, as a substitute, against the Harrisburg City Islanders. In 2017, he joined Swedish third division side Oskarshamns AIK. Afterwards, he joined French club AS Saint-Priest on trial for three months, however he encountered visa issues and was unable to be signed. He subsequently returned to Canada and trained with his hometown club Ottawa Fury FC of the USL Championship. In April 2019, he signed with AFC Ann Arbor of the American fourth tier National Premier Soccer League. After the season, he returned to Canada, playing with Ottawa South United in League1 Ontario. He subsequently returned to AS Saint-Priest before returning to Canada in June 2020. He returned to Ottawa South United, now part of the Premi\u00e8re Ligue de soccer du Qu\u00e9bec. In 2021, he began the season with the Des Moines Menace of USL League Two, before moving to the Dayton Dutch Lions of USL League Two, before ending it with Kalamazoo FC. In 2013, Yoseke was named to the Canada U17 national team for the 2013 FIFA U-17 World Cup. He made his debut on October 19, against Austria U17. As of July 26, 2021 \"Escape, Struggle, and Starting Over\". Ottawa Citizen. June 18, 2011. Larocque-Cyr, Rapha\u00ebl (March 4, 2016). \"From darkness to light\". Montreal Impact. \"Nevello Yoseke Canada profile\". Canadian Soccer Association. \"Ottawa Fury 2011 Media Guide\" (PDF). Ottawa Fury SC. Kim, Jaehoon (April 2012). \"Global Talent\". Ottawa Sportspage. Plouffe, Dan (January 2013). \"3 Ottawa Players join Impact Academy\". Ottawa Sportspage. \"FC Montreal signs eight players from Impact Academy\". Soccer Wire. July 30, 2015. \"Le FC Montr\u00e9al Recrute chez L'Acad\u00e9mie\" [FC Montreal is Recruiting at the Academy]. TVA Sports (in French). July 30, 2015. Milano, Pascal (November 30, 2015). \"De R\u00e9fugi\u00e9 \u00e0 Joueur Professionnel\" [From Refugee to Professional Player]. La Presse (in French). Jacques, John (July 5, 2020). \"Canadian Midfielder Nevello Yoseke Returning To Canada\". Northern Tribune. \"Nevello Yoseke Joins AFC Ann Arbor for 2019 Campaign\". AFC Ann Arbor. April 2, 2019. \"Nevello Yoseke 2019 Stats\". League1 Ontario. \"Mercato, matchs amicaux\u00a0: le point complet sur la r\u00e9serve R2 de l'AS Saint-Priest\u00a0!\" [Mercato, friendly matches: the full point on the R2 reserve of AS Saint-Priest!]. Actufoot (in French). June 25, 2020. Archived from the original on July 26, 2021. \"YMCA-YWCA of the National Capital Region Stars of the Month \u2013 October 2020\". Ottawa Sportspages. October 23, 2020. \"Match Day - May 20\" (PDF). St. Louis Scott Gallagher. May 20, 2021. \"Dayton Dutch Lions FC Vs Oakland County FC\" (PDF). Dayton Dutch Lions. July 2, 2021. \"Sunday Gallery: FWFC vs. Dayton Dutch Lions FC\". The Journal Gazette. June 27, 2021. \"Nevello Yoseke profile\". USL League Two. Rowaan, Dave (October 3, 2013). \"Canada names roster for Fifa U-17 World Cup UAE 2013\". Waking the Red. Nevello Yoseke at Soccerway \"Nevello Cosmas Yoseke Stats\". Lagstatistik. \"2019 AFC Ann Arbor Results\". AFC Ann Arbor. \"Nevello Yoseke League1 Ontario Stats\". League1 Ontario. \"Nevello Yoseke\". Football Database. \"PLSQ Stats Archive\" (in French). TSI Sports. \"Nevello Yoseke 2021 Stats\". USL League Two."
   },
   {
    "name": "Ibrahim Elsadiq",
    "id": "Q98520332",
    "text": "Ibrahim Elsadig born 3 January 1999) is a Qatari born-Sudanese footballer who plays as a midfielder for Muaither. \"soccerway\". \"kooora\". Ibrahim Elsadig at Soccerway v t e"
   },
   {
    "name": "Ahmed Reyed",
    "id": "Q104451617",
    "text": "Ahmed Reyed Mawla (Arabic: \u0623\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0631\u064a\u0627\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0644\u0649\u200e; born 1 Fberuary 2003), is a Qatari born-Sudanese professional footballer who plays as a midfielder for Qatar Stars League side Al-Khor. Ahmed started his career at the youth team of Al-Khor and represented the club at every level. As of 24 December 2020. Notes \"kooora\". \"AHMED REYED\". app.mundial11.com. Ahmed Reyed at Soccerway. Retrieved 24 December 2020. Ahmed Reyed at Soccerway v t e"
   },
   {
    "name": "Nada Eissa",
    "id": "Q105723579",
    "text": "Nada O. Eissa is an American economist who is an associate professor of Public Policy and Economics at Georgetown University and a Research Associate of the National Bureau of Economic Research (NBER). She was Deputy Assistant Secretary of the Treasury for Economic Policy (microeconomics) in 2005\u20132007. Eissa moved to the United States from Sudan at the age of 9. She earned degrees in economics from the University of California at Berkeley and from Harvard University. Eissa has been a member of the economics faculty at the University of California, Berkeley, a visiting scholar at the International Monetary Fund, a visiting scholar at the American Enterprise Institute, and the lead academic for the International Growth Centre's programs in South Sudan and Uganda. Her early research focuses on the labor supply effects of tax reforms; in recent years she has studied tax compliance in developing countries and evaluating the impact of school finance reforms in the United States on student outcomes. Eissa, Nada, and Jeffrey B. Liebman. \"Labor supply response to the earned income tax credit.\" The quarterly journal of economics 111, no. 2 (1996): 605\u2013637. Eissa, Nada, and Hilary W. Hoynes. \"Behavioral responses to taxes: Lessons from the EITC and labor supply.\" Tax policy and the economy 20 (2006): 73\u2013110. Eissa, Nada, and Hilary Williamson Hoynes. \"Taxes and the labor market participation of married couples: the earned income tax credit.\" Journal of public Economics 88, no. 9-10 (2004): 1931\u20131958. Eissa, Nada, Henrik Jacobsen Kleven, and Claus Thustrup Kreiner. \"Evaluation of four tax reforms in the United States: Labor supply and welfare effects for single mothers.\" Journal of Public Economics 92, no. 3-4 (2008): 795\u2013816. Wolf, Patrick J., Brian Kisida, Babette Gutmann, Michael Puma, Nada Eissa, and Lou Rizzo. \"School Vouchers and Student Outcomes: Experimental Evidence from W ashington, DC.\" Journal of Policy Analysis and Management 32, no. 2 (2013): 246\u2013270. \"American Economic Association CSMGEP Profiles: Nada Eissa, Watching the Economy at Work in Current Events and Public Policy\". American Economic Association. Retrieved 2021-03-01. \"History of the Office of Economic Policy\" (PDF). \"Nada Eissa\". IGC. Retrieved 2021-03-01. \"Advisory Board\". Tax Policy Center. Retrieved 2021-03-01. Nada O. Eissa: Is There \"Fade Out\" Once Students Return to Public Schools? Four experts on why they find the January jobs report disappointing Nada Eissa, associate professor of public policy and economics at Georgetown University and research associate at the National Bureau of Economic Research, and Jason Furman, professor at Harvard's Kennedy School and former CEA chairman, join \"Squawk Box\" to give their reactions to the July jobs report. v t e"
   },
   {
    "name": "Hussein Al Jarf",
    "id": "Q106025393",
    "text": "Hussein Ibrahim Ahmed Mursal (born 23 September 1998) is a Sudanese footballer who plays as a centre-back for Sudanese club Al-Khartoum and the Sudan national team. Al Jarf made his debut for the Sudan national team on 9 June 2017, at the 2019 Africa Cup of Nations against Madagascar. \"Hussein Al Jarf\". Global Sports Archive. Retrieved 18 March 2021. \"Hussein Al Jarf\". National Football Teams. Benjamin Strack-Zimmermann. Retrieved 18 March 2021. Strack-Zimmermann, Benjamin. \"Sudan vs. Madagascar (1:3)\". www.national-football-teams.com. Retrieved 18 March 2021. Hussein Al Jarf at National-Football-Teams.com Hussein Al Jarf at Global Sports Archive v t e"
   }
  ]
 },
 {
  "relation_id": "P19",
  "target_id": "Q503375",
  "target_name": "Tottenham",
  "samples": [
   {
    "name": "Hetta Bartlett",
    "id": "Q83739229",
    "text": "Hetta Bartlett (1 May 1877 \u2013 May 1947) was an English stage and film actress whose career spanned both the West End and Broadway. She was born in Tottenham in London as Henrietta Elizabeth Bartlett, the daughter of Sarah Henrietta n\u00e9e Field (1851\u20131918) and Onesimus Smart Bartlett (1848\u20131921), a solicitor of Bartlett & Roberts who was Town Clerk and Clerk to the Urban Sanitary Authority in Dartmouth in Devon; by 1891 he was Clerk to the Magistrates' Court in Paignton. In 1903 he would be jailed for embezzlement. By 1899 aged 22 Hetta Bartlett was acting in the Company of Charles Hawtrey including his tour of America in the 1900s. In 1900 she played the lead female role in the UK tour of Lord and Lady Algy. Her stage appearances with Charles Hawtrey include: Miss Bramshott in Miss Bramshott's Engagement at the Prince of Wales Theatre (1902); Mrs Ditchwater in The Man from Blankley's at the Prince of Wales Theatre (1903); in the revival of A Message from Mars at the Criterion Theatre on Broadway (1903) and again at the Princes Theatre (1904) and at the Avenue Theatre; (1905). Other roles include: What the Butler Saw at the Garrick Theatre on Broadway in New York (1906); Mrs Patterson in A Pot of Caviare at the Adelphi Theatre (1910); as Miss Ricketts in Jerome K. Jerome's The Master of Mrs Chilvers at the Royalty Theatre (1911); Countess of Skene and Skye in Jelf's at Wyndham's Theatre (1912), and Broomhall in Billy's Fortune at the Criterion Theatre (1913). Bartlett's later stage roles include: Marchioness of Queenstown in In Nelson's Days at the Shaftesbury Theatre (1922). In 1899 she married the dramatic author Metcalfe Henry Wood (1864\u20131944) at Totnes in Devon. The marriage was dissolved by 1911 when Bartlett was living alone at 14a Albert Embankment in London. In 1939 she was living in Marylebone in London and described herself as an actress and 'Widowed' on the official register. Hetta Bartlett died aged 70 in May 1947 in Dartford in Kent. Uncredited - Honour in Pawn (1916) Lady Cecelia - A Woman of No Importance (1921) Lady Dainton - Sonia (1921) Mrs Cathcart - Melody of Death (1922) Lady Hepburn - Repentance (1922) Court Lady - The Glorious Adventure (1922) Margaret - The Lady of the Lake (1928) 1881 England Census for Henrietta E. Bartlett: Middlesex, Tottenham - Ancestry.com (subscription required) 1891 England Census for Henrietta E Bartlett: Devon, Paignton - Ancestry.com (subscription required) The Building of the Dartmouth Embankment - By The Dart: Anything and Everything About Dartmouth Hackney Express And Shoreditch Observer - Newspaper Archives: May 23, 1903 Page 4 Hetta Bartlett - The Sketch - 20 September 1899 pg 374 Miss Hetta Bartlett - The Sketch 8 August 1900 pg. 101 J. P. Wearing, The London Stage 1900-1909: A Calendar of Productions, Performers, and Personnel, Rowman & Littlefield (2014) - Google Books pg. 97 Wearing, pgs. 53-54 Cast of A Message from Mars = Broadway World website Wearing, pg 247 Hetta Bartlett - Internet Broadway Database Hetta Bartlett on Playbill J. P. Wearing, The London Stage 1910-1919: A Calendar of Productions, Performers, and Personnel, Rowman & Littlefield (2014) - Google Books Jerome K. Jerome, The Master of Mrs. Chilvers: An Improbable Comedy, Read Books Ltd (2013) - Google Books J. P. Wearing, The London Stage 1920-1929: A Calendar of Productions, Performers, and Personnel, Rowman & Littlefield (2014) - Google Books pg 153 1901 England Census for Henrietta E Wood: Sussex, Hove - Ancestry.com (subscription required) 1911 England Census for Henrietta Elizabeth Bartlett: London, Lambeth, Kennington - Ancestry.com (subscription required) 1939 England and Wales Register for Hetta Bartlett - London, St Marylebone Met B - Ancestry.com (subscription required) Rachael Low, History of British Film (Volume 4): The History of the British Film 1918 - 1929, Routledge (2011) - Google Books pg. 410 Hetta Bartlett - British Film Institute database Hetta Bartlett on Internet Movie Database"
   },
   {
    "name": "RV",
    "id": "Q85795501",
    "text": "Jordan Townsend (born 1993/1994), known professionally as RV (formerly Young RV), is a British rapper and songwriter whose mixtape Drillers and Trappers 2 with rapper Headie One reached number 21 on the UK Albums Chart. Townsend grew up in Tottenham in North London and attended Finchley Catholic High School. Both of his parents are Jamaican. He was originally a member of Star Gang, an offshoot of the Tottenham Mandem gang. RV has stated he converted to Islam after his cousin Fatman, who was Muslim, died in 2007. RV got his moniker from a friend that died in 2010. His friend went by the name Revenge 24 and had told RV that if he died or went to jail, RV had to \"carry on the name\". In 2010, he released his first mixtape Cruddy on the Streets, followed in 2011 by AntiSocial Behaviour, a joint mixtape with Supa Capone, and Call of Duty: Tottenham Warfare, a compilation mixtape featuring various Tottenham artists. In 2012, he and other North London gang members were convicted of wounding with intent to do grievous bodily harm and possession of an offensive weapon in a stabbing of a 15-year-old boy at a barber shop in Wood Green. He received a seven-year sentence. He and rapper Headie One became frequent collaborators, including co-releasing the mixtapes Sticks & Stones (2016) and Drillers x Trappers (2017). Together they formed part of OFB, a hip hop collective based in the Broadwater Farm estate. While in prison, he and other OFB members had released drill rap videos where they warn their enemies that they will grab and stab them. Following his release from prison, on 22 March 2019, RV and Headie One released a third mixtape called Drillers x Trappers II. It entered the UK Albums Chart at number 21. \"Match Day\", the first single from the mixtape, entered the Singles Chart at number 86. He publicly revealed his face for the first time in the music video \"Why Always Me\". On 1 July 2019, he did a freestyle rap on Charlie Sloth's show. On 2 August 2019, he released the solo EP, Savage. Cruddy on the Streets (2010) AntiSocial Behaviour (2011) (with Supa Capone) Call of Duty: Tottenham Warfare (2011) Sticks & Stones (2016) (with Headie One) Drillers x Trappers (2017) (with Headie One) Drillers x Trappers II (2019) (with Headie One) Fresh Prince of Tottenham (2018) Savage (2019) Thain, Bruce (24 August 2012). \"Gang members sentenced for Wood Green barbers stabbing\". Tottenham & Wood Green Independent. Archived from the original on 22 August 2019. Retrieved 22 August 2019. Harper, Tom; Mararike, Shingi (10 March 2019). \"Knife attackers use YouTube to issue death threats from prison\". The Times. Archived from the original on 24 August 2019. Retrieved 7 November 2019. \"HERITAGE: Before They Were Charting, Headie One And RV Were Repping Tottenham To The Fullest In This Classic Cypher (2010)\". trenchtrenchtrench.com. Archived from the original on 8 November 2019. Retrieved 8 November 2019. Bassett, Jordan. \"The Big Read \u2013 Headie One: \"If you make a mistake, you've got to move quickly\"\". NME. Archived from the original on 9 August 2019. Retrieved 7 November 2019. Pressplay Media (7 March 2013), Young RV [Interview] @itspressplayent #3YoungRV, archived from the original on 28 November 2019, retrieved 8 November 2019 \u2013 via YouTube \"HERITAGE: A Young, Fresh-Faced Headie One Shows Us How Much Raw Potential He Had From The Start (2011)\". trenchtrenchtrench.com. Archived from the original on 8 November 2019. Retrieved 8 November 2019. \"JOMEC Journal\". archive.is. 7 August 2019. Archived from the original on 7 August 2019. Retrieved 8 November 2019. \"RV on Apple Music\". Apple Music. Archived from the original on 8 November 2019. Retrieved 8 November 2019. \"RV\". live. Archived from the original on 28 November 2019. Retrieved 28 November 2019. Daly, Rhian (21 March 2019). \"Watch RV and Headie One's football-themed video for 'Match Day'\". NME. Archived from the original on 24 March 2019. Retrieved 9 April 2019. Thapar, Ciaran (2 August 2018). \"Making the banned: MK The Plug and M1 On The Beat are UK drill's brightest hope\". Fact. The Vinyl Factory. Archived from the original on 13 July 2019. Retrieved 18 January 2019. \"What Do You Mean You Haven't Heard Of... RV?\". SCAN. 12 March 2019. Archived from the original on 7 November 2019. Retrieved 7 November 2019. Oke, Tobi (22 March 2019). \"Headie One And RV Return With 'Drillers x Trappers II' Mixtape\". Complex. Archived from the original on 26 March 2019. Retrieved 26 March 2019. \"Drillers and Trappers 2\". Official Charts Company. Archived from the original on 30 March 2019. Retrieved 30 March 2019. \"match day | full Official Chart History\". Official Charts Company. Archived from the original on 7 November 2019. Retrieved 7 November 2019. \"Bally On Me: Why UK drill rappers cover their faces\". The Face. Archived from the original on 9 May 2019. Retrieved 24 August 2019. Wynter, Courtney (28 February 2019). \"Premiere: RV Makes Big Return With \"Brand New/Why Always Me\" Visuals\". GRM Daily. Archived from the original on 8 June 2019. Retrieved 7 November 2019. Davey, Jacob (2 July 2019). \"RV Unleashes Cold 'Fire In The Booth' Debut Freestyle\". Versus. UK. Archived from the original on 15 August 2019. Retrieved 7 November 2019. Collier-McDermott, Shante (2 August 2019). \"RV'S highly-anticipated 'Savage' EP has arrived\". GRM Daily. Archived from the original on 24 August 2019. Retrieved 24 August 2019. RV (11 August 2019). \"RV on Savage, OFB, Headie One, drill scene, drip\" (Interview). Interviewed by Tim Westwood. Archived from the original on 23 December 2019. Retrieved 7 November 2019 \u2013 via YouTube. \"Savage by Rv\". Archived from the original on 7 November 2019. Retrieved 7 November 2019 \u2013 via music.apple.com."
   },
   {
    "name": "Alfie Whiteman",
    "id": "Q94695648",
    "text": "Alfie Malik Whiteman (born 2 October 1998) is an English professional footballer who plays as a goalkeeper for Degerfors on loan from Tottenham Hotspur. Whiteman joined the Tottenham academy in 2015. In 2019, he signed a new contract with the club until 2022. On 26 November 2020, Whiteman was brought on as a substitute against Ludogorets Razgrad in the UEFA Europa League in the 82nd minute, replacing Joe Hart. On 12 August 2021, Whiteman joined Swedish Allsvenskan side Degerfors on loan for the rest of the 2021 season. As of 16 October 2021 Appearances in EFL Trophy Appearance(s) in UEFA Europa League Whiteman attended Park View School in Tottenham. \"Premier League clubs publish 2019/20 retained lists\". Premier League. 26 June 2020. Retrieved 26 March 2021. \"Soccerway.com Profile\". Retrieved 10 February 2018. \"Tottenhamhotspur.com Profile\". Retrieved 10 February 2018. \"New contract for Whiteman\". Tottenham Hotspur F.C. 18 December 2019. Retrieved 29 December 2019. \"Tottenham Hotspur 4 - 0 Ludogorets Razgrad\". BBC Sport. 26 November 2020. Retrieved 26 November 2020. \"Whiteman loaned to Degerfors IF\". Tottenham Hotspur F.C. 12 August 2021. Retrieved 12 August 2021. \"Games played by Alfie Whiteman in 2017/2018\". Soccerbase. Centurycomm. Retrieved 2 February 2021. \"Games played by Alfie Whiteman in 2018/2019\". Soccerbase. Centurycomm. Retrieved 2 February 2021. \"Games played by Alfie Whiteman in 2019/2020\". Soccerbase. Centurycomm. Retrieved 2 February 2021. \"Games played by Alfie Whiteman in 2020/2021\". Soccerbase. Centurycomm. Retrieved 2 February 2021. \"Games played by Alfie Whiteman in 2021/2022\". Soccerbase. Centurycomm. Retrieved 2 February 2021. Profile @ Tottenhamhotspur.com"
   },
   {
    "name": "Adele",
    "id": "Q23215",
    "text": "Adele Laurie Blue Adkins MBE (/\u0259\u02c8d\u025bl/; born 5 May 1988) is an English singer and songwriter. She is one of the world's best-selling music artists, with sales of over 120 million records. After graduating in arts from the BRIT School in 2006, Adele signed a record deal with XL Recordings. In 2007, she received the Brit Award for Rising Star and won the BBC Sound of 2008 poll. Her debut album, 19, was released in 2008. It is certified 8\u00d7 platinum in the UK and triple platinum in the US. The album contains her first song, \"Hometown Glory\", written when she was just 16, which is based on her home suburb of West Norwood in London. An appearance she made on Saturday Night Live in late 2008 boosted her career in the US. At the 2009 Grammy Awards, Adele won the awards for Best New Artist and Best Female Pop Vocal Performance. Adele released her second studio album, 21, in 2011. The album was critically well-received and surpassed the success of her debut, earning numerous awards in 2012, among them a record-tying six Grammy Awards, including Album of the Year; the Brit Award for British Album of the Year; and the American Music Award for Favorite Pop/Rock Album. The album has been certified 17\u00d7 platinum in the UK, and is overall the second-best-selling album in the nation. In the US, it has held the top position longer than any album since 1985, and is certified Diamond. The world's best-selling album of 2011 and 2012, 21 has sold over 31 million copies worldwide, making it the best-selling album of the 21st century. The success of 21 earned Adele numerous mentions in the Guinness Book of Records. She was the first female artist in the history of the Billboard Hot 100 to have three simultaneous top-ten singles as a lead artist, with \"Rolling in the Deep\", \"Someone Like You\", and \"Set Fire to the Rain\", all of which also topped the chart. In 2012, Adele released the single \"Skyfall\", which she co-wrote and recorded for the James Bond film of the same name. The song won an Academy Award, a Golden Globe, and the Brit Award for British Single of the Year. After taking a three-year break, Adele released her third studio album, 25, in 2015. It became the year's best-selling album and broke first-week sales records in the UK and US. 25 was her second album to be certified Diamond in the US and earned her five Grammy Awards, including Album of the Year, and four Brit Awards, including British Album of the Year. The lead single, \"Hello\", became the first song in the US to sell over one million digital copies within a week of its release. Her third concert tour, Adele Live 2016, visited Europe, North America and Oceania, and concluded with finale concerts at Wembley Stadium in June 2017. Her upcoming fourth studio album 30, which contains the chart-topping single \"Easy on Me\", is set to be released in November 2021. Adele's accolades include fifteen Grammy Awards and nine Brit Awards. In 2011, 2012, and 2016, Billboard named her Artist of the Year. At the 2012 and 2016 Ivor Novello Awards, Adele was named Songwriter of the Year by the British Academy of Songwriters, Composers, and Authors. In 2012, she was listed at number five on VH1's 100 Greatest Women in Music. Time magazine named her one of the most influential people in the world in 2012 and 2016. Her third tour saw her break attendance records globally, including in the UK, Australia, and the US, and her album 21 has been listed in Rolling Stone's 500 Greatest Albums of All Time (2020). Adele Laurie Blue Adkins was born on 5 May 1988 in the Tottenham district of London, to an English mother, Penny Adkins, and a Welsh father, Marc Evans. Evans left when Adele was 2, and she was brought up by her mother. She began singing at age 4 and asserts that she became obsessed with voices. In 1997, 9-year-old Adele and her mother, who by then had found work as a furniture maker and an adult-learning activities organiser, relocated to Brighton on the south coast of England. In 1999, she and her mother moved back to London; first to Brixton, then to the neighbouring district of West Norwood in south London, which is the subject of her first song \"Hometown Glory\". She spent much of her youth in Brockwell Park where she would play the guitar and sing to friends, which she recalled in her 2015 song \"Million Years Ago\". She stated, \"It has quite monumental moments of my life that I've spent there, and I drove past it [in 2015] and I just literally burst into tears. I really missed it.\" Adele graduated from the BRIT School for Performing Arts & Technology in Croydon in May 2006, where she was a classmate of Leona Lewis and Jessie J. Adele credits the school with nurturing her talent even though, at the time, she was more interested in going into artists and repertoire (A&R) and hoped to launch other people's careers. Four months after graduation, she published two songs on the fourth issue of the online arts publication PlatformsMagazine.com. She had recorded a three-song demo for a class project and given it to a friend. The friend posted the demo on Myspace, where it became very successful and led to a phone call from Richard Russell, boss of the music label XL Recordings. She doubted if the offer was real because the only record company she knew was Virgin Records, and she took a friend with her to the meeting. Nick Huggett, at XL, recommended Adele to manager Jonathan Dickins at September Management, and in June 2006, Dickins became her official representative. September was managing Jamie T at the time and this proved a major draw for Adele, a big fan of the British singer-songwriter. Huggett then signed Adele to XL in September 2006. Adele provided vocals for Jack Pe\u00f1ate's song, \"My Yvonne,\" for his debut album, and it was during this session she first met producer Jim Abbiss, who would go on to produce both the majority of her debut album, 19, and tracks on 21. In June 2007, Adele made her television debut, performing \"Daydreamer\" on the BBC's Later... with Jools Holland. Adele's breakthrough song, \"Hometown Glory\", written when she was 16, was released in October 2007. By 2008, Adele had become the headliner and performed an acoustic set, in which she was supported by Damien Rice. She became the first recipient of the Brit Awards Critics' Choice and was named the number-one predicted breakthrough act of 2008 in an annual BBC poll of music critics, Sound of 2008. She released her second single, \"Chasing Pavements\", on 14 January 2008, two weeks ahead of her debut album. The song reached number two on the UK Chart, and stayed there for four weeks. The album 19, named for her age at the time she wrote and composed many of its songs, entered the British charts at number one. The Times Encyclopedia of Modern Music named 19 an \"essential\" blue-eyed soul recording. Adele was nominated for a 2008 Mercury Prize award for 19. She also won an Urban Music Award for \"Best Jazz Act,\" and a Music of Black Origin (MOBO) nomination in the category of Best UK Female. In March 2008, Adele signed a deal with Columbia Records and XL Recordings for her foray into the United States. She embarked on a short North American tour in the same month, and 19 was released in the US in June. Billboard magazine stated of it: \"Adele truly has potential to become among the most respected and inspiring international artists of her generation.\" The An Evening with Adele world tour began in May 2008 and ended in June 2009. She later cancelled the 2008 US tour dates to be with a former boyfriend. She said in Nylon magazine in June 2009, \"I'm like, 'I can't believe I did that.' It seems so ungrateful.... I was drinking far too much and that was kind of the basis of my relationship with this boy. I couldn't bear to be without him, so I was like, 'Well, I'll just cancel my stuff then.'\" She referred to this period as her \"early life crisis\". She is also known for her dislike of flying and bouts of homesickness when away from her native London. By the middle of October 2008, Adele's attempt to break in America appeared to have failed. But then she was booked as the musical guest on 18 October 2008 episode of NBC's Saturday Night Live. The episode, which included an expected appearance by then US vice-presidential candidate Sarah Palin, earned the program its best ratings in 14 years with 17\u00a0million viewers. Adele performed \"Chasing Pavements\" and \"Cold Shoulder,\" and the following day, 19 topped the iTunes charts and ranked at number five at Amazon.com while \"Chasing Pavements\" rose into the top 25. The album reached number 11 on the Billboard 200 as a result, a jump of 35 places over the previous week. In November 2008, Adele moved to Notting Hill, London after leaving her mother's house, a move that prompted her to give up drinking. The album was certified gold in early 2009, by the RIAA. By July 2009, the album had sold 2.2\u00a0million copies worldwide. At the 51st Annual Grammy Awards in February 2009, Adele won the award for Best New Artist, in addition to the award for Best Female Pop Vocal Performance for \"Chasing Pavements\", which was also nominated for Record of the Year and Song of the Year. Adele performed \"Chasing Pavements\" at the ceremony in a duet with Jennifer Nettles. In 2010, Adele received a Grammy nomination for Best Female Pop Vocal Performance for \"Hometown Glory.\" In April her song \"My Same\" entered the German Singles Chart after it had been performed by Lena Meyer-Landrut in the talent show contest Unser Star f\u00fcr Oslo, or Our Star for Oslo, in which the German entry to the Eurovision Song Contest 2010 was determined. In late September, after being featured on The X Factor, Adele's version of Bob Dylan's \"Make You Feel My Love\" re-entered the UK singles chart at number 4. During the 2010 CMT Artists of the Year special, Adele performed a widely publicised duet of Lady Antebellum's \"Need You Now\" with Darius Rucker. This performance was later nominated for a CMT Music Award. Adele released her second studio album, 21, on 24 January 2011 in the UK and 22 February in the US. She said the album was inspired by the breakup with her former partner. The album's sound is described as classic and contemporary country and roots music. The change in sound from her debut album was the result of her bus driver playing contemporary music from Nashville when she was touring the American South, and the title reflected the growth she had experienced in the prior two years. Adele told Spin Magazine: \"It was really exciting for me because I never grew up around [that music].\" 21 topped the charts in 30 countries, including the UK and the US. An emotional performance of \"Someone Like You\" at the 2011 Brit Awards on 15 February propelled the song to number one in the UK. Her first album, 19, re-entered the UK album chart alongside 21, while first and second singles \"Rolling in the Deep\" and \"Someone Like You\" were in the top 5 of the UK singles chart, making Adele the first living artist to achieve the feat of two top-five hits in both the Official Singles Chart and the Official Albums Chart simultaneously since the Beatles in 1964. Both songs topped the charts in multiple markets and broke numerous sales performance records. Following her performance of \"Someone Like You\" at the 2011 MTV Video Music Awards, it became Adele's second number-one single on the Billboard Hot 100. By December 2011, 21 sold over 3.4\u00a0million copies in the UK, and became the biggest-selling album of the 21st century, overtaking Amy Winehouse's Back to Black, with Adele becoming the first artist ever to sell three million albums in the UK in one calendar year. \"Set Fire to the Rain\" became Adele's third number-one single on the Billboard Hot 100, as Adele became the first artist ever to have an album, 21, hold the number-one position on the Billboard 200 concurrently with three number-one singles. Moreover, 21 had the most weeks on the Billboard 200 chart of any album by a female artist. To promote the album, Adele embarked upon the \"Adele Live\" tour, which sold out its North American leg. In October 2011, Adele was forced to cancel two tours because of a vocal-cord haemorrhage. She released a statement saying she needed an extended period of rest to avoid permanent damage to her voice. In the first week of November 2011 Steven M. Zeitels, director of the Center for Laryngeal Surgery and Voice Rehabilitation at the Massachusetts General Hospital in Boston, performed laser microsurgery on Adele's vocal cords to remove a benign polyp. A recording of her tour, Live at the Royal Albert Hall, was released in November 2011, debuting at number one in the US with 96,000 copies sold, the highest one-week tally for a music DVD in four years, becoming the best-selling music DVD of 2011. Adele is the first artist in Nielsen SoundScan history to have the year's number-one album (21), number-one single (\"Rolling in the Deep\"), and number-one music video (Live at the Royal Albert Hall). At the 2011 American Music Awards on 20 November, Adele won three awards; Favorite Pop/Rock Female Artist, Favorite Adult Contemporary Artist, and Favorite Pop/Rock Album for 21. On 9 December, Billboard named Adele Artist of the Year, Billboard 200 Album of the Year (21), and the Billboard Hot 100 Song of the Year (\"Rolling in the Deep\"), becoming the first woman ever to top all three categories. Following the throat microsurgery, she made her live comeback at the 2012 Grammy Awards in February. She won in all six categories for which she was nominated, including Album of the Year, Record of the Year, and Song of the Year, making her the second female artist in Grammy history, after Beyonc\u00e9, to win that many awards in a single night. Following that success, 21 achieved the biggest weekly sales increase following a Grammy win since Nielsen SoundScan began tracking data in 1991. Adele received the Brit Award for British Female Solo Artist, and British Album of the Year presented to her by George Michael. Following the Brit Awards, 21 reached number one for the 21st non-consecutive week in the UK. The album has sold over 4.5\u00a0million copies in the UK where it is the fourth-best-selling album. In October, the album's sales surpassed 4.5\u00a0million in the UK, and in November it surpassed 10 million sales in the US. The best-selling album worldwide of 2011 and 2012, as of 2016[update], the album has sold over 31 million copies. By the end of 2014, she had sold an estimated 40 million albums and 50\u00a0million singles worldwide. Adele is the only artist or band in the last decade in the US to earn an RIAA diamond certification for a one disc album in less than two years. In October 2012, Adele confirmed that she had been writing, composing and recording the theme song for Skyfall, the twenty-third James Bond film. The song \"Skyfall,\" written and composed in collaboration with producer Paul Epworth, was recorded at Abbey Road Studios, and features orchestrations by J. A. C. Redford. Adele stated recording \"Skyfall\" was \"one of the proudest moments of my life.\" On 14 October, \"Skyfall\" rose to number 2 on the UK Singles Chart with sales of 92,000 copies bringing its overall sales to 176,000, and \"Skyfall\" entered the Billboard Hot 100 at number 8, selling 261,000 copies in the US in its first three days. This tied \"Skyfall\" with Duran Duran's \"A View to a Kill\" as the highest-charting James Bond theme song on the UK Singles Chart; a record surpassed in 2015 by Sam Smith's \"Writing's on the Wall\". \"Skyfall\" has sold more than five million copies worldwide and earned Adele the Golden Globe Award for Best Original Song and the Academy Award for Best Original Song. In December 2012, Adele was named Billboard Artist of the Year, and 21 was named Album of the Year, making her the first artist to receive both accolades two years in a row. Adele was also named top female artist. The Associated Press named Adele Entertainer of the Year for 2012. The 2013 Grammy Awards saw Adele's live version of \"Set Fire to the Rain\" win the Grammy Award for Best Pop Solo Performance, bringing her total wins to nine. On 3 April 2012, Adele confirmed that her third album would likely be at least two years away, stating, \"I have to take time and live a little bit. There were a good two years between my first and second albums, so it'll be the same this time.\" She stated that she would continue writing and composing her own material. At the 2013 Grammy Awards, she confirmed that she was in the very early stages of her third album. She also stated that she will most likely work with Paul Epworth again. In September 2013, Wiz Khalifa confirmed that he and Adele had collaborated on a song for his fifth studio album, Blacc Hollywood, though the collaboration did not make the final track listing. In January 2014, Adele received her tenth Grammy Award with \"Skyfall\" winning Best Song Written for Visual Media at the 56th Annual Grammy Awards. On the eve of her 26th birthday in May 2014, Adele posted a cryptic message via her Twitter account which prompted media discussion about her next album. The message, \"Bye bye 25... See you again later in the year,\" was interpreted by some in the media, including Capital FM, as meaning that her next album would be titled 25 and released later in the year. In 2014, Adele was nominated for nine World Music Awards. In early August, Paul Moss suggested that an album would be released in 2014 or 2015. However, in the October 2014 accounts filed with Companies House by XL Recordings, they ruled out a 2014 release. On 27 August 2015, Billboard reported that Adele's label, XL Recordings, had intentions of releasing her third studio album sometime in November 2015. Danger Mouse was revealed to have contributed a song, while Tobias Jesso Jr. had written a track, and Ryan Tedder was \"back in the mix after producing and co-writing 'Rumour Has It' on 21.\" At the 72nd Venice International Film Festival in early September 2015, Sia announced that her new single \"Alive\" was co-written by Adele, and had originally been intended for Adele's third album. On 18 October, a 30-second clip of new material from Adele was shown on UK television during a commercial break on The X Factor. The commercial teases a snippet from a new song from her third album, with viewers hearing a voice singing accompanied by lyrics on a black screen. In a statement released three days later, Adele confirmed the album's title to be 25, with her stating, \"My last record was a break-up record, and if I had to label this one, I would call it a make-up record. Making up for lost time. Making up for everything I ever did and never did. 25 is about getting to know who I've become without realising. And I'm sorry it took so long but, you know, life happened.\" At the time, Adele said 25 would be her last album titled after her age, believing it would be the end to a trilogy. On 22 October, Adele confirmed that 25 would be released on 20 November, while the lead single from the album, \"Hello\" would be released on 23 October. The song was first played on Nick Grimshaw's Radio 1 Breakfast Show on the BBC on the morning of 23 October with Adele interviewed live. The video of \"Hello\", released on 22 October, was viewed over 27.7\u00a0million times on YouTube in its first 24 hours, breaking the Vevo record for the most views in a day, surpassing the 20.1\u00a0million views for \"Bad Blood\" by Taylor Swift. On 28 October, BBC News reported that \"Hello\" was being viewed on YouTube an average one million times an hour. \"Hello\" went on to become the fastest video to hit one billion views on YouTube, which it achieved after 88 days. The video for \"Hello\" captured iconic British elements such as a red telephone box and a cup of tea. The song debuted at number one on the UK Singles Chart on 30 October, with first week sales of 330,000 copies, making it the biggest-selling number one single in three years. \"Hello\" also debuted at number one in many countries around the world, including Australia, France, Canada, New Zealand, Ireland and Germany, and on 2 November, the song debuted at number one on the Billboard Hot 100, becoming the first song in the US to sell at least one million downloads in a week, setting the record at 1.11\u00a0million. By the end of 2015, it had sold 12.3\u00a0million units globally and was the year's 7th-best-selling single despite being released in late October. On 27 October, BBC One announced plans for Adele at the BBC, a one-hour special presented by Graham Norton, in which Adele talks about her new album and performs new songs. This was her first television appearance since performing at the 2013 Academy Awards ceremony, and the show was recorded before a live audience on 2 November for broadcast on 20 November, coinciding with the release of 25. On 27 October it was also announced that Adele would appear on the US entertainment series Saturday Night Live on 21 November. On 30 October, Adele confirmed that she would be performing a one-night-only concert titled Adele Live in New York City at the Radio City Music Hall on 17 November. Subsequently, NBC aired the concert special on 14 December. On 27 November, 25 debuted at number one on the UK Albums Chart and became the fastest selling album in UK chart history with over 800,000 copies sold in its first week. The album debuted at number one in the US where it sold a record-breaking 3.38\u00a0million copies in its first week, the largest single sales week for an album since Nielsen began monitoring sales in 1991. 25 also broke first week sales records in Canada and New Zealand. 25 became the best-selling album of 2015 in a number of countries, including Australia, the UK and the US, spending seven consecutive weeks at number one in each country, before being displaced by David Bowie's Blackstar. It was the best-selling album worldwide of 2015 with 17.4\u00a0million copies sold. 25 has since sold 20 million copies globally. Adele's seven weeks at the top of the UK Albums Chart took her total to 31 weeks at number one in the UK with her three albums, surpassing Madonna's previous record of most weeks at number one for a female act. As the best-selling artist worldwide for 2015 the IFPI named Adele the Global Recording Artist of the Year. In November 2015, Adele's 2016 tour was announced, her first tour since 2011. Beginning in Europe, Adele Live 2016 included four dates at the Manchester Arena in March 2016, six dates at the O2 Arena, London, with further dates in Ireland, Spain, Germany, Italy and the Netherlands among others. Her North American Tour began on 5 July in St. Paul, Minnesota. The leg included six nights at Madison Square Garden in New York City, eight nights at Staples Center in Los Angeles, and four nights at Air Canada Centre in Toronto. Adele broke Taylor Swift's five-show record for most consecutive sold-out shows at the Staples Center. At the 2016 Brit Awards in London on 24 February, Adele received the awards for British Female Solo Artist, British Album of the Year for 25, British Single of the Year for \"Hello\", and British Global Success, bringing her Brit Award wins to eight. She closed the ceremony by performing \"When We Were Young\", the second single from 25. Two more singles from 25 were released in 2016: \"Send My Love (To Your New Lover)\" and \"Water Under the Bridge\". While on stage at London's O2 Arena on 17 March, Adele announced that she would be headlining on the Pyramid Stage at the 2016 Glastonbury Festival, which was later confirmed by the festival's organisers. She appeared for a 90-minute fifteen song set at the festival on 25 June in front of 150,000 people, and described the experience as \"by far, the best moment of my life so far\". In an interview with Jo Whiley on BBC Radio 2 around 30-minutes before going on stage, Adele had said she had been going to Glastonbury since she was a child and that the festival had meant a lot to her, before she broke down. Whiley recalls, \"She was really scared, really, really scared. We were doing the interview and at one point she had to stop as she was in tears. It was amazing to see somebody like that, then to witness her walking out on stage and doing the most incredible set. To know that half an hour before she\u2019d been in tears at the thought of walking out there.\" As part of her world tour, in February and March 2017, Adele performed in Australia for the first time, playing outdoor stadiums around the country. Her first two shows in New Zealand sold out in a record-breaking 23 minutes, and a third show was announced, with all tickets sold in under 30 minutes. Adele sold over 600,000 tickets for her record-breaking eight date Australian tour, setting stadium records throughout the country; her Sydney show at ANZ Stadium on 10 March was seen by 95,000 people, the biggest single concert in Australian history, a record she broke the following night with more than 100,000 fans. Adele completed her world tour with two concerts, dubbed \"The Finale\", at Wembley Stadium, London on 28 and 29 June. She announced the shows at \"the home of football\" by singing the England football team's \"Three Lions\" anthem and also the theme song to the BBC's weekly Premier League football show Match of the Day. Adele had added another two concerts at Wembley after the first two dates sold out, however she cancelled the last two dates of the tour after damaging her vocal cords. As a show of support, fans instead gathered outside Wembley Stadium to perform renditions of her songs, in an event titled \"Sing for Adele\". At the end of 2016, Billboard named Adele Artist of the Year for the third time, and also received the Top Billboard 200 album. 25 was the best-selling album for a second consecutive year in the US. With 235 million views, Adele's Carpool Karaoke through the streets of London with James Corden, a sketch which featured on Corden's talk show The Late Late Show with James Corden in January 2016, was the biggest YouTube viral video of 2016. At the 59th Annual Grammy Awards in February 2017, Adele won all five of her nominations, bringing her number of awards to fifteen. She won Album of the Year and Best Pop Vocal Album for 25, and Record of the Year, Song of the Year and Best Pop Solo Performance for \"Hello\". She also performed a tribute to the late George Michael singing the rendition of his song \"Fastlove\"; due to technical difficulties which occurred during the performance, Adele decided to stop and restart, explaining \"I can't mess this up for him\". As announced on 31 July 2017, Adele switched performance rights management in the US from BMI to SESAC. Adele was reportedly working on her fourth studio album, (30) by 2018. On 5 May 2019, her 31st birthday, Adele posted several black-and-white pictures of herself on her Instagram account celebrating the occasion along with a message reflecting on the preceding year. The message ended with, \"30 will be a drum n bass record to spite you\". Media outlets took the post as an indication that a new album was on the way. On 15 February 2020, Adele announced at a friend's wedding that her fourth studio album would be out by September 2020. However, she later confirmed that the album's production and release had been delayed due to the COVID-19 pandemic. Adele made her first television appearance in almost four years by hosting the 24 October 2020 episode of Saturday Night Live, with musical guest H.E.R. On 1 October 2021, projections and billboards of the number \"30\" appeared on significant landmarks and buildings in different cities around the world, fuelling speculation that Adele was responsible, and that 30 would be the title of her fourth album. Soon after, Adele's website and social media accounts matched the aesthetic of the projections and billboards, hinting that her new album would be titled 30, which was subsequently confirmed. On 5 October 2021, Adele announced her new single titled \"Easy on Me\", set to be released on 15 October. A release date of 19 November 2021 was announced for the album shortly thereafter. On 7 October, Adele was announced to be the November cover star on both Vogue and British Vogue, the first person to simultaneously cover both publications at the same time. On 15 October, Adele released \"Easy on Me\" to a positive reception, breaking Spotify and Amazon Music records for most streams for a song in a day. The song debuted at number one on the UK Singles Chart, Adele's third UK number one, and had the highest first week sales for a single since January 2017. Debuting atop the Billboard Hot 100 it is her fifth US number one single. 30 will be her first album to be marketed globally by Columbia Records instead of being split between XL Recordings and Beggars Group's regional distribution partners in most of the world and Columbia in North America. Adele has cited the Spice Girls as a major influence in regard to her love and passion for music, stating that \"they made me what I am today\". During childhood, she impersonated the Spice Girls at dinner parties. She says she was \"heartbroken\" when her favourite Spice Girls member, Geri Halliwell aka \"Ginger Spice\", departed from the group. Growing up she also listened to Sin\u00e9ad O'Connor, the Cranberries, Bob Marley, the Cure, Dusty Springfield, Celine Dion, and Annie Lennox. One of Adele's earliest influences was Gabrielle, who she has admired since age five. During Adele's school years, her mother made her an eye patch with sequins which she used to perform as the Hackney born star in a school talent contest. After moving to south London, she became interested in R&B acts such as Aaliyah, Destiny's Child, and Mary J. Blige. Adele has stated that one of the most defining moments in her life was when she saw Pink perform at Brixton Academy in London. She says: \"It was the Missundaztood record, so I was about 13 or 14. I had never heard, being in the room, someone sing like that live [...] I remember sort of feeling like I was in a wind tunnel, her voice just hitting me. It was incredible.\" She also cites Jeff Buckley's album Grace as an influence, saying: \"I remember falling out with my best friend when I was like seven and listening to Jeff Buckley, because my mum was a huge fan. Grace has always been around me\". In 2002, 14-year-old Adele discovered Etta James and Ella Fitzgerald as she stumbled on the artists' CDs in the jazz section of her local music store. She was struck by their appearance on the album covers. Adele states she then \"started listening to Etta James every night for an hour,\" and in the process was getting \"to know my own voice.\" She has credited Amy Winehouse and her 2003 album Frank with inspiring her to take up the guitar, saying: \"If it wasn't for Amy and Frank, one hundred per cent I wouldn't have picked up a guitar, I wouldn't have written 'Daydreamer' or 'Hometown [Glory]' and I wrote 'Someone Like You' on the guitar too.\" She also states that her mother, who is very close to her, exposed her to the music of Aaliyah, Lauryn Hill, Mary J. Blige, and Alicia Keys, all of whom inspired her as well. On the rock band Queen, she says: \"I love them. They're the kind of band that's just in your DNA, really. Everyone just knows who they are.\" She has also expressed admiration for Lana Del Rey, Grimes, Chvrches, FKA Twigs, Alabama Shakes, Kanye West, Rihanna, Britney Spears, Frank Ocean, and Stevie Nicks. In 2017, she described Beyonc\u00e9 as a particular inspiration, calling her \"[the] artist of my life\" and added \"the other artists who mean that much to me are all dead.\" Adele cited Madonna's 1998 album Ray of Light as a \"chief inspiration\" for her album 25. She mentioned that Max Martin's work on Taylor Swift's \"I Knew You Were Trouble\" was the inspiration behind her song \"Send My Love (To Your New Lover)\", saying: \"I was like, 'Who did this?' I knew it was Taylor, and I've always loved her, but this is a totally other side \u2013 like, 'I want to know who brought that out in her.' I was unaware that I knew who Max Martin was. I Googled him, and I was like, 'He's literally written every massive soundtrack of my life.' So I got my management to reach out. They came to London, and I took my guitar along and was like, 'I've got this riff,' and then 'Send My Love' happened really quickly.\" Adele's debut album, 19, is of the soul genre, with lyrics addressing heartbreak and relationship. Her success occurred simultaneously with several other British female soul singers, with the British press dubbing her a new Amy Winehouse. This was described as a third British Musical Invasion of the US. However, Adele called the comparisons between her and other female soul singers lazy, noting \"we're a gender, not a genre\". AllMusic wrote that \"Adele is simply too magical to compare her to anyone.\" Her second album, 21, shares the folk and soul influences of her debut album, but was further inspired by American country and Southern blues music to which she had been exposed during her 2008\u201309 tour An Evening with Adele in North America. Conceived in the aftermath of Adele's breakup with a partner, the album typifies the near dormant tradition of the confessional singer-songwriter in its exploration of heartbreak, self-examination, and forgiveness. Having referred to 21 as a \"break-up record\", Adele labelled her third studio album, 25, a \"make-up record\", adding it is about \"Making up for lost time. Making up for everything I ever did and never did.\" Her yearning for her old self, her nostalgia, and melancholy about the passage of time, is a feature of 25, with Adele stating, \"I've had a lot of regrets since I turned 25. And sadness hits me in different ways than it used to. There's a lot of things I don't think I'll ever get 'round to doing.\" \"Clutching a Brits Critics' Choice Award before she'd even released her debut album, Adele had what seems like pre-ordained success, but it never would have happened without her extraordinary voice. Appropriately, her big, smoky pipes enter tonight before she does \u2013 singing from the wings, before she suddenly emerges, cackling \"Awright Leeds.\" These first few seconds encapsulate her special connection with the public. A peculiar mixture of the sublime and the mundane. One minute she's adding an eerie tremor to the lyric \"Of my world\", the next she's explaining to the people pondering aloud just how one might Set Fire to the Rain, that the song was inspired \"when mah lightah stopped workin'\" in the wet.\" \u2014Dave Simpson of The Guardian on Adele's voice and down to earth persona. Adele is a mezzo-soprano, with a range spanning from B2 to C6. However Classic FM states she is often mistaken for a contralto due to the application of a tense chest mix to reach the lower notes, while also noting that her voice becomes its clearest as she ascends the register, particularly from C4 to C5. Rolling Stone reported that following throat surgery her voice had become \"palpably bigger and purer-toned\", and that she had added a further four notes to the top of her range. Initially, critics suggested that her vocals were more developed and intriguing than her songwriting, a sentiment with which Adele agreed. She has stated: \"I taught myself how to sing by listening to Ella Fitzgerald for acrobatics and scales, Etta James for passion and Roberta Flack for control.\" Adele's singing has received acclaim from music critics. In a review of 19, The Observer stated, \"The way she stretched the vowels, her wonderful soulful phrasing, the sheer unadulterated pleasure of her voice, stood out all the more; little doubt that she's a rare singer\". BBC Music wrote, \"Her melodies exude warmth, her singing is occasionally stunning and, ...she has tracks that make Lily Allen and Kate Nash sound every bit as ordinary as they are.\" Also in 2008, Sylvia Patterson of The Guardian wrote, \"Of all the gobby new girls, only Adele's bewitching singing voice has the enigmatic quality which causes tears of involuntary emotion to splash down your face in the way Eva Cassidy's did before her.\" For their reviews of 21, The New York Times' chief music critic Jon Pareles commended Adele's emotive timbre, likening her to Dusty Springfield, Petula Clark, and Annie Lennox: \"[Adele] can seethe, sob, rasp, swoop, lilt and belt, in ways that draw more attention to the song than to the singer\". Ryan Reed of Paste magazine regarded her voice as \"a raspy, aged-beyond-its-years thing of full-blooded beauty\", while MSN Music's Tom Townshend called her \"the finest singer of [our] generation\". Adele has also been dubbed a \"vocal goddess\". Adele began dating charity entrepreneur Simon Konecki in mid-2011. Their son Angelo James was born on 19 October 2012. On the topic of becoming a parent, Adele said she \"felt like I was truly living. I had a purpose, where before I didn't\". Adele and Konecki brought a privacy case against a UK-based photo agency that published intrusive paparazzi images of their son taken during family outings in 2013. Lawyers working on their behalf accepted damages from the company in July 2014. Adele has also opened up about suffering from postnatal depression, anxiety, and panic attacks. In early 2017, tabloids started speculating that Adele and Konecki had secretly married when they were spotted wearing matching rings on their ring fingers. During her acceptance speech at the 59th Annual Grammy Awards for Album of the Year, Adele seemed to have confirmed these reports by referring to Konecki as \"my husband\" when thanking him. She repeated this in March 2017, telling the audience at a concert in Brisbane, Australia, \"I'm married now\". However, in a 2021 interview with British Vogue, she revealed that they actually married in 2018, and separated the same year. During this time, Adele became a stay-at-home mother. In April 2019, Adele's representatives confirmed the separation via Associated Press, and affirmed that she and Konecki would continue to raise their son together. On 13 September 2019, it was reported that Adele had filed for divorce from Konecki in the US. Their divorce was finalised on 4 March 2021. In 2021, Adele entered a relationship with American sports agent Rich Paul. Politically, she is a supporter of the Labour Party, saying in 2011 that she was a \"Labour girl through and through\", and in the same interview was critical of the Conservative Party. Despite this declared political alignment, Adele received backlash for her comments on paying taxes during a 2011 interview with Q magazine. She said, \"I use the NHS, I can't use public transport any more, doing what I do, I went to state school, I'm mortified to have to pay 50 percent! Trains are always late, most state schools are shit and I've gotta give you like four million quid, are you having a laugh? When I got my tax bill in from 19 I was ready to go and buy a gun and randomly open fire.\" In 2015, Adele said, \"I'm a feminist, I believe that everyone should be treated the same, including race and sexuality\". Born in the North London district of Tottenham, Adele supports local football club Tottenham Hotspur. In 2017, Adele was ranked the richest musician under age 30 in the UK and Ireland on the Sunday Times Rich List, which valued her wealth at \u00a3125\u00a0million. She was ranked the 19th richest musician overall. On the 2019 list, she was valued at \u00a3150\u00a0million as the 22nd richest musician in the UK. Supportive of the LGBT community, on 12 June 2016, an emotional Adele dedicated her show in Antwerp, Belgium, to the victims of the mass shooting at a gay nightclub in Orlando, Florida, United States, earlier that day, adding, \"The LGBTQ community, they're like my soul mates since I was really young, so I'm very moved by it.\" In April 2018, it was widely reported that Adele had become an ordained minister in order to officiate at close friend comedian Alan Carr's wedding to Paul Drayton, something which Adele herself subsequently confirmed. The wedding, held in January 2018, took place in the garden of her house in Los Angeles, California. Adele has performed in numerous charity concerts throughout her career. In 2007 and 2008, she performed at the Little Noise Sessions held at London's Union Chapel, with proceeds from the concerts donated to Mencap which works with people with learning disabilities. In July and November 2008, Adele performed at the Keep a Child Alive Black Ball in London and New York City respectively. On 17 September 2009, she performed at the Brooklyn Academy of Music, for the VH1 Divas event, a concert to raise money for the Save The Music Foundation charity. On 6 December, Adele opened with a 40-minute set at John Mayer's 2nd Annual Holiday Charity Revue held at the Nokia Theatre in Los Angeles. In 2011, Adele gave a free concert for Pride London, a registered charity which arranges LGBT events in London. The same year, Adele took part in the UK charity telethon Comic Relief for Red Nose Day 2011, performing \"Someone like You\". Adele has been a major contributor to MusiCares, a charity organisation founded by the National Academy of Recording Arts and Sciences for musicians in need. In February 2009, Adele performed at the 2009 MusiCares charity concert in Los Angeles. In 2011 and 2012, Adele donated autographed items for auctions to support MusiCares. Adele required all backstage visitors to the North American leg of her Adele Live tour to donate a minimum charitable contribution of US$20 for the UK charity SANDS, an organisation dedicated to \"supporting anyone affected by the death of a baby and promoting research to reduce the loss of babies' lives\". On 15 June 2017, Adele attended a vigil in west London for the victims of the Grenfell Tower fire where, keeping a low profile, she was only spotted by a handful of fans. Four days later she appeared at Chelsea fire station and brought cakes for the firefighters. Station manager Ben King stated \"She came in, came up to the mess and had a cup of tea with the watch and then she joined us for the minute's silence.\" Paying tribute to the victims at her first Wembley show on 28 June, Adele encouraged fans to donate money to help the victims of the blaze rather than waste the money on \"overpriced wine\". Adele's early success as a soul singer-songwriter earned her the title \"Queen of Soul\". Richard Russell, the founder of record label XL Recordings, complimented Adele that she had the potential to change the way women were seen in the music industry by focusing on music rather than sexuality. The New Yorker called her \"the most popular living soul singer in the world\" at 27-years-old. Writing for Vulture, Jillian Mapes opined that Adele is \"among the first plus-size female cultural icons to reach the highest echelons of commercial success without having to make herself the butt of fat jokes along the way\". Time described her as \"a voice for every generation\" and further stated that \"Adele bridges pop music\u2019s past and its future\". Billboard credited Adele for reviving the music industry in 2011, the year of 21's release, and wrote: \"She was a unique presence not only in 2011, but in all of 21st century pop: a preternaturally gifted singer and songwriter with a leave-it-all-on-the-floor approach to recording and performing \u2014 and also an earthy, relatable, and strangely unassuming personality both on and off the stage\". Junkee and Consequence of Sound also credited her for revitalizing pop music and heralding \"a new era of relatable pop\" due to the critical and commercial success of 21. Consequence of Sound ranked Adele at number 34 on its list of The 100 Greatest Singers of All Time, describing her voice as \"athletic and authentic\" and \"an unapologetic powerhouse with a knack for tone and an ability to imbue her performances with genuine emotion\". Insider listed her among the top artists of the decade, and wrote: \"Her artistry and style broke through in a time of ultra club-happy pop music, and paved the way for other artists to break the mold\". Adele and her work has influenced numerous recording artists, including Beyonc\u00e9, Lauren Daigle, Rebecca Ferguson, Jess Glynne, Conan Gray, Freya Ridings, and Sam Smith. At the 51st Annual Grammy Awards in 2009, 21-year-old Adele won awards in the categories of Best New Artist and Best Female Pop Vocal Performance. She was also nominated in the categories of Record of the Year and Song of the Year. The success of her debut album 19 saw Adele nominated for three Brit Awards in the categories of British Female Solo Artist, British Single of the Year and British Breakthrough Act. Then British Prime Minister Gordon Brown sent a thank-you letter to Adele that stated \"with the troubles that the country's in financially, you're a light at the end of the tunnel\". Adele's second album, 21, earned her a record-tying six Grammy Awards, including Album of the Year; two Brit Awards, including British Album of the Year. Adele was the second artist and first female, preceded by Christopher Cross, to have won all four of the general field awards throughout her career. The success of the album saw her receive numerous mentions in the Guinness Book of World Records. With 21 non-consecutive weeks at number 1 in the US, Adele broke the record for the longest number-1 album by a woman in Billboard history, beating the record formerly held by Whitney Houston's soundtrack The Bodyguard. 21 spent its 23rd week at number one in March 2012, making it the longest-running album at number one since 1985, and it became the fourth-best-selling album of the past 10 years in the US. The best selling album in the UK of the 21st century, and the best selling album by a female in UK chart history, 21 is also the second-best-selling album in the UK of all time. 21 was her first album certified diamond in the US. On 6 March, 21 reached 30 non-consecutive weeks at number one on the Australian ARIA Chart, making it the longest-running number one album in Australia in the 21st century, and the second longest-running number one ever. In February 2012, Adele was listed at number five on VH1's 100 Greatest Women in Music. In April 2012, Time magazine named Adele one of the 100 most influential people in the world. People named her one of 2012 Most Beautiful at Every Age. On 30 April 2012, a tribute to Adele was held at New York City's (Le) Poisson Rouge called Broadway Sings Adele, starring various Broadway actors such as Matt Doyle. In July 2012, Adele was listed at number six in Forbes list of the world's highest-paid celebrities under the age of 30, having earned \u00a323\u00a0million between May 2011 and May 2012. In the week ending 3 March 2012, Adele became the first solo female artist to have three singles in the top 10 of the Billboard Hot 100 at the same time with \"Rolling in the Deep\", \"Someone Like You\", and \"Set Fire to the Rain\" as well as the first female artist to have two albums in the top 5 of the Billboard 200 and two singles in the top 5 of the Billboard Hot 100 simultaneously. Adele topped the 2012 Sunday Times Rich List of musicians in the UK under 30, and made the Top 10 of Billboard magazine's \"Top 40 Money Makers\". Billboard also announced the same day that Adele's \"Rolling in the Deep\" is the biggest crossover hit of the past 25 years, topping pop, adult pop and adult contemporary charts and that Adele is one of four female artists to have an album chart at number one for more than 13 weeks (the other three artists being Judy Garland, Carole King, and Whitney Houston). At the 2012 Ivor Novello Awards in May, Adele was named Songwriter of the Year, and \"Rolling in the Deep\" won the award for Most Performed Work of 2011. At the 2012 BMI Awards held in London in October, Adele won Song of the Year (for \"Rolling in the Deep\") in recognition of the song being the most played on US television and radio in 2011. In 2013, Adele won the Academy Award for Best Original Song for the James Bond theme \"Skyfall\". This is the first James Bond song to win and the fifth to be nominated\u2014after \"For Your Eyes Only\" (1981), \"Nobody Does It Better\" (1977), \"Live and Let Die\" (1973), and \"The Look of Love\" (1967). \"Skyfall\" won the Brit Award for Best British Single at the 2013 Brit Awards. In June 2013, Adele was appointed a MBE in the Queen's Birthday Honours list for services to music, and she received the award from Prince Charles at Buckingham Palace on 19 December 2013. In February 2013 she was named one of the 100 most powerful women in the UK by Woman's Hour on BBC Radio 4. In April 2016, Adele appeared for the second time on the Time 100 list of most influential people. In 2014, Adele was already being regarded as a British cultural icon, with young adults from abroad naming her among a group of people whom they most associated with UK culture, which included William Shakespeare, Queen Elizabeth II, David Beckham, J. K. Rowling, The Beatles, Charlie Chaplin and Elton John. Released in 2015, Adele's third album, 25, became the year's best-selling album and broke first week sales records in a number of markets, including the UK and the US. 25 was her second album to be certified diamond in the US and earned her five Grammy Awards, including her second Grammy Award for Album of the Year, and four Brit Awards for British Female Solo Artist, British Album of the Year, British Single of the Year for \"Hello\", and British Global Success. Adele became the only artist in history to, on two separate occasions, win the three general categories Grammys in the same ceremony. With 15 awards from 18 nominations, Adele won more Grammys than any other female who was born outside the U.S. Adele's seven weeks at the top of the UK Albums Chart took her total to 31 weeks at number one in the UK with her three albums, surpassing Madonna's previous record of most weeks at number one for a female act in the UK. The lead single, \"Hello\", became the first song in the US to sell over one million digital copies within a week of its release. At the 2016 Ivor Novello Awards Adele was named Songwriter of the Year by the British Academy of Songwriters, Composers, and Authors. As of 6 August 2019, despite releasing just two albums in the decade (21 and 25), at 36 weeks she has the second most weeks at number one in the UK Album Charts in the 2010s, five weeks behind Ed Sheeran (who has released four albums). In December 2019, Israel's largest TV and radio stations named her singer of the 2010s. 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   },
   {
    "name": "Lloyd Hildebrand",
    "id": "Q26044",
    "text": "Lloyd Augustin Biden Hildebrand (25 December 1870, in Tottenham, United Kingdom \u2013 1 April 1924, in Levallois-Perret, France) was a British racing cyclist who competed in the late 19th century and early 20th century. He lived in France and married a French woman. He participated in cycling at the 1900 Summer Olympics in Paris, winning the silver medal in the men's 25 kilometre race. Called Louis Hildebrand in France. \"PARIS 1900 CYCLING TRACK 25 KILOMETRES MEN RESULTS\". Olympics.com. Retrieved 2 August 2021. IOC\u00a0: Paris 1900, Cycling Track Results on olympic.org \"Lloyd Hildebrand Olympic Results\". sports-reference.com. Archived from the original on 18 April 2020. Retrieved 1 May 2013. \"Lloyd Hildebrand\". Olympedia. Retrieved 25 December 2020. v t e"
   },
   {
    "name": "Wretch 32",
    "id": "Q116369",
    "text": "Jermaine Sinclaire Scott (born 9 March 1985), better known by his stage name Wretch 32, is a British rapper, singer and songwriter from Tottenham, North London. He was a member of the grime collective Combination Chain Gang, before forming The Movement with Scorcher, Ghetts, and Mercston. In 2011, Wretch 32 had three top-five charting songs from debut album Black and White and amassed over a million record sales, including the single \"Don't Go\" which peaked at number-one on the UK Singles Chart. In 2012 he was employed by both Adidas and Coca-Cola as one of the main faces of their London 2012 Olympics campaigns and on 1 July 2012, he won 'Best International Act' at the 2012 BET Awards. Born in March 1985 to a Jamaican family, Jermaine grew up alongside crews Combination Chain Gang and The Movement, the latter of which featured himself, Scorcher, Ghetts, Mercston and Devlin. Continuing his MC career in 2006, Scott under the name Wretch 32 released a series of mixtapes, including Teacher's Training Day \u2013 which featured guest appearances from Ghetts, Bashy and Scorcher. His mother was from Jamaica, where \"wretch\" meant slim or skinny. She called him Wretch as a child, and the name stuck. 32 is his lucky number and he thought it would be fun to have a number as a surname, so he added 32 to the end of Wretch. His debut studio album, Wretchrospective was released in the United Kingdom during 2008, prior to Wretch's signing with record label Ministry of Sound. On 6 December 2010, Wretch 32 was named as one of the nominees for BBC's Sound of 2011, an annual poll which predicts artists that will progress during the upcoming year. In 2010 Wretch 32 won an Official Mixtape Award for the 'best hiphop mixtape of 2009. On 16 January 2011, Wretch released \"Traktor\" as the lead single from his second studio album Black and White. through Ministry of Sound as both a digital download and a CD single. The track saw commercial success, having been selected as BBC Radio 1's Reggie Yates Weekend Anthem on 19\u201320 December 2010, before debuting at number five on the UK Singles Chart as the third highest entry of the week. \"Unorthodox\", featuring British rapper Example, was released as the second single from the album on 17 April 2011. The song, which sampled The Stone Roses' 1989 hit \"Fools Gold\" debuted at number two in the UK, also topping the R&B chart and independent releases chart; having been selected as Jo Whiley's Weekend Anthem on 26\u201327 March 2011. \"Don't Go\", featuring Josh Kumra, was released as the album's third single on 14 August 2011. It entered the UK Singles Chart at number one, being Wretch's most successful single to date. On 11 December 2011, \"Forgiveness\" featuring Etta Bond was released as the album's fourth single. It charted at number 49 on the UK Singles Chart as the album's least successful single. \"Hush Little Baby\", featuring Ed Sheeran, was released as the fifth and final single from Black and White on 27 May 2012, peaking at number 35 on the UK Singles Chart. During April and May 2012, Wretch completed an arena tour around the UK, first supporting Example from 20 to 30 April 2012, and then starting his own second headline tour from 8\u201419, May 2012, supported by Jakwob and Kyra. The tours saw the debut of a new track titled \"Blur\", to be featured on his upcoming album Growing Over Life. The song features on the FIFA 13 soundtrack, as the full track's first appearance. In early 2012, Wretch 32 led a national TV and advertising campaign with Adidas for the London 2012 Olympics. Wretch recorded a song alongside friend and producer Wizzy Wow that was used for the Adidas #takethestage campaign and TV advert. He featured as the main face of the TV advert and was also one of the key faces of the billboard and poster campaign across the country. On 1 July 2012, Wretch 32 won 'Best International Artist' at the BET Awards. Over the course of July he also partnered with Coca-Cola and completed a tour along the south coast of Britain, following the Olympic Torch Relay in the buildup to London 2012 and playing sets in the evening celebrations. He played a stripped version of his arena tour setlist, cutting out \"Forgiveness\", \"Hush Little Baby\", \"Blur\" and \"Don't Be Afraid\". A freestyle rap was filmed in Dorset to celebrate the event, taking a tour of the area with some parkour experts. On 15 August 2012, Wretch released his mixtape Wretchercise. It features collaborations with several artists including Chip, Scorcher, Loick Essien, Krept, Konan and Kano. In November 2012, Wretch's debut album Wretchrospective was re-released on iTunes, with Action Man (a track from Wretchercise) as a bonus track. In late 2012 a new track titled \"Pop?\" received airplay on many major radio stations, and remixes from Mel\u00e9, Fake Blood and Wonder have been revealed. The track was released as a promotional single on 27 January 2013 and the Mel\u00e9 remix features on the Ministry of Sound compilation Clubbers Guide 2013. It received mixed reviews as it samples \"P's and Q's\" by Kano, a fellow UK rapper. On 4 March 2013, MistaJam on BBC Radio 1Xtra premiered \"Blackout\" featuring Shakka, the lead single from Wretch's upcoming third studio album Growing Over Life. The song is produced by Knox Brown, who also worked on several songs for Wretchercise. He revealed in an interview with Link Up TV that he has also been working with George the Poet and Jacob Banks, within the \"Renowned\" music group. The album was due to be released in August, but is now expected to be released by early 2014. On 18 June 2013, MistaJam premiered \"Doing OK\" featuring Jacob Banks, the second single from the album. The song is also produced by Knox Brown. Wretch is due to complete a UK headline tour with George the Poet, Jacob Banks and Context in May 2014. He also made an appearance on Naughty Boy's debut album Hotel Cabana on the track \"Pluto\" alongside Emeli Sand\u00e9. In a live Google Hangout with Jacob Banks, Wretch confirmed collaborations with Eshraque \"iSHi\" Mughal, Angel, Daley and Beenie Man on the album. He has since confirmed the track names \"Flatline\", \"Rock Bottom\" and \"Raindrops\" featuring Beenie Man. Another track titled \"24 Hours\" appears on the soundtrack to FIFA 14, but it ended up not appearing on the album. The album's third single, \"6 Words\", premiered in September 2014, and was released in November, reaching number eight in the UK Singles Chart and therefore making it one of his most successful songs. On 18 December 2015, he released a joint mixtape with a young emerging North London artist; Avelino. The mixtape, Young Fire, Old Flame, has been labelled an industry success. The duo's Fire In The Booth freestyle on BBC Radio 1Xtra was credited by host Charlie Sloth as being the best the show had ever had. Growing Over Life was released on 2 September 2016. It was preceded by the singles \"Antwi\", \"Liberation\", \"All a Dream\", \"I.O.U\" and \"Open Conversation & Mark Duggan\", all released throughout 2016 in the run-up to the album. He released FR32 in 2017. Scott has two children with ex-girlfriend Ashlee: Kyrayn Scott (born 2006) and Skye-Laurell Scott (born 2011). Wretch is the nephew of equal rights campaigner Stafford Scott, who has written for The Guardian, and co-founded the Broadwater Farm Defence Campaign in 1985, and is cousin of professional boxer (4-0) Viddal Riley. Although Wretch 32 is from Tottenham, he is an avid Arsenal fan. In March 2019, Scott claimed he had an Airbnb booking cancelled because the host \"had an issue with Coloured folk and felt uncomfortable\". Airbnb later said: \"We were concerned to hear about this experience and have reached out to Wretch 32 and his management to learn more. Discrimination has no place on Airbnb and goes against everything our community stands for.\" Studio albums 2008: Wretchrospective 2011: Black and White 2016: Growing Over Life 2017: FR32 2019: Upon Reflection \"WRETCH 32 United Kingdom Trademark Brand Information - Jermaine Sinclaire Scott co/ Van Straten Solicitors, Portobello Dock, RB Building, 557 Harrow Road, London GB W10 4RH\". www.trademarkia.com. 20 July 2012. Retrieved 16 March 2021. \"Universal Music Publishing Group\". www.umusicpub.com. 2017. Retrieved 16 March 2021. \"Jermaine Sinclaire SCOTT - Personal Appointments (free information from Companies House)\". find-and-update.company-information.service.gov.uk. Retrieved 16 March 2021. Stephen Clark - Design. \"Wretch 32: Ploughing on through\". Retrieved 11 March 2015. Wretch 32 \u2013 Teacher's Training Day, Retrieved 16 January 2011. Q&A: Wretch 32, Retrieved 24 February 2014. \"Ministry of Sound - Music\". 18 March 2011. Archived from the original on 18 March 2011. \"BBC - BBC Music Sound Of, 2011, Wretch 32 - Traktor (Sound of 2011)\". BBC. Retrieved 11 March 2015. \"New Mixtape From OMA-Best Hip Hop 2009 Winner Wretch 32, Wretchercise\". Archived from the original on 19 March 2013. Retrieved 11 March 2015. Wretch 32 \u2013 Traktor \u2013 Information, Retrieved 16 January 2011. BBC Radio 1 \u2013 Switch \u2013 20 December 2010 \u2013 Tracklisting, Retrieved 15 January 2011. Peak positions for singles in the United Kingdom: For \"Traktor\": \"Chart Archive > UK Singles > 29 January 2011\". Official Charts Company. Retrieved 13 February 2011. For \"Unorthodox\": \"Chart Archive > UK Singles > 30 April 2011\". Official Charts Company. Retrieved 9 May 2011. For \"Don't Go\": \"Chart Archive > UK Singles > 27 August 2011\". Official Charts Company. Retrieved 8 November 2011. For Black and White: \"Chart Archive > UK Albums > 3 September 2011\". Official Charts Company. Retrieved 8 November 2011. For \"Hangover\": \"Chart Archive > UK Singles > 1 October 2011\". Official Charts Company. Retrieved 8 November 2011. BBC Radio 1 \u2013 Request Show \u2013 26 March 2011 BBC Radio 1, Retrieved 18 April 2011. \"Wretch 32 - Blur (Fifa 13 Playlist Song) - YouTube\". YouTube. 25 September 2012. Video on YouTube \"Wretchercise by Wretch 32 on SoundCloud\". SoundCloud. 15 August 2012. \"Link Up TV: Wretch 32 talks Pop, New Album, Renowned + MORE - YouTube\". YouTube. 9 February 2013. \"Twitter / iAmShakka: #AhYeah. @Wretch32 @KnoxBrown ...\" Twitter. 16 March 2013. \"Wretch 32 ft Jacob Banks - 'Doing Ok' by Wretch 32 on SoundCloud\". SoundCloud. 18 June 2013. \"Timeline Photos\". Facebook. 19 June 2013. Archived from the original on 28 January 2016. \"iTunes \u2013 Music \u2013 Hotel Cabana (Deluxe Version) by Naughty Boy\". iTunes Store. Archived from the original on 2 October 2013. \"Wretch 32 & Jacob Banks Google Plus Hangout - YouTube\". YouTube. 28 August 2013. \"Wretch 32 - Interview - MTV Brand New 2014 - Drury Club - London\". YouTube. 29 January 2014. \"Wretch 32 - '24 Hours' (Official Audio)\". YouTube. 27 September 2013. \"Young Fire Old Flame by Wretch 32 and Avelino on Mixtape Madness\". Mixtape Madness. 15 December 2015. Zadeh, Joe (14 December 2015). \"Wretch 32's 1Xtra Freestyle Is Staggering, So Why Are His Singles so Bait?\". Noisey. \"Wretch 32: My music doesn't impress my son - he's embarrassed of me\". Metro. 1 December 2011. \"A Conversation with Wretch 32 About Police Brutality, and His Brand New Video for \"Liberation\"\". Noisey. 5 July 2016. \"Stafford Scott\". the Guardian. \"FA Cup: Wretch 32 re-lives Arsenal's victory over Man Utd\". BBC. 28 May 2015. Retrieved 19 December 2015. \"Imagine @Airbnb_uk cancelled my booking, stole half my money because the host had an issue with \"Coloured folk & felt uncomfortable\" I've heard of birthday beats but not birthday teefs\". Twitter.com. 9 March 2019. Crofts, Hannah (10 March 2019). \"Wretch 32 claims his Airbnb booking was cancelled because the host 'had an issue with Coloured folk and felt uncomfortable'\". The National Student. Retrieved 22 April 2020. \"BBC Sound of 2011: Clare Maguire - BBC News\". Bbc.co.uk. Retrieved 21 May 2020. \"MTV's Brand New: For 2011 Acts Announced! | MTV UK\". Mtv.co.uk. 30 November 2010. Retrieved 21 May 2020. \"BET Awards Archives\". Bet.com. Retrieved 21 May 2020. \"2017 MOBO AWARDS NOMINATIONS: GET THE FULL LIST NOW | MOBO Organisation\". Beta.mobo.com. Retrieved 28 February 2018. Official website Official Web Shop Wretch 32 Interview - Reading Festival 2013"
   },
   {
    "name": "Skepta",
    "id": "Q164446",
    "text": "Joseph Junior Adenuga (born 19 September 1982), known professionally as Skepta, is a British grime MC, rapper, songwriter and record producer. Skepta, alongside his younger brother Jme, briefly joined Roll Deep before becoming founding members of Boy Better Know in 2005. With Boy Better Know, Skepta clashed with fellow MC Devilman for the video release Lord of the Mics 2, in what is remembered as one of the biggest clashes in grime history. Skepta released his debut studio album Greatest Hits in 2007 and his second album, Microphone Champion in 2009, both independently; while his third studio album Doin' It Again was released in 2011 by AATW. He made his acting debut in the 2015 film Anti-Social. Skepta's fourth studio album, Konnichiwa (2016), featured the hit singles \"That's Not Me\" and \"Shutdown\". The album, which was widely acclaimed, won the Mercury Prize. In 2018, he was featured on American rapper ASAP Rocky's single \"Praise the Lord (Da Shine)\", which became both artists' highest charting single and a global hit. In 2019, Skepta released Ignorance Is Bliss, which charted in fifteen countries. Insomnia (2020), a collaborative album with British rappers Chip and Young Adz, became Skepta's third album to reach the top 10 of the UK Albums Chart. Skepta has been nominated for three Brit Awards, including the Brit Award for British Male Solo Artist. His influence on contemporary British popular culture as a key figure in the grime scene saw him appear on Debrett's 2017 list of the most influential people in the UK. On 4 April 2018, he was installed as a chief in his family's ancestral Nigerian hometown in Ogun State, receiving the chieftaincy title of the Amuludun of Odo-Aje. Joseph Junior Adenuga was born to Nigerian parents, of respective Yoruba (paternal) and Igbo (maternal) backgrounds, on 19 September 1982, in Tottenham, North London He is the eldest of four children; fellow musician Jme, radio presenter Julie and graphic designer Jason. Skepta was originally a DJ from Tottenham-based grime collective Meridian Crew. The Meridian Crew performed 'sets' or sessions on pirate radio (most notably Heat FM 96.6) where fellow crew members sometimes referred to him as \"Scoopa Daniels\". Early in his career, Skepta released instrumentals including \"DTI (Pirate Station Anthem)\" and \"Private Caller\". Skepta began MCing shortly before Meridian Crew disbanded in 2005, after which Skepta, alongside his brother Jme, joined Roll Deep for a short period of time before becoming founding members of Boy Better Know in 2006. Skepta was convinced to begin MCing by Wiley after his records were taken away from him by the police. Following the formation of Boy Better Know, Skepta clashed with fellow MC Devilman for the DVD Lord of the Mics 2, in what is remembered as one of the biggest clashes in grime history. Shortly after the clash, Skepta released a mixtape entitled \"Joseph Junior Adenuga\". Skepta publicly released his debut album Greatest Hits on 17 September 2007, on his label Boy Better Know. Skepta self-released the first single \"Rolex Sweep\" in September 2008 and reached number 89 on the UK Singles Chart. Skepta then released the album Microphone Champion on 1 June 2009. He then also released single \"Too Many Man\" with Jme, Wiley, Frisco and Shorty, which went to chart at number 79. Skepta has released five singles off his third studio album Doin' It Again (first with a major label), titled \"Bad Boy\", \"Rescue Me\", \"Cross My Heart\" featuring Preeya Kalidas, \"So Alive\" and \"Amnesia\", as well as a video for the Hello Good Morning (Grime Remix). Three singles charted in the Top 40 of the UK Singles Chart, with \"Rescue Me\" being the most successful at number 14. \"Cross My Heart\" came in at number 31 and dropped out of the Top 40 a week later. Doin' It Again spent 3 weeks in the top 100 album charts and debuted and peaked at number 19 on its first week of release. In 2011, Skepta caused a controversy by releasing a hardcore music video of his single \"All Over the House\". In 2012, Skepta released two singles from his fourth forthcoming album. Both \"Hold On\" and \"Make Peace Not War\" were Top 40 charting singles in the UK but were a departure from Skepta's usual sound. Skepta's second major label album was intended to be released in the fourth quarter of 2011, entitled The Honeymoon but was delayed till 2012. After a disappointing response from the first two singles Skepta decided to release a purchasable mixtape, titled Blacklisted. It was released on 2 December 2012 along with music videos to support the release prior to the release. In March 2014, Skepta provided a verse for the remix of \"German Whip\" by Meridian Dan, and in the same month, he released his new single, \"That's Not Me\", featuring his brother Jme, peaking at number 21 on the UK charts. The single's music video won the award for Best Video at the 2014 MOBO Awards. Upon receiving the award, Skepta stated that the video cost him \u00a380. In late 2014, Skepta released another single titled \"It Ain't Safe\" featuring ASAP Bari. This was followed in early 2015 with \"Shutdown\", as well as features on \"Red Eye to Paris\" by Flatbush Zombies and the remix of \"Ojuelegba\" by Wizkid, also featuring Drake. Skepta and others joined Kanye West at a surprise show in London, performing numerous songs together during a shared set. He was also named one of GQ's 50 best dressed British men in 2015. In an interview it stated that Skepta's making his acting debut in 2015 film Anti-Social, released initially in May. On 14 February 2016 Skepta released \"Ladies Hit Squad\" featuring grime artist D Double E and American rapper ASAP Nast, of the New York-based ASAP Mob. Through a post on Instagram, Skepta announced that his album, Konnichiwa was due to be released on 6 May 2016. Konnichiwa became Grime's highest charting album, peaking at number 2 in the UK music charts. Konnichiwa features songs such as \"That's Not Me\", \"Shutdown\" and \"Man\". The release of Konnichiwa was celebrated with a launch party on 5 May 2016 held in Tokyo and live streamed on Boiler Room, featuring a live performance of the entire album by Skepta and supporting performances from Japanese trap artists Kohh, Dutch Montana, Loota, and DJ Riki. Skepta began his \"Banned From America\" two-part, 14-show tour on 16 April 2017 at the Coachella Valley Music and Arts Festival, which covered cities throughout the United States and Europe. The tour was named as such in reference to Skepta's forced cancellation of his 2016 \"No Fear\" American tour in support of Konnichiwa, when his application for a visa to enter the United States was denied. Skepta released his Vicious EP on 31 October 2017, with songs featuring ASAP Rocky, Lil B, and Section Boyz. In the summer of 2017, rumours on the underground dance scene suggested an imminent collaboration between Skepta and drum'n'bass pioneer Goldie. This was confirmed in Goldie's 2017 memoir All Things Remembered, which refers to him having done a track with Skepta. It has not yet been released. Skepta featured on ASAP Rocky's \"Praise the Lord (Da Shine)\", which was released in May 2018. The single charted on the Billboard Hot 100. Also in May, Skepta released his single \"Pure Water\", which peaked at number 78 in the UK. He followed this in June with \"Energy (Stay Far Away)\" with Wizkid, which reached number 59. In December 2019 he appeared as himself in a Grand Theft Auto Online expansion as a radio host with Danny Brown. Brown also lent his voice to another fictional character in the game. He also collaborated with Gorillaz and Tony Allen on the song \"How Far?\" in May 2020. On 4 April 2018, he was installed as a chief in his Nigerian hometown in Ogun State, receiving the chieftaincy title of the Amuludun of Odo-Aje. In July 2018, Skepta revealed he was going to become a father via his Instagram account, and posted a picture of an ultrasound scan. In December he posted a photo of him bottle-feeding the infant, who was revealed to be called River. The next month, he posted a photo of his baby daughter. Studio albums Greatest Hits (2007) Microphone Champion (2009) Doin' It Again (2011) Konnichiwa (2016) Ignorance Is Bliss (2019) Collaborative albums Insomnia (with Chip and Young Adz) (2020) Mixtapes Joseph Junior Adenuga (2006) Been There Done That (2010) Community Payback (2011) Blacklisted (2012) The Tim Westwood Mix (2015) All In (2021) \"Thank you for all the birthday wishes, I appreciate it trust me. Love\". Twitter. 19 September 2015. Yates, Kieran (3 October 2014). \"Jammer's top grime clashes: featuring Wiley, Kano, Skepta, Devilman and more\". The Guardian. Archived from the original on 9 May 2017. Retrieved 12 January 2016. Trammell, Matthew (4 May 2015). \"Why Grime Beef Might Shake Rap Awake This Year\". The FADER. Archived from the original on 20 February 2016. Retrieved 12 January 2016. \"Debrett's 500 List: Music\". The Daily Telegraph. 21 January 2017. Archived from the original on 21 February 2017. Retrieved 5 April 2018. Agbo, Njideka (5 April 2018). \"Skepta Bags Chieftancy Title In Ogun State\". The Guardian. Archived from the original on 6 October 2018. O'Brien, Jon. \"Skepta\". AllMusic. Retrieved 3 April 2012. Okoh, Lize. \"Skepta: Why This Rap Chief Is so Big in Nigeria\". Culture Trip. Retrieved 12 August 2020. \"Skepta, JME, Julie ... are the Adenugas Britain's most creative family?\". the Guardian. 16 October 2020. Retrieved 13 November 2020. Old Meridian Crew Heat FM set Sept 2002 JME Skepta Big H Bossman on YouTube MERIDIAN CREW ON HEAT FM, 2004 on YouTube Dj skepta meridian crew ft wood green mobb heat fm 2001 on YouTube Ward, Billy (26 June 2019). \"The Dummy guide to Skepta\". Dummy. Retrieved 16 January 2021. Rinse:04 \u2013 Skepta - Rinse:04 \u2013 Skepta | Rinse FM, archived from the original on 27 October 2019, retrieved 27 October 2019 Moir, Sam (25 March 2011). \"Skepta's new video: a step too far?\". The Independent. Archived from the original on 22 September 2015. Retrieved 12 January 2016. \"Official Singles Chart Top 100: 15 June 2014 \u2013 21 June 2014\". OfficialCharts.com. Archived from the original on 7 March 2016. Retrieved 12 January 2016. \"Leading the way for UK Youth Culture\". What's Good?. Archived from the original on 19 March 2017. Retrieved 12 January 2016. \"Skepta ft. JME | Best Video Award acceptance speech at MOBO Awards | 2014\". MOBO Awards / YouTube. 22 October 2014. Archived from the original on 18 December 2015. Retrieved 16 August 2015. \"Watch Kanye West perform with Raekwon, Skepta and more\". FACT Magazine. 4 March 2015. Archived from the original on 5 September 2015. Retrieved 5 September 2015. Johnston, Robert (5 January 2015). \"50 Best Dressed Men in Britain 2015\". GQ. Archived from the original on 7 January 2015. Retrieved 7 February 2015. Jones, Wil (30 April 2015). \"Interview: Skepta's Keeping It Strictly 'Anti-Social'\". Complex UK. Archived from the original on 22 December 2015. Retrieved 5 September 2015. Skepta. \"Official Announcement\". Instagram. Archived from the original on 6 June 2017. \"Final Chart Position for Skepta's 'Konnichiwa' Announced\". Archived from the original on 21 May 2016. O'Connor, Samantha (5 May 2016). \"Skepta is premiering his album on Boiler Room today\". The 405. Archived from the original on 6 May 2016. Retrieved 24 May 2016. Moore, Sam (5 May 2016). \"Skepta Just Launched His New Album With A Lively Live-Streamed Show In Tokyo \u2013 Here's What We Learned\". NME.COM. Archived from the original on 11 May 2016. Retrieved 24 May 2016. Myers, Owen (5 May 2016). \"Stream Skepta's Konnichiwa Launch Party, Live From Tokyo\". The FADER. Archived from the original on 12 May 2016. Retrieved 24 May 2016. Barron, Michael Scott (7 May 2016). \"Watch Japanese Rappers Spit Grime in the Video for Skepta's 'Konnichiwa' Album Launch\". Thump. Archived from the original on 10 May 2016. Retrieved 24 May 2016. Cheung, HP (29 March 2017). \"Skepta Announces 'Banned From America' Tour Dates\". HYPEBEAST. Archived from the original on 27 April 2017. Retrieved 27 April 2017. Glenn, Ezra (19 March 2017). \"Skepta Announced The Dates For His Banned From America Tour\". The FADER. Archived from the original on 28 April 2017. Retrieved 27 April 2017. \"Skepta denied entry to America after being refused a visa\". Newsbeat. 16 April 2016. Archived from the original on 28 May 2017. Retrieved 27 April 2017. \"All Things Remembered\". Faber and Faber. Archived from the original on 7 November 2017. Retrieved 19 December 2017. \"Skepta\". Official Charts Company. Archived from the original on 1 November 2018. Retrieved 24 October 2018. \"Introducing iFruit Radio\". Rockstar Games Newswire. 10 December 2019. Retrieved 24 July 2020. Yoo, Noah (2 May 2020). \"Gorillaz Share New Song \"How Far?\" With Tony Allen and Skepta: Listen\". Pitchfork. Archived from the original on 2 May 2020. Retrieved 2 May 2020. \"Gorillaz \u2013 How Far? Ft. Tony Allen & Skepta\". Skepto (31 July 2018). \"\ud83c\udf39\". Instagram. Retrieved 20 October 2018. \"Skepta is on baby duty as he feeds newborn - months after sparking dad rumours\". 11 December 2018. Archived from the original on 12 December 2018. Retrieved 9 April 2019. \"Skepta's Baby: Everything You Need To Know About The Child\". Daily Feed. 11 July 2019. Retrieved 13 November 2020. \"Skepta's Baby Daughter Revealed in First Picture\". Archived from the original on 3 January 2019. Retrieved 9 April 2019. \"MOBO Awards \u2013 Urban Music and Culture\". MOBO Organisation. Archived from the original on 9 March 2017. Retrieved 13 March 2017. Ellis-Petersen, Hannah (19 April 2016). \"Ivor Novellos give nod to grime artist Skepta as Adele overlooked\". The Guardian. Archived from the original on 24 June 2017. \"StubHub Q Awards 2016 Shortlist Announced! Vote Now To Decide This Year's Winners\". Q. Archived from the original on 20 October 2018. Retrieved 13 March 2017. \"Mercury Prize 2016: David Bowie gets posthumous nomination\". BBC News. 4 August 2016. Archived from the original on 21 February 2017. Retrieved 13 March 2017. \"MOBO Awards 2016: See The Full Nominations List\". Capital XTRA. 21 September 2016. Archived from the original on 16 February 2017. Retrieved 13 March 2017. \"BET Awards Announce 2016 Nominees\". HotNewHipHop. 20 May 2016. Archived from the original on 4 May 2017. Retrieved 13 March 2017. Nunes, Caian (15 February 2017). \"Adele e Beyonc\u00e9 ganham pr\u00eamios no NME Awards 2017\" [Adele and Beyonc\u00e9 win awards at NME Awards 2017]. POPline (in Portuguese). Archived from the original on 18 February 2017. Retrieved 13 March 2017. \"Beyonc\u00e9 and Bruno Mars lead 2017 BET Awards nominations\". Channel24. 15 May 2017. Archived from the original on 17 May 2017. Retrieved 16 May 2017. Official website Skepta at IMDb\u00a0"
   },
   {
    "name": "Alfred James Wilmott",
    "id": "Q406813",
    "text": "Alfred James Wilmott (1888\u20131950) was primarily an English botanist and museum curator. His author standard form is Wilmott and his area of interest was spermatophytes. His father was an academic who taught at Homerton Training College. Wilmott entered St John's College, Cambridge and graduated from University in 1910. His mentor was Charles Edward Moss. Wilmott had an interest in Salicornia and did much work for the Natural History Museum. Although botany and museum work was his career he also played table tennis receiving the title for the Veteran Singles Champion in 1934-1935. In table tennis he also introduced a method for testing table tennis balls. The standard author abbreviation Wilmott is used to indicate this person as the author when citing a botanical name. IPNI JSTOR Plant Science IPNI. \u00a0Wilmott. v t e"
   },
   {
    "name": "Arthur Rowe",
    "id": "Q472350",
    "text": "Arthur Sydney Rowe (1 September 1906 \u2013 5 November 1993) was an English footballer, and later manager, who played as a centre half. He was the first manager to lead Tottenham Hotspur to the First Division Championship title in 1951. He also 'invented' the successful \"one-two\" method of play. Rowe was born in Tottenham and began his career at Tottenham Hotspur's nursery club Northfleet United as an amateur in 1923, before becoming a professional with \"Spurs\" in 1929. He also appeared as an amateur for Cheshunt in 1920. He was a Tottenham player for eight seasons, after making his debut in 1931, in which time he played 201 games, in all competitions, and earned his single cap for the England team. He was forced to retire in 1939 due to a cartilage injury. After finishing his career as a player, Rowe took a coaching job in Hungary although this was halted due to the outbreak of World War II. He returned to Britain and joined the military as a physical training instructor. He joined Chelmsford City, as secretary-manager, in 1945 and made the club into a leading non-league team. Tottenham were in the second division when Rowe returned to the club as manager in 1949 and his task was to gain promotion. This was achieved by becoming Champions and the following season the First Division Championship was won as well. These back-to-back championships made Spurs the first post-war team to win back-to-back titles. This was achieved through the use of 'Push and run' football. Rowe was forced to resign as Tottenham manager in 1955 due to health issues. After leaving Tottenham, Rowe took time off to recover and joined Crystal Palace in November 1958 as an assistant to George Smith. He was promoted to manager when Smith resigned in April 1960 bringing the club a promotion to Division Three in the 1960\u201361 season. The club consolidated its position in Division Three in 1961\u201362, but a poor start to the next season coincided with failing health for Rowe and he resigned in December 1962 to be replaced by assistant manager Dick Graham. Rowe returned to assist Graham in the 1963\u201364 season (when Palace was promoted to Division Two) and when Graham was dismissed by Palace in 1966, Rowe was appointed caretaker-manager. After Bert Head was appointed as manager later in 1966, Rowe continued with Palace in a scouting capacity. He subsequently managed the Hall of Fame in London and also assisted Leyton Orient briefly in 1972. Arthur Rowe died on 5 November 1993 in Wallington, Surrey aged 87. King, Ian. Crystal Palace: A Complete Record 1905\u20132011. The Derby Books Publishing Company. pp.\u00a0208\u20139. ISBN\u00a09781780910468. Lanfranchi, Pierre; Taylor, Matthew (2001). Moving with the Ball: The Migration of Professional Footballers. Berg Publishers. p.\u00a0203. ISBN\u00a01-85973-307-7. Purkiss, Mike; Sands, Nigel. Crystal Palace: A Complete Record 1905\u20131989. The Breedon Books Publishing Company. p.\u00a053. ISBN\u00a00907969542. Drury, Reg (11 November 1993). \"Obituary: Arthur Rowe\". independent.co.uk. Retrieved 22 June 2015. Arthur Rowe at Englandstats.com Profile on englandfootballonline.com List of English football championship winning managers"
   },
   {
    "name": "Gus Caesar",
    "id": "Q525483",
    "text": "Gus Cassius Caesar (born 5 March 1966) is an English former professional footballer. Born in Tottenham, London, Caesar joined Arsenal in August 1982, turning professional in February 1984. Despite breaking his ankle early on in his career, Caesar showed a lot of promise playing for the Gunners youth side, as a defender who could either play at full back, or more usually in the centre of defence. His Arsenal debut came in a match away to Manchester United at Old Trafford on 21 December 1985, for the suspended Viv Anderson; Arsenal kept a clean sheet and Caesar turned in a strong performance marking United winger Jesper Olsen, as they won 1\u20130. Caesar continued as a bit-part player at Arsenal for the next eighteen months, playing mainly as a substitute, coming on in the last few minutes of a match, giving rise to the nickname \"the five-minute man\". However, he shone enough to be called up for the England U21 side in 1987, winning three caps. When David O'Leary sustained an injury during the 1987\u201388 season, Caesar became a semi-regular in the side, playing 25 matches that season. However, for all his talent he was a nervy and unconfident player, lacking assurance when one-on-one with an attacker, and prone to making high-profile mistakes. In the 1988 Football League Cup Final against Luton Town at Wembley, Arsenal were 2\u20131 up with seven minutes left when Caesar miskicked a clearance from his own penalty area, allowing Luton's Danny Wilson to bundle the ball home in the ensuing chaos; Luton went on to score a last-minute winner and Arsenal lost 3\u20132. Caesar, who had been selected by George Graham to play in the final largely because David O'Leary was unavailable due to injury, later reflected that he had himself been carrying hernia and ankle injuries at the time, but was determined to play regardless. After that, Caesar's career at Arsenal was effectively finished. George Graham signed Steve Bould (and later Andy Linighan), and Caesar only played five more matches for the side in two seasons. He was part of the Arsenal side that won the old First Division in 1989 but only played in two matches which was not enough games to earn a medal. He became so unpopular with Arsenal fans that some of them booed him when he did take to the field. Even today, he is still regarded by many as one of the club's worst-ever players, and in 2007 he was voted in at Number 3 in The Times poll of the 50 worst footballers to play in the English top flight. He was also voted the Worst Player Ever to play for Arsenal in the fanzine The Gooner. Arsenal fan Nick Hornby in his 1992 book Fever Pitch muses on Caesar's downfall, pointing out that Caesar had considerable talent as a youth (or else Arsenal would have never signed him in the first place). Likening it to his own frustrations as a (then) failed writer, Hornby concluded that talent and determination alone were not enough to bring about success: \"To get where he did, Gus Caesar clearly had more talent than nearly everyone of his generation... and it still wasn't quite enough. [...] Gus must have known he was good, just as any pop band who has ever played the Marquee know they are destined for Madison Square Garden and an NME front cover, and just as any writer who has sent off a completed manuscript to Faber and Faber knows that he is two years away from the Booker. You trust that feeling with your life, you feel the strength and determination it gives you coursing through your veins like heroin... and it doesn't mean anything at all.\" Having played 50 matches for Arsenal in five years, Caesar left the Gunners in June 1991 on a free transfer (having previously been on loan to Queens Park Rangers for several months). He then embarked on a journeyman's career mostly in the lower divisions of English football, playing for Cambridge United, Bristol City, Airdrieonians (where he played in the 1992 Scottish Cup Final) and Colchester United. While at Colchester United in the mid 1990s, Caesar enjoyed something of a renaissance. After a string of poor performances for the club, his form \u2013 particularly his reading of the game \u2013 improved significantly, and he contributed a run of composed appearances in central defence in the 1994\u201395 season that won over many fans at Layer Road.[citation needed] He then played at non-league level at Dagenham where he was popular thanks to his \"nice bloke\" personality. Caesar finished his career in Hong Kong. Since his retirement as a player in 2001, he has played in several \"Football Masters\" tournaments in East Asia, alongside many other fellow former professionals. He now splits his time between Hong Kong, where he works in the finance industry, and Essex in his native England. Arsenal Football League Cup runner-up: 1987\u201388 FA Charity Shield runner-up: 1989 Airdrieonians Scottish Cup runner-up: 1991\u201392 \"Gus Caesar\". Barry Hugman's Footballers. Retrieved 2 April 2020. Dunk, Peter, ed. (1987). Rothmans Football Yearbook 1987\u201388. London: Queen Anne Press. p.\u00a046. ISBN\u00a0978-0-356-14354-5. \"Gus Caesar: I still have nightmares about Wembley final disaster\". Hampstead and Highgate Express. 25 April 2008. \"Arsenal appearances 1988/89\". arseweb.com. Retrieved 26 August 2013. Murphy, Alex (4 July 2007). \"50 worst footballers\". The Times. London. Archived from the original on 24 July 2008. Retrieved 6 January 2008. \"League Cup Honours\". Coludaybyday.co.uk. \"Other Award \u2013 Cup Honours\". Coludaybyday.co.uk."
   },
   {
    "name": "Priscilla Wakefield",
    "id": "Q532982",
    "text": "Priscilla Wakefield, nee Priscilla Bell (31 January 1751 \u2013 12 September 1832) was an English Quaker philanthropist. Her writings cover feminist economics and scientific subjects and include children's non-fiction. Priscilla Bell was born into a family in Tottenham, then a Middlesex village north of London. Her father was Daniel Bell of nearby Stamford Hill. His wife Catherine was the granddaughter of the Quaker theologian Robert Barclay. She was one of several sisters, one of whom, Catherine Bell, married John Gurney of Earlham Hall and had many notable children, the best-known being Elizabeth Fry. In adult life, Wakefield remained a member of the Society of Friends, and conformed to their religious practices, but did not observe the restrictions on dress or abstinence from amusements. She married Edward Wakefield (1750\u20131826), a London merchant, and had three children. Writing to support her family financially, she wrote 17 books in two decades. She was one of many female English writers at the end of the 18th century who began to demand a broader life for women. Charities which she founded included a maternity hospital, a Female Benefit Club, and a penny bank for children, which developed into England's first savings bank. The Wakefields had five children, of whom three survived to adulthood. The two surviving sons were Edward Wakefield (1774\u20131854) and Daniel Wakefield. The surviving daughter, Isabella (3 March 1773 \u2013 17 October 1841), married Joshua Head of Ipswich on 12 September 1794. Her grandchildren included Edward Gibbon Wakefield, Daniel Bell Wakefield, William Hayward Wakefield, Arthur Wakefield and Felix Wakefield. Wakefield died at the house of her daughter, Isabella Head, on Albion Hill, Ipswich, on 12 September 1832, and was buried on 20 December in the Friends' burial ground at the town's New Meeting House. A portrait of Wakefield, her husband Edward Wakefield and her sister, Catherine Bell Gurney, painted by Francis Wheatley, was exhibited in South Kensington in 1868. A portrait in lithograph appears in the London Friends' Institute. Wakefield wrote books on a range of subjects, including natural science, feminism, and economics. She also wrote children's literature. Wakefield published a book on feminism in 1798, Reflection on the Present Condition of the Female Sex; with Suggestions for its Improvement, which came out under the radical publisher Joseph Johnson. Although this is concerned with how women could become financially independent, it takes a traditional view of their role in society. Wakefield examined women's prospects for employment in the modern world in light of Adam Smith's writings, and supported broader education for women. However, she thought better education for women would make them better wives, rather than advocating education for its own sake. Wakefield was widely known as a writer of moral guides for children. Her early publication, Juvenile Anecdotes, Founded on Facts, was successful, and she went on to publish other books of the same nature and of a more advanced character, dealing with science and travel. She was the first woman to write scientific books for children. Wakefield had considerable knowledge of botany and natural history, and in 1796 published the popular An Introduction to Botany, in a Series of Familiar Letters, which was translated into French in 1801 and reached an eleventh edition in 1841. It was illustrated with a series of uncredited full-page illustrations showing plant parts in detail. It was followed by An Introduction to the Natural History and Classification of Insects, in a Series of Letters. By the time she died, Wakefield had written two dozen books, many having appeared in several editions and been translated into foreign languages. Wakefield was an active philanthropist, promoting education, maternity provision and savings banks for the poor in Tottenham. She formed the Lying-in Charity for Women in 1791. It supplied poor pregnant women with midwifery care and an initial supply of linen and baby clothes as well as a small amount of money. It was supported by annual subscription and continued into the 19th century. In 1792, Wakefield co-founded the School for Industry, which taught girls reading, writing, sewing, knitting and arithmetic. In 1798. she founded the first \"frugality bank\" in England, to help those on low incomes save money. Members paid according to age a monthly sum that would give them sick pay and a pension at 60. Women and children were encouraged to save what they could of their income. Similar savings banks were set up nationally, but they were effectively nationalised when the Post Office Savings Bank was founded in 1865. Priscilla Wakefield House, a nursing care home in Seven Sisters, London is named after her. Mental Improvement: Or, the Beauties and Wonders of Nature and Art, 1794 An Introduction to Botany, in a Series of Familiar Letters, London, 12mo 1796 Juvenile Anecdotes, Founded on Facts, 1795-8 (2 well received volumes that went to an eighth edition in 1825) Reflections on the Present Condition of the Female Sex, With Suggestions for Its Improvement, 1798 The Juvenile Travellers: Containing the Remarks of A Family During a Tour Through the Principal States and Kingdoms of Europe, 1801 (her most popular work of imaginative fiction reaching the 19th edition in 1850) Domestic Recreation: Or, Dialogues Illustrative of Natural and Scientific Subjects, 1805 Sketches of Human Manners, 1807 An Introduction to the Natural History and Classification of Insects, in a Series of Letters, London, 1816, 12mo. \"Priscilla Wakefield \u2013 Author and Philanthropist\". tottenham-summerhillroad.com. Retrieved 4 May 2017. Ann B. Shteir, \"Wakefield, Priscilla (1750\u20131832)\", Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (Oxford, UK: OUP, 2004) Retrieved 20 November 2017. Carlyle, Edward Irving (1899). \"Wakefield, Priscilla\"\u00a0. In Lee, Sidney (ed.). Dictionary of National Biography. 58. London: Smith, Elder & Co. RDM, \"Wakefield, Priscilla (Bell)\", in Lorna Sage, ed., The Cambridge Guide to Women's Writing in English, Cambridge University Press, 1999 DNB, 1900 cite (Cat. Third Loan Exhib. No. 887) Guest, Harriet (2000). Small Change: Women, Learning, Patriotism, 1750-1810. University of Chicago Press. pp.\u00a0319. ISBN\u00a09780226310527. \"Wakefield, Priscilla (1751\u20131832)\". Dictionary of Eighteenth Century British Philosophers. Thoemmes Press. 1999. p.\u00a0917. ISBN\u00a01855061236. Kramer, Jack. Women of Flowers. New York: Stewart, Tabori & Chang, 1996. Fara, Patricia (2004). Pandora's breeches: women, science and power in the Enlightenment. London: Pimlico. p.\u00a0205. ISBN\u00a09781844130825. Dimand, Robert W.; Dimand, Mary Ann; Forget, Evelyn L., eds. (2000). A Biographical Dictionary of Women Economists. Edward Elgar. pp.\u00a0441\u2013442. This article incorporates material from \"Wakefield, Priscilla\"\u00a0. Dictionary of National Biography. London: Smith, Elder & Co. 1885\u20131900. Riddehough, Geoffrey (1958). \"Priscilla Wakefield\". The Dalhousie Review. 37 (4): 341\u2013347. hdl:10222/62828. Portraits of Priscilla Wakefield at the National Portrait Gallery, London Aindow, Rosy. \"Priscilla Wakefield (1751\u20131832)\". The Literary Encyclopedia. Ed. Robert Clark, Emory Elliott and Janet Todd. The Journals of Priscilla Wakefield: 1798-1799 and associated blog"
   },
   {
    "name": "Kate Marsden",
    "id": "Q546303",
    "text": "Kate Marsden (13 May 1859 \u2013 26 May 1931) was a British missionary, explorer, writer and nurse. Supported by Queen Victoria and Empress Maria Fedorovna she investigated a cure for leprosy. She set out on a round trip from Moscow to Siberia to find a cure, creating a leper treatment centre in Siberia. She returned to England and helped to found Bexhill Museum, but she was obliged to retire as a trustee. Marsden's finances came under scrutiny as did her motives for the journey. She was however elected a fellow of the Royal Geographical Society. She has a large diamond named after her and is still celebrated in Siberia, where a large memorial statue was erected at Sosnovka village in 2014. Marsden was born in Edmonton in London in 1859 to solicitor J.D. Marsden and Sophie Matilda Wellsted. Her uncle was the explorer Captain James Raymond Wellsted. She became a nurse when she was 16 and went to work in a London hospital. She later became a matron at Wellington Hospital, New Zealand, having gone there with her mother Sarah, to nurse her own sister who was ill with tuberculosis. Her sister died within days of their arrival. Marsden's record gained her this senior position but she held that position for just five months. She had an accident on a step ladder which made her unable to work for several months. She resigned to mixed reactions \u2013 the governor William Jervois and the management gave her six months' wages when she resigned, although other commentators noted that she had insured herself only days before the accident and she was considered difficult and autocratic by her staff. Marsden had set up a St John's Ambulance group in New Zealand and she gave lectures there. In her final lecture she announced that she intended to visit Louis Pasteur in Europe, and then go on to work with Father Damien in Hawaii caring for lepers. She was given financial support to continue her work. She travelled from Tottenham to Bulgaria with others to nurse Russian soldiers wounded in Russia's war with Turkey in 1877. Working at the Red Cross mission, her selflessness and devotion brought her an award from Empress Maria Fedorovna. Near Svishtov she reportedly met her first two lepers and they persuaded her that her mission was to work with sufferers of the disease. The Wellington hospital had been set up primarily to look after the local M\u0101ori population. Marsden would later report that she looked after lepers in New Zealand \u2013 but although there was a similar disease there was no leprosy amongst the M\u0101ori people. She continued to work as a nurse whilst also visiting the sick but wanting to leave for the British colonies to treat leprosy. After obtaining the support of Queen Victoria and Princess Alexandra, she travelled to Russia to obtain funding from the Russian Royal family. On this basis, she was able to travel to Egypt, Palestine, Cyprus and Turkey. According to her book On sledge and horseback to the outcast Siberian Lepers, she met an English doctor in Constantinople who told her of the curative properties of an herb found in Siberia. Inspired by this information she resolved to journey to Siberia. She set sail from England to Moscow on board the merchant vessel Parramatta. She was able to arrange an audience with the Tsarina after she arrived in Moscow in November 1890. The Tsarina gave her a letter encouraging all who read it to assist Marsden with her plans to investigate leprosy in Siberia. Marsden took provisions including clothing so robust that it took three men to carry her into the sledge that carried her part of the way. She said that she could not bend her legs in the outfit. Marsden took 18\u00a0kg of Christmas pudding. This unusual addition was justified by Marsden because it was known to keep well and she liked it. She set out three months later with an assistant and translator Ada Field. Her journey took her some 11,000 miles (18,000\u00a0km) across Russia, by train, sledge, on horseback and by boat. She had to interrupt her journey near Omsk after falling ill. She helped at prisons she encountered on her journey, and gave out food to Russian prisoners as they travelled into exile, with double rations for the women who accompanied them or women who were convicts. Near her birthday in May she arrived at Irkutsk and formed a committee to address the problem of leprosy. She then travelled down the River Lena to Yakutsk where she obtained the herb that she believed might be a cure for leprosy. Although the herb did not bring the cure she had hoped for, she continued to work amongst the lepers in Siberia. In 1892, she became a fellow of the Royal Geographical Society and she was personally given an angel shaped brooch by Queen Victoria. In 1893, Marsden travelled to Chicago to attend the World's Fair. She had a booth in the Woman's Building, and she gave a lecture about her travels (called ''The Leper'') to the Congress of Women, held in the Woman's Building. In 1895, Marsden founded a charity, still active today, now known as the St Francis Leprosy Guild. In 1897, she returned to Siberia where she opened a hospital for lepers in Vilyuysk. She never fully recovered from her journey but she gave her account of it in her book On Sledge and Horseback to Outcast Lepers in Siberia, published in 1893. She died in London on 26 March 1931, and was buried in Hillingdon cemetery in Uxbridge on 31 March. Her grave was overgrown for many years and covered in bushes. These have now been cleared, and her grave and the ones nearby are now accessible. The monument to Kate Marsden was consecrated on 3 September 2019. Marsden's 2,000-mile (3,200\u00a0km) journey to Siberia to find a cure for leprosy did not bring her universal acclaim; she did not find the cure she had hoped for, and many found it difficult to believe that she had undertaken the journey she claimed. Moreover, there were rumours that Marsden's good works were undertaken to atone for her homosexuality. Although the Girl's Own Paper serialised her exploits and she was lauded by the Royal Geographical Society, accounts by William Thomas Stead held her accomplishments up for public derision. Stead is now thought of as an early tabloid journalist. His ideas were picked up in New Zealand, where Marsden had earlier lived. The Reverend Alexander Francis, an English-speaking pastor in St Petersburg, obtained a confession from Marsden of \"immorality with women\". Francis wrote that he also planned to publish material which would allege fraud by Marsden. This led to an investigation in Russia that cleared Marsden \u2013 dismissed by Francis as a \"whitewash\". A letter was also written by British and American diplomats to The Times to support her reputation in August 1894. Marsden considered claiming libel damages against Francis. At this time, in early 1895 Oscar Wilde began his famous court battle with the Marquis of Queensbury, concerning Wilde's disputed homosexuality; Wilde lost and was ruined. Female homosexual activity was not illegal, but untrue accusations of it would certainly have seemed libellous. Marsden began a libel case, but did not proceed with her libel case because of insufficient funds. Marsden seems to have anticipated some disbelief in her deeds and motives in her book. Moreover, she included in her book letters from important people she met on her journey which led some to think that her motives were questionable. Some described the journey as a \"pleasure trip\". In 1893 Isabel Hapgood reviewed the book by Marsen describing her journey, and like others cast doubt on Marsden's efforts. It has been speculated that Hapgood may have been motivated by a feeling that Russia was her own particular area of expertise, or by homophobia. Bexhill Museum was founded by Marsden and the Reverend J. C. Thompson FGS. Marsden is credited as the person who inspired the museum's creation. She organised meetings to gather local support. She wrote to the local paper and invited local dignitaries and she successfully gathered artefacts from the collections held by industrialists at matchmakers Bryant and May and chocolate makers Fry's. The museum was given Marsden's shell collection. She encouraged Dr Walter Amsden to donate his collection of Egyptian artefacts. In February 1913 the local council were being petitioned for funds crediting Marsden as the museum's chief supporter, and including the text of her talk to the council. In 1913 the Mayor of Bexhill contacted the committee and revealed that Marsden had been involved in controversy over funds and her sexuality. The Charity Organisation Society advised that Marsden was \"not a fit person to manage charitable funds\". She was obliged to resign. The museum still opened in 1914 but without Marsden. The controversy surrounding Marsden was not resolved and she finished her life suffering from dropsy and senile decay. After she died, Bexhill Museum refused a portrait that was offered to them. Kate Marsden: On Sledge and Horseback to Outcast Siberian Lepers. London, 1893 Kate Marsden: The Leper. In: The Congress of Women: Held in the Woman's Building, World's Columbian Exposition, Chicago, U. S. A., 1893 (editor, Mary Kavanaugh Oldham Eagle). Monarch Book Company, Chicago 1894, S. 213\u2013216 Kate Marsden: My Mission in Siberia. A Vindication. London, 1921 A Kate Marsden scholarship is given to the top English Language student at M.K. Ammosov North-Eastern Federal University in Yakutsk each year. In 1991 a 55-carat diamond that was found in Yakutia was named the Sister of Mercy Kate Marsden. In 2008 an investigation was undertaken to try to find the mystery herb that Marsden had travelled to Siberia to find. Some have supposed that the \"cure\" was wormwood that would have been useful in treating the patient's ulcers. The heir apparent was said to be a herb called kutchutka which was mentioned in an 1899 dictionary written in Sakha. Felicity Aston is creditted with discovering that a translation of this dictionary is a source of this herb being a \"cure for leprosy\". One local herbalist said that he had used the herb several years before but it was so rare that he had not seen it recently. The researchers found the buildings that had made up the leprosarium which today are used as a village hall and as a residence in the settlement of Sosnovka which formed part of the leper hospital. The hospital closed in 1962. In 2009 a foundation stone was laid to mark Marsden's 150th anniversary for a planned memorial and park in Yakutia. In the same year the Sakha Theatre premiered a new play titled Kate Marsden. An Angel of Divine Disposals. The Royal Geographical Society has a small collection of items that belonged to Marsden including her watch, a whistle and the brooch that was given to her by Queen Victoria. The British Museum also has a small collection of artefacts from Siberia that she donated in 1896. \"Siberia salutes British nurse and adventurer who set up a leper colony in remote Yakutian village\". Siberiantimes.com. 26 August 2014. Retrieved 28 January 2017. Baigent, Elizabeth (2015). \"Kate Marsden\". In Lorimer, Hayden; Withers, Charles (eds.). Geographers: Biobibliographical Studies. 27. A & C Black. pp.\u00a063\u201391. ISBN\u00a09781441107855. Hill-Murphy, Jacki (2017). The extraordinary tale of Kate Marsden and my journey across Siberia in her footsteps (First paperback\u00a0ed.). [United Kingdom?]: Adventuress Publishing. pp.\u00a058\u201359. ISBN\u00a09780993105418. OCLC\u00a01019470763. Bessonov, Yuri. \"An Outstanding Journey of a British Nurse to the Yakut Lepers in Siberia\". Journal of Nursing. Retrieved 26 February 2014. Chapman, Hilary (2000). \"The New Zealand Campaign against Kate Marsden, Traveller to Siberia\". New Zealand Slavonic Journal: 123\u201340. JSTOR\u00a040912278. Hill-Murphy, Jacki (2017). The extraordinary tale of Kate Marsden and my journey across Siberia in her footsteps (First paperback\u00a0ed.). [United Kingdom?]: Adventuress Publishing. pp.\u00a059\u201364. ISBN\u00a09780993105418. OCLC\u00a01019470763. Establishment of hospitals in New Zealand, Encyclopedia of New Zealand, retrieved 5 March 2014 \"KATE MARSDEN\". The Barrier Miner. Broken Hill, NSW: National Library of Australia. 28 August 1894. p.\u00a02. Retrieved 6 March 2014. Marsden, Kate (2012). On Sledge and Horseback to Outcast Siberian Lepers. Cambridge University Press. ISBN\u00a0978-1-108-04821-7. McLoone, Margo (1997). Women Explorers in Polar Regions: Louise Arner Boyd, Agnes Deans Cameron, Kate Marsden, Ida Pfeiffer, Helen Thayer. Capstone. pp.\u00a023\u2013. ISBN\u00a0978-1-56065-508-4. To Siberia with a Christmas Pudding Archived 4 March 2014 at archive.today, Geographical.co.uk, retrieved 3 March 2014 Mission of Mercy, Long Riders Guild, retrieved 26 February 2014 \"Miss Mercy\". Yakutia Today. 25 April 2012. Archived from the original on 4 March 2014. Retrieved 4 March 2014. Bancroft, Hubert Howe (1893). The Book of the Fair. Chicago, San Francisco: The Bancroft Company. p.\u00a0Chapter 11. Congress of Women (1894\u00a0: Chicago, Ill ); World's Columbian Exposition (1893\u00a0: Chicago, Ill ) (1894). The Congress of Women held in the Woman's building, World Columbian Exposition, Chicago, U.S.A., 1893 with portraits, biographies, and addresses\u00a0; published by authority of the Board of Lady Managers ... University of California Libraries. Philadelphia, Penn.\u00a0: S. I. Bell. Eagle, Mary Kavanaugh Oldham (1894). The Congress of Women. Philadelphia, Chicago: SI Bell & Co. Guild Founder Archived 27 November 2013 at the Wayback Machine, St Francis Leprosy Guild, retrieved 26 February 2014 Monument to English nurse and philanthropist Kate Marsden inaugurated in London, YakutiaToday.info, retrieved 16 March 2020 Anderson, Monica (2006). Women and the Politics of Travel, 1870\u20131914. Fairleigh Dickinson Univ Press. pp.\u00a0164\u2013169. ISBN\u00a00838640915. \"Press Office Home \u2013 The British Library\". 10 April 2012. Retrieved 6 September 2019. Anderson, Monica (2006). Women and the politics of travel\u00a0: 1870\u20131914. Madison, New Jersey: Fairleigh Dickinson Univ. Press. p.\u00a0172. ISBN\u00a00838640915. about Bexhill Museum Archived 2 September 2012 at WebCite, Bexhill Museum, retrieved 3 March 2014 Rother District Council, February and March 1913, retrieved 3 March 2014 Withers, Charles (2008). Geographers: Biobibliographical Studies. p.\u00a074. ISBN\u00a0978-1441136572. Excerpt from The Leper (1894) Ji Won Chung (6 October 2015). Picturing Women's Health. Routledge. pp.\u00a0188\u2013. ISBN\u00a0978-1-317-31927-6. Aston, Felicity (September 2008). \"Searching for a miracle\" (PDF). Geographical.co.uk: 35\u201338. Archived from the original (PDF) on 5 August 2013. Retrieved 27 February 2014. British Museum Collection Marsden, Kate (2012). On Sledge and Horseback to Outcast Siberian Lepers. Cambridge University Press. ISBN\u00a0978-1-108-04821-7. McLoone, Margo (1997). Women Explorers in Polar Regions: Louise Arner Boyd, Agnes Deans Cameron, Kate Marsden, Ida Pfeiffer, Helen Thayer. Capstone. pp.\u00a023\u2013. ISBN\u00a0978-1-56065-508-4."
   },
   {
    "name": "Wojciech Giertych",
    "id": "Q551105",
    "text": "Wojciech Giertych O.P. (pronounced\u00a0[\u02c8v\u0254jt\u0361\u0255\u025b\u0263\u00a0\u02c8\u0261\u02b2\u025brt\u0268x]; born 27 September 1951) is a Polish Roman Catholic priest in the Dominican Order. He has served in the Prefecture of the Pontifical Household as Theologian of the Pontifical Household since 2005 during the pontificates of Pope Benedict XVI and Pope Francis. Giertych, one of nine children, was born in London, England in 1951 to writer J\u0119drzej Giertych and his wife Maria, six years after his family emigrated from Warsaw. His brother is Polish politician Maciej Giertych. Two of his sisters entered religious life. Giertych began his studies at St Ignatius' College in Stamford Hill. After completing his studies at St Ignatius' in 1970, he studied history at Adam Mickiewicz University in Pozna\u0144. After graduating from the university, he joined the Dominican novitiate in 1975. He was ordained to the priesthood in 1981 in Krak\u00f3w. He is an alumnus of the Pontifical University of Saint Thomas Aquinas, Angelicum in Rome, Italy, from which he obtained a licentiate in spiritual theology in 1983 and a doctorate in 1989 with a dissertation titled The new law as a rule for acts. Giertych has been a professor of moral theology at the Angelicum since 1994. Since 1998, he has held various roles as a member of the General Council of the Dominicans. He was appointed theologian of the Papal Household on 1 December 2005 by Pope Benedict XVI. This post, which since the Middle Ages has most often been held by Dominicans, is tasked with providing advice to the pope on theological issues, as well as checking papal texts for theological clarity. Giertych also serves on the Pontifical Committee for International Eucharistic Congresses and as a consultant to the Congregation for the Doctrine of the Faith, the International Theological Commission, and the Congregation for the Causes of Saints. Giertych speaks Polish, English, French, Italian, Spanish, German, Russian and Latin. \"New theologian appointed for papal household\". Catholic World News. Catholic Culture.org. 1 December 2005. Retrieved 3 January 2011. Mickens, Robert (10 December 2005). \"Vatican names new papal theologian\". The Tablet. Retrieved 3 January 2011. \"Prof. Wojciech Giertych OP\". John Paul II Pontificate Center. 2008. Retrieved 3 January 2010. Interview with Fr. Wojciech Giertych, OP (in English) Master of the Sacred Palace trailer on YouTube"
   },
   {
    "name": "Arnold Lucy",
    "id": "Q695704",
    "text": "Arnold Lucy (born Walter George Campbell, 8 August 1865 \u2013 15 December 1945) was a British theatre and film actor, best known as Professor Kantorek in All Quiet on the Western Front (1930). Lucy was the youngest of the six sons of architect and surveyor Donald Campbell (1830\u20131900) and his wife Lucy Elizabeth (n\u00e9e Speak; 1828\u20131922) of Church Lane, Hornfield Lodge, Tottenham. His parents married in 1853. Their youngest child and only daughter, Rose Lucy, was born in 1871. Arnold Lucy started his acting career in the late 19th century at the theatre, and it is stated that he performed on the fabled London West End stage over 1,200 times before making his film debut in the silent film The Devil's Toy (1916). Lucy played in over 40 British and American movies between 1916 and 1938, mostly in small roles. He often portrayed authoritan and dignified roles, most notable as Professor Kantorek, the nationalistic school teacher in All Quiet on the Western Front, who persuades his students to go into a horrible and deadly war. Beside his film career, he also played in 15 plays at the Broadway between 1912 and 1927. Arnold Lucy died in 1945 in California, aged 80.[citation needed] Arnold Lucy profile, Answers.com; accessed January 19, 2017. Arnold Lucy at IMDb Arnold Lucy at the Internet Broadway Database"
   },
   {
    "name": "Leslie Phillips",
    "id": "Q710142",
    "text": "Leslie Phillips CBE (born 20 April 1924) is a British actor. He achieved prominence in the 1950s, often playing smooth, upper-class comic roles utilising his \"Ding Dong\" and \"He-llo\" catchphrases. He appeared in the Carry On and Doctor in the House film series as well as the long-running BBC radio comedy series The Navy Lark. In his later career, Phillips took on dramatic roles including providing the voice for the Sorting Hat in the Harry Potter films. Phillips was born in London, England, the son of Cecelia Margaret (n\u00e9e Newlove) and Frederick Samuel Phillips, who worked at Glover and Main, manufacturers of cookers in Edmonton; the \"filthy, sulphurous\" air of the factory gave Frederick a weak heart and edema, leading to his death at the age of 44. In 1931, the family moved to Chingford, Essex, where Phillips attended Larkswood Primary School. It was his mother who decided that Phillips should be sent to the Italia Conti Academy to receive elocution lessons to lose his cockney accent. At that time a strong regional accent was a major impediment to an aspiring actor. It proved to be an astute move and was a major factor in his subsequent success. Phillips made his stage debut at the age of ten in Peter Pan alongside Anna Neagle at the London Palladium. Phillips made his first film appearances as a child in the 1930s. He is the only actor still alive who performed at Pinewood Studios in its first week of opening in 1936. He also worked for Binkie Beaumont and H. M. Tennent in several plays in the West End. During the Second World War shows were frequently interrupted by air-raid sirens and Phillips recalls in his autobiography that \"audiences would evaporate and head for cellars or Underground stations\". Called up to the British Army in 1942, Phillips rose to the rank of Lance-Bombardier in the Royal Artillery. Due to his acquired upper class accent, Phillips was selected for officer training at Catterick and duly commissioned as a Second Lieutenant in the Royal Artillery in 1943. In his autobiography, he would recall that his anti-aircraft battery destroyed numerous German V1 flying bombs launched against the UK during the period. He was transferred to the Durham Light Infantry in 1944 but was later declared unfit for service just before D-Day after being diagnosed with a neurological condition that caused partial paralysis. He was initially sent to a psychiatric hospital in error but was then sent to the correct facility for treatment. Demobbed as a lieutenant in December 1944, Phillips' acting career initially took in \"the murkiest rat-infested old playhouses and music halls in the North of England\". It was during the 1950s that he became known for playing amusing English stereotypes. His first lead role in a television serial was in the sitcom My Wife Jacqueline (1952). His seductive voice is his trademark as well as his catchphrases, \"I say, Ding Dong\" (originally the catchphrase of Phillips' character Jack Bell in Carry On Nurse), and \"He-llo\" with a suggestive intonation, which were partly, if not wholly, based on those of fellow actor Terry Thomas who was also known for playing cads. His big break in the films was in the Gene Kelly musical Les Girls (1957). Although the film was a critical success, he decided against a move to Hollywood, in part as he considered himself primarily a theatre actor. Soon after he appeared in three of the early Carry On films; Carry On Nurse, Carry On Teacher (both 1959) and Carry On Constable (1960), which cemented his reputation for playing upper class fools and lecherous smoothies. After Constable, he told producer Peter Rogers that he did not wish to do any more Carry Ons, though he did return much later for Carry On Columbus (1992). In the 1960s, he took over from Dirk Bogarde in several of the Doctor film comedies. In 1959 he played in Italy the role of an english journalist on a business trip to the Kingdom of Naples in the comedy film Ferdinando I \u00b0, Re di Napoli (Ferdinand the 1st, King of Naples) starring the brothers Eduardo, Peppino and Titina De Filippo, neapolitan leading figures of italian theater. In the cast also other glorious names of Italian comedy such as Aldo Fabrizi, Vittorio De Sica, Renato Rascel as well as a young Marcello Mastroianni. Between 1959 and 1977, Phillips became familiar on radio, as Sub-Lieutenant Phillips in the comedy The Navy Lark alongside Jon Pertwee and Ronnie Barker. He also appeared in the film version of The Navy Lark (1959), the only cast member of the radio series to do so. After his marriage to Angela Scoular in 1982, Phillips decided to move away from playing the kind of lecherous twits with suave chat-up lines which had characterised much of his previous work. Phillips remained busy in both stage and television productions, along with character roles in films such as Empire of the Sun (1987) directed by Steven Spielberg and Lara Croft: Tomb Raider (2001). Phillips also provided the voice for the Sorting Hat in the Harry Potter films, appearing in Harry Potter and the Philosopher's Stone (2001) and Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets (2002), as well as reprising his role in the final film, Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows Part 2 (2011). He has also appeared in British television sitcoms including Honey for Tea with Felicity Kendal and appeared in guest roles in popular series such as The Bill, Holby City and Midsomer Murders. He appeared in Hanif Kureishi's film Venus (2006), alongside Peter O'Toole and was nominated for a BAFTA for Best Supporting Actor in 2007 for his role as the veteran actor, Ian. Phillips' autobiography, Hello (ISBN\u00a00-7528-8178-7), was published by Orion in 2006. He was appointed Officer of the Order of the British Empire (OBE) in the 1998 Birthday Honours and was promoted to Commander of the Order of the British Empire (CBE) in the 2008 New Year Honours. Phillips, in conjunction with Jules Williams and Back Door Productions, co-produced the Sky Arts series Living The Life which ran for three series. In 2012, in conjunction with Amazing Journeys Publishing, Phillips voiced the audiobook, Chequered Justice by former racing driver John Bartlett (ISBN\u00a09780956910486). Phillips married his first wife, actress Penelope Bartley (1925\u20131981), on 30 May 1948. The couple had four children. In 1962, Phillips began a romantic relationship with actress Caroline Mortimer (1942\u20132020), daughter of writer Penelope Mortimer and stepdaughter of John Mortimer, who was an understudy in a stage play in which Phillips starred. Phillips and Bartley separated at that point and were divorced in 1965. After his relationship with Mortimer ended, Phillips embarked on a relationship with actress Vicki Luke, with whom he lived, for approximately three years. He moved in with actress Angela Scoular (1945\u20132011) in 1977, at which time she was pregnant by another actor. He raised her son as his own. While on tour in Australia in 1981 he was notified that Penelope Bartley (his first wife) had died in a fire. Phillips elected to continue in the production and not to attend her funeral. He has acknowledged that his family has never forgiven him for not coming back to attend the funeral. Following the death of his former wife in 1981, he married Scoular in 1982. They remained together until her death on 11 April 2011. Scoular was suffering from bowel cancer and bipolar disorder. Phillips was too ill to attend the inquest into Scoular's death three months later. The coroner recorded that Scoular had \"killed herself while the balance of her mind was disturbed\", and stated that her death was not suicide. On 20 December 2013, Phillips married Zara Carr (born 1963), his third wife. He is a long-term fan of Tottenham Hotspur, and made an appearance on the pitch as part of the half-time entertainment during the team's home match against Swansea City on 1 April 2012. He received the Freedom of the City of London on 16 November 2010. Lassie from Lancashire (1938) as Bit Part (uncredited) The Citadel (1938) as Bit Part (uncredited) Climbing High (1938) as Bit Part (uncredited) The Mikado (1939) as Boy (uncredited) The Four Feathers (1939) as Boy Doffing Cap at Parade (uncredited) The Proud Valley (1940) as Minor Role (uncredited) The Thief of Bagdad (1940) as Urchin in Bagdad Market (uncredited) Rhythm Serenade (1943) as Soldier (uncredited) The Magic Bow (1946) as Member of the audience (uncredited) Anna Karenina (1948) as Bit Part (uncredited) The Red Shoes (1948) as Audience member (uncredited) Train of Events (1949) as Stacey's Fireman (segment \"The Engine Driver\") The Woman with No Name (1950) as 1st Sapper officer Pool of London (1951) as Harry, a sailor The Galloping Major (1951) as Reporter (uncredited) The Sound Barrier (1952) as Controller (uncredited) Time Bomb (1953) as Police Sgt (uncredited) The Fake (1953) as Boy Student The Limping Man (1953) as Cameron You know What Sailors Are (1954) as Embassy Secretary (uncredited) As Long as They're Happy (1955) as Box office manager Value for Money (1955) as Robjohns The Gamma People (1956) as Howard Meade The Big Money (1956) as Receptionist The Barretts of Wimpole Street (1957) as Harry Bevan Brothers in Law (1957) as Shop Assistant The Smallest Show on Earth (1957) as Robin Carter High Flight (1957) as Squadron Leader Blake Les Girls (1957) as Sir Gerald Wren Just My Luck (1957) as Hon. Richard Lumb I Was Monty's Double (1958) as Major Tennant The Navy Lark (1959) as Lt. Pouter The Man Who Liked Funerals (1959) as Simon Hurd The Angry Hills (1959) as Ray Taylor Carry On Nurse (1959) as Jack Bell Carry On Teacher (1959) as Alistair Grigg The Night We Dropped a Clanger (1959) as Squadron Leader Thomas Please Turn Over (1959) as Dr. Henry Manners Ferdinando I, re di Napoli (1959) as Pat This Other Eden (1959) as Crispin Brown Inn for Trouble (1960) as John Belcher Carry On Constable (1960) as PC Tom Potter Doctor in Love (1960) as Dr. Tony Burke Watch Your Stern (1960) as Lt. Cmdr. Bill Fanshawe No Kidding (1960) as David Robinson A Weekend with Lulu (1961) as Timothy Gray Very Important Person (1961) as Flying Off. Jimmy Cooper DFC Raising the Wind (1961) as Mervyn Hughes Crooks Anonymous (1962) as Dandy Forsdyke In the Doghouse (1962) as Jimmy Fox-Upton The Longest Day (1962) as RAF Officer Mac The Fast Lady (1962) as Freddie Fox Father Came Too! (1964) as Roddy Chipfield You Must Be Joking! (1965) as Young Husband Doctor in Clover (1966) as Dr. Gaston Grimsdyke Maroc 7 (1967) as Raymond Lowe Some Will, Some Won't (1970) as Simon Russell Doctor in Trouble (1970) as Dr. Tony Burke The Magnificent Seven Deadly Sins (1971) as Dickie (segment \"Gluttony\") Not Now, Darling (1972) as Gilbert Bodley Don't Just Lie There, Say Something! (1974) as Sir William Mainwaring-Brown - Minister La Mosca Hispanica (Spanish Fly) (1975) as Mike Scott Not Now, Comrade (1976) as Commander Rimmington Out of Africa (1985) as Sir Joseph Monte Carlo (1986) as Baldwin Empire of the Sun (1987) as Maxton Scandal (1989) as Lord Astor (Bill) Mountains of the Moon (1990) as Mr. Arundell King Ralph (1991) as Gordon Halliwell Carry On Columbus (1992) as King Ferdinand The Changeling (1993) as Vermandero Das Karussell des Todes (1996) as Sir John August (1996) as Professor Alexander Blathwaite Caught in the Act (1997) as Sydney Fisher The Jackal (1997) as Woolburton The Orgasm Raygun (1998) as Inventor's Voice Over (voice) Saving Grace (2000) as Vicar Lara Croft: Tomb Raider (2001) as Wilson Harry Potter and the Philosopher's Stone (2001) as The Sorting Hat (voice) Thunderpants (2002) as Judge Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets (2002) as The Sorting Hat (voice) Collusion (2003) as Herbert Ames Millions (2004) as Himself Churchill: The Hollywood Years (2004) as Lord W'ruff Color Me Kubrick (2005) as Freddie Agatha Christie's Marple \"By The Pricking Of My Thumbs\" (2006) as Sir Phillip Starke Venus (2006) Is There Anybody There? (2008) as Reg Norman Wisdom: His Story (2010) as Himself - Actor Late Bloomers (2011) as Leo Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows Part 2 (2011) as The Sorting Hat (voice) The Navy Lark (1959\u20131977) Three Men in a Boat (1962) The TV Lark (1963) Oh, Get on with It! (with Kenneth Williams) The Hitchhiker's Guide to the Galaxy as Hactar Cousin Bette, The Poor Relation, BBC Radio 4 Classic Serial (9 \u2013 23 April 2000) Drop Me Here...Darling The Skivers The House of Unspeakable Secrets (1967) The Scarifyers: The Secret Weapon of Doom Doctor Who: Medicinal Purposes (2004) as Dr Knox Doctor Who: Assassin in the Limelight (2008) as Dr Knox Mrs Bradley: Speedy Death (2008) My Wife Jacqueline (1952) as Tom Bridger. (BBC sitcom) The Adventures of Robin Hood \u2013 Episode \"Friar Tuck\" as Sir William of Marmsbury, \"Checkmate\" as Count De Waldern (series 1:1955), \"A Village Wooing\" as Wat Longfellow (series 2:1956) and \"The Reluctant Rebel\" as Herbert (series 4:1958). Tracey and Me (1956) as Wally Forrest (Associated Rediffusion/ITV) (sitcom) H.G. Wells' The Invisible Man (1959) \u2013 \"Blind Justice\" as Sparrow (ITC film series) Our Man at St. Mark's (series 1 only, 1963) as The Reverend Andrew Parker. (Associated Rediffusion/ITV) (sitcom) Comedy Playhouse: \"Impasse\" \u2013 15 March 1963 (BBC) Comedy Playhouse: \"The Time and Motion Man\" \u2013 29 July 1965 (BBC) Foreign Affairs (1966) as Dennis Proudfoot (BBC sitcom) The Galton & Simpson Comedy\u00a0: \"The Suit\" \u2013 19 April 1969 (London Weekend Television) The Culture Vultures (1970) as Dr. Michael Cunningham (BBC sitcom) Casanova '73 (1973) as Henry Newhouse (BBC sitcom) Mr. Palfrey of Westminster\u00a0: \"Return to Sender\" (1985) as Rupert Styles. Rumpole of the Bailey \"Rumpole and Portia\" \u2013 21 December 1988 as Boxey Horne (Thames/ITV) Summer's Lease (1989) as William Fosdyke (BBC/WGBH Boston/Australian Broadcasting Corporation/TV New Zealand) (4-part adaptation of novel by John Mortimer) The Comic Strip Presents...: \"GLC:The Carnage Continues...\" 15 February 1990 (BBC) as Sir Horace Cutler Life After Life (Pilot, 1990) as Wing Commander Boyle (LWT) Chancer (Central Television: 1990\u201391) Honey for Tea (1994) as Sir Dickie Hobhouse (BBC sitcom) The House of Windsor (1994) as Lord Montague Bermondsey (Granada sitcom) Love on a Branch Line (1994) as Lord Flamborough (BBC) Bermuda Grace (1994) (US pilot) The Bill (1996) (TV series) The Canterville Ghost \u2013 (1996) as George, Lord Canterville (US TV film) Dalziel and Pascoe\u00a0: \"Recalled to Life\" (1999) as James Westropp (BBC) Midsomer Murders\u00a0: \"Painted in Blood\" (2003) as Major Godfrey Teal The Catherine Tate Show (2006) Heartbeat (2006) Loose Women (2008) guest Alan Carr's Celebrity Ding Dong (2008) guest Sex and the Sitcom (2011) (BBC4 documentary) Voice of Gex in the European release of Gex: Enter the Gecko \"Leslie Phillips Biography (1924\u2013)\". Filmreference.com. 20 April 1924. Retrieved 9 June 2012. Loose Women Interview, 2 July 2010 Moyes, Johnathon (27 June 2007). \"Ex-pupil Phillips opens old school\". Waltham Forest Guardian. Retrieved 10 May 2009. \"'Hel-low. Aren't you a gorgeous creature?'\". The Telegraph. Retrieved 22 April 2019. \"Happy 95th Birthday to Leslie Phillips\". The Oldie. Retrieved 23 April 2019. \"CBE for Carry On actor Phillips\". BBC News. Retrieved 23 April 2019. \"With my reputation?\". The Guardian. Retrieved 23 April 2004. Phillips, Leslie (2006). Hello: The Autobiography. Orion Publishing Group. ISBN\u00a00752868896. \"Tenniel Evens:Taffy Goldstein in 'The Navy Lark'\". Independent. Retrieved 23 April 2019. \"BAFTA Awards winners and nominees\". Bafta.org. Retrieved 9 June 2012. \"Back Door Productions\". Archived from the original on 29 October 2013. \"Living The Life \u2013 Sky Arts\". Sky Arts / BSkyB. Phillips, Lesley (2006). \"Hello\", The Autobiography. Orion Books Ltd. ISBN\u00a0978-0-7528-8178-2. \"Angela Scoular obituary\". The Telegraph. Retrieved 22 April 2019. \"BBC News \u2013 Bond actress Angela Scoular died drinking acid cleaner\". Bbc.co.uk. 20 July 2011. Retrieved 9 June 2012. \"Daily Telegraph - Leslie Phillips marries third wife at 89\". telegraph.co.uk. 22 December 2013. Retrieved 11 April 2019. \"Tottenham Hotspur 3 Swansea City 1: Match Report\". The Telegraph. Retrieved 22 April 2019. \"Leslie Phillips\". BFI. Retrieved 22 April 2019. \"Three Men in a boat\". BBC Radio 4 Extra. BBC. Retrieved 3 August 2021. \"Leslie Philips (visual voices guide)\". Behind The Voice Actors. Retrieved 26 September 2021. A green check mark indicates that a role has been confirmed using a screenshot (or collage of screenshots) of a title's list of voice actors and their respective characters found in its opening and/or closing credits and/or other reliable sources of information.CS1 maint: postscript (link) Leslie Phillips at IMDb Interview at Britmovie.co.uk Interview at Den Of Geek"
   },
   {
    "name": "Black Radical Mk II",
    "id": "Q748500",
    "text": "Black Radical Mk II (born Felix Joseph in 1971) is a British hip hop artist from Tottenham, London, England. He was one of the pioneers of the British scene, releasing his first single in 1987 and continuing to release records until 1998. He is most well known for his strident political views, which he often used as the basis for his records. Black Radical was born in South London in 1971, and was inspired by Public Enemy's unflinching political stance to start making his own music. This resulted in him releasing his first single, \"We Outta Here/B.Boys Be Wise\" (Independent, 1987), at a time when the British hip hop scene was just starting. Black Radical moved to 2-Bone Records to release \"Monsoon\" (2-Bone, 1989) before signing with UK label Mango Records. This led to the release of the single \"Rippin' Up The Industry\" (Mango Records, 1990) in which Black Radical let rip at the practices of the UK record industry \u2013 a typically uncompromising move from an artist who had just moved to one of the UK's biggest hip hop record labels. Two further singles and his debut album followed: The Undiluted Truth: A Black Man's Leviathan (Mango Records, 1991) is widely regarded as Black Radical's best album and showcases his political and religious views.[citation needed] The song \"Sumarli\" expresses his belief that black men and women should only date members of their own race, whilst \"Sign of the Beast\" details an apocalyptic vision and makes reference to the Nation of Islam's belief that the white man was created out of genetic experiments on black men carried out by the scientist Yakub. The album was popular, but Black Radical's views also caused an angry reaction from many people \u2013 including his own record company, who unceremoniously dropped the artist after the album was released. Black Radical took three years before he released his next single, \"This Iz War\" (Copasetic Records, 1993), which was a response to the Roland Adams murder. An album \u2013 Double Edged Sword: The Pre LP (Black Foundation, 1995) \u2013 followed, but whilst the artist's delivery and lyrics were still up to their old standard, the album failed to achieve the same success of his debut. The move to a small, independent record label and the widespread collapse of the British hip hop scene were partly to blame in keeping the record from its audience, although equally it has been suggested that the music and production missed the attention of the Mango producers. Again, Black Radical moved labels before releasing his final (to date) album, Khaos & Konfusion: The Spell of Leviathan (Blueprint Records, 1998). As before, this album failed to relaunch Black Radical's career and since then, the artist has gone underground again. The Undiluted Truth: A Black Man's Leviathan (Mango Records, 1991) Double Edged Sword: The Pre LP (Black Foundation, 1995) Khaos & Konfusion: The Spell of Leviathan (Blueprint Records, 1998) Colin Larkin, ed. (1998). The Virgin Encyclopedia of Dance Music (First\u00a0ed.). Virgin Books. p.\u00a039. ISBN\u00a00-7535-0252-6. Discog's Black Radical Mk II page"
   },
   {
    "name": "Dave Clark",
    "id": "Q1173155",
    "text": "David Clark (born 15 December 1939) is an English musician, songwriter, record producer and entrepreneur. Clark was the leader, drummer and manager of the 1960s beat group the Dave Clark Five, the first British Invasion band to follow the Beatles to the United States in 1964. In 2008 Clark and his band were inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame. Clark was born in Tottenham, then lived in Middlesex. Clark left school without qualifications at the age of 15 and claims to have become a film stuntman, performing in over 40 films (although IMDB only gives him four pre-fame film credits). In the late 1950s Clark bought a set of drums, taught himself how to play them, and formed a skiffle band to raise funds so that his football team could travel to the Netherlands. The skiffle band grew into the Dave Clark Five with Clark their leader, co-songwriter, manager and producer. The Dave Clark Five grew in popularity in the UK. They unseated the Beatles' \"I Want to Hold Your Hand\" from its number one spot in the UK singles charts in January 1964 with \"Glad All Over\". The British press, briefly, called them the Beatles' \"most serious threat\". The Dave Clark Five were the first British Invasion band to follow the Beatles to the United States in 1964, where they achieved 14 top 20 hits, eight of which were consecutive. They also appeared on The Ed Sullivan Show more times than any other English group. Dave Clark became a popular name for babies in the 1960s. Andrew Loog Oldham, former manager of the Rolling Stones, said of the band's early success as rivals to the Beatles: If the Beatles ever looked over their shoulders, it was not the Stones they saw. They saw the Dave Clark 5 or Herman's Hermits. The band broke up in 1970 and in 1972, Clark stopped drumming after he broke four knuckles in a tobogganing accident. He later wrote a science fiction stage musical, Time, which debuted in 1986. It played for two years in London's West End, starring Cliff Richard (replaced later by David Cassidy). The musical also launched a concept album called Time which featured Richard, Freddie Mercury, Leo Sayer, Stevie Wonder and Dionne Warwick. Two million copies were sold and it spun off several hit singles. Clark is an entrepreneur and a multi-millionaire. He owns a \u00a312 million house in West London. From the outset, Clark owned the rights to all the Dave Clark Five music masters. In the late 1960s, in addition to managing his band, Clark began directing and producing for television. In 1968 he made a television production, Hold On, It's the Dave Clark Five. In the 1980s he acquired the rights to the 1960s UK music show Ready Steady Go!. On the release of a (DC5) British hits album in the mid-'70s, Clark resided in the US for a year, thus avoiding paying UK taxes in Britain on the proceeds of that release. The British government challenged this but lost the case in court. In 1993, Clark released remastered versions of all the Dave Clark 5 singles on a CD, Glad All Over Again. Companies House lists him as director of several companies. Clark was a close friend of Queen lead singer Freddie Mercury, whom he had known since 1976. Clark was by Mercury's bedside when the Queen singer died on 24 November 1991. Others who were by Mercury's bedside were partner Jim Hutton (1949\u20132010), personal assistant Peter Freestone and one time partner and friend, Joe Fanelli.[citation needed] In 2008, marking the 50th anniversary of the founding of the band, the Dave Clark Five was inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame. Clark, making a rare public appearance, and the two other surviving band members at the time accepted the award on behalf of the group.[citation needed] In 2014 Clark wrote, produced, appeared in, and partly presented, the 115-minute documentary The Dave Clark Five and Beyond: Glad All Over. Stuart Rosenberg, Rock and Roll and the American Landscape: The Birth of an Industry and the Expansion of the Popular Culture, 1955-1969, 2009, p.73 \"The Dave Clark Five\". Rock and Roll Hall of Fame. Retrieved 17 May 2011. Pierce, Andrew (10 December 2008). \"Dave Clark: Why I turned down a gong from Harold Wilson\". The Daily Telegraph. Retrieved 5 January 2010. Green, Graeme (13 October 2008). \"Beatles rival on sex, drugs, rock'n'roll\". Metro. Retrieved 5 January 2010. \"The Dave Clark Five\". Classic Bands. Retrieved 5 January 2010. \"The Dave Clark Five\". Rolling Stone. Archived from the original on 8 November 2007. Retrieved 5 January 2010. Clark, Rick; Unterberger, Richie. \"The Dave Clark Five\". Allmusic. Retrieved 6 January 2010. James, Gary. \"Interview with Dave Clark\". Classic Bands. Retrieved 6 January 2010. \"Dave Clark Five \u2013 DaveClarkAnkeny\". Retrieved 15 December 2012. Sharp, Ken (27 September 2014). \"Andrew Loog Oldham dishes on rock's biggest movers and shakers\". Goldmine. Retrieved 9 September 2015. McCormick, Neil (14 February 2015). \"Dave Clark: inscrutable pop mastermind\". The Daily Telegraph. Retrieved 9 September 2015. \"Biography: The Dave Clark Five\". Tune Genie. Archived from the original on 4 April 2010. Retrieved 2010-01-06. Fiddy, Dick. \"Ready, Steady, Go! (1963-66)\". Screenonline. Retrieved 9 September 2015. \"Dave Clark Five\". taxationpodcasts. 21 October 2011. Retrieved 18 November 2015. Companies House: Dave Clark. Retrieved 15 August 2020 \"Dave Clark Five\". British Invasion Bands. Archived from the original on 13 January 2009. Retrieved 6 January 2010. \"BBC Two - The Dave Clark Five and Beyond: Glad All Over\". BBC. Retrieved 14 February 2015. Dave Clark interviewed on the Pop Chronicles (1969)"
   },
   {
    "name": "John Williams",
    "id": "Q1241783",
    "text": "John Williams (27 June 1796 \u2013 20 November 1839) was an English missionary, active in the South Pacific. Born at Tottenham, near London, England, he was trained as a foundry worker and mechanic. In September 1816, the London Missionary Society (LMS) commissioned him as a missionary in a service held at Surrey Chapel, London. In 1817, John Williams and his wife, Mary Chawner Williams, voyaged to the Society Islands, a group of islands that included Tahiti, accompanied by William Ellis and his wife. John and Mary established their first missionary post on the island of Raiatea. From there, they visited a number of the Polynesian island chains, sometimes with Mr and Mrs Ellis and other London Missionary Society representatives. Landing on Aitutaki in 1821, they used Tahitian converts to carry their message to the Cook islanders. One island in this group, Rarotonga (Captain John Dibbs of the colonial schooner Endeavour in August 1823 was the first European to sight the islands, with Rev. Williams on board), rises out of the sea as jungle-covered mountains of orange soil ringed by coral reef and turquoise lagoon; Williams became fascinated by it. John and Mary had ten children, but only three survived to adulthood. The Williamses became the first missionary family to visit Samoa. In 1827 Williams had heard of other heathen islands in the vicinity and in order to expand his ministry he built a ship from local materials, the Messenger of Peace, in fifteen weeks. He set sail by November 1827 for the Society Islands, not returning till February 1828, when he then removed his family to Raiatea. John Williams arrived in Samoa in 1830, among his crew, a Samoan couple, Fauea and his wife Puaseisei, who joined them on their voyage and proved pivotal in the mission in Samoa. They set foot on the island of Savaii at Puaseisei's village of Safune, before arriving at Sapapalii on the 24th of August, 1830, to meet with Malietoa Vaiinuupo who had sole power over Samoa following the death of his rival Tamafaiga. Williams' meeting with Malietoa proved a success, as Malietoa accepted Christianity immediately. The Williamses returned in 1834 to Britain, where John supervised the printing of his translation of the New Testament into the Rarotongan language. They brought back a native of Samoa named Leota, who came to live as a Christian in London. At the end of his days, Leota was buried in Abney Park Cemetery with a dignified headstone paid for by the London Missionary Society, recording his adventure from the South Seas island of his birth. Whilst back in London, John Williams published a \"Narrative of Missionary Enterprises in the South Sea Islands\", making a contribution to English understanding and popularity of the region, before returning to the Polynesian islands in 1837 on the ship Camden under the command of Captain Robert Clark Morgan. Most of the Williamses' missionary work, and their delivery of a cultural message, was very successful and they became famed in Congregational circles. However, in November 1839, while visiting a part of the New Hebrides where John Williams was unknown, he and fellow missionary James Harris were killed and eaten by cannibals on the island of Erromango during an attempt to bring them the Gospel. A memorial stone was erected on the island of Rarotonga in 1839 and is still there. Mrs. Williams died in June 1852. She is buried with their son Rev Samuel Tamatoa Williams, who was born in the New Hebrides, at the old Cedar Circle in London's Abney Park Cemetery; the name of her husband and the record of his death were placed on the most prominent side of the stone monument. John Williams' remains (bones) were shipped and are buried in Apia, Samoa. A monument was erected in front of the LMS church of Apia, with a 6 storey building housing the headquarters of the Congregational Church of Samoa named after John Williams was built commemorating his work in the Samoan islands. The LMS successively operated seven missionary ships in the Pacific which were named after John Williams. They were funded by donations from children. The first, John Williams, was launched in 1844, and the last, John Williams VII, was decommissioned in 1968. In December 2009 descendants of John and Mary Williams travelled to Erromango to accept the apologies of descendants of the cannibals in a ceremony of reconciliation. To mark the occasion, Dillons Bay was renamed Williams Bay. London Missionary Society, ed. (1869). Fruits of Toil in the London Missionary Society. London: John Snow & Co. p.\u00a030. Retrieved 12 September 2016. Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). \"Williams, John, English Nonconformist missionary\"\u00a0. Encyclop\u00e6dia Britannica (11th\u00a0ed.). Cambridge University Press. \"Wills & Admons = Pt II, K\u00dcCK, John\". q.v. Public Record Office (PRO). Retrieved 6 February 2010. Maretu (1983). Cannibals and Converts: Radical Change in the Cook Islands. Institute of Pacific Studies. p.\u00a095. ISBN\u00a09820201667. Maretu (1802-1880), his work translated, annotated, edited by Marjorie Tuainekore Crocombe Walks in Abney Park Cemetery' by James French Wingfield, Chris (2015). \"Ship's bell, United Kingdom\". In Jacobs, Karen; Knowles, Chantal; Wingfield, Chris (eds.). Trophies, Relics and Curios?: Missionary Heritage from Africa and the Pacific. Leiden: Sidestone Press. pp.\u00a0127\u20139. ISBN\u00a0978-90-8890-271-0. Powerhouse Museum. \"H4686 Ship model, SS \"John Williams IV\", London Missionary Society steamer\". Powerhouse Museum, Australia. Retrieved 2 July 2015. 18\u00b049\u203201\u2033S 169\u00b000\u203229\u2033W\ufeff / \ufeff18.817\u00b0S 169.008\u00b0W\ufeff / -18.817; -169.008 \"BBC News \u2013 Island holds reconciliation over cannibalism\". news.bbc.co.uk. 7 December 2009. Retrieved 7 December 2009. French, James. 1888. Walks in Abney Park Cemetery. Hiney, Tom. 2000. On the Missionary Trail: a journey through Polynesia, Asia and Africa with the London Missionary Society. Prout, Ebenezer. Memoirs of the Life of the Rev. John Williams, Missionary to Polynesia.\" Williams, John. A Narrative of Missionary Enterprises in the South Sea Islands: With Remarks Upon the Natural History of the Islands, Origin, Traditions, and Usages of the Inhabitants\", George Baxter Publisher"
   },
   {
    "name": "Charles Conder",
    "id": "Q1284465",
    "text": "Charles Edward Conder (24 October 1868\u00a0\u2013 9 February 1909) was an English-born painter, lithographer and designer. He emigrated to Australia and was a key figure in the Heidelberg School, arguably the beginning of a distinctively Australian tradition in Western art. Conder was born in Tottenham, Middlesex, the second son, of six children, of James Conder, civil engineer and Mary Ann Ayres. He spent several years as a young child in India until the death of his mother (aged 31 years) on 14 May 1873 in Bombay, when Charles was four; he was then sent back to England and attended a number of schools including a boarding school at Eastbourne, which he attended from 1877. He left school at 15, and his very religious, non-artistic father, against Charles's natural artistic inclinations, decided that he should follow in his footsteps as a civil engineer. In 1884, at the age of 16, he was sent to Sydney, Australia, where he worked for his uncle, a land surveyor for the New South Wales government. However he disliked the work, much preferring to draw the landscape rather than survey it. In 1886, he left the job and became an artist for the \"Illustrated Sydney News\", where he was in the company of other artists such as Albert Henry Fullwood, Frank Mahony and Benjamin Edwin Minns. He also attended the painting classes of Alfred James Daplyn and had joined the Art Society of New South Wales. In 1888, Conder moved to Melbourne where he met other Australian artists including Arthur Streeton, and shared a studio with Tom Roberts, whom he had previously met in Sydney. Short of cash, the attractive Conder apparently paid off his landlady by sexual means, catching syphilis in the process, which was to plague the later years of his life. During his two years in Melbourne, Conder worked with the other members of the school and produced a number of famous works, including Under The Southern Sun. This painting clearly shows the burning sunlight and desolation that can be inflicted by an Australian drought. In 1890, he moved to Paris and studied at the Acad\u00e9mie Julian, where he befriended several avant-garde artists. In Sydney and later Melbourne Conder associated with G. P. Nerli, an itinerant Italian painter and the bearer of new European influences who has been credited with shaping Conder's development. The extent of the influence has been debated, but the fact of it is undeniable. Like Conder, Nerli was a bon-vivant whose appreciation of the 'dam fine' 'Melbourne girls' survives in a letter to a mutual friend, Percy Spence. Regarded as his greatest Sydney painting, Departure of the Orient \u2013 Circular Quay (1888) was the culmination of Conder's new mastery of form and brushwork. Painted from the vantage point of an upstairs room at the First and Last Hotel, overlooking the bustling harbour and ferry berths at Circular Quay in Sydney Cove, this work depicts the dockside scene at the moment when the 'Orient' has cast off for her voyage to England. The theme of lively urban streetscapes and rainy atmospheric conditions was one that derived originally from Japanese art and informed the work of the American-born James Abbott McNeill Whistler, who in turn inspired a generation of international artists conversant with the principles of French Impressionism. Following successful sale of this work to the Art Gallery of New South Wales, Conder departed for Melbourne in October 1888 to join Roberts and the circle of painters working there. He returned to Europe in 1890, where he became fully involved with Aestheticism and mixed with leading artists and writers of the day including Henri Toulouse-Lautrec, Oscar Wilde and Aubrey Beardsley. Conder was a fun-loving man who painted with an often humorous touch. While staying with Tom Roberts in his famous Grosvenor chambers studio, he painted A holiday at Mentone (1888), which shows men and women at the beach relaxing while clothed from head to foot\u2013the men in suits and hats; the ladies in long, girdled dresses with boots and pretty hats. The man and woman at the front of the painting face away from each other, yet possibly are interested in each other, each watching the other from the corner of their eye. The mood is one of simple elegance and with a relaxed feel, as in the background people are strolling along the beach into the distance. The composition of the painting has possibly been borrowed from a work by Whistler in which a bridge similarly transects the picture. Conder among other painters such as Frederick McCubbin had been directly or indirectly influenced by Whistler. Conder left Australia in 1890, and spent the rest of his life in Europe, mainly Britain, but visiting France on many occasions. His art was better received in Britain than in Paris. In 1892, Henri de Toulouse-Lautrec painted his portrait, this sketch is owned by the Aberdeen Art Gallery. In 1895, Conder came to Dieppe, attempting to socialise among the artistic community and the English families with their attractive daughters, as described by Simona Pakenham in her study of the English people there in the century before World War I. His friends remembered him as \" a sick man, unable to face reality\". In spite of drunken spells and disreputable company, Conder's powers as an artist were then at their height. He made a specialty of painting on silk, relatively easy on silk fans, but he excelled on one occasion when he painted a series of white silk gowns worn by Alexandra Thaulow, wife of Norwegian painter Frits Thaulow, while she stood on a table, the gowns becoming \"coloured like a field of flowers\". He met Aubrey Beardsley in Dieppe, but they did not like each other. He continued to paint, but his output was severely affected by the continual poor health, including paralysis and a bout of delirium tremens. He married a wealthy widow, Stella Maris Belford (n\u00e9e MacAdams) at The British Embassy Paris on 5 December 1901, giving him financial security. His later works are not nearly as well regarded critically as his earlier Australian paintings. He spent the last year of his life in a sanatorium, and died in Holloway Sanatorium of \"general paresis of the insane\", in modern terms tertiary syphilis. In death, Conder's work was rated highly by many notable artists, such as Pissarro and Degas. The Canberra suburb of Conder, established in 1991, was named after him. Satirist Barry Humphries is a major aficionado and collector of the artist, and at one time had the world's largest private collection of Conder's work. Australian art Ursula Hoff, 'Conder, Charles Edward (1868\u20131909)', Australian Dictionary of Biography, Vol. 3, MUP, 1969, pp 446\u2013447. Conder's other surviving siblings were Samuel James and Alice. (Gibson, 1914, p. 23). Gibson, pp. 23\u201325 Gibson, pp. 26 Under the Southern Sun, 1890 (artistsfootsteps.com). Ian Chilvers, The Oxford Dictionary of Art, P.164 Conder, Charles (1888). \"Departure of the Orient - Circular Quay\". AGNSW collection record. Art Gallery of New South Wales. Retrieved 9 May 2016. http://www.artgallery.nsw.gov.au/work/829/ Simona Pakenham, Sixty Miles from England, p.145-148. Simona Pakenham, Sixty Miles from England, p.152 Clive James, \"Approximately in the Vicinity of Barry Humphries\", London Review of Books, 6\u20139 October 1983 \u00a0This article\u00a0incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain:\u00a0Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). \"Conder, Charles\". Encyclop\u00e6dia Britannica (11th\u00a0ed.). Cambridge University Press. Galbally, Ann. Charles Conder: the last bohemian, Miegunyah Press: Melbourne University (2002) Catalogue reference and book summary[permanent dead link] Gibson, Frank & Dodgson, Campbell. Charles Conder; his life and work (London: John Lane, 1914). Pakenham, Simona. Sixty Miles from England: The English at Dieppe 1814-1914, (London, Macmillan, 1967). Rothenstein, John. The Life and Death of Conder, (London: J.M. Dent & Sons, 1938; New York: E.P. Dutton, c.1938). Gibson, Frank W. (1912). \"Conder, Charles\"\u00a0. Dictionary of National Biography (2nd supplement). London: Smith, Elder & Co. Art Gallery of New South Wales: highlights from the collection (2008), Edmund Capon (England; Australia, b.1940) (Author), Art Gallery of New South Wales (Australia, estab. 1874), Sydney, New South Wales, Australia. 'K' is for Conder: Charles Conder retrospective (2003), Public Programmes Department, Art Gallery of New South Wales (Australia) (Author), Art Gallery of New South Wales (Australia, estab. 1874), Domain, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia. Charles Conder 1868\u20131909 (2003), Ann Galbally (Australia) (Author), Barry Pearce (Australia) (Author), Barry Humphries (Australia, b.1934) (Author), Art Gallery of New South Wales (Australia, estab. 1874), Domain, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia. Australian art: in the Art Gallery of New South Wales (2000), Barry Pearce (Australia) (Author), Art Gallery of New South Wales (Australia, estab. 1874), Domain, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia. Art Gallery of New South Wales Handbook (1999), Bruce James (Australia) (Author), Edmund Capon (England; Australia, b.1940) (Director), Trustees of the Art Gallery of New South Wales (Australia), Domain, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia. The Art Gallery of New South Wales collections (1994), Ewen McDonald (Australia) (Editor), Art Gallery of New South Wales (Australia, estab. 1874), Sydney, New South Wales, Australia. Art Gallery of New South Wales Handbook (1988), Annabel Davie (Editor), Trustees of the Art Gallery of New South Wales (Australia), Domain, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia. The Artist & the City (1983), Brian Ladd (Australia) (Author), Alan Krell (Author), Art Gallery of New South Wales (Australia, estab. 1874), Domain, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia. Art Gallery of New South Wales picturebook (1972), Editor Unknown (Editor), Trustees of the Art Gallery of New South Wales (Australia), Domain, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia. Charles Conder: 1868\u20131909 (1966), Dr Ursula Hoff (England; Australia, b.1909, d.2005) (Author), Art Gallery of New South Wales (Australia, estab. 1874), Sydney, New South Wales, Australia. Art Gallery of New South Wales Quarterly (Jan 1960), Hal Missingham (Australia, b.1906, d.1994) (Editor), Art Gallery of New South Wales (Australia, estab. 1874), Sydney, New South Wales, Australia. A catalogue of Australian oil paintings in the National Art Gallery of New South Wales 1875\u20131952 (1953), Bernard Smith (Australia, b.1916, d.2011) (Author), Art Gallery of New South Wales (Australia, estab. 1874), Sydney, New South Wales, Australia. A retrospective exhibition of Australian painting (1953), Hal Missingham (Australia, b.1906, d.1994) (Author), National Art Gallery of New South Wales (Australia, estab. 1874), Domain, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia. 100 years of Australian painting (1948), Bernard Smith (Australia, b.1916, d.2011) (Author), National Art Gallery of New South Wales (Australia, estab. 1874), Sydney, New South Wales, Australia. 150 years of Australian art (1938), Lionel Lindsay (Australia, b.1874, d.1961) (Author), Trustees of the National Art Gallery of New South Wales (Australia), Sydney, New South Wales, Australia. Fifty years of Australian art 1879\u20131929 (1929), George Galway (Australia) (Author), Royal Art Society of New South Wales Press (Australia), New South Wales, Australia. Elwyn Lynn (author) Charles Conder The Australian Landscape and its Artists, Bay Books 1977 pp 60\u201365 Media related to Charles Conder at Wikimedia Commons 51 artworks by or after Charles Conder at the Art UK site Charles Conder at the Art Gallery of New South Wales Charles Conder \u2013 Short Biography at Yellow Nineties Online Charles Conder online (ArtCyclopedia) \"Artist's footsteps\", source of most material for this article Charles Conder on Picture Australia Conder collection, National Gallery of Victoria An early taste for literature 1888 \u2013 Ballarat Fine Art Gallery. Review of Conder exhibition (\"Nineteenth-century Art Worldwide\" on-line magazine)"
   },
   {
    "name": "Edward Wakefield",
    "id": "Q1294027",
    "text": "Edward Wakefield (1774\u20131854) was an English philanthropist and statistician, chiefly known as the author of Ireland, Statistical and Political, and as the father of several controversial sons. Edward was the eldest son of Edward Wakefield (1750\u20131826) and Priscilla Bell and was born in 1774. He was the brother of Daniel Wakefield (1776\u20131846) and Isabella Wakefield (3 Mar 1773\u201317 October 1841) who married Joshua Head of Ipswich on 12 Sep 1794. Wakefield commenced adult life as a farmer near Romford in Essex, and was subsequently employed under the naval arsenal. In 1814 he established himself as a land agent at 42 Pall Mall. He soon became well known as an authority on agriculture, while his interest in education won for him the character of a practical philanthropist. He was a strong advocate of the educational theories of Joseph Lancaster, and was on terms of intimacy with James Mill and Francis Place. Wakefield is best known as the author of Ireland, Statistical and Political, published in 1812, a work which, in spite of many inaccuracies, is, from the candour and tolerance it displays, a very valuable account of Ireland in the early years of the nineteenth century. The book was undertaken in 1808 at the suggestion of John Foster, 1st Baron Oriel, formerly chancellor of the Irish exchequer, and Wakefield devoted four years to the task. Mackintosh in the Edinburgh Review, while noting its defects in matters of detail, said of this work that \"few books have stronger marks of the candour and probity of the writer;\" and McCulloch called it \"the best and most complete work on Ireland since Arthur Young's tour\". Wakefield was a warm admirer of Pitt, by whom he is said to have been consulted in regard to Ireland, and was also confidentially employed by Lord Melville (see Robert Saunders Dundas). Wakefield married, first, on 3 October 1791, Susanna Crash (d. 1816) of Felstead, Essex, by whom he was the father of ten children, including five particularly notable ones: Catherine Gurney Wakefield (1793\u20131873) married Rev Charles Martin Torlesse (1795\u20131881). Mother of Charles Obins Torlesse (1825\u20131866) and others. Edward Gibbon Wakefield (1796\u20131862). Daniel Bell Wakefield (1798\u20131858). Arthur Wakefield (1799\u20131843). William Hayward Wakefield (1801\u20131848). John Howard Wakefield (1803\u20131862) married 12 January 1831 Maria Suffolk (1814\u20131852) and had issue. Felix Wakefield (1807\u20131875). Priscilla Susannah Wakefield (1809\u20131887) married Henry Howard Chapman (1797\u20131855) and had issue. Percy Wakefield (1810\u20131832). Un-named Wakefield (1813). He married his second wife, Frances, on 3 October 1823 in Paris, France. She was the daughter of David Davies, headmaster of Macclesfield grammar school. Wakefield died at Knightsbridge on 18 May 1854. His appearance in later life is described as that of \"a beautiful old man of lofty stature\". Carlyle, Edward Irving (1899). \"Wakefield, Priscilla\"\u00a0. In Lee, Sidney (ed.). Dictionary of National Biography. 58. London: Smith, Elder & Co. \"Edward's children\" Priscilla Wakefield site The National Archives of the UK; Kew, Surrey, England; General Register Office: Foreign Registers and Returns; Class: RG 33; Piece: 63 Falkiner, C\u00e6sar Litton (1899). \"Wakefield, Edward (1774-1854)\"\u00a0. In Lee, Sidney (ed.). Dictionary of National Biography. 59. London: Smith, Elder & Co. sources: [Allibone's Dict. of Engl. Lit.; Edinburgh Review, xx. 346; Russell's Memoirs of Thomas Moore, iv. 129; Webb's Compendium of Irish Biography; Place MSS. Brit. Mus.; Edward Gibbon Wakefield, by Dr. R. Garnett, 1898.] Attribution \"Wakefield, Edward (1774-1854)\"\u00a0. Dictionary of National Biography. London: Smith, Elder & Co. 1885\u20131900."
   },
   {
    "name": "Felix Wakefield",
    "id": "Q1303923",
    "text": "Felix Wakefield (30 November 1807 \u2013 23 December 1875) was an English colonist. Felix Wakefield was born in 1807, the seventh child and sixth son of Edward Wakefield (1774\u20131854), a distinguished surveyor and land agent, and Susanna Crush (1767\u20131816) of Felstead. His grandmother, Priscilla Wakefield (1751\u20131832), was a popular author for the young, and one of the introducers of savings banks. He was the brother of: Catherine Gurney Wakefield (1793\u20131873), the mother of Charles Torlesse (1825\u20131866); Edward Gibbon Wakefield (1796\u20131862); Daniel Bell Wakefield (1798\u20131858); Arthur Wakefield (1799\u20131843); William Hayward Wakefield (1801\u20131848); John Howard Wakefield (1803\u20131862); Priscilla Susannah Wakefield (1809\u20131887); Percy Wakefield (1810\u20131832); and an unnamed child born in 1813. In 1831 Felix married Marie Bailley, by whom he had nine children. When he left school Felix began working with his father and training as a surveyor and civil engineer. This was interrupted, however, in 1826 as a result of the scandal surrounding his brothers, Edward Gibbon and William Wakefield and also his stepmother. When he eventually finished his training he rejoined his father, now in exile in Blois, France. Soon afterwards he impregnated a servant girl, Marie Bailley and was required to marry her. In 1832 the young family emigrated to Tasmania where Felix was employed as a surveyor. Although initially successful, Felix's work did not impress the authorities and such was his personality that when criticised he usually resorted to litigation and argument. As a result of this, he became extremely unpopular and eventually unemployable. Various attempts to recoup his fortunes were unsuccessful and by 1846 the family was destitute. Abandoning his wife and youngest child in Tasmania, Felix took the other eight children and returned to England. Most of the responsibility for supporting the family fell on his older sister, Catherine Torlesse, mother of Charles Torlesse, and brother, Edward Gibbon, who was himself recovering from a major stroke. But Edward Gibbon was also involved in the promotion and planning of a new scheme for the colonisation of New Zealand, the Canterbury Association, under the auspices of the Church of England and he persuaded himself that his brother Felix and his surveying skills had a contribution to make. The plan that Felix drew up for surveying the Canterbury Plains was largely adopted and contributed significantly to the early success of the colony. However, it was not easy, as Felix was just as hard to work with in England as he had been in Tasmania. Eventually, relations between the brothers were so bad that Edward Gibbon more or less wrote off his brother's debts, paid him a substantial sum of money, and sent him off to New Zealand. Felix Wakefield arrived in New Zealand with six of his children in November 1851 and immediately began feuding with the agents of the Canterbury Association about the land allocated to him. There were also questions about various sums of money that he was unable to account for satisfactorily. A few months later he leased the store at Redcliffs, installed his children in the care of his eldest daughter, Constance, now twenty years old, and departed for Wellington. In Wellington, he met up with another brother, Daniel Bell Wakefield, resumed his campaign against Edward Gibbon, and started a new campaign aiming to have the administrators of the Canterbury Settlement replaced. Then at the end of March, after less than five months in the colony, he returned to London. There he continued his vendettas with such vehemence that he was summoned to appear in court, charged with uttering threats against the Canterbury Association's Land Agent, John Robert Godley. And then, just as precipitately, he returned to New Zealand. He arrived in Nelson, New Zealand in 1854, bringing with him two red deer. They thrived in New Zealand and went on to destroy much of the country's native forests. Felix returned to Canterbury where here his welcome was very cool. By August he was again in trouble, this time for attempting to evict the tenant from a building owned by his nephew, Jerningham Wakefield. Shortly afterwards he quit Canterbury, this time taking his children with him and returned to Nelson where they stayed for a short while before sailing once again back to England. He stayed away from New Zealand for ten years, during much of the time he was involved in litigation over various issues about land in New Zealand. He also served in the Crimean War, acting briefly as an engineer on the construction of the Balaclava Railway. He may also have been involved in the Indian Mutiny of 1857. Finally in January 1864 he returned to New Zealand, this time bringing with him a flock of skylarks. He settled in Nelson for a while, tried Canterbury for a period and then moved on to Wellington and then back once again to Nelson where in 1870 he was employed as a post office clerk until he retired in 1874. Wakefield died of a heart attack in Sumner on 23 December 1875. He is buried at Barbadoes Street Cemetery. His son Edward Wakefield was a New Zealand politician and journalist. Marriages and Deaths of Considerable Persons. 1791. p.\u00a0969. Falkiner, C\u00e6sar Litton (1899). \"Wakefield, Edward (1774-1854)\"\u00a0. In Lee, Sidney (ed.). Dictionary of National Biography. 59. London: Smith, Elder & Co. sources: [Allibone's Dict. of Engl. Lit.; Edinburgh Review, xx. 346; Russell's Memoirs of Thomas Moore, iv. 129; Webb's Compendium of Irish Biography; Place MSS. Brit. Mus.; Edward Gibbon Wakefield, by Dr. R. Garnett, 1898.] Garnett 1911, p.\u00a0248. sfn error: no target: CITEREFGarnett1911 (help) \"Local and General\". The Star (2422). 24 December 1875. p.\u00a02. Retrieved 23 August 2014. Greenaway, Richard L. N. (June 2007). \"Barbadoes Street Cemetery Tour\" (PDF). Christchurch City Council. p.\u00a052. Retrieved 2 June 2011. Dictionary of National Biography Biography of Felix Wakefield in 1966 Encyclopedia of New Zealand A Sort of Conscience; The Wakefields by Phillip Temple, Auckland University Press, 2002 [1]"
   },
   {
    "name": "Rebel MC",
    "id": "Q1337319",
    "text": "Michael Alec Anthony West (born 27 August 1964 in Islington, London, England), better known as Rebel MC and Congo Natty, is a British jungle producer and toaster. He has also gone by aliases including Conquering Lion, Blackstar, Tribe of Issachar, Lion of Judah, X Project and Ras Project. In the late 1980s, West formed the group Double Trouble with Michael Menson, Karl Brown (more commonly known as the UK garage DJ Karl 'Tuff Enuff' Brown) and Leigh Guest. This would lead to two hip house records reaching the UK Top 40 in 1989 - \"Just Keep Rockin'\" followed by \"Street Tuff\". The latter reached number 3 in the UK Singles Chart. These would appear shortly after on his debut album Rebel Music. In 1991, West released his second album, Black Meaning Good, which combined his former hip house and pop-rap influences with a stronger reggae and breakbeat edge. The album featured notable reggae and dancehall artists such as Barrington Levy, Tenor Fly and Dennis Brown. Singles released from the album included \"The Wickedest Sound\", \"Comin' On Strong\", and \"Tribal Base\" - to which their breakbeat hardcore and reggae fusion would give rise to an early precursor to the jungle sound. His third album, Word, Sound and Power, released in 1992, was a further exploration of mixing up breakbeat hardcore, house, reggae and hip hop, with two singles \"Rich Ah Getting Richer\" and \"I Can't Get No Sleep\" released from it. Whilst West was enjoying further commercial success with \"Tribal Base\" featuring Barrington Levy and Tenor Fly, he was also experimenting with white label releases on his X Project label. The first of these would be \"Walking in the Air\" (which contains samples from The Snowman track), followed by a further five releases which by this time were jungle. West is often noted for having popularised the term \"jungle\". In the book Energy Flash by Simon Reynolds, MC Navigator of Kool FM is quoted as saying: \"Rebel got this chant - 'all the junglists' - from a yard-tape\" (referring to the sound system tapes from Kingston, Jamaica). \"When Rebel sampled that, the people cottoned on, and soon they started to call the music 'jungle'\". In 1994, West converted to Rastafari. As Conquering Lion, he would release a classic jungle track \"Code Red\", with vocals from Supercat. This was picked up for major release by Mango Records. This was then followed by the equally massive \"Champion DJ\" (featuring Top Cat) and \"Junglist\" (featuring Peter Bouncer), both released on his Congo Natty label that would be prolific in the mid-1990s to early 2000s. In 2013, West returned with the album Jungle Revolution, featuring the likes of General Levy, Top Cat, Tippa Irie, Tenor Fly, and Nanci Correia. Rebel Music (Desire, 1990) Black Meaning Good (Desire, 1991) Word Sound and Power (Big Life, 1992) Tribute to Haile Selassie I (Congo Natty, 1995) Born Again (Congo Natty, 2005) Jungle Revolution (Big Dada, 2013) Most Wanted (Congo Natty, 2008) \"Just Keep Rockin'\" with Double Trouble (Desire, 1989) \"Street Tuff\" with Double Trouble (Desire, 1989) - UK No. 3 \"Better World\" (Desire, 1989) \"Rebel Music\" (Desire, 1990) - UK No. 53 \"Culture\"/\"Comin' On Strong\" (Desire, 1990) \"The Wickedest Sound\" (Desire, 1991) \"Tribal Base\" (Desire, 1991) \"Black Meaning Good\" (Desire, 1992) \"Rich Ah Getting Richer\" (Desire, 1992) \"Word, Sound and Power\" (Big Life, 1992) \"Humanity\"/\"I Can't Get No Sleep\" (Big Life, 1992) \"Under Mi Sensi\" (with Barrington Levy) (Tribal Bass, 1992) \"Walking in the Air\" (as X Project) (X Project, 1992) \"The Calling\"/\"Jah Sunshine\" (as X Project) (X Project, 1993) \"Inahsound\"/\"Lion of Judah\" (as X Project) (X Project, 1993) \"Code Red\" (as Conquering Lion) (X Project/Mango, 1994) \"Champion DJ\" (as Blackstar with Top Cat) (Congo Natty, 1994) \"Junglist\" (as Tribe of Issachar) (Congo Natty, 1995) \"Jah Set It\" (as Lion of Judah) (Congo Natty, 1996) \"Emperor Sellasie I\" (as Lion of Judah) (Congo Natty, 1997) Rebel MC - Biography & History AllMusic Colin Larkin, ed. (1998). The Virgin Encyclopedia of Dance Music (First\u00a0ed.). Virgin Books. p.\u00a0280. ISBN\u00a00-7535-0252-6. \"street tuff | full Official Chart History | Official Charts Company\". Official Charts Company. Ben Beaumont-Thomas (4 July 2013). \"Congo Natty and the jungle revolution\". The Guardian. Matt Jost (16 October 2012). \"Rebel MC\u00a0: Black Meaning Good\u00a0:: Desire Records\". Rapreviews.com. \"History Sessions: Congo Natty Special (1992 \u2013 1998)\". Abasschronicle.co.uk. 11 January 2017. Reynolds, Simon. Energy Flash. Picador 2008, ISBN\u00a0978-0-330-45420-9, p. 245 Joe Clay (11 July 2013). \"I've Got Souls To Save: An Interview With Congo Natty\". TheQuietus. Charlie Jones (18 September 2012). \"The 10 best jungle tracks, according to Uncle Dugs\". Dummymag.com. Official website Rebel MC at Discogs.com Congo Natty at Discogs.com Rebel MC at Heroes of Hip-Hop"
   },
   {
    "name": "JME",
    "id": "Q1385721",
    "text": "Jamie Adenuga (born 4 May 1985), known professionally as Jme, is a British grime MC, songwriter, record producer and DJ who was born in Hackney, and raised in Tottenham. He is the co-founder of the crew and label Boy Better Know. He was previously part of the grime collective Meridian Crew and later Roll Deep alongside his older brother, Skepta. Jamie Adenuga was born in Hackney, into a family who are originally from Nigeria. He grew up in Tottenham, North London where he lived in a council house. He attended St. Paul's School and then Winchmore School in Winchmore Hill, Enfield along with his younger brother Jason, elder brother Joseph and sister Julie. Adenuga subsequently graduated from the University of Greenwich having studied 3D Digital Design. He started out producing by making mobile phone ringtones. He later used Mario Paint and Game Boy Camera. In his song \u201c96 Bars Of Revenge\u201d Adenuga also references himself using Fruity Loops, Pro Tools and Logic Studio. Adenuga also co-owns his own T-shirt chain, bearing the labels of himself, his record label Boy Better Know, and his dormant nightclub Straight Outta Bethnal. He released his debut album Famous? and an album through a major label with the whole of Boy Better Know. In October 2008, he became one of a small number of unsigned artists to headline at the London Astoria. Jme released a single, \"Over Me\", in September 2009. He followed this single with another, \"Sidetracked\", which featured Wiley, followed by \"CD is Dead\", which featured Tempa T. These three singles are featured on the album, Blam!, which was released on 4 October 2010. On 13 February 2011, Jme released a compilation album entitled History: which peaked at 162 on the UK Albums Chart.[citation needed] In January 2012, Jme released a single, \"96 Fuckries\", which entered the chart at number 41. Jme's third studio album, Integrity>, was released on 4 May 2015. It entered the UK Albums Chart at number twelve. It was one of nineteen records nominated for the IMPALA Album of the Year Award. During 2019, Jme entered an eleven-month hiatus from social media. On 14 November 2019, Jme announced the release of his fourth studio album, Grime MC, which was released on 29 November 2019. The album was released exclusively on CD and vinyl during its initial release. Grime MC was positively received by Clash, which gave it 8/10, while Pitchfork called it \"the strongest record of his career\". Since the release of Grime MC, JME has not released anymore albums however he has collaborated numerous times with other Grime Artists in the years of 2020 and 2021. - Featuring alongside Skepta, Jammer, Shorty and Frisco for \u201cRed Card\u201d. - Collaborated with Shorty, Frisco and Capo Lee for Capo\u2019s album \u201cNorf Face\u201d. - Featured in the Female Allstar\u2019s EP \u201cWhat You Call Disss\u201d - Featured in a song with SBK and Shorty called \u201cBe Careful\u201d Adenuga is a vegan and teetotaler. Adenuga is the brother of Beats 1 DJ and radio host Julie Adenuga, fellow grime artist Skepta, and graphic designer and producer Jason. Jme married Sarah Cavanagh, his longtime girlfriend, in August 2016. Their daughter, Ros\u00e8, was born in May 2018. During campaigning for the 2017 UK general election, Labour Party leader Jeremy Corbyn met with Jme to encourage people to register to vote, with Jme saying \"I\u2019m on Jeremy's Snapchat to make sure you register to vote\". Jme is known for his involvement with the Sidemen, a British YouTube collective consisting of seven YouTube personalities, and has appeared in their YouTube videos. He has participated in all three of the Sidemen's annual charity football matches between 2016 and 2018. 2006: Boy Better Know \u2013 Edition 1: Shh Hut Yuh Muh 2006: Boy Better Know \u2013 Edition 2: Poomplex 2006: Boy Better Know \u2013 Edition 3: Derkhead 2006: Boy Better Know \u2013 Edition 4: Tropical (Instrumental mixtape) 2011: Boy Better Know \u2013 Tropical 2 (Instrumental mixtape) 2015: Jme \u2013 48 Hour Mixtape (Free Stream) Jme \u2013 Badderman EP Jme \u2013 Calm Down Jme \u2013 Don't Chat Jme \u2013 The Jme EP \u2013 Rice and Peas Jme \u2013 Joel Shut Your Mouth Jme \u2013 Meridian Walk Jme \u2013 Serious/Calm Down EP Jme \u2013 Serious Serious EP Jme \u2013 Waste Man EP Commodo ft. JME- Shift Jme/Grime Reaper \u2013 Safe and Sound EP Jme/Skepta \u2013 Adamantium EP Jme/Trigz \u2013 Berr Quick EP Jme/Trigz \u2013 The Nu EP Jme \u2013 Integrity> Jme \u2013 Integrity> Instrumental Jme - Grime MC \"Jme's 'Grime MC' Is A Grassroots Triumph\". Clash. 3 December 2019. Retrieved 7 June 2020. Carter, Brooke (16 March 2018). \"JME Net Worth 2018\". The Gazette Review. Retrieved 7 June 2020. Spicer, Kate (21 February 2010). \"The sound of the underground: Grime music has been growing steadily for years. And now it's got fashion, TV, and even Ed Balls in its grip. Kate Spicer meets the makers of a scene that's straight from the street\", The Sunday Times, p. 14. Koch, Christian (15 March 2010). \"Nice threads: American rapper Pharrell's Pounds 250 hoodies are top sellers at Harvey Nicks and London's homegrown rap artists are launching their own ranges amid massive demand, reports Christian Koch: 'We're in a unique position, we've got a cult following'\", Evening Standard, p. 31. \"Skepta's Mission\". The FADER. Archived from the original on 7 November 2015. Retrieved 16 November 2015. Adabra, Michelle (25 August 2005). \"Boy Better Know Now\", New Nation (602): 15. Rajan, Amol (24 September 2007). \"Should grime clean up its act?\", The Independent, p. 14. \"Jme\". Alumni | University of Greenwich. Retrieved 21 September 2020. Jme, (30 January 2012), Twitter Archived 9 January 2014 at the Wayback Machine Flint, Hanna. \"JME's T-shirt with his face on it is as cheeky as the cheeky Nandos he's eating\". Metro. Archived from the original on 16 November 2015. Retrieved 16 November 2015. Verma, Rahul (21 November 2008). \"Grime's coming of age\", The Independent, p. 20. \"Stormzy makes history after freestyle enters Top 40 Chart\". www.voice-online.co.uk. Archived from the original on 17 November 2015. Retrieved 16 November 2015. \"Mumford & Sons score their second Number 1 album\". Official Charts Company. 10 May 2015. Archived from the original on 14 May 2015. Retrieved 10 May 2015. \"Young labels featured in shortlist for IMPALA Album of the Year Award\". Impala Music. Archived from the original on 4 June 2016. Retrieved 13 May 2016. \"JME teases new album, Grime MC, with YouTube video\". FACT Magazine. 14 November 2019. Archived from the original on 15 November 2019. Retrieved 15 November 2019. \"Jme's 'Grime MC' Album Is Incoming\". Clash Music. 14 November 2019. Archived from the original on 15 November 2019. Retrieved 15 November 2019. \"JME announces Grime MC release date, shares tour details\". Crack Magazine. 14 November 2019. Archived from the original on 15 November 2019. Retrieved 15 November 2019. \"JME - Grime MC\". Clash Magazine. Retrieved 20 January 2020. \"Jme: Grime MC\". Pitchfork. Retrieved 20 January 2020. Jme on Twitter: \"I didn't turn. I stopped eating animals. Why? Education RT @Mahesh93: @JmeBBK why did you turn vegan?\" Archived 8 December 2015 at the Wayback Machine. Twitter.com (21 January 2014). Retrieved on 2015-11-02. The Police vs Grime Music \u2013 A Noisey Film Archived 12 August 2017 at the Wayback Machine. YouTube (29 May 2014). Retrieved on 2015-11-02. \"Form 696: The Police Versus Grime Music\". Vice Media. Archived from the original on 16 July 2016. Retrieved 9 June 2015. \"Skepta, JME, Julie ... are the Adenugas Britain's most creative family?\". the Guardian. 16 October 2020. Retrieved 13 November 2020. Grime Report http://thegrimereport.blogspot.co.uk/2016/08/jme-gets-married-congratulations.html Archived 29 June 2017 at the Wayback Machine \"Skepta's Baby: Everything You Need To Know About The Child\". Daily Feed. 11 July 2019. Retrieved 13 November 2020. \"Jme met with Jeremy Corbyn to encourage young people to vote\". The Independent. 15 May 2017. Archived from the original on 16 May 2017. Retrieved 15 May 2017. Jade, Kelly (15 May 2017). \"Jeremy Corbyn sits down with grime artist JME to encourage young people to vote\". Metro. Archived from the original on 16 May 2017. Retrieved 15 May 2017. \"Sidemen FC vs YouTube Allstars Charity Match - Match Report and VoD - KSI, KEEMSTAR, FaZe Adapt and more!\". Dexerto.com. Archived from the original on 9 February 2020. Retrieved 16 July 2020. \"Jme \u2013 Integrity\". British Phonographic Industry. 27 January 2017. \"Commodo ft. JME's 'Shift' is Full of Advice for Aspiring Rudebois | Thump\". Retrieved 2 September 2016. \"JME - full Official Chart History\". Official Charts Company. Peak chart positions for singles in the United Kingdom: \"Sidetracked\": \"Official Independent Singles Chart Top 50\". Official Charts Company. Archived from the original on 24 September 2015. Retrieved 28 February 2010. \"CD Is Dead\": \"Official Independent Singles Chart Top 50\". Official Charts Company. Archived from the original on 22 May 2015. Retrieved 6 March 2010. \"96 Fuckries\": \"Official Independent Singles Chart Top 50\". Official Charts Company. Archived from the original on 24 September 2015. 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Retrieved 12 October 2014. \"Man Don't Care\": \"Official Independent Singles Chart Top 50\". Official Charts Company. Archived from the original on 16 June 2015. Retrieved 10 June 2015. Knightly, Jessica. (4 May 2015) Watch JME's \"Man Don't Care\" Video f/ Giggs | Complex UK Archived 3 February 2016 at the Wayback Machine. Uk.complex.com. Retrieved on 2015-11-02. \"Jme Ft Giggs \u2013 Man Don't Care\". British Phonographic Industry. 7 August 2020. Maybe Ting Refix \u2013 GMTA, Firecamp, Marvel + Boy Better Know Refix DJ RAPH MASHUP REMIX by djraphrelentless | DJ Raph Relentless | Free Listening on SoundCloud Archived 2 April 2015 at the Wayback Machine. Soundcloud.com. Retrieved on 2 November 2015. \"Wiley/Skepta/Jme/Ms D \u2013 Can You Hear Me (Ayayaya)\". British Phonographic Industry. 14 October 2016. \"Skepta Ft Jme \u2013 That's Not Me\". British Phonographic Industry. 5 April 2019. \"Shakka Ft Jme \u2013 Say Nada\". British Phonographic Industry. 10 August 2018. \"Box (feat. JME & Face) \u2013 Single by Lethal Bizzle\". iTunes Store. Apple. Archived from the original on 3 December 2017. Retrieved 19 May 2017. \"Ten10 by Chip\". iTunes (UK). Archived from the original on 25 August 2018. Retrieved 2 October 2018. Jme on MySpace Jme's channel on YouTube"
   },
   {
    "name": "Mark Hollis",
    "id": "Q1389589",
    "text": "Mark David Hollis (4 January 1955 \u2013 25 February 2019) was a British musician and singer-songwriter. He achieved commercial success and critical acclaim in the 1980s and 1990s as the co-founder, lead singer and principal songwriter of the band Talk Talk. Hollis wrote or co-wrote most of Talk Talk's music\u2014including hits like \"It's My Life\" and \"Life's What You Make It\"\u2014and in later works developed an experimental, contemplative style. Beginning in 1981 as a synth-pop group with a New Romantic image, Talk Talk's sound became increasingly adventurous under Hollis's direction. For their third album, The Colour of Spring\u00a0(1986), Talk Talk adopted an art pop sound that won critical and commercial favour; it remains their biggest commercial success. The band's final two albums, Spirit of Eden\u00a0(1988) and Laughing Stock\u00a0(1991), were radical departures from their early work, taking influence from jazz, folk, classical and experimental music. While they were commercial failures in their own time, these albums were retrospectively highly critically acclaimed and have come to be seen as early landmarks of post-rock music. After Talk Talk disbanded in 1991, Hollis returned to music in 1998 with a self-titled solo album, which continued the direction of Talk Talk's sound but in a more minimal, sparse, acoustic style. Following the release of his only solo album, Hollis largely retired from the recording industry. Hollis died, aged 64, in February 2019. Hollis was born on 4 January 1955 in Tottenham, London. He had two brothers, one elder and one younger. Little is known about his early life as Hollis was a reluctant interviewee throughout his career. He attended Tollington School, a now-defunct grammar school in Muswell Hill, London. In one interview, he claimed to have quit pursuing an education before he had completed his A-levels; in another, he said he had taken a course in child psychology at the University of Sussex but dropped out after a year and a half. Between school and the launch of his music career, he worked in factories and as a laboratory technician. Reflecting on this period in his life, he later said, \"I could never wait to get home and start writing songs and lyrics. All day long I'd be jotting ideas down on bits of paper and just waiting for the moment when I could put it all down on tape.\" Ed Hollis, Mark's older brother, mentored Mark and introduced him to the music industry. Ed was a disc jockey, producer and manager of several bands, including the pub-rock group Eddie and the Hot Rods. With Ed's encouragement and assistance, Mark formed his first band, The Reaction. Emerging in the post-punk era, the Reaction's sound reflected Hollis's interest in early garage rock as found on the 1972 compilation Nuggets. In a later interview, Hollis said, \"Up until punk there's no way I could have imagined I could get a record deal because I didn't think I could play, but punk said, 'If you think you can play you can play.'\" In 1977, The Reaction recorded a demo for Island Records. A song from the demo, \"Talk Talk Talk Talk\", featured on the punk compilation Streets, released by the record-store chain and fledgling label Beggars Banquet. Written by Hollis, \"Talk Talk Talk Talk\" is an early version of Talk Talk's 1982 second single, \"Talk Talk\". George Gimarc noted the Reaction's rendition of the song is about twice as fast and has \"a completely different feel\" than the 1982 version. Island released the Reaction's only single, \"I Can't Resist\", in 1978. George Gimarc likened \"I Can't Resist\" to early works by the Hollies and the Who. The Reaction disbanded the following year. Around this time, Hollis's musical outlook broadened considerably. He began to listen to progressive rock like King Crimson and Pink Floyd, which were considered unfashionable in the punk era. His brother Ed introduced him to a wider range of music including jazz, particularly John Coltrane and Ornette Coleman. Miles Davis's collaborations with arranger Gil Evans on Porgy and Bess\u00a0(1959) and Sketches of Spain\u00a0(1960) had a lasting impact on Hollis; he later said Davis and Evans's work together \"has space, tight arrangement and technique but it also has movement within it\" and said those two albums \"were extremely important albums to me then and they still are, because the values they work with are faultless.\" Hollis was best known for being the lead singer and primary songwriter of the band Talk Talk between 1981 and 1991. He was praised for his \"always remarkable voice\" and, along with Talk Talk's producer Tim Friese-Greene, took the lead in evolving the band's style from New Romantic into the more experimental and contemplative style that later became known as post-rock. Hollis has been credited with saying: \"Before you play two notes, learn how to play one note. And don't play one note unless you've got a reason to play it.\" He also commented: \"The silence is above everything, and I would rather hear one note than I would two, and I would rather hear silence than I would one note.\" In 1982, he cited his greatest influences as Burt Bacharach and William Burroughs. Talk Talk disbanded in 1991. In 1998, Hollis released an eponymous solo debut album, Mark Hollis. In an interview at the time, he said: \"To me the ultimate ambition is to make music that doesn't have a use by date, that goes beyond your own time.\" He also said: \"Technique has never been an important thing to me. Feeling always has been, and always will be, above technique.\" According to a 2008 article in The Guardian, he then largely retired from making music. He stated about his decision to retire from performing, \"I choose for my family. Maybe others are capable of doing it, but I can't go on tour and be a good dad at the same time.\" Despite Hollis' absence from the public eye, he continued to be mentioned in the music press as an example of an artist who refused to sacrifice his artistic ambition for commercial success, as a yardstick for current artists and one of the most important musicians of his generation. His withdrawal from the public continued to fascinate music critics. By the time his solo album was released, Hollis had moved back from the countryside to London in order to provide his two sons with a more cosmopolitan environment. In 2004, Hollis resurfaced briefly to receive a Broadcast Music Inc. Award for having written \"It's My Life\". In 2012, a piece of specially commissioned music by Hollis entitled \"ARB Section 1\", was used in the television series Boss. Hollis performed the solo track \"Piano\" on the 1998 minimalist album AV 1, by Phill Brown and Dave Allinson, under the pseudonym John Cope. This was later included on the 2001 Talk Talk compilation album Missing Pieces. He played piano on and co-wrote the track \"Chaos\" on the 1998 trip hop album Psyence Fiction by Unkle, later asking for his name to be removed from the album credits. He also co-produced and arranged two tracks (\"The Gown\" and \"Big Mouth\") on Anja Garbarek's 2001 album Smiling & Waving, as well as playing bass guitar, piano and melodica. As of 1998, Hollis lived in Wimbledon, London with his wife Flick (a teacher) and their two sons. Hollis' desire to spend more time with his family was a major reason that Talk Talk stopped touring after 1986, and his reason for retiring from the music industry in 1998. Hollis died in February 2019, aged 64. Initial reports included a tweet from his cousin-in-law, the paediatrician Anthony Costello, and a tribute by Talk Talk's bassist Paul Webb. Hollis's death, after \"a short illness from which he never recovered\", was confirmed by his former manager on 26 February. Further tributes to Hollis included Duran Duran, Depeche Mode, The The, Steven Wilson, Alexis Taylor, Andy Kim, Charlotte Church, Flea, Roland Orzabal, Robin Pecknold, Peter Gabriel, Ryley Walker, Peter Hammill, Orchestral Manoeuvres in the Dark, Marc Almond, Elijah Wood, Kirin J. Callinan, Chris Baio and Broken Social Scene. Mark Hollis (1998) Hollis's date of death was reported as 18 February and 25 February 2019. His death was announced as early as 24 February 2019. Marsh, Roberts & Benjamin 2015, p.\u00a031. Zabel, Sebastian (26 February 2019). \"Zum Tod von Mark Hollis: Der Mann, der keine Vorbilder brauchte\" [To the death of Mark Hollis: The man who did not need role models]. Rolling Stone (in German). \"Anzeige von Mark Hollis\" [Obituary of Mark Hollis]. S\u00fcddeutsche Zeitung (in German). Beaumont, Mark (26 February 2019). \"Talk Talk's Mark Hollis: 2019 is full of the notes he isn't playing\". NME. Retrieved 1 March 2019. Jordan (24 February 2019). \"Ah mate, just heard that Mark Hollis passed away today. Talk Talk were a proper 80's band, horrible news. RIP\". Twitter. Retrieved 11 March 2019. \"Mark Hollis, lead singer of Talk Talk, dies at age 64\". The Guardian. 25 February 2019. Retrieved 26 February 2019. Marsh, Roberts & Benjamin 2015, p.\u00a025. \"Talk Talk\". Smash Hits. 18 January 1982. Retrieved 25 February 2019. \"Talk Talk\". Kim magazine. 22 January 1983. Retrieved 25 February 2019. Ankeny 2002, p.\u00a0534. Perrone, Pierre (8 October 2012). \"After all this time, it's still good to Talk Talk\". The Independent. Retrieved 25 February 2019. Marsh, Roberts & Benjamin 2015, p.\u00a024. Irvin 1998. Gimarc 2005, p.\u00a0101. Gimarc 2005, p.\u00a0102. Gimarc 2005, p.\u00a0145. Gilbert, Ruth (23 January 1989). \"Hotline: Music (Spirit of Eden)\". New York Magazine. Retrieved 27 June 2009. Jason Morehead, Review of Mark Hollis, 28 January 2006. Retrieved 26 February 2019 Wyndham Wallace, \"After The Flood: Talk Talk's Laughing Stock 20-Years On \", The Quietus, 26 February 2019. Retrieved 27 February 2019 Mark Savage, \"Obituary: Talk Talk's Mark Hollis\", BBC News, 26 February 2019. Retrieved 26 February 2019 \"A record that floors me each time.\" Parkes, Jason A. (12 May 2007). \"Rev. of Mark Hollis, Mark Hollis\". Julian Cope Presents Head Heritage. Retrieved 27 June 2009. \"Interview\u00a0:: paul's talk talk pages \u2013 Fansite dedicated to Talk Talk\". 9 October 2009. Archived from the original on 9 October 2009. Retrieved 24 July 2014. Wyndham Wallace, \"Living In Another World: Remembering Mark Hollis\", The Quietus, 26 February 2019. Retrieved 26 February 2019 Aizlewood, John (18 November 2002). \"Why Ashcroft is missing Verve\". Evening Standard. Schmickl, Gerald (14 December 2001). \"Rev. of Talk Talk, Missing Pieces\". Wiener Zeitung. Retrieved 27 June 2009. Lees, Alasdair (19 September 2008). \"Shearwater, Bush Hall, London\". The Independent. Retrieved 27 June 2009. Petridis, Alexis (26 February 2019). \"Mark Hollis: reluctant pop star who redefined rock\". The Guardian. ISSN\u00a00261-3077. Retrieved 27 September 2019. Thomson, Graeme (26 February 2019). \"A sacred voice: Mark Hollis sang the English gospel\". The Guardian. ISSN\u00a00261-3077. Retrieved 27 September 2019. \"Celebrating The Genius Of Mark Hollis In 15 Songs\". Stereogum. 26 February 2019. Retrieved 27 September 2019. Baines, Josh (2 February 2018). \"How to Disappear Completely: When Musicians Retire For Good\". Vice. Retrieved 27 September 2019. \"Mark Hollis: The sound of silence\". www.newstatesman.com. Retrieved 27 September 2019. McGee, Alan (9 April 2008). \"Wherefore art thou Mark Hollis?\". The Guardian. Retrieved 7 May 2018. Masi, Bruno (18 March 2006). \"Retour sur la plan\u00e8te Merz\". Lib\u00e9ration. Retrieved 27 June 2009. In't Veld, Holger; Stefan Weber (trans.). \"Mark Hollis Interview: The path over the burnt bridge\". Subadio. Archived from the original on 27 April 2016. Retrieved 25 September 2013. \"'It's My Life' Writer Receives London Award | News\". BMI.com. 19 October 2004. Retrieved 31 December 2011. Talk Talk's Mark Hollis Resurfaces With New Music for the Kelsey Grammer TV Show \"Boss\", Pitchfork.com, Retrieved 1 September 2012. \"Such a shame: The Within Without interview with Mark Hollis, September 1998 ...\" Within Without. Archived from the original on 27 September 2011. Retrieved 26 February 2019. \"UNKLE: The Appliance of Psyence\", NME (republished by Mo'Wax Please), 29 August 1998 Thom Jurek, \"Smiling & Waving - Anja Garbarek\", Allmusic.com. Retrieved 26 February 2019 \"Smiling & Waving Credits\". AllMusic. Retrieved 7 April 2021. Cowley, Jason (13 February 1998). \"Out of Time: Mark Hollis\". The Times. Retrieved 25 February 2019. Marsh, Roberts & Benjamin 2015, p.\u00a073. Savage, Mark (26 February 2019). \"Talk Talk star Mark Hollis dies at 64\". Bbc.co.uk. \"Interview\u00a0:: paul's talk talk pages - Fansite dedicated to Talk Talk\". 9 October 2009. Archived from the original on 9 October 2009. Aubrey, Elizabeth (25 February 2019). \"Talk Talk's Mark Hollis has reportedly died, aged 64\". NME. Archived from the original on 25 February 2019. Retrieved 25 February 2019. Savage, Mark (26 February 2019). \"Talk Talk star Mark Hollis dies at 64\". Bbc.com. Retrieved 26 February 2019. \"Steven Wilson on Instagram: \"Another one gone. Genius and visionary, and one of my biggest musical influences. So sad \ud83d\ude1e Mark Hollis RIP #talktalk #markhollis\u2026\"\". Instagram.com. Retrieved 11 March 2019. \"Musicians on Mark Hollis: 'He found hooks in places I'm still trying to fathom'\", The Guardian, 26 February 2019. Retrieved 26 February 2019 Hammill, Peter (25 February 2019). \"Hammill twitter condolence\". @OfficialOMD (25 February 2019). \"OMD condolence\" (Tweet) \u2013 via Twitter. @MarcAlmond (26 February 2019). \"Marc Almond condolence\" (Tweet) \u2013 via Twitter. Ankeny, Jason (2002). \"Mark Hollis\". In Bogdanov, Vladimir; Woodstra, Chris; Erlewine, Stephen Thomas (eds.). All Music Guide to Rock: The Definitive Guide to Rock, Pop, and Soul (3rd\u00a0ed.). San Francisco: Backbeat Books. p.\u00a0534. ISBN\u00a00-87930-653-X. Retrieved 1 March 2019 \u2013 via AllMusic.com and Google Books. Gimarc, George (2005). Punk Diary: The Ultimate Trainspotter's Guide to Underground Rock, 1970\u20131982. London: Backbeat Books. ISBN\u00a00-87930-848-6 \u2013 via Google Books. Irvin, Jim (1998). \"Mark Hollis Interview [unpublished]\". Rock's Backpages. Retrieved 1 March 2019. Cite magazine requires |magazine= (help) (subscription required) Marsh, James; Roberts, Chris; Benjamin, Toby (2015) [1st pub. 2012]. Spirit of Talk Talk (expanded paperback\u00a0ed.). London: Rocket 88. ISBN\u00a0978-1-906615-95-6. Young, Rob (January 1998). \"Return from Eden\". The Wire. No.\u00a0167. pp.\u00a026\u201329. Retrieved 1 March 2019 \u2013 via Exact Editions. (subscription required) Within Without \u2013\u00a0Talk Talk and Mark Hollis fan site with articles, interviews and other content (via the Internet Archive) Wyndham Wallace, \"Living In Another World: Remembering Mark Hollis\", The Quietus, 26 February 2019"
   },
   {
    "name": "John Knight Fotheringham",
    "id": "Q1421803",
    "text": "John Knight Fotheringham FBA (14 August 1874 \u2013 12 December 1936) was a British historian who was an expert on ancient astronomy and chronology. He established the chronology of the Babylonian dynasties. J.K. Fotheringham was educated at the City of London School and Merton College, Oxford, where he held an exhibition and received first class degrees in Literae Humaniores (1896) and modern history (1897). During 1898\u20131902, he held a senior demyship at Magdalen College, Oxford, and started to study ancient chronology. In 1904, he was appointed a lecturer in classical literature at King's College London and taught there until 1915. Fotheringham was a Fellow at Magdalen College (1909\u201316). He was a Reader in ancient history at the University of London (1912\u201320). He was later Reader in ancient astronomy and chronology at the University of Oxford (1925\u201336). J.K. Fotheringham edited Saint Jerome's version of Eusebius' Chronicle in 1923. He was elected a Fellow of the British Academy in 1933. He was also a Fellow of the Royal Astronomical Society. Fotheringham published a number of papers and books, including the following: The Bodleian Manuscript of Jerome's Version of the Chronicle of Eusebius, editor (Oxford: The Clarendon Press, 1905) The History of England, from Addington's Administration to the Close of William IV's Reign 1801\u20131837, Volume XI, with George Charles Brodrick (Longmans, Green, 1906) Marco Sanudo, conqueror of the Archipelago, with L.R.F. Williams (Oxford: The Clarendon Press, 1915) Cleostratus (London: Clay, 1920) Historical eclipses (Oxford: The Clarendon Press, 1921) The calendar (London: H.M. Stationery Office, 1929) Ancient astronomy and chronology (The Oxford Magazine, 1930) \"John Knight Fotheringham\", The Concise Dictionary of National Biography, Volume I: A\u2013F, Oxford University Press, 1995. Langdon, S. (1937). \"Dr. J. K. Fotheringham, F.B.A\". Nature. 139 (3523): 788\u2013789. Bibcode:1937Natur.139..788L. doi:10.1038/139788a0. John L. Myres, \"John Knight Fotheringham, 1874\u20131936\". Proceedings of the British Academy, volume XXIII. \"John Knight Fotheringham\". Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society. 97 (4): 270\u2013272. 1937. doi:10.1093/mnras/97.4.270. Pogo, A. (1938). \"The Writings of J. K. Fotheringham\". Isis. 29 (1): 58\u201368. doi:10.1086/347385. JSTOR\u00a0225926. S2CID\u00a0144770300. John Knight Fotheringham, Open Library. Works by John Knight Fotheringham at Project Gutenberg Works by or about John Knight Fotheringham at Internet Archive Obituaries of John Knight Fotheringham (1874\u20131936)"
   },
   {
    "name": "Chris Cross",
    "id": "Q1440414",
    "text": "Chris Cross (born Christopher Thomas Allen, 14 July 1952, Tottenham, London, England) is an English musician, best known as the bass guitarist in the new wave band Ultravox. Cross went to Belmont Secondary Modern School, William Forster Comprehensive. He began his music career playing in different bands, in Tottenham, North London, with his major early influences being Small Faces, Desmond Dekker, The Crazy World of Arthur Brown. Later he joined Stoned Rose, in Preston, Lancashire, alongside Pete Hughes and Mick Carroll, who later went to form Ritzi, but also decided to go to college to study psychology, a longstanding interest. In 1973, he returned to London to go to Art College and began studying Art and Psychology. Meanwhile, he also answered the ad for members to form a new band, put by in Dennis Leigh, an art student in London, thus forming Tiger Lily along with guitarist Stevie Shears, drummer Warren Cann joined shortly and violinist/keyboardist Billy Currie added the next year. Tiger Lily spent a year constructing/arranging and rehearsing their songs written mostly by Leigh in Modrenos, a mannequin refurb workshop in Kings Cross, London. After playing gigs from 1974 to 1976, in the latter year the band chose to call themselves Ultravox! and signed to Island Records. In 1979, after three commercially unsuccessful but influential albums \u2013 Ultravox! (1977), Ha!-Ha!-Ha! (1977) and Systems of Romance (1978) \u2013 and a tour through USA and Canada, original vocalist John Foxx and guitarist Robin Simon, who had replaced Stevie Shears a year before, left Ultravox, so Cross worked on another part-time \"Purely for Fun\" project with Pretenders' guitarist James Honeyman-Scott, one of his favourite guitar players, Eddie and the Hot Rods' vocalist Barrie Masters and The Rods drummer Steve Nicholls. With Midge Ure added to Ultravox, the band continued working more on their unique synthesiser sounds during the recording of their successful Vienna album. By that time, he and Ure were close friends, together directing music videos such as Bananarama's \"Shy Boy\" and \"The Telephone Always Rings\" by Fun Boy Three. Cross took part in the Band Aid video and wrote the music to \"The Bloodied Sword\". After another few successful albums \u2013 Rage in Eden (1981), Quartet (1982), Monument (1983) and Lament (1984) \u2013 and the last which was less successful, U-Vox, and a tour in 1987, the band drifted into other projects and he says, \"never got round to working on Ultravox\". In November 2008, it was announced that Ultravox were to embark on the \"Return To Eden\" tour in April 2009, plus two festivals and additionally a Best Of Ultravox CD/DVD was released by EMI. The 2012 album release, Brilliant, included Chris Allen as co-writer with Billy Currie and Midge Ure on all tracks. The album was promoted with a UK theatre tour and a series of European dates. During the time in which Ultravox was led by John Foxx, he used a Guild B-301, a white Gibson EB-3 and fretless Fender Precision basses, and an EMS Synthi AKS and later Mini Moog synthesisers with an Ampeg amplifier with 8-by-10-inch (200\u00a0mm \u00d7\u00a0250\u00a0mm) speaker cabinets. While the recording of Vienna album, he used a Yamaha bass, a Fender Precision bass, a Mini Moog synthesiser and Yamaha synthesiser Later he also used Status and Steinberger basses. Cross's distinctive grey bass is an Ibanez RoadStar from the early 1980s; this bass has been used on many of Ultravox's albums and was Cross' primary instrument during the first stage of the 'Return to Eden' Tour in 2009. On the 'Return to Eden' tour in 2010 and the 'Brilliant' tour in 2012, he also used a Rickenbacker 4003 Fireglo finish bass and a standby black Fender Telecaster Bass. [1] Archived 20 August 2008 at the Wayback Machine UK. \"RITZI: OFFICIAL MYSPACE PAGE\". Myspace.com. Retrieved 24 February 2013."
   },
   {
    "name": "George Hawkins",
    "id": "Q1507543",
    "text": "George Albert Hawkins (15 October 1883 \u2013 22 September 1917) was a British athlete. He competed in the 1908 Summer Olympics in London. He was born in Tottenham and died in Ypres. In the 200 metres, Hawkins ran the race in 22.8 seconds to beat two other runners and advance to the semifinals. There, won again, this time finishing in 22.6 seconds. This allowed him to advance to the final, in which he placed last out of the four finalists. His time in the final was 22.9 seconds. The winner's time was 22.6, a time he had achieved in the semifinal. Hawkins was killed in action, aged 34, during World War I, serving as a gunner with the Royal Garrison Artillery during the Third Battle of Ypres. He was buried in the Bard Cottage Cemetery nearby. He was married to Violet Freeman and had five children with her. List of Olympians killed in World War I George Hawkins Archived 2 August 2015 at the Wayback Machine. Sports Reference. Retrieved on 2015-01-22. \"George Hawkins\". Olympedia. Retrieved 5 March 2021. \"Olympians Who Were Killed or Missing in Action or Died as a Result of War\". Sports Reference. Archived from the original on 7 November 2014. Retrieved 3 August 2015. Hawkins, G A, Commonwealth War Graves Commission, retrieved 28 September 2008 Cook, Theodore Andrea (1908). The Fourth Olympiad, Being the Official Report. London: British Olympic Association. De Wael, Herman (2001). \"Athletics 1908\". Herman's Full Olympians. Retrieved 24 July 2006. Wudarski, Pawel (1999). \"Wyniki Igrzysk Olimpijskich\" (in Polish). Archived from the original on 16 February 2009. Retrieved 24 July 2006. Hawkins Family Tree v t e"
   },
   {
    "name": "Horace Byatt",
    "id": "Q1627845",
    "text": "Sir Horace Archer Byatt GCMG (22 March 1875 \u2013 8 April 1933) was a British colonial governor. In the early part of his career he served in Nyasaland, British Somaliland, Gibraltar and Malta. Later, he served in British East Africa, becoming the first governor of the British mandate of Tanganyika. He was then the governor of Trinidad and Tobago. Byatt was born 22 March 1875 in Tottenham, Middlesex to school teacher Horace Byatt M.A., of Midhurst, Sussex (where he was taught by H. G. Wells at Midhurst Grammar School) and Laura (n\u00e9e Archer). He attended Lincoln College, Oxford, obtaining a Bachelor of Arts degree in 1898. Following university, he began a career in the Colonial Service. In 1898 he began working in Nyasaland (what is now Malawi), and in 1905, he went to British Somaliland. He was appointed commissioner and commander-in-chief of British Somaliland in 1911, serving until 1914, when he became Colonial Secretary in Gibraltar. From 1914 to 1916 he was lieutenant-governor and Colonial Secretary of Malta. From 1916 he was an administrator in British East Africa, and in 1920 he became the first governor of the new British mandate of Tanganyika. In Tanganyika he was responsible for the transfer of power between the Germans and the British, following World War I. Byatt was noted as a liberal governor with sympathies towards African interests. He was governor and commander in chief of Trinidad and Tobago between 1924 and 1929. He married Olga Margaret Campbell of Argyll in 1924 and they had three sons: Sir Hugh Campbell Byatt KCVO CMG (1927-2011), British ambassador to Angola and Portugal, Ronald (Robin) Archer Campbell Byatt (1930-2019), British diplomat, High Commissioner in Zimbabwe and New Zealand, Ambassador to Morocco David Byatt (born 1932). Horace Byatt died 8 April 1933 in London, aged 58. Byatt's Bush Squirrel (Paraxerus vexillarius var. byatti), a rodent endemic to Tanzania, was named after Byatt. \"The Oxford Dictionary of National Biography\". 2004. doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/38477. \"Past Governor of Trinidad and Tobago Sir Horace Byatt\". Experiment in Autobiography. Discoveries and Conclusions of a Very Ordinary Brain, H. G. Wells, 1934, pg 108 Furley, Oliver (2004). \"Byatt, Sir Horace Archer (1875\u20131933)\". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography. Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/38477. \"No. 29011\". The London Gazette. 18 December 1914. p.\u00a010815. Taylor, James Clagett (1963). The Political Development of Tanganyika. Stanford University Press. pp.\u00a043. ISBN\u00a00-8047-0147-4. Mohiddin, Ahmed (1981). African Socialism in two Countries. Taylor & Francis. p.\u00a042. ISBN\u00a00-389-20170-7. Hill, Robert A.; Garvey, Marcus (2006). The Marcus Garvey and Universal Negro Improvement Association Papers: Africa for the Africans, 1923\u20131945. University of California Press. p.\u00a0462. ISBN\u00a00-520-24732-9. Dewar, Peter Beauclerk (2001). Burke's Landed Gentry of Great Britain. Burke's Peerage. p.\u00a0161. ISBN\u00a00-9711966-0-5. \"Obituary: Sir Hugh Campbell Byatt KCVO CMG\". The Scotsman. Retrieved 30 September 2017. Europa Publications (2003). The International Who's Who 2004. Routledge. p.\u00a0257. ISBN\u00a01-85743-217-7. Beolens, Bo; Watkins, Michael; Grayson, Michael (2009). The Eponym Dictionary of Mammals. JHU Press. p.\u00a067. ISBN\u00a0978-0-8018-9304-9."
   },
   {
    "name": "William Herbert Fowler",
    "id": "Q2579285",
    "text": "For the American architect Herb Fowler (1921-2008), see Deepwood House. William Herbert Fowler (28 May 1856 \u2013 13 April 1941), also known as Bill Fowler and Herbert Fowler, was an English amateur cricketer who played 26 first-class cricket matches during the 1880s, principally for Somerset County Cricket Club. He was an all-rounder who was best known for his big-hitting when batting. He was also a famous golf course architect, and designed Walton Heath Golf Club among many others in the United Kingdom and United States. Fowler was born in Tottenham, London as the son of William Fowler, a barrister, and Rachel Maria, n\u00e9e Howard. In 1893, he worked as a banker, and during this time, he invested heavily, especially in the Americas. Fowler began his county cricket career at Essex County Cricket Club in 1877. A move to Somerset in the late 1870s saw him switch counties, and he began playing for Somerset County Cricket Club in 1879. His first-class debut was not for a county team, but instead for the well-known Marylebone Cricket Club (MCC) in 1880. Facing Cambridge University, Fowler scored 36 runs in his only innings. He passed 50 for the first time in his following match, also for the MCC, scoring 61 runs after opening the innings against Oxford University. He played in Somerset's first ever first-class match in 1882, opening the innings alongside Edward Sainsbury, but his scores of 9 and 18 were the county's highest in each innings as they lost the match by an innings. Later that season, playing against the MCC at Lord's, Fowler had his best bowling performance in first-class cricket, claiming four wickets during his seven overs, conceding just eight runs. In the same match, having scored a duck in the first innings, he scored 23 in the second, which included a boundary which travelled a reputed 157\u00a0yards before landing, leaving the ground. When the MCC visited Taunton that season, he reached his highest total in first-class cricket, totalling 139, his innings scattered with boundaries. The 1882 season was Fowler's best with the bat in first-class cricket; the following year he failed to score a half-century, despite batting in 18 innings, and his average of 12.27 was significantly lower than the 21.36 he had managed the previous season. He only appeared twice for Somerset in 1884, and also played a side representing the South of England, and the MCC during the year. During the match for the MCC, played against Oxford University, he struck his final half-century, top-scoring for his side in the first innings with 60 runs. His final appearance in first-class cricket came the following season during the same fixture, during which he scored 8 and 20. He played occasionally for Somerset in 1887 and 1888, when they had lost their first-class status. Fowler was known as a big-hitter of the ball, his 157-yard strike at Lord's in 1882 was reckoned to be one of the longest hits in first-class cricket at the time. A tall player, he was reckoned to weigh around 14 or 15 stone. David Foot describes him as \"perhaps the earliest Somerset batsman to parade the fundamental skills of slogging.\" His drive was compared to his golf drive. Cricket dominated Fowler's free time during his early years, and he played golf for the first time in 1879, aged 23 after a business trip to Bideford, Devon. A Royal Navy Captain took him to a course at Westward Ho!. He played the game with borrowed clubs, but after enjoying it he became a member of the club and continued to play. He won the handicap prize in the club's autumn tournament, but his cricketing commitments curtailed his involvement in the game during the 1880s. He returned to the game a decade later, winning a medal at Westward Ho!, playing as a scratch golfer. His improvement was marked; a 1901 newspaper described it: \"A few years ago he was unknown and as he is now in his mid-forties his recent exploits appear particularly brilliant. He drives almost as far as James Braid, the Open champion.\" He finished joint 26th in the 1900 Open Championship, and competed for England against Scotland in each year from 1903\u20131905. He was known as an eccentric player, often varying the size of the balls and clubs with which he played: \"Mr. Fowler putts sometimes with a driving iron but often uses a mallet which looks like a sandwich box with a stick stuck through the middle.\" Fowler's brother-in-law, Sir Cosmo Bonsor approached him in 1899 about the possibility of making a golf course on Walton Heath, in Surrey, England. Three years later, Bonsor bought the ground and gave Fowler the task of designing the course. Fowler's first opinion was that \"there was very little to make one suppose that a first-class course could be made upon it [Walton Heath].\" When the course was opened in 1904, it was an instant success. He believed strongly that courses should follow the contours of the land, and have a natural feeling, shunning the use of \"man-made contrivances\", believing that topography could test the world's best golfers just as adequately. He had strong views on many aspects of a golf course, including bunkers, which he believed should have gradual slopes to allow the ball to roll to the base. Contemporaries suggested that he designed large courses that would favour big hitters such as himself, but Fowler strenuously denied this, always claiming that they were designed with fairness in mind. He was described in a book by Bernard Darwin as \"perhaps the most daring and original of all golfing architects, and gifted with an inspired eye for the possibility of a golfing country\". He designed a number of other golf courses in the United Kingdom and the United States, including the Crystal Springs Course, Beau Desert Course, and in 1922 he redesigned the 18th hole of the Pebble Beach Golf Links. He had been hired to redesign the Del Monte Golf Course, but also made some suggestions to update the Pebble Beach course, which were ignored. However, during a 1921 championship, the course owners received complaints about the short 18th hole, and asked Fowler to resolve the problem. He added just under 200 yards to the hole, transforming it from a 379-yard par 4 to a 548-yard par 5. \"W HERBERT FOWLER (1856\u20131941), MANAGING DIRECTOR OF WALTON HEATH GOLF CLUB AND PARTNER IN FOWLER AND SIMPSON, GOLF CLUB DESIGNERS: PAPERS AND PHOTOGRAPHS, 1856\u20131917\". Surrey History Centre. Retrieved 26 February 2011. \"Other matches played by Bill Fowler (24)\". CricketArchive. Retrieved 26 February 2011. \"Cambridge University v Marylebone Cricket Club in 1880\". CricketArchive. Retrieved 26 February 2011. \"Oxford University v Marylebone Cricket Club in 1881\". CricketArchive. Retrieved 26 February 2011. \"Lancashire v Somerset in 1882\". CricketArchive. Retrieved 26 February 2011. \"Marylebone Cricket Club v Somerset in 1882\". CricketArchive. Retrieved 26 February 2011. Foot (1986), p 20. \"Somerset v Marylebone Cricket Club\". CricketArchive. Retrieved 26 February 2011. \"First-class Batting and Fielding in Each Season by Bill Fowler\". CricketArchive. Retrieved 28 February 2011. \"First-Class Matches played by Bill Fowler (26)\". CricketArchive. Retrieved 26 February 2011. \"Marylebone Cricket Club v Oxford University in 1884\". CricketArchive. Retrieved 26 February 2011. \"Marylebone Cricket Club v Oxford University in 1885\". CricketArchive. Retrieved 26 February 2011. Grace, W.G. (1980) [1899]. 'W.G.' Cricketing Reminiscences & Personal Recollections. London: The Hambledon Press. p.\u00a0414. ISBN\u00a00-9506882-0-7. \"Herbert Fowler Transforms a Wilderness\". Walton Heath Golf Club. Retrieved 26 February 2011. Foot (1986), p 21. \"Herbert Fowler, Course Designer\". Walton Heath Golf Club. Retrieved 26 February 2011. \"Architect: William Herbert Fowler\". Crystal Springs Golf Course. Retrieved 26 February 2011. \"Course Architects\". Pebble Beach Golf Links. Retrieved 26 February 2011. Foot, David. Sunshine, Sixes and Cider: The History of Somerset Cricket (1986\u00a0ed.). Newton Abbot, Devon: David & Charles. ISBN\u00a00-7153-8890-8."
   },
   {
    "name": "Dennis Spooner",
    "id": "Q3023200",
    "text": "Dennis Spooner (1 December 1932 \u2013 20 September 1986) was an English television writer and script editor, known primarily for his programmes about fictional spies and his work in children's television in the 1960s. He had long-lasting professional working relationships with a number of other British screenwriters and producers, notably Brian Clemens, Terry Nation, Monty Berman and Richard Harris, with whom he developed several programmes. Though he was a contributor to BBC programmes, his work made him one of the most prolific writers of televised output from ITC Entertainment. Dennis was born in Tottenham, London. Following a brief spell as a professional footballer with Leyton Orient, Dennis completed his National Service with the Royal Air Force where he met Tony Williamson, with whom he formed an amateur writing partnership. During the 1950s Dennis returned to office work, and met and married his wife Pauline. Dennis did not desire a career in business and tried to break into the entertainment industry through performance, forming a comedy double act with Benny Davis, now a journalist living in Spain. They worked the London circuit, but found only moderate success. Spooner then turned to writing and began selling half-hour comedy scripts to the BBC TV comedian Harry Worth. This eventually led to his writing several scripts for Coronation Street in 1960. He also contributed to the ITV police procedural series No Hiding Place and Ghost Squad as well as to the top-rated comedy series Bootsie and Snudge and to ATV's attempt to revive Tony Hancock's career in Hancock (1963). Around this time Spooner met Brian Clemens; they struck up a partnership that lasted for the rest of Spooner's career. Clemens offered the young writer work on The Avengers which was near the beginning of its nine-year run on ITV. Clemens bought two more of Spooner's scripts in that first year, making Spooner a fairly important writer during the Ian Hendry era of the programme. While his work in the spy fiction genre was the dominant feature of his writing career, Spooner also made several key contributions to children's drama. Most active in the genre from 1964 to 1966, he was a contributor to both the Gerry Anderson programmes and Doctor Who. It was to this genre that he returned at the end of his life. His final sale was the episode \"Flashback\" for the children's supernatural anthology, Dramarama. After Spooner befriended Gerry and Sylvia Anderson in the early 1960s, they offered him a chance to write for their new Supermarionation puppet TV series, Supercar. Although these scripts were unused, Spooner successfully submitted scripts for the Andersons' next programme, Fireball XL5 in 1962. After two episodes there he received more substantial work on Stingray and Thunderbirds, writing almost 20 episodes for the two series. Although Thunderbirds was the last major work that he did for the Andersons, he returned in the 1970s to write single episodes of the more adult-oriented UFO and The Protectors. His final work for the Andersons was to write some additional scenes required to knit the first and 17th episodes of Space: 1999 into a feature-length release, known as Alien Attack. Spooner's work on the early Anderson programmes was also his first regular work for ITC Entertainment. Spooner worked on Doctor Who almost exclusively in the formative William Hartnell era. He served as script editor for 6 months from The Rescue to The Chase. By the time Spooner left, the only remaining original character was the Doctor himself and one of Spooner's major goals during this period was to prove that the programme could survive major cast changes. This was partly achieved through the gradual introduction of humour, as is evident in the scripts Spooner himself wrote. The BBC's episode guide notes that \"it is for its innovative use of humour that The Romans will always be best remembered, and in this respect it represents a worthwhile attempt at finding new dramatic ground for the series to cover\". It was a change that resounded with the public, helping an episode of The Romans to receive the highest-ever share in the history of the series.[citation needed] Spooner was also responsible for helping to foster a new paradigm for the historical type of adventure. It was he who fully developed the notion of the pseudo-historical with his story The Time Meddler. A gag in the previous story, The Chase, had been that Daleks were responsible for the disappearance of the Mary Celeste. In The Time Meddler, however, the central plotline was that actual historical events were a backdrop for a battle between the Doctor and an alien opponent. In sustaining the notion for a full serial, Spooner gave birth to an approach to historical events that has continued through to the most recent series of the programme. The Time Meddler also represents the first time that another member of the Doctor's race, not yet identified as the Time Lords, appeared (other than his granddaughter, Susan). Spooner also had significant experience in writing Dalek episodes. At the behest of the producer Verity Lambert, he and Terry Nation wrote half of the longest Doctor Who serial in history, The Daleks' Master Plan.[citation needed] His final assignment on the programme was to solve problems with the script for the new Doctor, Patrick Troughton, in the serial The Power of the Daleks. However, Spooner had already been pressed into service on another programme that Terry Nation was script-editing. Enticed by the prospect of working on a programme that would receive attention in the lucrative American market, Spooner left Doctor Who to help Nation write the majority of the scripts for The Baron in 1966. The move to The Baron was the start of Spooner's second and more creative period with ITC. Starting in 1967, he became a sort of \"contracted freelancer\": he was obliged to write 10 episodes a year for ITC, but he was not exclusively bound to the company. After The Baron had a cool reception when broadcast by ABC on American television, the show ended its run in Britain. Spooner then turned to an old friend, the television writer Richard Harris, to help him in creating a new venture, Man in a Suitcase. However, the more significant partnership Spooner initiated in 1967 was with Monty Berman, an ITC producer with whom he launched a production company called Scoton Productions. Between 1967 and 1971 Berman and Spooner created The Champions, Department S, its spin-off Jason King, and Randall and Hopkirk (Deceased). None of these programmes lasted more than two series, yet they all survived in the public memory long enough to justify video and DVD releases decades later. Indeed, Randall and Hopkirk (Deceased) was re-imagined by television producers in 2000 for a two-series run. Spooner's time with these programmes revealed not just his great interest in spy fiction, but also his penchant for rewarding friendship. Many former writing partners, including Williamson and Harris, returned to work on Spooner's ITC creations. Despite his heavy involvement with ITC, Spooner also availed himself of the non-exclusivity of the arrangement. From the late 1960s to the early 1970s he continued to submit scripts to ITV and the BBC. This allowed him to be one of the most prolific writers on The Avengers during the Tara King era, and to successfully submit scripts to Paul Temple and Doomwatch. After his contract with ITC lapsed Spooner entered a period of genuine freelance work for the rest of his career. His scripts were accepted for series such as Bergerac and The Professionals. Nevertheless, as had been his motivation for joining The Baron\u2014and, really, that of ITC director Lew Grade\u2014Spooner still longed for some success in the United States. To this end he rejoined Brian Clemens. In 1973 Clemens had begun Thriller, an ATV/ITV anthological mystery series that was shown in the United States under the title ABC Mystery Theatre. Although Spooner wrote only two episodes, he was one of only two writers other than Clemens himself to have done so. When Clemens made his next assault on American television, The New Avengers, Spooner played a much larger role: he and Clemens wrote the overwhelming majority of the scripts. So great was Spooner's contribution to New Avengers that, if considered alongside his work for the parent programme, it makes him the third-most prolific writer for The Avengers, and second only to Clemens for the length of his association with the programme. While this gave Spooner the greatest continuous work of his latter career, neither it nor Thriller led to a long-term presence in the United States. He continued to try to break into the American market, but sold only one idea to a prime time network show: the third season Remington Steele episode \"Puzzled Steele\" gave story credit to Spooner, Clemens and fellow scriptwriter Jeff Melvoin. Spooner was a well-known bridge player and wrote two books, Useful Hints for Useless Players and Diary of a Palooka. The contents of the latter often appeared first under a column of that name in the publication Popular Bridge Monthly. Spooner played at Harrow Bridge Club. He often added a subtle reference to bridge to his scripts, such as naming a villain who owned two nightclubs \"Stayman\" (after the Stayman convention). Spooner and his wife Pauline had three children. Having heart problems, Spooner died on 20 September 1986 after suffering a heart attack. https://www2.bfi.org.uk/films-tv-people/4ce2b9ee54834 https://www2.bfi.org.uk/films-tv-people/4ce2b9ee54834 \"The Avengers Forever: Dennis Spooner\". theavengers.tv. Retrieved 26 March 2015. \"BFI Screenonline: Spooner, Dennis (1932-1986) Biography\". \"British Film Institute profile of Dennis Spooner\". \"Writers\". space1999.net. Archived from the original on 18 February 2012. Retrieved 26 March 2015. \"space1999.net's Overview of Alien Attack\". Archived from the original on 18 February 2012. Retrieved 2 August 2007. https://cultbox.co.uk/features/opinion/doctor-who-the-man-who-was-story-editor-for-just-six-months The BBC's entry for The Romans. https://cultbox.co.uk/features/opinion/doctor-who-the-man-who-was-story-editor-for-just-six-months \"Dennis Spooner:Wanna Write a Television Series?\" on Doctor Who: The Romans DVD (2entertain, 2009) \"DENNIS SPOONER - A TELEVISION HEAVEN BIOGRAPHY\". televisionheaven.co.uk. Archived from the original on 29 October 2013. Retrieved 26 March 2015. \"BFI Screenonline: Grade, Lord Lew (1906\u20131998) Biography\". screenonline.org.uk. Retrieved 26 March 2015. Phillip Adler, \"Bridge: A World Record Is A World Record\", The Trentonian, 29 March 2018, p. 32 The English Bridge Union Obituary. \"Dennis Spooner obituary - the Doctor Who Cuttings Archive\". Dennis Spooner at IMDb Dennis Spooner at The Playwrights Database"
   },
   {
    "name": "Marcus Bloom",
    "id": "Q3290246",
    "text": "Marcus Reginald Bloom (24 September 1907 \u2013 6 November 1944) was a British Special Operations Executive agent during the Second World War. Bloom was born in 1907 in Tottenham, London, the son of Harry Pizer Bloom and Anna Sadie Davidoff Bloom, in an orthodox Jewish home. He helped out working at his father\u2019s cinema in Wandsworth, their mail order textile firm, or in their restaurant business. In the 1930s his father sent him Paris to run the mail-order business, and he became fluent in French. The firm closed after five years and he returned to London and married in March 1938. He served in the Royal Artillery in 1941 and joined the Special Operations Executive in February 1942. On the night of 3/4 November 1942 he was landed at Port Miou, near Cassis in southern France, with SOE agents George Starr, organiser of WHEELWRIGHT; Mary Herbert, courier for SCIENTIST; Marie-Th\u00e9r\u00e8se Le Ch\u00eane, courier for SPRUCE; and Odette Sansom for SPINDLE. He became wireless operator in the PRUNUS network organised by Maurice Pertschuk, with Philippe de Gunzbourg as courier. Bloom worked very successfully and sent and received many messages to and from London (estimated at over fifty), having to keep constantly on the move to avoid the German radio detection vans. He also assisted in sending and receiving messages for Starr in the WHEELWRIGHT network. Philippe de Gunzbourg noted that Pertschuk had a reckless lack of security, with resistance leaders sharing tables in black-market restaurants in Toulouse and speaking in English, and on 12 April 1943 Pertschuk, Bloom, and several of their key colleagues were arrested. They were possibly betrayed by double agent Roger Bardet. The network collapsed though de Gunzbourg escaped and transferred to the WHEELWRIGHT network. Pertschuk was deported to Buchenwald and executed. Bloom was taken to Fresnes prison and Avenue Foch in Paris and severely beaten but revealed nothing. In August 1944 he was deported to Mauthausen and executed on 6 November 1944. The risk of sending to the Field this officer with his imperfect French and his Anglo-Saxon Jewish appearance was only justified by an extreme penury of WT operators. He was very courageous and fought to the finish\u2026.it is clear he did a good job for many months. \u2014\u2009The National Archives\u00a0: HS 9/166/7 \u2013 Marcus BLOOM United Kingdom: Mentioned in Despatches He is honoured at The Valen\u00e7ay SOE Memorial, Indre, as one of the 104 agents of section F who lost their lives for France\u2019s liberation. Brookwood Memorial, Surrey. Panel 21 Column 3. On a plaque on his mother\u2019s grave at Edmonton Federation Synagogue cemetery, Montague Road, London. On the War Memorial of the St John\u2019s Wood Synagogue in Grove End Road, London. Memorial at Mauthausen camp. \"Marcus Bloom \u2013 Jewish Virtual Library\". The National Archives\u00a0: HS 9/166/7 \u2013 Marcus BLOOM Secret Flotillas: the Clandestine Sea Lines to France and French North Africa, Brooks Richards, HMSO, 1996. Das Reich: The March of the 2nd SS Panzer Division Through France. Max Hastings. MRD Foot, SOE in France an account of the work of the British Special Operations Executive in France, 1940\u20131944, HMSO, London, 1966. Secret Flotillas: the Clandestine Sea Lines to France and French North Africa, Brooks Richards, HMSO, 1996. Evelyn Le Ch\u00eane (1971). Mauthausen, The History of a Death Camp. London: Methuen. p.\u00a0296. ISBN\u00a00-416-07780-3."
   },
   {
    "name": "Peter Rehberg",
    "id": "Q3376840",
    "text": "Peter Rehberg (29 June 1968 \u2013 22 July 2021), also known as Pita, was a British-Austrian composer of electronic audio works. He was the head of Editions Mego, which he founded in 2006 as a successor to Mego. Rehberg was born in Tottenham on 29 June 1968. He grew up in Hertfordshire, before relocating to Austria, his father's country of origin. Rehberg became associated with Mego in the latter part of 1994. He consequently released his first single early the following year, which was also the first release in the record label's catalogue. He followed this up with his debut album titled Seven Tons for Free in 1996, released under the name Pita. Three years later, Rehberg received Prix Ars Electronica Distinction Award for Digital Musics, alongside Christian Fennesz. Rehberg cooperated with various musicians such as Mika Vainio, Charlemagne Palestine and Oren Ambarchi. He produced music with Ramon Bauer starting in 1997 as Rehberg & Bauer. After Mego folded in 2005, Rehberg revived the label the following year as Editions Mego. He also collaborated with Stephen O'Malley starting in 2006, releasing six drone doom albums as KTL. With Fennesz and Jim O'Rourke, he founded the project Fenn O'Berg. Rehberg released A Bas la Culture Marchande in 2007, followed by the live collaboration Colchester (2008) and the cassette Mesmer (2010). He started an archival project in 2012 called Recollection GRM. It reissued music by the Groupe de Recherches Musicales collective, including by Pierre Schaeffer, Bernard Parmegiani, Iannis Xenakis, and Beatriz Ferreyra. In an interview conducted in 2016, Rehberg stated that he did not want to peddle music \"in its own little box\", which he felt was the norm at present. Describing his impression regarding timbre, he believed that \"dissonance and resonance have to co-exist for the other to work\". Fran\u00e7ois Bonnet, who collaborated with Rehberg on Recollection GRM, felt that his music came to be more dense as his career progressed. He described how it retained its \"radical and bold\" character, while becoming \"deeper, more ambivalent, more moving\". Rehberg was in a domestic partnership with Laura Siegmund until his death. He was previously in a relationship with Isabelle Piechaczyk, with whom he had one child. Rehberg died on 22 July 2021. He was 53, and suffered a heart attack prior to his death. (1995) General Magic & Pita: Fridge Trax 12\" (Mego) (1996) Pita: Seven Tons For Free CD (Mego) (1996) General Magic & Pita: Live & Final Fridge LP/CD (Source) (1997) Rehberg & Bauer: fa\u00dft CD (Touch) (1999) Rehberg & Bauer: ballt CD (Touch) (1999) Pita: Get Out CD (Mego) (1999) Fennesz/O'Rourke/Rehberg: The Magic Sound Of Fenn O'Berg CD (Mego) (2002) Fennesz/O'Rourke/Rehberg: The Return of Fenn O'Berg CD (Mego) (2004) Pita: Get Off (H\u00e4pna) (2007) Pita: A Bas la Culture Marchande (No Fun Productions) (2007) KTL (Stephen O'Malley & Peter Rehberg): KTL2 (Editions Mego) (2007) KTL (Stephen O'Malley & Peter Rehberg): KTL3 (Or) (2007) R/S (Rehberg/Schmickler): One (Erstwhile) (2007) KTL (Stephen O'Malley & Peter Rehberg): Live In Krems (Editions Mego) (2008) Pita: Get Out (Editions Mego Version) (Editions Mego) (2008) Z'EV vs PITA: Colchester (Editions Mego) (2008) Peter Rehberg: Work For GV 2004\u20132008 (Editions Mego) (2009) KTL (Stephen O'Malley & Peter Rehberg): IV (Editions Mego) (2011) R/S: USA (PAN) (2016) Pita: Get In CD (Editions Mego) (2020) KTL (Stephen O'Malley & Peter Rehberg): VII (Editions Mego) Beaumont-Thomas, Ben (23 July 2021). \"Peter Rehberg, underground musician and Editions Mego head, dies aged 53\". The Guardian. London. Retrieved 23 July 2021. Birchmeier, Jason. \"Pita \u2013 Biography & History\". AllMusic. Retrieved 23 July 2021. Monroe, Jazz (23 July 2021). \"Peter Rehberg, Founder of Influential Label Editions Mego, Dies at 53\". Pitchfork. Retrieved 23 July 2021. \"ARS Electronica ARCHIV\". Archived from the original on 11 February 2006. Retrieved 7 August 2008. Aubrey, Elizabeth (24 July 2021). \"Peter Rehberg, founder of record label Editions Mego, dies aged 53\". New Musical Express. Retrieved 24 July 2021. \"Pita \u2013 Album Discography\". AllMusic. Retrieved 23 July 2021. Phillips, Nick (21 August 2002). \"Sonic Boom\". City Pages. Archived from the original on 17 August 2012. Retrieved 20 July 2010. \"Peter Rehberg \u2013 Album Discography\". AllMusic. Retrieved 23 July 2021. Richardson, Mark (24 September 2002). \"Fenn O'Berg: The Return of Fenn O'Berg\". Pitchfork. Retrieved 24 July 2021. \"Peter Rehberg \u2013 Credits\". AllMusic. Retrieved 23 July 2021. \"R/S (Peter Rehberg/Marcus Schmickler) \u2013 One (Snow Mud Rain) (lossless)\". Erstwhile. Retrieved 24 July 2021. \"Live In Krems \u2013 KTL\". Editions Mego. Retrieved 24 July 2021. \"VII \u2013 KTL\". Editions Mego. Retrieved 24 July 2021. Editions Mego website Peter Rehberg discography at Discogs Peter Rehberg at IMDb"
   },
   {
    "name": "Shani Wallis",
    "id": "Q3481413",
    "text": "Shani Wallis (born 14 April 1933) is a British actress and singer, who has worked in theatre, film, and television in both her native United Kingdom and in the United States. A graduate of the Royal Academy of Dramatic Art, she is perhaps best known for her roles in the West End, and for the role of Nancy in the 1968 Oscar-winning film musical Oliver! Wallis was born in Tottenham, London, and made her first stage appearance at the age of four. She later studied at the Royal Academy of Dramatic Art on a scholarship and resumed her theatrical career appearing in many London and provincial productions. She made her theatrical debut in Call Me Madam at the London Coliseum as Princess Marie with Anton Walbrook. Wallis is a naturalised citizen of the United States where she has lived for more than forty years. She married her agent, Bernie Rich, on 13 September 1968, and they have one daughter and two granddaughters. Wallis is a patron of the theatre charity the Music Hall Guild of Great Britain and America. Ramsbottom Rides Again (1956) The Extra Day (1956) A King in New York (1957) as Cabaret Singer Oliver! (1968) as Nancy Arnold (1973) Terror in the Wax Museum (1973) Mayday at 40,000 Feet (1976) The Great Mouse Detective (1986) (voice of Lady Mouse) Round Numbers (1992) The Pebble and the Penguin (1995) (narrator) Mojave Phone Booth (2006) (voice of \"Greta\") Once Upon a Mattress (as Lady Larken, with most of the original Broadway cast) Gunsmoke (as Stella in the episodes \"Women for Sale\") The Young and the Restless (as Frances the Governess) The $10,000 Pyramid Charlie's Angels (guest appearance as Ellen Jason) Columbo Murder, She Wrote (guest appearance as Olivia Waverley Night Gallery Mickie Finn's The Ed Sullivan Show (where she was spotted and subsequently auditioned and won the part of Nancy in the 1968 film Oliver) The Red Skelton Hour (1965 episode singing \"I'm Old Fashioned\" and singing/dancing \"Pass Me By\") The Dean Martin Show (singing \"I'm a Girl\" and \"How Are Things in Glocca Morra?\") The Garry Moore Show The Tom Jones Show Give Us a Clue Highway The Morecambe and Wise Show Oliver! (the reunion; as herself) Call Me Madam, London Coliseum (as Princess Marie) Wish You Were Here, London Casino Happy As A King, Princes Theatre, London (as Juliet) Wonderful Town (1953), London Casino (as Fay Tomkin) Irma La Douce (1961), Lyric Theatre (title role) Fine Fettle (1959), Palace Theatre Green Room Rags (1954), Princes Theatre The Dave King Show, London Hippodrome Aladdin, (pantomime), Streatham Hill Theatre (as Aladdin) King Cole (pantomime), Palace Manchester (as Miranda) Bells Are Ringing (musical) (1958), Princess Theatre, Melbourne Bus Stop (1958), Golders Green Hippodrome (as Cherie) You'll Be Lucky, Adelphi Theatre with Lauri Lupino Lane Cowardy Custard (1989), Theatre Royal Bath A Time for Singing (1966), Broadway Theater Finian's Rainbow (1958), New Shakespeare Theatre 42nd Street, Drury Lane Theatre Always (1996), Victoria Palace Theatre Follies (1990), Long Beach Civic Light Opera, 20th Anniversary Revival (as Sally Durant Plummer) Call Me Madam \u2013 original London stage recording (1952) Wish You Were Here \u2013 original London stage recording (1953) Shani! EP (1960) \u2013 Philips BBE 12337 (\"Personality\", \"Please Don't Say No\", \"Don't Take Your Love Away from Me\", \"There Goes My Heart\") A Time for Singing (1966) \u2013 original Broadway cast recording I'm a Girl! LP (1967) \u2013 Kapp Records KS-3472 Look to Love LP (1967) \u2013 Kapp Records KS-3527 Oliver! (1968) \u2013 original film cast recording As Long As He Needs Me LP (1968) \u2013 Kapp Records KS-3573 The Girl from Oliver LP (1969) \u2013 Kapp Records KS-3606 Robinson, Peter (5 January 2018). \"I would have liked a bit more from my career after Oliver says Shani Wallis\". The Sunday Post. Retrieved 25 July 2021. \"Our Treasured Patrons\", The Music Hall Guild of Great Britain and America (online). Retrieved 1 August 2013. Princess Theatre, Melbourne theatre programme (1958) Shani Wallis at IMDb Shani Wallis at the Internet Broadway Database"
   },
   {
    "name": "Ted Willis, Baron Willis",
    "id": "Q3517055",
    "text": "Edward Henry Willis, Baron Willis (13 January 1914 \u2013 22 December 1992) was a British playwright, novelist and screenwriter who was also politically active in support of the Labour Party. In 1941 he became the Secretary General of the Young Communist League, the youth branch of the Communist Party of Great Britain. Born in Tottenham, Middlesex, in Patrick Dickinson's book Could Do Better, Willis described when he was leaving school at the age of fourteen: \"I had a two-second 'career interview' with my Headmaster. He asked me what I wished to do for the future and I told him that I intended to become a writer. His response was a cackle followed by the remark: 'You will never make a writer in a hundred years. You haven't got the imagination for it or the intelligence. Go away and learn a good trade.'\" Willis was elected Chairman of the Labour League of Youth as the candidate of the left in 1937. He was also drama critic for the Daily Worker. Willis enlisted in the Royal Fusiliers in 1939, subsequently serving in the Army Kinematograph Service. He often spoke at meetings during the Second World War in favour of opening a second front, in order to help the Red Army, which was bearing the brunt of the Nazi onslaught. His passion for drama first manifested in plays he wrote for the Unity Theatre, based in a former chapel near St Pancras, during the war. He was best known for writing the television series Dixon of Dock Green, based on the stories of Gordon Snashall, a local Chislehurst policeman with whom he was great friends; the series ran for more than twenty years. He was Chairman of the Writers' Guild of Great Britain from 1958 to 1964. Willis created several British television series such as Virgin of the Secret Service, Hunter's Walk, The Adventures of Black Beauty, Copper's End, Sergeant Cork and Mrs Thursday. He was listed in the Guinness Book of Records as the world's most prolific writer for television; he also wrote 34 stage plays and a number of feature films. Announced on 23 December 1963 he was awarded a life peerage, which was created on 21 January 1964 with the title Baron Willis, of Chislehurst in the County of Kent, on a Labour Party nomination. Willis was the subject of This Is Your Life in 1959 when he was surprised by Eamonn Andrews in the club at the BBC's Lime Grove Studios, in London's Shepherd's Bush. He married the actress Audrey Hale in 1944 and they had a son and a daughter. He died of a heart attack at his home in Chislehurst, Kent in December 1992 aged 78, and was buried at Tottenham Cemetery. Buster (1943) Hot Summer Night (1958) The Scent of Fear (1959) Holiday Camp (1947) Good-Time Girl (1948) A Boy, a Girl and a Bike (1949) The Huggetts Abroad (1949) The Blue Lamp (original treatment, 1950) The Undefeated (1951, documentary about disabled war veterans) A Story of Achievement (1951, documentary about the development of margarine) The Wallet (US Blueprint for Danger, 1952) Top of the Form (1953) Trouble in Store (1953) The Large Rope (US: The Long Rope, 1953) Burnt Evidence (1954) Up to His Neck (1954) One Good Turn (1955) It's Great to Be Young (1956) Woman in a Dressing Gown (1957) The Young and the Guilty (1958) No Trees in the Street (1959) Flame in the Streets (1961) The Horsemasters (1961) Bitter Harvest (1963) Our Miss Fred (1972) The Pattern of Marriage (1953) Dixon of Dock Green (1955\u20131976) Hot Summer Night (Armchair Theatre) (1959) Tell It to the Marines (1959\u20131960) Taxi! (1963\u20131964) The Sullavan Brothers (1964\u20131965) Sergeant Cork (1963\u20131969) Mrs Thursday (1966\u20131967) The Adventures of Black Beauty (1972\u20131974) Pattullo, Polly (23 December 1992). \"Obituary:Ted Willis\". The Guardian. Manchester. Sutton, Shaun (23 December 1992). \"Obituary: Ted Willis\". The Guardian. Manchester. Landin, Conrad (28 March 2021). \"The Writers' Action Group Is a Model for Today's Fight for the Arts\". Tribune. Obituary, The Independent Roberts, Alison (23 December 1992). \"Creator of Dixon dies aged 78\". The Times. London. \"Lord Willis: Obituary\". The Times. London. 23 December 1992. \"No. 43190\". The London Gazette (Supplement). 23 December 1963. p.\u00a010533. \"No. 43225\". The London Gazette. 21 January 1964. p.\u00a0571. \"WILLIS, Ted\". British Film Institute. Archived from the original on 5 January 2008. Retrieved 20 August 2013. Cracroft's Peerage \"Ted Willis, Baron Willis\". Find a Grave. Retrieved 7 May 2015. Ted Willis, Baron Willis at IMDb Willis, Ted (1970). Whatever Happened to Tom Mix? The Story of One of My Lives. London: Cassell. ISBN\u00a00304936758. Willis, Ted (1991). Evening All: Fifty Years Over a Hot Typewriter. London: Macmillan. ISBN\u00a00333546865."
   },
   {
    "name": "Alan Moss",
    "id": "Q3526474",
    "text": "Alan Edward Moss (14 November 1930 \u2013 12 March 2019) was an English cricketer, who played in nine Tests for England from 1954 to 1960. The cricket writer, Colin Bateman, opined, \"Alan Moss was a thoughtful, enthusiastic swing bowler who, given the right conditions, could run through a team\". Moss was the product of a London-based newspaper's 'find-a-player' scheme. During his spell of National Service, Moss conserved his leave allowance to enable him to play as often as possible for his county side. He was a tall right-arm fast-medium bowler, who mainly opened the bowling for Middlesex in the 1950s and 1960s. Their playing strength was relatively weak over this period of time, and Moss sometimes struggled alone carrying the bowling attack. In 1954, he undertook his first overseas tour with the Marylebone Cricket Club (MCC) to the West Indies, and played his first Test. Spread over a six-year period, his nine Test appearances found Moss lacking in penetration, with only his final two appearances yielding much profit. In 1960 against South Africa at Lord's, Moss took 4 for 35 in their first innings. He followed this with a return of 3 for 36 in the second innings at Trent Bridge, but that was his last Test. In all first-class cricket, Moss finished with 1,301 wickets at under 21 each. He took 100 wickets in a season five times. His most successful season was 1960, when he took 136 wickets at 13.72, including his best innings figures of 8 for 31 to dismiss Northamptonshire for 58. He played in just three county one day matches. Following his retirement from first-class cricket in 1963, he ran a printing business as Chief Executive of BPC Web Offset Corporation. He later became a self-employed printing consultant (1984\u20132002). He was a loyal member of the Middlesex County Cricket Club General Committee (1976\u20132005 and 2008-2008/09) and the Executive Board 2010\u20132012. He has served as Honorary Treasurer and Chairman of the Finance and Administration sub-committee (1984\u20131995), Chairman (1996\u20131999) and President (2003\u20132005). He was also a member of the ECB Disciplinary Standing Committee and a Middlesex life vice-president. He served as the Chairman of the Middlesex Cricket Board between 1996 and 2012, which ran the recreational game in the County of Middlesex. He died on 12 March 2019 at the age of 88. Bateman, Colin (1993). If The Cap Fits. Tony Williams Publications. p.\u00a0124. ISBN\u00a01-869833-21-X. Alan Moss bowling season by season Wisden 1961, pp. 510\u201311. Alan Moss Alan Moss at Cricinfo Alan Moss at Cricket Archive Alan Moss dies aged 88"
   },
   {
    "name": "Rosamund John",
    "id": "Q3880278",
    "text": "Rosamund John (19 October 1913 \u2013 27 October 1998), born Nora Rosamund Jones, was an English film and stage actress. She was born and brought up in Tottenham in North London, the daughter of Frederick Henry Jones, a wine merchant's clerk, and his wife, Edith Elizabeth (n\u00e9e Elliott). She was educated at Tottenham high school before studying for the theatre at the at the Embassy School of Acting. At the age of nineteen, John was introduced to actor\u2013director Milton Rosmer, who cast her in several minor stage roles before casting her in his film The Secret of the Loch (1934). Following several more years of stage work she was cast opposite Leslie Howard in The First of the Few (1942). This led to her being cast in Howard's next film as a director, The Gentle Sex (1943). Howard cast John in her next film The Lamp Still Burns (1943), which he produced, but he was killed during the film's production when his plane was shot down returning from Lisbon. John went on to became one of Britain's most popular screen stars, second only to Margaret Lockwood as Britain's favourite female star in 1944, and credited her career ascendance to Howard. She next starred in the rural wartime comedy Tawny Pipit (1944), made by Two Cities Films, which, according to John, went on to be popular with American audiences as \"it was everything the Americans thought of as being English.\" John co-starred in Anthony Asquith's wartime drama The Way to the Stars (1945), following which she appeared in the medical wartime thriller Green for Danger (1946). 1947 saw her star with James Mason in The Upturned Glass (1947), with Michael Redgrave in the Boulting Brothers' political drama Fame is the Spur (1947) and with Patricia Roc in the drama When the Bough Breaks (1947). John was twice married, first to film editor Russell Lloyd, from 1943 to 1949, with whom she had a son named John, and then to politician John Silkin from 1950 to 1987, with whom she had her second son, Rory. She died at a nursing home in Clapham, London in 1998, aged 85. Halliwell, Leslie and John Walker. Halliwell's Who's Who in the Movies. Harper Resource, 2001. ISBN\u00a00-06-093507-3. \"Rosamund John\". BFI. Retrieved 31 July 2021. \"John, Rosamund [real name Nora Rosamund Jones] (1913\u20131998)\". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (online\u00a0ed.). Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/71127. (Subscription or UK public library membership required.) McFarlane, Brian (28 February 2014). The Encyclopedia of British Film: Fourth edition. Oxford University Press. p. 399; ISBN\u00a09781526111968 McFarlane, Brian (1997). An Autobiography of British Cinema. London: Methuen. p. 329; ISBN\u00a00-413-70520-X McFarlane, Brian (1997). An Autobiography of British Cinema. London: Methuen. p. 330; ISBN\u00a00-413-70520-X \"Rosamund John (Silkin): Transcript\". The History Project. Retrieved 31 July 2021. Tom Vallance (2 November 1998). \"Obituary: Rosamund John \u2013 Arts and Entertainment\". The Independent. London. Retrieved 13 June 2014. Rosamund John at IMDb"
   },
   {
    "name": "Thomas Hodgkin",
    "id": "Q3990642",
    "text": "Thomas Hodgkin, FBA (29 July 1831\u00a0\u2013 2 March 1913) was a British historian and biographer. A Quaker minister and banker, Hodgkin, as an amateur historian produced his magnum opus, a history of the wars of the late Roman Empire. Hodgkin was son of John Hodgkin, barrister and Quaker minister, and Elizabeth Howard (daughter of Luke Howard). In 1861 he married Lucy Ann (1841\u20131934) (daughter of Alfred Fox who created Glendurgan Garden and Sarah, born Lloyd, his wife). They had three sons and three daughters. Having been educated as a member of the Society of Friends and taken the degree of B.A. at the University of London, he became a partner in the banking house of Hodgkin, Barnett, Pease and Spence, Newcastle-on-Tyne, a firm afterwards amalgamated with Lloyds Bank. While continuing in business as a banker, Hodgkin devoted a good deal of time to historical study, and soon became a leading authority on the history of the early Middle Ages, his books. His magnum opus became Italy and her Invaders, published in eight volumes. He died at Falmouth on 2 March 1913. His and the Hodgkin family papers are held at the Wellcome Library in London. The family of Thomas and Lucy Hodgkin is listed as: Lucy Violet (1869\u20131954) married John Holdsworth John (died in infancy) Edward (1872\u20131921) married Katie Wilson Elizabeth, known as Lily (born 1874) married Herbert Gresford Jones Ellen Sophie (1875\u20131965) married Robert Carr Bosanquet Robert Howard (24 April 1877\u00a0\u2013 28 June 1951) married Dorothy Smith. He was Provost of The Queen's College, Oxford, author of A History of the Anglo-Saxons (1935) George (1880\u20131918) married Mary Wilson. Their son, Alan Hodgkin, received the 1963 Nobel Prize in Physiology. Lucy Violet Hodgkin, later Holdsworth, was a writer and gave the 1919 Swarthmore Lecture under the title Silent Worship: The way of wonder. She assembled her father's letters and wrote a memorial to her brother, George, published in 1923. Ellen Sophia, later Bosanquet, wrote an autobiography, published by her daughter Diana Hardman, as Late Harvest: Memories, letters poems. Hodgkin's chief works are: Italy and her Invaders (8 vols., Oxford, 1880\u20131899; vols. I, II, 1890, (revised 1892), vols. III, IV, 1892 (rev 1896), vols. V, VI, 1895, vols. VII, VIII, 1899); republished as The Barbarian Invasions of the Roman Empire, (8 vols., The Folio Society, 2001) The Dynasty of Theodosius (Oxford, 1889); Theodoric the Goth (London, 1891); An introduction to the Letters of Cassiodorus: being a condensed translation of the Variae Epistolae of Magnus Aurelius Cassiodorus, Senator (London, 1886). He also wrote a Life of Charles the Great (London, 1897); Life of George Fox (Boston, 1896); and the opening volume of Longman's Political History of England (London, 1906). Martin, G. H. (2004) \"Hodgkin, Thomas (1831\u20131913), historian\" in Oxford Dictionary of National Biography Hodgkin, Thomas (2001). The Barbarian Invasions of the Roman Empire. The Folio Society. pp.\u00a0General Introduction. ASIN\u00a0B001UHAOK8. Hilton, Christopher (2004) \"Hodgkin, John (1800\u20131875)\" in Oxford Dictionary of National Biography \u00a0One or more of the preceding sentences\u00a0incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain:\u00a0Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). \"Hodgkin, Thomas\". Encyclop\u00e6dia Britannica. 13 (11th\u00a0ed.). Cambridge University Press. p.\u00a0557. Quaker profiles by Sir George Newman, Bannisdale Press, 1946, pp.48-62 Wellcome Library catalogue entry forn the Hodgkin Family papers. mundus.ac.uk Bosanquet, Ellen Sophie (1970) Late Harvest \u2013 Memories, Letters and Poems. p. 7. \"Mr R. H. Hodgkin\". Nature. 140 (3546): 676. 16 October 1937. Bibcode:1937Natur.140Q.676.. doi:10.1038/140676a0. George Lloyd Hodgkin 1880 - 1918 available online at Internet Archive Theodoric the Goth by Thomas Hodgkin. Project Gutenberg Letters of Cassiodorus. Project Gutenberg Works by Thomas Hodgkin at Project Gutenberg Works by or about Thomas Hodgkin at Internet Archive Works by Thomas Hodgkin at LibriVox (public domain audiobooks)"
   },
   {
    "name": "Trevor Peacock",
    "id": "Q3998508",
    "text": "Trevor Edward Peacock (19 May 1931 \u2013 8 March 2021) was an English actor, screenwriter and songwriter. He made his name as a theatre actor, later becoming known for his Shakespearean roles. Later in his career, he was best known for playing Jim Trott in the BBC comedy series The Vicar of Dibley. He was born on 19 May 1931 in Edmonton, London, the son of Alexandria and Victor Peacock. Prior to his acting career, he was a teacher for a few years in North London, including spells at Cuckoo Hall school in Edmonton and Carterhatch Junior school in Enfield. Peacock's many television roles include Jim Trott in The Vicar of Dibley, Rouault in Madame Bovary (opposite Keith Barron), Quilp in The Old Curiosity Shop and Old Bailey in Neverwhere. He appeared in a range of diverse programmes, such as EastEnders (playing Sid, a war veteran Alfie Moon met in France), LWT's Wish Me Luck (in which he played resistance leader Renard), Jonathan Creek, Between the Lines, The Riff Raff Element, The Thin Blue Line and My Family. Peacock had starring roles in several plays in the BBC Television Shakespeare series, including the title role in Titus Andronicus, Feste in Twelfth Night, Lord Talbot in Henry VI, Part 1 and Jack Cade in Henry VI, Part 2. He was the Gravedigger in Franco Zeffirelli's 1990 film version of Hamlet, Old Joe in the 1999 Patrick Stewart version of A Christmas Carol, and the Innkeeper in the 2000 made-for-television film version of Don Quixote. In 1962, he played Willy, in The Barber of Stamford Hill. In 1964, he appeared with The Beatles in the television special Around the Beatles, playing Peter Quince in the Pyramus and Thisbe scene (Act V, Scene 1) from William Shakespeare's A Midsummer Night's Dream. He played the father of Father Christmas in the 2007 film Fred Claus, co-starring Vince Vaughn and Paul Giamatti. In July 2009, he also had a bit part in the TV drama Hotel Babylon. Peacock appeared as \"Captain Zero\" in the BBC TV series Last of The Summer Wine (1990) and as Maurey in The Sins (2000). In 2012, he played George in Quartet, a British comedy-drama film based on the play of the same title.[citation needed]. Peacock was also a songwriter. He wrote the 1960s pop hit \"Mrs. Brown, You've Got a Lovely Daughter\", which was recorded by Herman's Hermits. Other hit songs to his credit include \"Mystery Girl\" (recorded by Jess Conrad), \"Made You\" (Adam Faith), \"Gossip Calypso\" (Bernard Cribbins), \"Stick Around\" (Billy Fury), \"That's What Love Will Do\" and \"Nature's Time For Love\" (both recorded by Joe Brown). Peacock wrote the lyrics for several hit singles by The Vernons Girls. The songs he wrote for the group include \"Be Nice To Him Mama\", \"You Know What I Mean\", \"Funny All Over\" and \"He'll Never Come Back\". He contributed the lyrics for the musical show Passion Flower Hotel (music by John Barry), and for a musical based on the newspaper cartoon strip, Andy Capp (music by Alan Price). Before his acting career took off, Peacock compered Drumbeat for the BBC, also writing scripts for Oh Boy! and Six-Five Special. He starred in the 1991 fantasy BBC radio play Heart of Hark'un. In 2002 he filmed an episode of Dinotopia in Budapest, playing the mysterious sage Lok in \"Night of the Wartosa\". In 2010, he appeared in The Old Guys and a radio adaptation of I, Claudius.[citation needed] Peacock acted in the theatre throughout his career and was particularly associated with the Royal Exchange, Manchester. In addition to performing in many productions since the theatre opened in 1976, he also wrote a number of shows for the company. These include: Leaping Ginger. World premiere directed by Braham Murray with Christopher Neil (1977) Cinderella. World Premiere directed by Anthony Bowles and Michele Hardy with Wendy Morgan and Gabrielle Drake (1979) Andy Capp written with Alan Price. World premiere directed by Braham Murray (1982) Class K with Judy Loe, Colin Prockter and Rosalind Knight (1985) Jack and the Giant (world premiere directed by Mervyn Willis with Jason Watkins, 1986) In the 1970s he became a member of the Royal Shakespeare Company, playing comic roles such as Silence and Feste, as well as more serious parts. During the 1990s he appeared in several National Theatre productions. Peacock's acting credits include: Estragon, Waiting for Godot by Samuel Beckett for the Century Theatre, Manchester directed by Michael Elliott (1967) Tony Lumpkin, She Stoops to Conquer by Oliver Goldsmith for the Century Theatre, Manchester directed by Braham Murray and then at the Garrick Theatre, London (1969) Titus Andronicus at the Round House, London (1971) Clov, Endgame by Samuel Beckett for the Century Theatre, Manchester directed by Braham Murray and then at the Shaw Theatre, London (1973) Sidney Prime, Sherlock Holmes for the Royal Shakespeare Company at the Aldwych Theatre, London, then (Broadway debut) Broadhurst Theatre (1974) Friar Mauro Tenda and Diego Lopez Duro, The Bewitched at the Aldwych Theatre, London (1975) Bishop of Ely and Fluellen, Henry V for the Royal Shakespeare Company, Memorial Theatre, Stratford-on-Avon, England, 1975, then at the Aldwych Theatre, London (1976) Poins, Henry IV, Parts I and II, for the Royal Shakespeare Company, Memorial Theatre, 1975, then at the Aldwych Theatre (1976) Sir Hugh Evans, The Merry Wives of Windsor, for the Royal Shakespeare Company, Memorial Theatre, 1975, then at the Aldwych Theatre (1976) Acres, The Rivals by Sheridan at the Royal Exchange, Manchester directed by Braham Murray (1976) Colonel Kottwitz, The Prince of Homburg by Heinrich von Kleist at the Royal Exchange, Manchester directed by Casper Wrede (1976) Zachariah Manning, Zack by Harold Brighouse at the Royal Exchange, Manchester directed by Eric Thompson (1976) Sergeant Match, What the Butler Saw by Joe Orton at the Royal Exchange, Manchester directed by Braham Murray (1977) Tom Price, A Family by Ronald Harwood. World premiere directed by Casper Wrede at the Royal Exchange, Manchester (1978) Aramis, The Three Musketeers by Braham Murray and Derek Griffiths. World premiere directed by Braham Murray at the Royal Exchange, Manchester (1979) Estragon, Waiting for Godot at the Royal Exchange, Manchester directed by Braham Murray and then at the Round House, London (1980) Elwood P Dowd, Harvey by Mary Chase at the Royal Exchange, Manchester directed by Eric Thompson (1981) Willy Loman, Death of a Salesman by Arthur Miller at the Royal Exchange, Manchester directed by Greg Hersov (1985) The Bluebird of Unhappiness, a Woody Allen review at the Royal Exchange, Manchester directed by Braham Murray (1987) Jim Trott, The Vicar of Dibley, for BBC One (1994\u20132007) Henry Horatio Hobson, Hobson's Choice by Harold Brighouse at the Royal Exchange, Manchester directed by Braham Murray (2003) Giles Cory, The Crucible by Arthur Miller directed by Dominic Cooke at the Royal Shakespeare Theatre, Stratford-upon-Avon (2006) Peacock was married twice. His first marriage was to Iris Jones, which ended in divorce. His second wife was actress Tilly Tremayne. Peacock had two sons, actors Daniel Peacock and Harry Peacock, and two daughters, Sally and Maudie. His daughter-in-law is actress Katherine Parkinson, who is married to Harry. Peacock lived in the village of East Coker, Somerset and was a supporter of Yeovil Town. Peacock was diagnosed with dementia in 2009, and it was reported in 2018 that he was in the advanced stages of the disease, had retired from acting and was living in a nursing home in Yeovil, Somerset. His last role was in the 2015 Vicar of Dibley Comic Relief Special. He died on the morning of 8 March 2021, at the age of 89. \"Tilly relishes the Turing challenge\". Northampton Chronicle. Retrieved 28 January 2017. \"Peacock, Trevor 1931\u2013 (Jackie Atom) | Encyclopedia.com\". www.encyclopedia.com. Retrieved 9 March 2021. Michael Coveney (9 March 2021). \"Trevor Peacock obituary\". The Guardian. Retrieved 30 March 2021. \"Trevor Peacock profile\". Filmreference.com. Retrieved 28 January 2017. \"Vicar of Dibley star Trevor Peacock dies at 89\". BBC News. 9 March 2021. Retrieved 9 March 2021. \"Around the Beatles\". 6 May 1964. Retrieved 9 March 2021 \u2013 via IMDb. Ruhlmann, William. \"Mrs. Brown You've Got a Lovely Daughter - Herman's Hermits: Listen, Appearances, Song Review\". AllMusic. Retrieved 28 January 2017. \"Mystery Girl - Jess Conrad: Listen, Appearances, Song Review\". AllMusic. Retrieved 28 January 2017. \"Adam Faith: Listen, Appearances, Song Review\". AllMusic. Retrieved 28 January 2017. \"Gossip Calypso - Bernard Cribbins: Listen, Appearances, Song Review\". AllMusic. Retrieved 28 January 2017. \"Stick Around - Billy Fury: Listen, Appearances, Song Review\". AllMusic.com. Retrieved 28 January 2017. \"That's What Love Will Do - Joe Brown\u00a0: Listen, Appearances, Song Review\". AllMusic.com. Retrieved 28 January 2017. \"Nature's Time for Love - Joe Brown: Listen, Appearances, Song Review\". AllMusic.com. Retrieved 28 January 2017. Eder, Bruce. \"Very Best of Vernon Girls - The Vernons Girls\". AllMusic.com. Retrieved 28 January 2017. \"BBC Radio 4 Extra - The Heart of Hark'un, Episode 1\". Bbc.co.uk. Retrieved 9 March 2021. Murray, Braham (2007). The Worst It Can Be Is a Disaster. London: Methuen Drama; ISBN\u00a0978-0-7136-8490-2. The Royal Exchange Theatre Company Words & Pictures 1976\u20131998; ISBN\u00a00-9512017-1-9 Moses, Toby (9 March 2021). \"Vicar of Dibley actor Trevor Peacock dies at the age of 89\". The Guardian. London. Retrieved 9 March 2021. \"Soundtrack Of My Life: Katherine Parkinson\". NME. Retrieved 28 August 2021. \"Villagers hold referendum to beat sprawl\". BBC News. 18 September 2003. Retrieved 16 June 2014. \"Rest in peace, Trevor Peacock\". ytfc.net. YeovilT own F.C. 9 March 2021. Retrieved 9 March 2021. Trevor Peacock at IMDb"
   },
   {
    "name": "Albert Sangwine",
    "id": "Q4711179",
    "text": "Albert Edwin Hawksley Sangwine (16 March 1901 \u2013 3 November 1962) was an English freestyle sport wrestler who competed for Great Britain in the 1924 Summer Olympics. He was born in Tottenham and died in Chingford. In 1924 he finished tenth in the freestyle heavyweight tournament. At the 1930 Empire Games he won the silver medal in the freestyle heavyweight class. \"Albert Sangwine Olympic Results\". sports-reference.com. Archived from the original on 17 April 2020. Retrieved 15 September 2013. postalheritage.org.uk v t e"
   },
   {
    "name": "Alfred Cecil Herring",
    "id": "Q4722430",
    "text": "Major Alfred Cecil Herring VC (26 October 1888 \u2013 10 August 1966) was an English recipient of the Victoria Cross, the highest and most prestigious award for gallantry in the face of the enemy that can be awarded to British and Commonwealth forces. Alfred Cecil Herring was educated at Tottenham County School where he was captain of the school at cricket and football. He was 29 years old, and a temporary second lieutenant in the Royal Army Service Corps, British Army, attached to 6th (S) Battalion, The Northamptonshire Regiment during the First World War when the following deed took place for which he was awarded the VC. On 23/24\u00a0March 1918 at Montagne Bridge, France, the enemy had gained a position on the south bank of the canal and Second Lieutenant Herring's post was surrounded, but he immediately counter-attacked and recaptured the position, together with 20 prisoners and six machine-guns. During the night the post was continually attacked, but all attacks were beaten off, largely because Lieutenant Herring was frequently visiting his men and cheering them up. It was owing to his bravery and magnificent handling of his troops that the enemy advance was held up for 11 hours at a very critical period. He was born in Tottenham, North London. He later achieved the rank of major. He was a Chartered Accountant by profession In 2006, a new pub on Green Lanes, Palmers Green, in North London, run by the Wetherspoons chain, was named after him. His Victoria Cross is displayed at the New Royal Logistic Corps Museum, RHQ The RLC, Building 204, Worthy Down Barracks, Winchester. SO21 2RG. (date 2021) signed KMB References Max Arthur, Symbol of Courage: The Men Behind the Medal, p320, Pan Macmillan, 2005, ISBN\u00a00330491334, 9780330491334 \"RASC Association\". Archived from the original on May 10, 2013. Retrieved March 14, 2013. \"No. 31340\". The London Gazette. 15 May 1919. p.\u00a06084. GRO Register of Births: DEC 1888 3a 3_7 EDMONTON - Alfred Cecil Herring History of the Institute of Chartered Accountants in England and Wales, Sir Harold Howitt, Heinemann, London 1966 The Times, City Diary, 2006-05-31 Sources Monuments to Courage (David Harvey, 1999) The Register of the Victoria Cross (This England, 1997) VCs of the First World War - Spring Offensive 1918 (Gerald Gliddon, 1997) Location of grave and VC medal (Woking Crematorium)"
   },
   {
    "name": "Billy Lane",
    "id": "Q4912877",
    "text": "For other people of the same name see Billy Lane and Billy Lane (angler) William Henry Charles Lane (23 October 1904 \u2013 10 November 1985) was an English football centre forward, best remembered for his time in the Football League with Watford and Brentford, making over 120 appearances for each club. After playing for the London City Mission, Gnome Athletic and Park Avondale, Lane joined Tottenham Hotspur in 1922 for the first time but left the club without appearing in a senior match. He went on to play for Summerstown and Barnet before re-joining Tottenham after a spell with the club's \"nursery\" team Northfleet United. Lane, a centre forward, went on to feature in 36 matches and found the net on 12 occasions between 1924 and 1926. Lane's time with Spurs came to an end after manager Peter McWilliam dropped him after Lane kicked the ball into the crowd after having a goal disallowed in a match versus Preston North End. Lane had been courting the attention of the England selectors at the time, who were present at the match, but unimpressed with his behaviour. The incident ended Lane's chances of an international call-up and his Tottenham career. After leaving White Hart Lane, Lane appeared for Leicester City (joining for \u00a32250), Reading and Brentford, where he scored 89 goals in 123 appearances. As of 2015, his record of seven league hat-tricks is second behind club record-holder Jack Holliday and his 33-goal haul in the 1929\u201330 season was a club record until Holliday broke it in 1932\u201333. Despite his excellent form for the Bees, Lane was transfer-listed by manager Harry Curtis, who needed the money from Lane's sale to fund the transfer of Middlesbrough players Jack Holliday, Bert Watson and Billy Scott. Lane signed for Watford in a \u00a31500 deal in 1932 and the following year scored a hat-trick in the Football League in under three minutes against Clapton Orient on 20 December 1933, then a record. He featured in a total of 136 matches for Watford in all competitions, scoring 77 goals and went on to have spells at Bristol City, Clapton Orient and finally Gravesend United. In 1945, Lane turned down the manager's job at Clapton Orient to return to Brentford as a coach under Harry Curtis. He remained with the Bees before going into management with Guildford City. He later moved on to manage Brighton & Hove Albion and Gravesend & Northfleet. He managed Brighton & Hove Albion to its first ever Football League title, as 1957\u201358 Third Division South champions. After leaving Gravesend & Northfleet, Lane became a scout for Arsenal and later returned to Brighton & Hove Albion in a similar role. He was still working for Albion at the time of his death in 1985. Lane served as a PT instructor during the Second World War. Joyce, Michael (2004). Football League Players' Records. Soccerdata. p.\u00a0151. ISBN\u00a01-899468-63-3. \"Watford Football Club archive 1881\u20132017\u00a0\u00bb Players \u2013 Kabasele to Lawton\" (PDF). p.\u00a035. Retrieved 22 June 2018. Kent's nursery clubs Retrieved 7 May 2009 Goodwin, Bob (16 August 2017). The Spurs Alphabet. p.\u00a0256. ISBN\u00a0978-0-9540434-2-1. Official Matchday Magazine Of Brentford Football Club versus Oldham Athletic. Blackheath: Morganprint. 14 August 1999. p.\u00a027. Brentford Football Club Official Matchday Magazine versus Bournemouth (published 4 September 2004). 2004. pp.\u00a046\u201347. Lacey, David (23 February 2008). \"Rotation traps Liverpool in a cycle of domestic under-achievement\". The Guardian. Retrieved 5 February 2011. Jones, Trefor (1998). Watford Season by Season. pp.\u00a090\u201391. ISBN\u00a00-9527458-1-X. Jones, Trefor (1996). Watford Football Club Illustrated Who's Who. p.\u00a0142. ISBN\u00a00-9527458-0-1."
   },
   {
    "name": "Brian Adams",
    "id": "Q4962926",
    "text": "Brian Thomas Adams (born 18 May 1947) is an English former footballer who played as a midfielder in the Football League for Millwall. He began his senior career with Chelsea, without playing for them in the League, and went on to play non-league football for Wimbledon. Hugman, Barry J., ed. (1998). The PFA Premier & Football League Players' Records 1946\u20131998. Queen Anne Press. p.\u00a015. ISBN\u00a0978-1-85291-585-8. \"Brian Adams\". Post War English & Scottish Football League A\u2013Z Players Database. Neil Brown. Retrieved 26 September 2014. v t e"
   },
   {
    "name": "Daren Foster",
    "id": "Q5222527",
    "text": "Daren Joseph Foster (born 14 March 1966) played first-class and List A cricket for Somerset and Glamorgan between 1986 and 1993. He was born in Tottenham, London. Foster was a tall, slim right-arm fast-medium bowler with a whippy bowling action and a tail-end right-handed batsman. A graduate of the Haringey Cricket College in north London, Foster had one match for Middlesex's second eleven before joining Somerset for the 1986 season. He made his first-class debut towards the end of the season, opening the bowling in a rain-ruined match against Sussex with Joel Garner. Foster was not picked for Somerset's first team for the first half of the 1987 season, but played several times after that, and also made his one-day cricket debut. In 1988, he was a fairly regular member of the first-class team, and Wisden Cricketers' Almanack noted that he \"offered promise for the future\". The 13 first-class matches that year would be the most in any single season of Foster's career, and the 28 first-class wickets was also a personal high. His best bowling, though, was a return of four wickets for 46 against Worcestershire, and he did not take five wickets in an innings in his Somerset first-class career. In 1989, Foster played regularly in the one-day team, but had fewer first-class matches and at the end of the season he was not re-engaged by Somerset. At the start of the 1990 cricket season, Foster was out of a job. He played a couple of second eleven matches for Surrey early in the season and then one for Derbyshire later on. Derbyshire's opponents in this final match were Glamorgan and although Foster was not notably successful in the game, he was offered a contract by Glamorgan for the 1991 season. As at Somerset, Glamorgan used Foster largely as a back-up to the main opening bowlers, Steve Watkin and Mark Frost, and he played in less than 10 first-class matches in each of the two seasons he spent there. His biggest success as a bowler came in his first County Championship match for Glamorgan, against Somerset, when he took six first innings wickets for 84 runs. There was a second five-wicket innings for Foster the following season, five for 87 in the match against Durham. But this proved to be Foster's final first-class match: at the end of the season, he left Glamorgan \"by mutual consent\". As in 1990 when he had left Somerset, Foster spent time after leaving Glamorgan seeking a further county, and he appeared in a second eleven match for Essex. In 1994, however, he joined Berkshire in the Minor Counties and in the 1995 season played one final List A match when Berkshire played Surrey in the first round of the NatWest Trophy; in this match, batting at No 11, he scored 21, his highest score in all forms of the senior game. \"Daren Foster\". www.cricketarchive.com. Retrieved 27 September 2010. \"Scorecard: Somerset v Sussex\". www.cricketarchive.com. 20 August 1986. Retrieved 29 September 2010. \"Somerset in 1988\". Wisden Cricketers' Almanack (1989\u00a0ed.). Wisden. p.\u00a0524. \"Scorecard: Worcestershire v Somerset\". www.cricketarchive.com. 18 May 1988. Retrieved 30 September 2010. \"Second Eleven Championship Matches played by Daren Foster\". www.cricketarchive.com. Retrieved 30 September 2010. \"Scorecard: Somerset v Gamorgan\". www.cricketarchive.com. 9 May 1991. Retrieved 1 October 2010. \"Scorecard: Durham v Gamorgan\". www.cricketarchive.com. 14 August 1992. Retrieved 1 October 2010. \"Glamorgan in 1992\". Wisden Cricketers' Almanack (1993\u00a0ed.). Wisden. p.\u00a0364. \"Scorecard: Surrey v Berkshire\". www.cricketarchive.com. 27 June 1995. Retrieved 1 October 2010."
   },
   {
    "name": "Geoffry Morgan Pike",
    "id": "Q5535013",
    "text": "Geoffry Morgan Pike (who wrote as Geoff Pike and Pai Kit Fai) was an English-born, naturalized Australian writer and cartoonist. Geoffry Morgan Pike was born in Tottenham, Middlesex on 17 October 1929, to parents Mildred and Robert Pike, he has two siblings Anthony J. Pike and Peter Robert Pike. At age 14 he entered training on the Navy ship Indefatigable, and went to sea in 1945 aged 15. In 1949, Pike emigrated to Australia where he worked in the outback breaking horses, felling trees and sailing aboard deep-sea trawlers before he signed on as an artistic director on many popular cartoons such as Beetle Bailey and Krazy Kat with American Paramount Studios. Unbearable Bear in T.V. Tours, an animated cartoon series for Artransa Park Television, featured a globe trotting koala with itchy feet. Pike worked with Bryce Courtenay at McCann Erickson advertising agency, most notably on the Mortein advertisement, \"Louie the Fly\". Bryce wrote the jingle and Geoff created the cartoon and animation. He also created the animation for the McWilliams' monk advertisement and the popular Yowie characters featured in children's picture books and Cadbury's line of confectionery containing small plastic toys. In 1977 Pike was diagnosed with throat cancer and learned the art of Chi Kung (also known as Qigong) and traditional Oriental medicine rather than surgery, beating cancer and becoming a master of Chi Kung and creating books and videos teaching others the philosophy and practice of aligning breath, physical activity and awareness for mental, spiritual and corporeal health. He passed in March 2018 after many years of ill health. In 1974 he published the first of many books, Henry Golightly: a novel of the sea. Published by Angus and Robertson, it was the story of a Gweilo (caucasian foreigner) living in Macau and building a boat amongst the locals; a youthful search for adventure and love among the post-war wreckage of 1945 and the horror that was Hiroshima. Pike also wrote under the name Pai Kit Fai, which was given to him by his Chinese in-laws. Loosely translated, it means \"White Person of Letters and Grand Ambition'. He wrote two books under this nom de plume, The Concubine's Daughter and Red Lotus. Fiction: Red Lotus (2010\u00a0\u2013 pseudonym\u00a0\u2013 Pai Kit Fai) The Concubine\u2019s Daughter (2009\u00a0\u2013 pseudonym\u00a0\u2013 Pai Kit Fai) Tiger dawn (1997) The Second Sunrise (1995) Golightly Outback (1978) Golightly Adrift (1976) Henry Golightly: a novel of the sea (1974) Non Fiction: Ch\u2019i: The Power Within. (1985) Ch\u2019i:The Power is You (1985) Youth and Beauty Secrets of the Orient (1982) The Power of Ch\u2019i (1980) Animated scripts: Princess Serena and the Magic Crystal Unbearable Bear in T.V. Tours, 13 episodes Children\u2019s books, 1995\u20132001: Rumble the redgum Yowie Crag the mangrove Yowie Boof the bottlebrush Yowie Ditty the lillipilli Yowie Squish the fiddlewood Yowie Nap the honeygum Yowie Children\u2019s books, 1964: Around the world with Unbearable Bear series (adapted by Laurie Sharpe): Unbearable Bear in Boy Meets Bear Unbearable Bear in London Unbearable Bear in Ireland Unbearable bear in Scotland The Times' Book of the Week: Red Lotus A&R Writer's Fellowship Geoff Pike's Alibris page Geoff Pike's official site ABC's Life Matters: A Life Less Ordinary: Geoff Pike interview Macmillan USA Author page on Geoff Pike aka Pai Kit Fai Geoff Pike, Unbearable Bear in Boy Meets Bear (Sungravure 1964), p. 25 \"About \u2013 Pai Kit Fai\". Pai Kit Fai. Retrieved 6 December 2020. Geoff Pike, Unbearable Bear in Boy Meets Bear (Sungravure 1964) Geoff Pike, Unbearable Bear in London (Sungravure 1964) Geoff Pike, Unbearable Bear in Ireland (Sungravure 1964) Geoff Pike, Unbearable Bear in Scotland (Sungravure 1964)"
   },
   {
    "name": "Herbert William Richmond",
    "id": "Q5735919",
    "text": "Herbert William Richmond (born on the 17 July 1863 in Tottenham, England) was a mathematician who studied the Cremona\u2013Richmond configuration. One of his most popular works is an exact construction of the regular heptadecagon in 1893 (which was calculated before by Carl Friedrich Gauss). Herbert was elected as a Fellow of the Royal Society in 1911. On the 22 April 1948, Herbert died in Cambridge, England. The Richmond surface is named after him. O'Connor, John J.; Robertson, Edmund F., \"Herbert William Richmond\", MacTutor History of Mathematics archive, University of St Andrews Herbert William Richmond at the Mathematics Genealogy Project"
   },
   {
    "name": "Howard Fowler",
    "id": "Q5919650",
    "text": "Howard Fowler (20 October 1857 \u2013 6 May 1934) was an English sportsman who played international rugby union for England and first-class cricket. Fowler attended Clifton College and captained their cricket XI in 1876, before going to New College, Oxford, where he studied law. He played 15 first-class matches, as a wicket-keeper, for the university's cricket team and in both 1878 and 1879 was captain of the Oxford University RFC. A forward, he played club rugby for Walthamstow and represented England in three Tests. He appeared against Scotland in 1878 and played against both Wales and Scotland in 1881. He also played cricket for Essex, from 1877 to 1889, but at this point Essex fixtures were not ranked as first-class. His two other first-class matches were for the Marylebone Cricket Club and Old Oxonians. Two of his brothers, Bill Fowler and Gerald Fowler, both played cricket for Somerset. \"Clifton College Register\" Muirhead, J.A.O. pp31/2: Bristol; J.W Arrowsmith for Old Cliftonian Society; April, 1948 \"Brief profile of Howard Fowler\". CricketArchive. \"Statsguru - Howard Fowler\". ESPN Scrum. \"Howard Fowler\". CricketArchive."
   },
   {
    "name": "Hubert Ramsey",
    "id": "Q5927566",
    "text": "Hubert Walter Ramsey (3 October 1874 \u2013 8 February 1968) was a British lacrosse player who competed in the 1908 Summer Olympics. He was part of the British team which won the silver medal. Hubert Ramsey at Olympedia Hubert Ramsey's profile at Sports Reference.com Hubert Ramsey at the National Archives v t e v t e"
   }
  ]
 },
 {
  "relation_id": "P19",
  "target_id": "Q949651",
  "target_name": "Wilmington",
  "samples": [
   {
    "name": "Alfred G. Allen",
    "id": "Q194779",
    "text": "Alfred Gaither Allen (July 23, 1867 \u2013 December 9, 1932) was an American lawyer and politician who served three terms as a U.S. Representative from Ohio from 1911 to 1917. Born on a farm near Wilmington, Ohio, Allen attended public schools there. He graduated from Wilmington High School in 1886 and from the Cincinnati Law School in 1890, where he was Phi Delta Phi. He was admitted to the bar in 1890 and commenced practice in Cincinnati, Ohio. He served as United States commissioner from 1896 to 1900 and as delegate to the Democratic State conventions in Columbus in 1901 and 1908. He was a member of the city council from 1906 to 1908, and a member of the board of the sinking-fund trustees of Cincinnati from 1908 to 1910. Allen was elected as a Democrat to the Sixty-second, Sixty-third, and Sixty-fourth Congresses (March 4, 1911 - March 4, 1917). He declined renomination in 1916, and resumed his earlier profession in Cincinnati. He served as delegate to the Democratic National Convention in San Francisco in 1920. He served as president of the Cincinnati Bar Association in 1925 and 1926. He died in Cincinnati, Ohio, December 9, 1932. He remains are interred at the Sugar Grove Cemetery in Wilmington, Ohio. On December 10, 1901, Allen married Clara B. Forbes at St. Louis, Missouri. She was the daughter of M. S. Forbes, president of Forbes Brothers' Tea and Spice Company. She graduated from Smith College. They had two children. They were members of the Methodist Episcopal Church. Allen family headstone at Sugar Grove Cemetery in Wilmington, Ohio. Gravemarker of Alfred G. Allen. Goss, Charles Frederic (1912). Cincinnati, the Queen City, 1788-1912. 3. Cincinnati: S J Clarke Publishing Company. pp.\u00a054\u201356. United States Congress. \"Alfred G. Allen (id: A000111)\". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. \u00a0This article incorporates\u00a0public domain material from the Biographical Directory of the United States Congress website http://bioguide.congress.gov."
   },
   {
    "name": "Andrew J. Harlan",
    "id": "Q505294",
    "text": "Andrew Jackson Harlan (March 29, 1815 \u2013 May 19, 1907) was a U.S. Representative from Indiana and later a member of the Missouri House of Representatives. He was a cousin of Aaron Harlan. Born near Wilmington, Ohio, Harlan attended the public schools. He studied law, was admitted to the bar in 1839 and commenced practice in Richmond, Indiana. He moved to Marion, Indiana, in 1839. He served as a clerk of the Indiana House of Representatives in 1842 and a member 1846-1848. Harlan was elected as a Democrat to the Thirty-first Congress (March 4, 1849 \u2013 March 3, 1851). Harlan was elected to the Thirty-third Congress (March 4, 1853 \u2013 March 3, 1855). He served as chairman of the Committee on Mileage (Thirty-third Congress). In a Democratic congressional convention at Marion, Indiana in 1854, he was publicly read out of the Democratic Party for voting against the repeal of the Missouri Compromise. He declined the nomination from the People's Party in 1854 for the Thirty-fourth Congress, and afterward allied himself with the Republican Party. He moved to Dakota Territory in 1861, where he served as a member of the Territorial house of representatives in 1861 and served as speaker. He was driven from the Territory by the Indians in September 1862 and settled in Savannah, Missouri, where he resumed the practice of law. He served as a member of the Missouri House of Representatives 1864-1868, serving as a speaker for the last two years. He moved to Wakeeney, Kansas, in 1885 and practiced law. He was appointed by President Harrison as postmaster of Wakeeney and served from 1890 to 1894. He was removed to Savannah, Missouri, in 1894 and died there on May 19, 1907. He was interred in Savannah Cemetery. United States Congress. \"Andrew J. Harlan (id: H000208)\". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. \u00a0This article incorporates\u00a0public domain material from the Biographical Directory of the United States Congress website http://bioguide.congress.gov."
   },
   {
    "name": "Norris Turney",
    "id": "Q527821",
    "text": "Norris Turney (September 8, 1921, Wilmington, Ohio, United States \u2013 January 17, 2001, Kettering, Ohio) was an American jazz flautist and saxophonist. Turney began his career in the Midwest, playing in territory bands such as the Jeter-Pillars Orchestra. He played with Tiny Bradshaw in Chicago before moving to New York City, where he performed with the Billy Eckstine Orchestra in 1945-1946. Turney had little luck in New York, however, and returned to Ohio to play in local ensembles through the 1950s. He toured with Ray Charles in 1967 traveling to the Far East and Australia, then was hired by Duke Ellington, in whose orchestra he played from 1969 to 1973. He was hired to play alto saxophone as an \"insurance policy\" due to the declining health of Johnny Hodges. He was the first flute soloist to ever play in Ellington's orchestra. He also played tenor saxophone in the band. Amongst his own compositions was \"Chequered Hat\", written in tribute to Hodges. Following his tenure with Ellington, he played with the Savoy Sultans and the Newport All-Stars, as well as in several pit orchestras. In the 1980s, he toured and recorded as a member of the Oliver Jackson Quintet, with Ali Jackson, Irvin Stokes, and Claude Black. Turney recorded as a leader between 1975 and 1978, and released the CD, Big, Sweet 'n Blue in 1993. He died of kidney failure in 2001, at the age of 79. 1978: I Let a Song with Booty Wood, Aaron Bell, Sam Woodyard, Raymond Fol 1993: Big, Sweet 'n Blue with Larry Willis, Walter Booker, and Jimmy Cobb (Mapleshade) With Roy Eldridge What It's All About (Pablo, 1976) With Oliver Jackson Billy's Bounce (Black & Blue, 1984) With Red Richards In a Mellow Tone (West 54, 1979) With Randy Weston Tanjah (Polydor, 1973) Footnotes Colin Larkin, ed. (1992). The Guinness Encyclopedia of Popular Music (First\u00a0ed.). Guinness Publishing. pp.\u00a02546/7. ISBN\u00a00-85112-939-0. \"Obituary: Norris Turney\". The Guardian. 14 March 2001. Retrieved October 16, 2021. Jazz in Yverdon 1984 Concert: Oliver Jackson Quintet Archived 2013-09-09 at the Wayback Machine Retrieved 10 July 2013. General references Scott Yanow, Norris Turney at AllMusic"
   },
   {
    "name": "James Henry Garland",
    "id": "Q549213",
    "text": "James Henry Garland (born December 13, 1931) is a retired American prelate of the Roman Catholic Church who served as bishop of the Diocese of Marquette, Michigan from 1992\u20132005. Born in Wilmington, Ohio, Garland was educated at The Ohio State University in Columbus, Mount Saint Mary\u2019s Seminary of the West in Cincinnati, and The Catholic University of America in Washington, DC. He was ordained a Catholic priest for the Archdiocese of Cincinnati on August 15, 1959. On June 2, 1984 Pope John Paul II named him the Titular Bishop of Garriana and Auxiliary Bishop of Cincinnati. He was consecrated on July 25, 1984 by Archbishop Daniel Edward Pilarczyk of Cincinnati. The co-consecraters were Archbishops Nicholas Thomas Elko, an auxiliary bishop of Cincinnati, and Edward Anthony McCarthy of Miami. He served the archdiocese as an auxiliary bishop for eight years until October 6, 1992 when Pope John Paul II named him the eleventh Bishop of Marquette. Bishop Garland was installed as the Bishop of Marquette on November 11, 1992.[citation needed] He served the Marquette diocese for 13 years. During this time the diocese celebrated the Jubilee Year 2000. The celebration began at Midnight on Christmas 1999 and continued throughout the following year. Events included a diocesan-wide celebration of the Sacrament of Confirmation at the Superior Dome in Marquette, at which 656 youths received the sacrament. An estimated 2,500 people attended a liturgical celebration August 20 at the Mattson Lower Harbor Park, also in Marquette. Bishop Garland's resignation was accepted by the pope on his 74th birthday, December 13, 2005. Biography portal Catholicism portal Michigan portal Religion portal Catholic Church hierarchy Catholic Church in the United States Historical list of the Catholic bishops of the United States List of Catholic bishops of the United States Lists of patriarchs, archbishops, and bishops \"Bishop James H. Garland\". www.stpetercathedral.org. Retrieved May 19, 2010. \"Bishop James Henry Garland\". www.catholic-hierarchy.org. Retrieved May 19, 2010.[self-published source] \"About Us\". www.dioceseofmarquette.org. Retrieved May 19, 2010. Roman Catholic Diocese Of Marquette Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Cincinnati"
   },
   {
    "name": "Nicola Leibinger-Kamm\u00fcller",
    "id": "Q896885",
    "text": "Nicola Leibinger-Kamm\u00fcller (born December 15, 1959 in Wilmington, Ohio as Nicola Leibinger) is a German businesswoman. She is the president and chairwoman of the Managing Board of the Trumpf GmbH + Co. KG, of which she has been a member since 2003, after having joined the company in 1985 as a public relations and branding specialist. Leibinger-Kamm\u00fcller is the daughter of Berthold Leibinger. She holds a doctorate in philology, having studied German, English and Japanese studies in University of Freiburg, University of Vermont and ETH Zurich. Leibinger-Kamm\u00fcller worked in different executive positions for Trumpf, starting in 1984 in the press and public relations department. She worked for Trumpf in Japan for two years, and became managing director of the Berthold Leibinger Foundation in 1992. She was made executive vice-president of Trumpf in 2003, and president and a director of the main board in 2005. She ist responsible for the strategic development of the company, corporate communication, brand management, real estate management and sustainable business, legal affairs, M+A as well as internal risk management. She also has the regional responsibility for China. Leibinger-Kamm\u00fcller was a member of the Council for Innovation and Growth and is in the Scientific Commission of the German Council of Science and Humanities. In addition to her role at Trumpf, she also holds, or has held, various board memberships. Die Zeit, Member of the Editorial Board (since 2020) Landesbank Baden-W\u00fcrttemberg (LBBW), Member of the Advisory Board Allensbach Institute, Member of the Board of Trustees Siemens AG, Member of the Supervisory Board (2008\u20132021) Voith, Member of the Supervisory Board (2008\u20132018) Lufthansa, Member of the Supervisory Board (2008\u20132016) Axel Springer SE, Member of the Supervisory Board (2010\u20132019) Berlin-Brandenburg Academy of Sciences and Humanities, Member of the Senate Cultural Foundation of the Federal States, Member of the Board of Trustees Deutsche Nationalstiftung, Member of the Board of Trustees (since 2017) Friends of the German Literature Archive Marbach, Chairwoman (since 2016) Technical University of Munich (TUM), Member of the Board of Trustees (since 2013) Berthold Leibinger Foundation, Chairwoman of the Board of Trustees Foundation for Family Businesses, Member of the Board of Trustees Fraunhofer Society, Member of the Senate Friedrich August von Hayek Foundation, Member of the Board of Trustees Max Planck Society, Member of the Senate Robert Bosch Stiftung, Member of the Board of Trustees Schule Schloss Salem, Member of the Board of Trustees Stifterverband f\u00fcr die Deutsche Wissenschaft, Member of the Board of Trustees University of T\u00fcbingen, Honorary Senator Leibinger-Kamm\u00fcller served as a CDU delegate to the Federal Convention for the purpose of electing the President of Germany in 2009 and 2010. In August 2012, she was part of Chancellor Angela Merkel\u2019s delegation on a state visit to China. During the Hannover Messe in April 2016, she was among the 15 German CEOs who were invited to a private dinner with President Barack Obama. In April 2020, Leibinger-Kamm\u00fcller was appointed by Minister-President Armin Laschet of North Rhine-Westphalia to a 12-member expert group to advise on economic and social consequences of the COVID-19 pandemic in Germany. Leibinger-Kamm\u00fcller has been married since 1984 and has four children. 2006: The German Fairness Prize for merits with regards to \"a fair and transparent company and management culture\", together with her father, Berthold Leibinger, her brother, Peter Leibinger, and her husband, Mathias Kamm\u00fcller 2008: The Order of Merit of the Federal Republic of Germany for merits in the areas of business, education and society, and for her civic commitment 2011: The Hans-Peter Stihl Award for contributions to the development of the Stuttgart region 2011: The Ring of Honor of the city of Garbsen 2012: Knight of the Legion of Honour 2014: McCloy Award 2015: German Leadership Award 2015: The Grand Gold Medal of Honor of Upper Austria 2015: The Progressive Thinker Award of the Plansecur Company Group 2015: The Ludwig Erhard Prize for Economic Journalism 2016: Member of the Handelsblatt Hall of Fame der Familienunternehmen 2017: Hanns Martin Schleyer Prize [1] 2017: Lutherrose 2019: Ehrenpreis f\u00fcr Familienunternehmen Awakening and Resignation: Erich K\u00e4stners Late Works 1945 \u2013 1967, Dissertation, University of Z\u00fcrich 1988. Nicola Leibinger-Kamm\u00fcller: President and Chairwoman of the Managing Board of the TRUMPF GmbH + Co. KG. Nicola Leibinger-Kamm\u00fcller Financial Times, November 15, 2011. ZEIT Verlag beruft Nicola Leibinger-Kamm\u00fcller in den Herausgeberrat Die Zeit, press release of May 25, 2020. 2015 Annual Report Landesbank Baden-W\u00fcrttemberg (LBBW). Board of Trustees Allensbach Institute. Supervisory Board, Siemens AG. Retrieved September 2, 2015. Siemens proposes new Supervisory Board members to its Annual Shareholders\u2019 Meeting\u00a0Siemens, press release of December 8, 2020. Siegfried Russwurm appointed to the Voith Shareholders\u2019 Committee Voith, press release of March 27, 2018. Tanja Kewes (March 10, 2008), Verj\u00fcngungskur Lufthansa baut Aufsichtsrat um Handelsblatt. 2008 Annual Report: Supervisory Board Lufthansa \"Axel Springer SE: Ver\u00e4nderungen im Aufsichtsrat\" (in German). January 9, 2020. Senate Berlin-Brandenburg Academy of Sciences and Humanities. Board of Trustees Cultural Foundation of the Federal States. Board of Trustees, Deutsche Nationalstiftung. Freundeskreis unter neuem Vorsitz \u2013 Nicola Leibinger-Kamm\u00fcller einstimmig gew\u00e4hlt S\u00fcdwest Presse, June 9, 2016. HighTech-Unternehmerin und Rundfunk-Intendant im TUM-Hochschulrat: Dr. Nicola Leibinger-Kamm\u00fcller und Ulrich Wilhelm berufen Technical University of Munich (TUM), press release of September 30, 2013. About the Foundation Berthold Leibinger Stiftung. Board of Trustees Foundation for Family Businesses. Members of the Senate Fraunhofer Society. Board of Trustees Friedrich August von Hayek Foundation. Senate, as of April 6, 2020 Max Planck Society. The Partners and Members of the Board of Trustees, Robert Bosch Stiftung. Retrieved September 2, 2015. Board of Trustees Schule Schloss Salem. Board of Trustees, Stifterverband f\u00fcr die Deutsche Wissenschaft. Retrieved July 13, 2017. Honorary Senators University of T\u00fcbingen. Henning Krumrey (August 29, 2012), Kanzlerin reist mit zwei Airbussen nach China Politico Europe. Hans von der Burchard (April 25, 2016), POLITICO Pro\u2019s Morning Trade: Breaking bread with the president Politico Europe. Kristian Frigelj (April 1, 2020), Zw\u00f6lfk\u00f6pfiges Gremium: Armin Laschet gr\u00fcndet \u201eExpertenrat Corona\u201c Die Welt. 2014 McCloy Awards Dinner Honors Heads of TRUMPF and Blackstone, The American Council on Germany. Retrieved September 2, 2015. DIE WELT (October 22, 2017), \"Unternehmerin aus Baden-W\u00fcrttemberg erh\u00e4lt LutherRose\", Die Welt (in German), retrieved October 30, 2017 \"Die besten Entrepreneure Deutschlands\" (in German)."
   },
   {
    "name": "Charles B. Timberlake",
    "id": "Q1063650",
    "text": "Charles Bateman Timberlake (September 25, 1854 \u2013 May 31, 1941) was a U.S. Representative from Colorado. Born in Wilmington, Ohio, Timberlake attended the common schools and Earlham College, Richmond, Indiana from 1871 to 1874. He taught school. He moved to Colorado in 1885, and settled near Holyoke, Phillips County. He engaged in agricultural pursuits and stock raising. He served as member of the Republican State committee 1892\u20131910. He served as superintendent of schools of Phillips County 1889\u20131895 and as county clerk 1895\u20131897. He was appointed receiver of the United States land office at Sterling, Colorado, on July 1, 1897, and served until April 30, 1914. Timberlake was elected as a Republican to the Sixty-fourth and to the eight succeeding Congresses (March 4, 1915 \u2013 March 3, 1933). He was an unsuccessful candidate for renomination in 1932. He engaged in banking in Sterling, Colorado, until his death there on May 31, 1941. He was interred in Grandview Cemetery, Fort Collins. United States Congress. \"Charles B. Timberlake (id: T000281)\". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. Media related to Charles B. Timberlake at Wikimedia Commons \u00a0This article incorporates\u00a0public domain material from the Biographical Directory of the United States Congress website http://bioguide.congress.gov."
   },
   {
    "name": "Stephanie Hodge",
    "id": "Q2344184",
    "text": "Stephanie Hodge (born December 24, 1956) is an American actress and stand-up comedian, known for her roles as Nurse Sandy Miller in the NBC sitcom Nurses from 1991 to 1993, and as Jennie Malloy on the WB sitcom Unhappily Ever After from 1995 to 1998. Hodge was born in Wilmington, Ohio, the daughter of a college professor and schoolteacher. She attended Wilmington College and Ohio University in Athens, OH. In 1980s, she began working as a stand-up comedian, and appeared in films including Big Top Pee-wee (1988) and I, Madman (1989). In 1990, Hodge made her television debut with co-starring role on the short-lived CBS sitcom Sugar and Spice. Later, she starred alongside Cynthia Stevenson in the syndicated variety comedy My Talk Show. In 1991, she released her stand-up comedy special, Stephanie Hodge: Straight Up. In 1991, Hodge went to star in the NBC sitcom Nurses, the spin-off of for The Golden Girls. The show was created by Susan Harris as a star vehicle for Hodge, but later was more ensemble cast. She left the series in 1993, after two seasons. The following year, she went to star in the CBS sitcom Muddling Through playing the role of ex-convict trying to turn her life around. The series received negative reviews and was canceled after one season. In 1995, she began starring alongside Geoff Pierson in The WB sitcom Unhappily Ever After. The series was initially supposed to be a starring vehicle for Hodge, whose character Jennie was the focus of the first few episodes. The series concept was later re-worked. By the show's third season, Nikki Cox became a breakout character. The producers tried to kill off Jennie's increasingly-unnecessary character and return her as a ghost; negative audience reaction made them quickly reverse this action. The character was brought back to life in a deliberately-bizarre sequence in which a network executive wandered onto the set and announced that she was no longer dead. Nevertheless, Hodge decided to leave the show in 1998, and several episodes after Jennie's bizarre reappearance, she abandoned her family for a lesbian lover and was never seen again. After leaving Unhappily Ever After, Hodge appeared in the 2001 science fiction film Evolution. The following years, she guest-starred in a number of sitcoms, including Reba, The Suite Life of Zack and Cody, The War at Home, Dog with a Blogand on several episodes of Funny or Die. Her dramatic credits include NCIS, Bones, Scandal and The Rookie. She has been married to Lance Lyon since 1992. They have one daughter named Harper. She was previously married to Scott Novotny. \"Stephanie Hodge\". Movies.yahoo.com. Retrieved 2014-04-04. \"Stephanie Hodge Leaves Stand-Up for Sitcom // 'Nurses' Star Terrified of Hospitals\". Tulsa World. \"Stephanie Hodge \u2013 Biography \u2013 Movies & TV\". Movies & TV Dept. The New York Times. 2014. Archived from the original on 2014-04-10. Retrieved 2014-04-04. The Complete Directory to Prime Time Network and Cable TV Shows 1946-Present. Ballantine Books. 2003. p.\u00a01147. ISBN\u00a00-345-45542-8. Variety and Daily Variety Television Reviews, 1993-1994. Taylor & Francis. September 1, 1996. ISBN\u00a09780824037970 \u2013 via Google Books. Everett, Todd (September 24, 1993). \"Nurses the Eagle Has Landed\". Tribune, KEN PARISH PERKINS Chicago. \"'MUDDLING'\". Sun-Sentinel.com. Scott, Tony (July 7, 1994). \"Muddling Through\". Scott, Tony (January 11, 1995). \"Unhappily Ever After\". https://ew.com/article/1997/09/12/back-dead/ Stephanie Hodge at IMDb"
   },
   {
    "name": "William R. Myers",
    "id": "Q2580320",
    "text": "William Ralph Myers (June 12, 1836 \u2013 April 18, 1907) was an American attorney, educator, and politician who served as the two-time Secretary of State of Indiana and a member of the United States House of Representatives from Indiana. Born near Wilmington, Ohio, Myers moved with his parents to Anderson, Indiana in October 1836. He attended public schools and later worked as a teacher. He was surveyor of Madison County from 1858 until 1860. During the Civil War, he enlisted as a private in Company G, Forty-seventh Regiment of the Indiana Volunteer Infantry. He was promoted to orderly sergeant, second lieutenant, first lieutenant, and captain, and served four years and three months. After returning from the Army, Myers returned to teaching. He became Superintendent of the public schools of Anderson, Indiana in 1868 and 1869, and served as member of the school board of Anderson from 1871 to 1879. He studied law and was admitted to the bar in 1871. He established a private legal practice in Anderson. Myers was elected as a Democrat to the Forty-sixth Congress (March 4, 1879 \u2013 March 3, 1881). He was an unsuccessful candidate for reelection in 1880 to the Forty-seventh Congress. Myers served as Secretary of State of Indiana from 1882 to 1886. Afterwards, he purchased the newspaper \"The Anderson Democrat\" in 1886 and worked as its editor. He was an unsuccessful Democratic candidate for Governor of Indiana, but again became Secretary of State 1892-1894. He resumed the practice of law thereafter. Myers died in Anderson, Indiana on April 18, 1907. He was interred in East Maplewood Cemetery. United States Congress. \"William R. Myers (id: M001133)\". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. \u00a0This article incorporates\u00a0public domain material from the Biographical Directory of the United States Congress website http://bioguide.congress.gov."
   },
   {
    "name": "Addison Peale Russell",
    "id": "Q4681270",
    "text": "Addison Peale Russell (September 8, 1826 \u2013 July 24, 1912) was an American author of the later nineteenth century. He is remembered mainly for his Sub-Coelum \u2014 \"his best book...a Utopian protest against materialistic socialism.\" Russell was born in Ohio; his formal education ended with grammar school. At the age of sixteen he took a job as a printer for a newspaper; by nineteen he had worked his way up to editor and publisher of the Hillsboro, Ohio News. He pursued a journalism career until he switched to politics and public service. He was made clerk of the Ohio Senate in 1850; he later represented Clinton County, Ohio in the Ohio House of Representatives in the 52nd General Assembly (1856\u201357) as a Republican, and was Ohio Secretary of State (1858\u201362). He was appointed Financial Agent for Ohio during the American Civil War, stationed in New York City. He retired from public office in 1868 to pursue literature. He wrote seven books: Half Tints (1867) Library Notes (1875) Thomas Corwin (1882) Characteristics (1884) A Club of One (1887) In a Club Corner (1890) Sub-Coelum (1893). Apart from his biographical survey of Thomas Corwin, an Ohio governor, Russell's books generally fall into the category of belles-lettres. \"D. O.,\" \"In Memoriam,\" The Bookman, Vol. 37 (1913), p. 545. Robert L. Gale, A Henry James Encyclopedia, Westport, CT, Greenwood Press, 1989; p. 571. Ohio 1917\u00a0: 282 Smith 1898\u00a0: 76 Smith, Joseph P, ed. (1898). History of the Republican Party in Ohio. I. Chicago: the Lewis Publishing Company. p.\u00a032. Ohio General Assembly (1917). Manual of legislative practice in the General Assembly. State of Ohio. p.\u00a0217. Works by Addison Peale Russell at Project Gutenberg Works by or about Addison Peale Russell at Internet Archive"
   },
   {
    "name": "Charles Murphy",
    "id": "Q5081163",
    "text": "Charles Webb Murphy (January 22, 1868 \u2013 October 16, 1931) was the owner of the Chicago Cubs of the National League from 1906 through 1913. Originally a sportswriter for The Cincinnati Enquirer and the Cincinnati Times-Star, Murphy joined the New York Giants front office in 1905. After the 1905 season, Murphy purchased the Cubs from Jim Hart, in a bid financed by a loan from Charles Phelps Taft, owner of the Enquirer. Murphy repaid the loan in full with the profits from the 1906 season. It was under Murphy's ownership that the Cubs won the franchise's only two World Series titles before 2016, in 1907 and 1908. After several years as Cubs owner, Murphy became a disliked figure amongst other owners in the National League, the press, and his players. He sold the Cubs to Charles Phelps Taft after the 1913 season. Murphy also held a 50 percent stake in the Baker Bowl, the former home field of the Philadelphia Phillies, which was sold to him by former Phillies owner Horace Fogel in 1912. After leaving baseball, Murphy returned to Wilmington, Ohio and financed the construction of the Murphy Theatre. Murphy died in Chicago, Illinois, at age 63. \"C. W. Murphy, Cubs' Owner in 1906-1914, Dies\". Chicago Tribune. 17 October 1931. Chicago Cubs owners Murphy's SABR Biography"
   },
   {
    "name": "Charles Q. Hildebrant",
    "id": "Q5081789",
    "text": "Charles Quinn Hildebrant (October 17, 1864 \u2013 March 31, 1953) was a two-term U.S. Representative from Ohio from 1901 to 1905. Born in Wilmington, Ohio, Hildebrant attended the public schools and Ohio State University at Columbus. He served as clerk of the court of Clinton County in 1890 and reelected in 1893 and 1896. Hildebrant was elected as a Republican to the Fifty-seventh and Fifty-eighth Congresses (March 4, 1901 \u2013 March 3, 1905). He served as chairman of the Committee on Accounts (Fifty-eighth Congress). He was an unsuccessful candidate for reelection in 1904 to the Fifty-ninth Congress. He resumed his business and agricultural pursuits. He served as delegate to the Republican National Convention in 1908. Secretary of state of Ohio 1915\u20131917. He served as mayor of Wilmington, Ohio, from November 1927 until his retirement December 31, 1941. He died in Wilmington, Ohio, March 31, 1953. He was interred in Sugar Grove Cemetery. Media related to Charles Q. Hildebrant at Wikimedia Commons United States Congress. \"Charles Q. Hildebrant (id: H000585)\". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. \u00a0This article incorporates\u00a0public domain material from the Biographical Directory of the United States Congress website http://bioguide.congress.gov."
   },
   {
    "name": "Clare Victor Dwiggins",
    "id": "Q5126272",
    "text": "Clare Victor Dwiggins (June 16, 1874 \u2013 October 26, 1958) was an American cartoonist who signed his work Dwig. Dwiggins created a number of comic strips and single-panel cartoons for various American newspapers and newspaper syndicates from 1897 until 1945, including his best-known strip, the long-running School Days (which appeared under a number of different titles). Born in Wilmington, Ohio, Dwiggins was on a path toward a career in architecture but detoured into cartooning when his artwork was published in the St. Louis Post-Dispatch and the New York World in 1897. He created a wide variety of gag panels, including J. Filliken Wilberfloss, Leap Year Lizzie, Them Was the Happy Days, Uncle Jim and Tad and Tim, Mrs. Bump's Boarding House, Ophelia and Her Slate and Bill's Diary. Dwiggins died in a North Hollywood rest home on October 26, 1958, after a long illness. Dwig's first comic strip was Home Wanted for Tags, a daily/Sunday strip for the McClure Newspaper Syndicate, which ran from 1910\u20131919. His longest-running strip was Tom Sawyer and Huck Finn (1918\u20131931), which used more than a half dozen of Mark Twain's characters but employed very little content from his novels. Dwig began School Days circa 1909 as a single panel, and it eventually evolved into a Sunday strip with a storyline about school kids that continued until c. 1932 (including under the titles Ophelia's Slate, The School Days of Tom Sawyer & Huck Finn, and Golden Days). Dwig drew Nipper (1931\u201337) for the Ledger Syndicate. During that same period, he did Footprints on the Sands of Time for the Ledger Syndicate. In 1940, he returned to Huckleberry Finn (also for the Ledger Syndicate), which was reprinted in the pages of Doc Savage Comics and Supersnipe Comics (both published by Street & Smith Comics). He also drew Bobby Crusoe in 1945 for Supersnipe Comics. Adventures of Bobby Crusoe J. Filliken Wilberfloss Leap Year Lizzie Them Was the Happy Days Ophelia and her Slate (Sunday gag panel for the New York World, 1900\u20131911) In the Jungle (Sunday gag panel, 1900\u20131901) Pinochle Twins (for The Philadelphia Inquirer (1900-1901) Child Book of Jungle Lore in Limericks (Sunday gag panel for The Philadelphia Inquirer, 1900) Bolivar (Sunday gag panel for The Philadelphia Inquirer, 1901) Gallant Cholly (Sunday gag panel for The Philadelphia Inquirer, 1901) The Nabobs (Sunday gag panel for The Philadelphia Inquirer, 1901) Professor Gesla (Sunday gag panel for The Philadelphia Inquirer, 1901) Little Roland (Sunday gag panel for The Philadelphia Inquirer, 1901\u20131902) School Days / Ophelia's Slate (Sunday strip, 1909-1911) Day by Day with the Deys (1910-1919) Home Wanted for Tags (Daily/Sunday, for the McClure Syndicate, 1910\u20131919) Pip Gint (Sunday strip for the New York World, 1911) White Fibb (Sunday strip, 1911) Willie Fibb (Sunday strip, 1911) Wunst Upon a Time (Sunday, 1911) Makin' Believe (Sunday strip for the New York World, 1912\u20131913) Uncle Jim and Tad and Tim (Sunday gag panel for the McClure Syndicate, 1913\u20131914) Mrs. Bumps Boarding House (Sunday gag panel for the McClure Syndicate, 1913) The District School (Sunday strip for the McClure Syndicate, 1914) Kidsburg (1915\u20131916) School Days (for the McClure Syndicate, 1917) \u2014 also known as The School Days of Tom Sawyer & Huck Finn Tom Sawyer and Huck Finn (Daily/Sunday for the McClure Syndicate, 1918\u20131931) A Dog's Life (Sunday strip for the McClure Syndicate, 1926\u20131929) Ophelia's Slate (Daily gag panel for the McClure Syndicate, 1927\u20131929) School Days (McClure Syndicate, 1927-1929) Footprints on the Sands of Time (Sunday strip; topper for the Mcclure Syndicate in 1929; for the Ledger Syndicate 1931-1937) Golden Days (Daily strip for the McNaught Syndicate, 1930\u20131931) Nipper (Daily/Sunday strip for the Ledger Syndicate, 1931\u20131937) Bill's Diary (Daily gag panel, 1938) Huckleberry Finn (Daily strip for the Ledger Syndicate, 1940\u20131942) Toasts (1907) published by John C. Winston Co., was a hardcover collection of bawdy and intemperate Edwardian poems and limericks, illustrated with line drawings. After 1945, Dwig focused on illustration, including five books published with August Derleth. Rath, Jay (May 1985). \"Dwig, A Pen-and-Ink Poet\". Nemo, the Classic Comics Library, No. 11. \"Ophelia's Slate\". Don Markstein's Toonopedia (toonpedia.com). Retrieved 2016-09-01. \"Clare Victor Dwiggins, Cartoonist, Dies at 84\". Los Angeles Times. October 28, 1958. p. 20. Smithsonian Collection of Newspaper Comics, 1977, page 26 \"Clare Victor Dwiggins: Dwig\". Lambiek Comiclopedia (lambiek.net). Retrieved 2016-09-01. \"School Days\". Don Markstein's Toonopedia (toonpedia.com). Retrieved 2016-09-01. Dwiggins entry, Who's Who of American Comic Books, 1928\u20131999. Accessed Nov. 23, 2017. Cartoons portal Works by Clare Victor Dwiggins at Project Gutenberg Works by or about Clare Victor Dwiggins at Internet Archive Clare Victor Dwiggins at Library of Congress Authorities, with 12 catalog records"
   },
   {
    "name": "Cliff Rosenberger",
    "id": "Q5132749",
    "text": "Cliff Rosenberger (born April 23, 1981) is a Republican who was a member of the Ohio House of Representatives, serving the 91st District from 2011 until 2018. He was Speaker of the House from 2015 until 2018. It was announced that Kirk Schuring would take over as the interim speaker. Rosenberger represented a large southern Ohio district that includes Wilmington, Hillsboro and Waverly. On April 10, 2018, he announced he would resign effective May 1, 2018 amid an FBI investigation of his \"lavish lifestyle\" and \"relationships with lobbyists and donors.\" On April 12, 2018, Rosenberger announced he was immediately resigning. His mother is South Korean, his father having met her while stationed in South Korea. Following high school, Rosenberger enlisted in the U.S. Air Force, where he served with the Air National Guard. During his service, he also worked in the White House. In his civilian work, he has been a political events coordinator for Mitt Romney's presidential campaign, as well as a special assistant to the U.S. Secretary of the Interior. Rosenberger resides in Clarksville, Ohio. In 2010, Representative David T. Daniels was term limited and unable to run for another term in the Ohio House of Representatives. Rosenberger opted to replace him, and was elected in the 2010 general election with 59.46% of the vote. Rosenberger was sworn into his first term on January 3, 2011. Prior to being selected Speaker, he served on the committees of Economic and Small Business Development; Finance and Appropriations and its Higher Education Subcommittee (as Chair); Public Utilities; and Veterans Affairs. In 2012, Rosenberger was elected to a second term with 61.76% of the vote over Democrat Peter Pence. As a member of the Ohio Controlling Board, Rosenberger opposed an item that would fund Medicaid expansion in the state. He was replaced on the board for the item to pass through, at the direction of Governor John Kasich. He has also been critical of President Barack Obama's plan to offer free tuition for community college students for two years. Rosenberger was unopposed for a third term in 2014. For the 131st Ohio General Assembly, Rosenberger has been named Speaker of the House. He is believed to be the youngest person to ever hold that role. Rosenberger will preside over the largest Republican majority in nearly fifty years. In his inaugural address, he stated that government should stay out of people\u2019s lives, adding \u201cWe are not the creator of jobs, but only the means to help foster them.\" On April 10, 2018 Rosenberger announced his resignation from office as the Ohio House Speaker. Rosenberger was the first Ohio House speaker to resign in more than 50 years. The resignation follows reports of FBI inquiries into Public Corruption. Rosenberger supports the right to bear firearms. He is a member of the National Rifle Association and received an A rating, along with an endorsement for his re-election, from the Buckeye Firearms Association. Thompson, Chrissie; Balmert, Jessie (April 10, 2018). \"Amid FBI investigation, Ohio House Speaker Cliff Rosenberger resigns\". The Cincinnati Enquirer. Archived from the original on April 11, 2018. Retrieved April 11, 2018. Pelzer, Jeremy (April 12, 2018). \"Ohio House Speaker Cliff Rosenberger moves up departure, resigns immediately\". cleveland.com. Retrieved April 13, 2018. Bischoff, Laura A. (November 25, 2014). \"From Wright State to House Speaker\". Dayton Daily News. Dayton, Ohio. Archived from the original on October 20, 2017. Retrieved November 26, 2014. \"Ohio House of Representatives: November 2, 2010\". Ohio Secretary of State. Retrieved April 11, 2018. Balmert, Jessie (January 11, 2015). \"Medicaid, taxes to dominate 2015 in Ohio\". Bucyrus Telegraph-Forum. Bucyrus, Ohio. Retrieved January 11, 2015. Wetterich, Chris (January 11, 2015). \"Ohio House speaker criticizes Obama's plan for free community college\". Cincinnati Business Courier. Archived from the original on January 12, 2015. Retrieved January 11, 2015. Siegel, Jim (January 11, 2015). \"Ohio General Assembly faces big questions\". The Columbus Dispatch. Retrieved January 11, 2015. Bischoff, Laura A. (April 12, 2018). \"The fast and furious fall of Ohio House Speaker Cliff Rosenberger\". Dayton Daily News. Retrieved April 17, 2018. \"Issues\". State Representative Cliff Rosenberger. Archived from the original on October 20, 2017. Retrieved October 19, 2017. \"Representative Clifford A. Rosenberger (R) - District 91\". The Ohio House of Representatives. Retrieved April 11, 2018. official site \"Speaker Of The House Welcome\". The Ohio House of Representatives. Retrieved April 11, 2018. official site"
   },
   {
    "name": "David Cloyd",
    "id": "Q5232429",
    "text": "David Cloyd (born 1974) is an American singer-songwriter, multi-instrumentalist, music producer, and music engineer. After playing for a decade in Brooklyn, New York in the indie rock scene, he was signed to ECR Music Group in 2008. He released his debut album as a singer-songwriter with Unhand Me, You Fiend! in 2009. The album peaked at No. 1 on eMusic's Album Charts, and according to a review, \"took the indie rock scene by storm.\" His second album, I Could Disappear, included solo versions of his debut album, with Cloyd on vocals, piano, and guitar. Cloyd released a cover of Paul McCartney's 1971 song \"Dear Boy\" in September 2011. As of 2012, he is Executive Vice President of Creative Operations at ECR Music Group. David Cloyd was born in 1974 in Wilmington, Ohio. A multi-instrumentalist, he has stated he didn't write much music when he was younger, becoming a singer-songwriter only later in his life. He began attending the College of Fine Arts at the University of Texas at Austin in 1994, where he majored in music performance. After graduating in 1998 he moved from Austin, Texas to Brooklyn, New York. He began working at EMI Music Publishing after winning the first internship with the Joni Abbott Foundation. People involved in the internship included executives Rick Krim and Evan Lamberg at EMI, Don Henley, Tom Freston of MTV, and John Sykes of VH1, who started the Save The Music Foundation. He met his wife, Jaime Herbeck, in April 2006. Herbeck, who was then a managing editor at Hyperion Books (and later Picador), was born in 1977. Cloyd played regularly in New York's indie rock scene, but his band broke up in early 2007. At that point he had written a number of songs, a process which he had started in earnest in late 2006. Cloyd, who lived with his wife in a tiny apartment in Brooklyn's Sunset Park, had no excess funds for studio time. He created his own 9x9 foot studio in his apartment, and used a homebuilt computer, two cheap monitors, a condensor microphone, an electric and acoustic guitar, a bass guitar, a keyboard, two amplifiers, and a drum machine to begin creating an album. He borrowed an amp from friend and neighbor Shara Worden, who had previously given him vocal lessons. They had also shared band members in earlier groups, including Konrad Meissner, who now plays with Matt Nathanson. Cloyd's homemade recordings were discovered by Blake Morgan of ECR Music Group (Engine Company Records). Morgan began helping set deadlines for Cloyd to finish tracks in his home studio, and began mixing the recordings. He has stated \"[Cloyd] was actually in the perfect environment, at the perfect time. I didn\u00b4t want him to change the way he was working, or how, I just wanted him to keep going.\" In May 2008, Cloyd and his wife moved to Buffalo, New York, Herbeck's hometown. Cloyd began to teach music lessons and continued work on his debut album. Cloyd's debut album, Unhand Me, You Fiend! was released on January 20, 2009 on ECR Music Group. He composed, performed, and engineered all tracks on the LP, and co-produced the album with Blake Morgan. Morgan mixed and edited, and Phil Nicolo mastered the album at Studio 4 in Philadelphia. The album included Cloyd's cover of Radiohead's \"Weird Fishes/Arpeggi\" from In Rainbows as a bonus track. Following its release worldwide, the album peaked at No. 1 on eMusic's Album Charts. According to a review, the album \"took the indie rock scene by storm.\" In October 2009, he was selected as the winner of the \"Artvoice Battle of Original Music\" by Art Voice, where he competed against the Bear Exchange. His vocals on the album were compared to David Berkeley and Jeff Buckley. Also, \"The often densely layered music has echoes of the Beatles, Matthew Sweet and Elliott Smith, and stylistically sits comfortably among the work of contemporaries like Rufus Wainwright, Duncan Sheik and Kevin Tihista\u2019s Red Terror.\" Another review stated that Cloyd \"uses this album to convey the struggles of everyday life.\" eMusic wrote \"Having recently departed New York City for Buffalo, you can almost hear the isolation in David Cloyd's debut. Unhand Me, You Fiend! jumps between folky, Jeff Buckley-esque ballads, minor-key raucous indie-guitar workouts and, errr, a Radiohead cover (that's actually quite great!). It seems the work of a single, quirky mind with a lot of time on its hands \u2014 and it's a joy to listen to.\" Melodic.net gave it 4/4 stars and wrote \"New talent David Cloyd...offers a stylish and at times complex pop journey. With floating melodies built with acoustic elements and technical details... if you like cool pop in a slightly odd and very personal style, this is a must album.\" On June 29, 2010, Cloyd released his second album, I Could Disappear. The nine studio tracks are all solo reworkings of the original pop and rock songs from his debut album. According to Cloyd, \"With each song boiled down to its essence I discovered something exciting\u2014working with less demands more from you as an artist.\" He performed vocals, alternating with piano and electric guitar. He also engineered the album and created the album cover. Cloyd released a cover of Paul McCartney's 1971 song \"Dear Boy\" on September 13, 2011. ECR Music Group released it in digital format only. As of 2011 he is Executive Vice President at ECR Music Group, and also continues to produce music for other musicians. Cloyd is married to Jaime Herbeck. Their first child, a daughter, was born in 2009. 2009: Unhand Me, You Fiend! 2010: I Could Disappear 2011: \"Dear Boy\" (cover of song by Paul McCartney) Sternbergh, Adam (August 24, 2008). \"Where the Urban Dream Life Is Going Cheap\". New York Magazine. Retrieved December 28, 2011. Randall, Andrew (May 2, 2009). \"Unhand Me, You Fiend!\". TheCelebrityCafe.com. Archived from the original on January 14, 2010. Retrieved December 28, 2011. McElhaney, Carla (March 7, 2010). \"An Interview with David Cloyd\". CarlaMcElhaney.com. Archived from the original on April 26, 2012. Retrieved December 28, 2011. \"David Cloyd\". Engine Company Records. Archived from the original on December 9, 2011. Retrieved December 28, 2011. \"David Cloyd: I Could Disappear\". Allmusic. June 29, 2010. Retrieved December 28, 2011. \"David Cloyd: \"Dear Boy\"\". Allmusic. September 13, 2011. Retrieved December 28, 2011. \"David Cloyd (B.M., Music Performance, 1998)\". University of Texas at Austin: College of Fine Arts. July 15, 2011. Retrieved December 30, 2011. \"Rocco Serves MTV Honchos on a Platter\". Fox News. September 2003. Retrieved December 30, 2011. \"B.O.O.M! Round 1 Week 2: David Cloyd vs. The Bear Exchange\". Art Voice. October 2011. Retrieved December 30, 2011. \"David Cloyd Bio\". Melodic.net. Archived from the original on May 6, 2012. Retrieved December 30, 2011. \"David Cloyd: Unhand Me, You Fiend!\". Allmusic. January 20, 2009. Retrieved December 28, 2011. \"David Cloyd \u2013 Unhand Me, You Fiend!\". This is Just a Modern Rock Blog. February 23, 2009. Retrieved December 30, 2011. Raitt, Amelia (January 5, 2009). \"David Cloyd, Unhand Me, You Fiend!\". eMusic. Retrieved December 28, 2011. Wippsson, Johan (2009). \"David Cloyd: Fiend Review\". Melodic.net. Retrieved December 28, 2011. Official website David Cloyd's Blog An Interview with David Cloyd (March 2010)"
   },
   {
    "name": "Dwight Wallace",
    "id": "Q5318256",
    "text": "Dwight Wallace (born December 26, 1943) is a former American football player, coach, and college athletics administrator. He served as the head football coach at the Ball State University from 1978 to 1984, compiling a record of 40\u201337. v t e"
   },
   {
    "name": "Frank L. McVey",
    "id": "Q5487798",
    "text": "Frank LeRond McVey (November 10, 1869 \u2013 January 4, 1953) was an American economist, educator and academic administrator. He served as the fourth president of the University of North Dakota from 1909 to 1917 and the third president of the University of Kentucky from 1917 to 1940. An industrious man is McVey He labors so hard night and day Writing books, meeting classes, Uplifting the masses, We feel he will soon pass away. Limerick caricaturing McVey's ambition and energy from the University of Minnesota yearbook McVey was born in Wilmington, Ohio in 1869. He received his B.A. from Ohio Wesleyan University and his Ph.D. in Economics from Yale University in 1895. McVey taught at Horace Mann School in New York City, Teachers College at Columbia University, and the University of Minnesota, where he rose from instructor to tenured professor in his 11 years at the university's Department of Economics. In 1907, he was appointed chairman of the Minnesota Tax Commission by Governor John Albert Johnson. At the age of 39, McVey became the youngest President of the University of North Dakota in 1909. McVey Hall, a residence hall at UND, was later named in his honor. In 1917, McVey became the President of the University of Kentucky. During his tenure, several important campus buildings were constructed, including the university's Memorial Hall, the Margaret I. King Library, the Alumni Gymnasium, and an academic building that now bears his name, McVey Hall. In 1923 he married the Dean of Women, Frances Jewell McVey (December 23, 1889 - June 13, 1945). McVey retired in 1940 and continued to live in Lexington until his death in 1953. \"Frank L. McVey\". University of Kentucky. Retrieved 30 June 2011. \"Frank McVey Papers\". University of North Dakota. Retrieved 30 June 2011. Wilkins, Robert P., ed. (1983). A Century on the Northern Plains - The University of North Dakota at 100. The University of North Dakota Press. ASIN\u00a0B000QJEWK4. \"McVey Hall\". University of North Dakota. Retrieved 30 June 2011. \"Campus Guide \u2013 McVey Hall\". University of Kentucky. Retrieved 1 July 2011. v t e"
   },
   {
    "name": "Richard Brandt",
    "id": "Q5970702",
    "text": "Richard Booker Brandt (17 October 1910 \u2013 10 September 1997) was an American philosopher working in the utilitarian tradition in moral philosophy. Brandt was originally educated at Denison University, a Baptist institution he was shepherded to by his minister father, and graduated in 1930 with majors in philosophy and classical studies. In 1933 he earned another B.A., this time in the philosophy of religion, from Cambridge University. He received his Ph.D. in philosophy from Yale University in 1936. He taught at Swarthmore College before becoming Chair of the Department of Philosophy the University of Michigan in 1964, where he taught with Charles Stevenson and William K. Frankena (1908\u20131994) and spent the remainder of his career. The expressivist moral philosopher Allan Gibbard has mentioned his great intellectual debt to Brandt. Brandt gave the John Locke Lectures at Oxford University in 1974-75, material that later appeared in A Theory of the Good and the Right (1979). Brandt wrote Ethical Theory (1959), an influential textbook in the field. He defended a version of rule utilitarianism in \"Toward a credible form of utilitarianism\" (1963) and performed cultural-anthropological studies in Hopi Ethics (1954). In A Theory of the Good and the Right, Brandt proposed a \"reforming definition\" of rationality, that one is rational if one's preferences are such that they survive cognitive psychotherapy in terms of all relevant information and logical criticism. He argued also that the morality such rational persons would accept would be a form of utilitarianism. Brandt believed that moral rules should be considered in sets which he called moral codes. A moral code is justified when it is the optimal code that, if adopted and followed, would maximise the public good more than any alternative code would. The codes may be society-wide standards or special codes for a profession like engineering. American philosophy List of American philosophers \"Richard Booker Brandt - Oxford Reference\". Goldman, Alvin I., and Jaegwon Kim (1978), eds., Values and Morals, xiv. Values and Morals, xiv \"Philosophy Prof. Emeritus Richard B. Brandt died Sept. 10\". Values and Morals, xiv \"Philosophy Prof. Emeritus Richard B. Brandt died Sept. 10\". Gibbard, Allan (1990). Wise Choices, Apt Feelings. Clarendon Press. viii. ISBN\u00a00-19-824985-3. \"The John Locke Lectures | Faculty of Philosophy\". Richard B. Brandt (1959). Ethical Theory: The Problems of Normative and Critical Ethics. Prentice-Hall. Richard B. Brandt (1979). A Theory of the Good and the Right. Clarendon Press. ISBN\u00a00-19-824550-5. Richard B. Brandt (1979). A Theory of the Good and the Right. Clarendon Press. ISBN\u00a00-19-824550-5."
   },
   {
    "name": "Michael Wilson",
    "id": "Q6829761",
    "text": "Michael DeForest Wilson (born October 20, 1947 in Wilmington, Ohio) is a former American football player who played tackle for the Cincinnati Bengals, Buffalo Bills and Kansas City Chiefs from 1969 to 1975. He later played with the Edmonton Eskimos of the Canadian Football League from 1979\u20131980, where he was an All-Star and won the CFL's Most Outstanding Offensive Lineman Award both seasons. Wilson is the only player to have ever played in the American, the National, the World, the Canadian, and the United States Football League.[citation needed] Wilson played football at the University of Dayton, where he played both offensive tackle and fullback for the Flyers. He graduated from Dayton in 1970. Wilson was drafted in the 14th round of the 1969 NFL Draft by the Cincinnati Bengals. After playing three games his rookie season, in 1970 he played in all 14 games, starting 12. Wilson was inducted into the University of Dayton Athletic Hall of Fame in 1998. He was inducted into the Wilmington High School athletic hall of fame in 2009. \"USFL/NFL Players\". oursportscentral.com. Retrieved 2012-03-05. \"1983 Team by Team Rosters\". remembertheusfl.8m.com. Retrieved 2012-03-05. https://www.pro-football-reference.com/players/W/WilsMi21.htm http://www.helmethut.com/Dr.Ken31.html http://daytonflyers.com/sports/2013/8/1/GEN_0801133555.aspx https://www.pro-football-reference.com/teams/cin/1969_draft.htm \"Eight inducted in WHS athletic hall of fame\". wnewsj.com. June 15, 2009. Retrieved March 5, 2012."
   },
   {
    "name": "Robert E. Doan",
    "id": "Q7343760",
    "text": "Robert Eachus Doan (July 23, 1831 \u2013 February 24, 1919) was an American lawyer and politician who served as a U.S. Representative from Ohio for one term from 1891 to 1893. Born near Wilmington, Ohio, Doan attended common schools there and completed an academic course. He taught for three years in southern Ohio. He graduated from the Cincinnati Law School in 1857 and was admitted to the bar that same year, commencing practice in Wilmington, Ohio. Doan was editor of the Wilmington Watchman in 1859 and 1860. He served as prosecuting attorney of Clinton County in 1862. Doan was elected as a Republican to the Fifty-second Congress (March 4, 1891 \u2013 March 3, 1893). After his unsuccessful candidacy for renomination in 1892 he resumed the practice of law in Washington, D.C.. Doan died in Wilmington, Ohio on February 24, 1919. His remains are interred at the Sugar Grove Cemetery. United States Congress. \"Robert E. Doan (id: D000379)\". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. \u00a0This article incorporates\u00a0public domain material from the Biographical Directory of the United States Congress website http://bioguide.congress.gov."
   },
   {
    "name": "J. Gordon Edwards",
    "id": "Q15522191",
    "text": "J. Gordon Edwards (1919\u20132004) was an American entomologist and proponent of the use and safety of the pesticide DDT. He was professor of entomology at San Jose State University for 40 years, and namesake to the university's entomology museum. He was an outspoken critic of Rachel Carson and efforts to ban DDT, famously eating the substance to demonstrate its safety to humans. He was also a noted mountain climber, spending nine seasons as a ranger-naturalist in Glacier National Park during the 1940s and '50s, and returning often to collect insects and map routes. His 1961 book A Climber's Guide to Glacier National Park, republished several times since, made him known as the \"patron saint of climbing\" in the park, where he died while hiking, aged 84. J. Gordon Edwards was born in Wilmington, Ohio, on August 24, 1919, to parents Gus and Evadne Edwards (n\u00e9e Spears). He was named after the silent film director J. Gordon Edwards. He grew up in Indianapolis, Indiana, and joined the Boy Scouts at age 12. He studied botany at Butler University, Indiana, graduating in 1942, then enlisted in the United States Army during World War II, serving as a combat medic with the 95th Infantry Division in Europe. He wrote about eradicating bed bugs in the barracks, and dusting personnel with DDT to control body lice and prevent typhus. He was discharged from the military after the 1945 bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki, having spent nearly four years with the army. His graduate education was at Ohio State University, where he earned his MS degree in 1946 and his PhD in Entomology in 1949. He also worked as an ornithological assistant to Donald J. Borror. At Ohio State he met Alice Althaus and they were married on October 13, 1946. In 1949 Edwards joined the faculty of San Jose State University (then San Jose State College), where he was professor of entomology until his retirement in 1990, after which he continued research and teaching as professor emeritus. He specialized in beetles, and published several articles on the insects of Glacier National Park. He was elected a life fellow of the California Academy of Sciences in 1977, and served as president of the Pacific Coast Entomological Society in 1948 and 1953, elected as honorary member in 1993. During his career he supervised 90 master's students in entomology, including scientists such as Terry L. Erwin, who credits Edwards with inspiring his interest in entomology. To students and friends he was widely called \"Doc\". In 1991 the university's entomology museum was dedicated to him and renamed the J. Gordon Edwards Entomology Museum. He is commemorated in the scientific names of the beetles Bembidion edwardsi and Nebria arkansana edwardsi. Dr. Michael Ivie, past president of the Entomological Society of America, calls Edwards an \"unsung mentor\", writing that despite his influence he is little-known among entomologists beyond his students, a trait Ivie attributes to his teaching at a non-PhD granting university. Edwards was a prominent supporter of the use of DDT and critic of Rachel Carson. He claimed that bans of DDT were not based on good science, and accused environmentalists of politicizing issues regarding pesticides. He was active as a member of, or consultant for, a wide range of lobby groups opposed to environmental regulation, including the American Council on Science and Health.[citation needed] According to Edwards, he was also active as a member of several environmental groups, such as the Sierra Club (which published one of his books), and the Audubon Society. Edwards was a fellow of the California Academy of Sciences. He published his ideas in 21st Century Science and Technology, a publication of the Lyndon LaRouche Movement. Edwards last work, titled DDT: A Case Study in Scientific Fraud was published in 2004 after his death in the Journal of American Physicians and Surgeons, in which he makes the impassioned plea \"The ban on DDT, founded on erroneous or fraudulent reports and imposed by one powerful bureaucrat, has caused millions of deaths, while sapping the strength and productivity of countless human beings in underdeveloped countries. It is time for an honest appraisal and for immediate deployment of the best currently available means to control insect-borne diseases. This means DDT.\" In 1971 he gave testimony before the Congressional House Committee on Agriculture which was widely cited and circulated, despite having published no scientific papers on DDT or birds at the time. In the 1970s Edwards was involved in a libel suit against the New York Times and the National Audubon Society. In April 1972, Robert Arbib Jr., the editor of the Society's American Birds journal, wrote in an editorial that representatives of pesticide industries and \"paid 'scientist-spokesmen'\" were misleadingly using data from Christmas Bird Count to claim that bird populations were increasing despite the usage of DDT, and that apparent increases in songbirds were the result of more birdwatchers rather than more birds. Arbib did not name any individuals in his article, but when contacted by the Times, said they included Edwards, Thomas H. Jukes, and Robert H. White-Stevens, among others. Edwards, Jukes, and White-Stevens sued the Times for libel, and in 1976 were awarded $61,000, a ruling that was overturned the following year by a Federal appeals court citing freedom of the press to report on public figures. Edwards was a seasonal park ranger-naturalist in Glacier National Park for nine years beginning in 1947, and returned almost every summer in the years afterward for research. He spent much of his free time exploring the rugged terrain of the park, and pioneered many different routes up a variety of its spectacular mountains. In 1961 he produced A Climber's Guide to Glacier National Park, published by the Sierra Club, which quickly became a classic work, the definitive mountain guide to the park. I The book was revised and reprinted in the 1970s, 1990s, and as recently as 2017. In the foreword to its 1995 edition, Rolf Larson gave him the unofficial title of \"patron saint of climbing\" in the park. Ansel Adams personally gave Edwards permission to use his iconic photographs in the book.[citation needed] Edwards was also a founding member of the Glacier Mountaineering Society, a group that publishes an annual climbing journal and continues to be active in organizing hikes and climbs throughout the park. On July 19, 2004, Edwards died of a heart attack while hiking up Divide Mountain on the eastern edge of Glacier National Park with his wife, Alice. He was 84. A memorial issue of the Glacier Park Foundation's newsletter called him \"a legendary mountaineer and one of the most distinguished and famous figures in Glacier's history\". He had a daughter, Jane who died in 2005, followed by his wife in 2015. Coleoptera or Beetles East of the Great Plains (1949) Edwards Bros. A Climber's Guide to Glacier National Park (1961) Insects (with Matthew F. Vessel and Herbert H. Wong) (1971) Fearon. Western Environmental Science Series OCLC\u00a01441270 American Men & Women of Science, 1989-90. II (17th\u00a0ed.). New York: R. R. Bowker. 1989. p.\u00a0846. ISBN\u00a0978-0835225687. Arnaud, Edwards & Stecker 2006, p.\u00a01. Arnaud, Edwards & Stecker 2006, pp.\u00a02\u20133. Arnaud, Edwards & Stecker 2006, p.\u00a03. \"Miss Althaus and Mr. Edwards Wed\". Wilmington News-Journal. November 1, 1946. p.\u00a05. Retrieved 2019-02-27 \u2013 via Newspapers.com. \"Museum Staff\". biology.sjsu.edu. Retrieved 26 February 2019. Ivie, Michael A. (May 2005). \"President's Corner\" (PDF). ESA Newsletter. pp.\u00a02+8. Rockwell, David B., ed. (1982). Flathead River Basin Bibliography: A Comprehensive Annotated Bibliography on the Flathead River Basin. Kalispell: Flathead River Basin Environmental Impact Study. pp.\u00a061\u201362. Arnaud, Edwards & Stecker 2006, p.\u00a026. Rice, Marlin E. (2015). \"Terry L. Erwin: She Had a Black Eye and in Her Arm She Held a Skunk\". American Entomologist. 61 (1): 9\u201315. doi:10.1093/ae/tmv002. \"In Memoriam\" (PDF). Chrysomela Newsletter. Vol.\u00a043. July 2004. p.\u00a016. \"Proceedings of the Pacific Coast Entomological Society, 1991\". The Pan-Pacific Entomologist. 72 (1): 47\u201354. 1996. Erwin, Terry L. (1982). \"Small terrestrial ground-beetles of Central America (Carabidae: Bembidiina and Anillina)\". Proceedings of the California Academy of Sciences. 42 (19): 455\u2013496. Kavanaugh David H. (1979). \"Studies on the Nebriini (Coleoptera: Carabidae), III. New Nearctic Nebria species and subspecies, nomenclatural notes, and lectotype designations\". Proceedings of the California Academy of Sciences. 42 (4): 87\u2013133. Siewers, Alt (1981-08-14). \"US environmentalists worry say on pesticides is waning\". Christian Science Monitor. Retrieved 2019-03-17. Edwards, J. Gordon (Summer 1992). \"The Lies of Rachel Carson\". 21st Century Science and Technology. \"21st Century sample articles\". 21sci-tech.com. Edwards, J. Gordon (2004). \"DDT: A Case Study in Scientific Fraud\" (PDF). Journal of American Physicians and Surgeons. 9 (3): 83\u201388. Clement, Roland (1972). \"The Pesticides Controversy\". Boston College Environmental Affairs Law Review. 2 (3): 445. Devlin, John (14 August 1972). \"Pesticide Spokesmen Accused Of 'Lying' on Higher Bird Count\". The New York Times. Lubasch, Arnold H. (26 May 1977). \"$61,000 Libel Award Against Times and Audubon Official Overturned\". The New York Times. Newhouse, Eric (July 21, 2004). \"Glacier's 'patron saint' of hiking dies\". Great Falls Tribune. Archived from the original on October 11, 2006. Ray Djuff; Chris Morrison (2005). Waterton and Glacier in a Snap! Fast Facts and Titillating Trivia. Rocky Mountain Books Ltd. p.\u00a070. ISBN\u00a0978-1-894765-56-5. Scott, Trustan (May 12, 2011). \"New Glacier guide gives advice for summiting peaks\". Missoulian. Retrieved 2019-03-18. Edwards, J. Gordon (1995). A Climber's Guide to Glacier National Park. Falcon Press Publishing Co. ISBN\u00a0978-0-87842-177-0. Edwards, J. Gordon (2017). A Climber's Guide to Glacier National Park (Revised\u00a0ed.). Rio Nuevo Publishers. ISBN\u00a0978-1940322209. \"Glacier Mountaineering Society\". Archived from the original on April 15, 2007. Retrieved 2009-11-11. \"Remembering J. Gordon Edwards\". The Inside Trail. Vol.\u00a019 no.\u00a01. Winter 2005. p.\u00a02. \"Louise Edwards\". San Jose Mercury News. July 26, 2015 \u2013 via Legacy.com. Arnaud, Paul H. Jr.; Edwards, Jane A.; Stecker, Ronald E. (2006). \"J. Gordon Edwards (1919\u20132004), dedicated teacher, mentor, entomologist, mountaineer, and scientist for truth in environmentalism\". The Pan-Pacific Entomologist. 82 (1): 1\u201329. ISSN\u00a02162-0237. Media related to J. Gordon Edwards at Wikimedia Commons Data related to J. Gordon Edwards at Wikispecies Specimens collected by J. Gordon Edwards at the Essig Museum of Entomology"
   },
   {
    "name": "Clarence M. Jones",
    "id": "Q19277462",
    "text": "Clarence M. Jones (born 1889, Wilmington, Ohio \u2013 June 1, 1949, New York City) was an American pianist and composer, who worked in jazz, ragtime, and other popular music idioms. Jones studied at the Cincinnati Conservatory of Music and published his first tune, \"Lightning Rag\", in 1908. In the early 1910s, he moved to Chicago and set up his own publishing studio, writing compositions and creating piano rolls. He founded his own ensemble, the Select Orchestra, in 1917, which held a residency at Chicago's Owl Theater until 1922. He then moved the show to the Avenue Theater and changed the marquee name to the Wonderful Orchestra, then the Wonder Orchestra, playing at both the Avenue and the Moulin Rouge Cafe, but by 1924 had returned to playing at the Owl. In 1927, the group moved to the Metropolitan Theater and took the names Syncopators and Hot Papas; while resident there, his soloists included Louis Armstrong and J. Wright Smith. In 1928, he moved once again, to the Grand Theater, where he remained until 1932. Jones recorded jazz between 1923 and 1928, including as a solo pianist for Autograph and backing Monette Moore and Ollie Powers on Paramount. He recorded with his band for Okeh in 1926 and with Laura Smith in 1927 on Victor. He moved to New York in 1932, where he worked in the publishing house of Clarence Williams. In 1933, he assembled a vocal harmony group called the Southernaires, which recorded in 1939 and 1941 and regularly sang on radio in the 1930s. \"Monette Moore Accompanied by Clarence Jones' Paramount Trio\". Red Hot Jazz Archive. Retrieved 30 August 2020. \"Clarence Jones and his Sock Four\". Red Hot Jazz Archive. Retrieved 30 August 2020. \"Clarence M. Jones\". The New Grove Dictionary of Jazz. 2nd edition, ed. Barry Kernfeld, 2004. Free scores by Clarence Jones (musician) at the International Music Score Library Project (IMSLP)"
   },
   {
    "name": "Gary Williams",
    "id": "Q60736437",
    "text": "Gary Leon Williams (born September 4, 1959) is a former American football wide receiver in the National Football League who played for the Cincinnati Bengals. He played college football for the Ohio State Buckeyes. He holds the record for most consecutive games with a catch at 48 (as of December 7, 2019, KJ Hill was at 47 with the potential to tie or break the record). \"Gary Williams Stats\". Pro-Football-Reference.com. https://www.elevenwarriors.com/ohio-state-football/2019/05/104153/ohio-state-individual-records-in-jeopardy-of-being-broken-next-season v t e"
   },
   {
    "name": "Jarron Cumberland",
    "id": "Q62058581",
    "text": "Jarron Cumberland (born September 22, 1997) is an American basketball player who plays for the Delaware Blue Coats of the NBA G League. He played college basketball for the Cincinnati Bearcats. Cumberland came to Cincinnati from Wilmington High School in Wilmington, Ohio. He committed to the Bearcats over offers from Michigan, Florida State, Xavier and others. As a freshman, Cumberland came off the bench, averaging 19.1 minutes, 8.3 points and 2.4 rebounds per game, earning a place on the American Athletic Conference (AAC) all-freshman team and he shared Sixth Man of the Year honors with Ben Emelogu of SMU. As a sophomore, Cumberland moved into the starting lineup, averaging 11.5 points and 2.9 rebounds as the Bearcats went 31\u20135, earning a 2 seed in the 2018 NCAA Tournament. The team\u2019s Final Four hopes were cut short with a second-round loss to Nevada. After losing stars Gary Clark, Jacob Evans and Kyle Washington for the 2018\u201319 season, junior Cumberland moved into the primary scoring role for the Bearcats. Cumberland averaged 18.4 points and 3.5 assists per game. At the conclusion of the season, Cumberland was named AAC Player of the Year. Cumberland suffered a foot injury in the preseason. Three games into his senior season, Cumberland was benched for one game by new coach John Brannen. Cumberland's ill-advised halfcourt shot contributed to a one-point loss to Colgate on December 14, 2019. In January 2020, Cumberland scored 22 points in a win at Temple, including 14 of the last 16 points. At the conclusion of the regular season. Cumberland was named to the First Team All-AAC. Cumberland averaged 15.5 points and 4.9 assists per game as a senior. He finished his career seventh in school history in both points (1,782) and assists (415). Cumberland was selected 12th overall in the 2021 NBA G League draft by the Rio Grande Valley Vipers. He made his debut in their season opener on February 10, 2021. On February 26, 2021, Cumberland was traded to the Raptors 905 in exchange for center Dewan Hernandez. On October 2, 2021, Cumberland was traded to the Delaware Blue Coats. Quinn, Brendan F. (July 15, 2015). \"2016 SG Jarron Cumberland, a Michigan recruit, commits to Cincinnati\". MLive. Retrieved March 13, 2019. Quinn, Brendan F. (March 8, 2017). \"Caupain named Sportsman of the year and Cumberland Sixth Man for AAC\". Rivals.com. Retrieved March 13, 2019. Groeschen, Tom (March 19, 2018). \"Recapping UC Bearcats' season and devastating NCAA loss, and a look ahead\". The Cincinnati Enquirer. Retrieved March 13, 2019. Freeman, Tristan (July 18, 2018). \"Cincinnati Basketball: Rising junior Jarron Cumberland to lead the Bearcats in 2018-19\". FanSided. Retrieved March 13, 2019. Springer, Scott (March 13, 2019). \"UC Bearcats guard Jarron Cumberland snares AAC Player of the Year honors\". The Cincinnati Enquirer. Retrieved March 13, 2019. Wallner, Jeff (January 30, 2020). \"The old Jarron Cumberland is back, perhaps just in time to salvage the season for the UC Bearcats\". WCPO. Retrieved March 11, 2020. \"American Athletic Conference Announces All-Conference, All-Freshman Teams\". American Athletic Conference. March 10, 2020. Retrieved March 11, 2020. \"Cumberland earns 1st team All-AAC honor\". The Times-Gazette. March 11, 2020. Retrieved April 8, 2020. https://gleague.nba.com/nba-g-league-2020-21-draft-order/ https://twitter.com/Raptors905/status/1365307966535184389/ \"https://twitter.com/blue_coats/status/1444317858503303172\". Twitter. Retrieved 2021-10-25. External link in |title= (help) Cincinnati Bearcats bio College stats @ basketball-reference.com"
   },
   {
    "name": "Jeff Noble",
    "id": "Q64010636",
    "text": "Jeff Noble (born March 31, 1961) is an American pastor and former politician from Michigan. Noble was born in Wilmington, Ohio. In 1984, Noble graduated from Francis Marion College. In 1996, Noble earned a M.Div. degree from Southeastern Baptist Theological Seminary. In 1999, Noble became a Lead Pastor of a Baptist church in Michigan. On November 8, 2016, Noble won the election and became a member of Michigan House of Representatives for District 20. Noble defeated Colleen Pobur with 53.59% of the votes. Noble served District 20 until December 2018. Noble's wife is Myra Noble (Deceased-2021). They have three children. \"Jeff Noble's Biography\". Vote Smart. Retrieved February 29, 2020. Matt Jachman (2016-08-03). \"Primary wins for Pobur, Noble in state House race\". Hometownlife.com. Retrieved 2019-05-21. Egan, Paul (November 9, 2016). \"GOP keeps control in state House\". freep.com. Retrieved February 29, 2020. Jeff Noble at ballotready.org Jeff Noble at ballotpedia.org"
   },
   {
    "name": "David Bailey",
    "id": "Q65042825",
    "text": "David Haworth Bailey (September 27, 1830 \u2013 January 20, 1896) was an American diplomat who served for 10 years in Hong Kong and Shanghai. Bailey was born September 27, 1830 in Wilmington, Ohio, the son of Macajah Bailey and Phebe Haworth. He attended Woodward College in Cincinnati for 2 years. He worked an attorney at law and as a newspaper editor in Cinncinatti, Leavenworth, Kansas and Wilmington, Ohio. He was a Worthy Grand Master of the American Protestant Association of Ohio and a Right Worthy Grand Master of the national association from 1855 to 1857. He was a member of the Kansas Legislature from 1860 to 1861 and a presidential elector (Ulysses S. Grant and Schuyler Colfax) for the 6th Ohio District in 1868. In 1870, Bailey was appointed United States Consul in Hong Kong where he served until 1878. In that year he was appointed United States Consul General in Shanghai where he served until 1880. During that time, former President Grant visited Shanghai and Bailey was responsible for entertaining him. John Singleton Mosby who succeeded Bailey in Hong Kong found discrepancies in his predecessor's recordkeeping, and believed Bailey had colluded with his vice-consul Loring (who Mosby fired), to bilk the government of thousands of dollars in fees. Mosby believed Bailey had pocketed fees charged Chinese emigrants sailing to the U.S. on foreign-flag ships (certifying that they emigrated voluntarily and were not part of notorious \"coolie traffic\"), and claimed \"expenses\" for shipboard examinations (by the illiterate proprietor of a local boardinghouse frequented by sailors) of those emigrating on U.S.-flag ships equal to the fees charged. Mosby thought Bailey had almost doubled his salary over the previous eight years by embezzlement and kickbacks, and stopped charging for shipboard examinations (which he personally conducted). The investigations into allegation made by Mosby led to Bailey (and US Minister George Seward's) resignations. In 1884, Bailey was sued by the United States Government for $39,000 to recover fees collected by him but not accounted for. He made no defence. At the time he was reported to still be living in Hong Kong. Bailey married Clara Esther Harlan. They had three children: Barclay Bailey, Susannah Bailey who married E. Venable, and Harlan Bailey who married Merrie. Bailey died on January 20, 1896 in Wilmington Ohio. He was interred in Sugar Grove Cemetery in Wilmington Lineage of the Haworth Family Old Woodward\u00a0: a memorial relating to Woodward High School, 1831\u20131836, and Woodward College, 1836\u20131851, in the city of Cincinnati, p.\u00a0131 Old Woodward\u00a0: a memorial relating to Woodward High School, 1831\u20131836, and Woodward College, 1836\u20131851, in the city of Cincinnati, p. 131 Old Woodward\u00a0: a memorial relating to Woodward High School, 1831\u20131836, and Woodward College, 1836\u20131851, in the city of Cincinnati, p. 131 The Reception of General Grant in Shanghai, North China Herald, 20 May 1879 Kevin H. Siepel, Rebel: the life and times of John Singleton Mosby (New York, St. Martin's Press, 1983), pp. 207\u2013208. Salt Lake Daily Tribune, November 25, 1884 Lineage of the Haworth family Old Woodward\u00a0: a memorial relating to Woodward High School, 1831\u20131836, and Woodward College, 1836\u20131851, in the city of Cincinnati, p. 131 Findagrave memorial for Bailey"
   }
  ]
 },
 {
  "relation_id": "P19",
  "target_id": "Q100",
  "target_name": "Boston",
  "samples": [
   {
    "name": "James Petras",
    "id": "Q533126",
    "text": "James Petras (born 17 January 1937) is a retired Bartle Professor (Emeritus) of Sociology at Binghamton University in Binghamton, New York and adjunct professor at Saint Mary's University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada who has published on political issues with particular focus on Latin America and the Middle East, imperialism, globalization, and leftist social movements. Petras - a Greek-American - received his B.A. from Boston University and Ph.D. from the University of California at Berkeley. His initial appointment at Binghamton was in 1972 at the Sociology Department and his field is listed as: Development, Latin America, the Caribbean, revolutionary movements, class analysis. During his career he received the Western Political Science Association's the Best Dissertation award (1968), the Career of Distinguished Service Award from the American Sociological Association's Marxist Sociology Section, and the Robert Kenny Award for Best Book of 2002. Petras is the author of more than 60 books published in 29 languages, and over 600 articles in professional journals, including the American Sociological Review, British Journal of Sociology, Social Research and Journal of Peasant Studies. He has published over 2,000 articles in publications such as the New York Times, The Guardian, The Nation, Christian Science Monitor, Foreign Policy, New Left Review, Partisan Review, Canadian Dimension, and Le Monde Diplomatique. Currently he writes a monthly column for the Mexican newspaper, La Jornada, and previously, for the Spanish daily, El Mundo. His commentary is widely carried on the internet and radio stations around the world. Petras currently contributes to CounterPunch and Atlantic Free Press. and The Unz Review. His later books include Unmasking Globalization: Imperialism of the Twenty-First Century (2001); co-author The Dynamics of Social Change in Latin America (2000), System in Crisis (2003), co-author Social Movements and State Power (2003), co-author Empire With Imperialism (2005), co-author Multinationals on Trial (2006). Petras was prominently involved in the Young Socialist Alliance circa 1960, and is listed as the Bay Area correspondent for The Young Socialist in several issues. Through the decades Petras has worked directly with indigenous workers as an organizer, in particular with the Brazilian Landless Workers' Movement and the unemployed workers' movement in Argentina. He has advised left-wing presidents like President Andreas Papandreou (Greece 1981-84), President Salvador Allende of Chile (1970\u201373) and in recent years, President Hugo Ch\u00e1vez, and defended the rights of the indigenous in Latin America. From 1973-76 Petras worked on the Bertrand Russell Tribunal on Repression in Latin America. Petras has referred to American policy towards Iraq as \"The US/Iraqi Holocaust (UIH)\" which he describes as \"an ongoing process spanning the last 16 years (1990-2006) provides us with a striking example of state-planned systematic extermination, torture and physical destruction designed to de-modernize a secular developing society and revert it into a series of warring clan-tribal-clerical-ethnic based entities devoid of any national authority or viable economy.\" In November 2006, FARC in Colombia addressed a letter concerning three American hostages (Keith Stansell, Marc Gonsalves and Thomas Howes) to American film stars, the Reverend Jesse Jackson and leftist intellectuals Noam Chomsky, Angela Davis, and James Petras. Describing the political conflict during and following the 2009 presidential election in Iran as pitting \"high income, free market oriented capitalist\" reformists against Ahmadinejad's \"working class, low income, community-based supporters of a 'moral economy'\", he denounced the narrative that the election was stolen as a \"hoax\" perpetrated by \"Western opinion makers\". Petras defended Marine Le Pen during the 2017 French presidential campaign, praising her policy views as pro-working class, anti-imperialist, Keynesian, pro-choice, and supportive of gay rights. Petras predicted that a victory by Emmanuel Macron followed by his implementation of an \"ultra-neoliberal supply-side agenda\" would lead to mass street demonstrations by leftists, followed by a stronger Le Pen candidacy in the 2022 election. Petras' 2006 book The Power of Israel in the United States, published by Clarity Press, described the power of the Jewish lobby over American foreign policy, and was extremely controversial for its close parallels to historic neo-Nazi arguments describing Jews as a loathsome, conspiratorial force seeking to oppress others. The conclusion of the book alleges that progressive Jews are \"protective of everything Jewish\" and \"adamantly determined\" to avoid criticism of Jewish power, due to their ties to Israel and funding from Jewish organizations. Petras particularly singles out Noam Chomsky as \"apologist [for] the US Jewish lobby\", asserting that Chomsky loses his power of analysis when it comes to addressing \"the role of his own ethnic group\". In a debate with Norman Finkelstein, a former student of James Petras at SUNY Binghamton, about the book, Finkelstein described the book as having a conspiratorial \"cloak and dagger\" approach to geopolitics which contrasted sharply with a Marxist analysis, while Petras accused Finkelstein of downplaying Jewish power: \"I am afraid that when it comes to dealing with the predominantly Jewish lobby, he has a certain blind spot, which is understandable. In many other national and ethnic groups -- where they can criticize the world but [not] when it comes to identifying the power and malfeasance of their own group.\" In his 2008 book, If I Am Not For Myself: Journal of an Anti-Zionist Jew, leftist writer Mike Marqusee criticised Petras' \"overt antisemitism\": \"Petras... seems unaware of the way postulates about the secret power of a pro-Israel Jewish network echo older [antisemitic] themes.\" Marqusee particularly criticised Petras' dismissal of Finkelstein's and Chomsky's criticisms of his position, which Petras attributes to an ethnically-grounded blindness to the negative role of American Jews, which Marqusee described as \"a circular, inherently racist argument.\" Marqusee concluded that Petras is not an internationalist, but an America first nationalist. The leftist writer Michael B\u00e9rub\u00e9 similarly criticised the book, describing it as reading like \"a fringe far-right figure such as David Duke\" Allen Ruff, a Trotkyist historian, reviewed the book in Against The Current and noted that \"There\u2019s a strong undercurrent here of an appeal to a far-from-savory American nationalism which seems very strange coming from a veteran revolutionary anti-imperialist\", and that Petras blurs distinctions between terms such as Jewish lobby, Israel lobby and Zionist lobby and \"lapses into the well-worn dual-loyalty discourse\" about Jews, in a manner reminiscent of \"elements of the far right\". Other scholars and anti-racists have also described Petras as an antisemite. In a 2006 article entitled \"9/11 Anti-Semitic Conspiracy Theories Still Abound,\" the Anti-Defamation League (ADL) criticized Petras's assertion that US federal investigators had reason to believe that 60 Israelis arrested under the Patriot Act after the September 11, 2001 terrorist attacks may have had advance knowledge about the attacks. The ADL also noted Petras' assertion that \"The lack of any public statement concerning Israel's possible knowledge of 9/11 is indicative of the vast, ubiquitous and aggressive nature of its powerful diaspora supporters.\" In a 2009 article, the ADL again criticized Petras, alleging that he blamed the ongoing economic crisis on \"Zionist\" control over the U.S. government and world events, and that Petras argued that pro-Israel Americans had launched a massive campaign to push the U.S. into a war with Iran. The ADL also criticised what they described as Petras' antisemitic accusation that the American Jewish community controls the mass media and is \"bloodthirsty\" in its appetite for war. The previous year, Petras alleged that \"It was the massive infusion of financial contributions that allowed the [Zionist Power Configuration] (ZPC) to vastly expand the number of full-time functionaries, influence peddlers and electoral contributors that magnified their power \u2013 especially in promoting US Middle East wars, lopsided free trade agreements (in favor of Israel) and unquestioned backing of Israeli aggression against Lebanon, Syria and Palestine...No economic recovery is possible now or in the foreseeable future...while Zionist power brokers dictate US Mideast policies. The ADL also cited a 2008 interview in which Petras stated that [U.S.] presidents are at the disposal of Jewish power and maintained that Jews represent \"the greatest threat to world peace and humanity.\" In the same 2008 interview cited by the ADL, Petras stated that \"it\u2019s one of the great tragedies that we have a minority that represents less than 2% of North American\u2019s population but has such power in the communications media\" and that the reason \"why the North American public doesn\u2019t react against the manipulations of this minority...[is] because the Jews control the communications media.\" In a 2010 article published in the Arab American News, Petras stated that \"For the U.S. mass media the problem is not Israeli state terror, but how to manipulate and disarm the outrage of the international community. To that end the entire Zionist power configuration has a reliable ally in the Zionized Obama White House and U.S. Congress.\" In 2011 and again in 2017, Petras endorsed works by Gilad Atzmon which have been described as antisemitic. In 2011, Mark Gardner of the Community Security Trust, which monitors antisemitism in the UK, wrote an article in the left-wing magazine Dissent saying that Petras' works \"present a conspiracy theory that... fits resoundingly with the late-nineteenth and early-twentieth-century socialist linkage of Jews with capitalism, now updated and repackaged for twenty-first-century anti-capitalist discourse.\" In 2014, Marxist scholar Werner Bonefeld described Petras as exemplary of a current of antisemitism on the anti-imperialist left: \"The Jews [in Petras' work] have not only conquered Palestine; they have also taken control of America, or as James Petras sees it, the current effort of 'U.S. empire building' is shaped by 'Zionist empire builders.'\" Similarly, author and researcher Paul Bogdanor, writing in an academic book published by Indiana University Press, focusing on the same texts as Gardner, described Petras as \"articulat[ing] his theory of the organized American Jewish community as a 'Zionist Power Configuration' (ZPC)\u2014an acronym that he apparently developed as a substitute for the neo-Nazi term 'Zionist Occupation Government' (ZOG)... and cautions against 'the role of the Zionist/Jewish Lobby in promoting future US wars.' None of this material is readily distinguishable from contemporary neo-Nazi propaganda.\" The Arab Revolt and the Imperialist Counterattack, Clarity Press, Inc. (2011). ISBN\u00a01-4611-1760-7 ISBN\u00a0978-1-4611-1760-5 War Crimes in Gaza and the Zionist Fifth Column in America, Clarity Press, Inc. (2010). ISBN\u00a00-9845255-0-5 ISBN\u00a0978-0-9845255-0-8 Zionism, Militarism and the Decline of US Power, Clarity Press, Inc. (2008). ISBN\u00a00-932863-60-4 Rulers and Ruled in the US Empire: Bankers, Zionists and Militants, Clarity Press, Inc. (2007). ISBN\u00a0978-0-932863-54-6 The Power of Israel in the United States, Clarity Press, Inc. (2006). ISBN\u00a00-932863-51-5 Empire with Imperialism: The Globalizing Dynamics of Neoliberal Capitalism, Luciano Vasapollo, Zed Books (2006). Social Movements and State Power: Argentina, Brazil, Bolivia, Ecuador, with Henry Veltmeyer,